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Which 1950 film stars Bette Davis as Margo Channing, an aging Broadway star?	All About Eve (1950) - IMDb IMDb 7 January 2017 5:00 AM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error An ingenue insinuates herself into the company of an established but aging stage actress and her circle of theater friends. Director: Joseph L. Mankiewicz (written for the screen by) Stars: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON TV 2017 Golden Globe Nominees: In & Out of Character Get a closer look at this year's Golden Globe Award nominees in real life and in the roles that earned them fame. Don't miss our live coverage of the Golden Globes beginning at 4 p.m. PST on Jan. 8 in our Golden Globes section. View the gallery Related News a list of 31 titles created 06 Dec 2012 a list of 25 titles created 23 Mar 2014 a list of 25 titles created 06 Jun 2014 a list of 44 titles created 04 Oct 2015 a list of 41 titles created 5 months ago Title: All About Eve (1950) 8.3/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won 6 Oscars. Another 16 wins & 17 nominations. See more awards » Videos A man tries to rise in his company by letting its executives use his apartment for trysts, but complications and a romance of his own ensue. Director: Billy Wilder A hack screenwriter writes a screenplay for a former silent-film star who has faded into Hollywood obscurity. Director: Billy Wilder When two male musicians witness a mob hit, they flee the state in an all-female band disguised as women, but further complications set in. Director: Billy Wilder A spoiled heiress running away from her family is helped by a man who is actually a reporter in need of a story. Director: Frank Capra Fred Dobbs and Bob Curtin, two Americans searching for work in Mexico, convince an old prospector to help them mine for gold in the Sierra Madre Mountains. Director: John Huston An insurance representative lets himself be talked into a murder/insurance fraud scheme that arouses an insurance investigator's suspicions. Director: Billy Wilder A self-conscious bride is tormented by the memory of her husband's dead first wife. Director: Alfred Hitchcock An ex-prize fighter turned longshoreman struggles to stand up to his corrupt union bosses. Director: Elia Kazan A naive man is appointed to fill a vacancy in the United States Senate. His plans promptly collide with political corruption, but he doesn't back down. Director: Frank Capra Pulp novelist Holly Martins travels to shadowy, postwar Vienna, only to find himself investigating the mysterious death of an old friend, Harry Lime. Director: Carol Reed A poor Midwest family is forced off of their land. They travel to California, suffering the misfortunes of the homeless in the Great Depression. Director: John Ford Three World War II veterans return home to small-town America to discover that they and their families have been irreparably changed. Director: William Wyler Edit Storyline Eve (Anne Baxter) is waiting backstage to meet her "idol" aging Broadway Star, Margo Channing (Bette Davis). It all seems innocent enough as Eve explains that she has seen Margo in EVERY performance of the current play she is in. Only Playright critic DeWitt (George Sanders) sees through Eve's evil plan, which is to take her parts and fiancé, Bill Simpson (Gary Merrill) When the fiancé shows no interest, she tries for playwright Hugh Marlowe (Lloyd Richards) but DeWitt stops her. After she accepts her award, she decides to skip the after-party and goes to her room, where we find a young woman named Phoebe, who snuck into her room and fell asleep. This is where the "Circle of Life" now comes to fruition as Eve is going to get played the way she did Margo. It's all about women---and their men! Genres: 15 January 1951 (Sweden) See more » Also Known As: $10,177 (USA) (6 October 2000) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia According to the casting director's list, future White House occupants Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan were considered for the roles of Bill Sampson and Eve Harrington. See more » Goofs At right about 51:58 into the movie, when Margo and Lloyd are talking in the kitchen, right after Margo says "Cora...still a girl of twenty", the camera that is filming the scene shakes as if it was accidentally bumped. See more » Quotes See more » Crazy Credits Eddie Fisher is credited in the cast as 'Stage Manager,' although all of his scenes were cut from the released print. This is not the the singer Eddie Fisher, but another actor. See more » Connections About EveryMan, About EveryWoman, About EveryLife 11 August 2005 \| by anita_delre (United States) – See all my reviews You will see yourself in every character in this very intelligent, entrancing movie. Though set in "the theatre," the story could just as easily have been told in a small town, a corporation even a religious organization. Being set in the "glamorous" world of entertainment its seems all the more timely in these days of fame, fortune and the insufficiency (almost shame) of being ordinary. The theatre setting also underscores the reality that the world is a stage, and all its people, players. So much to study in this movie: the genuine, trusting (and romantic) human; the streetwise, good, hardworking human, who's seen it all and doesn't embrace it; the jaded, heart-hardened, deceitful loser with power, who admires the same and disdains human goodness; the ambitious sociopath who fools so many; the unsuspecting onlookers who see only the façade of success; the inescapable fact that supreme achievement has been had by very low characters; the painful passage of an aging woman into the light of knowing she's loved for being beautiful beyond her appearance, for being HER; the touching portrayal of her lover who remembers his love for her as he passes on a much younger, beautiful, talented actress; the sorrow of a (betraying) friend who discovers the frightened and lonely heart of her successful friend The dialogue is sharp and clever, barked and growled, smarmy and tender A truly human movie about being human. Go find yourself in everyone! 35 of 44 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	All About Eve
What was the real name of Herman, from the pop group Herman’s Hermits?	All About Eve All About Eve All About Eve News All About Eve Brief Information All About Eve is a 1950 American drama film written and directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz, and produced by Darryl F. Zanuck. It was based on the 1946 short story "The Wisdom of Eve" by Mary Orr, although screen credit was not given for it. The film stars Bette Davis as Margo Channing, a highly regarded but aging Broadway star. Anne Baxter plays Eve Harrington, an ambitious young fan who insinuates herself into Channing's life, ultimately threatening Channing's career and her personal relationships. George Sanders, Celeste Holm, Hugh Marlowe, Barbara Bates, Gary Merrill, and Thelma Ritter also appear, and the film provided one of Marilyn Monroe 's earliest important roles. This webpage uses material from the Wikipedia article "All_About_Eve" and is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License . Reality TV World is not responsible for any errors or omissions the Wikipedia article may contain. POPULAR MOVIES (100) Top Model : Top Model 20 ï¿½ Top Model 19 ï¿½ Top Model 18 ï¿½ Top Model 17 ï¿½ Top Model 16 ï¿½ Top Model 15 ï¿½ Top Model 14 ï¿½ Top Model 13 ï¿½ Top Model 12 ï¿½ Top Model 11 ï¿½ Top Model 10 ï¿½ Top Model 9 ï¿½ All site content is ï¿½ 2000-2016 Reality TV World and may not be republished or reproduced without Reality TV World's expressed written permission. All logos and trademarks presented are property of their respective owner. This website has been solely developed and presented by Reality TV World, and is in no way authorized or connected with any network, station affiliate, or broadcasting sponsor.	i don't know
Two of the four blood groups are ‘A’ and ‘B’. What are the other two?	Human Blood: ABO Blood Types (1868-1943) The most well-known and medically important blood types are in the ABO group. They were discovered in 1900 and 1901 at the University of Vienna by Karl Landsteiner in the process of trying to learn why blood transfusions sometimes cause death and at other times save a patient. In 1930, he belatedly received the Nobel Prize for his discovery of blood types. All humans and many other primates can be typed for the ABO blood group. There are four principal types: A, B, AB, and O. There are two antigens and two antibodies that are mostly responsible for the ABO types. The specific combination of these four components determines an individual's type in most cases. The table below shows the possible permutations of antigens and antibodies with the corresponding ABO type ("yes" indicates the presence of a component and "no" indicates its absence in the blood of an individual). It is easy and inexpensive to determine an individual's ABO type from a few drops of blood. A serum containing anti-A antibodies is mixed with some of the blood. Another serum with anti-B antibodies is mixed with the remaining sample. Whether or not agglutination occurs in either sample indicates the ABO type. It is a simple process of elimination of the possibilities. For instance, if an individual's blood sample is agglutinated by the anti-A antibody, but not the anti-B antibody, it means that the A antigen is present but not the B antigen. Therefore, the blood type is A. Genetic Inheritance Patterns Research carried out in Heidelberg, Germany by Ludwik Hirszfeld and Emil von Dungern in 1910 and 1911 showed that the ABO blood types are inherited. We now know that they are determined by genes on chromosome 9, and they do not change as a result of environmental influences during life. An individual's ABO type results from the inheritance of 1 of 3 alleles (A, B, or O) from each parent. The possible outcomes are shown below: The possible ABO alleles for one parent are in the top row and the alleles of the other are in the left column. Offspring genotypes OO (O) Both A and B alleles are dominant over O. As a result, individuals who have an AO genotype will have an A phenotype . People who are type O have OO genotypes. In other words, they inherited a recessive O allele from both parents. The A and B alleles are codominant. Therefore, if an A is inherited from one parent and a B from the other, the phenotype will be AB. Agglutination tests will show that these individuals have the characteristics of both type A and type B blood. CAUTION: the inheritance of ABO blood types does not always follow such straightforward rules of inheritance. If you wish to explore the reason why this is true, select the Bombay Phenotype button below. Bombay Phenotype ABO Blood type antigens are not only found on the surface of red cells. They are also normally secreted by some people in their body fluids, including saliva, tears, and urine. Whether someone is able to secrete them is genetically controlled. Police agencies now routinely use this so-called secretor system data to identify potential victims and criminals when blood samples are not available. Despite the fact that the blood types of children are solely determined by inheritance from their parents, paternity in the U.S. and many other nations can no longer be legally established based on conventional blood typing. To do that, it is necessary to compare HLA types and/or DNA sequences. The use of DNA is more accurate in determining paternity, but it is also more expensive than HLA typing. Antibodies to alien antigens in the ABO group are usually present in our plasma prior to the first contact with blood of a different ABO type. This may be partly explained by the fact that these antigens are also produced by certain bacteria and possibly some plants. When we come in contact with them, our bodies may develop long-term active immunity to their antigens and subsequently to the same antigens on the surface of red blood cells. This usually occurs in babies within the first six months following their birth. Environmental Factors While blood types are 100% genetically inherited, the environment potentially can determine which blood types in a population will be passed on more frequently to the next generation. It does this through natural selection . Specific ABO blood types are thought to be linked with increased or decreased susceptibility to particular diseases. For instance, individuals with type A blood are at a somewhat higher risk of contracting smallpox and developing cancer of the esophagus, pancreas, and stomach. People who are type O are at a higher risk for contracting cholera and plague as well as developing duodenal and peptic ulcers. Research suggests that they are also more tasty to mosquitoes. That could be a significant factor in contracting malaria. NOTE: A small number of people have two different ABO blood types. They are not simply AB codominant. Apparently, most of these blood chimera individuals shared a blood supply with their non-identical twin before birth. In some cases, people are unaware that they had a twin because he or she died early in gestation and was spontaneously aborted. As many as 8% of non-identical twins may have chimeric blood. Some people are microchimeric--they have a small amount of blood of a different type in their system that has persisted from a blood transfusion or passed across the placental barrier from their mother before birth. Likewise, fetal blood can pass into a mother's system. This fact has led some researchers to suggest that the significantly higher frequency of autoimmune disorders in women is a result of the presence of foreign white blood cells that had come from their unborn children during pregnancy. NEWS: An international team of researchers led by Henrick Clausen of the University of Copenhagen, Denmark have discovered a bacterial enzyme that can convert red blood cells of types A, B, and AB into O by stripping away their identifying surface antigens. This has the potential for dramatically improving the safety of blood transfusions. Clinical trials of this technique are now underway. ("Bacterial Glycosidases for the Production of Universal Red Blood Cells", published online in Nature Biotechnology, April 1, 2007.) NEWS: A research team led by Peer Bork of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidleberg, Germany discovered that people can be classified into one of 3 distinct types based on the kinds of bacteria in their guts. They refer to them as enterotypes. This type system is independent of blood types and may have equally important implications for peoples' health. How enterotypes are established is not known, but the authors suggest that babies may be randomly colonized by different species of bacteria and that they alter the gut so that only certain species of bacteria can live there. ("Enterotypes of the Human Gut Microbiome", published online in Nature, April 20, 2011.)	ab and o
‘The Last King of Scotland’ (2006) was set in which country?	Blood Types Blood Types About 5 million Americans need blood transfusions every year, for all sorts of reasons. Sometimes, a transfusion is an emergency (like losing blood after an accident). Sometimes it's expected (as with treatment for cancer). Whatever the reason, blood transfusions are one of the most common hospital procedures. While transfusions are common, there's a lot more to them than just taking blood from one person and using it to help someone else. It's very important to keep the blood supply safe. So, each unit of blood goes through many tests to check for infectious diseases and establish the blood type. Four Blood Groups... It might seem like blood is blood — it all looks pretty much the same to the naked eye. But although all blood contains the same basic components (red cells, white cells, platelets, and plasma), not everyone has the same types of markers on the surface of their red blood cells. These markers (also called antigens) are proteins and sugars that our bodies use to identify the blood cells as belonging in our own system. Blood cell markers are microscopic. But they can make the difference between blood being accepted or rejected after a transfusion. So medical experts group blood into types based on the different markers. The four main blood groups are: Type A. This blood type has a marker known as "A." Type B. This blood type has a marker known as "B." Type AB. The blood cells in this type have both A and B markers. Type O. This blood type has neither A or B markers. continue Plus Rh Factor... Some people have an additional marker, called Rh factor, in their blood. Because each of the four main blood groups (A, B, AB, and O) may or may not have Rh factor, scientists further classify blood as either "positive" (meaning it has Rh factor) or "negative" (without Rh factor). Having any of these markers (or none of them) doesn't make a person's blood any healthier or stronger. It's just a genetic difference, like having green eyes instead of blue or straight hair instead of curly. ...Make Eight Blood Types The different markers that can be found in blood make up eight possible blood types: O negative. This blood type doesn't have A or B markers, and it doesn't have Rh factor. O positive. This blood type doesn't have A or B markers, but it does have Rh factor. O positive blood is one of the two most common blood types (the other being A positive). A negative. This blood type has A marker only. A positive. This blood type has A marker and Rh factor, but not B marker. Along with O positive, it's one of the two most common blood types. B negative. This blood type has B marker only. B positive. This blood type has B marker and Rh factor, but not A marker. AB negative. This blood type has A and B markers, but not Rh factor. AB positive. This blood type has all three types of markers — A, B, and Rh factor. Blood banks and hospitals keep careful tabs on blood type to be sure that donated blood matches the blood type of the person receiving the transfusion. Giving someone the wrong blood type can cause serious health problems. previous continue Why Blood Type Matters The immune system produces proteins known as antibodies that act as protectors if foreign cells enter the body. Depending on which blood type you have, your immune system will produce antibodies to react against other blood types. If a patient is given the wrong blood type, the antibodies immediately set out to destroy the invading cells. This aggressive, whole-body response can give someone a fever, chills, and low blood pressure. It can even lead vital body systems — like breathing or kidneys — to fail. Here's an example of how the blood type-antibody process works: Let's say you have Type A blood. Because your blood contains the A marker, it produces B antibodies. If B markers (found in Type B or AB blood) enter your body, your Type A immune system gets fired up against them. That means you can only get a transfusion from someone with A or O blood, not from someone with B or AB blood. In the same way, if you have the B marker, your body produces A antibodies. So as a person with Type B blood, you could get a transfusion from someone with B or O blood, but not A or AB. Things are a little different for people with Type AB or Type O blood. If you have both A and B markers on the surface of your cells (Type AB blood), your body does not need to fight the presence of either. This means that someone with AB blood can get a transfusion from someone with A, B, AB, or O blood. But if you have Type O blood, meaning your red blood cells have neither A or B markers, your body will have both A and B antibodies and will therefore feel the need to defend itself against A, B, and AB blood. So a person with O blood can only get a transfusion with O blood. Type O-negative blood can be given to people with any blood type. That's because it has none of the markers that can set off a reaction. People with this blood type are considered "universal donors" and are in great demand at blood banks. Because Type AB-positive blood has all the markers, people with this type can receive any blood type. They're called "universal recipients." Blood transfusions are one of the most frequent lifesaving procedures hospitals perform. So there's always a need for blood donors. About 15% of blood donors are high school and college students — an impressive number when you consider you have to be 16 or 17 to donate blood. If you'd like to help, learn more about blood donation . It's one way to be an everyday superhero and save lives!	i don't know
What is the capital of Paraguay?	What is the Capital of Paraguay? - Capital-of.com Dates of religious and Civil holidays around the world. www.when-is.com Capital of Paraguay The Capital City of Paraguay (officially named Republic of Paraguay) is the city of Asuncion. The population of Asuncion (officially named Nuestra Senora Santa Maria de la Asuncion) in the year 2002 was 512,112 (1,639,000 in the metropolitan area). Paraguay is a Spanish speaking country that does not border with any sea. Additional Information	Asunción
Who was Chair of the Conservative Party from 2010 until 2012?	Asunción: The capital of Paraguay is the world's least expensive city \| The Independent Asunción: The capital of Paraguay is the world's least expensive city Its roaring trade in counterfeit goods conceals a dark yet fascinating history Friday 5 October 2007 23:00 BST Click to follow The Independent Travel Getting a true bargain in the cheapest city on Earth is not as easy as you might think. It all started so well. After only 20 minutes in Asunción, the capital of Paraguay, I'd already found a fantastic café in the heart of the centre which served an empanada, bursting with ham and cheese and the size of a travel pillow, for the equivalent of 55p. But later that evening, as I chatted to hordes of partying Paraguayans in a nightspot called the Bambuddha, I told a group about my supposedly thrifty find. At first they were startled. Then they laughed. Within half an hour the news of my empanada had spread through the entire club. An old man approached me and wordlessly put a hand on my shoulder in sympathy. The barmaids, who until moments ago had happily floated around the floor – with waist-length hair, tight starched shirts and hips that swung like saloon bar doors – stopped to interrogate me. "You paid 60,000 guaranies for an empanada?" squealed one girl. "I'm so sorry – that is so embarrassing. You've just eaten the most expensive empanada in Paraguay!" Asunción is a mark-down metropolis. It's not just cheap. It's smirk-inducingly, caution-capsizingly, restraint-collapsingly cheap. In fact it's officially the cheapest capital city on earth. Mercer Consulting, which compiles an annual list, has placed it as the least expensive city to live in for the fifth year running. With 141 places separating Asunció from Moscow, the world leading wallet-shredder (London is in second place), the prices really are extraordinary. Excellent imported wine from Chile and Argentina is less than two pounds a bottle; the most expensive hotel in town has room rates of barely £60; the rent on a downtown apartment is £75 a month; and empanadas are seemingly almost free if you know what you're doing. In view of these facts, the question is obvious: why isn't everyone flocking to Asunció for the ultimate cut-price city break? "If only there was a guide book, then surely people would come here," bemoans Raúl, a 22-year-old graduate who, along with his friends, has decided to escape the serenity of downtown and take me to the suburbs, where all manner of baroque grotesqueries are being constructed for the Paraguayan elite. There's even an exact replica of Scarlett O'Hara's Tara plantation from Gone With The Wind close to the complex of Western shopping malls where the traditional Paraguayan staples of sopa paraguaya (corn meal and pig fat cake) and tereré (an extremely addictive type of cold herbal tea drunk through a metal straw from a container made from ox horn) are firmly shunted aside to make way for the international staples of Guinness and caipirinha. Raúl is one of the few young Paraguayans who wants to stay in his country. Isolation and rampant corruption have made most of his friends flee to Spain or the United States. "You might think it's cheap", Raúl tells me, "but if you're earning the average salary [about £110 per month] then life here isn't cheap at all." Raúl's feelings are echoed by his friends. "There's no tourism here so prices have never been inflated for tourists from Europe. But it's not the same if you live here. There is so much corruption in the government. Just go downtown and see how many counterfeit goods you can pick up. We have such a bad reputation for it but nobody's going to stop because we can't afford to buy the real thing." If, as Keith Waterhouse once said, Brighton looks like a city that is helping the police with its enquiries, then the centre of Asunció looks like a city that is stumbling into the dawn air after an early release from a lengthy spell in remand. Many of the buildings seem to be suffering from eczema, with huge white flakes slowly dropping off walls onto the street hawkers below who benignly sell everything from counterfeit Paraguayan football shirts (£3) to badly bootlegged copies of Lily Allen's album (90p if you can be bothered haggling). For anyone used to the quick-fire urbanity experienced in other South American capitals then the undeniable charm of Asunció* will seem like a somnambulant afternoon in the park. Parks are, incidentally, a great way to slow your pulse to Paraguayan time. The city is littered with immaculate areas of shaded greenery, the best of which is the Plaza de los Heroes. Here lies a reminder of Paraguay's bloody past, when lives were considered as cheap as empanadas are to tourists today. The Tomb of the Lost Heroes is a bizarre white-domed chapel based on Les Invalides in Paris. Complete with resident footsoldiers, it is a shrine to President Francisco Lopez, an admirer of Napoleon who decided to invade Brazil in 1864. The bloodshed in the resulting six-year long Triple Alliance War (so called as Brazil was backed up by the armies of Argentina and Uruguay) cost the lives of a preposterous 80 per cent of Paraguayan men. It was one of the most bloody wars in modern global history; by the end children aged as young as 12 were being enlisted as cannon-fodder. Implausibly, Lopez's face still adorns the 1,000-guarani note today – testament in the eyes of many Paraguayans to a time where the heroism of their men gained them a reputation for bravery infinitely preferable to today's image of the country as a haven for smuggling and corruption. Over on Plaza Independencia is a reminder of Paraguay's more recent tyrannies. Don Alfredo Stroessner kept Paraguay in a state of fear and martial law for 34 years until finally being exiled to Brazil in 1989 (where he died last year at the age of 93). His statue sits, hacked into pieces, encased in concrete. You can just about make out half of his face: benign and corpulent, it is the visage of a man who dined out once too often at his country's expense. Stroessner may be gone, but if you do crave a bit of Latin police-state chic then Paraguay still delivers in the realms of male fashion. Mirror shades, gravity-defying bouffants, beige turtlenecks and flapping suede jackets are rife. The fashion for the well-dressed Asunción male appears to be "off-duty Brooklyn cop circa 1975". You expect Telly Savalas to walk past you at any minute. Taxis are plentiful (and predictably cheap) but a painful reminder of Paraguay's decline in infrastructure is evident in the old train station. Trains ground to a halt here about 15 years ago, but the old station, complete with dog-tooth railings and turrets, shows just how ahead of its larger neighbours the country was in the early years following independence from Spain in 1811. Paraguay was the first country in South America to have railways, foundries, newspapers and military academies. The likes of Lopez and Stroessner have done their best to ensure that the country they ruled is only the standard-bearer for bootleg football shirts today. The exceptional cheapness of Asunció is great news for potential tourists from the West, but hardly a cause for celebration for locals, a situation confirmed by the current series of strikes and protests against current President Nicanor Duarte Frutos, the leader of the Colorado Party that has ruled the country for more than 60 years. Recently, mornings in Asunció have seen the narrow roads come to life with the sounds of fireworks and trotting hooves. Trade unions in Paraguay are big fans of the horse and cart (still widely used as a means of transportation in this country) as a tool in their industrial action. Determined, yet mostly peaceful, parades weave through the capital's streets; the accompanying horses are decorated from head to hoof in the colours of the unions. Every day they march down to Plaza de la Independencia, home of the dismembered Stroessner statue, to protest against the government. It's only when you get out of Asunción that you can really get an impression of Paraguay's vast emptiness. With a population of only six million in a country bigger than Germany, Paraguay is road-trip country. Tarmac pours through a savannah landscape of fields, with soil the colour of copper hair-dye and Horlicks. Pylons are strung like sagging hammocks along the gently undulating roadside whilst the distant hills are little more than pregnant bumps amid the grazing acres. This is a land of cheerful vintage red trucks whose engines wheeze like a pack of bronchial dogs. Clusters of them rest outside of echoing cream-tiled lunchrooms populated by drivers and gauchos, all contentedly devouring plates piled high with beef steak. Tiny, brightly coloured shacks pepper the long stretches in-between towns; strings of buildings where the sun never relents and time is effortlessly, greedily consumed by the asphalt and the speedometer. The hub of Paraguay's global reputation for smuggling and fakery is focused on Ciudad del Este, a commerce zone conveniently located bang on the border next to Brazil, in the far east of the country, and with a black market in smuggled goods – ranging from whisky to laptops – estimated at five times the value of the national economy. Though trading in the desirables of the first world, the town's atmosphere is mired firmly in the worst excesses of the third. Belching minivans carry hordes of Paraguayans over the Friendship Bridge border crossing with Brazil. Nobody seems to be in any mood to stick around the grimy shopfronts spewing boxes of counterfeit "Calvin Kleins", "iMacs" and "Levi's" onto the cracked and rubbish strewn pavements. Prices are predictably cheap: a bottle of premium quality Caña (the rum-like national spirit of Paraguay) coming in at well under two pounds. Armed robbery, gangsterism and other crime plague the town. Fausto, a Paraguayan owner of a roadside café/diner in the town, is one of many who believe that it won't be long before the notoriously benign character of the average Paraguayan finally changes in the face of the ever increasing crime rate. "We are such a docile nation of people, so different to the Brazilians and the Argentinians. People always vote for the Colorado Party as they promise so much in the months before the election and the opposition is so divided. It's the most obvious political trick and our country falls for it every time. We have this inferiority complex that goes back to the Triple Alliance War. We see all these huge mansions getting built for the politicians uptown and shopping malls opening and yet nothing real has changed. Trade union protests won't change anything; we need something more fundamental." Far away from the border, in the deep south of Paraguay, is, for me, the highlight of this strange country. Here lie the remains of a collection of Jesuit villages. Built in the first half of the 18th century, they were an attempt to build utopian communities, where hundreds of indigenous Guarani would live together working to produce crops and religious artefacts without ever knowing the concept of money. All this was to be carried out under the supervision of Spanish missionaries who ruled with a conflicting mixture of benevolence and the lash. This experiment in social engineering won many plaudits in the developed world, with the philosopher Montesquieu seeing it as a manifestation of the moral utopia described by in Plato's Republic. Guarani Indians were easy recruits to the system; they received safety against rampaging slave traders from Brazil and, although they were treated as infants, they were able to produce reproductions of European ecclesiastical ephemera and musical instruments including flutes, harpsichords and organs. The most impressive of these communities is Trinidad, now a Unesco heritage site. I strolled around the substantial remains of this former community of 4,000 people for an entire morning with the only disturbance coming from a couple of children playing hide and seek among the cappuccino-coloured sandstone houses, workshops and bakeries, all of which are now roofless and centred around a lushly grassy plaza, these days mostly home to parrots. The highlight is an enormous cathedral complete with surviving basilica, crypt and pulpit, but minus roof which collapsed in 1800. Sensing that the Jesuits were forming what was akin to a state within a state, the Spanish expelled them in 1768, with communities such as Trinidad collapsing soon afterwards and lying abandoned and totally ignored until well into the 20th century. What remains today is an eerie, but moving and quite overpowering testament to the grand design, but ultimate folly, of a time when the West believed that total dependency was the only way that people such as the Guarani could be "civilised" and communities such as Trinidad were seen as futuristic examples of enforced social progress. Any disturbance to the ruins, to the gaping hollow of the Chaco wilderness, or even to the mellifluous charm of Asunció* seems impossible – but it may in fact not be so far away. Oil prospecting is taking place in the Chaco. The vast subterranean water network that lies underneath the soil of the country adds to the vast Itapu dam in the far east of the country (the largest on earth) in giving Paraguay a strong card in any future battles over the control of water supplies in the Americas. "We have so much potential, but nobody ever thinks beyond their next slice of sopa paraguaya around here," bemoans one local as I climb to board a (15p) bus across town. In the cheapest city on Earth, it's hard to disagree. Traveller's guide GETTING THERE The writer travelled with South American Experience (www.southamericanexperience.co.uk; 0845 277 3366), which can tailor trips in Paraguay from £585 per person, including transfers, four nights' B&B, three nights' full board on a river cruise, and sightseeing. International flights are not included but can be arranged. There are no direct flights between the UK and Paraguay. Asunció is served by TAM Airlines (020-8897 0005; www.tam.com.br) from Heathrow, via Sao Paulo. To reduce the impact on the environment, you can buy an "offset" from Equiclimate (0845 456 0170; www.ebico.co.uk) or Pure (020-7382 7815; www.puretrust.org.uk). GETTING AROUND	i don't know
What was the birth name of the woman who married Laurence Olivier in 1961?	Laurence Olivier - Biography - IMDb Laurence Olivier Biography Showing all 227 items Jump to: Overview (5) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (3) \| Trade Mark (5) \| Trivia (141) \| Personal Quotes (44) \| Salary (28) Overview (5) 5' 10" (1.78 m) Mini Bio (1) Laurence Olivier could speak William Shakespeare 's lines as naturally as if he were "actually thinking them", said English playwright Charles Bennett , who met Olivier in 1927. Laurence Kerr Olivier was born in Dorking, Surrey, England, to Agnes Louise (Crookenden) and Gerard Kerr Olivier, a High Anglican priest. His surname came from a great-great-grandfather who was of French Huguenot origin. One of Olivier's earliest successes as a Shakespearean actor on the London stage came in 1935 when he played "Romeo" and "Mercutio" in alternate performances of "Romeo and Juliet" with John Gielgud . A young Englishwoman just beginning her career on the stage fell in love with Olivier's Romeo. In 1937, she was "Ophelia" to his "Hamlet" in a special performance at Kronberg Castle, Elsinore, Denmark. In 1940, she became his second wife after both returned from making films in America that were major box office hits of 1939. His film was Wuthering Heights (1939), her film was Gone with the Wind (1939). Vivien Leigh and Olivier were screen lovers in Fire Over England (1937), 21 Days Together (1940) and That Hamilton Woman (1941). There was almost a fourth film together in 1944 when Olivier and Leigh traveled to Scotland with Charles C. Bennett to research the real-life story of a Scottish girl accused of murdering her French lover. Bennett recalled that Olivier researched the story "with all the thoroughness of Sherlock Holmes" and "we unearthed evidence, never known or produced at the trial, that would most certainly have sent the young lady to the gallows". The film project was then abandoned. During their two-decade marriage, Olivier and Leigh appeared on the stage in England and America and made films whenever they really needed to make some money. In 1951, Olivier was working on a screen adaptation of Theodore Dreiser 's novel "Sister Carrie" ( Carrie (1952)) while Leigh was completing work on the film version of the Tennessee Williams ' play, A Streetcar Named Desire (1951). She won her second Oscar for bringing "Blanche DuBois" to the screen. Carrie (1952) was a film that Olivier never talked about. George Hurstwood, a middle-aged married man from Chicago who tricked a young woman into leaving a younger man about to marry her, became a New York street person in the novel. Olivier played him as a somewhat nicer person who didn't fall quite as low. A PBS documentary on Olivier's career broadcast in 1987 covered his first sojourn in Hollywood in the early 1930s with his first wife, Jill Esmond , and noted that her star was higher than his at that time. On film, he was upstaged by his second wife, too, even though the list of films he made is four times as long as hers. More than half of his film credits come after The Entertainer (1960), which started out as a play in London in 1957. When the play moved across the Atlantic to Broadway in 1958, the role of "Archie Rice"'s daughter was taken over by Joan Plowright , who was also in the film. They married soon after the release of The Entertainer (1960). - IMDb Mini Biography By: Dale O'Connor <[email protected]> Spouse (3) A handsome man with a magnificent speaking voice Often played noble and fiercely proud leaders and royalty figures Often directed himself in his films Rich smooth voice Trivia (141) 1985: When presenting at the Oscars, he forgot to name the Best Picture nominees. He simply opened the envelope and proclaimed, " Amadeus (1984)". Even with his noble titles, he refused to carry on a conversation with anyone who would not address him as "Larry". 10/97: Ranked #46 in Empire (UK) magazine's "The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time" list. Knighted in the 1947 King's Birthday Honours List, made a life peer in the 1970 Queen's Birthday Honours List, awarded the Order of Merit in 1981. Father, with Jill Esmond , of son Tarquin Olivier . He was seriously considered for the role of Don Vito Corleone in The Godfather (1972) before Marlon Brando was cast. Directed two actors to Oscar nominations: Himself (Best Actor, Henry V (1944)); Best Actor, Hamlet (1948); Best Actor, Richard III (1955)), and Jean Simmons (Best Supporting Actress, Hamlet (1948)). He won an Oscar for his turn in Hamlet, making him and Roberto Benigni the only two actors to have directed themselves in Oscar-winning performances. Wife #1 Jill Esmond named Vivien Leigh --wife #2--as co-respondent in her 1940 divorce from Olivier on grounds of adultery. Leigh named Joan Plowright --wife #3--as co-respondent in her 1960 divorce from Olivier, also on grounds of adultery. In the book "Melting the Stone: A Journey Around My Father" by his son Richard Olivier , Richard describes Laurence as being more interested in his work than in his children; he never looked back fondly on his career and would actually become depressed when he did not have a job. His father, a clergyman, decided Laurence would become an actor. 2001: Ranked tenth in the Orange Film Survey of greatest British actors. Ex-son-in-law of actress Eva Moore . She was Jack and Jill Esmond 's mother. Ex-brother-in-law of race car driver Jack Esmond. Godfather of Victoria Tennant . Attended the Central School of Speech and Drama in London, England. While performing a live production of "Hamlet" he completely blanked during the "to be or not to be" soliloquy. He then sat down and remained there until he remembered the lines. 2014: His film version of Shakespeare's Hamlet (1948) is still, to date, the only film of a Shakespeare play to win the Oscar for Best Picture, and the only one to actually win an Oscar for acting (Olivier for Best Actor). Father of four children: sons Tarquin Olivier and Richard Olivier , and daughters Julie Kate Olivier and Tamsin Olivier . Biography in: John Wakeman, editor. "World Film Directors, Volume One, 1890- 1945". Pages 837-843. New York: The H.W. Wilson Company, 1987. He was voted the 20th Greatest Movie Star of all time by Entertainment Weekly. He is considered by many people to be the greatest English-speaking actor of the twentieth century, even more so than Marlon Brando and Spencer Tracy . Said once that he always visualized the physical appearance of a character that he was going to play before he did anything else. His acting in Hamlet (1948) is discussed by Holden Caulfield in J.D. Salinger 's novel "The Catcher in the Rye". The Olivier Theatre, the largest theatre in the new National Theatre complex on the south bank of the Thames, opened on 4 October 1976 with Albert Finney playing Christopher Marlowe 's "Tamburlaine The Great", directed by Peter Hall . The Queen officially opened the National Theatre on October 25. Years later, Michael Caine met his former co-star at the theatre named after him, and asked him if he could get in for free. No, he could not, answered Olivier, but he told Caine that he would work on it. Wanted desperately to stage "Guys and Dolls" in the early 1970s, as he dreamed of playing Sky Masterson, but after stringing him along for several years, the board of governors of the National Theatre vetoed any chance of a production. After years of being hamstrung by the board, Olivier resigned as artistic director in 1973 without being able to name his successor. The governors appointed Peter Hall , founder of the National Theatre's great rival, the Royal Shakespeare Company, as director to replace Olivier. The move is widely seen as an insult to Olivier, who had given up an incalculable fortune in potential earnings in the commercial theater and in motion pictures to make his dream of a National Theatre a reality. However, he was honored by having the largest auditorium in the under-construction National Theatre building named after him. "Guys and Dolls" was eventually staged by the National Theatre in 1982. Was chosen to play Antonio in Queen Christina (1933) but was rejected by Greta Garbo after an initial meeting at the studio. The role later went to Garbo's former lover John Gilbert , whose career had hit bottom after the advent of sound. In his autobiography "Confessions of an Actor", Olivier says that he understands why she behaved the way she did, but in Felix Barker's 1953 "The Oliviers - A Biography", it was plain that Olivier and his career were hurt by being rejected by the biggest star in Hollywood. Olivier had had to sail from England to America, and then sail back, all under the harsh glare of the Hollywood publicity machine. His oldest son Tarquin Olivier was 10 months old when Olivier left his mother, actress Jill Esmond , for Vivien Leigh in 1937. Despite Olivier virtually ignoring him after marrying Joan Plowright in 1961, Tarquin was extremely forgiving in his 1993 memoir "My Father Laurence Olivier". Tarquin contends that the rumors about his father were becoming more outrageous with each new biography and dismissed the stories that Olivier had had affairs with Danny Kaye and Kenneth Tynan as "unforgivable garbage". His oldest son by Jill Esmond , Tarquin Olivier , says in his 1993 memoir "My Father Laurence Olivier" that he was shocked when meeting his father in California in the early 1980s that he was dissatisfied with his career and felt something of a failure. Olivier belittled his own achievements and held up the career of Cary Grant as the paradigm of greatness. Grant, who had a fortune estimated at $70 million by Look Magazine in its February 23, 1971, issue (an amount equivalent to $300 million in 2003 dollars), was the person who presented Olivier with his career achievement Oscar in 1979. The two were acquaintances, never friends. According to Olivier in his autobiography "Confessions of an Actor", when he went to Hollywood in the early 1930s as the "next Ronald Colman ", one studio wanted to change his name to "Larry Oliver". He often wondered what his career would have been like if he kept that less-distinguished name, whether his career would have been as sorry as the name. According to producer Robert Evans , he could not obtain insurance for Olivier to appear in Marathon Man (1976). He went ahead with Olivier despite the obstacle. Evans and the rest of the production members, particularly Dustin Hoffman , were quite charmed by the man Hoffman called "Sir". Several years earlier, Evans -- as chief of production at Paramount -- had given the go-ahead to offer Olivier the role of Don Corleone in The Godfather (1972), but Olivier was unable to accept the role due to illness. In his 1983 autobiography "Confessions of an Actor", Olivier writes that upon meeting Marilyn Monroe preparatory to the commencement of production of The Prince and the Showgirl (1957), he was convinced he was going to fall in love with her. During production, Olivier bore the brunt of Marilyn's famous indiscipline and wound up despising her. However, he admits that she was wonderful in the film, the best thing in it, her performance overshadowing his own, and that the final result was worth the aggravation. Lifelong friends with Ralph Richardson , whom he met and befriended in London as a young acting student during the 1920s, he was dismayed that Richardson expected to play Buckingham in his film of Shakespeare's Richard III (1955). Olivier wanted Orson Welles , another friend, to play the role but could not deny his oldest friend. In his autobiography, Olivier says he wishes he had disappointed Richardson and cast Welles instead as he would have brought an extra element to the screen, an intelligence that would have gone well with the plot element of conspiracy. Orson Welles wrote his novel Confidential Report (1955) during an extended stay with Olivier and his wife Vivien Leigh . Welles was appearing at Olivier's St. James theater in London at the time in his fabled production of Around the World in Eighty Days (1956), which had been produced by Michael Todd in New York. Todd, who later made the film without Welles's participation, had offered to produce a film version of "Macbeth" to be directed by and starring Olivier, but he died in 1958 before the plans could be finalized. In her autobiography "Limelight and After", Claire Bloom claims that her lover Olivier merely went through the motions during their affair in the mid-1950s. She thought Olivier seduced her as that was what a great actor was supposed to do. Was gradually forced out of his position as head of the National Theatre by the board of directors after the board vetoed a production of Rolf Hochhuth 's 1968 play "Soldaten" ("Soldiers"). The controversial play, championed by National Theatre dramaturge Kenneth Tynan , implied that Winston Churchill had arranged the death of General Wladyslaw Sikorski, prime minister of the Polish government-in-exile, and the fire-bombing of civilians during World War II. Olivier, who revered Churchill, backed his dramaturge, but Tynan was sacked and Olivier's position was undermined, thus compromising the independence of the National Theatre. After unsuccessfully canvassing Albert Finney , Olivier tried to interest Richard Burton in taking over the National Theatre after his imminent retirement from the post. Burton declined, seeing the great Olivier forced out of his beloved theater that he had built over two decades and for which he had become the first actor peer. Turned down the role of Humbert in Lolita (1962). He originally agreed with Stanley Kubrick , his director on Spartacus (1960), to appear in his film of Vladimir Nabokov 's controversial classic, but dropped out on the advice of his agent. Ironically, Kubrick shared the same agent. Appeared with John Gielgud in Romeo and Juliet (1936) in which he and Gielgud alternated the roles of Romeo and Mercutio. Gielgud got the better reviews in the lead of Romeo, which spurred Olivier on to become a better actor. 1958: Was nominated for a Tony Award as Best Actor (Dramatic) for "The Entertainer", a role he recreated in an Oscar-nominated performance in the film version of the same name, The Entertainer (1960). This was his only nomination for a Tony, an award he never won. Olivier delivered one of the more eccentric acceptance speeches in 1979, upon receiving an Oscar statuette for Lifetime Achievement. His rundown of thanked Academy bigwigs, colleagues and friends included kudos to "my very noble and approved good masters", a quote from Shakespeare's "Othello", Act I, Scene 3, line 77. (Olivier had received a Best Actor Oscar nomination for the role in 1966, losing out to Lee Marvin .) Characterizing the acceptance speech, John J. O'Connor of the 'New York Times' wrote, "Olivier lapsed into a curiously rambling, slightly sticky, extended metaphor about stars and firmaments.". Modelled the accent for his character of George Hurstwood, an American living in turn-of-the-last-century Chicago in Carrie (1952), on Spencer Tracy . His great-great-grandfather, Daniel Stephen Olivier, was from a French Huguenot family; they fled from France to England around the 17th century, as they were Protestants, who were being persecuted by the majority Catholics. Was named the #14 greatest actor on The 50 Greatest Screen Legends list by the American Film Institute. The first thespian to receive both a Best Actor Oscar (for Hamlet (1948)) and a Worst Actor Razzie (for Inchon (1981)). Portrayals by other actors: Anthony Gordon in Marilyn: The Untold Story (1980); Anthony Higgins in Darlings of the Gods (1989); Andrew Clarke in Blonde (2001); Julian Sands in Kenneth Tynan: In Praise of Hardcore (2005); Kenneth Branagh in My Week with Marilyn (2011).. When he went to Hollywood in the early 1930s, studio executives wanted him to change his name to "Larry Oliver". He said that later on in his highly successful career, he would muse with his friends about what might have become of him, what kind of career he would have had, if he had changed his name to "Larry Oliver", as that name connoted a different type of actor. Actually, there was an American actor with that name who appeared six times on Broadway between 1930 and 1965, most notably in Garson Kanin 's "Born Yesterday". The "real" Larry Oliver repeated his Broadway performance as the politician Norval Hedges in the 1950 movie version of the play, ( Born Yesterday (1950)), his only film appearance (a senator on Broadway, Larry Oliver's character had been demoted to a Congressman for the film, but he was again bumped up to the Senate in the 1956 "Hallmark Hall of Fame" teleplay). Won three Best Actor Awards from the New York Film Critics Circle: as the eponymous protagonists of Shakespeare's Henry V (1944) and Hamlet (1948), and as the mystery writer in Sleuth (1972). Lord Olivier perfected an Italian accent in order to play Don Vito Corleone in The Godfather (1972), and was signed to play the role. However, at the last moment, he fell sick and was replaced by Marlon Brando . Luchino Visconti wanted to cast him in the title role of the Italian prince in The Leopard (1963), but his producer overruled him. The producer insisted on a box-office star to justify the lavish production's high budget and essentially forced Visconti to accept Burt Lancaster . A decade later, the two Oscar-winning actors competed again for the role of another Italian prince, Mafia chieftain Don Corleone, in The Godfather (1972), ultimately losing out to Marlon Brando , Olivier's only rival for the title of world's greatest actor. Generally considered the greatest Macbeth of the 20th century for his second stage portrayal of the role in the 1950s, he had hoped to bring "The Scottish Play" to the big screen in the late 1950s, but the failure of his movie Richard III (1955) to make back its money frustrated his plans. Producer Michael Todd , Elizabeth Taylor 's third husband, told Olivier in 1958 that he likely would produce the film with Olivier as Macbeth and Olivier's real-life wife Vivien Leigh as his Lady, but that hope died in the plane crash that claimed Todd's life. Thus, the infamous "Macbeth curse" prevented the greatest actor of the 20th century from realizing his dream. Movie critic Pauline Kael , who considered Olivier the "wittiest actor" in film history, considered it a tragedy and said that it showed that there was something fundamentally wrong with the commercial filmmaking industry, that it could deny such a great talent a chance to make such a potentially significant film. Olivier never directed another Shakespearean film after the "failure" of "Richard III". Was the first thespian nominated for an acting Oscar in five different decades, from the 1930s through the 1970s, inclusive. Only Katharine Hepburn (1930s, 1940s, 1950s, 1960s, 1980s), Paul Newman (1950s, 1960s, 1980s, 1990s and 2000s) and Jack Nicholson (1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and 2000s) equaled this feat. In contrast, Bette Davis ' ten nominations and Spencer Tracy 's eight were spread over four decades (1930s through 1960s, inclusive) while Marlon Brando 's eight nominations were bunched into three decades (1950s, 1970s, 1980s). Was nominated 13 times for the Academy Award, nine times as Best Actor, once as Best Supporting Actor, twice for Best Picture, and once as Best Director. In the acting field, only Jack Nicholson and Katharine Hepburn with 12 acting nominations each (Nicholson: 8 Best Actor and 4 Best Supporting Actor nominations; Hepburn, all in the Best Actress category) and Meryl Streep with 16 (13 in the Best Actress category) have more acting nods than Olivier ( Bette Davis was nominated 10 times for an Academy Award, all of them Best Actress nods.). 2006: His performance as Richard III in Richard III (1955) is ranked #39 on Premiere magazine's 100 Greatest Performances of All Time. John Gielgud and Ralph Richardson were considered equal to Olivier in the classical repertoire -- and in Shakespeare. Gielgud was felt to have bested him due to his mellifluous voice, which Olivier himself said "wooed the world" -- but it was widely felt that Olivier as a stage actor exceeded both of them in contemporary plays such as John Osbourne 's The Entertainer (1960). He also was, by far, the better regarded movie actor, winning one Best Actor Oscar among 10 acting Academy Award acting nominations (all but one in the Best Actor category) versus one Best Supporting Actor Oscar for Gielgud (among two supporting nominations) and two Supporting Actor nods for Richardson. Olivier also was a movie star (commanding a salary of $1 million in 1979 for Inchon (1981), approximately $3 million in 2006 dollars), whereas the other theatrical knights were not. According to Time magazine of 21 April 1958, as an addendum to its cover story on Alec Guinness , in 1957 Olivier turned down a Hollywood offer of $250,000 for one motion picture. Instead of making the movie and pocketing the cash (worth approximately $1.7 million in 2005 terms), Olivier preferred to take on the role of Archie Rice in John Osborne 's The Entertainer (1960) (a role written specifically for him) at the princely sum of £45 per week (worth $126 in 1957 dollars at the contemporaneous exchange rate, or $856 in 2005 terms). He discovered Peter Finch when Olivier and his theatrical company, which included his wife Vivien Leigh , were conducting a tour of Australia in 1948. Olivier signed the young Aussie to a personal contract and Finch became part of Olivier's theatrical company, traveling back to London with his new employer, where he made his name as an actor. Finch then proceeded to cuckold his mentor and employer by bedding Olivier's wife, Leigh. Olivier was personally humiliated but, ever the trouper, he kept the talented Finch under contract; Finch, who had been born in London, flourished as a theatrical actor after the career break given him by Olivier. Finch and Leigh carried on a long affair, and since Leigh was bipolar and her manic-depression frequently manifested itself in nymphomania, some speculate that Olivier subconsciously might have been grateful for Finch's attentions to his wife, as he occupied Leigh's hours and kept her out of worse trouble and, by extension, saved Olivier from even worse embarrassment. He wrote in his autobiography, "Confessions of an Actor", that sometime after World War II, his wife Vivien Leigh announced calmly that she was no longer in love with him, but loved him like a brother. Olivier was emotionally devastated. What he did not know at the time was that Leigh's declaration--and her subsequent affairs with multiple partners--was a signal of the bipolar disorder that eventually disrupted her life and career. Leigh had every intention of remaining married to Olivier, but was no longer interested in him romantically. Olivier himself began having affairs (including one with Claire Bloom in the 1950s, according to Bloom's own autobiography) as Leigh's attentions wandered and roamed outside of the marital bedchamber. Olivier had to accompany her to Hollywood in 1950 in order to keep an eye on her and keep her out of trouble, to ensure that her manic-depression did not get out of hand and disrupt the production of A Streetcar Named Desire (1951). In order to do so, he accepted a role in William Wyler 's Carrie (1952), which was shot at the same time as "Streetcar". The Oliviers were popular with Hollywood's elite, and Elia Kazan and Marlon Brando both liked "Larry" very much (that was the reason that Brando gave in his own autobiography for not sleeping with Leigh, whom he thought had a superior posterior: he couldn't raid Olivier's "chicken coop", as "Larry was such a nice guy.") None of them knew the depths of the anguish he was enduring as the caretaker of his mentally ill wife. Brando said that Leigh was superior to Jessica Tandy --the original stage Blanche DuBois--as she WAS Blanche. Olivier himself had directed Leigh in the role on the London stage. 1970: He became the first actor made a peer of the realm (the only others subsequently being Bernard Miles in 1979 and Richard Attenborough in 1993) when Harold Wilson 's second Labour government secured him a life peerage to represent the interests of the theater in the House of Lords. He was elevated to the peerage as Baron Olivier of Brighton in 1970. Alec Guinness played The Fool to his first Lear under the direction of Tyrone Guthrie in 1938 when he was 24 and Olivier was 31. Olivier was generally considered less than successful in the role due to his youth and relative lack of maturity in classical roles (though his contemporaneous Henry V was a smash and hinted at his future greatness as an interpreter of William Shakespeare ). However, Guinness received raves for his acting. Both actors would go on to knighthoods and Best Actor Oscars in their long and distinguished careers. Alec Guinness wrote about an incident at the Old Vic when, in the company of Olivier in the basement of the theater, he asked where a certain tunnel went. Olivier did not really know but confidently decided to take the tunnel as it must come out somewhere nearby. In reality, the tunnel went under the Thames, and they were rescued after several hours of fruitless navigation of the dark, damp corridor. Guinness remarked that Olivier's willingness to plunge into the dark and unknown was characteristic of the type of person (and actor) he was. As for himself as an actor, Guinness lamented at times that he did not take enough chances. Following a bad fall in March 1989, Olivier endured his final operation, a hip replacement. His sister Sybille died the following month at age 87. By early July, his one remaining kidney was in a precarious state, and he was given a maximum of six weeks left to live. At the time of his death, at 11:15 a.m. on July 11, 1989, he had been sick for the last 22 years of his life. A memorial service was held at Westminster Abbey on 20 October 1989. Joan Plowright and the three children of his last marriage were the chief mourners, along with Tarquin, Hester, and Olivier's first wife, Jill Esmond , in a wheelchair. Olivier's trophies were carried in a procession: Douglas Fairbanks Jr. carried the insignia of Olivier's Order of Merit, Michael Caine bore his Oscar for lifetime achievement, Maggie Smith a silver model of the Chichester theatre, Paul Scofield a silver model of the National, Derek Jacobi the crown worn in Richard III (1955), Peter O'Toole the script used in Hamlet (1948), Ian McKellen the laurel wreath worn in the stage production of "Coriolanus", Dorothy Tutin the crown worn for King Lear (1983), and Frank Finlay the sword presented to Olivier by John Gielgud , once worn by the 18-century actor Edmund Kean. Albert Finney read from Ecclesiastes: "To everything there is a season... A time to be born and a time to die". John Mills read from I Corinthians: "Though I speak with the tongues of men and angels..." Peggy Ashcroft read from John Milton 's "Lycidas". Gielgud read "Death Be Not Proud" by John Donne . Alec Guinness gave an address in which he suggested that Olivier's greatness lay in a happy combination of imagination, physical magnetism, a commanding and appealing voice, an expressive eye, and danger: "Larry always carried the threat of danger with him; primarily as an actor but also, for all his charm, as a private man. There were times when it was wise to be wary of him." He reminded the audience that Olivier has been brought up as a High Anglican, and said he did not think the need for devotion or the mystery of things ever quite left him. The climax of the service was Olivier's own taped voice echoing round the abbey as he delivered the St. Crispin's Day speech from Henry V (1944). Its quiet resolution was the choir singing "Fear no more the heat o' the sun" from "Cymbeline". In June 1967 he underwent hyperbaric radiation treatment for prostate cancer at St. Thomas' Hospital, London. On July 7, he discharged himself from the hospital, where he had been confined to bed with pneumonia as a complication of the cancer treatment, after Vivien Leigh died. In the following year, he had his appendix removed. In July 1970, while playing Shylock in "The Merchant of Venice" at the National Theatre, he was hospitalized with pleurisy and a thrombosis of the right leg. In September 1974, he fell sick during a holiday in Italy with director Franco Zeffirelli , and after x-rays and blood tests back in England at the Royal Sussex Hospital he was diagnosed with dermato-poly-myositis, a rare muscle disorder. For three months, he remained critically sick in the hospital, and was told he could never act on stage again. In May 1983 he flew to New York to receive an award at the Lincoln Center, where Douglas Fairbanks Jr. described him as "one hell of an actor". The next evening, Olivier and Joan Plowright went to Washington where, after a showing of King Lear (1983), President Ronald Reagan gave a small dinner party for them at the White House. In the summer of that year, Olivier again suffered from pleurisy, and stayed in St. Thomas's Hospital for three weeks for the removal of a kidney. 1973: He last appeared on the stage in Trevor Griffiths ' play "The Party" at the National Theatre, a role in which he had to deliver a 20-minute soliloquy. He won rave reviews in the role. Nobel Prize winner John Steinbeck said that Olivier's 1964 turn as Othello at the National Theatre in London was the greatest performance he had ever seen. Though Olivier received an Oscar nomination in 1966 for his performance in the film version of the National Theatre production, many critics said that the performance captured on film was merely a shadow of what they had seen on stage. Other critics trashed the performance as rubbish, both on-stage and screen, accusing Olivier of making the noble Moor (Moors are considered Caucasian, that is, white under European classification systems developed in the 19th century) into a racist caricature akin to "Old Black Joe." For his part, Olivier had wanted to give Othello "Negritude" ( Sammy Davis Jr. claimed that Olivier had come to see him perform multiple times and copied some of his mannerisms in his Othello) in order to comment on racism. He wanted the audience to dislike Othello until the very end, when he is destroyed by the tragedy Iago has hatched for him. Then, the audience would be complicit in Othello's destruction (as they had despised Othello too as a "negro" rather than as the white man in black face he had always been portrayed as by British actors), and their guilt at the destroyed innocent (and their shame over their own racism) would bring them to the point of catharsis. Olivier described it as pushing the audience away for most of the play before drawing them back into his palm. Richard Burton , who was appearing on Broadway in 1960 in the original production of Alan Jay Lerner 's and Frederick Loewe 's smash musical "Camelot", hosted a New York reception for Olivier to honor his third marriage, to Joan Plowright . Olivier himself was appearing on Broadway in "Becket", in the title role, a role Burton would play in the film version ( Becket (1964)). Playing the role on film that Olivier had originated on stage brought Burton his third Academy Award nomination, his first in 11 years. He was offered roles in Coronation Street (1960) and Doctor Who (1963). Was the first person to direct himself to a Best Actor Academy Award (in Hamlet (1948)). His 1964 "Othello" at the National Theatre was acclaimed by many critics as the work of a master thespian operating at the top of his craft, but ironically, while playing the role on stage at the Old Vic, Olivier for the first time in his career became afflicted by stage fright. He had to ask other actors, particularly Robert Stephens , who played his Iago, not to look him in the eye, lest he be distracted and lose his ability to say the lines. Although he was afflicted by stage fright for the last 10 years of his stage career, he was determined to fight through it and not have it drive him from the stage. He succeeded, and last appeared on stage in 1974, in Trevor Griffiths "The Party", in which he had to deliver a 20-minute soliloquy. He was asked by the the Ministry of Information to play the French-Canadian trapper Johnny in 49th Parallel (1941), a film commissioned by the Ministry to raise awareness of the Nazi threat in North America, particularly the United States. However, it was intended for Canadian consumption also, as many French-Canadians did not want to be at war with Germany and did not want to fight. Vichy France was an ally of Nazi Germany, and many French-Canadians in Quebec were pro-German. That's the reason Olivier, the biggest star in the film, was asked to play a French-Canadian who tells the Nazi officer he is a "Canadian" and not "French". It was felt Oliver would intensify the film's value as pro-British propaganda in Quebec ("Olivier", of course, is a French surname; his great-great-grandfather was of French Huguenot descent). When Canada resorted to conscription to swell the ranks of its army, there were draft riots throughout Quebec, so intense was the feeling against the United Kingdom, which of course had subjugated New France less than 200 years before. Anti-war sentiment was so rife throughout Canada that Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King declared that only volunteers would be shipped off to Europe. When Olivier first arrived in Hollywood in 1932, his height was measured at exactly five feet ten inches and his weight at 145 lbs. One of the 20th century's greatest orators, his last role as the Old Soldier in Derek Jarman 's War Requiem (1989) had no dialogue. Truman Capote pronounced his last name "Oliver". According to Spartacus (1960) co-star Peter Ustinov , Olivier felt most comfortable acting when wearing a wig, a fake nose or having some other elaborate make-up put on. He often insisted on this, even when it was not particularly required for the role he played. He was originally cast in Burt Lancaster 's role in Judgment at Nuremberg (1961). Was in frail health while filming The Boys from Brazil (1978), having recently undergone surgery for kidney stones. The son of a high church Anglican, Olivier was a lifelong Conservative. In 1983, he wrote to congratulate Margaret Thatcher following her victory in that year's General Election. He declined the offer of a peerage from Harold Wilson 's Labour government in 1967, despite Wilson's insistence that it was not a political honor. Olivier was finally persuaded when it was presented to him that he could best represent the interests of the National Theatre as a member of the House of Lords. (By that time, Olivier had lost some bruising battles withe the National's board of directors headed by the hereditary peer Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos.) Wilson secured a life peerage for Olivier in the Queen's Birthday Honours of June 13, 1970, five days before he lost the general election to Edward Heath 's Conservatives. When he took his seat in House of Lords, the Conservatives were in power. Aside from his maiden speech when he was introduced to the chamber, Olivier never spoke to the body again or used the Lords to help the National Theatre. On the opening night of the National Theatre in October 1976, he gave a speech finishing with the words, "I thank you for your kind attention, and for the glory, and the luster, of your attendance." It was tinged with much hidden meaning as the few years leading to the opening had seen Olivier decline all attempts to involve him in the process of setting up the new building after much animosity between him and those in charge. It was the only time he ever set foot on the stage of the theatre which bears his name. Attended St. Edward's School, Oxford, a top British Boarding school. He was made a Fellow of the British Film Institute in recognition of his outstanding contribution to film culture. Addressed President John F. Kennedy 's inauguration on January 20, 1961. The filmmakers wanted him to play Clive Candy in The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp (1943), but he was prevented from being furloughed from the Navy to take the role by Prime Minister Winston Churchill , who did not want the film to be made. Churchill did not want to bolster the production with an actor and star of Olivier's calibre as it felt the movie was critical of a type of British patriot. Olivier was allowed to take a leave from the Navy to make a film about Shakespeare's patriotic King Henry V in Henry V (1944). Roger Livesey was cast instead. A generation later, he played Olivier's father Billy Rice in The Entertainer (1960), though he was less than a year older than him. Following the election of a new Labour government in the mid 1970s, Olivier found his tax rate almost doubled. Michael Caine advised him to to leave England, but Olivier was unwilling to do so. Caine then suggested he do every job offered to him - so Olivier appeared in many projects he otherwise would have passed on. Became friends with Wuthering Heights (1939) co-stars David Niven , Geraldine Fitzgerald and, eventually, Merle Oberon . Was considered for the role of Thomas More in A Man for All Seasons (1966) but Paul Scofield , who went on to win a Best Actor Oscar for his performance, was cast instead. Ex-stepfather of Suzanne Farrington . Was commissioned as a Lieutenant, and trained as a pilot, in the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve, but never called into service, and was ultimately released from his obligation in 1944. To show his solidarity with Allied servicemen, he made Henry V (1944). Was director John Frankenheimer 's first choice for the lead in Seconds (1966), but the producers did not want Olivier as he was not a box office draw. Rock Hudson was cast instead. Was director Luchino Visconti 's first choice for the Prince in The Leopard (1963), but the Italian producers wanted an international box office star to make the film more marketable. Burt Lancaster , a Top Ten box office star in the United States, was cast instead. The Laurence Olivier Awards, first established in 1976 as the Society of West End Theatre Awards, were renamed in his honour in 1984, with Lord Olivier's permission. The Olivier awards are managed and financed by the Society of London Theatre. They are the British equivalent of the Tony Award. The award features a bust of Laurence Olivier as Henry V at the Old Vic in 1937 and was designed by the sculptor Harry Franchetti . Admitted to the Order of Merit in 1981, the first actor so honored in its 79-year-long history. The Order of Merit recognizes distinguished service in the armed forces, science, art, literature, or for the promotion of culture. Admission into the order is the personal gift of the sovereign of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth realms and is limited to 24 living recipients at one time from these countries plus a limited number of honorary members. Seven years after Olivier's death, John Gielgud was made a member of the Order, the second actor so honored. Was awarded a life peer on June 13, 1970 in the Queen's Birthday Honours as Baron Olivier, of Brighton in the County of Sussex, the first actor to be accorded this distinction. Was awarded a Knight Bachelor on June 12, 1947 in the King's Birthday Honours, becoming at age 40 the youngest actor so honored. Sir Cedric Hardwicke , knighted at age 41, had previously held the record. Jourdain Olivier, an ancestor, arrived in Britain in 1688 as chaplain to William of Orange. Garson Kanin and Katharine Hepburn acted as witnesses for the Olivier's 1940 marriage to Vivien Leigh. Olivier was knighted in July 1947 while working on Hamlet (1948). He was honored as Turner Classic Movies Star of the Month for April 2013. Dustin Hoffman has said that, contrary to rumors that he and Olivier did not get along while making Marathon Man (1976), Olivier and then-wife Joan Plowright took Hoffman to dinner several times, and presented him with Olivier's personal copy of "The Complete Works of Shakespeare" once filming ended. A member of the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC). He appeared in two Best Picture Academy Award winners: Rebecca (1940) and Hamlet (1948). He also directed the latter. He directed Russell Thorndike in Henry V (1944), Hamlet (1948) and Richard III (1955) and his sister Sybil Thorndike in The Prince and the Showgirl (1957). He has two roles in common with Kenneth Branagh , who played him in My Week with Marilyn (2011): (1) Olivier played King Henry V in Henry V (1944) while Branagh played him in Henry V (1989) and (2) Olivier played the title character in Hamlet (1948) while Branagh played him in Hamlet (1996). In each case, Olivier and Branagh directed the relevant film. He directed Esmond Knight in four of his five films: Henry V (1944), Hamlet (1948), Richard III (1955) and The Prince and the Showgirl (1957). The only film that he directed in which Knight did not appear was Three Sisters (1970). He has three Shakespearean roles in common with Ian McKellen : (1) Olivier played Hamlet in Hamlet (1948) while McKellen played him in Hamlet (1970), (2) Olivier played King Richard III in Richard III (1955) while McKellen played him in Richard III (1995) and (3) Olivier played King Lear in King Lear (1983) while McKellen played him in King Lear (2008). He played a Nazi war criminal, Dr. Christian Szell, in Marathon Man (1976) and a survivor of the Holocaust, Ezra Lieberman, in The Boys from Brazil (1978). He received Academy Award nominations for both films - Best Supporting Actor for the former and Best Actor for the latter - but did not win either award. He only appeared in two Shakespearean theatrical films which he did not direct himself: As You Like It (1936) and Othello (1965). He played Orlando in the former and the title character in the latter. His uncle Sydney Olivier, 1st Baron Olivier served as the Governor of Jamaica from May 16, 1907 to January 1913 and as the Secretary of State for India from January 22, 1924 to November 3, 1924 in the first British Labour government under the leadership of Ramsay MacDonald . In contrast to his uncle, Laurence Olivier was a supporter of the Conservative Party. His elder sister Sybille Olivier was born on July 26, 1901 and died in April 1989 while his elder brother Gerard Dacres Olivier was born on September 5, 1904 and died on November 28, 1958. His father Gerard Kerr Olivier was born on April 30, 1869 and died on March 30, 1939 while his mother Agnes Louise Crookenden Olivier was born on December 1, 1871 and died on March 27, 1920. Although he played Eileen Herlie 's son in Hamlet (1948), he was almost eleven years her senior in real life. Although he played Joan Plowright 's father in The Entertainer (1960), they married several months after the film was released. He died only nine days after Franklin J. Schaffner , who directed him in both Nicholas and Alexandra (1971) and The Boys from Brazil (1978). Of the five films that he directed, Three Sisters (1970) was the only one in which he did not play a member of a royal family. He played Dr. Ivan Chebutikin in that film while he played King Henry V of England in Henry V (1944), Prince Hamlet of Denmark in Hamlet (1948), King Richard III of England in Richard III (1955) and Prince Michael of Carpathia in The Prince and the Showgirl (1957). All five of the films that he directed were adaptations of plays: Henry V (1944), Hamlet (1948) and Richard III (1955) were all based on the plays of the same names by William Shakespeare , The Prince and the Showgirl (1957) was based on the play "The Sleeping Prince" by Terence Rattigan and Three Sisters (1970) was based on the play of the same name by Anton Chekhov . Along with Spencer Tracy , he is one of only two actors to receive nine nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actor. He was nominated for Wuthering Heights (1939), Rebecca (1940), Henry V (1944), Hamlet (1948), Richard III (1955), The Entertainer (1960), Othello (1965), Sleuth (1972) and The Boys from Brazil (1978). He only won the Academy Award for Hamlet (1948). Although he was 47 when he played the title character in Richard III (1955), King Richard III of England was only 32 years old when he was killed in the Battle of Bosworth Field on August 22, 1485. He has two roles in common with his The Bounty (1984) co-star Liam Neeson : (1) Olivier played Zeus in Clash of the Titans (1981) while Neeson played him in the remake Clash of the Titans (2010) and its sequel Wrath of the Titans (2012) and (2) Olivier played General Douglas MacArthur in Inchon (1981) while Neeson played him in Operation Chromite (2016). He received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Dr. Christian Szell in Marathon Man (1976). Kenneth Branagh was nominated for the same award for playing Olivier in My Week with Marilyn (2011). He played three English kings: Henry V in Henry V (1944), Richard III in Richard III (1955) and William III in Peter the Great (1986). He had three Shakespearean roles in common with Orson Welles : (1) Welles played Othello in Othello (1951) while Olivier played him in Othello (1965), (2) Welles played King Lear in Omnibus: King Lear (1953) while Olivier played him in King Lear (1983) and (3) Welles played Shylock in The Merchant of Venice (1969) while Olivier played him in The Merchant of Venice (1973). He was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6319 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California on February 8, 1960. He was the director Michael Anderson 's choice to play Adolf Hitler in a Columbia Pictures epic, "16th of December: The Battle of the Bulge", which had the blessing of Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Defense Department, but the project was abandoned after Warner Brothers appropriated the title for the film Battle of the Bulge (1965) starring Henry Fonda . He worked with Raymond Massey in Fire Over England (1937) and 49th Parallel (1941), with his son Daniel Massey in The Entertainer (1960) and with his daughter Anna Massey in Bunny Lake Is Missing (1965), David Copperfield (1970) and A Little Romance (1979). He was only nine days younger than Daphne Du Maurier , who wrote the 1938 novel "Rebecca". He played Maximilian de Winter in the film adaptation Rebecca (1940). Is one of 13 actors who have received an Academy Award nomination for his portrayal of a real-life king. The others in chronological order are Charles Laughton for The Private Life of Henry VIII. (1933), Robert Morley for Marie Antoinette (1938), Basil Rathbone for If I Were King (1938), José Ferrer for Joan of Arc (1948), Yul Brynner for The King and I (1956), John Gielgud for Becket (1964), Peter O'Toole for Becket (1964) and The Lion in Winter (1968), Robert Shaw for A Man for All Seasons (1966), Richard Burton for Anne of the Thousand Days (1969), Kenneth Branagh for Henry V (1989), Nigel Hawthorne for The Madness of King George (1994), and Colin Firth for The King's Speech (2010). He and his A Bridge Too Far (1977) co-star Robert Redford are the only people to act in and direct different Academy Award for Best Picture winners: (1) Olivier played Maximilian de Winter in Rebecca (1940) and directed Hamlet (1948), in which he also played the title role and (2) Redford played Johnny Hooker in The Sting (1973) and Denys Finch Hatton in Out of Africa (1985) and directed Ordinary People (1980). He played Gladys Cooper 's brother in Rebecca (1940) and her husband in That Hamilton Woman (1941). Although he played Robert Duvall 's grandfather in The Betsy (1978), he was only 23 years his senior in real life. He appeared in films with all three of his wives: Jill Esmond in No Funny Business (1933), Vivien Leigh in Fire Over England (1937), 21 Days Together (1940) and That Hamilton Woman (1941) and Joan Plowright in The Entertainer (1960), Uncle Vanya (1963) and Three Sisters (1970). He has two roles in common with his A Bridge Too Far (1977) and The Bounty (1984) co-star Anthony Hopkins : (1) Olivier played the title character in Othello (1965) while Hopkins played him in Othello (1981) and (2) Olivier played Professor Abraham Van Helsing in Dracula (1979) while Hopkins played him in Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992). He has two roles in common with Angus Macfadyen : (1) Olivier played Crassus in Spartacus (1960) while Macfayden played him in Spartacus (2004) and (2) Olivier played Zeus in Clash of the Titans (1981) while Macfayden played him in Jason and the Argonauts (2000). He was cast as Ben Greene in Magic (1978) but had to withdraw due to illness. He was replaced by Burgess Meredith . Along with Orson Welles , Woody Allen , Warren Beatty , Kenneth Branagh , Clint Eastwood and Roberto Benigni , he is one of only seven men to receive Academy Award nominations for both Best Actor and Best Director for the same film: Welles for Citizen Kane (1941), Olivier for Hamlet (1948), Allen for Annie Hall (1977), Beatty for both Heaven Can Wait (1978) and Reds (1981), Branagh for Henry V (1989), Eastwood for Unforgiven (1992) and Benigni for Life Is Beautiful (1997). Although he would play Air Chief Marshal Sir Hugh Dowding of the Royal Air Force in Battle of Britain (1969) a quarter century later, Olivier was by all accounts one of the worst pilots in the history of the British military. He joined the Royal Navy during the Second World War and more than once survived near catastrophe during his flying lessons (reportedly destroying five planes). Eventually, the actor and the navy came to the mutual conclusion that he could serve his country better on the ground, and he was granted leave to aid the war effort by making films. Personal Quotes (44) Acting is illusion, as much illusion as magic is, and not so much a matter of being real. Without acting, I cannot breathe. Of all the things I've done in life, directing a motion picture is the most beautiful. It's the most exciting and the nearest than an interpretive craftsman, such as an actor can possibly get to being a creator. If I wasn't an actor, I think I'd have gone mad. You have to have extra voltage, some extra temperament to reach certain heights. Art is a little bit larger than life - it's an exhalation of life and I think you probably need a little touch of madness. Work is life for me, it is the only point of life - and with it there is almost religious belief that service is everything. [In 1979] You must have - besides intuition and sensitivity - a cutting edge that allows you to reach what you need. Also, you have to know life - bastards included - and it takes a bit of one to know one, don't you think? [the only acting advice he would give] What is acting but lying and what is good lying but convincing lying? Acting is a masochistic form of exhibitionism. It is not quite the occupation of an adult. I'm England, that's all. [on Method acting] All this talk about the Method, the Method! WHAT method? I thought each of us had our OWN method! [to a young actress who complained she was not taken seriously because she was a blonde] But my dear, it was your decision! [January 1970] I don't know what is better than the work that is given to the actor - to teach the human heart the knowledge of itself. The office of drama is to exercise, possibly to exhaust, human emotions. The purpose of comedy is to tickle those emotions into an expression of light relief; of tragedy, to wound them and bring the relief of tears. Disgust and terror are the other points of the compass. [first address to the House of Lords, 1971] I believe in the theater; I believe in it as the first glamorizer of thought. It restores dramatic dynamics and their relations to life size. [first address in the House of Lords, 1971] I believe that in a great city, or even in a small city or a village, a great theater is the outward and visible sign of an inward and probable culture. Surely we have always acted; it is an instinct inherent in all of us. Some of us are better at it than others, but we all do it. We have all, at one time or another, been performers, and many of us still are - politicians, playboys, cardinals and kings. The actor should be able to create the universe in the palm of his hand. I often think that could we creep behind the actor's eyes, we would find an attic of forgotten toys and a copy of the Domesday Book. [on whether he harbored any resentment at his forced retirement from the stage after he was fired by Britain's National Theater] I should be soaring away with my head tilted slightly toward the gods, feeding on the caviar of Shakespeare... An actor must act. My stage successes have provided me with the greatest moments outside myself, my film successes the best moments, professionally, within myself. [May 1958, on playing Macbeth at age 30 and age 48] When you're a young man, Macbeth is a character part. When you're older, it's a straight part. I like to appear as a chameleon. So all my career I've attempted to disguise myself. I'm afraid I probably outrage the Method people. [upon seeing Dustin Hoffman 's "method" acting technique of not sleeping and making a mess of himself to get into character while shooting Marathon Man (1976)] Dear boy, it's called acting. [When asked by Barry Norman why he had taken on the role of the Mahdi in Khartoum (1966), for which he was so obviously ill-suited] One doesn't do everything for artistic reasons, dear boy. [to 1979 Academy Awards show writer Buz Kohan , after receiving his honorary Oscar] God, I mucked that up. I had no idea what I was saying but I didn't want to stop. [upon being awarded his second honorary Academy Award in 1979, an Oscar statuette for Lifetime Achievement, "for the full body of his work, for the unique achievements of his entire career and his lifetime of contribution to the art of film," presented by Cary Grant ] Oh, dear friends, am I supposed to speak after that? Cary, my dear old friend for many a year - from the earliest years of either of us working in this country - thank you for that beautiful citation and the trouble you have taken to make it and for all the warm generosities in it. Mr. President and governors of the Academy, committee members, fellows, my very noble and approved good masters, my colleagues, my friends, my fellow students. In the great wealth, the great firmament of your nation's generosities, this particular choice may be found by future generations to be a trifle eccentric, but the mere fact of it - the prodigal, pure, human kindness of it - must be seen as a beautiful star in the firmament which shines upon me at this moment, dazzling me a little, but filling me with warmth and the extraordinary elation, the euphoria that happens to so many of us at the first breath of the majestic glow of a new tomorrow. From the top of this moment, in the solace, in the kindly emotion that it is changing my soul and my heart at this moment, I thank you for this great gift which lends me such a very splendid part in this, your glorious occasion. Thank you. [1989] Time I was gone. Time I was dead. [on ex-wife Vivien Leigh ] We were like brother and sister, just as she always wanted. But fortunately, occasional incest was allowed. [on Spencer Tracy ] I've learned more about acting from watching Tracy than in any other way. [on Marilyn Monroe ] There were two entirely unrelated sides to Marilyn. You would not be far out if you described her as schizoid; the two people that she was could hardly have been more different. She was so adorable, so witty, such incredible fun and more physically attractive than anyone I could have imagined, apart from herself on the screen. [on Vivien Leigh ] Parts seem to haunt more actresses than actors. Poor darling Vivien was very much haunted. A Streetcar Named Desire (1951) didn't do her any good at all. [on Vivien Leigh ] Apart from her looks, which were magical, she possessed beautiful poise; her neck looked almost too fragile to support her head and bore with it a sense of surprise, and something of the pride of the master juggler who can make a brilliant maneuver appear almost accidental. She also had something else: an attraction of the most perturbing nature I had ever encountered. [on actress Ann Harding ] The pretty and highly regarded Ann Harding, a woman of great charm, integrity and beauty. [on Charles Laughton ] The only actor of genius I've ever met. [on Alec Guinness ] He's an actor, that fellow, a superb actor. But over and above that he does his homework. However idiosyncratically I saw Alec playing a part, I would be very, very cautious about criticizing it, because I know that every point about it would be backed by a complete marshaling of all available evidence. He really does his homework. [on Michael Caine ] Wonderfully good company, ceaselessly funny and a brilliant actor. [on Marilyn Monroe ] A professional amateur. [on needing to reshoot their torture scene in Marathon Man (1976) because Method actor Dustin Hoffman had gotten excessively drunk the first time so he'd look really out of it] Oh, why doesn't he just act? [on Marlon Brando ] Brando acted with an empathy and an instinctual understanding that not even the greatest technical performers could possibly match. [on Marilyn Monroe ] Look at that face - she could be five years old. People ask me why I'm playing in this picture. The answer is simple. Money, dear boy. I'm like a vintage wine. You have to drink me quickly before I turn sour. I'm almost used up now and I can feel the end coming. That's why I'm taking money now. I've got nothing to leave my family but the money I can make from films. Nothing is beneath me if it pays well. I've earned the right to damn well grab whatever I can in the time I've got left. [In 1983] If you're 75, which I am, it's damned hard to find parts. Lear is the only star part for an old man that I know of - I've never heard of a good play about Methusaleh. I played the title role only once before the Old Vic. I was 39. When you're younger, Lear doesn't feel real. When you get to my age, you 'are' Lear in every nerve of your body. Salary (28)	Joan Plowright
Born in Bolton in 1982, Jenny Ryan is the latest person to join which ITV programme?	Laurence Olivier - Filmbug Laurence Olivier Laurence Olivier Sir Laurence Kerr Olivier, Baron Olivier of Brighton (May 22, 1907 - July 11, 1989) was an English actor and director, esteemed by many as the greatest actor of the 20th century. Laurence Olivier was born in Dorking. He attended the Central School of Speech Training and Dramatic Art. His stage breakthrough was in Noel Coward 's Private Lives (in 1930), and in Romeo and Juliet (in 1935) alternating the roles of Romeo and Mercutio with John Gielgud . His film breakthrough was his portrayal of Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights in 1939. He was founding director (1962-1973) of the National Theatre of Great Britain. On July 25, 1930, he married actress Jill Esmond, whom Olivier biographer Donald Spoto described as a diffident lesbian. They had one son, Tarquin, and were divorced on January 29, 1940. On August 31, 1940 he married actress Vivien Leigh . They were divorced on December 2, 1960. On March 17, 1961 he married actress Joan Plowright ; they had one son and two daughters. He was not notably faithful in his marriages, and had extramarital affairs with both men and women: Joan Plowright said "I have always resented the comments that it was I who was the homewrecker of Larry's marriage to Vivien Leigh. Danny Kaye was attached to Larry far earlier than I." Olivier reportedly was also intimate with playwright Noel Coward. Among his honours are 10 Oscar nominations. He won both Best Actor and Best Picture (as the producer) for Hamlet in 1949, and two honorary Oscars (1947, for Henry V; 1979). He was knighted in 1947, was made a life peer in 1970 (the first actor to be accorded this distinction), and was admitted to the Order of Merit in 1981. He died in Steyning, West Sussex, England, of complications of a neuromuscular disorder and cancer. Lord Olivier is interred in Westminster Abbey, London, England. The Laurence Olivier Awards, organised by The Society of London Theatre, were renamed in his honour in 1984. Note: This profile was written in or before 2004. Laurence Olivier Facts	i don't know
Which drug derives its name from the Greek god of dreams?	Morpheus (mythology) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Morpheus (mythology) Metamorphoses Book XI.]] For other uses, see Morpheus . Morpheus ( Greek : Μορφέας, Μορφεύς, "he who forms, shapes, moulds", from the Greek morphe) is the Greek god of dreams . Morpheus has the ability to take any human's form and appear in dreams. He is the son or brother of Hypnos , the god of sleep. Nyx (the goddess of night) is his mother/grandmother. The brothers (according to Hesiod) or sons (according to Ovid) of Hypnos — the Oneiroi — are rulers of visions, and include Phobetor (also known as Icelus ), and Phantasos . Morpheus is spoken of in the Metamorphoses of Ovid . It is also believed that in the Iliad he is spoken of as "Dream." He is also referred to in Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene (1590). He sleeps on an ebony bed in a dimly lit cave, surrounded by poppy flowers. According to Ovid, Morpheus concentrated on the human elements of dreams, his brothers Phobetor and Phantasos being responsible for animals and inanimate objects, respectively. Morpheus sends images of humans in dreams or visions, and is responsible for shaping dreams, or giving shape to the beings that inhabit dreams. Phobetor made fearsome dreams (etymologically related to "phobia" from the Greek φόβος "fear"). Phantasos produced tricky and unreal dreams (hence "fantasy", "phantasmagoria", etc.). Together these attendants of Hypnos rule the realm of dreams. Morpheus also had special responsibility for the dreams of kings and heroes. For these reasons Morpheus is often referred to as "Morpheus the Greek god of dreams" in superiority to his brothers. The drug morphine (once "morphium") derives its name from Morpheus based on its dream-inducing power. Morpheus is one of Hypnos 's subordinate gods in Saint Seiya: The Lost Canvas . Morpheus is the pseudonym of one of the main characters in the Wachowski Brothers ' The Matrix "[Step Brothers]" film, played by Laurence Fishburne as the one who awakens Neo from his "sleep". The personification of dreaming is the main character in Neil Gaiman 's popular graphic novel The Sandman . He is often referred to as Morpheus, or Lord Shaper. Morpheus is the king of the dream world known as Slumberland in Winsor McCay 's classic Sunday comic Little Nemo in Slumberland . The Greek god Morpheus is mentioned as an antagonist in the video game God of War: Chains of Olympus . The chorus of Lullaby by The Tea Party (rock band) reminds the listener that they "sleep tonight, safe in the arms of Morpheus." In the popular MMORPG World of Warcraft , a boss protecting 'The Dreamer' in the instance Sunken Temple is a dragon named Morpheus . Apoptygma Berzerk 's song "Black Vs. White" from the album Rocket Science uses Morpheus as a poetic device. Singer/songwriter Stephan Groth 's sings that society, as a whole, is willfully ignorant of their own ills and misdeeds, as shown in the line, "We're so close to the edge now, but nobody cares; Far away, in the arms of Morpheus" The virtual horse website www.howrse.com, which makes direct reference to Greek Gods several times, named one of its' 'Black Market Items' Morpheus' Arms, which can be used to '...sleep and age your horses without limit...' Morpheus is said to appear in the final Percy Jackson and the Olympians book "Morpheus" is the title of an Agnes Rossi short story about a man who is on morphine and dying from cancer. This article relating to a Greek deity is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .	Morphine
Who preceded General Cornwallis as Governor-General of India?	Heroin Addiction History \| Narconon Drug Detox Rehab Program in America \| heroin, methadone Heroin Addiction History Heroin Addiction History Heroin , which is a very popular Drug of choice in the American drug culture today, is not a new drug that just showed up in the late 1960’s nor are its negative effects unique to modern times. Heroin is an opium derivative and, as with any of the opium derivatives, there is a severe physical/mental dependency that develops when its abused. The Birth of the American Heroin Addict In the mid to late 1800’s, opium was a fairly popular drug. Opium dens were scattered throughout what we know today as the Wild West. The opium influx during this period was due in large part to the drug being brought into the country via Chinese immigrants who came here to work on the railroads. Accurate American history tells us that famous names of the period like Wild Bill Hickock and Kit Carson actually frequented opium dens more often than saloons. The stereotyped picture we have of the cowhand belly up to the bar drinking whiskey straight after a long hard ride on the dusty trail is only part of the story of the old west. Oftentimes times the cowhand was not belly up to a bar at all. He was in a prone position in a dim candle-lit room smoking opium in the company of an oriental prostitute. It was not uncommon for some of these cowhands to spend several days and nights at a time in these dens in a constant dream-state, eventually becoming physically addicted to the drug. Nonetheless, it was true that alcoholism was a bigger problem. Alcoholism was one of the major sources of violence and death during this period. Eventually, however, opium was promoted as a cure for alcoholism by the late 1800’s. It was from opium that, Morphine , a derivative, was developed as a pain killer in approximately 1810. It was considered a wonder drug because it eliminated severe pain associated with medical operations or traumatic injuries. It left the user in a completely numb euphoric dream-state. Because of the intense euphoric side effects, the drug in 1811 was named after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus, by Dr. F.W.A. Serturner, a German pharmacist. By the mid 1850’s morphine was available in the Untied States and became more and more popular with the medical profession. The benefits of using the drug to treat severe pain were considered nothing short of remarkable to doctors of the time. Unfortunately, the addictive properties of the drug, on the flip side, went virtually unnoticed until after the Civil War. During the Civil War the numbers of people exposed to morphine in the course of being treated for their war related injuries sky rocketed. Tens of thousands of Northern and Confederate soldiers became morphine addicts. In just over 10 years time from its arrival into this country the United States was plagued with a major morphine epidemic. Even though no actual statistics were kept on Addiction at this time, the problem had grown to large enough proportions to raise serious concerns from the medical profession. Doctors became perplexed and were completely in the dark as to how to treat this new epidemic. By 1874 the answer to this increasing problem was thought to be found in the invention of a new drug in Germany. This new wonder drug was called Heroin, after its German trademarked name. Heroin was imported into the United States shortly after it was invented. The sales pitch that created an instant market to American doctors and their morphine addicted patients was that Heroin was a “safe, non addictive” substitute for morphine. Hence, the heroin addict was born and has been present in American culture ever since. From the late 1800’s to the early 1900’s the reputable drug companies of the day began manufacturing over the counter drug kits. These kits contained a glass barreled hypodermic needle and vials of Opiates (morphine or heroin) and/or Cocaine packaged neatly in attractive engraved tin cases. Laudanum (opium in an Alcohol base) was also a very popular elixir that was used to treat a variety of ills. Laudanum was administered to kids and adults alike - as freely as aspirin is used today. There were of course marketing and advertising campaigns launched by the drug companies producing this product that touted these narcotics as the cure for all types of physical and mental aliments ranging from alcohol Withdrawal to cancer, depression, sluggishness, coughs, colds, tuberculosis and even old age. Most of the elixirs pitched by the old “snake oil salesmen” in their medicine shows contained one or more of these narcotics in their mix. Heroin, morphine and other opiate derivatives were unregulated and sold legally in the United States until 1920 when Congress recognized the danger of these drugs and enacted the Dangerous Drug Act. This new law made over-the-counter purchase of these drugs illegal and deemed that their distribution be federally regulated. By the time this law was passed, however, it was already too late. A market for heroin in the U.S. had been created. By 1925 there were and estimated 200,000 heroin addicts in the country. It was a market which would persist until this day.	i don't know
Who was the ecclesiastical figure who founded Winchester College in 1382?	Winchester College - The History History William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester and Chancellor (or, as we would now say, Prime Minister) of England, was a self-made man born at Wickham, Hampshire, in about 1323. By his personal talents, by a patron’s gift of an education, and above all by a certain natural toughness, he worked his way to the top of the executive class of his day and amassed a considerable fortune. In an age when literacy, learning and government were the province of the Church, Wykeham wished to see the central government served by a well educated clergy. Placed as he was at the top of the tree, enjoying contacts with the throne and the Holy See, he was ideally situated to see to the meeting of this need. And his personal revenues lay ready to hand. In 1382 he obtained his charter to found Winchester; the buildings were begun in 1387, and occupied, though incomplete, in March 1394. Meanwhile by 1386 his other and senior foundation at Oxford (New College, or Saint Marie College of Winchester in Oxford) had begun operations. Thus by the end of the fourteenth century Wykeham’s great scheme for the supply of educated men dedicated to God and the public service, was realised and in working order. His seventy scholars at Winchester were to go on to New College, and thence out into the world, ready and equipped to serve. From that day to this Wykeham’s seventy Scholars have lived in College. The original community was self-contained in the mediaeval manner. It numbered 115 persons, governed by the Warden and ten Fellows, with two schoolmasters and three chaplains. Sixteen quiristers (choristers) and three lay clerks completed the foundation proper, but Wykeham also allowed the education he provided to be shared at their own expense by ten others, the sons of gentry and particular friends of the College. These were the forerunners, if not the germinal idea, of the present Commoners. When Henry VI founded Eton College, he took Winchester as his model, visited it on many occasions, borrowed its Statutes and removed its Headmaster and some of the Scholars to start his new school but apart from that interruption Winchester carried out its Founder’s intentions with great distinction until the Reformation. The Reformation brought with it a break-up of mediaeval institutions and a deep suspicion of perpetual semi-monastic societies. Winchester and Eton were lucky to survive at all. Their connections with their sister colleges at Oxford and Cambridge saved them; but a very different Winchester emerged, with her revenues becoming the perquisites of absentee Fellows who found their enjoyment of them slightly inconvenienced by the obligation to educate the young. Despite the abuses, education did continue. Scholars and Commoners were still taught together in Seventh Chamber, the ancient schoolroom, until the numbers made it too small. In 1683, largely by the personal munificence of Warden Nicholas, the brick School was built and it is from this time that we find an increasing interest focused upon the Commoners and a rise in the importance of the Headmaster. At the instigation of the Clarendon Commission of 1868 the Fellows ceased to be resident. The Warden ceased to be resident in 1904, but his importance as titular Head of the Foundation and Chairman of the Governing Body has never diminished. In 1740 Dr Burton, the then Headmaster (or Head Master as he is often referred to) bought up the leases, and later the freehold, of the old Sustern Spital (a women’s hospital) which was situated on the site of the (present) Headmaster’s offices, and altered it to provide boarding accommodation for Commoners. By 1784 it was established that the Headmaster should move out of College and preside over the fee-paying Commoners, and that the Second Master should reside in College in charge of the Scholars. It is a point to mention that Scholars were more likely to be such for reasons of influence rather than ability. In 1855 the seventy Scholarships were thrown open to intellectual competition and in 1862 three separate boarding houses, each under the supervision of a housemaster, were in existence but it was under the Headmastership of Dr Ridding (1867) that major changes were made. He added six new boarding houses (another was added in 1905), converted pre-existing buildings into useable classrooms, increased the teaching staff, and by reclaiming the marshy bog south of Meads, presented the School with its main playing fields. It is to be noted that much of this work was done at his own expense. In 2002 the Friends of Winchester College produced a leaflet on Royal Visits to the School.	William of Wykeham
In rugby union, the hooker wears no.2. What number is worn in rugby league?	Prophet Ezekiel flanked by Saints John the Evangelist and James the Less \| Thomas of Oxford \| V&A Search the Collections Prophet Ezekiel flanked by Saints John the Evangelist and James the Less Thomas of Oxford Prophet Ezekiel flanked by Saints John the Evangelist and James the Less Object: Clear, coloured and flashed glass with painted details and silver staining. Museum number: Download PDF version These stained glass panels were made in the workshop of Thomas of Oxford who was commissioned by William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester (1366-1404), to make decorated windows for his educational establishments of Winchester College, Winchester, and New College, Oxford. Thomas of Oxford was an important glazier at the end of the 14th century and on into the early years of the 15th century. He headed a stained glass workshop which was probably located in Oxford or just outside the city. A document dated 1393 discusses the contract for the Winchester windows and these panels date from that time. These three panels were originally located in the side windows closest to the altar in the Chapel of Winchester College. The east window of this Chapel was filled with glass depicting the genealogy of Jesus Christ in the form of a 'Tree of Jesse'. The side windows contained images of saints, the twelve Apostles and Old Testament prophets. The figures here represent the Apostles St John the Evangelist and St James the Less and the Old Testament prophet Ezekiel. Between 1821 and 1828, the Chapel windows were taken down to be restored by the firm of Betton and Evans of Shrewsbury. However, the firm decided to replace the originals with copies. The V&A’s panels are original and were purchased from the studio by the Rev. W.G. Rowland who intended to install them in St. Mary’s Shrewbury but instead sold them. In 1855, the museum bought them from the current owner. This figure of the prophet Ezekiel stands on a pedestal base which bears the name of Sophonias. It is believed that during the restoration in the early 19th century, the section of glass bearing the name ‘Sophonias’ was mistakenly inserted into the base of the panel with the figure of Ezekiel. Physical description Window in 3 lights. The Prophet Ezekiel (centre) flanked by St. John the Evangelist (left), and St. James the Less (right), under canopies. The central panel figure stands on a pediment which bears the inscription 'Sophonias' (Zephaniah). However, this pediment originally belonged to another figure and was probably put under the figure of Ezekiel mistakenly during its removal in 1825 or while in the workshops of the firm Betton and Evans. Place of Origin Height: 360.7 cm maximum, Width: 166.9 cm maximum Object history note These three window lights were originally located in the windows nearest the altar of the Chapel of Winchester College in Winchester. The three figures were not next to one another. They were separate lights from a larger composition which consisted of the 12 Apostles and prophet figures. In 1825 the window was removed by the firm Betton and Evans of Shrewsbury for restoration. However, the windows were not reinstated and instead the firm made copies which are still in the Chapel today. The Ezekiel, John the Evangelist and James the Less panels are original and were sold by Betton and Evans and came to the V&A (South Kensington Museum) in 1855. Contemporary records indicate that the panels for these windows were brought from Oxford (from the workshop of Thomas the Glazier) to Winchester in 1393. There were repairs made to the windows in 1412/13. Historical context note William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester (1366-1404). Winchester College, Winchester (1380) Windows made for New College Oxford, founded by William of Wykeham (1382) Founded by William of Wykeham (Bishop of Winchester, d.1404) (1387-94) Building work (1393) Windows delivered By c.end 14th century or early 15th century the windows were completed. (1393) Wykeham’s Household expenses records payments for carriage of glass from Esher to Oxford and also to Winchester for windows at the College for 9 days with 12 horses and 6 drivers (19s. 3d.). Thomas the Glazier carried out the work (1394) Thomas Glazier visiting Wykeham in London and was paid to take out and replace the glass in the chapel windows of Highclere House, Wykehams’s London residence. (1395-6) Thomas working at Canterbury College, Oxford. (1397-8) Worked in Adderbury Church, Oxon. (1409-10) Worked on the windows of St. Mary’s Church [the same one as in Adderbury?] Seems to have had a son, John, who carried on his work until 1456. (1822-8) Glass removed by Sir John Betton and David Evans of Shrewsbury and replaced by copies. New College Chapel, Oxford glass: (1380) Foundation stone laid. (1386) Formally took possession of the buildings – author assumes windows were completed by this time but no building accounts survive for this period Chapel has a choir of 5 bays and is lit by 5 large windows on each side (no East window). The 80 main lights contained figures of saints. Ante-chapel the great West window contained a ‘Tree of Jesse’ and a ‘Doom’. Two eastern windows: 12 Apostles, 4 representations of Crucified Christ with BVM and St John Evangelist, Old Testament prophets. NO documentary proof but belief windows were done by Thomas Glazier of Oxford. Info on Thomas: (1351-2) Subscription of craftsmen for decoration of St. Stephen’s Chapel, Westminster included stained glass painters Nicholas and Thomas Dadyngton (father and son?) who are assumed to be from Deddington which is between Banbury and Oxford. Some people have tried to connect Thomas Dadyngton with Thomas Glazier of Oxford. (August 1386) First mention of Thomas Glazier in the New College records – he dined in the Hall. This occurred a few times a year for ten years. (1416-7) Thomas Glazier’s last recorded work with New College. (1421-2) Thomas Glazier recorded as repairing the glass at Winchester College. (1427-8) Thomas Glazier mentioned in a document as deceased. Winchester glass: Tree of Jesse and saints beneath canopies Descriptive line Composite window, the Prophet Ezekiel flanked by Saints John and James the Less, England, probably ca. 1393, from Winchester College Chapel Bibliographic References (Citation, Note/Abstract, NAL no) Williamson, Paul. Medieval and Renaissance Stained Glass in the Victoria and Albert Museum. London, 2003. ISBN 1851774041 Woodforde, Christopher, The Stained Glass of New College, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1951 Le Couteur, J.D., Ancient Glass in Winchester, Winchester, 1920 Powell, H.J., 'The Picture windows in New College Ante-Chapel', Burlington Magazine, VIII Rackham, Bernard, 'The Glass of Winchester College Chapel', Journal of the British Society of Master Glass Painters, I, no.4 Rackham, Bernard, Guide to the Collections of Stained Glass in the Victoria anmd Albert Museum, 1936 Harvey, J.H. and G. King, 'Winchester College Stained Glass', Archaeologia, CIII (1971) Harvey, John H., 'The Strange story of William of Wykenham's stained glass - the real and the copy', The Illustrated London News, April 1, 1950 Object Information File	i don't know
For religious people, the shamrock is said to be a metaphor for what?	The Seeker: St. Patrick's Day or Shamrock Day? St. Patrick's Day or Shamrock Day? Share \| As we all know, St. Patrick's Day is known more for revelry than reverie. Pictures from this weekend’s St.Patrick’s Day parades don’t lie. But should I feel guilty that I celebrated a saint by acting like a sinner? “A little bit of guilt is a good thing to keep us in check,” Rev. Dan Brandt told me when I confessed that riding in a St. Patrick’s Day parade is an experience I’ll never forget—except for the parts Irish whiskey already erased. But Brandt, the priest at Nativity of Our Lord parish in Bridgeport, said I shouldn’t dwell on that guilt either. After all, he enjoys pounds and gallons of corned beef and green beer on St. Patrick’s Day too. “ Life is short and we should be mindful that God is good,” Brandt said. Even Jesus discouraged fasting while the bridegroom is present, he added, referring to Mark 2:19 in the New Testament. However, Brandt does hope the faithful keep in mind that the day honors a saint who was one of the earliest Christian missionaries. Legend credits St. Patrick for driving the snakes out of Ireland (Some believe this is a metaphor for pagans). St. Patrick is also credited with introducing the Irish to the concept of the Trinity, using the shamrock. Ironically, the shamrock has been co-opted as the secular symbol of the day. According to my colleague Terri Jo Ryan at my parents’ hometown newspaper the Waco Tribune-Herald , a movement is afoot in commercial and public circles to rename the holiday Shamrock Day. That is precisely the kind of trend that Brandt and other Catholic priests want to turn around. Last year, Brandt discovered a 7-foot-tall 400-pound statue of St. Patrick in the basement of his 140-year-old parish and, with the help of mischievous parishioners, showed the statue around the neighborhood. Neighbors awoke to find St. Patrick camped out in their yards. He even stopped at Shillick’s Pub, a popular Irish bar in the neighborhood. But what started as a prank turned out to be a pilgrimage, Brandt said. One woman in the bar—a self-proclaimed lapsed Catholic—was so moved by the saint’s visit to the pub, she saw it as a sign. Brandt now sees her at mass on Sundays. “God works in mysterious ways,” Brandt said. "In this case and this place, St. Patrick is still saving souls even centuries after his work driving the snakes out of Ireland.” St. Patrick didn’t go on our tour this year. Instead, the parish paid to have the statue restored and plan to display it inside the parish building to welcome parishioners. So I asked Brandt how St. Patricks’ Day came to be such a day of revelry? He pointed out that other saints’ feast days often reflect those saints’ passions. To honor St. Francis of Assisi parishioners often bring their pets to be blessed. “Irish have the reputation of being fond of drink,” Brandy said. “It makes me wonder of St. Patrick was fond of celebration." What do you think? Should St. Patrick's Day be observed as a religious holiday? Should it be renamed Shamrock Day? Or should the tradition of mixing it up remain the same? (Manya Brachear and fellow reveler Lars Anderson of Richmond enjoy a chuckle as they wait for the St. Patrick's Day parade to begin. Photo for The Seeker by Jennifer Chesrown) Posted at 12:04:56 PM	Trinity
Born in 1882, which famous Irishman left Sinn Fein in 1926, and founded Fianna Fail?	Shamrock - World Cultures European Emblems of Ireland: The Shamrock by Bridget Haggerty According to the Concise Columbia Encyclopedia, the identity of the true shamrock has long been debated, but the plants most often designated as the emblem of Ireland are the white clover, the small hop clover, and the wood sorrel, or oxalis. It's likely that some or all of this information was provided by the botanist, Nathaniel Colgan, who endeavored to identify "the real shamrock" at the turn of the 20th century. He asked people all over Ireland to send him living, rooted specimens which he carefully planted and labelled. When the plants matured and blossomed, he was able to identify four different plants - the three already mentioned and one called Black Medick. So how did the shamrock become an emblem of Ireland? It may surprise many readers to learn that the plant's international association with the Emerald Isle is relatively recent. It wasn't until the 17th century that it became the custom to wear the shamrock on the feast of Ireland's patron saint; until then, the Irish wore a special St. Patrick's cross, made just for the occasion. Then, in the late 18th century, the shamrock was adopted as an emblem by the Volunteers of 1777. But it didn't really become widely popular until the 19th century, when the emerging Nationalist movements took the shamrock, along with the harp, as one of their emblems. Viewed as an act of rebellion in Victorian England, Irish regiments were forbidden to display it. This one single act may have done more to establish the shamrock as Ireland's national emblem than anything else. It was also the catalyst for the creation of the famous ballad, The Wearin' O' The Green: "Oh Paddy dear, and did ye hear the news that's going round? The shamrock is forbid by law to grow on Irish ground! No more St. Patrick's Day we'll keep; his color can't be seen, For there's a cruel law agin' the wearing o' the Green!" While the lyrics may have stirred the souls and hearts of rebellious Irishmen, there are a couple of strange contradictions in this verse: it's very likely that St. Patrick wore vestments of blue, not green; and since the plant wasn't cultivated but grew wild, there was no way the Crown could have successfully banned its growth! As for St. Patrick using it to teach us the mystery of the Holy Trinity, it was never mentioned in any of his writings. So, that of itself, remains a mystery. On the other hand, Triads, or groups of three, were of major significance in ancient Ireland; so it is quite possible that the shamrock may have been used by early Christian teachers because, not only could it instantly illustrate and explain an important belief, it would also have been symbolically acceptable. But that was then. Today, the shamrock is firmly established as the most instantly recognizable emblem of Ireland. For good luck, it's usually included in the bouquet of an Irish bride, and also in the boutonniere of the groom. It's the symbol of a quality B & B that's earned the right to display it. It's part of the Aer Lingus logo, as well as those of many other companies, sports teams and organizations. And, it's also an integral part of an old tradition called "drowning the shamrock." This takes place on St. Patrick's Day, when the shamrock that has been worn in the hat or lapel is removed and put into the last drink of the evening. A toast is proposed and then, when the toast has been honored, the shamrock is taken from the bottom of the glass and thrown over the left shoulder. Sláinte! Genuine Shamrock Seeds Note: There is a common belief that Shamrock is a very difficult plant to grow, especially outside the environs of Ireland. While there is undoubtedly some truth in this, if you are careful, Shamrocks are a pretty easy plant to grow. They thrive in warm to cool air, fairly moist soil, and in a sunny spot (when they are flowering). Try not to place them in a south window and don't let them get too hot, never over 75 degrees. Sow outdoors from March to September. Sow indoors all year round. When planted in early January you should have good-sized plants by Saint Patricks Day. Because Shamrocks are bulbs, they are best planted close to the surface in a peat-based potting soil. A once per month feeding with a liquid plant fertilizer will do the trick. They grow tired now and again and begin to look a bit droopy, or even a bit dead; with the leaves turning brown. It's just time for good rest. Stop watering, relocate them to a darker place while the dormant period lasts. Usually occurring a few times each year lasting 2-3 months. A good time to re-pot them would be after they've been dormant for the 2-3 months. Remember, shamrocks do not get along with other houseplants in mixed pots. They are best grown with just other shamrocks all together in a crowded pot. To order, please click here: Shamrock Seeds . (Thanks to Lollysmith for the Shamrock growing instructions.) Photo Credit: The stunning image of shamrocks was taken by Jim Crotty, a professional commercial and fine arts photographer. The photo is available for sale. Please click Shamrock Print To see more of Jim’s outstanding work, please click Photography by Jim Crotty	i don't know
Where will you find the communities of Peel, Port St. Mary, Castletown and Ballabeg?	Isle Of Man Tutors, Douglas, Peel, Port Erin, Castletown, Ramsey Private Tutors, Private Tuition Isle Of Man Port Erin Castletown These private tutors and private teachers offer private tuition and private lessons in Isle Of Man, for all subjects and specifications such as Edexcel, AQA and OCR. Find tutors for Maths, English Language and Literature, Biology, Physics, Chemistry, Science, 11+ (eleven plus), French, Spanish, Italian and German tuition. Our tutors in Isle Of Man offer the following levels : primary (KS1 and KS2), entrance exams, SATS, secondary (KS3, GCSE, IGCSE, Scottish Standards), A-Level IB, Highers, degree and postgraduate. Other popular subjects provided by tutoring, tuition agencies and tutors in Isle Of Man are : SEN (Special Educational Needs), TEFL, EFL, TESOL, ESOL, IELTS, Literacy, Numeracy, Drama, History, Geography, Psychology, Sociology, Music (including guitar and piano), Law, ICT, Economics, Accounting and Business Studies. Revision classes for courses and language training are also provided across Isle Of Man by the the private tuition agencies listed on this page. Tutoring agencies and tuition centres listed on this page provide home tutors, for all subjects throughout all areas of Isle Of Man. Private Tuition In Isle Of Man & private Tutors In Isle Of Man - Douglas, Peel, Port Erin, Castletown & Ramsey There are no tutors currently advertising in Isle of Man. Sorry, there are no private tutors or tutoring agencies or tutoring providers listed on Home Tutors Directory in Isle of Man. Please try again later as we are adding new tutors daily. You may also look to see there is a tutor that matches your search criteria in a neighbouring count or take a look here for our online tutors who offer distance learning over the internet. Tutor only teaches from a fixed location. ie their own home or office. Tutor is prepared to travel to you. Tutor can travel to you and also teaches from their own home/office. Arrived at this page by search engine? Please make sure that you have read our Terms & Conditions before contacting tutors on this page. Private Tuition Areas In Isle Of Man Andreas The Lhen Union Mills Are you looking for tutors in any area of Isle Of Man? If you are unable to find a local tutor for any subject, let us know by clicking here. We welcome personal teachers from across the UK to join our site. This includes tutors in Isle Of Man with experience of teaching in schools, colleges, university or any learning or educational environment throughout Isle Of Man. If you are a teacher in Isle Of Man and would like to offer tutees one-to-one coaching, exam preparation or past paper help and would like to advertise your local private tutoring service in Isle Of Man please click here for our current advertising prices and charges. Please click here home tutor to read more about registering your services and adding a tutor profile. Alternatively if you are a tutoring agency or tuition centre in any area of Isle Of Man and would like to advertise please click here . Advertisers Links	Isle of Man
What is rugby union’s equivalent of a ‘fair catch’ in American football?	Children's Centres in Ramsey, Isle of Man - Netmums Netmums Children's Centres in Ramsey, Isle of Man Children's Centres offer services for families with children under five years old. Find a Children's Centre near you. Isle of Man	i don't know
Which ‘jukebox’ musical ran at London’s Prince of Wales Theatre from 2004 until 2012?	Novello Theatre London - Mamma Mia tickets Mamma Mia tickets Loading… What the audience is saying… I have limited mobility (not wheelchair) and from the time we arrived for the Saturday Matinee I was treated with the utmost respect and friendliness. From the doorman who checked our bags and tickets, the staff member who walked us to the separate entrance, and the staff member who took us to our seats in the stalls. They were a credit to your theatre. We thoroughly enjoyed the show, ages 68, 44 & 13yrs . I'm not sure the people in the train carriage on the way home thought our singing was up to professional standards though! Anne Capon 17 Jul 2016 I have limited mobility (not wheelchair) and from the time we arrived for the Saturday Matinee I was treated with the utmost respect and friendliness. From the doorman who checked our bags and… Anne Capon 17 Jul 2016 We went to see this as an early birthday treat and a guilt pleasure! It was fab. I really enjoyed the film but it's much better live. It's been going since 1999 and you can see why people still love it. The only problem I had was that it was full of hen parties, which I understand but some of them were particularly tipsy and got a bit raucous towards the interval. I didn't mind too much but at times they were a right pain! I enjoyed dancing in the aisles at the end though. Mel and Tom White 11 Sep 2014 We went to see this as an early birthday treat and a guilt pleasure! It was fab. I really enjoyed the film but it's much better live. It's been going since 1999 and you can see why people still love… Mel and Tom White 11 Sep 2014 fantastic show much better on the stage then on film donna hunter 26 Jul 2014 fantastic show much better on the stage then on film donna hunter 26 Jul 2014 31 Mar 14 Mamma Mia! celebrates its 15th anniversary The hit ABBA tribute musical Mamma Mia! celebrates 15 years on the West End this April. The musical first opened at the Prince Edward theatre on April 6th 1999, before transferring to the Prince of Wales theatre in 2004 and then to the Novello theatre in September 2012. Mamma Mia! has since enjoyed success all over the world; the Broadway production premiered in 2001 and touring versions have been performed in over 40 different countries across the globe's 6 continents. A huge Hollywood adaptation of the musical was released in 2008 starring Meryl Streep, Amanda Seyfried, Pierce Brosnan, Colin Firth, Stellan Skarsgard, and Julie Walters.	Mamma Mia
Florence, Pegasus, Symphony and Alice are all varieties of which fruit?	Let It Be Tickets - Garrick Theatre \| BoxOffice.co.uk Age Restriction: Suitable for 5+ Once again the Garrick Theatre becomes the home of Let It Be from February 2015. The production replaced ABBA's Mamma Mia at The Prince of Wales Theatre in September 2012 before settling at the Savoy Theatre the following February and the Garrick from July 2014. Its return lets London theatre audiences relish in Beatlemania as many of their hit songs are played out onstage by some talented performers. It shows that the West End continues to be the best place to witness high quality musicals , whether they are movie adaptations like The Lion King or those of the jukebox variety like this and Thriller Live . The Beatles were showcased to the world in the now-legendary performance on the Ed Sullivan show in 1964 and this is among the gigs showcased in Let It Be before moving on to other performances and future hits that would make The Beatles the most successful and popular rock bands of all time. It means that those with theatre tickets will relish in the likes of early hits like I Wanna Hold Your Hand and Twist And Shout before experiencing classics from their later years such as Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds and Let It Be, among others. This multimedia event will be an extraordinary celebration of The Beatles that promises to put a smile on any fan of the famous Liverpudlians. After all, despite splitting more than 40 years ago they remain the most renowned band of them all, with an array of hit songs ranging from 1963’s Please Please Me to further hits like Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band in 1967 and The Beatles (also known as The White Album) in 1968. With movies, solo careers and countless imitators following their successful tenure in the spotlight it is no wonder they have had such a huge effect on popular culture. Let It Be makes its triumphant return to the Garrick Theatre from February 2015. It appears following hit shows like The Scottsboro Boys and Horrible Histories: Barmy Britain Part II at the venue. Show Information	i don't know
The uninhabited Bouvet Island in the South Atlantic is a dependency of what country?	Bouvet Island travel guide - Wikitravel Time Zone UTC Bouvet Island is an uninhabited 58.5 km² volcanic, mostly inaccessible, island in the Southern Ocean , south-southwest of Cape Town . It is thought to be the most remote island in the world. The nearest land is Queen Maud Land, Antarctica, which is over 1,750 km (1,090 mi) away to the south. Understand[ edit ] This uninhabited volcanic island was discovered in 1739 by a French naval officer after whom the island was named. No claim was made until 1825 when the British flag was raised. In 1928, the UK waived its claim in favour of Norway, which had occupied the island the previous year. In 1971, Bouvet Island and the adjacent territorial waters were designated a nature reserve. Since 1977, Norway has run an automated meteorological station on the island. It's not too hard to get a lot of search-engine-hits for airports, hotels, rental cars, or even airport limousines at Bouvet Island, even though there have never been, and likely never will be, such things. Landscape[ edit ] It is a small (58.5 km²) volcanic island that rises sharply from the ocean, with cliffs up to 500 m high. Almost all of the island is covered by a thick glacier. The highest point is Olav Peak at 780 m Get in[ edit ] Since the entire island is a nature reserve, it's likely that you will be denied entry permission, if the purpose of entering is just tourism - although usually you won't find any Norwegian immigration officers in the island to refuse your entry! But, if you absolutely have to get there anyway, your best bet is to try to find out when the next research expedition is scheduled to get there and ask if you can join them. If you have a useful occupation or skill, such as Arctic research biologist, research geologist, helicopter pilot, or physician, you will probably be welcome. There's been at least one case of this happening in the past, when a bunch of radio amateurs were allowed to enter the Island for a DXpedition (setting up an amateur radio station there to communicate with people across the world). Companies that can help to arrange travel to Bouvet Island include: Oceanwide Expeditions [1] explores the most remote places in and around the South and Mid-Atlantic Islands with their own ships and expedition crew. Passengers are taken from Ushuaia to remote locations such as Bouvet Island. Other locations are the South Sandwich Islands, Ascension Island, Tristan da Cunha, Cape Verde and St. Helena. With fully equiped zodiacs passengers are going ashore on several islands, which are rich in wildlife and offer plenty of opportunities for exploring activities. By boat[ edit ] There is nowhere even remotely usable as a harbour, although it is possible to anchor offshore. If you are willing to put your life at risk, you might try using a light boat with outboard engine to enter. It has been known to work, but plenty of people have tried and decided it was not worth the risk. In theory, it should be possible to land on the island using a large, dual engine speed boat, as there is a small beach in the North Western corner of the island. It would, however, require extraordinary bravery and considerable boating skills to avoid sinking the boat before reaching shore.	Norway
Liberty Island in New York harbour was formerly known as what?	Bouvet Island Bouvet Island Map of Bouvet Island Aerial photo Bouvet Island ( Norwegian: Bouvetøya) is an uninhabited sub- antarctic volcanic island in the South Atlantic Ocean , south-southwest of the Cape of Good Hope ( South Africa ). It is a dependent area of Norway and is not subject to the Antarctic Treaty, as it is north of the latitude below which claims are suspended. Geography Coordinates: 39°52′S 143°59′E Bouvet Island is located at 54°26′S 3°24′E. It is 58.5 km² (22.6 square miles) in area, 93% of which is covered by glaciers which block the south and east coasts. It has no ports or harbors, only offshore anchorages, and is difficult to approach. The easiest way is with a helicopter from a ship. The glaciers form a thick ice layer falling in high cliffs into the sea or onto the black beaches of volcanic sand. The 29.6 km (18.4 miles) of coastline are often surrounded by an ice pack. The highest point on the island is called Olavtoppen, whose peak is 780 m (2,600 ft) above sea level. A lava shelf on the island's west coast, which appeared between 1955 and 1958, provides a nesting site for birds. Bouvet Island is a candidate for the most remote island in the world, along with other small isolated islands such as Tristan da Cunha, Easter Island and the Pitcairn Islands. The nearest land is Queen Maud Land, Antarctica , over 1,600 km (1,000 miles) away to the south, which is itself uninhabited. History Bouvet Island was discovered on January 1, 1739, by Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier, who commanded the French ships Aigle and Marie. However, the island's position was not accurately fixed and Bouvet did not circumnavigate his discovery, so it remained unclear whether it was an island or part of a continent. The island was not sighted again until 1808, when it was spotted by one Lindsay, the captain of the Enderby Company whaler Swan. Though he didn't land, he was the first to correctly fix the island's position. The first successful landfall dates to December 1822, when Captain Benjamin Morrell of the sealer Wasp landed, hunting for seals. He was successful and took several seal skins. On December 10, 1825, one Captain Norris, master of the Enderby Company whalers Sprightly and Lively, landed on the island, named it Liverpool Island, and claimed it for the British Crown. In 1898, the German Valdivia expedition of Carl Chun visited the island but did not land. The first extended stay on the island was in 1927, when the Norwegian "Norvegia" crew stayed for about a month; this is the basis for the territorial claim by Norway , who have named the island Bouvetøya (Bouvet Island in Norwegian). The island was annexed on December 1, 1927, by a Royal Norwegian Decree of January 23, 1928, Bouvetøya became a Norwegian Territory. The United Kingdom waived its claim in favour of Norway the following year. In 1930 a Norwegian act was passed that made the island a dependent area subject to the sovereignty of the Kingdom (but not a part of the Kingdom). In 1964, an abandoned lifeboat was discovered on the island, along with various supplies; however, the lifeboat's passengers were never found. In 1971, Bouvet Island and the adjacent territorial waters were designated a nature reserve. In the 1950s and 1960s, there was some interest from South Africa to establish a weather station, but conditions were deemed to be too hostile. The island remains uninhabited, although an automated weather station was set up there in 1977 by the Norwegians. On September 22, 1979, a satellite recorded a flash of light (which was later interpreted as having been caused by a nuclear bomb explosion or natural event such as a meteor ) in a stretch of the southern Indian Ocean between Bouvet Island and Prince Edward Islands. This flash, since dubbed the Vela Incident, is still not completely resolved. Despite being uninhabited, Bouvet Island has the Internet country code top-level domain ( ccTLD) .bv, though it is not used. A handful of amateur radio expeditions have gone to this remote location ( call signs used here begin with 3Y). Bouvet Island falls within the UTC Z time zone . Atlantic/St_Helena is the zone used in the time zone database. Southeast coast of Bouvet Island, 1898 Bouvet Island in fiction	i don't know
What method of demise is known medically as exsanguination?	10 Methods of Death - Listverse 10 Methods of Death Adam Winkles October 15, 2007 New Scientist magazine has pondered the subject in great depth in its latest issue, discussing the various ways of meeting one’s end, from being burned alive to drowning and decapitation. The experts have taken their evidence from advances in medical sciences and accounts from lucky survivors. Whatever the mode of death, it is usually a lack of oxygen to the brain that delivers the “coup de grace”, says the report. Warning: Contains Graphic Images 1. Drowning The “surface struggle” for breath Death by drowning has a certain dark romance to it: countless literary heroines have met their end slipping beneath the waves with billowy layers of petticoats floating around their heads. In reality, suffocating to death in water is neither pretty nor painless, though it can be surprisingly swift. Just how fast people drown depends on several factors, including swimming ability and water temperature. In the UK, where the water is generally cold, 55 per cent of open-water drownings occur within 3 metres of safety. Two-thirds of victims are good swimmers, suggesting that people can get into difficulties within seconds, says Mike Tipton, a physiologist and expert in marine survival at the University of Portsmouth in the UK. Typically, when a victim realises that they cannot keep their head above water they tend to panic, leading to the classic “surface struggle”. They gasp for air at the surface and hold their breath as they bob beneath, says Tipton. Struggling to breathe, they can’t call for help. Their bodies are upright, arms weakly grasping, as if trying to climb a non-existent ladder from the sea. Studies with New York lifeguards in the 1950s and 1960s found that this stage lasts just 20 to 60 seconds. When victims eventually submerge, they hold their breath for as long as possible, typically 30 to 90 seconds. After that, they inhale some water, splutter, cough and inhale more. Water in the lungs blocks gas exchange in delicate tissues, while inhaling water also triggers the airway to seal shut – a reflex called a laryngospasm. “There is a feeling of tearing and a burning sensation in the chest as water goes down into the airway. Then that sort of slips into a feeling of calmness and tranquility,” says Tipton, describing reports from survivors. That calmness represents the beginnings of the loss of consciousness from oxygen deprivation, which eventually results in the heart stopping and brain death. You’ll watch your every step after you see 1000 Ways to Die 3 DVD set at Amazon.com! 2. Heart attack One of the most common forms of exit The “Hollywood Heart Attack”, featuring sudden pain, desperate chest-clutching and immediate collapse, certainly happens in a few cases. But a typical “myocardial infarction”, as medical-speak has it, is a lot less dramatic and comes on slowly, beginning with mild discomfort. The most common symptom is, of course, chest pain: a tightness, pressure or squeezing, often described as an “elephant on my chest”, which may be lasting or come and go. This is the heart muscle struggling and dying from oxygen deprivation. Pain can radiate to the jaw, throat, back, belly and arms. Other signs and symptoms include shortness of breath, nausea and cold sweats. Most victims delay before seeking assistance, waiting an average of 2 to 6 hours. Women are the worst, probably because they are more likely to experience less well-known symptoms, such as breathlessness, back or jaw pain, or nausea, says JoAnn Manson, an epidemiologist at Harvard Medical School. Survivors say they just didn’t want to make a fuss; that it felt more like indigestion, tiredness or muscle cramps than a heart attack. Then again, some victims are just in denial. Delay costs lives. Most people who die from heart attacks do so before reaching hospital. The actual cause of death is often heart arrhythmia – disruption of the normal heart rhythm, in other words. Even small heart attacks can play havoc with the electrical impulses that control heart muscle contraction, effectively stopping it. In about 10 seconds the person loses consciousness, and minutes later they are dead. Patients who make it to hospital quickly fare much better; in the UK and US more than 85 per cent of heart attack patients admitted to hospital survive to 30 days. Hospitals can deploy defibrillators to shock the heart back into rhythm, and clot-busting drugs and artery-clearing surgery. 3. Bleeding to death Several stages of haemorrhagic shock The speed of exsanguination, as bleeding to death is known, depends on the source of the bleed, says John Kortbeek at the University of Calgary in Alberta, Canada, and chair of Advanced Trauma Life Support for the American College of Surgeons. People can bleed to death in seconds if the aorta, the major blood vessel leading from the heart, is completely severed, for example, after a severe fall or car accident. Death could creep up much more slowly if a smaller vein or artery is nicked – even taking hours. Such victims would experience several stages of haemorrhagic shock. The average adult has 5 litres of blood. Losses of around 750 millilitres generally cause few symptoms. Anyone losing 1.5 litres – either through an external wound or internal bleeding – feels weak, thirsty and anxious, and would be breathing fast. By 2 litres, people experience dizziness, confusion and then eventual unconsciousness. “Survivors of haemorrhagic shock describe many different experiences, ranging from fear to relative calm,” Kortbeek says. “In large part this would depend on what and how extensive the associated injuries were. A single penetrating wound to the femoral artery in the leg might be less painful than multiple fractures sustained in a motor vehicle crash.” 4. Fire It’s usually the toxic gases that prove lethal Long the fate of witches and heretics, burning to death is torture. Hot smoke and flames singe eyebrows and hair and burn the throat and airways, making it hard to breathe. Burns inflict immediate and intense pain through stimulation of the nociceptors – the pain nerves in the skin. To make matters worse, burns also trigger a rapid inflammatory response, which boosts sensitivity to pain in the injured tissues and surrounding areas. As burn intensities progress, some feeling is lost but not much, says David Herndon, a burns-care specialist at University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston. “Third-degree burns do not hurt as much as second-degree wounds, as superficial nerves are destroyed. But the difference is semantic; large burns are horrifically painful in any instance.” Some victims of severe burns report not feeling their injuries while they are still in danger or intent on saving others. Once the adrenalin and shock wear off, however, the pain quickly sets in. Pain management remains one of the most challenging medical problems in the care of burns victims. Most people who die in fires do not in fact die from burns. The most common cause of death is inhaling toxic gases – carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and even hydrogen cyanide – together with the suffocating lack of oxygen. One study of fire deaths in Norway from 1996 found that almost 75 per cent of the 286 people autopsied had died from carbon monoxide poisoning. Depending on the size of the fire and how close you are to it, concentrations of carbon monoxide could start to cause headache and drowsiness in minutes, eventually leading to unconsciousness. According to the US National Fire Protection Association, 40 per cent of the victims of fatal home fires are knocked out by fumes before they can even wake up. 5. Decapitation Nearly instantaneous Beheading, if somewhat gruesome, can be one of the quickest and least painful ways to die – so long as the executioner is skilled, his blade sharp, and the condemned sits still. The height of decapitation technology is, of course, the guillotine. Officially adopted by the French government in 1792, it was seen as more humane than other methods of execution. When the guillotine was first used in public, onlookers were reportedly aghast at the speed of death. Quick it may be, but consciousness is nevertheless believed to continue after the spinal chord is severed. A study in rats in 1991 found that it takes 2.7 seconds for the brain to consume the oxygen from the blood in the head; the equivalent figure for humans has been calculated at 7 seconds. Some macabre historical reports from post-revolutionary France cited movements of the eyes and mouth for 15 to 30 seconds after the blade struck, although these may have been post-mortem twitches and reflexes. If you end up losing your head, but aren’t lucky enough to fall under the guillotine, or even a very sharp, well-wielded blade, the time of conscious awareness of pain may be much longer. It took the axeman three attempts to sever the head of Mary Queen of Scots in 1587. He had to finish the job with a knife. Decades earlier in 1541, Margaret Pole, the Countess of Salisbury, was executed at the Tower of London. She was dragged to the block, but refused to lay her head down. The inexperienced axe man made a gash in her shoulder rather than her neck. According to some reports, she leapt from the block and was chased by the executioner, who struck 11 times before she died. Some say you can’t escape fate, even strange fate. Read Unlucky Stiffs: New Tales of the Weirdly Departed at Amazon.com! 6. Electrocution The heart and the brain are most vulnerable In accidental electrocutions, usually involving low, household current, the most common cause of death is arrhythmia, stopping the heart dead. Unconsciousness ensues after the standard 10 seconds, says Richard Trohman, a cardiologist at Rush University in Chicago. One study of electrocution deaths in Montreal, Canada found that 92 per cent had probably died from arrhythmia. Higher currents can produce nearly immediate unconsciousness. The electric chair was designed to produce instant loss of consciousness and painless death – a step up from traditional hangings – by conducting the current through the brain and the heart. Whether it achieves this end is debatable. Studies on dogs in 1950 found that electrodes had to be placed on either side of the head to ensure sufficient current passed through the brain to knock the creature out. There have been many botched executions – those that required several jolts to kill, or where flames leapt from the prisoner’s head, in one case due to a damp synthetic sponge being attached to the electrodes on the prisoner’s head, which was such a poor conductor it was heated up by the current and caught fire. An analysis in 2005 of post-mortem remains from 43 prisoners sentenced to death by electrocution found the most common visible injuries to be head and leg burns where the electrodes were attached. The study’s senior author, William Hamilton, a medical examiner in Florida, concluded that these burns occurred post-mortem and that death was indeed instantaneous. However, John Wikswo, a biophysicist at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, maintains that the thick, insulating bones of the skull would prevent sufficient current from reaching the brain, and prisoners could instead be dying from heating of the brain, or perhaps from suffocation due to paralysis of the breathing muscles – either way, an unpleasant way to go. 7. Fall from a height If possible aim to land feet first A high fall is certainly among the speediest ways to die: terminal velocity (no pun intended) is about 200 kilometres per hour, achieved from a height of about 145 metres or more. A study of deadly falls in Hamburg, Germany, found that 75 per cent of victims died in the first few seconds or minutes after landing. The exact cause of death varies, depending on the landing surface and the person’s posture. People are especially unlikely to arrive at the hospital alive if they land on their head – more common for shorter (under 10 metres) and higher (over 25 metres) falls. A 1981 analysis of 100 suicidal jumps from the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco – height: 75 metres, velocity on impact with the water: 120 kilometres per hour – found numerous causes of instantaneous death including massive lung bruising, collapsed lungs, exploded hearts or damage to major blood vessels and lungs through broken ribs. Survivors of great falls often report the sensation of time slowing down. The natural reaction is to struggle to maintain a feet-first landing, resulting in fractures to the leg bones, lower spinal column and life-threatening broken pelvises. The impact travelling up through the body can also burst the aorta and heart chambers. Yet this is probably still the safest way to land, despite the force being concentrated in a small area: the feet and legs form a “crumple zone” which provides some protection to the major internal organs. Some experienced climbers or skydivers who have survived a fall report feeling focused, alert and driven to ensure they landed in the best way possible: relaxed, legs bent and, where possible, ready to roll. Certainly every little helps, but the top tip for fallers must be to aim for a soft landing. A paper from 1942 reports a woman falling 28 metres from her apartment building into freshly tilled soil. She walked away with just a fractured rib and broken wrist. 8. Hanging Speed of death depends on the hangman’s skill Suicides and old-fashioned “short drop” executions cause death by strangulation; the rope puts pressure on the windpipe and the arteries to the brain. This can cause unconsciousness in 10 seconds, but it takes longer if the noose is incorrectly sited. Witnesses of public hangings often reported victims “dancing” in pain at the end of the rope, struggling violently as they asphyxiated. Death only ensues after many minutes, as shown by the numerous people being resuscitated after being cut down – even after 15 minutes. When public executions were outlawed in Britain in 1868, hangmen looked for a less performance-oriented approach. They eventually adopted the “long-drop” method, using a lengthier rope so the victim reached a speed that broke their necks. It had to be tailored to the victim’s weight, however, as too great a force could rip the head clean off, a professionally embarrassing outcome for the hangman. Despite the public boasting of several prominent executioners in late 19th-century Britain, a 1992 analysis of the remains of 34 prisoners found that in only about half of cases was the cause of death wholly or partly due to spinal trauma. Just one-fifth showed the classic “hangman’s fracture” between the second and third cervical vertebrae. The others died in part from asphyxiation. Michael Spence, an anthropologist at the University of Western Ontario in London, Canada, has found similar results in US victims. He concluded, however, that even if asphyxiation played a role, the trauma of the drop would have rapidly rendered all of them unconscious. “What the hangmen were looking for was quick cessation of activity,” he says. “And they knew enough about their craft to ensure that happened. The thing they feared most was decapitation.” 9. Lethal injection US-government approved, but is it really painless? Lethal injection was designed in Oklahoma in 1977 as a humane alternative to the electric chair. The state medical examiner and chair of anaesthesiology settled on a series of three drug injections. First comes the anaesthetic thiopental to speed away any feelings of pain, followed by a paralytic agent called pancuronium to stop breathing. Finally potassium chloride is injected, which stops the heart almost instantly. Each drug is supposed to be administered in a lethal dose, a redundancy to ensure speedy and humane death. However, eyewitnesses have reported inmates convulsing, heaving and attempting to sit up during the procedure, suggesting the cocktail is not always completely effective. The reason, say Leonidas Koniaris at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, is insufficient thiopental. He and his colleagues analysed 41 executions by lethal injection in North Carolina and California, and compared anaesthetic doses to known effects in animal models, such as pigs. As the same dose of thiopental is used regardless of body weight, the anaesthesia produced in some heavier inmates might be inadequate, they concluded. “I think that awareness is a real possibility in a large fraction of executions,” says Koniaris. That awareness might include feelings of suffocation from paralysed lungs and the searing, burning pain of a potassium chloride injection. The effect of the paralytic, however, might mean that witnesses never see any outward signs of pain. The Supreme Court is now going to review whether this mode of execution is legal. 10. Explosive decompression It takes your breath away Death due to exposure to vacuum is a staple of science fiction plots, whether the unfortunate gets thrown from an airlock or ruptures their spacesuit. In real life there has been just one fatal space depressurisation accident. This occurred on the Russian Soyuz-11 mission in 1971, when a seal leaked upon re-entry into the Earth’s atmosphere; upon landing all three flight crew were found dead from asphyxiation. Most of our knowledge of depressurisation comes from animal experiments and the experiences of pilots in accidents at very high altitudes. When the external air pressure suddenly drops, the air in the lungs expands, tearing the fragile gas exchange tissues. This is especially damaging if the victim neglects to exhale prior to decompression or tries to hold their breath. Oxygen begins to escape from the blood and lungs. Experiments on dogs in the 1950s showed that 30 to 40 seconds after the pressure drops, their bodies began to swell as the water in tissues vaporised, though the tight seal of their skin prevented them from “bursting”. The heart rate rises initially, then plummets. Bubbles of water vapour form in the blood and travel through the circulatory system, obstructing blood flow. After about a minute, blood effectively stops circulating. Human survivors of rapid decompression accidents include pilots whose planes lost pressure, or in one case a NASA technician who accidentally depressurised his flight suit inside a vacuum chamber. They often report an initial pain, like being hit in the chest, and may remember feeling air escape from their lungs and the inability to inhale. Time to the loss of consciousness was generally less than 15 seconds. One mid-1960s experiment by the US Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory in New Mexico found that a chimpanzee had a period of useful consciousness of just 11 seconds before lack of oxygen caused them to pass out. Surprisingly, in view of these apparently traumatic effects, animals that have been repressurised within 90 seconds have generally survived with no lasting damage. Contributor: Adam Winkles	Exsanguination
Stranger’s Gate is an entrance to which world-famous park?	Guidelines for Euthanasia Cardiovascular: blood loss or anemia resulting in hematocrit below 20%; one transfusion may be performed. Gastrointestinal: severe vomiting or diarrhea, obstruction, intussuception; peritonitis, evisceration (immediate euthanasia required). Urogenital: renal failure characterized by elevated BUN, creatinine or uroperitoneum. Nervous: CNS depression, seizures, paralysis of one or more extremities; pain unresponsive to analgesic therapy. Musculoskeletal: muscle damage, bone injury, locomotor defecits, etc. resulting in inability to use the limb, unless anticipated as part of the study. Integumentary: Non-healing wounds, repeated self-trauma, second or third degree heating pad burns. Figure 11 Mouse Body Condition Score Sheet 1Reference: Ullman-Cullere MH, Foltz CJ (1999). Body condition scoring: a rapid and accurate method for assessing health status in mice. Lab Anim Sci 49: 319–323 SURGERY TO CORRECT EXPERIMENTAL COMPLICATIONS Only one major surgical procedure may be performed per animal, unless indicated on an approved protocol. Therefore, major surgery intended to correct complications arising after a major experimental procedure is not permitted without prior approval. In such cases, euthanasia must be performed. Procedures such as repair of dehiscences and wound cleaning/debridement for treatment of infection may be performed following notification of the RAR veterinary staff. Acceptable Methods for Euthanasia of Animals Rifle shot may be used for field euthanasia when restraint is not possible. A - Immersion in MS-222 (tricaine) or benzocaine at 2 g/L water A - hypothermia of amphibians or fish weighing <4 g (0.1 oz) in liquid N A - rapid chilling (not freezing) of zebrafish Volatile agents used to euthanize animals should not be stored or used in animal rooms because of improper ventilation, toxicity to laboratory animals, and possible effects on experimental results. Always UNACCEPTABLE in conscious animals: KCl, MgSO4, strychnine, neuromuscular blocking agents, exsanguination, air embolism, ether, chloroform, carbon monoxide. Ether is irritating, flammable and explosive, and should not be used in animal rooms. In addition, animals euthanized with ether must be left in a fume hood for several hours so that the carcasses are not explosive when disposed of. Precautions on ether use are available from DEHS . Chloral hydrate and alpha chloralose used as sole agents are not adequate to reliably achieve euthanasia Abbreviations: A = Acceptable AWJ = Acceptable only with scientific justification reviewed and approved by the IACUC that another method would interfere with the goals of the experiment UNA = Unacceptable 1 Acceptable when performed by individuals with a demonstrated high degree of technical proficiency. In lieu of demonstrated technical competency, animals must be unconscious or anesthetized prior to cervical dislocation or decapitation. 2 Swine <32 kg may be euthanized with CO2 in an appropriate chamber by trained personnel. 3 Neonatal swine may be euthanized by IP barbiturate injection. 4 Intraperitoneal or intracoelomic injection may be used in situations when an IV injection would be distressful, dangerous, or difficult due to small patient size. 5 While CO2 is an effective method of euthanasia, its use as the sole agent in rabbits can result in apparent distress. Premedication with sedative agents is expected unless an exception is justified to, and approved by, the IACUC. Standard Euthanasia Methods for Commonly Used Species Below are a set of standard acceptable euthanasia methods. You may cut and paste them into the Animal Care and Use Protocol (ACUP) form, section 6C.1). Please contact the IACUC or RAR veterinary staff if you have any questions about these methods or would like training in the use of these methods. Rodents (Mice, Rats, Gerbils, Hamsters, Guinea Pigs, etc.) Carbon dioxide (CO2) To effect (review guidelines here ) Sodium Pentobarbital 100 or > mg/kg IV, IP Commercial Euthanasia Solution (Sodium pentobarbital 390 mg + sodium phenytoin 50 mg/ml) (e.g. Beuthanasia®, Euthasol®, Fatal-Plus®, Somlethal®) 0.22 ml/kg IV, IP (~86 mg/kg pentobarbital) Decapitation or cervical dislocation of anesthetized animals (anesthesia details must be specified in ACUP) Cervical dislocation of conscious mice by individuals that have demonstrated a high degree of technical proficiency. In lieu of demonstrated technical competency, animals must be unconscious or anesthetized Rabbits Sodium Pentobarbital 100 or > mg/kg IV, IP Commercial Euthanasia Solution (Sodium pentobarbital 390 mg + sodium phenytoin 50 mg/ml) (e.g. Beuthanasia®, Euthasol®, Fatal-Plus®, Somlethal®) 0.22 ml/kg IV, IP (~86 mg/kg pentobarbital) Exsanguination under anesthesia (anesthesia details must be specified in ACUP) Cats and Dogs Sodium Pentobarbital 100 or > mg/kg IV Commercial Euthanasia Solution (Sodium pentobarbital 390 mg + sodium phenytoin 50 mg/ml)(e.g. Beuthanasia®, Euthasol®, Fatal-Plus®, Somlethal®) 0.22 ml/kg IV (~86 mg/kg pentobarbital) Potassium chloride under anesthesia to effect (anesthesia details must be specified in ACUP) Livestock (Cattle, Goats, Horses, Sheep, and Swine Sodium Pentobarbital 100 or > mg/kg IV Commercial Euthanasia Solution (Sodium pentobarbital 390 mg + sodium phenytoin 50 mg/ml) (e.g. Beuthanasia®, Euthasol®, Fatal-Plus®, Somlethal®) 0.22 ml/kg IV (~86 mg/kg pentobarbital) Nonhuman Primates Sodium Pentobarbital 100 or > mg/kg IV, IP Commercial Euthanasia Solution (Sodium pentobarbital 390 mg + sodium phenytoin 50 mg/ml) (e.g. Beuthanasia®, Euthasol®, Fatal-Plus®, Somlethal®) 0.22 ml/kg IV, IP (~86 mg/kg pentobarbital) Amphibians and Fish Sodium Pentobarbital 100 or > mg/kg IV, ICL Commercial Euthanasia Solution (Sodium pentobarbital 390 mg + sodium phenytoin 50 mg/ml) (e.g. Beuthanasia®, Euthasol®, Fatal-Plus®, Somlethal®) 0.22 ml/kg IV, ICL (~86 mg/kg pentobarbital) Benzocaine hydrochloride 250 mg/liter (Water bath) Tricaine methane sulfonate (e.g. MS-222®) 3 g/liter (Water bath buffered with sodium bicarbonate) Birds Carbon dioxide (CO2) To effect Sodium Pentobarbital 100 mg/kg IV, ICL Commercial Euthanasia Solution (Sodium pentobarbital 390 mg + sodium phenytoin 50 mg/ml) (e.g. Beuthanasia®, Euthasol®, Fatal-Plus®, Somlethal®) 0.22 ml/kg IV, ICL (~86 mg/kg pentobarbital) Reptiles Sodium Pentobarbital 100 or > mg/kg IV, ICL Commercial Euthanasia Solution (Sodium pentobarbital 390 mg + sodium phenytoin 50 mg/ml) (e.g. Beuthanasia®, Euthasol®, Fatal-Plus®, Somlethal®) 0.22 ml/kg IV, ICL (~86 mg/kg pentobarbital) USE OF THE CO2 CHAMBER FOR EUTHANASIA OF RODENTS NOTE: All RAR Animal Facilities use flow meters. Each location is posted with instructions on how to use the flow meter and the flow rates for each size box for CO2 euthanasia. DIRECTIONS FOR USE OF REGULATOR DELIVERED CO2 IN NON-RAR MANAGED AREAS: 1. Whenever possible, euthanize animals in their home cage rather than transferring them to a new cage or chamber. 2. Do not pre-fill the cage or chamber with CO2. 3. Open the CO2 tank or valve regulator to initiate flow of gas. 4. Verify that the regulator reads the correct psi (pounds per square inch) based on instructions posted by the unit or adjust the regulator as needed to the correct psi which is typically no higher than 5 psi . 5. Fill slowly - flow rate should displace no more than 30% of chamber/cage volume per minute. For a typical mouse cage this would be ~2 liters/minute. For a typical rat cage this would be ~7.5 liters/minute. 6. Wait approximately 3-5 minutes for animal to stop moving or breathing. Eyes should be fixed and dilated 7. Turn off CO2 tank or regulator valve to stop the flow of CO2. VERIFICATION OF COMPLETE EUTHANASIA IS MANDATORY. CONFIRM THAT THE ANIMAL IS DEAD AS FOLLOWS: Ensure that the heart is not beating by feeling the chest between your thumb and forefinger. Ensure that there is no blink reflex by touching the eyeball. If there is a heartbeat or blink reflex, repeat the euthanasia process as described above or use scissors to open the chest cavity to create a pneumothorax (the animal must be non-responsive to a toe pinch prior to performing this procedure). NOTE: Neonates and fetuses are resistant to carbon dioxide euthanasia. See NIH guidelines on euthanasia of rodent neonates and fetuses for guidance.	i don't know
What does the Latin phrase ‘lapsus linguae’ mean in English?	Lapsus \| Define Lapsus at Dictionary.com lapsus [lap-suh s; Latin lahp-soo s] /ˈlæp səs; Latin ˈlɑp sʊs/ Spell 1660-70; < Latin lāpsus; see lapse lapsus calami [lahp-soo s kah-lah-mee; English lap-suh s kal-uh-mahy, -mee] /ˈlɑp sʊs ˈkɑ lɑˌmi; English ˈlæp səs ˈkæl əˌmaɪ, -ˌmi/ Spell a slip of the pen. lapsus linguae [lahp-soo s ling-gwahy; English lap-suh s ling-gwee] /ˈlɑp sʊs ˈlɪŋ gwaɪ; English ˈlæp səs ˈlɪŋ gwi/ Spell a slip of the tongue. Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for lapsus Expand Historical Examples "This man met me at the train when my depot came in," I continued, excitedly, in lapsus lingu.	Slip of the Tongue
What is the name of the long loose cloak worn by Arab men?	Talk:lapsus linguae - Wiktionary Talk:lapsus linguae Jump to: navigation , search English citations which appear to use the term without explanation: [1] [2] , [3] [4] [5] Kappa 06:21, 11 March 2007 (UTC) They all italicize the term, though, which suggests that the phrase hasn't been fully adopted into English. (I think it's a valid entry even so, but I understand why Connel MacKenzie would disagree.) The problem is that the CFI don't seem to specify how to decide whether a word (or in this case phrase) has been borrowed. — Ruakh [ edit ] English? Very doubtful. -- Connel MacKenzie 08:47, 10 March 2007 (UTC) b.g.c. shows that it's used primarily in English contexts (668 hits at http://books.google.com/books?q=lapsus+linguae ), but obviously no one would use it without knowing what language it's coming from; is this enough to make something English? The CFI don't seem to give specific criteria for loanwords, beyond implying that spaghetti is one while ricordati is not. — Ruakh TALK 16:57, 10 March 2007 (UTC) The google books hits indicate that it's a term frequently used to convey meaning in English-language discussions, I think that should be enough. Kappa 17:41, 10 March 2007 (UTC) Every use I've seen on b.g.c. show it in italics (or don't have image preview.) All "uses" then go on to translate the Latin as "slip of the tongue." This is not English. Quick reminder: Please see the description of what the request for verification process is for, at the top of this page . The purpose is not fact-checking, but to verify whether a sense meets our criteria for inclusion . "Occurrence in other dictionaries" is not one of our criteria. The word usage is there, not "listing" and was put there very intentionally. Blindly copying from other dictionaries leaves us vulnerable to copyright violations, allegations of copyright violation, Nihilartikels and invalid appeals to authority . Referring to other dictionaries is fine to clarify (or even correct) a definition. But other dictionaries are not valid citations for a request for verification. -- Connel MacKenzie 18:42, 10 March 2007 (UTC) Whoa, please calm down; no one said otherwise. The b.g.c. hits do include dictionaries, but also include plenty of non-dictionary uses. Note that we do allow use+mention contexts, where the word is simultaneously used and defined (à la "He asked me to pass the vegemite (an Australian food paste made from brewer's yeast)."). — Ruakh TALK 23:24, 10 March 2007 (UTC) Who is not calm? Or are you referring to the wording of {{ nosecondary }}? (The original contributor was busy adding dict-refs when I last looked.) Please allow me to clarify: Yes, we should have a Latin entry for lapsus linguae , but it seems pretty clear that there should not be an ==English== section on that page. -- Connel MacKenzie 23:57, 10 March 2007 (UTC) Oh, I see, sorry; I didn't catch that was a template, and it looked like you typed a long, strenuous comment rather than just 15 characters. Nonetheless, I'd note that the original contributor was not adding them as references, but rather as external links, which IMHO is pointless but relatively harmless. As for its being Latin — well, is it a Latin idiom? Obviously it's a Latin phrase, but it's not obvious to me that its current idiomatic sense is ancient. TALK 01:11, 11 March 2007 (UTC) It should have an English entry, just like faux pas or persona non grata or any one of dozens of others. It's used in English all the time. Widsith 12:37, 12 March 2007 (UTC) Now cited. (Sorry for the delay.) It turns out that Connel is mistaken: I had no difficulty whatsoever finding cites where the term was used without explanation. I also added a French cite and a Spanish cite for good measure. (I also found a number of German cites and one Italian cite in the range 1897–1898, but I don't speak those languagues. I considered adding cites without translation, but realized that without understanding the context, I couldn't distinguish uses from mentions, so it was a lost cause; but if someone who speaks one of those languages would like to, I'd appreciate it. http://books.google.com/books?q=%22lapsus+linguae%22+date%3A1897-1898&num=20 is a good starting-point.) 17:17, 9 June 2007 (UTC) I have added German. — Beobach972 22:05, 11 June 2007 (UTC) RFVpassed. — Beobach972 22:05, 11 June 2007 (UTC) RFV discussion (2)[ edit ] This entry has survived Wiktionary's verification process . Please do not re-nominate for verification without comprehensive reasons for doing so. This is a Latin phrase. The citations given are almost all in italics; the anti-put-it-in-the-correct-language-heading cabal incorrectly marked this as RFVpassed. -- Connel MacKenzie 19:27, 26 July 2007 (UTC) Of course it should be kept. It is used all the time in English books and conversation. Yes, it is sometimes used in italics but that does not by itself exclude it. The real test should be whether or not a word/phrase from another language needs to be translated to be understood. Widsith 19:31, 26 July 2007 (UTC) Note: this RFV is for the English section only. (Interesting that there isn't even a Latin section - probably non NPOV vandalism somewhere along the way.) -- Connel MacKenzie 19:34, 26 July 2007 (UTC) I don't know who let slip we even have that cabal; we're definitely going to have to censure him/her at the next meeting. :-P — Ruakh 22:42, 26 July 2007 (UTC) Thanks for fixing the links. -- Connel MacKenzie 00:29, 27 July 2007 (UTC) I feel I need to restate my complaint about this entry. My initial tone has thrown this entire conversation out of whack. The basic rationale for having an ==English== section for this term is as follows: learned scholars use this pompously in English contexts, so we would be negligent to omit it. That "dumbing down" of Wiktionary is unacceptable, as it ignores several things. One is that 'learned scholars' know it is Latin, and therefore always italicize it. It also ignores the implicit pomposity of deigning to use that in English; on IRC someone suggested using a {{ snob }} template amidst laughter. It also ignores the fact that 'learned scholars' will usually explain it immediately (depending on the audience they are addressing.) The entry for lapsus linguae should be ==Latin==, not ==English==. A very brief stub ==English== section might also be warranted, if couched with sufficient warnings (i.e. it should always be italicized and it conveys an enormously condescending tone.) -- Connel MacKenzie 19:50, 27 July 2007 (UTC) Keep as a foreign term used in English. This Latin term is not used in all languages. Not all Latin terms are used in English. This Latin term is used in English and real dictionaries such as Collins and Merriam-Webster include it as such. Encarta does not include it and the Spanish RAE dictionary does not include it . Interestingly, the RAE Spanish dictionary includes it with a hybrid orthography where both words retain their Latin spelling but Spanish use of the acute accent to indicate stress is used. — Hippietrail 03:17, 29 July 2007 (UTC) (ammended Hippietrail 03:26, 29 July 2007 (UTC)) This is a request for verification. The examples (so far) of English use do not show it being used as English; they show it as being used as Latin within English contexts. -- Connel MacKenzie 14:21, 29 July 2007 (UTC) What kind of use would you consider to be properly English, rather than Latin-in-an-English-context? † Raifʻhār Doremítzwr 15:33, 29 July 2007 (UTC) I did not say "Latin-in-an-English-context," rather, I said Latin. As in, "'learned scholars' know it is Latin." I do not see the point of dumbing-down Wiktionary, calling Latin terms English. -- Connel MacKenzie 07:29, 8 August 2007 (UTC) Note the new Icelandic translation seems to be for "Freudian slip" not "lapsus linguae." -- Connel MacKenzie 08:29, 8 August 2007 (UTC) Do you consider words like cliché or frisson to be French and not English? They often still appear in italics. Surely if a word is regularly used in English sentances without being translated there comes a point where you have to accept that it is part of our language as well. Widsith 17:55, 8 August 2007 (UTC)	i don't know
Which forest features in Shakespeare’s As You Like It?	The Forest of Arden \| Shakespeare's Globe Blog the forest of arden By Robin Craig, a Researcher at the Globe As You Like It, performed in Georgian by Marjanishvili Theatre Company © John Haynes What is the importance of the forest of Arden in As You Like It? It is not Shakespeare’s only play that features a move from the court to the woods – A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Timon of Athens do the same – but in As You Like It the forest takes on a special role as a place of inversion, cross-dressing and unsettled gender roles. The escape from the court changes the characters and creates a space of sexual freedom and chaos, where women take control and men learn lessons in romance. In the comedies, the forest becomes a distorted version of the court where social rules are broken, creating a sense of jovial confusion before a return to civilisation in the final act. ‘Gentlemen flock to him every day, and fleet the time carelessly, as they did in the golden world.’ Act 1.1 The forest can be defined as a 'pastoral space’ that represents the opposite of urban life in the play, representing the division between the city and the country that was beginning to emerge in Shakespeare’s time. The country was often seen as a place of nostalgia for a simpler time, as shown in Duke Senior’s forest court that echoes tales of Robin Hood. The merry court of the forest is an inversion of the court at the beginning of the play, far from the threats of violence and cruel treatment of Duke Frederick. Danger in the forest of As You Like It is never truly life-threatening but, when considering the role of the forest in other plays such as Titus Andronicus, the possibility of violence draws a long shadow over the plot. 'Alas, what danger will it be to us, Maids as we are, to travel forth so far!’ Act 1.3 When Rosalind and Celia decide to enter the forest, they must put on disguises as 'beauty provoketh thieves sooner than gold.’ (1.3) The threat of displaying beauty is underscored by the reputation forests had during Shakespeare’s time as spaces where vagrants lived outside society, presenting a danger of sexual violence for women who wandered there alone. For wealthy women, such as Rosalind and Celia, the threat would be even more pronounced as they would be visibly affluent in a place of extreme poverty, fuelling Celia’s decision to dress in 'poor and mean attire’. (1.3) The forest of Arden is a place of comedy but underlying the play is a sense of unspoken danger, drawing on the role of the forest as a place of tragedy and violence that it assumes in Shakespeare’s other plays. As You Like It, 2009 © John Tramper 'I prithee, pretty youth, let me be better acquainted with thee.’ Act 4.1 Rosalind’s decision to disguise herself as a 'pretty youth’ named Ganymede, rather than mimicking Celia’s peasant dress, allows her a degree of control over her romantic future she would not otherwise have access to as a woman. By leaving the court she leaves behind the pressures of being a noblewoman and is able to express her desire for Orlando, albeit while dressed as a man. That Rosalind must cross-dress in order to express her desires is evidence that the forest can only allow so much freedom: the woman may take control, but only while others believe she is male. Rosalind engages with Orlando in a way that can be seen as homoerotic, creating both the sexual and gender confusion that permeates the forest. Her disguise frees her from womanhood but entraps her in masculinity, meaning she cannot marry Orlando unless she returns to presenting as female. Gender never truly breaks down in the forest, showing how the pastoral space is still linked to societal values that render women subordinate, values that Rosalind plays into when declaring women 'apish, shallow, inconstant.’ (3.2) 'The duke hath put on a religious life And thrown into neglect the pompous court’ Act 5.4 In the final scene of the play Duke Senior vows a return to the court after witnessing the marriages between the lovers, signalling a return to civilisation, heterosexuality and normative gender presentation. Rosalind’s return to femininity and her marriage to Orlando show an end to the chaos of the forest, but the court they return to has changed drastically from the court at the beginning of the play. Duke Frederick’s conversion into a holy man renders the court back to its 'natural state’ where Duke Senior returns to his rightful position, mingling the worlds of the forest and the court. The exploration of gender and the forest space renders As You Like It one of Shakespeare’s greatest comedies, using the move to Arden as an opportunity to explore the divides and rules of society. The question remains though – how safely can Rosalind navigate the dangerous space of the forest? And how far can cross-dressing take a female character while she still lives in a patriarchal society? Further Reading William Shakespeare, As You Like It (Cambridge: University Press, 2009) Albert R. Cirillo, 'As You Like It: Pastoralism Gone Awry’, ELH, 38.1 (1971), pp. 19-39 Carol Thomas Neely, Distracted Subjects: Madness and Gender in S	Arden, Warwickshire
A babirusa is a wild variety of which creature?	SparkNotes: As You Like It: Themes, Motifs & Symbols Themes, Motifs & Symbols Themes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work. The Delights of Love As You Like It spoofs many of the conventions of poetry and literature dealing with love, such as the idea that love is a disease that brings suffering and torment to the lover, or the assumption that the male lover is the slave or servant of his mistress. These ideas are central features of the courtly love tradition, which greatly influenced European literature for hundreds of years before Shakespeare’s time. In As You Like It, characters lament the suffering caused by their love, but these laments are all unconvincing and ridiculous. While Orlando’s metrically incompetent poems conform to the notion that he should “live and die [Rosalind’s] slave,” these sentiments are roundly ridiculed (III.ii.142). Even Silvius, the untutored shepherd, assumes the role of the tortured lover, asking his beloved Phoebe to notice “the wounds invisible / That love’s keen arrows make” (III.v.31–32). But Silvius’s request for Phoebe’s attention implies that the enslaved lover can loosen the chains of love and that all romantic wounds can be healed—otherwise, his request for notice would be pointless. In general, As You Like It breaks with the courtly love tradition by portraying love as a force for happiness and fulfillment and ridicules those who revel in their own suffering. Celia speaks to the curative powers of love in her introductory scene with Rosalind, in which she implores her cousin to allow “the full weight” of her love to push aside Rosalind’s unhappy thoughts (I.ii.6). As soon as Rosalind takes to Ardenne, she displays her own copious knowledge of the ways of love. Disguised as Ganymede, she tutors Orlando in how to be a more attentive and caring lover, counsels Silvius against prostrating himself for the sake of the all-too-human Phoebe, and scolds Phoebe for her arrogance in playing the shepherd’s disdainful love object. When Rosalind famously insists that “[m]en have died from time to time, and worms have eaten them, but not for love,” she argues against the notion that love concerns the perfect, mythic, or unattainable (IV.i.91–92). Unlike Jaques and Touchstone, both of whom have keen eyes and biting tongues trained on the follies of romance, Rosalind does not mean to disparage love. On the contrary, she seeks to teach a version of love that not only can survive in the real world, but can bring delight as well. By the end of the play, having successfully orchestrated four marriages and ensured the happy and peaceful return of a more just government, Rosalind proves that love is a source of incomparable delight. The Malleability of the Human Experience In Act II, scene vii, Jaques philosophizes on the stages of human life: man passes from infancy into boyhood; becomes a lover, a soldier, and a wise civic leader; and then, year by year, becomes a bit more foolish until he is returned to his “second childishness and mere oblivion” (II.vii.164). Jaques’s speech remains an eloquent commentary on how quickly and thoroughly human beings can change, and, indeed, do change in As You Like It. Whether physically, emotionally, or spiritually, those who enter the Forest of Ardenne are often remarkably different when they leave. The most dramatic and unmistakable change, of course, occurs when Rosalind assumes the disguise of Ganymede. As a young man, Rosalind demonstrates how vulnerable to change men and women truly are. Orlando, of course, is putty in her hands; more impressive, however, is her ability to manipulate Phoebe’s affections, which move from Ganymede to the once despised Silvius with amazing speed. In As You Like It, Shakespeare dispenses with the time--consuming and often hard-won processes involved in change. The characters do not struggle to become more pliant—their changes are instantaneous. Oliver, for instance, learns to love both his brother Orlando and a disguised Celia within moments of setting foot in the forest. Furthermore, the vengeful and ambitious Duke Frederick abandons all thoughts of fratricide after a single conversation with a religious old man. Certainly, these transformations have much to do with the restorative, almost magical effects of life in the forest, but the consequences of the changes also matter in the real world: the government that rules the French duchy, for example, will be more just under the rightful ruler Duke Senior, while the class structures inherent in court life promise to be somewhat less rigid after the courtiers sojourn in the forest. These social reforms are a clear improvement and result from the more private reforms of the play’s characters. As You Like It not only insists that people can and do change, but also celebrates their ability to change for the better. City Life Versus Country Life Pastoral literature thrives on the contrast between life in the city and life in the country. Often, it suggests that the oppressions of the city can be remedied by a trip into the country’s therapeutic woods and fields, and that a person’s sense of balance and rightness can be restored by conversations with uncorrupted shepherds and shepherdesses. This type of restoration, in turn, enables one to return to the city a better person, capable of making the most of urban life. Although Shakespeare tests the bounds of these conventions—his shepherdess Audrey, for instance, is neither articulate nor pure—he begins As You Like It by establishing the city/country dichotomy on which the pastoral mood depends. In Act I, scene i, Orlando rails against the injustices of life with Oliver and complains that he “know[s] no wise remedy how to avoid it” (I.i.20–21). Later in that scene, as Charles relates the whereabouts of Duke Senior and his followers, the remedy is clear: “in the forest of Ardenne . . . many young gentlemen . . . fleet the time carelessly, as they did in the golden world” (I.i.99–103). Indeed, many are healed in the forest—the lovesick are coupled with their lovers and the usurped duke returns to his throne—but Shakespeare reminds us that life in Ardenne is a temporary affair. As the characters prepare to return to life at court, the play does not laud country over city or vice versa, but instead suggests a delicate and necessary balance between the two. The simplicity of the forest provides shelter from the strains of the court, but it also creates the need for urban style and sophistication: one would not do, or even matter, without the other. Motifs Motifs are recurring structures, contrasts, or literary devices that can help to develop and inform the text’s major themes. Artifice As Orlando runs through the forest decorating every tree with love poems for Rosalind, and as Silvius pines for Phoebe and compares her cruel eyes to a murderer, we cannot help but notice the importance of artifice to life in Ardenne. Phoebe decries such artificiality when she laments that her eyes lack the power to do the devoted shepherd any real harm, and Rosalind similarly puts a stop to Orlando’s romantic fussing when she reminds him that “[m]en have died from time to time, and worms have eaten them, but not for love” (IV.i.91–92). Although Rosalind is susceptible to the contrivances of romantic love, as when her composure crumbles when Orlando is only minutes late for their appointment, she does her best to move herself and the others toward a more realistic understanding of love. Knowing that the excitement of the first days of courtship will flag, she warns Orlando that “[m]aids are May when they are maids, but the sky changes when they are wives” (IV.i.125–127). Here, Rosalind cautions against any love that sustains itself on artifice alone. She advocates a love that, while delightful, can survive in the real world. During the Epilogue, Rosalind returns the audience to reality by stripping away not only the artifice of Ardenne, but of her character as well. As the Elizabethan actor stands on the stage and reflects on this temporary foray into the unreal, the audience’s experience comes to mirror the experience of the characters. The theater becomes Ardenne, the artful means of edifying us for our journey into the world in which we live. Homoeroticism Like many of Shakespeare’s plays and poems, As You Like It explores different kinds of love between members of the same sex. Celia and Rosalind, for instance, are extremely close friends—almost sisters—and the profound intimacy of their relationship seems at times more intense than that of ordinary friends. Indeed, Celia’s words in Act I, scenes ii and iii echo the protestations of lovers. But to assume that Celia or Rosalind possesses a sexual identity as clearly defined as our modern understandings of heterosexual or homosexual would be to work against the play’s celebration of a range of intimacies and sexual possibilities. The other kind of homoeroticism within the play arises from Rosalind’s cross-dressing. Everybody, male and female, seems to love Ganymede, the beautiful boy who looks like a woman because he is really Rosalind in disguise. The name Rosalind chooses for her alter ego, Ganymede, traditionally belonged to a beautiful boy who became one of Jove’s lovers, and the name carries strong homosexual connotations. Even though Orlando is supposed to be in love with Rosalind, he seems to enjoy the idea of acting out his romance with the beautiful, young boy Ganymede—almost as if a boy who looks like the woman he loves is even more appealing than the woman herself. Phoebe, too, is more attracted to the feminine Ganymede than to the real male, Silvius. In drawing on the motif of homoeroticism, As You Like It is influenced by the pastoral tradition, which typically contains elements of same-sex love. In the Forest of Ardenne, as in pastoral literature, homoerotic relationships are not necessarily antithetical to heterosexual couplings, as modern readers tend to assume. Instead, homosexual and heterosexual love exist on a continuum across which, as the title of the play suggests, one can move as one likes. Exile As You Like It abounds in banishment. Some characters have been forcibly removed or threatened from their homes, such as Duke Senior, Rosalind, and Orlando. Some have voluntarily abandoned their positions out of a sense of rightness, such as Senior’s loyal band of lords, Celia, and the noble servant Adam. It is, then, rather remarkable that the play ends with four marriages—a ceremony that unites individuals into couples and ushers these couples into the community. The community that sings and dances its way through Ardenne at the close of Act V, scene iv, is the same community that will return to the dukedom in order to rule and be ruled. This event, where the poor dance in the company of royalty, suggests a utopian world in which wrongs can be righted and hurts healed. The sense of restoration with which the play ends depends upon the formation of a community of exiles in politics and love coming together to soothe their various wounds. Symbols	i don't know
Which form of Buddhism is prevalent in Japan?	3 Forms of Buddhism 3 Forms of Buddhism Many forms of Buddhism are actually practiced around the world. Buddhists don’t all follow the same teachings and the same texts. The core principles stay the same but different important aspects are observed in each type. Each form is also subdivided into schools . Map Of Buddhism in the World Theravada Buddhism is also known as the doctrine of the elders, Southern Buddhism or Ancient Teaching. The main text used by this school is the Pali Canon. The main area of influence includes the following countries: Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos and Burma (Myanmar). They have about 100 million followers and are gaining ground in Singapore, Vietnam and the Western world. This form of Buddhism is characterized by its orthodoxy. They are considered to be the closest to the teaching of Buddha and the text they use- the Pali Canon- is the oldest surviving Buddhist text. Their beliefs are that each individual can attain enlightenment by himself and the best way to do this is by joining the monastic way of life as it allows for an ideal setting to dedicate one’s life to the Dharma. Lay people have a role to play also and it is partly comprised of Merit Making actions including: offering food and other basic necessities to monks making donations to temples and monasteries burning incense or lighting candles before images of the Buddha chanting verses from the Pali Canon act as trustees or custodians for their temples taking part in the financial planning and management of the temple volunteer significant time in tending to the mundane needs of local monks Monks gain merit by practicing mindfulness, meditation, and chanting. In the Pali Sutra, the Buddha instructs the followers to follow concentration as it is a tool he used to attain nirvana. Thus, the Theravada Buddhist practice these form of meditation: Anapanasati (Green and white on the map) (Green and white on the map) Mahāyāna is also called the Great Vehicle, Bodhisattvayāna or the Bodhisattva Vehicle. It is the larger of the two major traditions of Buddhism existing today, the other being that of the Theravāda school. It is also the origin of the Vajrayana form. It is mostly popular in China, Japan , Korea, Vietnam, and Mongolia and spread very widely in the west. Major traditions of Mahāyāna Buddhism today include Zen (Chán), Pure Land, Tiantai,(Tendai in Japan) Nichiren , and Esoteric Buddhism (Shingon, Tibetan Buddhism (although we further separate them below)). The beliefs: Mahayana Buddhism prones liberation of suffering for all sentient beings. Where Theravada focuses on individual enlightenment, Mahayana preaches that Buddhas and Bodhisattvas are here to help us attain collective illumination. Thus they believe in supernatural bodhisattvas who devote themselves to the perfections, ultimate knowledge, and the liberation of all sentient beings. The Buddha is seen as the ultimate, highest being, present in all times, in all beings, and in all places, and the bodhisattvas come to represent the universal ideal of altruistic excellence. It is difficult to talk about an unified canon for the Mahayana tradition as it is often assimilated by local beliefs and traditions. In Japan, it has incorporated some local Shinto beliefs and some Shamanism. Thus, when observed under this angle, it becomes incorrect to refer Buddhism as a non-religion in the Mahayana tradition because of the gods that were later added and all the powers attributed to the different Buddhas and Bodhisattvas. Vajrayana is in fact part of the Mahayana school but because its emphasis on tantrism, it is often cited as a different school. It is also known as Tantric Buddhism, Tantrayāna, Lamaism, Mantrayāna, Secret Mantra, Esoteric Buddhism and the Diamond Vehicle. It is mostly active in Tibet and Japan , and in China, to some extent. Vajrayana is a school of esoteric knowledge, secret rituals, mudras and mantras. It teaches that in order to access esoteric knowledge, the practitioner requires initiation from a skilled spiritual teacher or guru. Rituals are an important part of the Vajrayana Buddhism. They substitute meditation as they are focused and with purpose. Esoteric Buddhism is often associated with magic as many of their rituals entail working with the supernatural, manipulating the laws of nature with the help of the entities of the Buddhist pantheon . In this form of Buddhism, like in Mahayana, the ultimate goal of the practitioner is to become a Buddha. Vajrayana teaches that the Vajrayana techniques provide an accelerated path to Buddhahood. But, Reginald Ray writes that “If these techniques are not practiced properly, practitioners may harm themselves physically and mentally. In order to avoid these dangers, the practice is kept “secret” outside the teacher/student relationship. Secrecy and the commitment of the student to the vajra guru are aspects of the samaya , or “sacred bond”, that protects both the practitioner and the integrity of the teachings.” It is then difficult for westerners to study this path as it often entails speaking the language (ibetan and Japanese) and being accepted in a monastery by a master. In Japan, in particular, Koya-san accepts some foreigners but the path is difficult and they often suffer from some form of subtle racism as the Japanese people feel that Buddhism can only be understood by Japanese. Links	Zen
What word is used by Christians for the suffering and death of Jesus?	Zen \| Buddhism \| Britannica.com Buddhism Alternative Titles: Chan, Seon, Sŏn, Thien, Zen Buddhism Related Topics Bodhidharma Zen, Chinese Chan, Korean Sŏn, also spelled Seon, Vietnamese Thien, important school of East Asian Buddhism that constitutes the mainstream monastic form of Mahayana Buddhism in China , Korea, and Vietnam and accounts for approximately 20 percent of the Buddhist temples in Japan . The word derives from the Sanskrit dhyana, meaning “meditation.” Central to Zen teaching is the belief that awakening can be achieved by anyone but requires instruction in the proper forms of spiritual cultivation by a master. In modern times, Zen has been identified especially with the secular arts of medieval Japan (such as the tea ceremony , ink painting, and gardening) and with any spontaneous expression of artistic or spiritual vitality regardless of context . In popular usage, the modern non-Buddhist connotations of the word Zen have become so prominent that in many cases the term is used as a label for phenomena that lack any relationship to Zen or are even antithetical to its teachings and practices. Origins and nature Compiled by the Chinese Buddhist monk Daoyun in 1004, Records of the Transmission of the Lamp (Chingde chongdeng lu) offers an authoritative introduction to the origins and nature of Zen Buddhism. The work describes the Zen school as consisting of the authentic Buddhism practiced by monks and nuns who belong to a large religious family with five main branches, each branch of which demonstrates its legitimacy by performing Confucian -style ancestor rites for its spiritual ancestors or patriarchs. The genealogical tree of this spiritual lineage begins with the seven buddhas, consisting of six mythological Buddhas of previous eons as well as Siddhartha Gautama, or Shakyamuni, the historical Buddha of the current age. The spiritual awakening and wisdom realized by these buddhas then was transmitted from master to disciple across 28 generations of semi-historical or mythological Buddhist teachers in India , concluding with Bodhidharma , the monk who supposedly introduced true Buddhism to China in the 5th century. This true Buddhism held that its practitioners could achieve a sudden awakening to spiritual truth, which they could not accomplish by a mere reading of Buddhist scriptures. As Bodhidharma asserted in a verse attributed to him, A special transmission outside the scriptures, not relying on words or letters; pointing directly to the human mind, seeing true nature is becoming a Buddha. Similar Topics Moorish Science Temple of America From the time of Bodhidharma to the present, each generation of the Zen lineage claimed to have attained the same spiritual awakening as its predecessors, thereby preserving the Buddha’s “lamp of wisdom.” This genealogical ethos confers religious authority on present-day Zen teachers as the legitimate heirs and living representatives of all previous Buddhas and patriarchs. It also provides the context of belief for various Zen rituals, such as funeral services performed by Zen priests and ancestral memorial rites for the families of laypeople who patronize the temples. The Zen ethos that people in each new generation can and must attain spiritual awakening does not imply any rejection of the usual forms of Buddhist spiritual cultivation, such as the study of scriptures, the performance of good deeds, and the practice of rites and ceremonies, image worship , and ritualized forms of meditation . Zen teachers typically assert rather that all of these practices must be performed correctly as authentic expressions of awakening, as exemplified by previous generations of Zen teachers. For this reason, the Records of the Transmission of the Lamp attributes the development of the standard format and liturgy of the Chinese Buddhist monastic institution to early Zen patriarchs, even though there is no historical evidence to support this claim. Beginning at the time of the Song dynasty (960–1279), Chinese monks composed strict regulations to govern behaviour at all publicly recognized Buddhist monasteries. Known as “rules of purity” (Chinese: qinggui; Japanese: shingi), these rules were frequently seen as unique expressions of Chinese Zen. In fact, however, the monks largely codified traditional Buddhist priestly norms of behaviour, and, at least in China, the rules were applied to residents of all authorized monasteries, whether affiliated with the Zen school or not. Britannica Stories Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent Zen monks and nuns typically study Buddhist scriptures, Chinese classics, poetics, and Zen literature. Special emphasis traditionally has been placed on the study of “public cases” (Chinese: gongan; Japanese: kōan), or accounts of episodes in which Zen patriarchs reportedly attained awakening or expressed their awakening in novel and iconoclastic ways, using enigmatic language or gestures. Included in the Records of the Transmission of the Lamp and in other hagiographic compendia, the public cases are likened to legal precedents that are designed to guide the followers of Zen. Historical development Buddha and Buddhism China Although Zen Buddhism in China is traditionally dated to the 5th century, it actually first came to prominence in the early 8th century, when Wuhou (625–705), who seized power from the ruling Tang dynasty (618–907) to become empress of the short-lived Zhou dynasty (690–705), patronized Zen teachers as her court priests. After Empress Wuhou died and the Tang dynasty was restored to power, rival sects of Zen appeared whose members claimed to be more legitimate and more orthodox than the Zen teachers who had been associated with the discredited empress. These sectarian rivalries continued until the Song dynasty , when a more inclusive form of Zen became associated with almost all of the official state-sponsored Buddhist monasteries. As the official form of Chinese Buddhism, the Song dynasty version of Zen subsequently spread to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. During the reign of the Song, Zen mythology, Zen literature, and Zen forms of Buddhist spiritual cultivation underwent important growth. Since that time, Zen teachings have skillfully combined the seemingly opposing elements of mythology and history, iconoclasm and pious worship, freedom and strict monastic discipline , and sudden awakening (Sanskrit: bodhi; Chinese: wu; Japanese: satori) and long master-disciple apprenticeships. During the Song dynasty the study of public cases became very sophisticated, as Zen monks arranged them into various categories, wrote verse commentaries on them, and advocated new techniques for meditating on their key words. Commentaries such as The Blue Cliff Record (c. 1125; Chinese: Biyan lu; Japanese Heikigan roku) and The Gateless Barrier (1229; Chinese: Wumen guan; Japanese: Mumon kan) remain basic textbooks for Zen students to the present day. The public-case literature validates the sense of liberation and freedom felt by those experiencing spiritual awakening while, at the same time, placing the expression of those impulses under the supervision of well-disciplined senior monks. For this reason, Zen texts frequently assert that genuine awakening cannot be acquired through individual study alone but must be realized through the guidance of an authentic Zen teacher. Japan Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest During Japan’s medieval period (roughly the 12th through 15th centuries), Zen monks played a major role in introducing the arts and literature of Song-dynasty China to Japanese leaders. The Five Mountain (Japanese: Gozan) Zen temples, which were sponsored by the Japanese imperial family and military rulers, housed many monks who had visited China and had mastered the latest trends of Chinese learning. Monks from these temples were selected to lead trade missions to China, to administer governmental estates, and to teach neo-Confucianism , a form of Confucianism developed under the Song dynasty that combined cultivation of the self with concerns for social ethics and metaphysics . In this way, wealthy Zen monasteries, especially those located in the Japanese capital city of Kyōto , became centres for the importation and dissemination of Chinese techniques of printing, painting, calligraphy, poetics, ceramics, and garden design—the so-called Zen arts, or (in China) Song-dynasty arts. Apart from the elite Five Mountain institutions, Japanese Zen monks and nuns founded many monasteries and temples in the rural countryside. Unlike their urban counterparts, monks and nuns in rural Zen monasteries devoted more energy to religious matters than to Chinese arts and learning. Their daily lives focused on worship ceremonies, ritual periods of “sitting Zen” (Japanese: zazen) meditation, the study of public cases, and the performance of religious services for lower-status merchants, warriors, and peasants. Rural Zen monks helped to popularize many Buddhist rituals now common in Japan, such as prayer rites for worldly benefits, conferment of precept lineages on lay people, funerals, ancestral memorials, and exorcisms. After the political upheavals of the 15th and 16th centuries, when much of the city of Kyōto was destroyed in a widespread civil war, monks from rural Zen lineages came to dominate all Zen institutions in Japan, including the urban ones that formerly enjoyed Five Mountain status. Britannica Lists & Quizzes Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies After the Tokugawa rulers of the Edo period (1603–1867) restored peace, Zen monasteries and all other religious institutions in Japan cooperated in the government’s efforts to regulate society. In this new political environment , Zen monks and other religious leaders taught a form of conventional morality (Japanese: tsūzoku dōtoku) that owed more to Confucian than to Buddhist traditions; indeed, Buddhist teachings were used to justify the strict social hierarchy enforced by the government. Many Confucian teachers in turn adapted Zen Buddhist meditation techniques to “quiet sitting” (Japanese: seiza), a Confucian contemplative practice. As a result of these developments, the social and religious distinctions between Zen practice and Confucianism became blurred. When the Ming dynasty (1368–1661) in China began to collapse, many Chinese Zen monks sought refuge in Japan. Their arrival caused Japanese Zen monks to question whether their Japanese teachers or the new Chinese arrivals had more faithfully maintained the traditions of the ancient buddhas and patriarchs. The resultant search for authentic Zen roots prompted the development of sectarianism, not just between Japanese and Chinese Zen leaders but also within the existing Japanese Zen community . Eventually sectarian rivalry led to the emergence of three separate Japanese Zen lineages: Ōbaku (Chinese: Huanbo), Rinzai (Chinese: Linji), and Sōtō (Chinese: Caodong). Ignoring their similarities, each lineage exaggerated its distinctive features. Thus, both Rinzai and Sōtō emphasized their adherence to certain Song-dynasty practices, in contrast to the Ōbaku monasteries, which favoured Ming traditions, especially in such areas as ritual language, musical instruments, clothing, and temple architecture. People affiliated with Sōtō, by far the largest of the Japanese Zen lineages, stressed the accomplishments of their patriarch Dōgen (1200–53), whose chief work, Shōbōgenzō (1231–53; “Treasury of the True Dharma Eye”), is widely regarded as one of the great classics of Japanese Buddhism. Modern developments During the first half of the 20th century, D.T. Suzuki (1870–1966), a Japanese Buddhist scholar and thinker, wrote numerous essays and books in English to introduce Zen ideals to Western audiences. Suzuki was born just after Japan began to adopt Western technology in an effort to catch up with Europe and America. He was strongly influenced by 19th-century Japanese Buddhist reformers who sought to cast off what they saw as the feudal social structures of the Tokugawa period and who advocated a more modern vision of Buddhism that could compete successfully with Christianity . Suzuki spent 11 years in the United States (1897–1908) as an assistant to Paul Carus (1852–1919), a German who had earned a doctorate in theology and philosophy before emigrating to America. Carus published a magazine to promote what he called the “Science of Religion,” a new religion compatible with science. During this period, Suzuki was also influenced by contemporary intellectual currents, such as the ideas of the German Protestant theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834), who had identified irrational intuition and feeling as the essence of religion, and of the American philosopher William James (1842–1910), who posited the possibility of nondualistic knowledge via “pure experience” as overcoming the dualism inherent in empiricism. Trending Topics Eyjafjallajökull volcano Suzuki interpreted the episodes of spiritual awakening depicted in Zen public cases as proof of humankind’s ability to suddenly break through the boundaries of common, everyday, logical thought to achieve a nondualistic, pure experience in which distinctions such as self/other and right/wrong disappear. He characterized this experience as an expression of the irrational intuition that underlies all religions and all acts of artistic creation, regardless of culture or historical period, and that achieved its highest expression in the secular arts of Japan. Suzuki, therefore, interpreted Zen not as a form of Buddhism but as a Japanese cultural value with universal relevance. His use of Western theological and philosophical concepts to explain the Zen experience in modern ways influenced Nishida Kitarō (1870–1945) and other members of the Kyoto school of Japanese philosophy. In the early 20th century, many Japanese intellectuals described Zen as the underlying essence of Japanese culture or as the unique form of Japanese spirituality . As Japanese society became increasingly militaristic during the 1930s and ’40s, descriptions of Zen became more warlike, frequently invoking loyalty to the state, fearlessness, and mental tranquillity in the face of death. In 1938, for example, Suzuki described Zen as “a religion of will power” and identified Zen training with Bushido (the code of conduct of the Japanese warrior class) and Japanese swordsmanship. When Suzuki’s books were reprinted after World War II , they found a ready audience in the United States and Britain among ex-servicemen who had acquired an interest in Japanese culture and among youths dissatisfied with postwar society. In particular, members of the new American literary and artistic movement known as the Beats looked to Zen for inspiration. In popular culture the word Zen became an adjective used to describe any spontaneous or free-form activity. Since the heyday of the Beat movement in the 1950s, however, academic studies of Zen have grown in complexity and sophistication, examining the role of Zen practices and Zen institutions in the religious lives of Buddhists in East Asia . In 1953 the Chinese Nationalist historian and diplomat Hu Shih (1891–1962) published an important essay on the history of Zen in China, in which he challenged Suzuki’s characterization of Zen as irrational and beyond logical understanding. Hu argued that Zen must be understood as a human institution and that scholarly descriptions of it must be based on verifiable historical evidence, not on psychological interpretations of the religious stories found in Zen’s public cases. Since 1953 a new generation of scholars has completely rewritten the history of Zen. They have made major strides both in documenting the historical development of the Zen school in East Asia and in understanding the religious and cultural contexts within which Zen literature, such as public cases, functioned as guides to spiritual truth. During the 1980s and ’90s, some Zen scholars and Zen priests in Japan advocated what they called “Critical Buddhism” in an effort to denounce any connection between Zen and illogical thought and any association between Zen institutions and social problems such as religious discrimination , cultural chauvinism , and militarism. Regardless of the ultimate fate of Critical Buddhism, it is clear that efforts to create a new Zen compatible with the demands of modern society will continue.	i don't know
To where was Archbishop Makarios exiled by the British in the mid 50s?	Archbishop Makarios Deported from Cyprus \| History Today Archbishop Makarios Deported from Cyprus Cyprus Religion , Christianity Richard Cavendish marks the anniversary of the deportation of an important figure in Greek Cypriot nationalist history, on March 9th, 1956. Mikhail Khristodolou Mouskos, born to a Greek Cypriot farming family in 1913, was in his mid-thirties in 1950 when he became primate of the Greek Orthodox Church of Cyprus as Archbishop Makarios III. He took a leading role in the campaign for enosis (union) with Greece. ‘Cyprus is Greek,’ he proclaimed. ‘Cyprus has been Greek since the dawn of history and it will remain Greek.’ The island had been ruled by outside powers for centuries. Part of the Roman Empire and then the Byzantine Empire, it was later governed for three hundred years by a French crusading dynasty, the Lusignans, then seized by Venice and in the 1570s by the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans treated the Greek Orthodox archbishops as ethnarchs, or heads, of the island’s Christian population, which made them key figures in Cypriot politics. The British ran Cyprus from 1878 and annexed it in 1914. After the war demand for enosis began to mount. There were occasional riots and Government House was burned down in 1931. The demand sharpened hostility between Greek Cypriots and the Turkish population (getting on for 20 per cent of the total), with a different language, religion and tradition. In the 1950s Archbishop Makarios brushed aside British talk of independence because he wanted union with Greece and nothing but union with Greece. In 1953 a certain Colonel Grivas started a terrorist organisation, EOKA (National Organization of Cypriot Fighters), which mounted a guerrilla war against the British. The British believed that Archbishop Makarios was deeply involved in EOKA and deported him to ‘an unknown destination’, which turned out to be the Seychelles, along with a bishop, a priest and the editor of a nationalist newspaper. They were held there for a year and then, after EOKA had offered a ceasefire, allowed to leave, but not to go to Cyprus. Makarios left Mahé Island on April 6th for Madagascar on a tanker provided by Aristotle Onassis and the Greek government, and went on to Athens. He eventually returned to Cyprus, dropped or postponed his opposition to independence and in 1960 became president of the new republic of Cyprus, with a Turkish Cypriot as vice-president and a constitution intended to hold a balance between the two nationalities. It failed to work and after more years of violence and turmoil Cyprus was effectively partitioned from 1974. Makarios himself died in Nicosia three years later, a few days before his sixty-fourth birthday.	Seychelles
Who did Jacques Santer replace as President of the European Commission in 1995?	Embassy of the Republic of Cyprus in Beijing - All about Cyprus by Dr William Mallinson FOREWORD The history of Cyprus, the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, is among the oldest in the world. The first signs of civilization, traced through archaeological excavations, date back to the 9th millennium B.C., covering 11.000 years. Geography has been perhaps the major determining factor in the development of the island throughout its history, at one and the same time a blessing and a curse. Strategically located at the crossroads of three continents (Africa, Asia, and Europe), and of major civilizations, Cyprus has been conquered by powers that dominated the eastern Mediterranean at various periods. At the same time, it has managed to assimilate various cultural influences through its multifaceted interaction with neighboring countries. As a result, this small, modern European state has developed its own unique character, harmoniously blending various civilizations. According to mythology, Aphrodite, the ancient Greek goddess of love and beauty, was born from the foam of the sea on the southwestern coast of Cyprus, near the city of Pafos. This booklet provides an overview of the long history of the “island of Aphrodite,” giving the reader a glimpse of its remarkable historical development and of the seminal events that have influenced its political, cultural, social and economic transformation. The Editor INTRODUCTION It was a Cypriot, Zeno of Kition, who introduced the stoic way of life to the world when he expounded his ideas in Athens some 2.300 years ago. Islanders have a reputation for resilience of character, and Cyprus is no exception, having developed from a Stone Age settlement to a modern and thriving European Union state, despite numerous hurdles along the way. Throughout the millennia, the same human characteristics and behavior have tended to manifest themselves periodically, albeit with different colors. This is particularly evident in the case of Cyprus, where outside interests have so often met and where, even today, the complex interplay of external cultures and Cypriot stoicism have resulted in a vibrant and dynamic society that has learned to cope with the problems of today’s world realistically and prudently. As we now sketch the evolution of this intriguing island, the European Union’s south-eastern nose, we shall detect a living continuity of character that has transcended the whirlwind of current affairs. ANCIENT Cyprus, like Crete, has one of the world’s oldest recorded histories, and as such is an archaeologist’s paradise. It was during ancient times that the Greek language and culture of the island was permanently established. Although the mists of time have partially obscured the earliest days, when the Pelasgians were active, we can divide, and briefly describe, the following periods. Neolithic Age (8200–3900 B.C.) The number of settlements built of stone bears testimony to the island’s importance, even at the dawn of known history. The most ancient settlement so far discovered, at Choirokitia, dates from 5800 B.C., although the first signs of civilization can even be dated back to the 9th millennium. The Neolithic period culminated with the beginning of major colonization, particularly from Palestine, with settlers probably drawn by the discovery of copper, which led to the eponymous Chalcolithic age. Chalcolithic Age (3900–2500 B.C.) With the development of the copper, and then bronze, industry, and further influx of settlers, Cyprus became a leading commercial centre and exporter. Towards the end of this period, Egyptian influence was making itself felt, and trade with Egypt, and Crete in particular, flourished. Bronze Age (2500–1050 B.C.) Cyprus now began to develop its copper, bronze and pottery industries apace, becoming an important exporter. Towards the end of this period, Greeks established themselves, a presence which would come to permanently characterize the island. The main causes were the end of the Trojan wars and the collapse of the Hittite empire, when many Mycenaean Greeks decided to settle in Cyprus, at a time of considerable socio-political turbulence and mass population movements westwards. Of the various city-states in Cyprus, Salamis and Pafos became pre-eminent. The arrival of the Dorians in Greece did not have an immediate effect on Cyprus. Competing Influences (1050–333 B.C.) The Greek culture of the island now came to be further enriched by external events. First came a wave of Phoenicians, settling at Kition, many of whom were escaping from the later Assyrian push into the Lebanon. Gradually, the various city-states of Cyprus came under Assyrian, Egyptian and Persian domination respectively. In terms of everyday life, and whatever the problems engendered by foreign domination, the old Mycenaean culture dominated, although trade and other contacts with the Greek mainland and other Greek lands in Asia Minor meant some blending with Ionian Greek culture. As in some parts of the Greek world, such as Sparta, some Cypriot city-states initially supported the Persians. In these troubled times of Persian pressure, two factors impinged on Cyprus: the tendency of the Phoenician-dominated areas to support the Persians, and political ambition. For example, the King of Salamis, Evelthon (c.560–525 B.C.), played a balancing game between Egyptian and Persian interests, issuing coinage which, while displaying Egyptian and Persian signs, nevertheless included the first two letters of Cyprus. Following years of political wrangling between pro-Greek and pro-Persian factions, during which King Evagoras I of Salamis played a leading role in supporting the Athenians, the Persians finally imposed their authority, until Alexander the Great freed Cyprus in 333 B.C., as part of his dismantling of the Persian Empire. From Alexander the Great to the Romans With Alexander’s untimely death in 323 B.C., and the concomitant division of his empire, Cyprus became embroiled in the competing interests of Alexander’s generals, before falling into the arms of the dynasty established in Egypt by the general Ptolemy. This marked the beginning of the Ptolemaic rule in Cyprus (294–58 B.C.) during which the ten kingdoms of Cyprus were abolished and, for the first time, Cyprus was ruled as a unitary state. For some two hundred and fifty years, the island enjoyed a measure of political stability. Arts and philosophy flourished in Hellenistic Cyprus, given the love of the Ptolemies for Greek culture. Zeno of Kition (336–264 B.C.), the most prominent Cypriot philosopher, established his own school of philosophy in Athens, which was later to exert widespread influence on Roman philosophy. Cypriots also excelled in medicine and sculpture. In the last stages of Ptolemaic rule, Roman intervention in Cyprus became frequent. This led to the first Roman occupation (58–38 B.C.) and eventually to the final Roman takeover in 30 B.C., and to a period of peace and prosperity which, in Cyprus as elsewhere, came to be known as the Pax Romana. Christianity was introduced in Cyprus in 45 A.D. by the apostles Paul and Barnabas. During their visit to the island, accompanied by Mark the Evangelist, they organized the Church and appointed bishops. Apostle Barnabas, the founder of the Church of Cyprus, returned later to the island and became Bishop of Salamis. The Roman peace was only seriously marred by the ripple effect of the Jewish revolt in Palestine, Egypt and Cyrenaica, during the reign of Hadrian. It was a catastrophic event, during which tens of thousands were killed, and was solved only by harsh and decisive Roman action. In 269 A.D., the Goths invaded Cyprus, but failed to establish themselves. MEDIEVAL Well before Rome’s final fall in 476 A.D., Cyprus had lost its direct administrative link, when Diocletian’s division of the empire into East and West had resulted in Cyprus being administered from Antioch, an arrangement which continued until Constantinople became the new capital in 330 A.D. Byzantine Era (330–1191 A.D.) In the Byzantine era, Cyprus shared with the rest of the Hellenic world the same Christian and Greek culture and heritage. It was during this period that major monasteries and churches, many of which survive to this day, were built. Some are decorated with unique and superb frescoes and icons that have attracted worldwide attention and study. The transition from the Dark to the Middle Ages witnessed the Church of Cyprus becoming “Autocephalous” in 488, courtesy of the Byzantine Emperor. The Church was granted self-government, including the ability to choose its own leader. In addition, its leader, the Archbishop, was granted special privileges: to sign in red ink like the Byzantine emperors; to carry a royal scepter instead of the usual pastoral staff; and to be dressed in a red cloak. This development marked the beginning of a unique tradition of responsibility for the Church in the island’s political affairs. Towards the end of the Dark Ages in Europe, Cyprus came under almost constant attack from Moslem Arabs, who were not finally expelled until 965, by Byzantine Emperor Nicephoros Phocas. As the (Eastern) Roman–Byzantine Empire came to terms with new rivals in the form of the Franks and later the Crusaders, Cyprus’ leaders occasionally questioned Constantinople’s authority, continuing what had now become a tradition of asserting one’s independence. One such independent–minded leader was the Emperor’s nephew, Isaac Comnenus, who set himself up as Emperor of Cyprus (a tyrant resented by both the Cypriots and the Byzantine authorities), only to be captured by Richard the Lionheart in 1191, in revenge for having treated the latter’s shipwrecked fiancée discourteously. Richard then sold the island to the Knights Templar who, under attack from the local population, resold it to Richard, who in turn sold it on to another crusader, Guy de Lusignan, in 1192. Frankish Period (1192–1489) Thus began the Frankish period, which was to last almost three hundred years. The feudal system introduced by Richard continued to be imposed by the Franks, as was the establishment of the Roman Catholic Church in Cyprus. Under the Lusignan dynasty, Cyprus was independent, but the local Greek population did not have a great say in running matters. Apart from the struggle to maintain Christian Orthodoxy, most of the population was reduced to the status of vassals, while only the richer merchants were classed as full citizens. Notwithstanding the western European systems introduced, the economy flourished, thanks chiefly to an influx of Amalfians, Genoese, Pisans, Venetians and other Italians. MODERN The fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks marked the end of the Middle Ages and for Cyprus the transition from the rigidly feudal Franks to the powerful Venetian Empire, at a time when the Ottoman Turks were beginning to threaten western and eastern Europe, having already conquered much of mainland Greece and the Balkans. Venetian Rule (1489–1571) Venetian commercial and political pressure proved stronger than both the dying Lusignan dynasty and the competing Genoese and Pisans (Genoa had even ruled Famagusta for a number of years). The wily Venetians arranged for a Venetian noblewoman, Ekaterina Kornaro, to marry the Lusignan James II. Were James to die childless, then Cyprus would pass to Venice. A son was born, but died in infancy, and Cyprus fell under the control of Venice, which took over finally when Ekaterina abdicated in 1489. When Venice took formal control of Cyprus, much of mainland Greece had been under Ottoman Turkish occupation for some one hundred years. The defense of the eastern Mediterranean had passed from Byzantium to Venice, and owing to the Ottoman threat, Venice invested heavily in building up Cyprus, which became one of the most important Christian bastions in the Eastern Mediterranean, especially after the Ottomans had taken Rhodes and Chios from the Knights of St. John and from Genoa respectively. Although during Venetian rule the population had to bear a measure of economic hardship, conditions were nevertheless sufficiently kind to lead to a doubling of the population, while, like Crete and the Ionian islands, it enjoyed stability, marred only by an Ottoman raid on Limassol and a heavy-handed attempt by the Roman Catholic Church to impose its form of theology on Christian Orthodoxy. As the sixteenth century wore on, the Ottomans continued to expand westwards, and it was only a matter of time before they would attack Cyprus en masse, and the atmosphere in heavily fortified Famagusta must have been similar to that in Constantinople during the last years of the Byzantine Empire. In 1570, Nicosia fell after a six week siege, with the defenders being slaughtered. The following year marked the final transfer of Cyprus from Christian European to Moslem Asian rule: after a one year siege, the Famagusta garrison commander, Bragadino, surrendered on condition that the members of his garrison would be allowed to leave. However, the deal was not honored, and the Ottoman Turks killed the garrison and cut off Bragadino’s nose and ears, skinning him alive two weeks later. Italian influence and rule did however bequeath a commercial and intellectual Cypriot diaspora, particularly in Venice and at the University of Padova. Ottoman Rule (1571–1878) The Ottomans, who controlled Cyprus for three hundred and seven years, introduced two measures, which were to have a long-lasting effect, one positive and the other negative. First, they introduced the millet system to Cyprus (as elsewhere), which allowed the Church of Cyprus to run its own affairs, and which put an end to the constant pressure of the Roman Catholic Church on Christian Orthodoxy. Indeed, at the end of Ottoman rule, the Church of Cyprus was, in a way, in a stronger position than it had been for hundreds of years. However, as the Ottoman Empire declined and lost power, its rule in Cyprus became brutal and corrupt. The second measure was the settling of thousands of Ottoman Turks on the island. These included many janissaries (from yeni çeri = new soldier), the elite guards of the Sultan, many of whom were Greeks and Slavs, who had been taken as young children, proselytized and given intense military training. Thus, the original Moslem population of Cyprus is not of purely Turkish stock. In addition, a small number of Christian Orthodox and Roman Catholics are said to have converted to the Moslem religion, to avoid the high taxation and lower social status. Forced conversions to Islam followed the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in 1821. Some people have drawn an analogy between Ireland and Cyprus, since at around the same time, as the demographic balance of Cyprus was being altered, Scottish and other Protestants were moving into Roman Catholic Ireland. The main parallel that can be drawn is that in both cases demographic manipulation was to become a major problem in later years, and is still there today. The Ottoman period was reasonably uneventful, apart from occasional protests, usually about the high taxation imposed by the Ottomans. Some events need to be mentioned, since they demonstrate both Cyprus’ attractiveness as a strategic possession, and the effects of heavy taxation. In 1605, the Duke of Savoy claimed Cyprus through his dynastic connection to Ekaterina Kornaro, and invaded. His forces were massacred. In 1765, the Grand Vizier in Constantinople actually agreed with Greek arguments that they were being too highly taxed by the Ottoman governor of Cyprus, Cil Osman. When the latter was suspected of trying to kill (by arranging for a floor to collapse) those invited to hear the Vizier’s proclamation reducing the taxes, Christian and Moslem alike cut him to pieces. An uprising in 1804 was a less clear-cut affair that has been likened to a revolution. Franco-British-Russian interests were clashing in the Eastern Mediterranean. The Russians had dramatically increased their influence in the Ottoman Empire through the treaty of Küçük Kainardji in 1774, whereby Russia had become the protector of the Christian Orthodox. Hadjigeorgakis Kornesios, the Dragoman (a kind of referee between the subject population and the Sultan), gained increased power by being appointed for life by the Sultan. Napoleon’s France, worried about the Dragoman’s allegedly pro-Russian policy, fed the tensions, and there was a revolt against both the Dragoman and the Archbishop (who worked closely with the former). When the Dragoman convinced the Sultan to suppress the revolt, France pressurized the Sultan into performing a U-turn, resulting in the Dragoman’s execution. The whole confused affair was the result of the self-interested policy of the great powers at a time when the Ottoman Empire was beginning its slow descent into oblivion. Certain parallels can be drawn today, at least in terms of the interests that some foreign powers maintain in Cyprus. Greek Independence As in 1804, 1821 was to prove yet more significant, in that the nationalist movements set in train by the French Revolution and cleverly exploited by Napoleon Bonaparte, were now finding expression through the Balkans and the Greek world, whether the areas were controlled by Ottomans or Austro-Hungarians, both of whom had now come to an accommodation for controlling their respective areas, with British support. The Church of Cyprus was understandably reticent about giving overt support to the Greeks, with the Ottomans so well entrenched in Cyprus and far nearer to Anatolia than to the Greek mainland. Suspecting that covert efforts were being made from the outside to incite the Greeks of Cyprus to revolt against the Ottomans, the Sultan sent reinforcements to Cyprus and approved the execution of nearly five hundred elders. The Archbishop and a number of leading churchmen were hung or beheaded, after which there was a round of further killings. During the struggle for Greek independence, even those parts of the Greek world, such as Cyprus, that were too far from the mainland to defeat the Ottomans, could not remain unscathed, and various massacres occurred, such as on the island of Chios, epitomized in the famous painting by Delacroix, that so enraged public opinion in Europe. At any event, Cyprus, like other islands, became part of the Megali Idea (Great Idea), the objective of which was to unite all Greeks. When the Ottomans relinquished power in Cyprus, they bequeathed a strong Church which was to play a leading role in the quest for independence from the new rulers and in the enosis (union) movement with Greece. British Rule (1878–1960) As so often in the past, it was great power rivalry and strategic ambition that led to Cyprus changing hands yet again. Britain’s main motive in acquiring the island in 1878 was to combat Russian influence in the Mediterranean and to protect its route to India; in the words of the renowned historian A.J.P. Taylor, Cyprus was obtained as a “place d’armes, and to watch over an unstable Anatolia.” Unlike the Ottoman conquest in 1571, the British takeover was in essence a smooth and backstage operation, angering in particular France, which itself had designs on Cyprus. Britain, but in particular its Prime Minister, Benjamin Disraeli, was concerned about the Russian victory over the Ottomans in 1877, which increased Russian influence in the Eastern Mediterranean, especially by creating a large independent and pro-Russian Bulgaria. Thus, at the Congress of Berlin the following year, where the British tried to weaken Russian influence, they signed a secret agreement with the Ottomans, whereby they would rent Cyprus from the Ottomans, in return for protecting the latter against Russia. Rather than pay the Ottomans, however, Britain simply wrote off part of the crumbling Ottoman Empire’s debts. When the British commander, Wolsey, arrived on 22 July 1878 to take possession of the island, the Bishop of Kition referred in his speech of welcome to how the British had ceded the Ionian islands to Greece (some fourteen years before), thus putting down a marker for union with Greece. The British administration granted the local population a greater degree of autonomy than previously enjoyed, in the form of a legislative council consisting of Christian Orthodox, British officials and Moslems. The Moslems and British officials balanced the Christian Orthodox, with the casting vote going to the British High Commissioner. This was sometimes an irritant for the Christian Orthodox element of the population, since their wishes could be frustrated by a minority of 18 percent of the population, supported by the colonial power. In 1914, following the Ottoman Empire’s entry into the First World War on the side of Germany, Britain annexed Cyprus, and then offered it to Greece, provided that the latter entered the war against Germany. By the time Greece joined in 1917 (following the victory of the Venizelists over the government of the King), the offer had been withdrawn. Under the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne of 1923, the new Republic of Turkey ceded Cyprus to Britain and renounced all claims over territories under its former jurisdiction. In 1925, Britain declared Cyprus a Crown Colony. Cyprus’ fate can be contrasted with that of Crete, which had been placed under the authority of the Powers in 1897, becoming part of Greece following the Balkan Wars. Given the cases of the Ionian islands and Crete, it is hardly surprising that there was a movement for union with Greece, as well as agitation, which came to the fore in 1931, when a Turkish Cypriot joined the Greek Cypriots in voting against British taxation measures. When London ignored the vote, there was rioting, Government House was burnt down and the constitution was revoked, never to return. The Liberation Movement Given the overwhelming majority of those of Greek stock and culture, combined with the power and pressure of the Church of Cyprus, a movement for liberation and union with Greece was as natural as it was inevitable, although the British Colonial Office tried to play down the question. Encouragement had even come from Winston Churchill, who had said in 1907 that it was only rational that the Cypriot people who were of Greek descent should regard their incorporation with what could be called their mother country as an ideal to be earnestly, devoutly and fervently cherished. The case of the Ionian islands and Crete served as constant reminders. In the case of the latter, the Moslem minority was sent to Turkey under an international agreement. The treaty of Lausanne had however put a dampener on ideas of enlarging Greece, and after the riots of 1931, firmer British rule, combined with the Greek Prime Minister, Venizelos’, pro-British policy and friendship treaty with Turkey, drove enosis underground, although during the Second World War, calls for union began again. When the Dodecanese were handed to Greece in 1947, these calls increased in strength, bolstered by the British pull-out from Palestine and impending pull-out from India. Even the Foreign Office in London, more equivocal over Cyprus than the Colonial Office, which was in charge, dismissed the possibility of enosis, at the highest level. One official argued that enosis would strengthen Greece in its civil war, while another claimed that the communists could be in power in Greece by Christmas 1947, and that Cyprus must therefore remain British. This latter current of thinking prevailed (although the communist threat had been exaggerated), but calls for enosis became increasingly loud, and Anglo-Greek relations deteriorated. In 1950, the Church of Cyprus organized a plebiscite among the Greek Christian Orthodox on enosis, with 96 percent voting in favor. The Greek government had been dealing with Britain bilaterally on the issue, but following the British Foreign Minister, Eden’s, refusal to even discuss with Greece Cyprus’ self-determination, matters began to come to a head, and the Greek government took the question to the UN General Assembly. In the meantime, the charismatic bishop of Kition, the future president, became Archbishop Makarios III, and assumed the political leadership of the anti-colonial struggle. Colonel Georghios Grivas, a Greek army officer of Cypriot stock, launched and led a guerrilla campaign through the underground EOKA (National Organization of Cypriot Fighters) on 1 April 1955, to oust the British and achieve enosis. To complicate matters, Britain was in the process of transferring its Middle East electronic eavesdropping operations from Suez to Cyprus. Britain’s response to the liberation campaign was to work secretly with the Turkish Cypriots and Turkish government, helping the latter to refine its propaganda. As the struggle intensified, Britain decided that a useful way of keeping the issue out of the United Nations would be to hold a tripartite conference (Britain, Greece and Turkey) to discuss “political and defense questions, as concerning the Eastern Mediterranean, including Cyprus.” This description was something of a misnomer, since the conference was essentially about Cyprus; but it was a way of again involving Turkey in Cyprus, in defiance of the Treaty of Lausanne. Turkey accepted the invitation to the conference with alacrity, while Greece understandably dithered, accepting only on 5 July, three days after Turkey’s acceptance, apparently believing that Turkey would only be invited as an observer. The backstage reality was very different to what was presented. First, Britain’s motive was to divide the Greeks and Turks, and second, to thereby ensure the conference’s failure, thus leaving power in Britain’s hands. Aftermath The conference broke down quickly, as the British government expected, and some well-coordinated anti-Greek rioting broke out in Turkey, preceded by a mysterious bomb explosion at the Turkish consulate in Thessaloniki. Neither police nor troops made any effort to protect property and restrain looters. This marked the end of the cool but nevertheless reasonably correct Greek-Turkish relations that had existed since 1930, and the beginning of the exodus of both Greek nationals from Turkey and of Turkish citizens of Greek stock in Istanbul and the islands of Imbros and Tenedos, which was to gather pace dramatically nine years later, as will be seen below. As the anti-colonial struggle to free Cyprus continued, Britain was working secretly with the Turkish authorities, encouraging them to demand partition. Turkey created the paramilitary Turkish Defense Organization (TMT) in the late 1950s to control the Turkish Cypriot community and their leadership, and to promote its partitionist policy on the island. The TMT stirred agitation against Greek Cypriots during the anti-colonial struggle and after independence. It was also responsible for the assassination of moderate Turkish Cypriots who opposed their partitionist designs. The British discussed various proposals with Archbishop Makarios, one of the most well-known being the “Macmillan Plan.” This would have entailed division of the island between Greek and Turkish Cypriots for seven years, followed by the joint sovereignty of Britain, Greece and Turkey. Only Turkey accepted the plan, which enabled Britain to continue the pressure: on 9 March 1956, Britain deported Archbishop Makarios and three close associates to the Seychelles. It was only American pressure that occasioned his release just over a year later, but he was not allowed to return to Cyprus. The United States, worried about the tension between NATO allies Greece and Turkey, increased its pressure on Britain, Greece and Turkey to find a way out of the impasse. Greek and Turkish Prime Ministers Constantinos Karamanlis and Adnan Menderes met in Zurich in February 1959. INDEPENDENCE: THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS (1960) They agreed on a draft plan for the independence of Cyprus under a Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot president and vice-president respectively. On 19 February, in London, the Greek, Turkish and British governments met to finalize arrangements. These agreements that ended British rule included a constitution and three treaties: the Treaty of Guarantee, the Treaty of Alliance, and the Treaty of Establishment. This time, Archbishop Makarios was allowed to attend, subsequently working hard at whittling down the territories demanded by Britain, from 160 to 99 square miles, almost three percent of the island, which Britain has kept to this day. By the end of the negotiations, Britain also kept various ‘retained sites,’ overflying rights and various rights of passage. The somewhat unique arrangements tended to detract from the idea of complete sovereignty and independence, in that the three treaties were clearly connected to a continuing British presence, and were considered as a single interconnected package by the British government. The Treaty of Establishment underpinned the constitution of the Republic of Cyprus. Over half the text was devoted to the Sovereign Base Areas (SBAs) and related interests. The rest dealt with financial and nationality questions arising from the end of colonial rule. The Treaty of Alliance set up the framework for cooperation between Greece, Turkey and Cyprus, the training of a Cypriot army and the stationing of 950 and 650 Greek and Turkish soldiers on the island respectively, a ratio of 60:40, which did not represent the island’s Greek and Turkish Cypriot ratio of 82:18. The Treaty of Guarantee forbade union with any country, as well as partition, and made Britain, Greece and Turkey jointly responsible for Cyprus’ independence, sovereignty and security. The final package gave the Turkish Cypriots more influence (for example 30 percent of civil service posts) than their numbers merited. Crucially, the Turkish Cypriots would have powers of veto in foreign affairs, defense, security and taxation. The complexity of the whole postcolonial arrangement reflected a range of outside interests that detracted from the idea of a unitary state based on equal rights. First, there was the Anglo-American interest in maintaining the bases for military purposes (even before the Suez debacle of 1956, Britain had begun to move its Middle East electronic eavesdropping operations to Cyprus); second was the perceived need to keep Cyprus in the NATO sphere (even if it was not a member); third was a concomitant need to combat Soviet influence in the Eastern Mediterranean, just as there had been with Russia since the end of the eighteenth century; and fourth were Greece’s and Turkey’s interests in maintaining their influence. Even though they eventually signed the Zurich and London agreements, the Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities had no serious role in their drafting. In essence, both the agreements and the constitution were imposed on the people of Cyprus, who were never given the opportunity to vote on them. Although on the surface, the whole somewhat convoluted unique legal package was intended to work properly, even the British recognized that the Treaty of Guarantee was contrary to Article 2.4 of the UN Charter and completely overridden by Article 103. It was not to be long before reality set in, and the house of cards collapsed. The 1963–4 Crisis The mixture of national pride, strategic interests and an unwieldy and complicated constitution proved too much for the new republic. Most important, perhaps, in terms of practicalities, the guarantor powers had left a vital job undone on Cyprus’ independence on 16 August 1960: the question of the separate municipalities, in other words the details of the grass roots administration so vital to the smooth running of the everyday life of the two communities. The question was left to post-independence negotiations between the Greek and Turkish Cypriot communal chambers. Agreement proved difficult on this and some other issues, and President Makarios was compelled to propose thirteen amendments to the constitution intended to “remove obstacles to the smooth functioning and development of the state.” This was done with the encouragement of the British High Commissioner in Cyprus, who considered the proposals “a reasonable basis for discussion.” The result was unfortunate. The proposed amendments were immediately rejected, initially by Turkey and subsequently by the Turkish Cypriot leadership, which fell into line with Ankara’s policy to partition the island. The Turkish Cypriot vice-president of Cyprus declared the constitution dead, arguing that the two communities could not work together. “Call it partition if you like,” he said. The atmosphere on the island became tense and volatile, with a series of minor incidents escalating into intercommunal clashes, fuelled by outside interference. The crisis became international. With Turkey threatening to invade, President Makarios put the problem into the hands of the United Nations. To Turkish irritation, it decided on 4 March 1964, through Security Council Resolution 186, to use the UN Secretary-General’s mission of good offices to reach a settlement in accordance with the UN Charter; to place UN peacekeeping forces (UNFICYP) on the island; to appoint a UN mediator; and to reaffirm the sovereignty and continuing existence of the Republic of Cyprus. In the meantime, violence continued, and Turkey’s airforce bombed Greek Cypriot villages and other civilian targets in the summer, using napalm in some cases. Although the British and Americans had initially agreed not to prevent a Turkish invasion, they also feared that a war between Greece and Turkey would seriously damage NATO’s southern flank, to the Soviet Union’s advantage. The Soviet Union threatened to defend Cyprus against an invasion, whereupon the US warned Greece and Turkey not to go to war. The American president himself warned Turkey, in the strongest terms, against invading Cyprus. The UN prevailed. However, the crisis marked the beginning of a de facto division of the island, with Turkish Cypriots, encouraged by Turkey, implementing a policy of systematic self-segregation by setting up enclaves, and unilaterally withdrawing from the government, parliament and all state institutions. These developments also resulted in further radicalization by extremist elements from the two mother countries. In 1960, the estimated population of Cyprus was 574.000, the ratio of the Greek Cypriot to the Turkish Cypriot community being about 82:18. When the crisis began, the latter were living all over the island, with no majority in any administrative district. There were Turkish Cypriot quarters in all the main cities. Of the villages, 392 were exclusively Greek Cypriot, 123 Turkish Cypriot, and 114 of mixed population, all three types of village being situated throughout the island. The cost to Greece of the crisis was the expulsion of most of the 12.000 Greek nationals from Turkey and 60.000 Turkish citizens of Greek stock, from Istanbul, Imbros and Tenedos, a move which Greece chose not to reciprocate vis-à-vis the Turkish-speaking Moslems of Thrace, who thrive to this day. As seen, one result of the crisis was the beginning of UN involvement in Cyprus, which displeased the Turkish government. To this day, UN peacekeeping troops have been stationed on the island. With UN involvement came an attempt at mediation, led by Galo Plaza. However, although his report of March 1965, which advised strongly against partition (he called the idea “a desperate step in the wrong direction”), was viewed as positive by the Greek and Cypriot governments, the Turkish government rejected it. Turkey continued to promote partition and arm the Turkish Cypriots. In the face of these developments, a division of Greek troops was sent to Cyprus to defend against a Turkish invasion. The 1967 Crisis With the military takeover in Greece in 1967, tensions in Cyprus, fuelled by the nationalist elements in both mother countries, came to head, with Grivas’ return to Cyprus (he had agreed to leave in 1960, returned in 1964 to lead the National Guard, left in 1967 and returned secretly in 1970). He had the support of ultra-nationalist sections of the junta in Greece. President Makarios did his best to remain above the fray, having rejected the 1964 US-proposed Acheson plan, which could have led to permanent division and double enosis. Because of his balance-of-power politics and his high profile in the non-aligned movement in the UN, he was considered—unjustifiably—to be pro-Soviet, particularly by the Americans and by parts of the Athens junta. Fighting, initially provoked by the Turkish Cypriots, according to the UN, broke out in November, and the threat of war between Greece and Turkey again loomed, with Turkey threatening to invade Cyprus. Following intense international pressure, Grivas and the Greek division had to withdraw. In the meantime, the government of Cyprus adopted a series of measures to normalize the situation on the island. They included economic incentives to Turkish Cypriots (who had been forced by their leadership to move to Turkish enclaves) to return to their homes and properties. These steps resulted in the reduction of tensions and the gradual elimination of intercommunal violence. Intercommunal Negotiations (1968–1974) The crisis did at least refocus international attention on Cyprus, and now President Makarios re-oriented his policy openly and firmly towards “unfettered independence” for Cyprus, thereby putting enosis on the back-burner. He argued in January 1968 that “A solution by necessity must be sought within the limits of what is feasible, which does not always coincide with the limits of what is desirable.” This irritated, in particular, powerful nationalist forces in the Greek junta, as well as followers of Grivas, who advocated union with Greece. Archbishop Makarios was overwhelmingly re-elected president in 1968, with more than 95 percent of the vote, thus winning a strong endorsement for his policy. His efforts to resolve the problem with emphasis on unfettered independence not only irritated the Athens junta, but also worried those in the US and Britain who were still hoping for a double-enosis solution of an ‘Acheson Plan’ type, and who saw a truly independent Cyprus as helpful to Soviet aims in the Mediterranean, even if this view was mistaken. Nevertheless, on the initiative of the Cyprus government, UN-sponsored intercommunal talks began in 1968, to resolve constitutional issues. Often stalling on the inability to agree on questions of local government, the talks continued in stages into 1974. In spite of hurdles along the way, the talks were making progress, when the process was interrupted by the tragic developments in the summer of 1974. The Turkish Invasion (1974) With the junta hardliners taking power in Greece in November 1973, relations between President Makarios and the junta reached a nadir. Grivas, who had returned to Cyprus with the blessing of the junta to lead an underground movement in Cyprus against the policies of Makarios, died in early 1974, which gave even more power to the elements of the junta seeking to depose the Archbishop. A combination of short- sightedness and fanaticism led to the junta coup against Makarios in July 1974. Britain refused to honor its obligations under the Treaty of Guarantee, thus giving Turkey a pretext to invade Cyprus. President Makarios survived the coup and was whisked to safety in Malta by the British, who then delayed him for the night, so that he was unable to attend the UN Security Council deliberations in New York and secure a stronger UN resolution calling on constitutional order to be reestablished. Turkish armed forces invaded Cyprus on 20 July. On the same day, the UN Security Council demanded an end to foreign military intervention in Cyprus. On 23 July, following a ceasefire, the Athens junta and the putschists in Cyprus fell from office, and the President (Speaker) of the House of Representatives, Glafcos Clerides, took over as acting president, thereby restoring constitutional order in the Republic. While Turkey continued to consolidate its position, and advance, despite a truce, frenetic negotiations between Britain, Greece and Turkey began in Geneva. By this time, the British government, after showing initial indignation, was following American policy, now essentially in the hands of the Secretary of State and head of the National Security Council, Henry Kissinger. Although the Clerides administration had now restored legality following the coup, and although the pretext for the Turkish invasion was now otiose, Turkey then took over almost 37 percent of Cyprus, with a second, and massive, military attack in mid-August. It was a brutal affair: 180.000 Greek Cypriots were expelled from their homes and displaced to the southern part of the island. Another 20.000, who tried to stay, were also forced to leave eventually: today, only a handful of mainly elderly Greek Cypriots remains, under oppressive conditions, in the Karpas peninsula. In 1983, Turkey instigated a “unilateral declaration of independence” in occupied Cyprus, adding attempted secession to its other acts of aggression. The world condemned this step, with the UN Security Council declaring it “legally invalid.” Regrettably, the Turkish occupation continues to this day, despite a number of UN resolutions calling for the withdrawal of foreign troops and settlers. Aftermath The invasion—and particularly the secret diplomatic exchanges which led to it—are still a murky affair, and the American government has been accused of at least having condoned the coup in Cyprus and the Turkish invasion and occupation. It is telling that Kissinger wrote later that the Cyprus problem was solved in 1974, echoing the words of the Turkish premier, Bulent Ecevit, who had ordered the invasion. It is also revealing that the American government acquiesced to the occupation of more than a third of Cyprus by Turkey. The British Secretary of State, James Callaghan, had been warned about the Turkish plans to invade and, following the Turkish landing, expressed concern about Turkish plans to consolidate, and take over one third of Cyprus. However, when questioned later by the Parliamentary Select Committee on Cyprus, he chose to deny any foreknowledge. As a result of the invasion and occupation, Britain wished to relinquish the SBAs, having recognized ten years earlier that they would be regarded as increasingly anachronistic by world public opinion. Following the invasion, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) considered the SBAs to be an embarrassment, and probed with the United States the idea of giving them up, only to be told that they must remain British. Kissinger, in particular, applied pressure on the British government, referring to Cyprus as an important piece of the world chessboard, and underlining his view that Cyprus was important in the Arab/Israel dispute. This was hardly surprising, since as long ago as 1957, he had written that Cyprus should be a staging area for the Middle East. In private, the FCO considered the whole treaty package to be somewhat precarious legally, even admitting that Britain was in a position of power without responsibility. Thus, the aftermath of the invasion underlined the precariousness of the whole divisive 1960 package. Now, however, with Turkish troops occupying over one third of the island, and with Cyprus’ geographic position still considered important to American Middle Eastern strategy, the only course was to emphasize the intercommunal negotiations, as President Makarios did, even agreeing in early 1977 with the Turkish Cypriot leader, Rauf Denktash, on a set of guidelines based on an independent, non-aligned and bicommunal federal republic. But in summer 1977, he died. Turkey had in the meantime been consolidating its position by encouraging the emigration to Cyprus of thousands of illegal settlers, and by holding up progress on a solution. The story of the negotiations has filled several books, but the common theme that has emerged from released diplomatic documents is that Turkey has consolidated its hold on the northern part of Cyprus to an extent that now makes them more than ever reluctant to yield anything near the minimum acceptable to the Greek side as a basis for a settlement. If one adds to this the Turkish government’s playing off its claims on some of Greece’s islets and continental shelf with its position on Cyprus, and connects this to the strategic interests of major powers, then it is not difficult to see why negotiations have been fraught with difficulty. There are now an estimated 160.000 illegal settlers in occupied Cyprus, already outnumbering the original Turkish Cypriot population, which has shrunk to about half of its original 116.000, due to emigration, creating incipient intra-Turkish tensions. If one adds the 43.000 occupation troops, it is clear that a massive demographic imbalance has been artificially imposed on the island. Apart from the continuing occupation, there are still some 1.400 missing Greek Cypriots, while there has been a good deal of cultural and environmental damage, particularly of archaeological sites, churches and monasteries. Precious religious artifacts and archaeological treasures from occupied Cyprus have found their way into foreign auction rooms and museums, some being returned following vigorous legal action. The ethnic cleansing, the changing of place-names, the systematic colonization, and the destruction of the Christian and Hellenic cultural and religious heritage, have been part of a deliberate process to “turkify” the occupied areas of Cyprus. Some displaced Cypriots have also won cases against Turkey for deprivation of their properties, most of which are now inhabited by illegal settlers. The most well-known is the Loizidou case, although Turkey has still not allowed her to take over her property. Despite these problems, in 2004, a solution seemed to some to be in the offing, in the shape of the so-called Annan Plan. EU Accession (2004) The background to this proposed solution has its immediate origins in Cyprus’ brave application for EEC membership, in the face of threats by the Turkish government. Formal accession negotiations began in 1998. The following year, again in the face of Turkish threats, the European Council underlined that a solution to the Cyprus problem was not a precondition for Cyprus’ accession to the EU. This development stimulated international efforts for a settlement, with some powers realizing that Cypriot accession could embarrass Turkey, itself an EU applicant, which on Cypriot accession on 1 May 2004, would be occupying an EU member state. British and American pressure for a solution, both front- and backstage, proceeded at a manic pace, culminating in the “Annan Plan”, named after the then UN Secretary General. Since Cyprus has always been part of the European family of nations, accession to the EU was a natural choice for Cyprus, dictated by its history, culture, civilization, traditions and European outlook. The European Commission understood the complexity of the situation. It therefore stipulated that the application of the acquis communautaire in occupied Cyprus would be suspended until that area was reunited with the rest of the Republic, even though the entire Republic of Cyprus would be a member of the EU. The talks began in November 2002, between the leaders of the two communities, and following various meetings between the Cypriot, Greek, Turkish and British governments (with the United States in an unofficial capacity) under UN auspices, a complex package was put to a referendum. 76 percent of voters in free Cyprus rejected the plan, against 35 percent in occupied Cyprus. The plan was overwhelmingly defeated and rendered null and void, by its own relevant stipulations. The plan contained provisions of the very 1960 which were considered by many to be a major contributory factor in the breakdown of 1963. It included the somewhat arbitrary stipulation that Britain, Greece and Cyprus would support Turkey’s EU application, an unacceptable infringement of sovereignty. Crucially, it also meant abolishing the original Republic of Cyprus, and the recreation of a new one, with no watertight guarantee for a complete withdrawal of occupation troops and illegal settlers or for the rights of Cypriots to settle when and where they wished. In addition, it did not provide for a properly functional government, free from the ethnic divisions of the past that had been imposed on the island. In short, the plan was not only about the Cypriots, but about external interests. Significantly, many of the proposals were so much against the spirit of European Union law, as to weaken the very founding principles of the European project, particularly those concerning the right to move and settle freely. The complex package of derogations from EU law served to undermine the raison d’etre of the EU itself, particularly by appearing to condone the aggressive objectives of a power illegally occupying another country. Present and Future The future lies clearly with the European Union. In January 2008, the Euro was introduced to Cyprus, thus underlining Cyprus’ economic strength and resilience, based on a flourishing services sector (banking, trade, and tourism account for around three quarters of GDP). This is all a far cry from the Cyprus of the early sixties, when the economy relied strongly on agricultural and mineral exports. Significantly, and good for Cyprus’ long term economic prospects, is the fact that the island spends more than the EU average on education per capita. Given the loss of many of the most productive areas of Cyprus to the invasion and occupation forces, and the internal displacement of 200.000 Greek Cypriots from occupied to government controlled Cyprus, Cyprus’ economy is little short of a miracle. Currently, there is hope that a solution can be found. The government of Cyprus has taken a major initiative to reinvigorate the peace process: direct negotiations with the Turkish Cypriot community were begun in September 2008, despite various obstacles and unhelpful public pronouncements by some Turkish officials, aiming to undermine the process. As the talks continue, there are hopes that outside powers will join the Cypriot people in the tough task of restoring the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and unity of their country, and that negative external interference will become a thing of the past. Cypriots are looking to Europe to stick up for its post-war traditions, and support its fellow-member in the quest for a lasting solution. To conclude Ideally, were Cyprus reunited, European law would guarantee equal rights for everybody, with no need for agreements emphasizing separateness. There would be no need to resuscitate anachronistic and complicated arrangements with their panoply of divisive and discriminatory details that have been shown to be unrealistic, and led to so many problems in the past. As the present intercommunal negotiations continue, it is clear that Cyprus’ future lies in equal European rights for all Cypriots, rather than in the interests of outside powers, interests which have been proven to be detrimental. Cyprus has endured a great deal in recent years, but has survived in the face of adversity, becoming a valued member of the European Union. It is being transformed into a key European strongpoint in the eastern Mediterranean, serving as a bridge of peace between the EU and the Middle East, as during the crisis in the Lebanon in the summer of 2006. Since independence, and in spite of the devastation brought about by Turkey’s continuing aggression, the Republic of Cyprus can point to significant achievements in many fields. Today, Cyprus is a modern European democracy, actively seeking to end the forcible division of the island and its people imposed on it by Turkey since 1974. Currently, the government is doing its utmost to reunify the country, and to restore the rights and freedoms of all Cypriots, based on EU law and UN resolutions, throughout the island. In the meantime, the Cypriots remain as stoic as their antecedent, Zeno of Kition. CYPRUS	i don't know
For which county side does record-breaking batsman Ben Stokes play?	Ben Stokes \| England Cricket \| Cricket Players and Officials \| ESPN Cricinfo Test # 2225 Profile Ben Stokes' potentially life-changing experience on England's Ashes otherwise disastrous 2013/14 tour of Australia did not just fill English cricket with hope for a new era, it was a test for even the most stable personality. England were walloped 5-0 in the Tests, lost 4-1 in the one-day series and were whitewashed again in T20, and when the agony was all over, only Stokes returned to England hailed as a star of the future. Stokes was that rare thing in English cricket: a true allrounder, and what is more a pugnacious as well as talented one, naturally combative, not cowed by confrontation. The maiden Test hundred he produced in Perth from No 6 as England, 2-0 down in the series, resorted to a five-strong attack was a doughty response out of keeping with England's general demeanour throughout the tour. Stokes, the player most under pressure, delivered emphatically, but few others did. It was no wonder that the media and the public took him to their hearts. But he remained a work in progress, albeit an impressive one. A dismal 2014 summer insisted as much. An England run of 43 runs in 12 innings in all formats, with six ducks, at an average of 3.60, revealed a batsman bereft of form. All that followed his recovery from a badly broken wrist suffered during an ill-advised attempt to use a dressing locker as a punchbag in the Caribbean. That anger at his dismissal ruled him out of World Twenty20 in Bangladesh. When he swept Durham to the Royal London One-Day Cup final with a vigorous 164 against Nottinghamshire at Chester-le-Street, and then followed up with an important innings at Lord's to see off Warwickshire, it was as if a weight had lifted. Stokes, from the moment he made his Durham debut, felt very much a product of the north east of England. He was actually born in Christchurch, New Zealand and came from a rich sporting pedigree with his father, Ged, playing international Rugby League for that country. His prodigious talent was clear from an early age: he was just 18 when he signed a two-year contract with Durham in December 2009. A true allrounder, he had been quietly developing in the Durham Academy for some time and had already made his one-day debut for Durham that summer, snaring Mark Ramprakash, a quiet destroyer of county attacks from the day he was born, with his third legal delivery in senior cricket. From there he enjoyed a productive time at the Under-19 World Cup, scoring a century against India, before registering a maiden fifty on his first-class debut for Durham in the pink-ball season opener against MCC. Stokes clearly enjoyed his first full season of Championship cricket, notching up 740 runs at 46.25, but it was in 2011 that he really began to blossom. In April he took 6 for 68 and scored a brilliant hundred that included five sixes in an over against Hampshire, and just over a month later registered his maiden limited-overs ton, cracking 150 not out against Warwickshire in the Clydesdale Bank 40. A broken finger hindered his bowling, but he played for England Lions and made his ODI debut against Ireland in Dublin, going on to play four times against India, albeit with limited impact. Stokes performed better than many with the bat in a damp 2012 season, making 827 runs at 29.53, and coupled with his 37 wickets at 21.47 it was an excellent return. He was called up to the England Lions squad for the tour of Australia in early 2013 but ended up being sent home with three matches remaining after two breaches of discipline. It was a watershed moment. He was rapidly rehabilitated, however, playing a key role in Durham's Championship-winning season and being recalled to England's limited-overs teams. Playing as a third seamer in the one-dayers against Australia, and batting strikingly low at No 8, he took a maiden five-wicket haul and won selection for the 2013-14 Ashes tour that suddenly thrust him to the forefront of many people's attention ESPNcricinfo	Durham
Which rugby union side play home games at Kingsholm?	Ben Stokes’ return prompts England order debate for first Test \| Mike Selvey \| Sport \| The Guardian Ben Stokes’ return prompts England order debate for first Test Mike Selvey Recall of the Durham star was only a matter of time – but where should the all-rounder bat against India at Trent Bridge? Ben Stokes was England's best batsman during the four Tests he played in Australia last winter. Photograph: Saeed Khan/AFP/Getty Images Wednesday 2 July 2014 12.18 EDT Last modified on Monday 4 April 2016 11.08 EDT Share on Messenger Close It was widely anticipated that the England selectors would not make changes to their squad for the first Test against India and so it has proved. There is an addition, taking the number from 12 to 13, with Ben Stokes returning , having missed the Sri Lanka series in the aftermath of his damaging altercation with a Kensington Oval dressing-room locker during England’s limited-overs tour to the Caribbean in the spring. So things are as they were with the order of the day for the senior players to follow the example of their juniors during the opening Tests of the summer. The recall of Stokes was only a matter of time. Having broken his wrist in Barbados, expressing his anger at a first-ball dismissal, he did not return to the Durham county side until their championship match against Nottinghamshire towards the end of May, too late, in the estimation of the selectors, and probably the England management, to get the necessary number of overs to justify his place as an all-rounder. That situation seems to have been rectified to their satisfaction, and it would be a surprise if he were not to take his place in the XI for Trent Bridge, most probably in place of Chris Jordan rather than Liam Plunkett, who managed nine wickets in the second Test at Headingley and pretty much did the job he was asked to do. The debate is likely to centre on exactly where Stokes should bat. There is certainly a school of thought that suggests his bowling ought to be treated as a bonus rather than an essential, and that in reality he was demonstrably England’s best batsman during the four Tests he played in Australia, never better demonstrated than with his brilliant century in Perth. As such there is surprise in some quarters that he was not considered as a frontline batsman even when his bowling fitness was not up to the required level. Now, though, the middle-order batsmen have all functioned well as individuals, with centuries against Sri Lanka from Joe Root, Gary Ballance and an outstanding one from Moeen Ali, as well as another from the opener Sam Robson. Ian Bell has yet to convert his starts into a big score but he is batting with great style and confidence. It looks as if Stokes, should he play, will be pencilled in at either seven, after Moeen, or eight, following Matt Prior. An observation is that Prior has found the return to Tests, following a total loss of form and confidence in Australia and subsequent injury to his achilles tendon, more difficult than he might have imagined. He did make runs at Lord’s, and kept well there, but his performance at Headingley, with gloves in particular, was lacklustre: it all looked a struggle. It may well be that he moves down the order to accommodate Stokes. In theory, anyway, it would make for a formidably long batting lineup with each of the top nine having Test hundreds to their name. Should Stokes return to the side, it would be unfortunate either for Jordan or Plunkett. Jordan has acquitted himself well in his two matches, bowling with pace (if a little scattergun at times), batting with style and confidence and is the most reliable all-round catcher of the ball in the side (although at Headingley he did miss one relatively easy and important chance at slip). There will certainly be an issue as to who fills his spot at second slip, the position he inherited from Graeme Swann: probably Ballance would move up one place. Plunkett is likely to retain his place, not only on account of his wickets at Headingley but the manner in which he was able to take them. He is the bowler most suited to trying to rattle a few ribcages, with Jimmy Anderson and Stuart Broad most productive when they exploit a fuller length (something particularly relevant to Trent Bridge where Anderson in particular has an outstanding record) and Stokes brisk enough but more of a skiddy bowler. Plunkett does give Alastair Cook a different attacking weapon. Only if the conditions look as if the ball could swing can a case be made for Woakes. He is a considerably improved cricketer, with more pace now, but with no contingent loss of sideways movement. If the attack is to be from a full length there would be more value to get out of Woakes than Plunkett. It would also take some of the pressure from Anderson and Broad and allow Cook to let them bowl in the shorter spells they will need if they are going to stand any chance of surviving the series.	i don't know
Who is killed by Kylo Ren in a recently released movie?	Who is Kylo Ren? Meet Star Wars’ Villain Played by Adam Driver \| Adam Driver, Star Wars, Star Wars: The Force Awakens : Just Jared Han Solo dies. And it’s a remake of the first Star Wars movie from 1977!! It’s also very, very bad!! Stay away from it!! You have been warned!! 8( Katie Coughlin ❝my neighbor’s aunty is making $98 HOURLY on the internet❞….A few days ago new McLaren F1 subsequent after earning 18,512$,,,this was my previous month’s paycheck ,and-a little over, $17k Last month ..3-5 h/r of work a day ..with extra open doors & weekly paychecks.. it’s realy the easiest work I have ever Do.. I Joined This 7 months ago and now making over $87, p/h..Learn More right Here…. vs…. ➤➤➤ http://Global SuperEmploymentVacanciesReportOnline/GetPaid/$98hourly… ❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦ Big Joey Kylo Rhen kills her father Han Solo at the climax of the movie. The movie is a very bad cheap remake of the original Star Wars movie from 1977, almost scene for scene. Stupid and unwanted!! Riste-ano Conaldo I hear this guy is hot stuff in Hollywood (I haven’t seen any of his movies). But I didn’t see much of it on Star Wars. Too little in fact, I think his character was a bit bland and should have had more hate, should have been more cynical and a lot more expressive, even his dialogues weren’t that good (there was no “you underestimate the power of the dark side” line when he confronted Solo, no madness in his eyes – even though he is probably the weakest Sith of the entire Star Wars saga). His character and Finn were probably the weakest ones in the movie. I hope Abrahms turns him into the best character of episode VIII – but with more doubt, more weaknesses, hopefully a path of his own destruction with the dark side consuming him. CherDionne95 I saw the movie last night….when Kylo Ren took off his mask/head gear and revealed himself to be the actor Adam Driver…I said “EEwwww” out loud in the movie theater and people laughed. He’s so ugly and the movie is really a waste of film. The original movie is so much better. This is a cheap knock off. Listen to the people….don’t listen to critics. Plus, the black actor has a tendency to over act….so annoying. Deana HAHA. Look at these pathetic 30+ year old dweebs dissecting and picking at the movie, as if any of you were qualified to give any sort of real critique. Bunch of LOSERS. It’s getting good reviews and became the top grossing film in history. The movie was fantastic and calling it a “remake” of A New Hope shows how you completely ignored the theme and premise of the movie, it’s fucking STAR WARS. Of course it going to have similarities to the previous films! Also, you dumbasses are the ones who said the prequel were shit (which they are except for Ep III) and now say they are better than TFA. Shut the fuck up, you’re all seriously sad little people. Get another fucking hobbie and stop obsessing like losers. Deana You know what’s annoying, how incredibly pathetic and superficial you are. “He’s so ugly and the movie is really a waste of film.” LMAO, you mad or nah? It doesn’t really matter because it’s getting great reviews from the REAL fans and PROFESSIONAL film reviews. You’re opinion is meaningless and they got the last laugh because the got your money, helping it to the become the top-grossing film in history. fifiwereking han and leia would never have a kid this ugly… fifiwereking how about a fcking spoiler alert…. Susan herondale	Han Solo
Who plays the title role in the film The Lady In The Van?	Star Wars: The Force Awakens Kylo Ren Backstory Unveiled Star Wars: The Force Awakens Kylo Ren Backstory Unveiled 110 Shares B. Alan Orange \| 11 months ago (Warning! This story contains mild SPOILERS and one big nasty rumor. Tread with caution!) Earlier today, we showed you new photos and the latest EW cover featuring Star Wars: The Force Awakens villain Kylo Ren , played by Adam Driver . Part of EW 's Fall Movie Preview, this issue also has a full article dedicated to the bad guy, who, as it turns out, is not exactly a Sith Lord. Instead, he belongs to The Knights of Ren. Kylo Ren was officially revealed in the first Star Wars: The Force Awakens teaser trailer that debuted last December, exactly one year before the movie is set to hit theaters this year. He was introduced to audiences with his back to the camera. His most distinguishing feature was a red sparking lightsaber with a unique crossguard at the hilt. It sent fans into a tizzy. Some loved it, some hated it, while others spent hours speculating who this ominous dark figure walking through the snow really was. It wasn't until this past June that director J.J. Abrams finally revealed what many suspected. It was Adam Driver behind this stalking creature. His face and mask was fully unveiled in a Vanity Fair cover story earlier in the year. Kylo Ren is part of the New Order, a remnant of the Empire that arose in the aftermath of the Death Star's destruction in Star Wars: Episode VI - Return of the Jedi . In one of the new photos released, he is seen flanked by the New Order Stormtroopers. He is striding through the smoldering remains of a once peaceful village, and if you look closely, you will notice a burning funeral pyre in the back ground. Some are speculating Kylo Ren has just cremated the body of Han Solo after beheading him. Past rumors point to Han and Princess Leia being Kylo Ren's father and mother. None of that has been confirmed by anyone associated with the movie. EW does say that this scene takes place on the desert planet of Jakku. And they hint that we already know (and possible love) his parents. What is Kylo Ren's mission in Star Wars: The Force Awakens ? We may not know the full breadth of that until the film opens this Christmas. He is obsessed with Darth Vader . And he is influenced by the Dark Lord of the Sith, who perished long before Kylo's birth. J.J. Abrams explains that fans will learn where Ren's appearance originates. He stated the following. "The movie explains the origins of the mask and where it's from, but the design was meant to be a nod to the Vader mask. [Ren] is well aware of what's come before, and that's very much a part of the story of the film. The lightsaber is something that he built himself, and is as dangerous and as fierce and as ragged as the character." As many know, Darth is not a first name but a rank and title of the Sith. The same is said for Ren, which is not a traditional surname, but something similar to the ranking of the Sith Lords. J.J. Abrams reveals a big new piece of lore will be introduced into Star Wars: The Force Awakens , and they are called the Knights of Ren. But we may have to wait until the film comes out to learn much more than that. "He is a character who came to the name Kylo Ren when he joined a group&#160called the Knights of Ren. He is not your prototypical mustache-twirling bad guy. He is a little bit more complex than that, and it was a great joy to work with Adam Driver on this role, because he threw himself into it in a deep and remarkable way." So, who are the Knights of Ren? And why haven't we heard of them until now? That will all be revealed in the coming months, with the first Star Wars toys hitting store shelves this September possibly offering even more clues. Kylo Ren's backstory will echo Luke Skywalker's own past. Some speculate that he is an 'inverse' version of Luke and his well-established mythos. He is thought to be a villain who comes out of nowhere, with no preexisting history that the heroes know of, yet he still manages to cause tremendous damage to the Rebellion, now known as the Resistance, in much the same way Luke helped destroy the first Death Star. J.J. Abrams goes on to tease the character and his dark past. "As you see in the best of storytelling, and no doubt the best of Star Wars, these are tales in which an every person has to step up. And I think that what makes Ren so unique is that he isn't as fully formed as when we meet a character such as Darth Vader,. And I think that there are two sides to the Force. Both sides, arguably, would see themselves as the hero of their story, and I think that applies here."	i don't know
What unofficial title was given to George Hudson MP in 1844?	George Hudson : definition of George Hudson and synonyms of George Hudson (English) 8 External links Career After a cursory education, at age 15, he was apprenticed to Bell and Nicholson, a firm of drapers in College Street, York. He finished his time in 1820, was taken on as a tradesman, and given a share in the business. The following year he married Nicholson's daughter. When Bell retired, the firm became Nicholson and Hudson. [1] By 1827 the company was the largest drapery, indeed the largest business, in York. [2] In 1827, his great-uncle Matthew Botrill fell ill and Hudson attended at his bedside. In thanks for this, the old man made a will leaving him his fortune of £30,000 [2] From being a Methodist and a Dissenter , Hudson changed his allegiance to become a High Church Tory . In 1833 it became possible for joint stock country banks to conduct their business in the City of London and he took a leading part in the establishment of the York Union Banking Company with its agent in the city being George Carr Glyn . Railways At about this time the group considered the idea of a railway line to Leeds with Hudson as Treasurer. Hudson subsequently subscribed for 500 shares and was the largest shareholder. They retained John Rennie to survey the line and Hudson accompanied him, learning the practicalities of railway construction and of dealing with landowners. [2] In spite of the success of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway on the other side of the Pennines, Rennie produced plans for a horse-drawn line, and matters fell into abeyance. In 1835 Hudson was elected to the newly reformed York city council (becoming lord mayor in 1837). [1] In the same year he met George Stephenson by chance in Whitby and they became friends and business associates. He learnt of Stephenson's dream of a railway from London, using a junction of the London and Birmingham Railway at Rugby , through Derby and Leeds to Newcastle – but bypassing York! In fact, since 1833, plans had been advanced for three lines – the Midland Counties Railway from Rugby to Derby, the Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway from Henley in Arden just outside Birmingham to Derby, and the North Midland Railway from there to Leeds. In 1835 he formed a committee to promote a line to be known as the York and North Midland Railway , [2] This would join the North Midland at Normanton a few miles east of Leeds and received its Act of Parliament in 1837. [1] At this time, of course, each railway was a separate company with its own infrastructure, rolling stock, even stations [3] This meant that, at each stage of the journey it was necessary to change trains and buy a new ticket. With his powerful influence and financial interest in so many railways, it was Hudson who played a great part in setting up the Railway Clearing House in 1842. [2] He also invested in North Midland shares but, with the expense of constructing the line and an economic depression, by 1842 the dividend was a mere 1% and the Lancashire and Yorkshire shareholders took over the board from the Derby members with George Hudson becoming Chairman. The two other lines which connected to London, the MCR and the B&DJR, were also in trouble from having fought a long " war of attrition. " Hudson's intervention led to the three amalgamating in 1844 to become the Midland Railway . Turning his attention to the proliferation of railways, he initiated the Newcastle and Darlington line in 1841. With George Stephenson he planned and carried out the extension of the Y&NMR to Newcastle, and by 1844 had control of over a thousand miles of railway. The mania for railway speculation was at its height, and no man was more courted than the "railway king", a name conferred upon him by Sydney Smith . Member of Parliament Despite his personal wealth, he was presented with a tribute of £20,000. Deputy-lieutenant for Durham , and thrice lord mayor of York, he was elected the Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Sunderland at a by-election in August 1845, [4] holding the seat until his defeat at the 1859 general election . [5] Fraud and ruin Full of rewards and honours, he was suddenly ruined by the disclosure of fraud in the Eastern Railway, along with the discovery of his bribery of MPs . Sunderland clung to her generous representative till 1859, but, on the bursting of the financial and political bubble, he had lost influence and fortune. His later life was chiefly spent on the continent. Some friends gave him a small annuity a short time before his death, which took place in London . His name has been used to point the moral of vaulting ambition and unstable fortune, Thomas Carlyle calling him the "big swollen gambler" in one of the Latter-Day Pamphlets . Family life He married Elizabeth Nicholson in 1821. Their four surviving children were: George, who was called to the bar and became an inspector of factories; John, who entered the army and was killed in the Indian Mutiny ; William, who became a doctor; and Anne, who married a Polish count, Michał Hieronim Leszczyc-Sumiński [1] Baldersby Park In 1845 he bought from Lord de Grey Colen Campbell 's already much-remodelled Newby Park in the North Riding of Yorkshire, between the small towns of Ripon and Thirsk, which is often referred to as the first Palladian villa in England. [6] He rebuilt it as Baldersby Park, providing it with a northern front in a Jacobethan style, retaining its Georgian south front. The mansion, its interior reconstructed after a fire in 1902, [7] is now home to Queen Mary's School , a girls' independent school. Memorials Hudson House, on the site of the former York and North Midland Railway terminus in York , is named after him, as is George Hudson Street in the City of York running parallel to North Street. See also Railway Mania References ^ a b c d Michael Reed, Hudson, George (the Railway King] (1800–1871), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 [1] , accessed 19 Oct 2009] ^ a b c d e Vaughan, A., (1997) Railwaymen, Politics and Money, London: John Murray ^ Derby was one of the first to be built for more than one railway company but, even there, the one long platform was divided into three sectioins. ^ Craig, F. W. S. (1989) [1977]. British parliamentary election results 1832–1885 (2nd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. p. 295. ISBN 0-900178-26-4 . ^ Craig, op. cit, page 296 ^ " Newby (later Baldersby) Park, 'the first Palladian villa in England", e.g. Richard Wilson and Alan Mackley, Creating paradise: the building of the English country house, (2000:243). ^ Howard Colvin , A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600–1840, 3rd ed. 1995, s.v.Belwood, William". Further reading A.J. Peacock and David Joy, George Hudson of York, Dalesman, 1971. A. J.Arnold, and S. M. McCartney, George Hudson: The Rise and Fall of the Railway King, London and New York: Hambeldon and London, 2004 Lambert, Richard S. The Railway King 1800–1871, a study of George Hudson and the Business Morals of his Times, George Allen and Unwin, 1964. External links	George Hudson
Which synth pop trio topped the UK singles chart in 2015 with the song ‘King’?	Opposition to Victorian Railways Motion and Means: Mapping Opposition to Railways in Victorian Britain 1.1. Victorian Britain and the Birth of Steam ï¿½You see, Tom, ... the world goes on at a smarter pace now than it did when I was young fellow ... itï¿½s this steam, you see.ï¿½ Mr. Deane to Tom Tulliver in George Eliot, The Mill on the Floss. (p. 27, Newsome) Change is one of the defining characteristics of the Victorian age. Almost every aspect of the older social milieu was turned on its head, while technology and industry became the new ï¿½Brazen Calfs, [sic]ï¿½ (Carlyle, Hudsonï¿½s Statue, p. 1, Vaughon) of a worshipful middle-class that was itself remaking society in its image. Population growth profoundly changed the nature of British society, and the mechanization of industry created a demand for larger labor force.ï¿½ Factories and railways absorbed the bulk of this labor force, while many skilled workers, and particularly handloom weavers, were out of a job.ï¿½ Figure 1: Able-bodied poor breaking stones for roads in Bethnal Green, Illustrated London News, 15 February 1868. (Perkins) The very standards of time and size were called into question. British society hurdled headlong through the corridors of industrial change: people were astounded by the pervasive nature of that change, which seemed without precedence in history. As W. Cooke Taylor wrote in his 1842 Notes of a Tour in the Manufacturing District of Lancashire: ï¿½The steam-engine had no precedent, the spinning-jenny is without ancestry, the mule and the power-loom entered under prepared heritage: they sprang into sudden existence like Minerva from the brain of Jupiter.ï¿½ (p. 21, Newsome) Even Tennyson penned a paean to change: Not in vain the distance beacons. Forward, forward let us range, Let the great world spin forever down the ringing grooves of change. Through the shadow of the globe we sweep into the younger day; Better fifty years of Europe than a cycle of Cathay. (Tennyson, p. 34, Theï¿½ Triumph of Time) Figure 2: The first train into Grimsby ï¿½ a Romantic view of the coming of the railway. (from Perkins) The very language of the poem recalls the grooved tracks that were spreading across Victorian Britain, reminding people that the times were changing. Railways were a symbol of change and progress. They also seemed to epitomize popular resentments toward a changing world picture: the depersonalization of workers and passengers, the altering of an established social pattern, and of course, their tendency to mow down anything that what happened to get in their way, be it public opposition, family land, natural beauties, national history, or even unwary pedestrians on its tracks. But public outcry did have a direct impact on railway development, and the popular conception of the railway in Victorian society. 1.2. Progress of the railways c. 1837 Leading up to 1835, Britain had experimented with a few rails.ï¿½ These lines were built with the exclusive purpose of conveying commodities.ï¿½ Like the coal-road, the Stockton and Darlington, they ran primarily between industrial centers and areas of natural resources.ï¿½ Rails of this era were powered by stationary engines, horse labor, and sometimes by locomotives. The Railway Fever of 1825-1826 proved the utility of railroads both for conveying passengers and goods.ï¿½ This period brought rails out of the experimental field and into the application of common enterprise.ï¿½ The railway fever was fueled by the anticipated success of rails as a dominant form of transportation for the future.ï¿½ George Stephenson, one of the foremost engineers developing steam engines, ï¿½has been known to confess that his ideas and anticipations of the capabilities of this mode of transit, both as the speed and the effect which it would produce when generally adopted (as he foresaw it must ultimately), were such as he did not even dare to express, for fear of being produced insane. (Schwartz 2) ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ Figure 3: The Railway Office, Liverpool, c. 1830, was the first railway station in Britain. The above sketch is a view of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway drawn by T.T. Bury. (from Perkins) The Liverpool and Manchester line was a direct result of the Railway Fever.ï¿½ It was the first exclusively steam rail built for the dual purpose of carrying passengers and freight (256).ï¿½ The success of this line and the financial success of men like George Hudson encouraged businessmen to speculate on new lines.ï¿½ Jackman, a rail historian explains the mindset of investors in this time, ï¿½Men were induced to believe that they had only to embark in one of these schemes to ensure themselves a life of affluence and easeï¿½ (532).ï¿½ Rail schemes were developed for individual profit with little attention paid to the final outcome of construction.ï¿½ This excitement and financial investment in railways between 1835-1837 has been dubbed the first Railway Mania.ï¿½ Due to the surplus of bills, plans for potential railways, that were put before parliament many were never heard.ï¿½ The Railway Mania absorbed soo much of the domestic capital that between 1838 and 1844 very few lines were sanctioned (Jackman 571).ï¿½ There was a second Railway Mania between 1844 and 1846 that was characterized by another rush of speculation on projected lines.ï¿½ ï¿½The rage for shares continued and increased in intensity in 1845, until it infected all classes from peer to peasant and from private individual to government officialsï¿½ (Jackman 584).ï¿½ Wordsworthï¿½s infamous battle over the London and Northwesternï¿½s Kendal and Windermere line was a product of the second Railway Mania. 2. Differing Views on Railways: A Cultural History 2.1. Proponents of the railways, arguments and ideas ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ Proponents of the Victorian railways came in many different voices; there were investors, engineers and architects.ï¿½ Most of them recognized the opportunities that the new rails had to offer.ï¿½ Shareholders like George Hudson who recognized opportunity, new enterprises and big money to be made. Engineers George Stephenson saw new machines to be built and old records to conquer.ï¿½ There was also a faction, begun by Thomas Grey, that believed that the railways would benefit Victorian society as a whole and raise the basic standard of living in the nation. ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ 2.2. George Godwinï¿½s Appeal to the Public In his Appeal to the Public in 1837, George Godwin, an associate of the institute of British Architects, does an excellent job identifying and expounding upon the advantages of rails.ï¿½ He attempts to gain the support of the middle and upper classes by informing them of the ï¿½intrinsic goodnessï¿½ of railroads and addressing their concerns.ï¿½ Many common people were frightened by the sight and implications of railroads (Simmons 15). One parish clerk, after seeing a locomotive for the first time, was quoted as saying, ï¿½That was a sight to have seen; but one I never care to see again!ï¿½ How much longer shall knowledge be allowed to go on increasing?ï¿½ (Simmons 16). Godwin directly addresses the ignorance of the Victorian people and urges them to be open minded towards positive change.ï¿½ He draws a correlation between Gallileo and the introduction of the steam engine; he counsels the people not repeat ï¿½mistakesï¿½ of the past (8).ï¿½ This particular manipulation may have been most useful in attacking members of the upper class who did not (yet!) have a vested interest in the rails.ï¿½ They were more likely to have a background in history or science and would be inflicted with the weight of this statement more than the uneducated working class.ï¿½ Later in his appeal, Godwin manipulates the growing nationalism of the times by stating that each man can help better Britain by supporting rail development.ï¿½ To retain our pre-eminent position, then as manufacturers for the world- a position which our improved machinery has principally enabled us to maintain so longï¿½we would strongly and sincerely urge every individual of the society to lend his utmost aid in establishing and increasing their effectiveness; feeling assured that he would thereby assist, not merely to maintain the prosperity of the country, but greatly to increase it. (43) Godwin lists the advantages of the railway in a systematic order.ï¿½ He claims that rails will reduce the cost of transporting goods and considering that, ï¿½In some instances the cost of conveyance forms a greater part of the price of an articleï¿½, many luxuries would no become more affordable and would be enjoyed by more people (19).ï¿½ This suggestion indicates that he is speaking now to the middle classes.ï¿½ In all likelihood, even if some goods costs are lessened the working class is still not going to be able to afford them.ï¿½ It is, therefore, the middle class who will benefit from this particular change. During the Victorian era time became a commodity itself.ï¿½ Before railways there were not even timepieces that counted minutes.ï¿½ With the introduction of the Railway destinations became increasingly closer and time more valuable, or at least recognized as a limited resource.ï¿½ Godwin states that travel in general would take less time.ï¿½ This would be advantageous to day-trippers, as they would have more time at the chosen location to enjoy the sights.ï¿½ Also. due to the nature of rails, Godwin points out the advantage railways would have in quickly assembling a military force.ï¿½ This, again, appeals to the nationalistic appetite of the Victorian age.ï¿½ Many coaching establishments were concerned that rails would displace their usefulness and put them out of work.ï¿½ Godwin address this issue by claiming that not only would the coaches not be out of work, but that, demand for coaches may even increase.ï¿½ He said that their trips would be shorter and more frequent to and from the railway stations. Analogy, however, leads us to believe, that no reduction in the number of horses now maintained would take place: and, indeed, experience gives strength to the inference; for, between Manchester and Liverpool, although there is now no direct coach, the increased number of travelers has rendered so many more coaches necessary on the cross roads, and for short distances on the line, that more horses are employed there at this time than were so formerly. (40)ï¿½ Opponents of the railway consistently said that rail lines break up and desecrate the countryside.ï¿½ On the same subject, Godwin sees the glass half full.ï¿½ Instead of ruining the natural landscape he claims that the buildings and rails will make use of that land and in addition ï¿½architecturally embellishï¿½ the country, To say nothing of the means of decoration afforded by the viaducts, bridges, approaches, and depots appertaining to railways themselvesï¿½as we should in many cases, be able to use stone- the cost of transport being lessened, places now remote being brought together- instead of brick. (41) ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ Godwin does not respond directly to the opposition.ï¿½ He states simply that, the buildings to be built will be appealing in the quality of their material.ï¿½ He assumes that building are a part of progress, and as with the railroads, progress in ï¿½intrinsically good.ï¿½ ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ As a primary source the Appeal to the Public is a gem. One would have expected that that support for the railway would have taken on a pompous voice.ï¿½ George Godwin sees himself as a guide to the people, something like a loving father, teaching his children right from wrong.ï¿½ He tries to explain their options and consequences and leaves the people to make a choice, Let then, the English public now think seriously on the matter, and resolve whether the advance of civilization shall be made by them. (11) 2.1.3 George Stephenson- Engineer Extraordinaire Many authors refer to George Stephensonï¿½s engineering accomplishments.ï¿½ Despite frequent references there is little information available on the sort of person he was.ï¿½ He is known for his contributions to, and improving the steam engine.ï¿½ï¿½ Figure: George Stephenson (from Perkins) In 1829, the directors of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway held a contest for engineers to see who could build the best over all locomotive for their new line.ï¿½ï¿½ George Stephenson was awarded the hefty, L500 prize.ï¿½ This achievement gave a decisive stamp to Mr. Stephensonï¿½s reputation as a railway engineer; and he was subsequently employed in the construction of most of the principle lines of railway in the kingdom. (Schwartz 2) As a proponent of railways Stephenson must not have been very politically active or there would be more information on him available.ï¿½ He and other engineers, however, by improving upon the railway made it more and more enticing to potential travelers and investors.ï¿½ï¿½ The faster the railway could go the less feasible it was to take any other form of transportation.ï¿½ In 1753 a trip from London to Shrewsbury would take almost 3 and a half days by coach as compared to 12 hours and 40 min by train in 1835 (Simmons 310).ï¿½ Stephensonï¿½s enthusiasm for the improvement of technology and the potentials he saw were not always received quickly.ï¿½ While before a Parliamentary committee Stephenson speaks of the gentlemanï¿½s reaction to his claim that a locomotive could reach a speed of 10 mph, ï¿½Someone inquired if I was a foreigner, an another hinted that I was madï¿½ (Schwartz 2).ï¿½ This narrow perspective brings Godwinï¿½s analogy to the persecution of Gallileo back to mind.ï¿½ It also indicates that engineers may have had to endure a form of self-censorship much like artists today.ï¿½ Indeed, Stephenson was quoted as saying, ï¿½ï¿½that his ideas and anticipations of the capabilities of this mode of transit, both as to the speed and the effect which it would produce when generally adopted (as he foresaw it must ultimately), were such as he did not even dare to express, for fear of being pronounced insaneï¿½ (Schwartz 2). 2.1.4 Thomas Grey- A National Visionï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ Thomas Grey envisioned a national railway long before an amalgamation proved necessary.ï¿½ You could say ï¿½he had a dreamï¿½ that one-day rails would reach across all of Britain and everyone would benefit from a low cost and efficient form of transportation.ï¿½ In the early 1800ï¿½s, He warned against subscribing to canal schemes, ï¿½for the time is fast approaching when rails must, from their manifest superiority in every respect, supersede the necessity both of canals and turnpike-roads, so far as the general commerce of the country is concerned.ï¿½ (Jackman 507-508)ï¿½ï¿½ ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ Grey envisioned a locomotive utopia in which rails were taken on as a national project and controlled by a national board rather than capitalists.ï¿½ He wrote letters to the Ministers of State trying to persuade them of the great national importance of his ideas.ï¿½ In 1823, he petitioned both the Board of Agriculture and the Select Committee of the House of Commons (Jackmann 509).ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ In retrospect, Thomas Grey was a visionary.ï¿½ One has to wonder how the rail development in Britain would have been different if Greyï¿½s scheme had been taken up while he was promoting it.ï¿½ The lines might possibly be more efficient earlier in their undertaking.ï¿½ ï¿½Whatever the reason may have been, Greyï¿½s national railway project was not taken seriously, for nothing was done towards its accomplishmentï¿½ (Jackman 508).ï¿½ 2.2. Opponents of the railways, arguments and ideas As early as 1830, the Victorians realized that the railways were there to stay.ï¿½ Many recognized their advent as the most important development of the age. Yet exactly how, and where, this great new power was to be harnessed was the topic of a continuing debate.ï¿½ The first phase of opposition, which we will treat as extending roughly from 1825 to 1844, during which a large number of lines were sanctioned by Parliament, and the amalgamations of 1845, was marked by an almost universal aversion to the railways. Formerly objects of scorn or indifference, the railways were suddenly thrust into the public eye with the success of George Stephensonï¿½s ï¿½Rocket.ï¿½ Those who recognized the potential of the railway seemed overwhelmed by negative public response. To plead their case, railway proponents produced materials to argue their own point of view: one G. Godwin was moved to pen ï¿½An appeal to the public on the subject of railwaysï¿½ in 1837, and in 1849 R.M. Martin authored ï¿½Railways past, present, and prospective,ï¿½ both positive endorsements that made an effort to sway public opinion. Almost all railway construction during this period was contested in one form or another, as each line had to be sanctioned by Parliament. A system of railway hearings was established in the House of Lords, requiring companies to weigh the potential benefit and harm of their proposed schemes. Railway historian Frederick S. Williams writes: ï¿½A rumor that it was proposed to bring such a thing as a railroad within a dozen miles of a particular neighborhood was enough to elicit adverse petitions to Parliament, and public subscriptions were opened to give effect to the opposition.ï¿½ (p. 23, Williams) There were however, few cases that brought the nation together in protest: most of the opposition was by nature local, consisting of persons who were not, in theory, opposed to the idea of rail transport, but who fought railway encroachments on their own territory. The most effective opposition movements took place largely during this period, as it was preemptive: by the second half of the century, railways had become a part of the landscape and the largest period of expansion was completed. ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ï¿½The second phase of opposition, from the 1850s to the 1880s, could be seen in part as a response to the railway manias and fears of railway monopolies, and in part as a reaction against perceived ï¿½railway vandalism.ï¿½ Railways, once so strongly opposed, were now using their economic clout to push new lines through previously off-limits areas. The debates on railway vandalism centered largely around city centers (particularly central London) and national historic sites, spawning the character of the ï¿½sentimental gentlemanï¿½ and societies for the preservation of antiquities. ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ Map ii in Appendix I, in combination with Table 1, (which follows below) shows incidences of English railway opposition that attracted public attention, and illustrates the correspondence between geographical location, population density, and success of opposition movements. In the early stages of opposition, smaller towns fought the intrusion of railways, while in the later period many small towns worked to attract railway speculation as a means of economic revitalization. Railway historian W.T. Jackson, writing in 1916, could scarcely believe that some towns ï¿½rejected the boon that was offered them, and opposed the railways so strongly that they would not allow the company to build their line within the city limits. Small towns, interestingly, seem to have had a greater autonomy in determining the placement of rail lines: lines such as the Liverpool and Manchester or the Liverpool and Birmingham, which were key trunk lines in connecting industrial resources with national markets, were built despite strong opposition on the part of local residents. Table 1: Cases of Opposition to Railway Lines which Attracted Public Attention (see Map ii, Appendix I) Line was constructed despite opposition. Figure 4: Example of "romantic" style in railway architecture, c. 1846. (Perkins) ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ Railway ï¿½opposition,ï¿½ tidy and homogenous as the term may sound, was not represented by a single, unified coalition, nor did it necessarily connote a similarity of argument among railway opponents. Opposition had at least two distinct phases, and the ï¿½old gridironsï¿½ had their enemies in all walks of life. To explore questions of how and why people spoke out against the railways, one must examine the social and political context of their times, and unravel distinct threads of arguments fought in the ï¿½dailies,ï¿½ or within the borders of Punch cartoons, in cheaply-published pamphlet literature, and within the courts of Parliament. 2.2.1. From the vox populi: pamphlet literature, popular opinions, and court decisions The first passenger railway, opening in 1825, was the Stockton-Darlington Railway, engineered by George Stephenson. Even this early project met with fierce landlord opposition. The second passenger line, the Manchester-Liverpool, opened in 1830. Tragedy overshadowed the triumph of Stephenson's high-speed ï¿½Rocketï¿½ at this great event in railway history. When the Rocket stopped for water at Parkside, William Huskisson, MP for Liverpool, was killed when he stepped off the train and then panicked, running back onto the rails. Some took this misfortune as a portent against the ï¿½iron roads.ï¿½ Editorials and pamphlets began to appear, arguing against proposed lines. Following the death of Huskisson, people feared railway accidents, and the rising number of deaths at same-level crossings was cause for serious public alarm. Many railway accidents, such as the one involving Charles Dickens in 1865, became famous through retelling in The Illustrated London News, Punch, and the dailies, filling potential passengers with horror at the graphic descriptions of railway tragedies. And they were indeed horrible. Historian David Newsome describes Dickenï¿½s brush with death: Dickens himself experienced an appalling accident in 1865, traveling from Folkestone to London, when approaching the viaduct at Staplehurst at a speed of fifty miles an hour on a downward gradient.ï¿½ The train jumped the rails because two had been temporarily removed by workers on the line, the foreman having consulted the wrong timetable.ï¿½ All the first-class carriages except one plunged down into the river-bed below.ï¿½ The one that was spared, hanging perilously over the bridge, happened to be the one occupied by Dickens ... ï¿½I never thought should be here again,ï¿½ he said when he returned to his home in Gadï¿½s Hill Place. (pp. 31-32, Newsome) The Household Narrative had a special segment on ï¿½Accidents and Disasters.ï¿½ In the first six months of 1852, 113 were killed and 264 injured, and in the first six months of 1853, 148 were killed and 191 injured in rail accidents. There were less grisly reasons to fear railway incursion. People who owned property on land that had been designated as railway right-of-way ï¿½ or land rumored to be so ï¿½ worried that their houses would be destroyed, or at the very least rendered uninhabitable. A Quaker who called himself ï¿½Ebenezerï¿½ wrote a letter to the Leeds Intelligencer 13 January, 1831: On the very line of this railway, I have built a comfortable house; it enjoys a pleasing view of the country.ï¿½ Now judge, my friend, of my mortification, whilst I am sitting comfortably at breakfast with my family, enjoying the purity of the summer air, in moment my dwelling, once consecrated to peace and retirement, is filled with dense smoke of foetid gas; my homely, though cleanly, table covered with dirt; and the features of my wife and family almost obscured by a polluted atmosphere.ï¿½ Nothing is heard but the clanking iron, the blasphemous song, or the appalling curses of the directors of these infernal machines. (p. 498, Jackson) ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ Landowner opposition was strong, particularly among the wealthier classes. They worried that the railways would ï¿½contaminateï¿½ the bucolic rural landscapes that had come to embody middle-class dreams of ï¿½arriving,ï¿½ which had inspired artists and poets as the height of natural perfection, and had nurtured generations of middle and upper class British with visions of a ï¿½green and pleasant landï¿½ as a national ideal. However, not all parties in the railway debate viewed the landlords as protectors of a rural tradition. ï¿½As a rule,ï¿½ wrote historian W.T. Jackson, ï¿½the landlords thought much more of the peacefulness of their own estates and mansions than of the public good, and the mental picture of a railway with its tail of smoke curling across the countryside ï¿½ was to them the symbol of all that was disagreeable, vulgarizing and mercenary.ï¿½ (p. 497, Jackson) Of course, it was those very ï¿½vulgarizing and mercenaryï¿½ people, who had invested heavily in railway expansion, who put forward egalitarian arguments about railway usage. And again, many of those ï¿½railway kingsï¿½ who pointed to the upper-classes as draconian and insensitive to the needs of the poor strongly resisted instituting penny-a-mile fares and other third-class conveyance schemes. Neither side of the railway debates had a monopoly on the moral high ground, and almost everyone spoke with ulterior motives. The predicament of the urban poor was far worse: often, railways demolished decrepit city tenements without making provisions for those they had evicted, sending the dispossessed families to squeeze into neighboring buildings. Many worried that the enormous cuttings and embankments rendered necessary by the weakness of early locomotive engines would subside, taking houses and people along with them. ï¿½ï¿½ Farmers were concerned about their crops and produce: no one knew the effects of railway development on, say, the average henï¿½s laying capacity, or a cowï¿½s grazing habits. According to Jacksonï¿½s 1916 history of transportation in Britain, ï¿½A farmer in Northampton refused his assent to the proposed London and Birmingham Railway on the ground that the smoke would injure the fleeces of his sheep.ï¿½ (p. 498, Jackson) Many of those who had worked along the canals, or on the highways, or in one of the hundreds of roadside inns that flourished in the heyday of coach travel, felt their livelihoods threatened by the new locomotives. That frightening Victorian behemoth, the ï¿½railway monopoly,ï¿½ reared its ugly head. Speechifying politicians worried that the railway ï¿½was a monopoly the most secure, the most lasting, the most injurious that can be conceived to the public good.ï¿½ (p. 34, Williams) In 1843 in 1844, railway speculation became another serious problem. Up until this time, the railway said offered means for the investment of capital, but they also offered adequate security and profit to ensure healthy growth.ï¿½ Railways such as the London and Birmingham or the Liverpool and Manchester paid dividends at a rate of 10 percent per annum, the Stockton and Darlington paid 15 percent. (pp. 39-41, Williams) This sparked another railway mania, even more serious than the mania of 1835-1837. Fabulous wealth suddenly seemed to be within the reach of a great many people, and success stories were numerous enough to keep businessmen from all walks of life investing. The Manchester Guardian published in account that in the space of one week, 89 new ventures had been advertised in three newspapers.ï¿½ The combined capital required for the schemes was estimated to be more than ï¿½84 million.ï¿½ However, over the period of one month, 357 railway schemes were advertised in the same newspapers, their combined worth being estimated at ï¿½332 million. (p. 41, Williams) In 1844, Peelï¿½s Bank Act was passed as an attempt to prevent banks from issuing credit past their gold reserves. However, the Bank Act was suspended at least three times during the mania. In 1855 and 1862, two Limited Liability Acts were passed, with slightly higher success. (pp. 78-79, Newsome) A popular song of the time summed up the hysteria: Old men and young, the famishï¿½d and the full, The rich and poor, widow, and wife, and maid, Master and certain ï¿½ all, with one intent, Rushed upon the paper scrip; their eager eyes Flashing a fierce unconquerable greed ï¿½ Their hot palms itching ï¿½ all their being fillï¿½d With one desire. (pp. 41-42, Williams) Nor was speculation necessarily confined to the ï¿½Manias:ï¿½ Gladstone himself lost a great deal of money the 1860s, and he was not the only such famous personage to feel the pinch. In 1868, Herbert Spencer published an essay on ï¿½Railway Morals and Railway Policyï¿½ in his collection Essays: Moral, Political, and Aesthetic. Spencer examined what he called the politics of the railways, and revealed the discrepancy between general public perception of railway financial activity, and the actuality of illegitimate and untenable practices. Spencer cites instances of ï¿½men of strawï¿½ holding shares amounting to 200,000, boards that kept books in cipher, subscription contracts made up with bought signatures, false registries and gaps in minute books. Spencer adds the public associated ï¿½railway iniquitiesï¿½ solely with bubble schemes, and continues: Associating the ideas of wealth and respectability, and habitually using respectability of synonymous with morality, it seems to them incredible that many of the large capitalists administration to administer railway affairs should be guilty indirectly enriching themselves in the expense of their constituents. (p. 254, Spencer) Court arguments centered around the same basic issues, and Parliament thrashed out the problems of blackened sheep fleeces, ruined fox-runs, and dispossessed tenants throughout the decade of the 1840s. Many of these arguments were ridiculed by transportation historians of the early twentieth century, and indeed by railway proponents of the day, but they deserve to be taken seriously. These myriad concerns reflect the pervasiveness of railway influence on daily life in Victorian Britain, and demonstrate fears, among all classes, about what the nature of that influence would be. Nearly everyone, from the urban pickpocket running amuck in the new stations, to the remote and powerful country gentleman, experienced the changes railways were making in Victorian society. 2.2.2. From the literati: Arnold, Carlyle, Punch, and Ruskin on Railways Members of Victorian literati were among those most vocally against the railways. Matthew Arnold, in his work Culture and Anarchy, named the false God to his time ï¿½railroads and coal,ï¿½ (p. 37, Newsome) while Carlyle no doubt had railway speculators in mind when he spoke of the centuryï¿½s Mammon-worship: ï¿½Go at your pleasure, there assemble yourselves, and worship your bellyful, you absurd idolaters,ï¿½ he rages in Hudsonï¿½s Statue. Carlyle took Hudson to task, naming him ï¿½railway kingï¿½ and adding, ï¿½His worth, I take it, to English railroads, much more to English men, will turn out to be extremely inconsiderable; to be incalculable damage rather!ï¿½ For them, the railway was yet another symbol of the countryï¿½s obsession with wealth, accumulation, and material values over moral and aesthetic concerns. There were a great many fortunes made by the iron roads, but, these writers remind us, there were also a great many things lost or destroyed, and among these was an older, and slower, way of life. Punch, the great satirical journal of the nineteenth century, originally followed the positive media reception of new technologies. However, the cartoonists were quick to caricature the businessmen caught up in railway mania at the expense of public safety and well-being: ï¿½with regard to railway accidents it is ï¿½the pace that kills.ï¿½ This is particularly the case when companies go it too fast in the pursuit of profit.ï¿½ (p. 1, Vaughon) By the 1860s Punch was waging war against railway vandalism, and was in fact among the first to use the term ï¿½vandalismï¿½ in connection with the railways. In 1863, a Punch article recommended St. Paulï¿½s Cathedral as a potential station, asking ï¿½What else will it be fit for when every railway runs right into London?ï¿½ (p. 167, Simmons, The Victorian Railway) Ruskin was among those firmly against railways, particularly the railwayï¿½s ï¿½vandalismï¿½ of personal homes and national treasures alike. Some of Ruskinï¿½s more famous lines were written against railway incursions and the frenetic pace of contemporary life: ï¿½A fool always wants to shorten space and time, a wise man wants to lengthen both,ï¿½ (p. 31, Newsome) and ï¿½It does a man, if he be truly a man, no harm to go slow: for his glory is not all going, but in being.ï¿½ (p. 31, Newsome) On a trip to Venice in the 1840s, Ruskin was horrified to discover that the railway had arrived, and treated this is a new act of vandalism in the decaying, ancient city.ï¿½ He mourned the railwayï¿½s encroachment on the Rhine, and the loss of the scenes that Turner had painted between Constance and Basle. Ruskin was also involved in Wordsworthï¿½s battle to keep the Lakes District free of railway ï¿½contamination,ï¿½ (see Punch caricature below). Figure 4:ï¿½ Cartoon published in Punch 5 February 1876: caricature of Ruskin and his support of a protest organized by the St. Georgeï¿½s Guild against a proposed extension of the railway in the Lake District. (pp. 156-57, Abse) In describing the Lamp of beauty in his work The Seven Lamps, Ruskin presented his own time as completely bereft of aesthetic value. He felt that beauty in architecture stemmed from an imitation of natural form ï¿½because it is not of the power of man to conceive beauty without her aid.ï¿½ (p. 96, Abse) He also believed that to ornament commercial buildings ï¿½vulgarized the forms and diminished their worth,ï¿½ (p. 96, Abse) especially railway stations, which people were always rushing to escape. Wherever you can rest, there decorate, where rest is forgiven, so is beauty.ï¿½ You must not mix ornament with business any more than you mix play... Work first, and then gaze... Will a single traveler be willing to pay an increased fare on the South Western, because the columns of the terminus are covered with patterns from Ninevah? ï¿½ He will only care less for the Ninevite ivories in the British Museum... Railroad architecture has, or would have, the dignity of its own if it were left to its work. You would not put rings on the fingers of a smith at his anvil.ï¿½ (p. 96, Abse) Railway vandalism of British sites spurred the formation of societies for the preservation of antiquities. The most famous case of railway vandalism involved the ruins of Furness Abbey, a Cistercian monastery hidden away in the Vale of Nightshade. As the ruins were situated on land owned by the Earl of Burlington, a railway promoter, there was little opportunity for public outcry at the time, but the event was remembered as one of the greatest acts of railway vandalism against a historical site dear to public memory. As railway historian Jack Simmons wrote, ï¿½When Ruskin was offered the gold medal of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1874 he declined it, in protest against what he considered four public atrocities committed in his lifetime, one in Britain and three in Italy. The passage of the railway by Furness Abbey was the British one.ï¿½ (pp. 161-163, Simmons, The Victorian Railway) Apart from aesthetic and historical concerns, Ruskin was also strongly opposed to railway speculation. During the slump from 1847-1848 he was vindicated his opinions when his future father-in-law, Mr. Gray, was nearly ruined. He felt that, in order to insure the regulation of the economy, the railways should be owned publicly. Ruskin also advocated quadruple rails as a safety measure, thereby separating passenger and freight traffic. As one of his biographers, Joan Abse, put it: ï¿½He may have hated the railways as they destroyed the countryside and a former way of life, but he thought at least they should be run for the benefit of the community.ï¿½ (pp. 218-19, Abse) Opposition from the literati represented different interests and voiced separate concerns than, for example, that of the Northampton farmer, but both stemmed from the same basic fear of change. Medievalists like Ruskin and Carlyle mourned the passing of an older way of life, and the destruction of its outward remnants. However, perhaps the strongest voice against the railways is the great Romantic, Wordsworth himself, whose losing battle to preserve the Lakes District consumed his last years. Today, tourists flock to Windermere, now approachable by train, but as late as 1914, no ï¿½iron roadsï¿½ marred the heartland of Wordsworthï¿½s beloved Lakes. 3. Case Study: No Ground Secure: Wordsworth and Opposition to the Kendall and Windermere Railway 3.1. Wordsworthï¿½s views on nature and on industrialization 3.1.1. Wordsworth, an elderly man by the 1840s and the Ambleside debates, could be seen as representative of a Romantic sensibility better ascribed to an older era. He regarded nature as an animated force, as inspiration and as an integral part of his identity. Nor was his view necessarily contrary to general public opinion: Wordsworth captured an aspect of ï¿½Englishnessï¿½ that his fellow countrymen identified with. Gladstone, when asked to choose his favorite line of poetry, placed Wordsworthï¿½s ï¿½Or hear old Triton blow his wreathed hornï¿½ beside Milton for the crown. The accompanying verses from ï¿½The World is Too Much with Usï¿½ reflect Wordsworthï¿½s feelings of growing isolation against the tide of changing times: ï¿½Little we see in nature that is ours; We have given our hearts away, a sordid boon!ï¿½ As early as 1814, Wordsworth was speaking out against the waste and inhumanity of ï¿½these profaner rites,ï¿½ the processes of industry. In ï¿½Outrage Done to Nature,ï¿½ Wordsworth makes his stance toward industrialization clear: Meanwhile, at social Industryï¿½s command, How quick, how vast an increase. From the germ Of some poor hamlet, rapidly produced Here a huge town, continuous and compact, Hiding the face of earth for leagues-and there, Where a habitation stood before, Abodes of men irregularly massed Like trees in forests,-spread through spacious tracts, Oï¿½er which the smoke of unremitting fires Hangs permanent, and plentiful as wreaths Of vapour glittering in the morning sun. And, wheresoeï¿½er the traveler turns his steps, He sees the barren wilderness erased, Or disappearing; ï¿½ (p. 2, Schwartz) His image of rural English life overtaken by a Dantean underworld of smoke and flame was a powerful one that was summoned by many poets and writers afterward to describe the painful changes of industrialization. The unnaturalness of the increase was also a point of concern for Wordsworth, who believed in the smaller scale of life that had been a part of the Romantic ideal of English country life. He was strongly opposed to the principles of Utilitarianism as espoused by Benthamites, and believed that nature should be appreciated for its own sake, and not as a resource to be exploited for a vastly increasing and irreverent humanity. His references to factories and the tyranny of the bells, to child labor, indeed show his attitudes on ï¿½the darker side Of this great change.ï¿½ (p. 3, Schwartz) The expanding tourist industry also offended the reverence he felt was due to natureï¿½s greatest beauties. The thought that the railways might come to Windermere and the Lakes District filled him with dread. The first line of his sonnet ï¿½On the Projected Kendal and Windermere Railwayï¿½ demands ï¿½Is there no nook of English ground secure from rash assault?ï¿½ (p. 1, Schwartz) ï¿½ Figure 5: Bradshaw's April 1910 Railway Guide, detailing the accommodations available in the Lakes District for tourists arriving by rail. ï¿½ 3.2.1 Wordsworthï¿½s arguments against the Kendal and Windemere railway Inï¿½ 1844, the proposed Kendal and Windermere rail line threatened to violate William Wordsworth's precious lakes district.ï¿½ He responded with a literary campaign against the line.ï¿½ Wordsworth wrote poems and letters that were published in the Morning Post to gain the support of the public and specifically address the members of the Board of Trade and the House of Commons.ï¿½ In his letters, Wordsworth is ï¿½Clearly representing a minority, he speaks with both a sense of his argumentï¿½s limited popular authority, overriding sense of itï¿½s rightness notwithstanding, and a desire to extend this authority as possible into the public sphereï¿½ (Mulvihill 311).ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ In his first letter to the Morning Post published on October 16, 1844, Wordsworth first claimed that there was no need for a rail in close proximity to the Lakes district.ï¿½ He stated that there were no manufacturers, quarries nor a substantial agriculture base to warrant the intrusion.ï¿½ After refuting the need, Wordsworth turned on the main argument for introducing rails into the district, The projectors have induced many to favor their schemes by declaring that one of their main objects is to place the beauties of the Lake District within easier reach of these who cannot afford to pay for ordinary conveyances. (148) Wordsworth understands that the corporate faction need only to prove the utility of a rail for it to be taken seriously, he writes ï¿½Utilitarianism, serving as a mask for cupidity and gambling speculationsï¿½ (Mulvihill 312).ï¿½ Wordsworth responds to this proposal by humbly explaining that members of the working class would not have the capacity to appreciate the ï¿½beautyï¿½ and ï¿½character of seclusion and retirementï¿½ that the Lakes District had to offer.ï¿½ He states quite plainly that ï¿½a vivid perception of romantic scenery is neither inherent in mankind, nor a necessary consequence of a comprehensive education.ï¿½ï¿½ He concludes this letter by stating that bringing many travelers into the district would destroy the beauty they had come to enjoy.ï¿½ He says, ï¿½Let then the beauty be undisfigured and the retirement unviolatedï¿½ ( Selincourt 156). ï¿½This first letter was not received well; William was quoted in a letter to a friend responding to the opposition, ï¿½They actually accuse me of desiring to interfere with the innocent enjoyments of the poor, by preventing this district becoming accessible to them by a railwayï¿½ (Mulvihill 306).ï¿½ï¿½ Wordsworthï¿½s second letter to the Morning Post dated December 9, 1844, searches to explain his position regarding the working class more thoroughly and carefully.ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ In the very first paragraph he stats, The scope pf the main argument, it will be recollected, was to prove that the perception of what has acquired the name of picturesque and romantic scenery is so far from being intuitive, that it can be produced only by a slow and gradual process of culture. ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ Essentially he is expounding upon his original conception that an appreciation for nature is an acquired taste and it would be futile to bring the lower classes in because they would not have a developed context with which to compare the richness of the Lake District.ï¿½ Wordsworth dedicates the rest of the letter to listing other reasons why the proposed Kendal and Windermere rail would be bad.ï¿½ It seems though; that he makes these further statements to gain back the ï¿½faceï¿½ he may have lost with the people he offended with the first letter. Wordsworth claims that with the influx of strangers the railway promises could potentially estrange the local poor and wreak moral havoc upon the Lake District, ï¿½There cannot be a doubt that the Sabbath day in the towns of Bowness and Ambleside, and other parts of the district, would be subject to much additional desecrationï¿½ (Selincourt 155).ï¿½ï¿½ The Furness Abby issue gave Wordsworth hope; he wrote that the antiquity was able to be saved by finding an alternative around it.ï¿½ This led him to conclude that the Lakes district was just as worthy of saving, Sacred as a relic of the devotion of our ancestors deserves to be kept, there are temples of Nature, temples built by the Almighty, which have still higher claim to be left un-violated. (Selincourt 162) The railway will intrude upon this ï¿½templeï¿½ as Wordsworth sees it.ï¿½ï¿½ To back his claim that the rail itself will ruin the beauty of the district he draws upon an example of a road that was built on the eastern side of the Lake of Grasmere and of a passage in the Alps. Here he inserts 19 lines of an MS poem that revel in the beauty of a particular pass in the Alps as the poet saw it.ï¿½ï¿½ Wordsworth then claims that he saw the same path thirty years later and due to the intrusion of a road it was no longer the pristine landscape it once was.ï¿½ Throughout both his letters Wordsworth inserts literary references.ï¿½ This was most likely due to the fact that they related to his line of work.ï¿½ However, he may also have know that many of the people who would read his letters would probably have admired his poetic career and so including this medium in his letters would help to sway them to his side of the opposition, if they are already pre-disposed to identify with poetics. Wordsworth concludes this final letter with a disclaimer to protect anyone from claiming that his arguments were based on selfish initiatives. I have now done with the subject.ï¿½ The time of my life at which I have arrived may, I trust, if nothing else will guard me from the imputation of having written from any selfish interests, or from fear of disturbance which a railway might cause to myself. ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ Again he returns to the issue of the working classes taking excursions to the Lake District.ï¿½ Reverting to a harsh tone he exclaims, ï¿½As for holiday pastimes, if a scene is to be chosen suitable to them for persons thronging from a distance, it may be found elsewhere at less cost of every kindï¿½ (Selincourt 166). ï¿½ï¿½ Although Wordsworth was not a politician of any sort he was able to gain much fame during his lifetime.ï¿½ He exploited this position during the battle against the Kendal and Windermere line.ï¿½ He was relatively tactful in his communications with the public and was probably successful at gaining support through his literary campaign. 3.2.2ï¿½ Progress of Rail Lines in the Lakes District from 1845-1914 William Wordsworth was a leader in the effort to keep the lakes district pure and untouched by the filth that railways had to offer.ï¿½ His death in 1850 is coincidentally coordinated with the explosion of rail lines between 1854 and 1876 (see appendix, maps iv and v), the number of rails tripled from two to six.ï¿½ This development is not exceptional, when compared to the nation as a whole it is quite representative (see appendix, maps viii and ix).ï¿½ However, when considering the efforts applied to avoid such geographical intrusion less than a decade earlier, the growth rate is surprising.ï¿½ The Kendal and Windermere line in question was completed on April 21 in 1847.ï¿½ Perhaps this event was the climax of Wordsworthï¿½s failing health.ï¿½ Interestingly enough, there were no lines built after 1876 (see appendix, map 1914) and the core of the Lake District remained untouched.ï¿½ Perhaps the actual lakes themselves posed a problem or maybe there were no more rails built out of respect for the poet laureate, lest he roll over in his grave. 4. Conclusion 4.1. The nature of the changes ushered in by railways The nature of Victorian change could be seen as demographic, environmental, social, and industrial. The railway alone was a symbol large enough to encompass all of these profound cultural changes. William Johnston, a barrister who published an 1851 survey titled England As It Is, summed up his centuryï¿½s final verdict on the railway: the most important event of the last quarter of a century in English history ï¿½ this dependence magnitude of the capital they have absorbed ï¿½ the changes they have produced in the habits of society ï¿½ the new aspect they have given, in some respects, to the affairs of government ï¿½ the new feeling of power they have engendered ï¿½ the triumphs and disappointments of which they have been the cause ï¿½ above all, the new and excessive activities to which they have given rise ï¿½ must lead all who reflect upon the subject to admit that the importance of the general result of these great undertakings can scarcely be exaggerated.ï¿½ (p. 32, Newsome) According to the 1916 Development of Transportation in Modern England, Edwardians looking back on Victorian rail development saw the benefits of the railways largely in terms of reduced cost and speed of travel. Some also considered the enhanced value of land adjacent to proposed railway lines as a beneficial aspect of railway incursion, and felt that the railways helped to constrict urban sprawl by centering urban development on certain fixed points. Some thought that railway development necessitated important improvements, while other believed the railways were destroying low-income housing blocks and national heritage alike. All were in agreement over the detrimental effects of the Railway Fever and the Railway Manias, during which lines were proposed for purely speculative concerns, or, as part of a bubble scheme. This had also led, many felt, to too many lines clustered along single routes. The railway finance mess, as described above by essayist Herbert Spencer, was also seen as a detriment to public welfare, and was indeed a major consideration in the scheme to nationalize the railways. 4.2. Legacy of opposition? Without the railways, Britainï¿½s industrial potential could not have been developed as fully. As a people-mover, the railways took part in social and demographic change on a scale never before seen. But what were the long-term effects of railway opposition? Maps vii-x in Appendix I provide an overview of British railway development 1845-1914, and provide some sense of scale: the railways expanded at an incredible rate, and it seems impossible that a few examples of popular concern should have a significant impact ï¿½ particularly since, by 1916, general opinion had shifted to favor railways and the changes they helped to bring. However, opposition was, as we have seen above, significant and enduring. Societies for the preservation of antiquities, as well as architectural and archeological societies, were founded to oppose railway ï¿½vandalismï¿½ and to catalogue finds uncovered by railway construction. Such societies may have led to the development of official bodies like the National Trust, which restore, protect, and manage historical properties in Britain. Townships and local groups banded together with official bodies to organize protests against proposed lines, thereby leaving a history of cooperation between official and unofficial public interest groups. Railway opposition left a legacy of coalition building, and an infrastructure for further public action, whose effects would reach far beyond the individual victories and defeats of those ï¿½sentimental gentlemenï¿½ of the Victorian age. Abse, Joan. John Ruskin: The Passionate Moralist. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1981. Black, Adam and Charles (Firm) publishers. Black's picturesque tourist and road and railway guide book through England and Wales. With a general traveling map; charts of roads, railroads, and interesting localities; engraved views of picturesque scenery; and a comprehensive general index, embracing a list of hotels and inns. Edinburgh: A. and C. Black, 1851. Bradshaw's April 1910 railway guide; a new edition of the April 1910 issue of Bradshaw's General railway and steam navigation guide for Great Britain and Ireland with enlarged type and introduction by David St John Thomas. Newton Abbot: David and Charles [1968]. Cleaveland-Stevens, Edward. English Railways: Their Development and Their Relation to the State. London: George Routledge and Sons, Limited, 1915. Collins, C. J. The Projected New Railways. An Epitome of the New Lines of Railway in England which Parliament Will Probably Sanction with Reasons for their Doing So. [Pamphlet] London: Effingham Wilson, Railway Times Office, 1846. Fry, David. The First Locomotives. The Victorian Web. Internet. World Wide Web: http://landow.stg.brown.edu/victorian/technology/railway1.html. 12/6/99. Godwin, George. An Appeal to the Public, on the Subject of Railways. [Pamphlet] London: J. Weale, 59 High Holborn; J. Williams, Charles Street, Soho Square; Effingham Wilson, Royal Exchange. Manchester, Sowler; Liverpool, Robinson and Son; Bristol, Strong; Cheltenham, Williams; Birmingham, Wrightson and Webb, 1837 Jackman, W.T. The Development of Transportation in Modern England. vol. II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1916. Jenkins, W. J. Railway Tyranny. A Letter of Appeal to the Board of Trade against Railway Companies and their Persistent Disobedience to the Law, by One who has Defeated them Five Times. Published by the author, sold by Eyre and Spottiswoode, London, 1885. Landow, George P. Ruskin Caricaturized in Punch. The Victorian Web. Internet. World Wide Web: http://landow.stg.brown.edu/victorian/ruskin/gallery/ruskin.punch.html. 12/6/99. Langton, John, and Morris, R.J., eds. Atlas of Industrializing Britain, 1780-1914. New York: Methuen, 1986. McCracken, David. Wordsworth and the Lakes District: A Guide to the Poems and Their Place. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984. Martin, R.M. Railways, Past, Present, and Prospective. [Pamphlet] 2nd Edition. London: T. Brettell, 1849. Mulvihill, James. Consuming Nature: Wordsworth and the Kendal and Windermere Railway Controversy [Journal Article] Modern Language Quarterly. 56(3):305-26. 1995 Sept. Durham, NC. Newsome, David. The Victorian World Picture. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1997. Nicholson, Norman. The Lakers: The Adventures of the First Tourists. London: Robert Hale Limited, 1955. Perkin, Harold. The Age of the Railway. Newton Abbot: David and Charles, 1971. Schwartz, Robert. The Industrial Revolution and the Railway System. Internet. World Wide Web: http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/ind_rev/. 12/2/99. Sedgwick, John. An Essay on the Rights of Owners & Occupiers of Property to Compensation, and the Way to Obtain it. [Pamphlet] London: George & James W. Taylor, 1862. Selincourt, Ernest de, ed. Wordsworthï¿½s Guide to the Lakes: The Fifth Edition (1835). London: Oxford University Press, 1970. Simmons, Jack. The Railway in Town and Country, 1830-1914. Newton Abbot, London: David and Charles, 1986. Simmons, Jack. The Victorian Railway. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1991. Spence, Jeoffrey. The Personalities of Victorian Railways. The Victorian Web. Internet. World Wide Web: http://landow.stg.brown.edu/victorian/technology/railway2.html. 12/6/99. Spence, Jeoffrey. The Social Effects of Victorian Railways. The Victorian Web. Internet. World Wide Web: http://landow.stg.brown.edu/victorian/technology/railway3.html. 12/6/99. Spencer, Herbert. Essays: Moral, Political, and Aesthetic. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1868. Thomas, Keith. Man and the Natural World: Changing Attitudes in England 1500-1800. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983 Vaughon, Wendy. Victorian Railways, Punch, and ï¿½Hudsonï¿½s Statueï¿½. The Victorian Web. Internet. World Wide Web: http://landow.stg.brown.edu/victorian/carlyle/hudson/61hs2.html. 12/6/99. Wordsworth, Dorothy. The Grasmere Journal. Ed. Jonathan Wordsworth. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1987. Wordsworth, William. Favorite Poems. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1992.	i don't know
Which adventurer’s wife kept his head in a velvet bag until she died?	The Strange Executions And Burials Of Sir Walter Raleigh - KnowledgeNuts KnowledgeNuts The Strange Executions And Burials Of Sir Walter Raleigh By Debra Kelly on Sunday, June 22, 2014 “The world is like a ride in an amusement park [. . .] Many people have been on the ride a long time, and they begin to wonder, ‘Hey, is this real, or is this just a ride?’ ” — Bill Hicks, Revelations (1993) In A Nutshell Sir Walter Raleigh was a longtime favorite of Queen Elizabeth, but after she died he found himself facing execution by order of James I. He narrowly dodged his first execution date, sent off to find the mythical city of El Dorado. Failing to find that and being accused of treason did finally get him executed, but that’s not the end of the story. While most of his body was buried, his mourning wife was given his embalmed head in a velvet bag, and kept it with her until she died. The Whole Bushel There’s so much living packed into the story of Sir Walter Raleigh that it doesn’t seem possible that they’re all the deeds of one man. Originally getting the attention of Elizabeth I after helping to put down a rebellion in Ireland, Raleigh eventually ended up marrying one of the queen’s ladies-in-waiting, Elizabeth Throckmorton. When the secret of their marriage came out, they were ultimately imprisoned by the furious queen (Raleigh was apparently very well-liked). After Elizabeth’s death, her successor James I wanted to have absolutely nothing to do with Raleigh. One of his goals as monarch was to achieve peaceful relations with other countries, and someone like Raleigh was doing him no favors. Not long after James I’s ascension to the throne, he had Raleigh arrested for conspiring against the king. The sentence was, of course, death, but this was the first of Raleigh’s scheduled executions. This one was ultimately reduced to a lifetime of imprisonment in the Tower of London. He remained there for 12 years, during which time he tutored the royal children and wrote historical works. Eventually, in 1616, he was released from his imprisonment in the Tower and sent back out on a mission that he’d already been on—and failed at. That was, of course, finding the elusive city of El Dorado. Not surprisingly, Raleigh and his crew didn’t find the mythical city, but what they did find on the way home was the Spanish. Getting into a fight with the Spanish went directly against the king’s orders, and it was that treasonous act for which Raleigh got his second notice of execution. This time, he wouldn’t be able to avoid it. He was executed in October 1618, suffering from a fever, malaria, and dysentery from the unsanitary conditions that prisoners were kept in before being removed from their cells for their execution. It took the executioner two blows to remove his head, and after it had been displayed to the crowd that had assembled for the event, it was placed in a red bag, covered with velvet, and presented to his wife. Lady Raleigh, once Elizabeth Throckmorton, lady-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth, truly did love her doomed husband. She never remarried, but she did, however, keep her husband with her until the day she died. She had his head embalmed and kept it by her side for the 29 years she outlived him. According to some stories, she kept the head in a glass case in her home, and curiosity seekers and family friends alike would travel to visit and pay their respects to the head. Once she passed away, the head passed on to their son, Carew. That son continued the tradition of keeping the embalmed head, and when he passed away, the head was buried with him in Surrey. The rest of Raleigh’s body was buried more immediately after his execution, buried in St. Margaret’s Church in Westminster. In a private ceremony, he was laid to rest in a place of honor in spite of the accusations of treason that eventually led to his death sentence. For reasons that remain unclear, he was buried in an unmarked grave. Show Me The Proof	Walter Raleigh
Torre Pendente is the local name for what world-famous visitor attraction?	Walter Raleigh Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements & Timeline Leaders Walter Raleigh Biography Walter Raleigh was an English aristocrat, writer, poet, politician and explorer. This biography profiles his childhood, life, achievements and timeline. Quick Facts John Gilbert, Humphrey Gilbert, Adrian Gilbert, Carew Raleigh Spouse/Partner: University of Oxford By 'H' monogrammist (floruit 1588) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons A courtier by heart, an explorer by passion, an aristocrat and author by work and a soldier by spirit, Sir Walter Raleigh donned many hats in his lifetime. Born in a Protestant family, he completed his education from Oxford College and later on rose up to be part of the Hugenot army in France. He played an active role in the suppression of rebellions in the Siege of Smerwick and was offered the status of a landlord, after the land confiscated by the native Irish was transferred to him. It was during the Elizabethan era that he bloomed and prospered, rapidly rising up the ranks due to the favour of Queen Elizabeth I. In 1585 he was knighted and appointed warden of the mines of Cornwall and Devon. He also played a crucial role in the English colonization of North America. It was in 1594 that he set sail to hunt for the âCity of Goldâ. After his year-long expedition, he penned his experiences in a book which contributed to the legend, âEl Doradoâ. It was after the death of Queen Elizabeth I that he was imprisoned on charges of treason and executed. However, notwithstanding his unnecessary and unjust death, he was and is still considered as the most notable figures of the Elizabethan era. In fact, he was included in the list of 100 Greatest Britons in the BBC poll of 2002. Childhood & Early Life The exact year as to when Walter Raleigh was born is questionable. While historians claim it to be somewhere around 1552, the Oxford Dictionary assumes it to be 1554. However, one thing which is certain is that he was born in Devon, England, to Walter Raleigh and Catherine Champernowne. Belonging to a Protestant family, he developed a religious contention against Roman Catholics since an early age. He gained his education from Oxford University before serving in the Hugenot army in France. In 1575, he was registered at the Middle Temple. Career From 1579, he took part in the suppression of the Desmond Rebellions. He was awarded with 40,000 acres of land including those of the coastal areas of Youghal and Lismore after the seizure and distribution. In 1581, he returned to England and became active in court life. It was due to his ruthlessness at the siege of Smerwick and plantation of English and Scots Protestants in Munster that he was knighted in 1585. Furthermore, he was given trade privileges and the right to colonize America. In 1581, he was appointed warden of the mines of Cornwall and Devon, Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall, and vice-admiral of the two counties. For a year, from 1585 to 1586, he even sat in the parliament as the member of Devonshire. In the year 1592, he yet again received numerous rewards from the Queen, including the Durham House in the Strand and the estate of the Sherborne, Dorset. He was appointed Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard. In 1588, he took on the seat of the Vice Admiral of Devon, and was in charge of looking after the coastal defences and military levies. During his seventeen years of tenure as the Irish landlord, Youghal served to be his occasional home. From 1588 to 1589, he served as the mayor of the town. After a tumultuous phase during which he suffered from personal crisis and was imprisoned, he was released in August 1592 to help set up an expedition for an attack on the Spanish coast. It was during the attack on the Spanish coast that the fleet successfully captured a rich prize. Though he was the in-charge of the mission, the prize had to be distributed among all. In the 1593 parliament, he was elected a burgess of Mitchell, Cornwall. The following year, he retired from his duties and started living as a recluse at Sherborne, where he had built a new house. It was known by the name of Sherborne Lodge. It was while living at the Sherborne Lodge that his religious orientation came to limelight. He was the only Protestant amongst the group of Roman Catholics and thus was often tagged as an atheist. He was even charged of being an atheist. In 1594, he first came to know about the âCity of Goldâ in South America at the headwaters of the Caroni River. Excited by the piece of information, the following year he set sail in search of Manao through the cities which are today known as Guyana and eastern Venezuela. Returning to England, he then penned his experiences and expeditions in a book which he entitled, âThe Discovery of Guianaâ published in 1596. Though the book made exaggerated claims about his voyage, it was seen as the stepping stone for the âEl Doradoâ legend. In 1596, he actively participated in the capture of CÃ¡diz, during which he was wounded. The following year, i.e., in 1597, he was second in command of the Islands Voyage to the Azores. In 1597, his political career witnessed a major uphill climb as he became one of the chosen members of the parliament for Dorset. Four years later, he was chosen for the parliament of Cornwall. With this, he became the only member to sit in the parliament for three different countries. During the beginning of the 17th century, his fortunes suffered a major decline as he faced problems managing his estates. As a result, in 1602, he sold his share of lands to Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork Meanwhile, from 1600 to 1603, he took up the duties of the Governor of the Channel Island of Jersey. In the new capacity, he modernised its defences by constructing new fort, thus protecting the approaches to Saint Helier, Fort Isabella Bellissima, or Elizabeth Castle The good luck and high favour of the Queen on which he was riding high ended with the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603. He was arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London in July 1603 on charges of being involved in the main plot against King James. He remained imprisoned until 1616 at the Tower of London. It was during this time that he penned numerous treatises. Furthermore, he wrote the first volume of âThe Historie of the Worldâ which was published later on in 1628. The book provided an insight into the ancient history of Greece and Rome. Post his release from the Tower of London in 1616; he was part of the second expedition to Venezuela in search of El Dorado. It was while at the expedition that his men attacked the Spanish outpost of Santo TomÃ© de Guayana on the Orinoco River. After his return to England, the Spanish ambassador, Count Gondomar demanded the execution of Raleigh which was agreed upon by King James. He was then transferred to London. On the journey, he was presented with numerous opportunities of escape, but he denied taking up either. Personal Life & Legacy In 1591, he tied the nuptial knot with Elizabeth Bess Throckmorton, who was one of the eleven ladies-in-waiting of the Queen. She was pregnant at that time. The marriage was kept secret from the Queen. However, the surreptitious nature of the affair could not stand for long as the Queen came to know of the illegal marriage a year later. Furious at the do, she dismissed Bess from court and imprisoned them. It was only in August 1592 that he was released from prison to help set up an expedition for an attack on the Spanish coast. She was released a couple of months later in December. Though the couple were separated from each other for several years, they were devoted to each other. During his absence, he took over all the responsibilities of managing the family estate and fortune. The couple was blessed with two more sons, Walter and Carew. Their first-born had died a few months after his birth due to plague. He was arrested in 1618 by the men of King James in an effort to appease the Spanish, especially their ambassador, Count Gondomar. Later on, a request for his execution by the later was successfully passed upon. He was beheaded on October 29, 1618, in the Old Palace Yard at the Palace of Westminster. It is said that his final words were, âStrike, man, strikeâ. His head was preserved and presented to his wife. He was buried at the local church in Beddington, Surrey - the home of Lady Raleigh. However, later on, he was finally laid to rest in St. Margaret's, Westminster. It is reported that the wife of this English aristocrat kept his head in a velvet bag until her death, 29 years later. It was only thereafter that his head was interred in his tomb in Westminster. Trivia This English aristocrat and explorer and author of âThe Discovery of Guianaâ was responsible for introducing potatoes and tobacco smoking in Britain. Translate this page to Spanish, French, Hindi, Portuguese Pictures of Walter Raleigh	i don't know
What was the last Beatles album to be recorded before the band split up?	'Abbey Road' vs. 'Let It Be': Which Was the Beatles' Last Album? - Rolling Stone The 100 Greatest Beatles Songs It's a grey area what counts as a Beatles album and what's merely a Beatles project. (In the 1970s, fans argued over whether Hey Jude and Hollywood Bowl were official Beatles albums. Nobody argues about that anymore.) Capitol, for obvious reasons, would probably like to err on the side of counting projects as albums, although they still show heroic restraint and taste when it comes to respecting the core canon. (Like, they count Magical Mystery Tour as an official album, but they know better than to make claims for The Beatles' Reel Music.) Anyone would have to agree Let It Be is in the grey area, but from my fan perspective, it's on the Hey Jude side of the line, along with Yellow Submarine. If you want to claim the Beatles made 11 studio albums, I can see that, and if you want to claim the Beatles made 13 studio albums, counting Let It Be and Yellow Submarine, I can see that too. I can even see stretching it to 14 with Hey Jude. (That one was a Capitol hodgepodge from early 1970.) Magical Mystery Tour is in the grey area – the Beatles released it as a 6-song U.K. EP, but it got padded into a U.S.-only 1967 album, so it's about as legit as Hey Jude. But it's been a long time since I've heard anyone try to read it out of the canon, and it's a case where sheer quality makes a difference. (Not even a strict-constructionist hardliner would claim the EP is better because it leaves out "Strawberry Fields Forever.") If someone tried to argue the Beatles only made 10 albums, because Magical Mystery Tour, Yellow Submarine and Let It Be are mere footnotes, I would basically assume they were an idiot, regardless of whether or not it's a valid point. (All idiots have a valid point, right? Not having a valid point doesn't make you an "idiot," just a "rock critic.") So let's put it this way. Let It Be is the final Beatles album, not Abbey Road. . . but only if it's a Beatles album. Can you argue that Let It Be is a Beatles album, yet not the Beatles' final album? No, not really, because it includes a tiny amount of music they made in 1970. So here's my reluctant conclusion, at least as of today. I like Abbey Road better. Sentimentally, for me, it's the one I think of as the end. However, unfortunately, Let It Be is the last Beatles album. I would love it if you could change my mind about that. Don’t Miss a Story Sign up for our newsletter to receive breaking news directly in your inbox. We may use your e-mail address to send you the newsletter and offers that may interest you, on behalf of Rolling Stone and its partners. For more information please read our Privacy Policy How we use your email address Trending Ranked on a scale from 1 to 10, the trending score reflects the number of users reading a story in real time. What is this?	Abbey Road
In the human body what is the common name for the third molar teeth?	Why the Beatles Broke Up - Rolling Stone Why the Beatles Broke Up Why the Beatles Broke Up The inside story of the forces that tore apart the world's greatest band The Beatles celebrate the completion of their new album, 'Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band', at a press conference held at the west London home of their manager Brian Epstein on May 19th, 1967. Credit: John Pratt/Keystone/Getty All Stories It was a cold January in 1969, and the Beatles were seated on a vast, even colder, soundstage at London's Twickenham Film Studios, in the company of the last people in the world they wanted to be with: the Beatles. They had been trying for days to write and rehearse new material for a scheduled upcoming live show – their first since August 1966 – but the task wasn't going well. The only one among them who had any sense of urgency was Paul McCartney . "I don't see why any of you, if you're not interested, got yourselves into this," he said to the other Beatles. "What's it for? It can't be for the money. Why are you here? I'm here because I want to do a show, but I don't see an awful lot of support." More News All Stories Paul looked at his bandmates, his friends of many years – John Lennon , George Harrison and Ringo Starr – and they looked back at him with no expression. Moments later he said, "There's only two choices: We're gonna do it or we're not gonna do it, and I want a decision. Because I'm not interested in spending my fucking days farting around here, while everyone makes up their mind whether they want to do it or not." Paul waited, but he got no response. Again, the other Beatles just stared back. It was far from the worst moment they would go through in those days. The Beatles in their death throes were one of the most mysterious and complicated end-of-romance tales of the 20th century, as well as the most dispiriting. The Beatles hadn't just made music – they had made their times, as surely as any political force, and more beneficently than most. Why, then, did the Beatles walk away? There were many who blamed the Beatles' end on the machinations of Yoko Ono , the legendary love of John Lennon's life, and on the deviousness of Allen Klein, the band's new manager who was also a favorite of Lennon's, but whom McCartney could not abide. But it wasn't that simple. "I don't think you could have broken up four very strong people like them," Ono said later, "even if you tried. So there must have been something that happened within them – not an outside force at all." Indeed, the true causes were much closer at hand. They had been there for a long time, in a history as full of hurts as it was of transcendence. These sessions, for what would become both the film and album Let It Be, had started from an inspired place, but there was too much going wrong by the time McCartney issued his plea. For the last year, the Beatles' partnership had been fraying. The long friendship of John and Paul, in particular, was undergoing volatile change. Lennon, the band's founder, had in some ways acquiesced leadership of the band; more important, he was beginning to feel he no longer wanted to be confined by the Beatles, whereas McCartney loved the group profoundly – it was what he lived for. These two men had been the band's central force – theirs was the richest songwriting collaboration in all of popular music – but at heart, the adventure of the Beatles was forged by John Lennon's temperament and needs: He had formed the band as a way to lessen his sense of anxiety and separation, after his mother, Julia, gave up custody of him to her sister, and his father walked out of his life altogether. The 16-year-old Lennon first met the 15-year-old McCartney in the summer of 1957 while playing with his band the Quarry Men at a parish church near Liverpool, and was impressed with Paul's facility for playing the music of Eddie Cochran and Gene Vincent. Just as important, the two were also bonded by deep loss: McCartney's mother, Mary, died of breast cancer in October 1956, and Lennon's mother was killed when she was struck by a car in July 1958. Working together, John and Paul found a new mooring in the world. For a long time, they wrote songs together, trading melodic and lyrical ideas, and even after they began writing separately, each still counted on the other to help finish or improve a song. They were, however, men with strikingly different approaches to making music. McCartney was orderly and meticulous, and placed a high premium on craft; Lennon was unruly, less prone to lingering over a song, and despite his cocky front, less secure in his work than his writing partner. The contrasts grew even more stark as the years went on. McCartney increasingly composed everyman narratives and celebratory calls; Lennon was writing from what he saw as a more authentic and troubled personal viewpoint. "Paul said, 'Come and see the show,'" Lennon said later. "I said, 'I read the news today, oh boy.'" Because Lennon and McCartney dominated the Beatles' songwriting and singing, they, in effect, led the band, though Lennon had always enjoyed an implicit seniority. Even so, the Beatles abided by a guiding policy of one-man, one-vote, which figured significantly when, in 1966, after years of touring, John, George and Ringo persuaded Paul that they should stop performing their music live. For about three months, all four went their separate ways, and as they did, John Lennon felt sharp apprehensions: "I was thinking, 'Well, this is the end, really. There's no more touring. That means there's going to be a blank space in the future…' That's when I really started considering life without the Beatles – what would it be? And that's when the seed was planted that I had to somehow get out of [the Beatles] without being thrown out by the others. But I could never step out of the palace because it was too frightening." Shortly afterward, the band reassembled for its most eventful work, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band – but that was also when the Beatles' inner workings turned strangely complex, even subterranean. The album's concept had been McCartney's idea, and though Lennon was primarily responsible for Sgt. Pepper's best song, "A Day in the Life," he later said he saw his contributions to the album as veiled reflections of despair: "I was still in a real big depression in Pepper, and I know Paul wasn't at that time. He was feeling full of confidence… I was going through murder." In part, this is how Lennon worked – he either rose or sank by way of crises – but he was truly at a turning point. He believed himself trapped in a loveless and staid domestic life – loveless on his part, that is, because his wife, Cynthia, loved him deeply – and was feeling outdistanced by McCartney, who was an unconstrained and famous man living in London, attending the city's cutting-edge cultural events and exposing himself to a wide range of avant-garde music and arts. If Lennon didn't pursue that outer life, he certainly pursued an inner one, taking LSD frequently, to the point that some worried he was erasing his identity. George Harrison later said, "In a way, like psychiatry, acid could undo a lot – it was so powerful you could just see. But I think we didn't really realize the extent to which John was screwed up ." In August 1967, leadership in and around the Beatles shifted more decidedly after their manager, Brian Epstein, was found dead in his London town house from an unintentional overdose of drugs. Epstein had been depressed for some time, but he'd remained utterly devoted to the band, and many of the group's insiders felt that it was Epstein who kept the Beatles grounded and protected. "I knew that we were in trouble then," Lennon later said. "I didn't really have any misconceptions about our ability to do anything other than play music, and I was scared. I thought, 'We've fuckin' had it.'" McCartney, though, didn't see it that way. Five days after Epstein's death, Paul convinced the others to undertake a film and music fantasia, Magical Mystery Tour. The band spent the late summer into early winter filming odd reveries and recording music to accompany those scenes, and while it was ostensibly a free-form collaborative project by all four Beatles, there was no mistaking that, in the end, Magical Mystery Tour had been primarily McCartney's invention. The film debuted on the BBC the day after Christmas in 1967, and the next day it was savaged by critics. ("Blatant rubbish," wrote London's Daily Express.) Lennon was reportedly somewhat pleased to see McCartney stumble for once. In February 1968, the Beatles went to study Transcendental Meditation at Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's ashram in Rishikesh, India. The sojourn was in part the result of Harrison's effort to gain more influence on the band's direction – he was the first among the Beatles to gain an interest in Indian music and philosophies – though at first all the Beatles felt the need to reappraise the purposes of their success. "I think we were all a bit exhausted, spiritually," McCartney said later. "We'd been the Beatles, which was marvelous … but I think generally there was a feeling of 'Yeah, well, it's great to be famous, it's great to be rich – but what's it all for?'" However, unease soon set in. When Harrison suspected that Lennon and McCartney might be using the retreat as a haven for songwriting, he grew displeased. "We're not here to talk music," he complained. "We're here to meditate!" Paul's reply was "Oh, yeah, all right, Georgie boy. Calm down, man." Ringo Starr and his wife, Maureen, left two weeks after arriving (Starr, who had stomach troubles, couldn't handle the Indian cuisine), and McCartney and his girlfriend, actress Jane Asher, followed two weeks later. McCartney found the setting too much like school. Harrison and Lennon stayed until Lennon realized he wasn't any closer to solving the troubles he felt in his heart: the need to renew both his marriage and his artistic purposes. After hearing a rumor that the Maharishi had made sexual advances toward a young woman at the ashram, Lennon became incensed, and demanded that he and Harrison leave immediately. Something about the whole venture seemed to transform Lennon in ways that nobody readily understood; after that, according to insiders, he always seemed angry. The truth is, he was in great despair; all he had to save him was his art, and even that wasn't relief. "Although … I was meditating about eight hours a day," he later said, "I was writing the most miserable songs on Earth." Back in London, Lennon soon abandoned Cynthia to begin a serious relationship and artistic collaboration with Yoko Ono, whom he'd met in November 1966. Though Ono has been characterized as an ambitious woman who pursued Lennon indomitably, she went through her own hurt and disappointment in the upheaval that followed, losing access to her daughter, Kyoko, and sidelining her promising art career at Lennon's behest. As she later said, "We sacrificed everything." The press and the fans treated her with derision: She was called "Jap," "Chink" and 'Yellow" in public, and Lennon sometimes had to shield her from physical harm. All of this judgment certainly fed into Lennon's rage, but it paled in comparison to what developed when Lennon brought Ono directly into the Beatles' world. The group had rarely allowed guests into the studio, and never tolerated anyone other than producer George Martin or perhaps a recording engineer, such as Geoff Emerick, to offer input about a work in progress. (The one time Brian Epstein offered a suggestion during a recording session, John Lennon humiliated the manager in front of everybody.) But Lennon didn't bring Ono into the Beatles as a guest; he brought her in as a full-fledged collaborator. When the Beatles began work in May 1968 on their first new LP since Sgt. Pepper, Yoko sat with John on the studio floor; she conversed with him continually in a low voice, and accompanied him every time he left the room. The first time she spoke in the studio, offering John advice on a vocal, the room fell silent. Then Paul said, "Fuck me! Did somebody speak? Who the fuck was that? Did you say something, George? Your lips didn't move!" Lennon wasn't somebody who would back off. "He wanted me to be part of the group," Ono later said. "He created the group, so he thought the others should accept that. I didn't particularly want to be part of them." Instead, Ono made her own recordings with Lennon, such as the notorious Two Virgins – an album of experimental electronic music that bore nude photos of the couple. If some found Lennon and Ono's collaborations indulgent or farcical, McCartney realized that Ono emboldened Lennon. "In fact, she wanted more," he said. "Do it more, do it double, be more daring, take all your clothes off. She always pushed him, which he liked. Nobody had ever pushed him like that." But McCartney probably also understood the true meaning of a record like Two Virgins: That John Lennon had an unstoppable will that, unchecked, could redeem or destroy his life, or could undo the Beatles. When the group learned that Lennon and Ono had started using heroin, the Beatles didn't know what to do about it. "This was a fairly big shocker for us," McCartney said, "because we all thought we were far-out boys, but we kind of understood that we'd never get quite that far-out." Lennon's new partnership with Ono meant that he and McCartney would rarely collaborate as composers again. Even so, as the band began work on its only double album, The Beatles (better known as the White Album), the uncommon writing and singing skills of both men had never been stronger or more diverse. In contrast to what he viewed as his own sporadic and inconsistent work during 1967, Lennon was now writing at full force, his creativity apparently revivified by the relationship with Ono. (Such songs as "Dear Prudence," "Julia," "Happiness Is a Warm Gun" and "Revolution" were clearly among his best work.) Harrison, too, had flowered – even Ringo was writing songs – but none of these men was now willing to allow the others to overshadow or direct his work. They had so much material to record, and so much distaste for each other, that they were recording in three studios, sometimes 12 hours a day. Each of the Beatles treated the others as his supporting musicians – which made for some spectacular performances and some explosive studio moments: Lennon storming out on the tedium of recording McCartney's "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da"; Ringo quitting the group for almost two weeks after Paul berated his drumming on "Back in the U.S.S.R."; Harrison bringing in his friend, guitarist Eric Clapton , just to win rightful consideration for "While My Guitar Gently Weeps"; McCartney, in a shocking display, telling off George Martin in front of the band; and Geoff Emerick finally walking out, quitting his work with the Beatles over their turbulent and nasty behavior. When it was finished, The Beatles was regarded as a disjointed masterpiece, the sound of a band in top form that nonetheless no longer had hope. In later years, McCartney would refer to it as "the Tension Album." In the meantime, the Beatles pushed ahead with launching their new record label, Apple. In truth, Apple had started as an investment shelter, but it quickly became something else. Many other things, in fact: an umbrella corporation with film, electronics, real estate, educational, publishing and music divisions – and, most interestingly, an experiment in socialism. "We're in the happy position of not needing any more money," McCartney said in May 1968, "so for the first time the bosses aren't in it for a profit… a kind of Western communism." In practice, the company's chief directive became to cultivate new talent. Apple indeed discovered or helped to develop some worthy music artists – including James Taylor , Badfinger, Mary Hopkin, Jackie Lomax, Billy Preston and Doris Troy (the label also considered signing the Rolling Stones , Crosby, Stills and Nash , Chicago , Queen , and Delaney and Bonnie), but since the Beatles themselves weren't truly Apple artists, the label didn't reap the full benefits of their income. They set August 11th, 1968, as the debut of Apple Records, with four singles to be released that day, including Mary Hopkin's "Those Were the Days" and the Beatles' own "Hey Jude." McCartney had written "Hey Jude" as a paean to Lennon's son, Julian, as his parents divorced, but it took on other meanings as well. McCartney had recently separated from his girlfriend of several years, Jane Asher, after she caught him with another woman, and he was now entering a serious relationship with photographer Linda Eastman, whom he had known since 1967; for Paul, the song came to stand as an anthem of faith in love, of taking risks. When Lennon heard "Hey Jude," though, he received it as a benediction from his songwriting partner: "The words 'go out and get her' – subconsciously – [Paul] was saying, 'Go ahead, leave me.' On a conscious level, he didn't want me to go ahead," he told Playboy near the end of his life. "The angel in him was saying, 'Bless you.' The devil in him didn't like it at all, because he didn't want to lose his partner." Then, the Beatles played "Hey Jude" on David Frost's television show in early September 1968 – their first performance before an audience in more than two years. As the audience joined in on the extended singalong ending, "Hey Jude" became an expression of something bigger, of the sort of possibilities of community that the band, at its best, signified to the world outside. Inspired by that moment, the Beatles realized they had a hunger to play before a live audience again – Lennon especially seemed excited about the prospects – and they arranged for a January date at London's Roundhouse, the site of several of the city's famous underground rock & roll extravaganzas in the summer of 1967. They also decided to film the concert's rehearsals for TV broadcast, and they invited Michael Lindsay-Hogg, who had made promos for "Rain" and "Paperback Writer" with the band years before, to direct the filming. There was something else at work in the idea as well: The Beatles saw this as an opportunity to discard the image that they had epitomized in Sgt.Pepper (Lennon had been looking for a way to disavow the album ever since its success, seeing Pepper as an empty show masterminded by McCartney). This new music would herald their return to the simpler formations that had inspired their love of rock & roll in the first place, back in the 1950s. The new music being made by Bob Dylan 's sometime backing group, the Band , had special bearing on what the Beatles were now after. Harrison had recently spent time with the group and with Dylan in Woodstock, New York, and he came back smitten by the collective spontaneous spirit they achieved in the recordings known as The Basement Tapes. Seeking that sort of feeling, Lennon told George Martin, "I don't want any of your production shit. We want this to be an honest album ... I don't want any editing …overdubbing. We just record the song and that's it." Years later, Lennon's implicit repudiation still stung Martin. "I assumed all their albums had been honest," Martin commented in The Beatles, by Bob Spitz. McCartney brought in a second producer, Glyn Johns, which proved something of a relief to Martin: To get the "inartificial" performances the Beatles were now after would require endless rehearsals for an acceptable single-take recording, and Martin found it so tedious that he rarely attended these rehearsals. From the outset, problems plagued the project. Because the Beatles intended to film the rehearsal sessions, which became known as the "Get Back" sessions after the original title of the album that was finally released as Let It Be, they set up at Twickenham Film Studios, which meant conforming to union filming hours, 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. – hardly the Beatles' hours. None of this would have been so bad if they had retained enthusiasm for the idea, but by the morning of January 2nd, 1969, when rehearsals began, nobody but McCartney seemed to remember why they were there. Though the sessions would be uncommonly productive in one sense – the Beatles played 52 original songs in that month of January 1969, several of which would soon make up Abbey Road and would also appear as some of the best material on the group members' early solo albums – all the bad feelings that had been festering for some time would come to the fore. McCartney tried to keep the others on track, but it was a thankless task. The others found his cajoling noxious and condescending. To them, it had become another Paul McCartney affair, with him telling everybody what notes and tempo to play, even telling the film director how to direct. "Paul would want us to work all the time," Ringo said, "because he was the workaholic." George Martin felt McCartney had little other choice. "Paul would be rather overbossy, which the other boys would dislike," he said. "But it was the only way of getting together ... It was just a general disintegration." There is a famous scene in the Let It Be film in which McCartney worries that his musical guidelines are irritating Harrison too much, and Harrison replies that he'll play whatever Paul wants from him, even if it means playing nothing. "You're not annoying me anymore," Harrison says, with palpable annoyance. The scene has been taken to represent the crux of the sessions' problem: that McCartney was pushy and insensitive, and that Harrison got fed up with it all. To be sure, Harrison had legitimate grievances. He had long been relegated to the role of sideman by Lennon and McCartney. But Harrison was troubled by other matters. He had come to dislike intensely the idea of a live show – and as the time grew closer, his protests grew bolder. By then, the Roundhouse date had fallen through, and when Lindsay-Hogg suggested a bigger or more exotic setting, such as a show in a Roman amphitheater, Harrison was sickened. "It would be just our luck to get a load of cunts in there," he said. The most dangerous tensions during January, though, passed between Harrison and Lennon. After being sidelined for years, Harrison now found that Yoko Ono sometimes had a voice in band matters that equaled or even bested his. Worse, though, Lennon and Ono were now practicing what was known as "heightened awareness" – based on a belief that verbal communication was unnecessary between people "tuned in" to larger truths. Its real effect, however, was to shut down any meaningful or helpful interactions. When crucial issues came up, Lennon would say nothing, deferring to whatever Ono thought – which drove his bandmates crazy. McCartney had developed an equanimity about it all. There were only two options, "to oppose Yoko and get the Beatles back to four or to put up with her." He opted for the latter, because he didn't want to lose John. In addition, he said, he felt he had no place in telling John to leave Yoko at home. It did, however, always rankle McCartney when Ono would refer to the Beatles without "the" – as in, "Beatles will do this, Beatles will do that." Paul tried to correct her – "Actually, it's the Beatles, luv" – to no avail. Finally, Harrison reached a breaking point. Early in the afternoon of January 10th, Harrison and Lennon got into a fight that they had to later deny came to blows (though George Martin would tell Lennon biographer Philip Norman that the argument indeed became physical, but "was hushed up afterwards"). The moments of that confrontation are among the few that Lindsay-Hogg was unable to capture for posterity. He did, however, manage to film Harrison apparently quitting the Beatles. "I'm out of here," he said, packing up his guitar. "Put an ad in [the papers] and get a few people in. See you 'round the clubs." McCartney and Starr seemed shocked, but Lennon was unruffled, launching into a version of the Who 's "A Quick One, While He's Away," essentially mocking Harrison's anguish. Later that day, Ono took George's place, picked up a microphone and launched into a wordless blues, as the remaining Beatles joined in, not sure what else to do if they wanted to keep Lennon from bolting as well. (It is, in fact, a fairly remarkable performance.) Later that afternoon, Lennon suggested recruiting Eric Clapton to replace Harrison: "The point is, George leaves, and do we want to carry on as the Beatles? I certainly do." On Sunday, January 12th, all four Beatles met at Starr's house to try to resolve their differences, but when Ono persisted in speaking out on Lennon's behalf, Harrison walked out. The Beatles finally reached an accord days later, but Harrison imposed stiff terms: No more talk about any major live concerts, and no more work at Twickenham studios. Ono, however, would remain in attendance at all sessions, alongside John. "Yoko only wants to be accepted," Lennon said. "She wants to be one of us." When Starr replied, "She's not a Beatle, John, and she never will be," Lennon dug in his heels. "Yoko is part of me now. We're John and Yoko, we're together." Almost two weeks after George's walkout, the Beatles resumed playing, this time in a studio in the basement of the Beatles' Apple headquarters on Savile Row. That same day, Harrison brought in organist Billy Preston, whom the Beatles had met in Hamburg, Germany, in 1962, and who later played with Sam Cooke and Ray Charles . Preston played on the remaining sessions, and his improvisational and professional skills brought a new and badly needed dignity to the final rehearsal days. Lennon found Preston so vitalizing that he wanted to add him immediately as a bona fide, permanent member of the group, a fifth Beatle. McCartney's response was adamant. "It's bad enough with four," he said. Time was running out on the project. Starr was obliged to begin filming The Magic Christian within days, and it was plain by the end of January that there was no longer time to plan a concert anywhere. Still, the Beatles and Lindsay-Hogg wanted an ending for the film they had begun, and on January 29th, somebody – some say Ringo, others claim it was Paul or even Lindsay-Hogg – suggested staging a concert the next afternoon on the rooftop of Apple's offices. The following afternoon, waiting in the stairwell just below the roof, Harrison and Starr suddenly weren't sure they wanted to go through with the venture, but at the last instant, Lennon said, "Oh, fuck, let's do it," and he and the others, accompanied by Preston, stepped onto their makeshift stage, overlooking London's tailoring district. This was the Beatles' only concert-style performance since August 1966, and it would be their last. That it was also the finest of their live shows says much about the collective power of the musicianship and charisma that they had nurtured over the years, and that even mutual recriminations couldn't nullify. As they played for that near-hour in the bitter cold, triumphing by way of matchless instincts, Lennon and McCartney trading smiles at every keen or botched moment, their best truth became plain: The Beatles were a true kinship – a family with a shared history that spoke a language they would never forget. Those moments, though, weren't enough to redeem what was about to happen. Reportedly, the earlier fight between Harrison and Lennon started with a remark Lennon had made in an early-January newspaper article, in which he said that if Apple kept losing money at its present rate, he – and therefore the Beatles – would be bankrupt by midyear. It was perhaps an overstatement, but Apple was in fact running out of control, and neither Harrison nor McCartney appreciated Lennon spreading that news. As a result of all the artist signings, and the price of buying the Savile Row building plus paying high salaries to friends and executives, Apple's expenses soared. Like all the Beatles, McCartney was an Apple director, but in the company's crucial first year, he was the only one who took a daily interest in the business. (Harrison, always the first to sour on anything, told confidants he hated Apple and its "rooms full of lunatics… and all kinds of hangers-on.") In those first months, McCartney tried to curb the company's outlay, but he was met with the other Beatles' resistance; they had no real conception of economic realities, since they simply spent what they needed or desired, and had Apple pick up the bills. When Paul warned them of the financial problems, he was confronted with the view that worry over money matters was an outmoded mind-set. "It was like a traitorous utterance," he said. "It was a rather un-communist thing to do … and anything I said seemed to come out wrong." McCartney recalled trying to alert Lennon that he in particular was spending far too much. "I said, 'Look, John. I'm right.' And he said, 'You fucking would be, wouldn't you? You're always right, aren't you?'" Matters finally hit a critical point when an accountant quit, leaving behind a blunt memo: "Your personal finances are in a mess." Both McCartney and Lennon now felt that Apple needed a firm hand – that perhaps it was time for the Beatles to acquire a new manager. They approached various financiers and consultants, and McCartney soon believed he had found the ideal solution close at hand: Linda Eastman's father, Lee, and her brother, John, were New York attorneys specializing in artist representation. McCartney believed that the Eastmans could manage Apple and save the band's fortunes, but the other Beatles were leery. All three felt that McCartney already exercised enough sway over the band's fate, and they did not want his potential in-laws also overseeing their business. John, in particular, thought he couldn't allow his partner such an upper hand. For years, New York accountant Allen Klein had been looking for an entree with the Beatles. A brusque and tenacious man, Klein was known for uncovering lost royalties for music artists, and he had managed singer Sam Cooke before his death. More recently, he had been the business manager for such English acts as Herman's Hermits, Donovan and the Rolling Stones. However, Klein also had a reputation for questionable ethics and was under investigation by U.S. financial authorities. Even so, more than anything, he wanted the Beatles. He had once offered to help Brian Epstein make the band bigger fortunes, but Epstein had declined even to shake Klein's hand. After reading Lennon's comments about the Beatles running the risk of going broke, Klein managed to inveigle a reluctant Peter Brown, a director of Apple, into arranging a formal introduction to Lennon. On January 28th, 1969, two days before the Beatles' Apple rooftop performance, Klein met Lennon and Ono at a London hotel, and charmed both. He knew the Beatles' music inside out – and he knew how to get on Lennon's good side: lauding Lennon's particular contributions to various songs, and vouchsafing to Lennon Ono's validity as an artist in her own right. Just as important, Klein convinced Lennon that they shared a similar sensibility – both were streetwise men who had made their own way in a hard world. By the evening's end, John and Yoko were won over: Lennon and Klein signed a letter of agreement, and Lennon informed EMI and the Beatles the next day. "I don't give a bugger who anybody else wants," Lennon said. "But I'm having Allen Klein for me." This set off the conflagration that killed the Beatles. McCartney still tried to advance Lee and John Eastman to represent the group's interests, and arranged a meeting for all the central players. But Allen Klein turned the encounter into a trap, baiting Lee Eastman, accusing him essentially of being a secretive Jew (Eastman had abandoned the family surname Epstein years before), and Lennon joined in. finally, Eastman exploded in fury, calling Klein "a rodent." then he and McCartney left the meeting. "I wouldn't let [Eastman] near me," Lennon told Rolling Stone in 1970. "I wouldn't let a fuckin' animal like that near me who has a mind like that." The worse Klein behaved and the more that Eastman impugned his character, the more Lennon and Ono championed him as the Beatles' rescuer, and Harrison and Starr soon agreed. "Because we were all from Liverpool," Harrison said in the mid-1990s, "we favored people who were street people. Lee Eastman was more of a class-conscious type of person. As John was going with Klein, it was much easier if we went with him too." Though Mick Jagger, who no longer trusted Klein at all, tried to dissuade the Beatles – "Don't go near him," he wrote in a note to McCartney – it was no use. This disagreement came at the worst possible time for the Beatles, when everything was happening too fast. In a matter of months, the Beatles lost their chance to commandeer Brian Epstein's former management firm, NEMS (costing them a fortune), and, more crucially, Lennon and McCartney lost the rights to Northern Songs, their music publisher. In the course of it all, McCartney married Linda Eastman on March 12th, 1969. and Lennon and Ono married on March 20th, in Gibraltar. In addition, on the same day as McCartney's wedding, Harrison and his wife, Pattie, were arrested for marijuana possession (Lennon and Ono had been arrested on a similar charge by the same police officer months before, and the disposition of that case affected Lennon's life for years). Klein had been of no benefit in any of the business debacles, despite his assurances, and yet Lennon, Harrison and Starr remained supportive of him. On the evening of May 9th, 1969, at a recording session at Olympic Sound Studios, Allen Klein waited outside while Lennon, Harrison and Starr, at his behest, demanded that McCartney sign a three-year management deal with Klein immediately. McCartney wouldn't do it. He told the others that Klein's 20 percent fee was too high, but in truth he simply couldn't reconcile himself to the reality of Allen Klein as the Beatles' manager. The others grew furious, but McCartney held his ground. "The way I saw it, I had to save the Beatles' fortunes," he said. "They said, 'Oh, fuck off!' and they all stormed off, leaving me with the session at Olympic." This was essentially a battle between Lennon and McCartney; these were men fated to prevail, and neither could afford to lose. McCartney eventually succumbed, though with a fine subterfuge: When the Beatles signed their contract with Klein, McCartney refused to put his signature on the document. Neither Klein nor the others believed this mattered – the Beatles had a majority-rule understanding. But in that moment of dissent, Paul McCartney pulled off the only brilliant maneuver that anybody accomplished during the Beatles' whole sorry endgame: By withholding his signature, McCartney would later convince a court that he was no longer contractually bound to remain with the Beatles and had never been bound to Klein. By this time, McCartney had lost his heart for Apple, the company that had resulted largely from his vision. In fact, he now hated the place, and stopped visiting the Savile Row offices. When McCartney would try to reach Klein, the Beatles' nominal manager would sometimes refuse the call."Tell him to call back Monday," Klein told his receptionist. Despite the travail of the "Get Back" sessions, the Beatles reconvened to make another album. Myth later had it that the Beatles knew they were ending and wanted to make a final record worthy of their reputation, but the truth is, no matter their troubles, the Beatles still liked the music they made together, even if they didn't like one another. They had already been recording intermittently since the January sessions, and had produced "The Ballad of John and Yoko" (with just Lennon and McCartney) and Harrison's "Old Brown Shoe" (with the full band). McCartney persuaded George Martin to return to the production helm and also brought back Geoff Emerick, under assurances that the Beatles would work on their best behavior. Lennon had to delay his arrival at the sessions after wrecking a car that he, Ono, Julian and Kyoko were riding in, on July 1st, 1969. When Lennon arrived at Abbey Road, he had a bed installed on the studio floor, so his wife could rest and offer commentary. None of the other Beatles dared protest. "The three of them were a little bit scared of him," recalled EMI engineer Phil McDonald. "John was a powerful figure, especially with Yoko – a double strength." There were still disagreements, including Lennon barging into McCartney's house one day when Paul had missed a session, and in a shouting rage, breaking a painting he'd given McCartney. At another point, John wanted his and Paul's songs relegated to separate sides of the vinyl album. In the end, a compromise was reached – most of the stand-alone songs on one side, and the suite (known as "The Huge") on the other. Just as important, Harrison finally enjoyed some long-overdue prominence when his two contributions, "Something" and "Here Comes the Sun," were recognized as among the best work the Beatles recorded during the summer of 1969. The resulting album, Abbey Road, provided a sweeping display of the band's mature strengths and a perspective on its history, whether the Beatles intended it that way or not. Lennon would later renounce Abbey Road as "something slick" that McCartney fashioned "to preserve the myth," but Lennon had the habit of not appreciating anybody's depths but his own. McCartney had been watching the Beatles come apart, and he was grieving over it. Talking about the closing segments of Abbey Road's suite with Barry Miles, in Paul McCartney: Many Years From Now, McCartney said, "I'm generally quite upbeat but at certain times things get to me so much that I just can't be upbeat anymore and that was one of the times ... Carry that weight a long time: like forever! That's what I meant." By the time Abbey Road was released on September 26th, the Beatles' fellowship had effectively ended. On September 13th, John Lennon and Yoko Ono performed at the Toronto Rock & Roll Revival, with a makeshift group that included Eric Clapton, and the experience convinced Lennon that he could no longer withstand the confines of his old band. A week later, during a meeting at Apple – with Klein, the Beatles and Ono in attendance – McCartney tried once more to persuade his bandmates to undertake a tour and return to the stage. "Let's get back to square one and remember what we're all about," he told them. Lennon responded, "I think you're daft. I wasn't going to tell you, but I'm breaking the group up. It feels good. It feels like a divorce." The people in the room didn't know whether to be shocked or to take the claim as another show of bravado on Lennon's part. Nobody – including Ono – knew this would happen on this day. "Our jaws dropped," McCartney said. For once, McCartney and Klein were in agreement: They persuaded Lennon to hold off on any announcement for at least a couple of months. Klein had just finished a new deal that won the Beatles a substantial increase in royalty rates, and he didn't want to spook EMI with the knowledge that the band was breaking up. Plus, both Klein and McCartney believed that Lennon might reconsider; it wasn't uncommon for him to swing between extremes. But Ono knew better, and she was as unhappy as anybody else in that moment. "We went off in the car," she later told Philip Norman, "and he turned to me and said, 'That's it with the Beatles. From now on, it's just you – OK?' I thought, 'My God, those three guys were the ones entertaining him for so long. Now I have to be the one to take the load.'" Lennon would in fact send mixed signals in the months that followed. In comments to Rolling Stone and New Musical Express in early 1970, Lennon said the Beatles might record again and might play at a summer peace festival in Canada. Harrison, too, had been talking about a possible new Beatles tour. "It'll probably be a rebirth, you know, for all of us," Lennon said. But McCartney now felt shattered; the band – the life he had been a part of since he was 15 – had been cut off from him. "John's in love with Yoko," he told London's Evening Standard, "and he's no longer in love with the other three of us." Paul stayed at home with Linda, her daughter Heather, and their infant, Mary, and began drinking in evenings and mornings alike. He stopped writing music altogether, and his temper flared easily. He'd fallen into a paralyzing depression, until Linda could take no more. "Here I am ... married to a drunk who won't take a bath," she told a friend, according to Peter Carlin's Paul McCartney: A Life. "You don't have to take this crap," she finally told Paul. "You're a grown man." During Christmas week 1969, McCartney took his wife's advice and started work on his first album as an independent artist. He called Lennon in March 1970 and informed him that he too was now leaving the Beatles. "Good," his longtime partner replied. "That makes two of us who have accepted it mentally." Any lingering chance of reconciliation was cut short by a series of blunders that Lennon, Klein and Harrison committed in the early months of 1970. By then, the January 1969 rehearsal and recording sessions had been edited, and Klein wanted an album to accompany the film, which was now called Let It Be, after a song by McCartney. (Though Abbey Road was recorded later than Let It Be, it had already been released in September 1969.) Glyn Johns had tried to assemble an album in 1969; Paul indicated he was OK with it, but John hated what he heard. Ironically, the results were too close to the rough-and-raw recording aesthetic that Lennon had originally insisted on, and by early 1970 Klein wanted something more commercially appealing. In March, Lennon turned over the January 1969 tapes – which he described as "the shittiest load of badly recorded shit with a lousy feeling to it ever" – to legendary "Wall of Sound" producer Phil Spector, who had produced Lennon's "Instant Karma!" single in January 1970. (Neither Klein nor Spector wanted George Martin involved. "I don't consider him in my league," Spector said. "He's an arranger, that's all.") The changes that Spector brought to Let It Be were, at best, for the worse, stifling both McCartney's title song and his heartfelt ballad, "The Long and Winding Road," with overlayers of orchestration. (Spector's modifications of "The Long and Winding Road" seemed so perverse at one point that Starr, who attended the overdubbing session, dragged the producer from the studio by the arm and reprimanded him.) During this time, Spector never consulted McCartney about the changes he was making, which may have been Klein and Lennon's intention. After finally hearing Spector's new mixes, McCartney requested changes, but Klein told him it was too late. (In late 2003, McCartney and Starr would issue a new version of Let It Be called Let It Be…Naked, free of Spector's arrangements and the jokey asides that Lennon had pushed for.) The final affront came when Klein, Harrison and Lennon determined that McCartney couldn't release his debut solo album on April 17th, 1970, as originally planned, but had to push back the date to June 4th to allow room for Let It Be, which was now set for April 24th. When Lennon and Harrison sent Starr as an emissary to McCartney's home to deliver a letter to that effect, McCartney reacted with uncharacteristic vehemence; just as the argument might have turned physical, he tossed Ringo from his house. When Starr returned, he felt bad for what they were doing to Paul and asked that they let McCartney keep his album's original release date. Harrison and Lennon consented, pushing Let It Be to May, but they resented McCartney. The feeling had turned mutual. "We're all talking about peace and love," McCartney told a newspaper at the time, "but really we're not feeling peaceful at all." None of them, though, anticipated what McCartney ended up doing. "I couldn't just let John control the situation," he later said. In April, when Paul released his first solo work, McCartney, he also issued a self-interview, in which he made some matters plain: Q: Did you miss the Beatles ? A: No. Q: Are you planning a new album or single with the Beatles? A: No. Long before John Lennon told the world, "The dream is over," Paul McCartney had already delivered the news. Lennon took his partner's statement as an unacceptable usurpation. "I wanted to do it and I should have done it," Lennon said. "I was a fool not to do it, not to do what Paul did, which was use it to sell a record." But the resentment went deeper than that. The Beatles had originally been John Lennon's band, and in his heart its fate depended on him. "I started the band, I disbanded it. It's as simple as that," he said. Lennon, it seemed, was upset that it was McCartney who had been seen as leaving him, and not the other way around. "I think it was just straightforward jealousy," Paul told Barry Miles. At the time, McCartney told a newspaper, "Ringo left first, then George, then John. I was the last to leave! It wasn't me!" The end of the Beatles, however, had only entered a new and strange phase that would go on for years. McCartney wanted out of Apple altogether – he didn't want Allen Klein to have anything to say about his music or to share in his profits – but when he called Harrison, seeking consent to be released from his arrangement, George said, "You'll stay on the fucking label. Hare Krishna." McCartney wrote Lennon long letters, begging to leave the Beatles' organization, but Lennon fired back one- or two-line noncommittal replies. McCartney threatened to sue, and Klein laughed at him. On December 31st, 1970, McCartney sued to dissolve the Beatles. (Klein later admitted that he was caught completely off guard.) The other three Beatles were unified in their response to the court: There was no need to end the group – things weren't that bad, they could still make music together. The only problem was Paul and his domineering ways. The judge decided that McCartney's request for dissolution was proper, and consigned the Beatles' considerable earnings to a receivership until the varying details of separation – the divorce that Lennon had wanted – could be worked out. In 1973, the remaining Beatles' contract with Klein ended, and they did not renew it; they had grown tired of him. Soon, Harrison, Lennon and Starr would sue their former manager (Lennon admitted to an interviewer that McCartney perhaps had been right all along about Klein), and in a separate, Apple-related matter, Klein would be sentenced to two months in a U.S. prison for fraud. When the Klein debacle was over, Harrison said he wouldn't mind re-forming the Beatles. When the time came for the Beatles to gather and sign the final dissolution to the old partnership, Lennon refused to appear. He was worried that the other Beatles would end up with more money than he would, and somebody close to him at the time said that he panicked, because this meant that the Beatles were truly over with. Maybe he had never really meant to disband the group after all. Certainly, though, his caprices and rage had destroyed the band. In the same meeting in which he said he was leaving the Beatles, Lennon had also vented years worth of self-doubt and discontent, and placed it all at McCartney's feet. Paul, he felt, had always eclipsed him, taking more time to realize the sounds he wanted in the studio, winning more approval from George Martin for his easy melodicism. Plus, Paul had simply written too damn much, in John's estimation. By the time they got to the Magical Mystery Tour sessions, Lennon said, "You'd already have five or six songs, so I'd think, 'Fuck it, I can't keep up with that.' So I didn't bother, you know, and I thought, 'I don't really care whether I was on or not.' I convinced myself it didn't matter, and so for a period if you didn't invite me to be on an album personally, if you three didn't say, 'Write some more songs 'cause we like your work,' I wasn't going to fight." But, Lennon added, "There was no point in turning 'em out – I didn't have the energy to turn 'em out and get 'em on [an album] as well." It was a remarkable confession. John Lennon – who until Abbey Road and Let It Be had written most of the Beatles' masterpieces and defined their greatest depths – could no longer bear to divide up his brilliance with Paul McCartney. The Beatles could withstand whatever tensions Yoko Ono brought them. They might have endured Allen Klein. But the Beatles could not survive John Lennon. His anxiety was simply too vast. So the Beatles ended, never to gather again in the lifetimes of these men. Lennon, Harrison and Starr played together in various configurations over the years, though only rarely did they record with McCartney; once, when Eric Clapton married Harrison's former wife, Pattie Boyd, Paul, George and Ringo played live for a few impromptu minutes. Also, once, John and Paul played music together at somebody's Los Angeles studio in 1974, and Paul took a significant role in reuniting John and Yoko when they were separated during that same period. Lennon and McCartney, the most important songwriting team in history, repaired their friendship somewhat over the years, though they stayed distant and circumspect, and never wrote together again. Lennon was murdered in 1980. McCartney, Harrison and Starr reunited again as the Beatles in the mid-1990s to play on some unfinished John Lennon tracks for The Beatles Anthology. Harrison died of lung cancer in 2001. Paul McCartney, with the help of Lee and John Eastman, went on to become the richest man in show business, and Linda McCartney died of breast cancer in 1998. Does this feel like a love story? Does love lose all validity for how it ends? It might, of course, though endings don't easily erase history; rather, they seal it. The story of the Beatles was always in some ways bigger than the Beatles, both the band and its individuals: It was the story of a time, of a generation reaching for new possibilities. It was the story of what happens when you reach those possibilities, and what happens when your best hopes come apart. Yes, it was a love story – and love is almost never a simple blessing. Because as much as the Beatles may have loved their communion, the world around them loved it even more. That was the love that, more than anything, exalted the Beatles but also hemmed them in with one another, and they could not withstand it. John Lennon, in particular, felt he had to break that love, and Paul McCartney hated to see it torn asunder. Once it was done, though, it was done. Everything it made – every wonder – still resonates, but the hearts that made it happen also unmade it, and never truly recovered from the experience. "It was all such a long time ago," George Harrison said years later. "Sometimes I ask myself if I was really there or whether it was all a dream."	i don't know
Who is the French equivalent of our Britannia?	Dictionary of France - M - M6 to Mutuelle - About-France.com Z M 6 - The sixth French TV channel; a commercial channel, M6 is more youth oriented, innovative and and cheeky than the main channels. Macadam - Monthly magazine sold on the streets of French cities by the homeless ( SDF ) and unemployed. Vendors get to keep at least 1€ from the cover price of 2 €. The French equivalent of Britain's "Big Issue" or Germany's "Asphalt", Macadam is affiliated to the International Network of Street Papers. Macron, Emmanuel. Born 1977, Emmanuel Macron came into the public eye when in 2014 he was appointed economic advisor to President François Hollande. At the start of his career Macron was a senior civil servant in the Inspectorate of Finances at the Ministry of the Economy. He then joined Rothschilds investment bank. In 2012 he joined President Hollande's team of advisers, and later in 2014 was appointed to the post of Minister of the Economy in the first Valls administration. His profile as a former investment banker did not go down well with the left wing of Hollande's government, and nor did his liberalising economic policies. His economic reform package that came in in 2015, and is known as the Loi Macron, included rolling back restrictions on Sunday trading, opening up the intercity bus and coach market to private competition, and attacking restrictive practices in France's regulated professions (legal professions, pharmacists, bailiffs etc.). In 2015 he founded his own political movement (not a party) called En Marche (perhaps best translated as Just do it) and subsequently announced that he was standing for the presidency as an anti-system independent in the 2017 Presidential elections. Madelin, Alain : Born 1946. Former minister, Alain Madelin is renowned as the most strident defender of economic liberalism in France, during the early 1990s, at a time when " liberalism " was still the "L" word, even for many French conservatives. A right-wing activist during his student days, virulently anti-Socialist, Madelin later joined Giscard d'Estaing's centre-right UDF party. He held a number of ministerial portfolios, eventually being appointed Minister of Finance and the Economy by prime minister Edouard Balladur in 1995; Balladur however sacked him after three months, judging Madelin too liberal . In reality, Madelin was ahead of his times, and many of his economic ideas - aimed at freeing up the French economy - have since been put in place. In 1997, he became president of the Parti Républicain (PR), which he later renamed Démocratie Libérale (DL): in 2003 DL merged with the mainstream conservative UMP party. Madelin retired from politics in 2007. Maghrébins: People from North Africa, notably from the former French colonies or protectorates of Algeria, Morrocco, and Tunisia. French national censuses do not include questions about ethnicity, but it is estimated that about 5% of the population of modern Frence (some 3 million people) are partly or fully of Maghreban descent. Magny Cours. French motor racing circuit, near Nevers in the Nièvre department, some 250 km south of Paris, formerly site of French Formula 1 Grand Prix races. MAIF : large insurance cooperative (friendly society), only open to active or retired employees of the French state education service. The MAIF was reputed to offer very competitive insurance rates; today it is particularly appreciated as an honest insurer and one which pays up quite fast when a claim is made. Maire : Mayor, the chief executive of a Commune, or municipality. Amont the many functions of French mayors are that of officiating at marriages. Mayors are elected for a six-year term in office, by municipal councillors, following a municipal election. The person chosen is generally the leader of the "list" which gained the majority of seats on the council following the election. Mairie: Municipal offices, building housing the main administrative office or offices (depending on the size) of a commune or a town. Mairies are responsible for the management of local services and local administrative formalities, such as the registration of births, deaths and marriages. Maître de Conférences: tenured university lecturer or senior lecturer. Maîtrise : Old type of masters degree, generally obtained following the successful completion of four years of higher education. Following reform of the higher education system in France in the early 2000s, and adoption of the European "Bologna" system, the maîtrise was phased out, and replaced by a new five-year master's qualification, known as the "Master" (pronounced Mast-air). Mammouth : The original brand of French hypermarket. The first Mammouth opened in 1969, the last one closed in 1996. Manif, short for Manifestation. See Demonstration Manifestation, see Demonstration Marc: in its most widespread usage, marc is a high alcohol spirit produced from the residues left after fruit has been pressed to produce other drinks, such as wine or cider. The commonest form of marc is marc de raison, a strong clear spirit prodced from the post-fermentation of pressed grapes. Like Cognac and other digestifs, marc is traditionally drunk as a digestif at the end of a long meal. A small glass of marc is offened referred to as a "pousse-café". Marchais, Georges : (1920 - 1997) First secretary of the French Communist Party (PCF) from 1972 to 1994. Marchais was very much a mainstream politician in France; when he took over the party, it was the biggest political party of the left in rench politics, and attracted the votes of about 20% of the French electorate. In the ensuing years, the PCF was overtaken by the rise of the new Socialist Party, led by François Mitterrand, and Marchais could do little or nothing to stop the decline. Though he admitted that the French Communist Party had been "stalinist" in its past, he did little to modernise it. A member of the French parliament from 1973 to 1997, and also MEP from 1979 to 1989 (See cumul des mandats ), he was never a minister, in spite of the Communists' participation in the Left wing union (Union de la Gauche) government from 1982 to1984. Marché libre: On the stock exchange, French small caps market. Marée noire: literally black tide. Expression used to describe marine or coastal oil spillages leading to serious pollution of the shoreline. Marianne: 1. Marianne is to France what Britannia is to Britain, an allegorical female icon symbolic of the nation. The bust of Marianne, often capped with the revolutionary Phrygian bonnet, adorns many town halls and official buildings. Marianne is supposed to be the incarnation of the spirit of the French Revolution, which is still seen (rightly or wrongly) as being the defining moment in the development of the modern French nation. The image of Marianne has featured almost permanently on French postage stamps (definitive issues), as well as on many coins. In recent years, top models and film stars have posed as models for official sculptures of Marianne. They include Brigitte Bardot, Catherine Deneuve, Laetitia Casta and Evelyne Thomas. Marianne: 2. The name of a weekly newsmagazine founded in 1997. Marianne presents itself as being a magazine of the "radical centre", uncompromisingly opposed to both the left-wing "neo-gauchisme" and the right-wing "neo-libéralisme" (neoconservativism). Marseillaise. La Marseillaise is the French national anthem. Written by a little known soldier-poet called Rouget de Lisle, it was originally, in 1792, a battle song for the French Rhine armies. It was adopted as national anthem on July 14th 1795. Martinique : French overseas department, situated in the Caribbean. Massif Central : large area of uplands, covering central southern France from the Rhone to the western coastal plains. it includes most of the regions of the Auvergne and the Limousin, and parts of Rhone-Alpes, Aquitaine, Midi-Pyrénées, and Languedoc . Large parts of the Massif Central are sparsely populated, notably the Cantal, the Creuse, the Aveyron, and Lozère departments, and part of the Haute Loire. With just 15 inhabitants per km², the Lozère department, which includes the uplands of the Aubrac and part of the Causses, is the most sparsely populated department in metropolitan France. Master : First postgraduate degree, awarded after five years of higher education. the Master replaced the Maîtrise (see above) following the LMD reform of higher education in the early 2000s Maths-sup: See under Classes Préparatoires Matignon, Hôtel de : Official Paris residence of the French Prime Minister. The word "Matignon" is often used, in the same way as "Downing Street" is used in Britain, to designate the Prime Minister's office. Mauroy, Pierre (born 1928). French socialist politician, Prime Minister from 1981 to 1984, at the start of the first Mitterrand presidency. A stalwart Socialist, Mauroy was Mitterrand's first prime minister, and led the government in the early years of the presidency, when policies were most left-wing, and included a programme of nationalisation (at a time when other nations were doing the reverse), a lowering of the retirement age, and the reduction of the working week to 39 hours. As well as playing a major role in the Socialist party from its creation in 1969, he was mayor of the city of Lille from 1973 to 2001, and also the city's Député, a classic example of cumul des mandats . May 1st : Le Premier Mai, La Journée du Travail - Labour Day, a public holiday in France, when trade unions traditionally organise parades through French towns and cities. May 8th Le Huit Mai: VE Day. Anniversary of the signing of the Armistice at the end of World War II in europe. A public holiday in France. Mazarine : Mazarine Pingeot born 1974 - A French writer, daughter of François Mitterrand. In 1994, the magazine Paris Match revealed that President François Mitterrand had for 20 years hidden the fact that he had a daughter, through an extramarital liaison. The "Mazarine affair", which might have cause the downfall of senior politicians in many countries, cused little more than the raising of a few eyebrows in France. Médecin conventionné : Doctor approved by the French health service. Most doctors working in France are "conventionnés". See health care in France . Médecin de garde : Duty doctor, duty physician. In most French towns, the doctor/s who is/are on call at nights and during the weekend, when most other doctors' surgeries are closed. See health care Médecin, Jacques : (1928 - 1998) Long-serving mayor of Nice (1966-1990), and son of a previous mayor of the city. The Medecin family dominated politics in Nice for over half a century, like a family of local princes. His career came to a stuttering end in the late 1980s, following the first of a series of indictments for improprieties in the management of local affairs, including corruption and tax fraud. He fled to Uruguay in 1990, but was extradited in 1994, and spent two years in prison. On release, he returned to Uruguay, where he died two years later. Médecins sans Frontières, MSF - Doctors without borders - Major French medical NGO, providing medical assistance worldwide, notably in times of war and famine. Founded by Bernard Kouchner , currently (2009) French Foreign Secretary. MEDEF - Mouvement des Entreprises de France: The French Employers' organisation, which in 1998 replaced the earlier CNPF (Conseil National du Patronat Français). It is the French equivalent of Britain's CBI. Also referred to sometimes as le Patronat (litterally "the bosses"), the MEDEF is one of the partenaires sociaux , representing employers in discussions or negotiations with trade unions and/or the government. Médiateur de la République: the French equivalent of the U.K’s Ombudsman, an independent arbitrator whose job is to solve conflicts between induviduals and the state. Individual citizens wishing to use the services of the Médiateur cannot apply directly, but must do so by first contacting their local M.P. ( Député ). Médoc wines. The Médoc, the region south of the Gironde estuary to the north west of Bordeaux, is the home of many of France's most prestigious wines. Among the famous appellations produced in this area are Saint Estèphe, Margaux, Saint Julien and Pauillac. for more details see Wines page. Megret, Bruno - French right-wing politician, and MEP (1989 - 1999), who broke away from Jean-Marie Le Pen's National Front party in 1998 to form his own MNR, Mouvement National Républicain, party. He retired from politics in 2008. Menu du jour : the day's special menu in a resturant, usually offered at a discount rate compared to other comparable dishes. Mercantour - One of France's six national parks, located in the high Alps, on the Italian border. Méridienne verte - A millennium project to mark the "Paris meridian" - slightly different from the Greenwich meridian - by the planting of a line of trees, from Dunkerque on the North Sea to Prats de Mollho on the Spanish border. Messmer, Pierre (1916 - 2007) : Prime minister of France 1972 - 1974 under President Pompidou. A historic figure of the Gaullist movement, and former colonial administrator, Messmer was de Gaulle's second-closest adviser. On the traditionalist wing of the Gaullist movement, he was Minister of the Armies at the time of the Algerian war of independence. Metro, the Paris. First opened in 1900, the Paris Metro (or Métropolitain) is the city's subway system or underground railway system. Most of the network within central Paris is underground, though there are some aerial sections, notably on routes 2 and 6. It is linked with the city's suburban rapid transit system, the RER. The Paris Metro is Europe's second most-used urban subway system after the Moscow underground. Most routes use standard gauge steel rail tracks, though five of the routes operate with rubber-tyred rolling stock, running on concrete tracks. These are considerably quieter than the traditional trains used on other routes. The most recent route, line 14, opened in 1998 and known as the "Météor", uses driverless trains. Metropolitan FranceContinental France, Corsica and smaller coastal islands. MGEN : Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale : the health insurance mutual, for employees of the state education system in France. Michelin: One of France's older and biggest companies, a CAC 40 company, and the world's major tyre manufacturers (20% of the world market). Michelin is based in Clermont Ferrand (Auvergne), where it has a large research facility. Michelin has been responsible for many innovations in the history of the motor type, including the invention of the radial tyre (standard on modern vehicles) . Michelin also publish very popular maps of France and tourist guides. Midi : Litterally speaking, Midi means midday, but the word has come also to designate the south of France, i.e. the part over which the sun stands at midday, when seen from a northern perspective. As a spatial concept, the word Midi is very vague, and there is no specific point at which a traveller from the north enters the Midi. For some it is a small area, just including the Mediterranean coastal plain and its direct hinterland, a region characterised by mediterranean climate and vegetation. For others it is anywhere south of the level of Valence, or even south of a line betwen Lyon and Bordeaux. The word is included in the name of the region Midi Pyrénées (see below), which thus has a strong claim to be considered as part of the Midi. Alternatively, the Midi is perceived as equivalent to the historic area of Occitania, the southern half of France where people spoke dialects of Occitanian French rather than dialects of the standard French of the Ile de France. Midi Libre : Regional daily newspaper founded in 1944 in Montpellier, and distributed throughout the Languedoc region and the department of the Aveyron. Part of the Sud-Ouest news group since 2001. See longer article on Newspapers in France . Midi-Pyrénées : in terms of surface, the largest of France's administrative regions. Covering eight departments, the Midi Pyrenees, capital Toulouse, stretches from the Pyrenees to the Massif Central. It is largely rural and agricultural. Millau. Town in the Aveyron department, on the river Tarn, and site of the new Viaduc de Millau on the A75 motorway. Mimolette : A round cheese, made in the area of Lille in the north of France. Its orange colour is the result of the addition of natural coloring. The cheese was originally made as a French variation of the Dutch Edam cheese, to which it is very similar. Minitel A first generation computerised videotext system, the Minitel briefly put France into the position of world leader in videotext access. Launched in 1982, the Minitel system rapidly entered the majority of French households and offices thanks to a masterly government policy of offering the basic terminals free to all telephone subscribers. Several years before the Internet explosion, the Minitel offered French telephone subscribers free access to a range of information services, including national telephone directories; it also offered a number of pay-per-view services, receipts from which were designed to help pay back the investment in the system. However, the success of the Minitel was also instrumental in slowing down France's uptake of the Internet. While the government remained keen to protect and promote this French technological success in the face of competition from a foreign system, many Minitel service providers also had a good reason to defend the system too. Provision of information via the Minitel, charged by the second, rapidly became seen as a lucrative activity (notably for the "Minitel rose" sites) - far more so than via Internet, where most general information is provided free of charge to the viewer. This economic disincentive meant that many major French providers of Information, such as the SNCF, were reluctant to replace, or even complement, slow but profit-making Minitel services by faster free Internet services - thus delaying French uptake of the Internet. Minitel services were completely phased out in 2011. Minitel Rose. Name given collectively to the large number of soft-porn or erotic minitel chatlines that blossomed in the 1990's Mirage….. The generic name of the most famous family of French jet fighter planes, manufactured by the Dassault Aviation company . The first production Mirages, the Mirage III, entered service in 1961 with the French Air Force; the latest variant, the Mirage 2000, first entered service in 1987. Numerous upgrades of the Mirage 2000 have since been developed for French and other air forces. Mistral 1) The most famous of the winds to blow over France, the Mistral is the north wind that regularly blows down the Rhone valley, south of Lyon, usually bringing cold weather with clear skies to Provence. The Mistral is usually due either to northwest winds coming in off the Atlantic, or cold winds coming over from Central Europe. See Climate and weather. Mistral 2 ) Named after the wind, the luxurious express train that used to run daily from 1950 to 1982 between Paris and Nice. The train was first class only, had its own special rolling-stock, and included such sophistications as hostesses, a hardressing salon, and a secretarial service. The train was withdrawn in 1982, following the introduction of TGV services to Nice. Mitterrand, François (adj. Mittérandiste) (1916 - 1996) : Françoisz Mitterrand was the longest serving French president under the Fifth Republic. Mitterrand, a Socialist, served two full terms in office, from 1981 to 1995. He was also the oldest president of the Fifth republic, leaving the job at the age of 78. History will judge how successful Mitterrand was; adulated by his supporters, he was much maligned by his political opponents; but for the second period of both his terms, he was obliged to appoint a Prime Minister from the conservative opposition (leading to a state of " cohabitation " (q.v.)), following mid-term rejections of his socialist administrations. He will perhaps be remembered as an indecisive president; from 1981 to 1983, he oversaw left-wing policies, including the nationalisation of some banks and other major companies; but from 1983 onwards, this policy went into reverse, and from then on state companies were progressively privatized. He did much to free France from the tight constrictions of the Gaullist state, abolishing the death penalty and removing state control of the media; but he was party to a notorious act of international piracy, the sinking of the Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior in the harbour at Auckland, New Zealand, in which a Greenpeace activist was killed. Reelected in 1988, he pledged to follow a policy that was neither too left, nor too right. Known as the "ni-ni" policy ("neither nor" policy), this was frequently interpreted as being tantamount to no policy at all, and led to a crushing defeat for the Socialists in the 1993 general elections, as France's economic situation declined. Modèle français, le : The French socio-economic system, which for a long time was seen by the majority of people in France, of all political persuasions, as being more caring, more egalitarian, and preferable to the other major western socio-economic system, known to the French as le modèle anglo-saxon (and considered too libéral).. However, since the start of the 21st century, the shine has come off the concept of le modèle français, as a result of France's major social problems, including ethnic tensions (see les Banlieues) and unemployment, and economic problems. MoDem – Mouvement Démocrate : Centrist social-democratic political party formed from the remains of the old UDF by former minister and presidential candidate François Bayrou, in 2007. Monde, Le . The leading French quality daily national newpaper, filling in France a role occupied in the UK by the Times and the Guardian . Politically left of centre, it is a newspaper of informed discussion and debate on current affairs, economics, politics and social issues, and is the newpaper of the Establishment, the "paper of reference", read by large numbers of decisiion makers, notably in the civil service. It is published in Paris, and comes out every evening. Monde de l'éducation : Education supplement of the daily newspaper Le Monde; the nearest French equivalent to the Times Educational Supplement. Monde Diplomatique, le . Monthly supplement of Le Monde, devoted to critical analysis of political and economic issues. Though read by people of all shades of opinion in the French establishment and higher echelons of public service, le Monde Diplomatique, the paper, which defines itself as a "paper of opinion", is distinctly anti-neoliberal, and as such a firm critic of unbridled economic liberalism and consumerism. The paper is published worldwide, in 71 editions and 27 languages, and is seen to represent a certain French view, refusing subservience to the hegemony of American though and policy in the fields of social and economic affairs. Monoprix - Long-established chain of city-centre supermarkets / department stores, present in most French cities and large towns. the chain currently belongs to the Casino retail group,. Mont Blanc, tunnel du : Road tunnel under Mont Blanc, in the French alps, linking France and Italy. The tunnel is a vital transalpine link, and was opened in 1965. In 1999, it was closed following a major fire, in which 56 people lost their lives. It has since reopened, following major improvements to safety systems Mont Blanc. Mountain in the French Alps, near Chamonix. The highest peak in France and in Western Europe, altitude 4807 metres. The Mont Blanc range has the distinction of being home to the only real glacier in Western Europe, the Mer de Glace. The peak of Mont Blanc is on the Franco-Italian border ….(See also Mont Blanc, tunnel du) Mont Saint Michel - One of France's major tourist sites, and a UNESCO World Heritage site, the Mont St. Michel is a mediaeval abbey perched on a rock jutting up in the middle of the sand flats and shallow water of a large bay on the north coast of France, between Normandy and Brittany . Mont d'Or : One of the famous cheeses of the Franche Comté region, Mont d'Or, also known as Vacherin, is a cheese that was traditionally only available in winter and spring. See under Cheeses . Montagne, La - Regional newspaper covering the Massif Central area of central southern France. Published in Clermont Ferrand. Montmartre - small hill in the north of Paris, site of the Sacré Coeur basilica, and narrow streets reputed as the capital's artists' quarter. Montparnasse, Gare - One of the main railway termini in Paris, serving much of central western France. the Gare Montparnasse is the Paris terminus for all western TGV lines. See rail travel in France Morvan : northern spur of the Central Massif, between the Loire and the Seine, in the region of Burgundy. Highest point, le Haut Folin (901 metres). The Morvan is a Regional Natural Park (Parc naturel Régional, q.v.). Mouvement pour la France - MPF : Right-wing political party, considered rather more respectable than the Front National . Though defending many of the same values as the FN, the RPF recuses the term 'nationalist', preferring 'souverainiste' - or 'sovereignist'. The MPF derives an aura of respectability from its leader, Philippe de Villiers , the aristocratic and popular President of the General Council of the Vendée department, formerly a member of the UDF party, and a minister in the second Chirac government. Thanks to various electoral alliances, and to its popularity in the Vendée region, the MPF has been able to maintain a presence in national and European parliaments, currently having two Députés in the National Assembly. The MPF is a very conservative party standing for traditional Christian values; though Eurosceptic, it does not call for France's withdrawal from the EU. Municipales, élections. Local elections taking place every six years, to elect a mayor and municipal council for each of France's 36,000 communes Munster - A fairly strong rind-washed soft cheese from the Vosges mountains in Eastern France. Munster is definitely not a cheese for those who do not like strong tasting varieties. More details under Cheeses . Mutuelle: Mutual society, cooperative, particularly in the field of insurance, banking or health cover.	Marianne
What is the correct name for an ant’s nest?	Code Geass: The Black Prince Chapter 1: Introduction and Timeline, a code geass fanfic \| FanFiction By: Lord Lelouch Lelouch remains in Britannia.Watch as he rises through the ranks of Britannia and gathers the loyalty, admiration, respect and fear of millions as the caring,charismatic,ruthless,benevolent and enigmatic Black Prince of the Empire. Rated: Fiction T - English - Lelouch L. - Chapters: 5 - Words: 10,261 - Reviews: 49 - Favs: 127 - Follows: 147 - Updated: 1/18/2010 - Published: 11/29/2009 - id: 5544359 + - Full 3/4 1/2 Expand Tighten Next > Disclaimer: I do not own Code Geass or any of its characters. Author Note: I will readily admit I'm not great writer but I feel that I am capable of writing a worthwhile story as I feel there a very few of them available. I like to pay attention to detail and will probably face some writer blocks due to them so I welcome ideas from any and all readers and will definitely take them into consideration. Introduction: This will be a "what if Lelouch remained in Britannia fanfic". I will admit not all of my facts and ideas are original but can anyone say that after reading all the different fanfics that any idea could be original. I try to deviate them as much as possible. Lelouch will not be a weakling in this story like he is in canon(honestly can anyone possibly be that weak). I won't make him godlike but still he'll be a warrior capable of holding his own in a fight. He'll inherit his mother's skill with a knightmare (he is not an ace but become extremely skilled from being taught by his mother since he is six and a lot of practice while in military academy). I'll be starting off with his childhood and move on from there. I'll try to be as detailed as possible but since so little is known about the Imperial family I'll be flying blind there. If it's possible could someone please explain to me how the numbering of the princes and princesses are done. However, If I am to follow my own logic, they are numbered according to birth then all the princesses after Cornelia should be younger than Lelouch as he is older than Euphemia (the third princess) and their places in line for the throne are determined originally by their mother's position and afterwards based on their own merits (if they have any), this way only a strong leader will end up ruling Britannia. I would make sense since Lelouch's mother, Marianne, is a commoner by birth but ascended to the Knights of the Round and is the 5th Queen Consort (giving her seniority over many of the other consorts). I believe the nobility might have had something to do with Lelouch being seventeenth in line if that is the case. I will go into detail with that as the story goes on. Timeline : 1 a.t.b. (55 BC) - Julius Caesar attempts to invade Britain, but is met with strong resistance from the local tribes, who elect a super-leader: the Celtic King Eowyn. Through Eowyn's leadership, the Roman invasion of the British Isles is repelled; this marks the official beginning of the Holy Britannian Empire, with Eowyn becoming the first Emperor. At the same time, this also marks the beginning of the Imperial calendar, better known as Ascension Throne Britannia. 55 a.t.b. (1 AD) - The establishment beginning of the Gregorian calendar, better known as Anno Domini (Latin for "In the year of our Lord"). While Britannia continues to use the Imperial calendar as its standard, the Gregorian calendar comes into use through most of Europe. 1010 a.t.b. (955 AD) - Sakuradite (known as the "Philosopher's Stone" at the time) is discovered near Stonehenge in the British Isles. The scarcity of sakuradite impedes the research to turn it into a viable energy source. 1349 a.t.b. (1294 AD) - Marco Polo journeys further into the East than anticipated, reaching Japan and discovering the nation has a large deposit of sakuradite. This discovery marks the beginning of Japan's influence upon the world. 1547 a.t.b. (1492 AD) - An expedition under Christopher Columbus discovers the New World: a formerly untouched continent rich with land and resources. Columbus suspects it to be an extention of Asia, but is proven wrong by Amerigo Vespucci, who shows the world that it's an entirely separate continent. As a result, European interest in exploration and colonization increases rapidly, with many countries seeking to establish a foothold in this new land. The continent later becomes known as America. 1630 a.t.b. (1575 AD) -Empress Elizabeth I, who remained single throughout her life, bears a son, Henry IX. The potential fathers — Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester; Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex; and Carl, Duke of Britannia — gain influence and power with this knowledge. 1658 a.t.b. (1603 AD)- Henry IX ascends to the throne after the death of his mother, starting the Golden Age of the Tudor Dynasty. 1675 a.t.b. (1620 AD) - The cargo ship Mayflower brings Britannian settlers to the New World, who then established the first Britannian colony, Plymouth. Not long after, much of the eastern coast falls under Britannian control. 1811 a.t.b. (1756 AD) - The Seven Years' War erupts throughout Europe, and not even the New World colonies are left unscathed, i.e. the French and Indian War. 1818 a.t.b. (1763 AD) – The Treaty of Paris is signed, east side of the Mississippi and Canada are ceded to Britannia. 1830 a.t.b. (1775 AD) - The Washington Rebellion occurs, in which separatists under George Washington, known formally as the Continental Army, rebel against Britannian rule over the American colonies. Edward, Duke of Britannia, bribes Benjamin Franklin with promises of titles and territories in the colonies, who was charged with appealing to King Louis XVI of France for assistance in the American colonies' war for independence. Thereafter, Benjamin Franklin is given the title of Earl. 1836 a.t.b. (1781 AD) - As a result of Franklin's betrayal, the French stay out of the war. Thus, the Continental Army suffers a decisive defeat during the Siege of Yorktown with the death of George Washington, marking a severe blow to the American movement for independence. 1840 a.t.b. (1785 AD) - The Western world enters the Age of Revolution, with numerous national revolutions taking place, save Britannia, under the rule of Henry X, who continues to hold absolute monarchy. 1854 a.t.b. (1799 AD)- The French Revolution ends with the Coup of 18 Brumaire, in which Napoleon Bonaparte appoints himself as France's new leader. Working with other newly liberated European nations, he forms the European Union, in which he installs himself as the first Chancellor. 1858 a.t.b. (1803 AD) - Britannia purchases the uncharted territory of Louisiana from the French with the modern day equivalent of 60 million Euros. Not long after, Britannians begin to settle more and more toward the west, eventually expanding Imperial control all the way to the western coastline of North America. 1860 a.t.b. (1805 AD) - The EU combined fleets under Napoleon defeats the Britannian naval force under Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson at the Battle of Trafalgar. Not long after, London is occupied. 1862 a.t.b. (1807 AD)- Empress Elizabeth III retreats to Edinburgh, where a revolutionary militia arrests and forces her to abdicate, ending the monarchy and forcing the entirety of the British Isles to fall under EU rule. This event became known as The Humiliation of Edinburgh. 1863 a.t.b. (1808 AD)- Ricardo von Britannia, Duke of Britannia, and his friend and subordinate, Sir Richard Hector, Knight of One, spring Elizabeth III from prison and bring her and her followers to the New World, where a new capital is established in Plymouth. Ricardo von Britannia is then made head of the Britannian army. 1867 a.t.b. (1812 AD) - As an act of vengeance for losing their original homeland, the Britannians launch a full military offensive against the EU affiliated Commonwealth of Canada. In Britannia this became known as the War of Vengeance, whereas in the EU it would later be referred to as the War of 1812 (AD). Despite a hardened resistance, Britannian forces effectively expel all European forces from the continent, and as a result Canada and the majority of the north-western hemisphere come under Imperial control, making it the new Britannian homeland. Britannia also moves to reinforce its other territories such as Falkland Islands and Gibraltar from further EU attacks. 1868 a.t.b. (1813 AD) - Elizabeth III nominates Ricardo von Britannia (who is secretly her lover) as her successor upon her death. She ends her reign for being "the Empress who loved throughout her stormy life". 1876 a.t.b. (1821 AD) - Napoleon Bonaparte dies on his way back to France, after his defeat against Gebhard von Brucher and the Prussian Separatist Army at the Battle of Waterloo. Although it was never proven, it is rumoured that assassins poisoned his food in accordance to Elizabeth III's will. Her last words included the famous line: "I do not forget slights to my honour." 1879 a.t.b. (1824 AD) – Britannia invades Mexico reaffirming its control over all of north-western hemisphere. 1920 a.t.b. (1865 AD) - Jefferson Davis, Duke of Virginia, attempts to create the democratic based Britannian Confederacy from the Empire's southern territories, sparking a civil war that erupts throughout the continent. Among his supporters are legendary Generals Robert E. Lee, J.E.B. Stuart and Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson. After a long and costly war, Imperial forces loyal to 89th Emperor Abraham lin Britannia, who are commanded by General Ulysses S. Grant, emerge victorious and Britannia is reunified. This event is referred to as the Britannian Civil War. The reconciliation after the war strengthens loyalty to the Imperial Throne. 1945 a.t.b. (1890 AD) -The Republic of Japan emerges after the end of the Boshin War, in which the ruling Shogunate was removed and replaced with a western influenced republican government. It is speculated by many historians that Britannia and/or the European Union secretly spurred and supplied the rebel faction to gain better access to Japan's sakuradite deposits. The first Prime Minister of Japan is Mutsuhito Meiji, and as such the period is referred to as the Meiji Era. Eventually Japan becomes entirely modernized and emerges as a world power during this time period. 1955 a.t.b. (1900 AD) - The "Emblem of Blood" era. During this period, assassination and betrayals were frequented among members of the Imperial Family that coveted the throne. At the same time, Sixth Prince Victor zi Britannia and Seventh Prince Charles zi Britannia are born under Empress Diana zi Britannia, who herself is later assassinated. As well, the Britannian capital is moved from Plymouth on the east coast to the newly created city of Pendragon, which sits upon the undeveloped county of Arizona in the southwest. The reason behind this is unknown. 1966 a.t.b. (1911 AD) - The Xinhai Revolution occurs in Imperial China, in which the ruling Qing Dynasty is expelled and replaced by a new ruler ship, the Jiang Dynasty. This new line of Emperors would then embrace the ideal of Communism as pertained by western philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, causing a string of social renewals in the country. These renewals included the abolishment of the Chinese class system, the centralization of resources and agriculture, and the establishment of a council of High Eunuchs that officially represented the will of the people to the Emperor/Empress as advisors. All of these changes, as well as territorial growth, would cause the birth of the Chinese Federation, the third world superpower comparable to Britannia and the EU. 1969 a.t.b. (1914 AD) - Britannia's 95th Emperor Fredrick von Britannia is assassinated by nationalist Gavrilo Princep while visiting Sarajevo, Bosnia. This single act sparks the first Great World War, in which Britannia, seeking vengeance for the assassination, openly invades Europe. New weapons of war such as machine guns, tanks and aircraft are brought forth during this conflict by both sides. In the end, the war concludes on a stalemate, with only Britannia gaining a foothold in Morocco, but not before both sides take heavy losses. Thus, it is negotiated at Nuremburg that in exchange for Britannia withdrawing from European soil, the EU would pay reparation of 32 billion euros (about 28 billion Britannian pound sterling) in gold bars for the Emperor's murder. Not long after, Germany becomes the dominant power in the EU, having been Europe's main supplier of weapons and soldiers during the war. 1970 a.t.b. (1915 AD) - Britannia enters into a brief war with the recently established Chinese Federation over mineral deposits discovered deep within the Pacific Ocean, where after hard fighting the two nations negotiate equal sharing of the minerals in Luoyang. This event is marked as the First Pacific War. 1973 a.t.b. (1918 AD) - Fearing territorial encroachment from Britannia or the EU, the Chinese Federation expands its borders by conquering foreign lands, starting with its neighbor India, an event that would later become known as the War of the Orient. Eventually the Federation comes to encompass land from Afghanistan to the west all the Korean Peninsula to the east. However, this growth in territory comes costly to the Federation combined with the brief war with Britannia three year before, as its key resources soon become drained, leading to an outgrowth of poverty to overtake the land. 1975 a.t.b. (1920 AD) - Marianne Lamperouge is born in Pendragon. Although a commoner, she would later ascend to the realm of nobility as a Knight, eventually becoming one of the elite Knights of the Round. Her grace, power and beauty would attract the eyes of many men, namely Seventh Prince Charles zi Britannia. 1983 a.t.b. (1928 AD) - Britannia expands its territories into the American continent's lower regions, taking in the entirety of Latin America and South America as well as the associated islands. In only a seven years, the entirety of the western hemisphere and roughly one-third of the planet falls under Britannia's banner. Charles zi Britannia gains great popularity for being the leader of the invasion. 1998 a.t.b. (1943 AD) - 97th Emperor Albert za Britannia is overthrown by Charles zi Britannia, who becomes the 98th Emperor of the Holy Britannian Empire. In standard royal tradition, he takes on many consorts. Among them is Marianne Lamperouge, who takes on the name Marianne vi Britannia upon her ascension. This marks the first time in Britannia's entire existence in which a commoner has become Empress, causing both praise and uproar throughout the Empire. Charles crushes all rebel factions within the Empire's conquered territories who attempt to gain independence. He then goes on to consolidate the Empire's military might making it the most dominant super power in world. 1999 a.t.b. (1944 AD) - Marianne's first child Lelouch is born, who becomes the Eleventh Prince and seventeenth in line to the throne. Four years later, Marianne's second child Nunnally would be born, who in turn becomes the Eleventh Princess and eighty-seventh in line to the throne. It should be noted that during this period, Emperor Charles spent much time with Marianne and their young son and daughter, reportedly more than with any of his other wives and children. 2009 a.t.b. (1954 AD) – Marianne vi Britannia is assassinated in her home at Aries Palace. Princess Nunally is caught in the cross fire, as a result is crippled and loses sight in both eyes. Prince Lelouch seeks an audience with his father the Emperor. The following meeting would later become known as the "Disgrace of the Black Prince". Many nobles secretly celebrate the death of Marianne. 2010 a.t.b. (1955 AD) - the Indochinese Peninsula is conquered by Britannia and becomes Area 10. In response, Japan, which was originally neutral, aligns its policy with the European Union and Chinese Federation in order to apply economic pressure upon Britannia -- an event referred to as the Oriental Incident. Both Chinese Federation and the EU and their allies blockade the ports of Britannia, hoping to force negotiations. As a result, Britannia retaliates by invading Japan, causing the Second Pacific War. During this one month war, Britannia employs a new weapon which completely overwhelms the Japanese forces: the Knightmare Frame. The end result is the conquering of Japan by Britannia, with Japan becoming a formal colony of Britannia. It is renamed Area 11 and its natives become known as "Elevens". Full Credit for timeline : Wing Zero Alpha (who kindly enough allowed me to use most his timeline). Note: I changed the year in which Britannia invades South America from Wing Zero Alpha's. Charles is the one who led the invasion. This resulted in him gaining the loyalty of most of the military so that when he usurped the throne he was not opposed by either the military or the populous. He crushes all rebel faction destroying almost hope from ceding from the Empire. He also eliminated most of the royalty of his generation as well as the nobles and soldier that opposed him. Next > The author would like to thank you for your continued support. Your review has been posted. Favorite : Story	i don't know
The word tintinnabular relates to the sound of what?	Tintinnabulation \| Define Tintinnabulation at Dictionary.com tintinnabulation [tin-ti-nab-yuh-ley-shuh n] /ˌtɪn tɪˌnæb yəˈleɪ ʃən/ Spell the ringing or sound of bells. Origin of tintinnabulation 1825-35, Americanism; < Latin tintinnābul(um) bell (see tintinnabular ) + -ation Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for tintinnabulation Expand Historical Examples The bells were quickly inserted in their ears, and soon the whole village was in tintinnabulation. British Dictionary definitions for tintinnabulation Expand the act or an instance of the ringing or pealing of bells Derived Forms Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for tintinnabulation Expand n. "the ringing of bells," 1831 (perhaps coined by Poe), from Latin tintinnabulum "bell," from tintinnare "to ring, jingle" (reduplicated form of tinnire "to ring," from an imitative base) + instrumental suffix -bulum. Earlier forms in English were tintinnabulary (1787), tintinnabulatory (1827), and tintinnabulum "small bell" (late 14c.). Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper	Bells
Mass multiplied by velocity gives what?	Onomatopoeia Dictionary - Written Sound Submit a word Blog Videos Books Quiz About Home Onomatopoeia Dictionary boop A light tap or bump on the nose in a cute way. This word is an ideophone, meaning that it evokes the idea of sound to describe phenomena that do not necessarily have sound. While not technically onomatopoeia, it is used like onomatopoeia. know your meme 2016-12-23 Ignition of a lightsaber in Star Wars movies. Also: Tshww, pssshhew Reddit 2015-12-15 Ignition of a lightsaber in Star Wars movies. Also: PHCKSHIIIIiooW Reddit 2015-12-15 The sound of a lightsaber being shoved into a door to melt it (Star Wars movies) 2015-12-15 Word of the day The dog barks, the horse whinnies, but a camel ...? Video transcription Rabbit: Tigger, what on earth are you doing here? Tigger: eey .. uhnn.. Tigger: Rabbit, I.., I mean you...when.. Rabbit: What? Tigger: (sobbing) Roo's really upset about what happened-ed today Rabbit: Oh, I see. Roo's upset. But what about me? Look at all this mess you made, on a spring cleaning day no less! Tigger: I'm not talking about springedy cleanaday, I am talking about -heeugh- (Rabbit stuffs a feather duster into Tiggers mouth) Rabbit: Don't say it, Tigger, don't say it! Do not say that word in my house. Tigger: (pulls feather duster out of his mouth) hmpf, pfegh, puuffgh. What word? Rabbit: I refuse to say it Tigger: If you'll not tell me what word I'm not supposed to say, then how am I gonna know not to say it? Hm, see..is it umm carrottes? Rabbit: No Rabbit: That's not even a word Tigger: Onomatopoeia? (grabs dictionary) .. and that is a word Rabbit: Why would you ever say that? Tigger: Why wouldn't you say it? (starts singing) Onomatopoeia, onomatopoeia, onomatopoeia is an onomatopoeiaaaa ... Rabbit: Easter! The word is Easter! Tigger: That was going to be my next guess more video » Children's stories and poetry Exploring onomatopoeia with children fun and it helps them learn new words and concepts quickly. Below are some examples. Also check out this list of Childrens' books with onomatopoeia On the Ning Nang Nong, by Spike Milligan On the Ning Nang Nong Where the Cows go Bong! and the monkeys all say BOO! There's a Nong Nang Ning Where the trees go Ping! And the tea pots jibber jabber joo. On the Nong Ning Nang All the mice go Clang And you just can't catch 'em when they do! So its Ning Nang Nong Cows go Bong! What a noisy place to belong is the Ning Nang Ning Nang Nong!! Dr Seuss uses a lot of onomatopoeia. In "Mr Brown can moo! Can you?" , for example. (excerpt) He can go like a rooster ... COCK A DOODLE DOO He can go like an owl... HOO HOO HOO HOO Hoo Hoo Hoo Hoo How about you? Then there is of course the song "Old MacDonald had a farm", about farmer MacDonald and the animals he keeps on his farm. In the version commonly sung today, the lyrics allow for a substitutable animal and its respective sound: Old MacDonald had a farm, EE-I-EE-I-O. And on that farm he had a [animal name], EE-I-EE-I-O, With a [animal noise twice] here and a [animal noise twice] there Here a [animal noise], there a [animal noise], everywhere a [animal noise twice] Old MacDonald had a farm, EE-I-EE-I-O. Often, the noises from all the earlier verses are added to each subsequent verse which makes it more fun to sing and more challenging as the song gets longer. Young author Marinela Reka has a beautiful site with a special heading for her onomatopoeic poems. (excerpt from: "Noises") The cat meowed for attention The phone crackled by mistake I crunched on my food What noise do you make? Poetry Onomatopoeia is usually cited as a poetic effect. That makes sense because poetry is all about communicating emotion using the interplay between sound and meaning. The way Edgar Allan Poe uses onomatopoeia in "The Bells" illustrates how onomatopoeic words can change the flavor of a single concept (in this case the sound of bells). In his poem, sleigh bells are "tinkling", but fire bells are "clanging", wedding bells are "chiming", while funeral bells are "tolling," "moaning," and --- "groaning". Other examples of poems with onomatopoeia: Dim drums throbbing, in the hills half heard, Where only on a nameless throne a crownless prince has stirred, .. In that enormous silence, tiny and unafraid, Comes up along a winding road the noise of the Crusade. Strong gongs groaning as the guns boom far, Don John of Austria is going to the war, .. For he heard drums groaning and he heard guns jar, (Don John of Austria is going to the war.) Meeting at Night by Robert Browning (1812-1889) The gray sea and the long black land; And the yellow half-moon large and low And the startled little waves that leap In fiery ringlets from their sleep, As I gain the cove with pushing prow, And quench its speed i' the slushy sand. Then a mile of warm sea-scented beach; Three fields to cross till a farm appears; A tap at the pane, the quick sharp scratch And blue spurt of a lighted match, And a voice less loud, through its joys and fears, Than the two hearts beating each to each! More: "The Congo" and other poems by Vachel Lindsay, "Come down, O maid" and "The charge of the heavy brigade" both by Alfred Lord Tennyson, "The night wind" by Eugene Field. Comics Although ubiquitous in comics, much of the onomatopoeia in comics remains tied to one author or character and become kind of a signature. There is even a super villain named Onomatopoeia . He imitates noises around him, such as dripping taps, gunshots etc. A nice thing about onomatopoeia is that people often make new ones, by imitating the sound and combining letters until they have something that sounds like it. In Jimmy Corrigan: The Smartest Kid on Earth by Chris Ware, change put into a vending machine goes "CLTKTY", which is quite apt, and highly original. Don Martin (MAD magazine) was a master of sound effects, coining many new ones such as "BREEDEET BREEDEET" for a croaking frog, "PLORTCH" for a knight being stabbed by a sword, or "FAGROON klubble klubble" for a collapsing building. Find more here Literature Tom Wolfe used onomatopoeia in the prison scene from A Man in Full : The fan overhead went scrack scrack scraaaacccckkkkk. Grover Washington's saxophone went buhooomu-hoooooooom.... Thra-gooooom! Gluglugluglug went the toilets.... And then the tuckatuckatuckatuckatuckatucka [of spoons beating ice cream cups] began. David A. Johnson's Snow sounds is a story built with the sounds of snow and beautiful imagery. James Joyce lets a cat say mkgnao, mrkgnao, mrkrgnao and gurrhr in Ulysses . another work of his, Finnegan's Wake , is an experimental piece written in a made-up language in which bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonner- ronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthur- nuk! is the sound of the thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. The word is a hybrid of words in many languages that relate to thunder. Rudolfo Anaya in Bless Me, Ultima : .. so it struck a chord of fear in the heart to hear them hooting at night. But not Ultima's owl. Its soft hooting was like a song, and as it grew rhythmic it calmed the moonlit hills and lulled us to sleep. - The word hoot (ing) is imitative of the bird's cry and the repeated oo sound in this segment mimics the soothing sound of Ultima's owl's hooting. William Shakespeare in Hamlet : And cleave the general ear with horrid speech, Her brother is in secret come from France; Feeds on his wonder, keeps himself in clouds, And wants not buzzers to infect his ear - The word buzzers can be onomatopoeia. In Julius Ceasar , act 2, scene 1, Brutus says The exhalations whizzing in the air Give so much light that I may read by them.. - whizz (ing) is an example of onomatopoeia. In The Tempest , Act 1 Scene 2, Ariel: Hark, hark! (Burthen [dispersedly, within]) The watch-dogs bark! (Burthen Bow-wow) Hark, hark! I hear The strain of strutting chanticleer Cry, Cock-a-diddle-dow. - Hark Hark, Bow-wow and Cock-a-diddle-dow are onomatopoeia. Laughter Characters in stories often have a "signature laugh". It can make the character more memorable and entertaining! Examples:	i don't know
What is the more common name of methanoic acid?	FORMIC ACID (METHANOIC ACID) Material Safety Data Sheet Local: Formic acid, also called methanoic acid), is the simplest and has the lowest mole weight of the carboxylic acids, in which a single hydrogen atom is attached to the carboxyl group (HCOOH). If a methyl group is attached to the carboxyl group, the compound is acetic acid. It occurs naturally in the body of ants and in the stingers of bees. Functionally, it is not only an acid but also an aldehyde; it reacts with alcohols to form esters as an acid and it is easily oxidized which imparts some of the character of an aldehyde. Pure formic acid is a colorless, toxic, corrosive and fuming liquid, freezing at 8.4 C and boiling at 100.7 C. It is soluble in water, ether, and alcohol. It irritates the mucous membranes and blisters the skin. It is prepared commercially from sodium formate with the reaction of condensed sulfuric acid. Formic acid is used as a chemical intermediate and solvent, and as a disinfectant. It is also in processing textiles and leathers, electroplating and coagulating latex rubber. APPLICATION: It is used for decalcifier; reducer in dyeing for wool fast colours; dehairing and plumping hides; tanning; electroplating; coagulating rubber latex; silage and grain preservation; aidditive in regenerating old rubber; solvents of perfume; lacquers; alkylating agent for alcohols; carboxylating agent for tertiary compounds. It is also used as an intermediate for the production of a wide variety of products in the chemicals and pharmaceutical industries. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF CARBOXYLIC ACID: Carboxylic acid is an organic compound whose molecules contain carboxyl group and have the condensed chemical formula R-C(=O)-OH in which a carbon atom is bonded to an oxygen atom by a solid bond and to a hydroxyl group by a single bond), where R is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or an aryl group. Carboxylic acids can be synthesized if aldehyde is oxidized. Aldehyde can be obtained by oxidation of primary alcohol. Accordingly, carboxylic acid can be obtained by complete oxidation of primary alcohol. A variety of Carboxylic acids are abundant in nature and many carboxylic acids have their own trivial names. Examples are shown in table. In substitutive nomenclature, their names are formed by adding -oic acid' as the suffix to the name of the parent compound. The first character of carboxylic acid is acidity due to dissociation into H+ cations and RCOO- anions in aqueous solution. The two oxygen atoms are electronegatively charged and the hydrogen of a carboxyl group can be easily removed. The presence of electronegative groups next to the carboxylic group increases the acidity. For example, trichloroacetic acid is a stronger acid than acetic acid. Carboxylic acid is useful as a parent material to prepare many chemical derivatives due to the weak acidity of the hydroxyl hydrogen or due to the difference in electronegativity between carbon and oxygen. The easy dissociation of the hydroxyl oxygen-hydrogen provide reactions to form an ester with an alcohol and to form a water-soluble salt with an alkali. Almost infinite esters are formed through condensation reaction called esterification between carboxylic acid and alcohol, which produces water. The second reaction theory is the addition of electrons to the electron-deficient carbon atom of the carboxyl group. One more theory is decarboxylation (removal of carbon dioxide form carboxyl group). Carboxylic acids are used to synthesize acyl halides and acid anhydrides which are generally not target compounds. They are used as intermediates for the synthesis esters and amides, important derivatives from carboxylic acid in biochemistry as well as in industrial fields. There are almost infinite esters obtained from carboxylic acids. Esters are formed by removal of water from an acid and an alcohol. Carboxylic acid esters are used as in a variety of direct and indirect applications. Lower chain esters are used as flavouring base materials, plasticizers, solvent carriers and coupling agents. Higher chain compounds are used as components in metalworking fluids, surfactants, lubricants, detergents, oiling agents, emulsifiers, wetting agents textile treatments and emollients, They are also used as intermediates for the manufacture of a variety of target compounds. The almost infinite esters provide a wide range of viscosity, specific gravity, vapor pressure, boiling point, and other physical and chemical properties for the proper application selections. Amides are formed from the reaction of a carboxylic acids with an amine. Carboxylic acid's reaction to link amino acids is wide in nature to form proteins (amide), the principal constituents of the protoplasm of all cells. Polyamide is a polymer containing repeated amide groups such as various kinds of nylon and polyacrylamides. Carboxylic acid are in our lives. ALIPHATIC CARBOXYLIC ACIDS	Formic acid
Which principle of physics is used in police speed traps?	6. Properties of carboxylic acids - Alcohol, carboxylic acid and esters Alcohol, carboxylic acid and esters 6. Properties of carboxylic acids Physical properties Solubility in water Carboxylic acids are soluble in water. Carboxylic acids do not dimerise in water, but forms hydrogen bonds with water. Carboxylic acids are polar and due to the presence of the hydroxyl in the carboxyl group, they are able to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Smaller carboxylic acids (C1 to C5) are soluble in water, whereas larger carboxylic acids (C6 and above) are less soluble due to the increasing hydrophobic nature of the hydrocarbon chains. Boiling point 219 ºC The boiling points of carboxylic acids increases as the molecules get bigger. Carboxylic acids have even higher boiling points then alkanes and alcohols. Carboxylic acids, similar to alcohols, can form hydrogen bonds with each other as well as van der Waals dispersion forces and dipole-dipole interactions. However, unique to carboxylic acids, hydrogen bonding can occur between two molecules to produce a dimer. The presence of dimers increases the strength of the van der Waals dispersion forces, resulting in the high boiling points of carboxylic acids. Acidity Carboxylic acids are weak acids. They partially dissociates into H+ cations and RCOO- anions in neutral aqueous solvents such as water. E.g. at rtp, only 0.4% of ethanoic acid molecules dissociate in water. Carboxylic Acids Formic acid / Methanoic acid (HCO2H) 3.77 Acetic acid / Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) 4.76 Benzoic acid (C6H5CO2H) 4.2 Carboxylic acids exhibit typical acidic properties, which means that they are able to react with some compounds. 1. react with alkali or base E.g. Word form equation: ethanoic acid + sodium hydroxide → sodium ethanoate + water Molecular formula equation: CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O E.g. Word form equation: ethanoic acid + copper(II) oxide → copper(II) ethanoate + water Molecular formula equation: 2CH3COOH + CuO → (CH3COO)2Cu + H2O 2. react with carbonates Word form equation: ethanoic acid + calcium carbonate → calcium ethanoate + water + carbon dioxide Molecular formula equation: 2CH3COOH + CaCO3 → (CH3COO)2Ca + H2O + CO2 3. react with metals Word form equation: ethanoic acid + calcium metal → calcium ethanoate + water Molecular formula equation: 2CH3COOH + Ca → (CH3COO)2Ca + H2O Odour Carboxylic acids tend to have strong odours, especially those that are volatile. Common odours can be found in vinegar, which contains ethanoic acid, and rancid butter, which contains butanoic acid. Esters of carboxylic acids tend to have pleasant odours, so they are usually used to make perfumes. Chemical properties Esterification Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to form esters. More of this will be explained under Formation of esters	i don't know
Cape St Vincent is the most southwestern point of which country?	Plan Your Perfect Trip to Portugal \| Free Trip Planning Tool \| RoutePerfect The southwestern most point in central Europe, the breathtaking cliffs have been visited from Neolithic times through today. Cape St. Vincent Cape St. Vincent by Jasha Plan your perfect trip to Portugal! Easily create an itinerary based on your preferences: Where to visit? For how long? What to do there? Rome-Florence-Venice Romantic Trip8 to 12 days Tuscany and Umbria Romantic Trip10 to 14 days Italy Highlights Romantic Trip16 to 21 days Northern Italy Tour Romantic Trip12 to 17 days Sicily Exploration Romantic Trip12 to 17 days Southern Italy Tour Romantic Trip12 to 17 days The hotels were very nice Russell Stimatze The trip went very well and the hotels that we stayed in were very nice. I would say the overall experience with RoutePerfect was good and if we go another trip like that we will go back to the website. RoutePerfect worked out... perfectly! Kelsey O'Brien I had an amazing time on my trip and RoutePerfect worked out...perfectly! I cannot express enough how much RoutePerfect helped me plan my perfect trip to Italy. The process was incredibly smooth, the site easy to navigate, and everything was perfect at each hotel and we checked in/out with ease.	Portugal
Which mountain range stretches from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea?	Sagres Beach, Discover the beauty of Sagres Beach, Sagres Beach in Algrave, Attractions in Sagres, Visiting Sagres Home Cape St. Vincent Cape St. Vincent (Portuguese: Cabo de São Vicente, Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈkabu dɨ sɐ̃w̃ viˈsẽtɨ]), next to the Sagres Point, on the so-called Costa Vicentina (Vincentine Coast), is a headland in the municipality of Sagres, in the Algarve, southern Portugal. Description This cape is the southwesternmost point in Portugal. It forms the southwestern end of the E9 European Coastal Path, which runs for 5,000 km (3,100 mi) to Narva-Jõesuu in Estonia. Approximately six kilometers from the village of Sagres, the cape is a landmark for a ship traveling to or from the Mediterranean. The cliffs rise nearly vertically from the Atlantic to a height of 75 meters. The cape is a site of exuberant marine life and a high concentration of birds nesting on the cliffs, such as the rare Bonelli's eagle, peregrine falcons, kites, rock thrushes, rock pigeons, storks and herons. History Cape St. Vincent was already sacred ground in Neolithic times, as standing menhirs in the neighborhood attest. The ancient Greeks called it Ophiussa (Land of Serpents), inhabited by the Oestriminis and dedicated here a temple to Heracles. The Romans called it Promontorium Sacrum (or Holy Promontory). They considered it a magical place where the sunset was much larger than anywhere else. They believed the sun sank here hissing into the ocean, marking the edge of their world. According to legend, the name of this cape is linked to the story of a martyred fourth-century Iberian deacon St. Vincent whose body was brought ashore here. A shrine was erected over his grave; according to the Arab geographer Al-Idrisi, it was always guarded by ravens and is therefore named by him كنيسة الغراب (Kanīsah al-Ghurāb, meaning "Church of the Raven"). King Afonso Henriques (1139–1185) had the body of the saint exhumed in 1173 and brought it by ship to Lisbon, still accompanied by the ravens. This transfer of the relics is depicted on the coat of arms of Lisbon. The area around the cape was plundered several times by pirates from France and Holland and, in 1587, by Sir Francis Drake. All existing buildings—including the Vila do Infante of Henry the Navigator--fell into ruins because of the Lisbon earthquake of 1755. The Franciscan friars who cared for the shrine stayed on until 1834, when all monasteries were disbanded in Portugal. Several naval battles were fought in the vicinity of this cape: * The French Admiral Anne Hilarion de Tourville defeated a large Anglo-Dutch naval fleet commanded by George Rooke escorting a convoy of between 400 and 500 English and Dutch merchant ships on 27 June 1693. The "Smyrna fleet" disaster, as it came to be known, saw 94 of the richly-laden merchant ships either captured or sunk; this event led to the dismissal of two English admirals whose convoy escort had turned back off Ushant, France. * In 1780, this cape was the site of the Battle of Cape St. Vincent (between Britain and Spain). * Admiral Jervis with Commodore Nelson defeated the Spanish fleet in 1797 at a second Battle of Cape St. Vincent on 14 February 1797. * In 1833, a Loyalist Portuguese fleet defeated the Miguelites during Portugal's Liberal Wars. Lighthouse The present lighthouse was built over the ruins of a 16th century Franciscan convent in 1846. The statues of St. Vincent and St. Francis Xavier had been moved to the nearby church of Nossa Senhora da Graça on Point Sagres. This lighthouse, guarding one of the world's busiest shipping lanes, is among the most powerful in Europe (the most powerful being on the French island of Ushant, off the coast of Brittany); its two 1,000 W lamps can be seen as far as 60 kilometers away. Other attractions	i don't know
Which is the main island of the Greek group the Dodecanese?	Visit Greece \| Dodecanese Tweet The island complex of Dodecanese in south-eastern Aegean is the sunniest corner in Greece. Twelve large islands and numerous smaller ones with crystal clear waters, sandy or pebbly beaches, important archaeological finds, imposing Byzantine and medieval monuments and unique traditional settlements are waiting to be discovered. If you are desperately seeking to discover lesser-known, unspoiled destinations visit Leros or Pserimos. But there is always Rhodes and Kos, larger and more cosmopolitan islands awaiting to offer you strong, and treasured memories. Just take your pick! Welcome to Rhodes , a medieval treasure beautifully preserved throughout the centuries. Wander around its magnificent Old City, surrounded by medieval walls with seven gates, and admire the Palace of the Grand Master, the most awe- inspiring building in the whole island. Take a romantic stroll around the famous Street of the Knights and feel like a holy warrior in shining armour, or a noble princess. Peer into the historic past of the city with a visit to the Archaeological Museum. Mandráki, the (ancient) harbour, is distinguished from the outer harbour by the 3 windmills and the fortifications at the end of the dock. During your quest, you will encounter some of the city’s most remarkable buildings: the National Theatre, the Courts, the City Hall and the Governors Palace. Visit stunning wonders of nature, such as the Seven Springs, the Valley of the Butterflies and Rodíni Park, a green valley with running waters, small bridges and many peacocks, the trademark of the park! Get a deeper insight into the rich history of the island through your visit to the breathtaking Acropolis of Líndos and Ialissós as well as Ancient Kámiros, which were all powerful cities in ancient times. Well-preserved castles, like the ones of Kritinia and Monólithos are also waiting to be discovered! Don’t forget to come back in spring to attend one of the most famous medieval festivals in Greece, the Sound and Light Festival, a visual extravaganza that you cannot afford to miss. Kos. Sandy beaches, turquoise waters, lush vegetation, ancient and medieval monuments, tree-lined wide roads, large squares, parks, a superb city plan and an extensive bicycle-only routes network are the distinctive characteristics of the third largest island of the Dodecanese, Kos! The island’s trademark is its medieval castle (Nerantziá Castle) situated at the entrance of the port. Wander along the impressive avenue with the Palm Trees, or stroll around famous squares like Platánou Square and Elefthería Square and admire legendary buildings, remains of the Italian rule. Interested in history? Pay a visit to the ancient city of Kos and observe important archaeological finds dating back to the 4th century. Did you actually know that you can sit under the plane tree where Hippocrates himself, the Father of Medicine, used to teach his students and examine his patients? The plane tree must be over 2,500 years old, and it is in fact the oldest in Europe! Don’t miss the 4th century Asclipiion, the Antimáhia 15th century castle with its imposing battle tower, as well as one of the most scenic villages of Kos with a distinctive traditional character, Ziá nestled amongst a dense cedar forest. Kalymnos. Welcome the opportunity to visit the “island of the sea sponge harvesters”, an internationally known alternative tourism destination. Did you know that after WWII Kálymnos remained the only Greek sponge-harvesting industry supplying both domestic and international markets with sea sponges? The first picture to see upon arriving on the island is Póthia, both the capital and the port of Kálymnos, spreading amphitheatrically on two hills. Visit among others the castle of Chrissoheria and the Archaeological Museum. Set out on a day trip to the traditional settlement of Horió, the former capital of the island, and admire interesting Byzantine monuments (like the Great Castle). The early-Christian settlement at Eliniká is a must-see, since it is perhaps the best preserved settlement in Greece. A perfect occasion to visit the island would be the International Climbing Festival in May, a unique festival that will thrill the action fans! The culinary enthusiasts should taste mouth watering delights, such as sweet smelling thyme honey, juicy tangerines, homemade mizithra cheese, delicious sea-dried lobster tail, and sea ray preserved in sea water! Pserimos means “looking for the ideal destination for serene, relaxing holidays”. Enjoy sandy beaches with crystal clear waters, swim in paradise bays (like the small bay of Vathí), rent a boat and sail around the island’s beaches, follow several hiking routes, participate in local fairs (the most famous ones take place on 15th August) or go scuba diving and climbing. Whether you are looking for an action packed holiday or a relaxing visit, you will be quite astonished by the choices on offer on such a small island! Telendos. Did you know that this tiny beautiful island formed part of Kálymnos in antiquity, but was separated in 554 AD due to a devastating earthquake? Today there is only one small village on the island. Follow walking paths through the dense pine forest on the south of the island, where also ruins of Byzantine residencies still stand. Swim in sun-drenched beaches (like Plaka, Potha, and Paradise), go scuba diving and explore the ancient city sunk between Kálymnos and Télendos or go hiking, climbing, wind surfing, canoe-kayaking and spear fishing! You can reach Télendos by boat departing from the cove of Mirtiés at Kálymnos. Karpathos. An island blessed with an abundance of streams, pine-tree forests, vineyards, olive groves, rocky caves (which are actually home to monachus monachus) and mountainous landscapes, Kárpathos is a paradise for nature enthusiasts and lovers of deep-rooted tradition. The villages of the island seem like open folklore museums, whereas their inhabitants are still dressed in old traditional costumes, and speak their local, old dialect. The rich folklore tradition of villages, such as Ólympos and Mesohóri, will weave a powerful spell over you. Even if you are a wind surfing fan, “anemoessa” Kárpathos (“she of the many winds”, according to Homer) is the perfect place to exercise your favourite sport. Visit also Kárpathos during Easter or Carnival time and participate with the locals in celebrations that will remain in your memory forever! Tilos . Ragged mountainscape, densely forested ranges and hilly vistas, verdant valleys –home to four hundred species of flowers and herbs–, and habitat of rare species of birds. These are the ingredients of an unparalleled destination, a huge ecological park protected by international treaties. This is Tílos! Visit Meyálo Horió, the island’s capital, with its imposing stone houses and narrow alleys. The view from the medieval castle (built in the location of ancient Tilos) that stands imposingly at the top of the hill will certainly take your breath away. Leros. Welcome to the island of Artemis, the goddess of forests and hunting, according to mythology. If you are looking to spend peaceful holidays in a pure, dreamy environment with pine trees, olive groves and low plains with freshwater streams, then Léros is your destination! Swim in azure seas, admire exquisite works of Italian architecture in Ayia Marina, the capital of the island, wander around centuries-old magnificent castles (like Brouzi and Castle of Panayia), or go scuba diving to explore ship wrecks lying on the seabed since the Second World War. Don’t forget to come back in Carnival time when ancient old customs revive. Patmos . The “island of the Apocalypse” or “Jerusalem of the Aegean” welcomes you! Pátmos is quite popular amongst pilgrims since in one of the island’s caves John the Theologian, one of Christ’s disciples, wrote the “Book of Revelations”. The stunning beauty of Hóra, a carefully preserved medieval settlement with narrow, maze-like alleys and stone-built houses will take your breath away. Don’t miss the imposing fortified monastery of Saint Ioannis and the Theologian Apocalypse cave! Visit Patmos at Easter, when deeply religious and spiritual celebrations are held throughout the Holy Week. Arki & Marathi. Visit a dreamy cluster of islands east of Pátmos with sparse vegetation, old whitewashed houses, and cute little tavernas. Get into a boat and sail around Maráthi, another small island with a beautiful beach covered with lentisks and tamarisk (salt cedar). Astipalea is the westernmost island of the Dodecanese, located at the point where the Dodecanese meet the Cyclades. This is the reason why in Astipálea the characteristics of both island complexes blend together to create the island’s uniquely varied scenery. Visit Hóra, the island’s capital and port, one of the most picturesque settlements of the Aegean. At the hilltop stands imposingly Hora’s castle, surrounded by small houses with whitewashed walls, blue doors and wooden balconies overlooking the open blue sea below. Kassos. Despite its small size, Kássos was once a mighty maritime and commercial power. The well-preserved mansions that still stand in Fre, the island’s capital and main port, reflect today this former grandeur. Take a stroll around Boúka, an old pirate lair, with moored small fishing boats, traditional coffee shops and its old lighthouse. Don’t forget to visit Armáthia, the largest of the islands around Kássos, where you can find some excellent beaches, like Marmara and Karavostassi! Symi . There are many reasons to visiting Simi apart from experiencing its unique cosmopolitan atmosphere, and wandering around its remarkable neo-classical settlement. Many visitors, for instance, come here to venerate the miraculous icon of Archangel Michael kept at the monastery of Panormítis, one of the most significant monasteries of the Dodecanese. Alternatively, you can come to Sími in summer to attend the famous Simi Festival, which includes among others classical music concerts, dance performances, and art exhibitions. Halki. Enjoy peaceful holidays in the “Island of Peace and Friendship”, where young people from all over the world gather here every year for their annual meeting! The town of Halki or Niborió, the island’s capital, is listed as a traditional settlement and it is amphitheatrically built overlooking the clear-blue sea, whereas impressive neoclassical mansions reveal the prosperity the island enjoyed in the past. Nisyros. Take the opportunity to visit an unspoiled destination formed by volcanic eruptions. It is rather impressive that today Nísyros is still an active volcanic centre together with the volcanic centers of Milos, Santorini and Methana! Actually at the village of Nikia there is a “Volcanic Museum”, the only one of its kind in Greece, exhibiting samples from the most characteristic volcanic rocks of Nisyros. Strolling along the narrow streets of beautiful Mandráki , the island’s capital and port, is a richly rewarding experience. Don’t forget to observe its colourful houses which are actually built with hewn slabs of andesite and dacite (volcanic material)! Lipsi is the largest island belonging to a cluster of many others islets. It forms part of the Natura Network. It is an ideal destination for relaxing, and serene holidays. Here, both landscape and people will definitely help you find inner peace and tranquility. Lipsi is also surrounded by countless uninhabited islets ideal for bird watching. Agathonissi is the northernmost island of the Dodecanese; it consists of three large traditional settlements (Agios Georgios, Megalo Horio and Mikro Horio). Agathonissi has a significant and vulnerable ecosystem rendering it an important habitat of rare bird species. Together with the nearby islands it belongs to the Natura Network as well. Kastelorizo lies at the easternmost end of Greece, a stone’s throw away from the Turkish coast. Its main settlement is filled with cheerfully painted houses of exceptional architecture, awe-inspiring churches and picturesque alleys. Taste the island’s traditional sweets katoumári and stráva, and organise a boat excursion to Galazio Spileo, the largest and most spectacular sea cave in Greece. Don’t forget to visit the nearby legendary island of Ro where the famous “Lady of Ro” Despina Achladioti used to raise the Greek flag every day.	Rhodes
In which city were all but six French kings crowned?	Greek Islands \| Dodecanese Greek Islands Dodecanese Islands Greece \| tourist holiday travel guide to Dodecanese The islands of Dodecanese (pronounced Dodecanisa in Greek) bare their name from the circular form that they engrave in the Aegean, surrounding the holy island of Delos. The Dodecanese (meaning "twelve islands") are a group of Greek islands in the Aegean Sea, off the southwest coast of Turkey. From butterfly shaped Astypalea to the medieval city of Rhodes, the Dodecanese Islands offer a wide choice to the visitor, with the added benefit of a long season.The Dodecanese are not only the twelve main islands that parts the group, there are hundreds of other small islands and islets and many of them are inhabited. The largest of the Dodecanese and capital of the Perfecture of the Dodecanese is Rhodes. Among the Dodecanese belongs from North to the South Patmos, Lipsi, Leros, Kalymnos, Pserimos, Kos, Nisyros, Symi, Halki, Rhodes, Karpathos, Kasos and Kastelorizo at the northern part are also the islands of Astypalea, Fourni and Agathonisi. Rhodes, as the capital of the Dodecanese district, has regular sea connections with almost every island of its region, as well as with Pireaus, Iraklion and Thessaloniki. There are also some international ferry lines to Cyprus, Turkey, Egypt and Israel. The schedules and their frequency vary throughout the year with the most of them valid only for the months between mid April to mid October. The air connections are functional through all the year with some variations. The airports of Rhodes and Kos during the summer have regular international flight connections with the main European airports. The most popular Dodecanese islands are: Find what you are looking for at: Enter your search terms Submit search form room, rooms, apartment, apartments, hotel, hotels, camping, travel, travel offices, travel office, car rentals, car rental, rent a car, tour, tours, bus, ferry, holiday, holidays, vacation, holiday packages, offers, destination information, popular destinations, tourist guides, guide, useful information, shopping, greek products, shopping, shop, jobs, recipies, maps, map, location, photos, gallery, webcam, beach, beaches, sea, sun, real estate, houses, land, for sale, for rent, rentals, sale, sales, food, greece island, cruise, ferries. Online hotel booking at Amorgos, Andros, Antiparos, Folegandros, Ios, Kea, Kimolos, Koufonissia, Kythnos, Milos, Mykonos, Naxos, Paros, Santorini, Serifos, Sifnos, Syros, Tinos, Agios Efstratios, Chios, Ikaria, Inousses, Lesvos (Mytilini), Limnos, Psara, Samos, Samothraki, Thassos, Chania, Heraklion, Lasithi, Rethymno, Astypalaia, Halki, Kalymnos, Karpathos, Kasos, Kastelorizo, Kos, Lipsi, Leros, Nisyros, Patmos, Rhodes, Symi, Tilos, Athens, Thessaloniki, Antikythira, Antipaxi, Cephallonia, Corfu, Ereikoussa, Ithaca, Lefkada, Kythira, Mathraki, Meganissi, Paxi, Othoni, Strofades, Zakynthos, Aegina, Angistri, Hydra, Methana, Poros, Salamina, Spetses, Alonissos, Skiathos, Skopelos, Skyros the endless kilometres of the Greek coasts and the thousands of Greek islands, the protected sea areas covering thousands of square kilometres, the mild climate, the high percentage of sunshine and its interesting and varying landscape make Greece the ideal destination for the development of sea tourism activities	i don't know
Chaim Weizmann was the first president of which country?	Chaim Weizmann Of Israel Is Dead Chaim Weizmann Of Israel Is Dead Special to THE NEW YORK TIMES TEL AVIV, Israel, Sunday, Nov. 9--President Chaim Weizmann of Israel died at 6:30 this morning in his home in Rehovot, near here, after a long illness. He would have been 78 years old on Nov. 27. Respiratory inflammation was declared to be a principal cause of his death. Dr. Weizmann, a world-famed chemist, was an early Zionist and the natural choice to be Israel's first President when the new nation came into being May 14, 1948. Led Adventurous Life Chaim Weizmann's life was sufficiently full of adventure, romance, accomplishment and fulfillment to have been lived by a dozen men. He was a world-famous scientist, a statesman, leader of a forceful political movement, an intellectual and, above all, a great humanitarian. In the three-quarters of a century through which he lived, he experienced every emotion: reward, for priceless scientific achievement; despair, when the great prize seemed lost, and triumph, when the prize--his lifelong dream of a Jewish home in Palestine--was achieved. Few great men have had more humble beginnings. He was born on Nov. 27, 1874, in the village of Motele, near Pinsk, Russia. He lived to become the first president of the modern state of Israel and to see pour into its borders the hundreds of thousands of homeless, abandoned European Jews. Many strong men and women, people of great courage, skill and ability, have contributed to the growth of Israel. His life epitomized the task of all of them in transforming Palestinian deserts into sections of rolling forests, lush olive and orange groves, irrigation and water- power projects, and centers of science and industry in the undeveloped Middle East. Theodor Herzl was the founder of the modern Zionist movement; Dr. Weizmann gave it practical direction. He acted as a moderator among the bitterly quarreling Zionist factions. Perhaps his principal contribution to the movement came as a result of his work as a scientist in the first World War. His reward was the Balfour Declaration. It became the key to ultimate Zionist victory. As head of the British Admiralty Laboratories from 1917 to 1919, Dr. Weizmann developed a process for the manufacture of synthetic acetone at a time when the British needed it desperately. He isolated certain organisms found in cereals and horse chestnuts and within a month had created synthetic acetone for British explosives. He was also credited with having suggested to David Lloyd George the strategy of the campaign against Turkey which resulted ultimately in Allenby's victorious march on Jerusalem. For all these services the British Prime Minister asked him what he wanted in return. Dr. Weizmann refused any monetary reward or a title, and said, "There is only one thing I want--a national home for my people." The Balfour Declaration, issued in November, 1917, followed. It was Britain's promise to facilitate the Jews in making a homeland in Palestine and was hailed as the Magna Carta of the Zionist movement. It was supported by a joint resolution of the Congress of the United States and led Jews everywhere to believe the redemption of Palestine was assured. The declaration was a central factor in Jewish aspirations even in the darkest days when war, then changes in British policy, including support of the Arab position, seemed to doom the whole idea of a Jewish homeland. Son of Timber Merchant Dr. Weizmann was the third child of Reb Oizer and Rachel Czermerinsky Weizmann. His father was a timber merchant, of modest means, who managed with his wife the remarkable task of sending nine of their fifteen children to universities. He went first to cheder (Jewish religious school) until he was 11 and then to the Gymnasium in Pinsk, where he made a brilliant record in science and mathematics. Years later when he was reputedly asked by Lord Balfour, the British Foreign Secretary, if there were many Zionists like him, Dr. Weizmann, whose celebrated remarks were legendary, replied, "The roads of Pinsk are paved with them." He left Russia in 1894 and spent the next four years in Germany at the Technische Hochschule of Darmstadt and Berlin-Charlottenburg. When a favorite professor joined the staff of the University of Freiburg in Switzerland, Dr. Weizmann went there to study. He received a doctorate in science in 1900. Within a year, he took a position as lecturer in organic chemistry at the University of Geneva, where he taught and continued his research until 1904. He became affiliated, meanwhile, with the Zionist movement. It was in Geneva that he met Vera Chatzman, a medical student, whom he married in 1906. They had two sons, Benjamin and Michael, who was killed in 1944 while flying on patrol with the British Royal Air Force. Dr. Weizmann left Geneva to accept a post of the University of Manchester in England and in 1910 he became a naturalized British subject. He received a D. Sc. from the British university in 1909 and an LL. D. in 1919. The only major Zionist conference which Dr. Weizmann failed to attend was the first, in 1897, after Herzl published "Der Judenstaat." Criticized Herzl's "Vision" At the age of 27 Dr. Weizmann had dared to criticize Herzl as "too visionary," and in 1900, at the Fourth Zionist Convention, he emerged as the leader of the Democratic Zionist faction. This group opposed both the political Zionists, who wanted political guarantees for the establishment of a Jewish home in Palestine, and the practical Zionists, who wanted to settle Jewish colonies in the Holy Land without regard to political guarantees. Dr. Weizmann helped reconcile their differences. His first speech to the biennial Zionist Congress in 1903 proposed the establishment of a Hebrew University. The proposal was accepted at the Eleventh World Zionist Congress in 1913. Five years later he had the honor of laying the cornerstone of the Hebrew University on Mount Scopus in Palestine. On his first visit to Palestine in 1907 he was instrumental in founding the Palestine Land Development Company. This was typical of this ability to convert ideas into practical realities. For fifteen years, while teaching chemistry at the University of Manchester, he headed the "Manchester Group" of British Zionists. In 1906 he met Balfour, who was on an electoral campaign, and convinced him that Palestine rather than Uganda, British East Africa, which had been offered by the British, was the proper homeland for the Jews. After his distinguished services in behalf of the British in the first World War, the main task he assigned himself was to remind the British of their promise to aid in the establishment of the Jewish national home. His efforts led to his appointment as chairman of the first Zionist Commission, established in March, 1918, and recognized by the British as an official advisory body on all Jewish questions. He appeared before the Paris Peace Conference in support of his cause. Dr. Weizmann visited the Arab Prince Feisal in his camp near Amman around this time and convinced him that the proposed Jewish national home held no existing threat to the Arabs and that Jewish-Arab cooperation was desirable. He won Arab support to help carry out the Balfour Declaration, and reached an agreement with Feisal for large-scale Jewish immigration into Palestine and the protection of Arab rights. Sought Jewish State in 1919 The Zionist delegation was given a hearing before the Supreme Council of the Peace Conference on Feb. 27, 1919, at which Robert Lansing, the United States Secretary of State, asked if the term "a Jewish national home" meant an autonomous government. Dr. Weizmann replied that they did not ask for the immediate creation of a Jewish administration but he quite clearly expressed his hope that he would some day see a Jewish majority in Palestine and the ultimate creation of a Jewish state. The Zionists found shortly afterward that their principal difficulties were only beginning. The League of Nations had to be organized and a mandate system worked out. It was not until August, 1924, that the status of Palestine as a mandated territory was legalized. From 1920 to 1931, and in 1935, Dr. Weizmann, as president of the World Zionist Organization, found it necessary to compromise with the British and the Arabs and to appease his various Zionist opponents. Civil war in Palestine between the Jews and Arabs added to his difficulties. The Arabs insisted that Palestine had been exclusively theirs for thirteen centuries; the Jews maintained the right of prior occupation and historical connections related to their conquest of Palestine in 1200 B.C. Blood flowed freely in frequent clashes. In the second World War, the British rejected his proposal to train a Jewish Army. They did train a Jewish battalion but that did not come into existence until 1944. No Jewish mission was invited to the United Nations Conference in 1945 and it was not until 1946, when the Anglo-American Commission of Inquiry on Palestine was created, that Dr. Weizmann again had an opportunity to make an official plea for a Jewish home and unrestricted immigration. In October, 1947, he headed a delegation from the Jewish Agency which presented its case before the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine. He accepted at that time the principle of partition of Palestine into Jewish and Arab states provided that the Jews were free to form a "free national unit." On Nov. 30, 1947, the U. N. General Assembly approved partition, and Jews danced in the streets of Tel Aviv. Partition was threatened temporarily when the American delegation to the U. N. switched its position and pressed for a trusteeship. This proposal was turned down, and on May 14, 1948, simultaneously with the withdrawal of the British from Palestine, the Provisional Government of the new State of Israel was created. Elected President by Council On May 16 the thirty-seven council members of the provisional government elected him president. The honor was accepted on the next day by Dr. Weizmann at his suite here at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, crowning his life's work. "I dedicate myself to the service of the land and people in whose cause I have been privileged to labor these many years," he pledged in his message of acceptance. Dr. Weizmann's first official act of state was to visit President Truman on May 25 at the White House, where he appealed for funds to build the new country and an end of the arms embargo which kept the Jews from getting munitions from the United States. An export- import loan of $100,000,000 was authorized several months later, but no action was taken on the arms embargo. He was the honorary chairman of the board of directors of Hebrew University and director of the Daniel Sieff Research Laboratory. His home was in Rehovot near the $4,000,000 Weizmann Institute of Science, which was created for him as a tribute from American Jews. Dr. Weizmann paid his first visit to the United States as President of Israel in April, 1949. At a dinner in behalf of the Weizmann Institute, where he was the guest of honor, he blueprinted the foreign policy of his nation as friendship with all nations whose policy was, similarly, friendship to Israel regardless of "whether or not they diverge among themselves." Israel Admitted to U. N. It was in May, soon after his return to Israel, that Dr. Weizmann realized another significant goal in his life when the United Nations admitted Israel as a member nation. This came after he had talked with President Truman during his visit here to participate in celebrations commemorating the first anniversary of the founding of the new State of Israel on May 4. It was also in 1949, in June, that Dr. Weizmann finally surrendered his British citizenship to become a citizen of Israel. And it was two months later that he participated in ceremonies when the body of Theodore Herzl was brought "home" to Israel from Vienna to be buried on Mount Herzl. At the time of his seventy-fifth birthday on Nov. 27, 1949, he stood by while the nation which granted him the title of being its "father" gave him an eighteen-gun salute. He foretold its future by saying on a visit to Geneva that "just as some people live by the sword, we will live by science." On his seventy-seventh birthday, he was content, as on many other days, to gaze with failing eyes from his home in Rehovot, across the orange groves, to the white buildings of the Weizmann Institute. Construction of the institute started in 1944 and each year large sums of money were contributed here toward additional buildings. Although in poor health, Dr. Weizmann continued active as President of Israel and president of the Executive Council of the Weizmann Institute. In July, 1950, he urged support of United Nations measures to end the war in Korea. Later the same year he was confronted with the fall of his Cabinet and the formation of a new one. Early in 1951 he was again confronted with the collapse of the coalition Cabinet under Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion, but despite continued illness he carried on the duties of his office. He presided over the first meeting of Israel's new thirteen-man coalition Cabinet on Nov. 3, 1951, and continued to work at his home in Rehovoth, until removed to a hospital four weeks later. Dr. Weizmann was re-elected President in November, but a move to name him life President was dropped after several political parties failed to go along with the proposal. His illness drastically curtailed his activities in his second term as President, but he was able to serve as host to Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt on her tour of Israel in February, 1952. From his sickbed at Rehovoth, he issued a message on the fourth anniversary of the Republic the next April 29. Addressed "to all citizens of Israel and to all members of the House of Israel," it said: "On this solemn day I would say this to all my brethren: the future of Israel rests on three foundations--brotherly love, constructive effort and peace near and far." His chief work in chemistry was in three fields of research: the synthesis of polycyclic substances, the production of acetone and butyl alcohol and their derivatives, and the development of protein foodstuffs for use as meat substitutes. Always a Moderate Throughout the years of turmoil and violence he had remained a moderate, and in 1931, when he relinquished his post as head of the world Zionists, he refused to give ground on this issue. He expressed his philosophy in a three-hour "farewell address." His words then might just as well have summed up his views in 1949. He said: "With a strong national home in Palestine, built up peacefully and harmoniously, we may expect, in cooperation with the Arabs, also to open up for Jewish endeavor the vast areas which for their development need intelligence, initiative, organization and finances. "The constant formulation of excessive demands endangers the safety of the mandate. We have been searching for other ways and means. In this quest I have not always been successful, but in laying down my office, formally and definitely, today, I feel that I have brought the movement a little nearer to its goal. That goal we shall reach."	Israel
What word is used for the divination of dreams?	Before Netanyahu: The First Trip to US by an Israeli Leader Gamma-Keystone / Getty Images Chaim Weizmann offers Harry Truman a Torah scroll at the White House in 1948 The first official visit came just days after the country was founded When Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu visits the White House on Monday, it will mark the latest in a long line of similar meetings: since the country was founded in 1948, there have been more than 100 visits to the U.S. by its prime ministers and presidents. The first took place just days after Israel was established in May 1948. After being elected president May 14 of that year, the Zionist leader Chaim Weizmann—who had been in New York City when the news came—traveled to Washington to meet President Harry Truman in Washington. Not everyone, however, was happy about the situation, as TIME reported : Dr. Chaim Weizmann, 73-year-old Jewish leader who was elected President of the Provisional Government of Israel, made his first state visit this week to the President of the U.S. Blair House, official guest house for visiting foreign dignitaries, hung out the blue and white flag of the world’s newest nation. For Zionists it was another moment for rejoicing. But from one Jewish group came a reminder and a word of warning. The small, anti-Zionist American Council for Judaism, headed by Lessing J. Rosenwald, art collector and philanthropist, pointed out: “The State of Israel is not the state or homeland of ‘the Jewish People.’ To Americans of Jewish faith it is a foreign state. Our single and exclusive national identity is to the United States. American citizens have no right to participate in the political life of the State of Israel except through the proper agencies and procedures of the [U.S.] Government.” In other words, American Jews are in the same position as Irish-Americans, German-Americans, etc. The country of their allegiance is the U.S.—and no other. The dispute over the role of Israel in the lives of American Jews—a debate that has yet to be resolved—didn’t put a damper on the celebratory visit. Weizmann had what TIME reported was a 25-minute chat with President Truman, during which the new head of state “presented [Truman] with a Torah covered in blue velvet,” TIME noted . “Confided Harry Truman: ‘I always wanted one.'” Read more about Chaim Weizmann, here in the TIME Vault: A Long Road Sign up for	i don't know
Who wrote The Interpretation of Dreams in 1899?	The Interpretation of Dreams \| APsaA The Interpretation of Dreams FAQs about Sigmund Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams, published in 1899 APsaA member Leon Hoffman, M.D. answers some of the questions about the this period in the history of psychoanalysis and some of the concepts of "Dreams" in this interview. What happened when Freud published The Interpretation of Dreams? You could say that the fields of psychoanalysis, psychiatry, and psychology were born, but much more importantly, scientific thinking about the mind began. Before that, the brain was something physical and the mind was a kind of pixyish spirit world. There was science about the brain and pie-in-the-sky speculation about the mind. After Freud, the study of the mind became more serious and scientific. How did "Dreams" do that? To put it very simply, it was through Freud's theory that we understood for the first time that we dream for a reason; that reason is to deal unconsciously with the problems the conscious mind can't deal with. That theory meant that the mind obeyed its own rules. People set out to discover those rules and the reasons for them. Was Freud the first person to look at the mind scientifically? No, but in "The Interpretation of Dreams" he was the first person to look at the mind and to develop a theory about its basis and creation. The statements Freud made in "Dreams" about the conscious and unconscious gave labels to the ethereal parts of the mind that make us human. In effect, he established the foundation for our current thinking about the mind. Before that, thinking was much more spiritual or even alchemic. So Freud established a baseline? In "Dreams" he began to create a means of thinking and studying the mind compare it to Newton's discovery of the laws of gravitation, without them you have no way of studying much of physics, with them you can study everything from planets to quarks and gluons. With the work Freud began in "Dreams" there is a basis to study everything from war to a person's most secret fears and hopes. When and how did Freud come to discover psychoanalysis? Freud was always interested in examining his own thoughts and motivations; after his father died in 1896, he underwent a self-analysis. How did he do that? He analyzed his dreams, his childhood memories, screen memories, slips of the tongue, and episodes of forgetfulness. Screen memories are memories of events which actually stand for other memories which have been forgotten. These memories may have an unusual vivid quality because they represent a convergence of a variety of scenes. How did Freud come to do a self-analysis? He had a dream ("Close the eyes dream") the night after his father's funeral in October 1896, which led him to undertake an ongoing systematic process of self-examination (in contrast to isolated episodes of analysis before this). This analysis included an examination of the complex and ambivalent emotions he had about his father. During this self-analysis he developed the idea of the Oedipus Complex (that is, the complicated feelings of a child towards his or her parents). Where did Freud write about his self-analysis and his own dreams? Mainly in his seminal work, The Interpretation of Dreams. By 1902, Freud had recorded 50 dreams, 43 of which are described in The Interpretation of Dreams; four in "On Dreams"; and three in his letters to his colleague, Wilhelm Fliess. Did Freud realize that the death of his father was a central stimulus to his self-analysis and his dream book? In a preface to the second edition in 1909, he wrote: ". . . this book has a further subjective significance for me personally - a significance which I only grasped after I had completed it. It was, I found, a portion of my own self-analysis, my reaction to my father's death - that is to say, to the most important event, the most poignant loss, of a man's life. Having discovered that this was so, I felt unable to obliterate the traces of the experience." What does it really mean to analyze dreams and other elements such as memories? To analyze dreams, memories is to try to understand how events from the past, including the distant past in childhood, continue to actively influence our current behavior and feelings without our conscious awareness of their influence. How did Freud analyze a dream? He listened to the dreamer's associations (his own or his patient's) to the dream. Through the associations and connections one could understand the motives for the dreams: current and past conflicted situations. How do these events continue to affect us if we are not conscious of them? Freud hypothesized that these memories continue to exist outside our awareness, unconsciously. What is the connection between unconscious mental activity and dreaming? Freud said that, "The interpretation of dreams is the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind." He meant that because dreams are such an unconscious activity they give an almost direct insight into the workings of the unconscious mind. What was Freud's first dream in which he understood that dreams have meaning? The dream of "Irma's injection," (dreamt on July 24, 1895). He discussed his associations to this dream in about 25 pages of The Interpretation of Dreams. In a letter to his colleague Fliess, Freud wrote: "Do you suppose that someday a marble tablet will be placed on the house, inscribed with these words?:In This House, on July 24th, 1895 the Secret of Dreams was Revealed to Dr. Sigm. Freud At the moment there seems little prospect of it." According to Freud, what was the major stimulus to dreams? Dreams are fueled by a person's wishes, particularly wishes of which the person was not conscious. On another level, the purpose of the dream is to allow the person to continue sleeping. What was problematic about the idea that are all dreams are wish-fulfillments? Anxiety dreams and punishment dreams. Freud came to understand that anxiety often resulted from the gratification of a person's wishes. The phenomena of punishment dreams was one of the factors that led Freud to the concept of the "superego" (that part of the mind dealing with a person's sense of morality and his or her unconscious need to be punished). Traumatic dreams proved to be a problem for Freud (were they an exception to the rule that all dreams are wish-fulfillments?) Freud came to maintain that traumatic dreams functioned to master trauma rather than to gratify wishes. Other analysts have maintained that there is no need to contrast the two types of dreams. What are the major mechanisms that Freud postulated of how the mind works in dreams? Dream-work, as it is called, has four major elements. Displacement, which is the way the importance of an idea shifts from one idea to another. (For example, the most significant ideas or feelings for a person may shift from one idea (in the latent content of the dream) to an insignificant detail in the manifest content of the dream. Condensation, that one idea or image may represent several ideas, which converge on one dream image. Considerations of representability, where all meanings, including abstract thoughts, are represented through images. Secondary revision, which explains how the apparent incoherence and absurdity in the dream are eliminated by filling in the gaps to make the manifest content of the dream more logical. What is the difference between the manifest content of the dream and the latent content? Manifest content is the dream as perceived by the dreamer. The manifest content is a result of the dream-work. Latent content is the meaning of the dream as revealed by analysis. The latent content does not appear as a narrative (like the manifest content) but rather as a group of thoughts expressing one or more wishes. Was Freud always a psychoanalyst? No. Freud was born in 1856. From 1876 until 1896 he was primarily a neurologist and an anatomist. Did he make any significant neurological contributions? He wrote three monographs on infantile cerebral paralysis and in 1891 he wrote his most important neurological work: "On Aphasia." Why is "On Aphasia" important? At that time most neurologists believed that there were discrete anatomical areas in the brain that were responsible for different cognitive functions. Freud followed the ideas of the English neurologist, Hughlings Jackson, who proposed a hierarchic view of the nervous system. Freud’s study of aphasia (the various language problems that result from brain injury) convinced him that a static notion of brain function was incompatible with the complex findings. Rather, he thought that large areas of the cortex of the brain had various functions (a notion of functional systems, which antedated the work of A.R. Luria, the founder of neuropsychology, by 50 years). Did Freud try to integrate neurological and psychological phenomena? In 1895 he wrote the "Project for a Scientific Psychology" which he never published (and which was only published in 1950, many years after his death). Many notions in the "Project" have been of great interest to modern neuroscientists and psychoanalysts trying to integrate the findings of psychoanalysis and those of modern neuroscience. One very important area which Freud studied and modern neuroscientists study is the area of memory. For Freud, memories are continually worked over and revised. For example, Gerald Edelman, the Nobel Laureate, has described the brain's role as one of constructing categories (so that every memory is a recreation or a recategorization) based on experimental neuroscientific data. Why didn't Freud continue his neurological work and his attempts to integrate neurology and psychology? At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th Centuries, there were no neurological techniques to study the functioning of brain. We now have capabilities to perform such functional studies using machines such as PET scans. Because of the primitive methods of neurology in his day, Freud focused solely on psychological studies and developed only psychological theories. However, many of his neurological ideas continued to influence his psychoanalytic theories, such as the central role of memory in the development of the individual. Were there any connections between Freud's attempts to develop a neurological theory and his later psychoanalysis? Freud's work, The Interpretation of Dreams, has a direct relationship to the "Project for a Scientific Psychology." This work provided an outline for Chapter 7, the theoretical chapter, of the dream book.The Interpretation of Dreamscan be viewed as a completion of, or an alternative to, the Project. In the last few sections of the draft of the Project, Freud identified dreams with wish-fulfillment and sketched out how dreams work. How did contemporaries of Freud react to the publication of The Interpretation of Dreams? The first review was published on December 16, 1899. The review was in a literary journal (he was in fact more appreciated by the lay educated public than by the scientific public), by Carl Metzentin, and the last paragraph deserves to be quoted: "We now must forsake the pleasure of following further the astute - and frequently daring - observations of the Viennese physician. Only one more note from the conclusion of his epoch-making work, a note which concerns the value of dreams for gaining knowledge of future. 'In every respect, dreams are children of the past. There is a grain of truth, though, in the ancient belief that we can see in them our future. By showing us our wishes as fulfilled they point to the future. But this future, which the dreamer mistakes for his present, is modeled by the indestructible wish into the likeness of the past.'" References:	Sigmund Freud
In wine production what is the syrah grape almost invariably called in Australia?	"The Interpretation of Dreams" by Sigmund Freud "The Interpretation of Dreams" by Sigmund Freud Search the site "The Interpretation of Dreams" by Sigmund Freud History and Significance By Kendra Cherry Updated June 11, 2016 If you are interested in Sigmund Freud or dream interpretation , this is a must-have text for your collection. As one of Freud's earliest books, the theories and ideas described within The Interpretation of Dreams helped set the stage for psychoanalytic theory . Pros of The Interpretation of Dreams This classic text is probably the best-known book on dream interpretation. Freud was a prolific writer, and his work is always engaging and intriguing. The case studies Freud describes present a glimpse into his psychoanalytic work. Cons of The Interpretation of Dreams The research described in The Interpretation of Dreams lacks scientific rigor. Many of Freud’s ideas have received little or no substantiation from current dream research. Freud's theories have not fared well, especially in recent decades. Why It's Important The Interpretation of Dreams is the classic text on dream analysis and interpretation. Freud introduces many key concepts that would later become central to the theory of psychoanalysis. The book also emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind , which is one of the underlying principles of Freudian psychology . The History Behind the Book When Freud famously started analyzing himself, he used his dreams quite frequently in the process. Always a vivid dreamer, Freud had by this time also noticed the impact of dreams on his patients, including psychotic patients whose hallucinations were similar to dreams. Between his own experience and that of his patients, he concluded that dreams are almost always expressions of unfulfilled wishes. Believing sincerely in the importance of dreams and realizing no one had written much, if anything, about the subject, Freud spent two years writing The Interpretation of Dreams. Originally published in German under the title Die Traumdeutung in 1900, initial sales of the book were slow and disappointing and largely ignored by the scientific community. By 1910, Freud's other work was becoming well-known and so the book became more popular. It was translated into English and Russian in 1913 and six more languages by 1938. Seven more editions were also printed during his lifetime. Historical Significance of The Interpretation of Dreams The Interpretation of Dreams stands as a unique and classic work in the history of psychology . No matter what you may think of Sigmund Freud’s psychological theories, the cultural impact and historical importance of this book are without question. For those interested in dream research , this book serves as an excellent introduction to many of his major ideas. Freud was an incredibly prolific writer, publishing more than 320 different books, articles, and essays. Out of this impressive body of work, Freud described The Interpretation of Dreams as his personal favorite as well has his most significant contribution to the understanding of human thought. "[It] contains… the most valuable of all the discoveries it has been my good fortune to make. Insight such as this falls to one's lot but once in a lifetime," he explained. The book outlines Freud’s belief that dreams are highly symbolic, containing both overt meanings, called manifest content , and underlying, unconscious thoughts, known as latent content . Dreams, he suggested, are our unconscious wishes in disguise. Despite Freud’s tendency to over-generalize, his lack of scientific evidence, his overemphasis on sex, and his frequently chauvinistic viewpoints, this seminal work remains important in the history of psychology. The Interpretation of Dreams marked the beginning of psychoanalysis and is a fascinating text revealing Freud’s unique talent as a writer and ambitious theorist. Source:	i don't know
Which spirit is used in a Sex On The Beach cocktail?	Sex on the Beach Cocktail Recipe sunshine.davis.980 posted 3 years ago Wabt to make these its my favorite drink pouringpro posted 3 years ago Considering the fact that Peachtree Schnapps was first sold in America in 1979, this story is a great story, but just part of the history of the drink Sex on the Beach. As the writer states the drink spread throughout the country as bartenders created their own versions of a drink with a great name. Considering the fact that my customers, and others throughout CT,were drinking Sex On The Beach cocktails as early as 1981, the 1987 Florida version with Grenadine was in no way the first, but is a perfect example however, of the confusion bartenders always have about a recipe when a new drink hits the market. Yes, the writer is correct, the drink Sex on the Beach did spread rapidly across America, as great named drinks always do. Versions with grenadine probably were made in bars that used Grenadine whenever someone said the drink they had enjoyed in another establishment, was red and they did not have Sloe Gin. It is a fact that bartenders always asked, "What's in it, or what color is it?", and then got creative. This is the first I have heard of the Grenadine version. Makes sense. It is simply a Peach Sunrise, a take off on the Tequila Sunrise. I am sure many bartenders called it a "Florida Sunset". Another Northern version which Peachtree promoted heavily, and so it is mainstream in America today, was Peachtree, vodka OJ and Cranberry, basically a Peach Madras. Another version that was created in 1981 when Chambord Liqueur was introduced to America, was a beautiful looking drink, as well as one that was full of different flavors. I called it Sex on the Beach With a Rasta because of it's colors. Build; 1 oz. Chambord, 1/2oz. Vodka of choice, gun splash Cranberry, OJ, Pineapple, lace with Midori and garnish with orange, lime and lemon slices and maraschino cherry on a pick. This info is part of a lecture. I give on garnishing and presentation at #connecticutschoolofbartending. Sitting here in New England,preparing for a snowstorm, Sex on the Beach at a Florida resort with my beautiful wife , is a long way off. On second thought, Ted PizioWe are on the way!! Sent from my iPhone	Vodka
The tune Duelling Banjos featured in which 1972 film?	How to make a Sex On The Beach cocktail recipe ♥ About this recipe Sex on the Beach is effectively a Cosmopolitan with Archers Peach Schnapps, plus orange juice instead of Grand Marnier – a cocktail with serious credentials in other words, as well as being the ideal relaxing holiday mixed drink. Popularised by Tom Cruise in the 1988 film Cocktail, it was adapted in 1997 into the Gulf Coast Sex on the Beach by Roberto Canino and Wayne Collins at Navajo Joe in London, using banana and green melon liqueur, fresh pineapple juice, plus rum. This recipe was then listed in a similar form, as the official Sex on the Beach recipe in the 2008 edition of Mr Boston Official Bartender’s Guide. The International Bartenders Association Archers lists its official Sex on the Beach recipe as comprising Peach Schnapps, Smirnoff No. 21 Vodka, orange juice and cranberry juice, shaken together and then strained into a Highball glass. With the sweet edge to this cocktail plus fruit juice, a good Sex on the Beach needs to be served ice cold. Turn it into a shot without the juices and with a pour of half vodka and half peach schnapps, plus a drop of grenadine. Or you can adapt the recipe to create two other classic cocktails from the 1980s. Leave out the orange juice in your Sex on the Beach for the Woo Woo. Keep the orange, but remove both cranberry juice and Smirnoff No. 21 Vodka for another icon of this decade of sweet-tinged fruity cocktails, the Fuzzy Navel. These are great party drinks that your guests will love, so play around with the tasty fruit flavours to find the one that suits the occasion best. ➤ 1.9 units of alcohol per serve Sex on the Beach Ingredients added to shopping list 	i don't know
What was Casanova’s occupation at the time of is death?	Giacomo Casanova Giacomo Casanova Remains: Buried, Duchcov Church, Duchcov, Czechia Gender: Male Nationality: Italy Executive summary: World-renowned paramour Italian adventurer, born at Venice in 1725. His father belonged to an ancient and even noble family, but alienated his friends by embracing the dramatic profession early in life. He made a runaway marriage with Zanetta Farusi, the beautiful daughter of a Venetian shoemaker; and Giovanni was their eldest child. When he was but a year old, his parents, taking a journey to London, left him in charge of his grandmother, who, perceiving his precocious and lively intellect, had him educated far above her means. At sixteen he passed his examination and entered the seminary of St. Cyprian in Venice, from which he was expelled a short time afterwards for some scandalous and immoral conduct, which would have cost him his liberty, had not his mother managed somehow to procure him a situation in the household of the Cardinal Acquaviva. He made but a short stay, however, in that prelate's establishment, all restraint being irksome to his wayward disposition, and took to travelling. Then began that existence of adventure and intrigue which only ended with his death. He visited Rome, Naples, Corfu and Constantinople. By turns journalist, preacher, abb�, diplomat, he was nothing very long, except homme � bonnes fortunes, which profession he cultivated until the end of his days. In 1755, having returned to Venice, he was denounced as a spy and imprisoned. On the 1st of November 1756 he succeeded in escaping, and made his way to Paris. Here he was made director of the state lotteries, gained much financial reputation and a considerable fortune, and frequented the society of the most notable French men and women of the day. In 1759 he set out again on his travels. He visited in turn the Netherlands, South Germany, Switzerland -- where he made the acquaintance of Voltaire -- Savoy, southern France, Florence -- whence he was expelled -- and Rome, where the pope gave him the order of the Golden Spur. In 1761 he returned to Paris, and for the next four or five years lived partly there, partly in England, South Germany and Italy. In 1764 he was in Berlin, where he refused the offer of a post made him by Frederick II. He then travelled by way of Riga and St. Petersburg to Warsaw, where he was favorably received by King Stanislaus Poniatowski. A scandal, followed by a duel, forced him to flee, and he returned by a devious route to Paris, only to find a lettre de cachet awaiting him, which drove him to seek refuge in Spain. Expelled from Madrid in 1769, he went by way of Aix -- where he met Cagliostro -- to Italy once more. From 1774, with which year his memoirs close, he was a police spy in the service of the Venetian inquisitors of state; but in 1782, in consequence of a satirical libel on one of his patrician patrons, he had once more to go into exile. In 1785 he was appointed by Count Waldstein, an old Paris acquaintance, his librarian at the ch�teau of Dux in Bohemia. Here he lived until his death, which probably occurred on the 4th of June 1798. The main authority for Casanova's life is his M�moires (12 vols., Leipzig, 1826-38), which were written at Dux. They are clever, well written and, above all, cynical, and interesting as a trustworthy picture of the morals and manners of the times. Among Casanova's other works may be mentioned Confutazione della storia del governo Veneto d'Amelot de la Houssaye (Amsterdam, 1769), an attempt to ingratiate himself with the Venetian government; and the Histoire of his escape from prison (Leipzig, 1788). Father: Gaetano Giuseppe Casanova Mother: Giovanna Maria Zanetta Farussi Brother: Gaetano	Librarian
Which fabric derives its name from a Syrian city?	The Casanova - TV Tropes The Casanova You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account Share Big gun loaded and ready to fire... multiple times. "Gentlemen, I'm sure we can sort this out amicably. Look at it this way: if you could do what I could do, you'd do it too! But you can't. I can. And I have. And I'll do it again. So you should be happy for me, just a little tiny bit, don't you think?" — Casanova, Casanova The sexual predator — a man who relentlessly pursues, lands, loves, and then abandons members of the opposite sex, a skill bestowed upon him to demonstrate what a badass he is. Sometimes comic, sometimes a monster, always successful, this character leaves behind a string of broken hearts, and occasional vows of revenge that are rarely fulfilled. Casanova's only motivation is indulging his lust and desire, sating them with the bodies of his conquests. , but sheï¿½ll likely be portrayed as an evil character who exploits her sexuality to manipulate innocent men . The womanizing skills of the Casanova, on the other hand, will almost always be granted to him to make him look like a champion. This trope also applies almost exclusively to straight men, given that queer people with an active sex life are usually villainized in media . Meanwhile, straight men get to be portrayed as badasses for having multiple women at their beck and call. The Casanova trope is also usually applied to white men , with non-white men commonly being depicted as perverts when they give in to their sexual desires and/or being limited to women of the same ethnicity or skin colour , while white male Casanovas being with non-white women is generally portrayed as fine . Contrast with the unsuccessful Casanova Wannabe . Compare with the inexplicable Kavorka Man . A guy who gets the girls like a Casanova, but unintentionally, is a Chick Magnet . If kind-hearted, may overlap with Chivalrous Pervert . The Charmer is equally charming but less sex-obsessed. If they really get around but want to settle down, it's Looking for Love in All the Wrong Places . A Handsome Lech has more negative connotations and a sparser scorecard than the Casanova. The trope is named for Giacomo Girolamo Casanova (1725-1798), a soldier, spy, diplomat, adventurer, and librarian whose extensive but unreliable autobiography (in which he almost literally described himself as God's Gift to Womennote "Feeling that I was born for the sex opposite of mine, I have always loved it and done all that I could to make myself loved by it.") established his eternal fame as a lover. It should be noted that the historical Casanova was closer to a Chivalrous Pervert who really was looking for love... just with women who were locked in loveless political marriages — and also gained his successes famously ugly . ( Definitely ◊ he was no Heath Ledger ◊ .) Interesting and prone to be noted for his modern wannabes , he was one of the few 18th century men who bathed almost daily and asked the same thing from his partners. Many films, TV movies and TV mini-series are named for and based on that person. The best known are Fellini's 1976 film, the 2005 film starring Heath Ledger , and the 2005 BBC drama mini-series starring David Tennant . The latter is considered one of the more faithful adaptations of Casanova's memoirs, while Fellini's... wasn't. For the juvenile version — all of the above without the sex — see Kid-anova . Contrast the Serial Romeo (who falls in love with a long succession of women, one at a time and for reasonable periods). If the guy is actually only rumored to be a Casanova and has no evidence onscreen, it's the Urban Legend Love Life . If he develops feelings for one of his conquests ( or someone who refuses him ), he's a Ladykiller in Love . See More Friends, More Benefits for when the mechanics of a game encourage the player character to act this way. Note: It should be mentioned that even after the affairs were over, most of Casanova's ex-lovers still liked him, and he was reputedly quite the gentleman. This trope would probably fit (the fictional) Don Juan better. Examples: open/close all folders Anime & Manga Aoshima in Ah! My Goddess , who is explicitly referred to as a "casanova." Fortunately, when he's not busy being a slimy excuse for a human being, he tends to be the Butt Monkey . Lord Aleister Chamber of Black Butler is implied to be this. A Cruel God Reigns : Ian. He gets pretty much anyone he wants, and is a classic example of Even the Guys Want Him . Agon of Eyeshield 21 has this trait tacked on to his already unpleasant personality. It's not especially relevant to the story, it's just another extension of his Jerk Jock personality and serves as yet another reason for the heroes to dislike him ("Down with guys who have girlfriends!"). He's also one of two characters that has luck with women in the entire series. The first one is Hatsujou None of the Nagas have any luck with women since they attend an all boys school, and Ikkyu and Yamabushi are very jealous. Fairy Tail : Loki is a far more blatant example, until The Reveal and his return to the spirit world. When he thinks he's dying and starts withdrawing from everything, he's revealed to have had four girlfriends at once. Guiche from The Familiar of Zero . Possibly Julio as well, although he tends to have girls pursuing him. Subverted in the manga version of Fullmetal Alchemist where Roy Mustang pretends he's this to cover up the fact that he uses prostitutes, whose madam is his adoptive mother , as spies. The original anime plays this straight because the subversion happens after the anime Overtook the Manga . Explored to an extent in Golgo 13 . The title character tends to have sex before a job, and does have good luck at getting women to join him in bed. However, he just as often hires prostitutes, and due to his notorious blank expression not changing, a number of readers have theorized he doesn't actually enjoy it. Miroku from InuYasha is The Charmer and is always flirting with women since his goal is having a child, his catchphrase being ï¿½Will you bear my children?ï¿½. While in the series is implied subtly that he has actually slept with several women, it is left to interpretation leaving it as an Urban Legend Love Life . That is until Word of God comfirmed it saying he used to have a 90% success rate with the ladies, but it went to zero after joining the team. It also didnï¿½t help that he fell in love with Sango. Dio Brando is so charismatic and good-looking that he managed to father four children. With four different women. His Alternate Continuity counterpart in Part 7 has the same influence, sometimes to his detriment. ◊ Hol Horse has the same way with women, which he uses to take advantage of them - not in that way (at least, not that we're shown), but in order to use them to make his escape when needed. Karin 's brother, Ren, sucks the blood of stressed out women every night. He says they're usually quite grateful afterwards, but tend to keep bugging him. Kyo Koi O Hajimemasu has the male lead, Tsubaki Kyota at first. He's noted for flirting and sleeping around with many different girls, but has never had an actual romantic relationship. Maken-ki! : Played for laughs with Rudolf in episode 7 ( season 2). All any girl sees is an adorable teddy bear... until they bring him home , which is how he gets into their pants, so to speak. The shopkeeper Himegami bought him from even admitted that she was one of his lovers, until she caught him cheating on her with two other women. Rudolf also bangs Nozuchi offscreen and, near the end of the episode, he leaves a trail of women trembling in orgasm at the park; including Ms. Aki. Paptimus Scirrocco from Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam is a very evil version of this. He's basically what happens when you combine a Casanova with a Magnificent Bastard and give him the psychic powers of a Newtype. Generally the kind that uses his charms more to use woman as tools than just as sexual objects, though. Elinalise of Mushoku Tensei is a fairly positive female example. Being afflicted with a curse that makes her physically need sex and an unusually active libido to match it, she has perfected the art of soliciting men for one night stands. She doesn't even need to speak the same language to get what she's after. Neon Genesis Evangelion : Ryoji Kaji is implied to be this. He hits on all adult women in the cast, leading to the derogatory Fan Nickname "man-whore". That doesn't stop him from teasing Shinji about him living at Misato's and shipping him with Asuka. Jin from The Pet Girl of Sakurasou remains loyal to his childhood friend Misaki, but becomes this instead as he feels unworthy of her. Akio Ohtori and Touga Kiryuu from Revolutionary Girl Utena use, manipulate and abuse women and men alike using in great part their sex appeal for More Than Mind Control effect. Then Akio does it to Touga, establishing him as a sort of Alpha Casanova. Ruka Tsuchiya counts as well. He takes a Hands-On Approach with the female fencing club members, dates and beds Shiori, whom he later utterly humiliates, and is very forceful with Juri, despite the fact that he's supposedly trying to help her break free of her self-destructive cycle. The eponymous character in Space Adventure Cobra . Ryou from Strawberry Shake Sweet , in a Girls Love example, has bedded about a thousand girls and that's only the known minimum. Comicbooks DCU : Different versions of Batman have either portrayed him as being with many women or as avoiding most women. A common feature to most versions is that he ends up alone. His public persona as Bruce Wayne is one of these, constantly dating and breaking up with multiple women to keep up the Rich Idiot with No Day Job facade. Marvel Universe : Starfox of The Avengers . It's revealed in She-Hulk that he's an inadvertent rapist who unconsciously uses his psychic powers to get women into bed, but the canonicity of She-Hulk is sometimes dubious. It's been firmly established what his powers are and how much control he has over them. She-Hulk just pointed out Unfortunate Implications that already existed. In the case where Starfox was accuse of being a rapist in the same story it was revealed this was not true. He has not used his powers to get women. The woman who accused him did so to try and cover up the affair since she was a married woman. For your consideration ladies and gentlemen, The Incredible Hercules . Pulls about as much tail as James Bond. Tony Stark alias Iron Man . Lampshaded in Extremis: Tony Stark: I have my own fleet of satellites in geosynchronous orbit. Maya Hansen: You actually get girls with that line? Tony Stark: They make me a lot of money, I find that does the trick. Maya Hansen: Some classy ladies you know. Gambit , who is largely considered to be a reformed example, having given up his whoring ways since meeting Rogue. Until they broke up anyway. Exaggerated in one of Gambit's stand alone comics. He breaks into an old girlfriend's house in the middle of the night to request a favor and both are confused by the lack of sex. Incredible Hulk . No, really! Have you seen how many children he has with multiple women? Three, so far, with a suspected fourth running around. As Red She-Hulk who is actually Betty Ross Banner commented after learning the Hulk had been married to not one, but two hot alien warrior queens; Red She-Hulk: You really got around, huh? The entire point of Prince Charming. The reason he's in so many stories is because he constantly marries and abandons various princesses. This leads to him originally being less than popular in Fabletown. Jack of Fables. Fan Works A Crown of Stars : Parodied. Shinji is remarkably smooth and confident when he thinks he is dreaming . He gets Asuka so shocked and aroused that she calls him "Shinji the Casanova". Advice and Trust : Subverted. Due to a misunderstanding, all Shinji's female classmates convinced themselves that he is some sort of stud and is in a three-ways relationship with Asuka and Rei (ironically they are accidentally not so off the mark: Shinji and Asuka are dating secretly, and Rei is in love with both, but she does not want to disrupt their relationship), so they start to lust after him and chase him, much to his chagrin (he only wants Asuka) and Asuka's wrath, who complains that they think he is "Shinji the casanova" when he is hers. In Shinji the Casanova -written by the creator of Higher Learning -, Shinji gets Casanova training from an unusual third party and sets out to seduce Asuka as accidentally and involuntarily seducing all his female classmates. Shinji And Warhammer 40 K : Doubly subverted. The whole Shinji's high school female population has a crush on him. There are three girls (Asuka, Rei and Mana) and a woman (Maya Ibuki) chasing him actively, two of which consider that he should claim all them. The double subversion comes from Shinji affirming that he is not interested in being a player, he does not want a harem and "their" girls are not sluts... and at the same time the Eldar Farseer -that embodies his lust, among other things- spends the whole time suggesting that he should sleep with Asuka or all them, prefferably at once. In the Hot Springs Episode while the cast was relaxing in the springs he felt that Misato, Maya, Asuka, Rei and Mana were getting upset... so he openly walked into the only women side, reassured Mana and left with no bodily harm inflicted upon him. His male friends instantly bowed down. After a Time Skip his sync rates were very low. Maya came up with an idea to cheer him up. She recruited Rei and Mana and together barged into Misato's apartment declaring they were going to kidnap Shinji -and Asuka- and have an orgy. Misato thought that they were joking, but the next day Shinji and Asuka flatly refused commenting on the matter. A bunch of chapters later it is revealed that Shinji had kissed Asuka and Rei in rapid sucession. Thousand Shinji : Double subversion. In this story Shinji might be The Casanova easily: all his female classmates want him, and he is a Manipulative Bastard and a Jerkass plays with other people's feelings to further his plans or for his own amusement. Nonetheless he openly says he has no interest in a woman he can seduce easily. He only chases Asuka and he seduces her by being straight-forward, sincere, honest and truthful rather manipulative. However, although he did not plan for it, he ended up married to Asuka, Rei and Misato. In The Truth Behind the Friendship Harry mentioned that Sirius slept with twenty-two girls at Hogwarts in an attempt to beat an unnamed Ravenclaw's record of thirty-seven. Iroh in the The Stalking Zuko Series . He is known for a get sexual appetite before settling down with his wife, which rekindled during Zuko's search. His track record, according to Zuko, consists of two nuns, their Ba Sing Se neighbor and Li and La. Apparently, Colin Creevey of all people. "I did just fine with the Muggle girls on holidays, thank you very much, because they think I'm cute and mysterious and know I go to some kind of exclusive and super-secret private boarding school.ï¿½ Pokï¿½mon Reset Bloodlines has Ash's Pikachu , shockingly enough . Turns out he's very popular with females in his egg group, and may have fathered Misty's Azurill in the original timeline. Gender Flipped and played with in A Good Compromise . USS Black Prince chief engineer Jasmine Velasquez was already established in From Bajor to the Black and " The Silence Ends " as a determinedly single Extreme Omnisexual . Early on she tries to vamp on Ensign Newbie Gilad Ronson (intending it as stress relief for herself), but she comes on too strong and he panics and runs. Break Your Heart : Gender-inverted with Rainbow. While she was living in Cloudsdale she had casual sexual relationships with Fluttershy and Gilda at the same time and on the side she had one-night stands with many other girls. Deconstructed with King Garon in The Lost King . His frequent one-night stands with women has caused them to stick around in his court, gradually turning it deadly and decadent as they competed for his favor. The infighting is so brutal it actually causes him to stop being this because he's so tired of seeing them kill each other and his bastard children . Yet his reputation as a womanizer still haunts him. Film Casanova from the film Casanova ? The great seducer has been portrayed many times on film: In fact, IMDB has no less than 85 movies or TV shows with the word "Casanova" in the title, and most of them feature the gentleman himself in a leading or supporting role. It's heavily implied that all the men in the film Sin Takes A Holiday are wominzers to the max. Bob Hope spoofs the role in Casanova's Big Night. James Bond , of course. Partially subverted in that in some cases, he pursues the woman not for sex/conquest for its own sake, but to win her as an ally/defector for purposes of his mission objective . However, he does feel genuinely bad if a woman he had slept with ends up being killed by the villain . Or by a non-villain . It should be noted with the above example that, contrary to the stereotype that Bond regularly kills the women he sleeps with (invoked by the "kiss kiss bang bang" catchphrase of the 1960s), in truth this has happened exactly three times in the history of the movie franchise (Fiona in Thunderball , Fatima in Never Say Never Again , and the above example of Elektra in The World Is Not Enough . And in the case of Fiona, it's debatable whether Bond intentionally had used her as a human shield.). He was apparently expelled from Eton after an "incident" with one of the maids... Stefan from the the film Letter from an Unknown Woman is a classical pianist and is Tall, Dark and Handsome , therefore, women catnip. The Ghost Goes West : Scottish lad, Murdoch Glourie, is quite the ladies man in 18th Century Scotland. Tony Stark in the Iron Man movie. Claims to have gone 12-for-13 in one year with Maxim cover girls (he couldn't make his schedule work with March, but December was twins). Seduces Christine Everhart, leaves her to wake up alone in his bed, and while showing Everhart the door, Stark's assistant Pepper Potts says that she's "taken out the trash" before. A deleted scene set right before the Golmira scenes has Tony seducing and leading a woman off to bed... and picking up another in the hallway along the way. He then gives a lame excuse to bail on the apparently inebriated women. "I'm going to get ice for the champagne" or something like that. In the distance, we see Iron Man taking off. In fact, this trope is often part of the Rich Idiot with No Day Job 's cover. Dorian Gray, not only in The Picture of Dorian Gray but even moreso in The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen movie. Pavi Largo from Repo! The Genetic Opera is close to being the epitome of this trope. As he says himself in 'Mark It Up': Ask a Gentern who they prefer—ten out of nine will say the Pavi! Stuart Townsend's character Adam in the Irish film About Adam. He beds/romances with no difficulty three very different sisters, their brother's uptight girlfriend - and almost the brother as well. Timothy, the slinky, knife-throwing terrorist from 1996's The Long Kiss Goodnight . Subverted in the movie and book Kiss the Girls where the kidnapping/rapist/murderer bad guy takes the alias "Casanova". After he drugs and attempts to murder one of his victims a character remarks "Yeah, he's cunning, but he doesn't know his history: The real Casanova would never have approved." Wickham in Bride and Prejudice . What's New Pussycat? stars Peter O'Toole as a man who just can't say no to women. He sees a psychiatrist to help him swear them off and be faithful to his fiancee, but the doctor is a deranged lech himself. Shame presents a deconstruction. Brandon is a young handsome successful businessman who can easily pick up girls. But he's also a sex addict and will resort to prostitution and masturbation to satisfy his needs. And none of it ever gives him happiness. Oscar Diggs, aka The Wizard of Oz, is one in Oz: The Great and Powerful . He's made Ann—from Kansas, his assistants, the strongman's wife ( really bad idea, that one), Theodora and Glinda fall in love with him. And he didn't care for any of the women he was with, stating they'll get over him and the heartbreak. Ann was the closest to loving a woman he ever came, but he still wasn't willing to change for her and settle. He later falls for Glinda, possibly only because he reminds her of Ann, but he can have her without compromising his wanton hero/show-off status. In The Double , James probably sleeps with half the women in the movie. In Gregory's Girl , Billy the Window Washer is idolized by the boys for his reputation. The Love Parade (1929) has three of them. In the song "Paris, Stay the Same," Count Alfred sings about all the romantic nights he's had with the ladies of Gay Paree . Then Alfred's valet Jacques sings about his romantic nights with the maids and shopgirls of Paris. Then Alfred's dog barks out a verse, which is pretty clearly the same sentiment, but about the, er, bitches of Paris. In Unfaithful, it's implied that Connie Sumner is a Rare Female Example . Connie and Paul are having sex in the cafe men's room and her ass is up against a wall and he's grabbing it. Meanwhile, her friends are sitting at a table, waiting for Connie and they're talking about her: Tracy: She's not like that. She's really nice... Sally: Of course she is. That only makes it worse. She's nice and sweet and her ass is exactly where it was when she was in college. The historical Giacomo Casanova is a character in Mï¿½nchhausen , but he's actually older in this film and past his womanizing years. Played straight, however, with Baron Münchhausen, who has amazing success with women wherever he goes. Peter Venkman in Ghostbusters1984 mix with Jerk Ass With A Heart Of Gold as his flirty antics makes him torture a poor guy in an experiment about psychic powers in order to not harm the beautiful girl. Similarly his interest in Dana Barrett made an important part of the plot. Indiana Jones , naturally as is a character inspired by James Bond . He has several romances throughout all the movies (sometimes more than one girl per movie), and the canonical prequel series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles shows that he was like that since he was a teen. Literature Valmont and Madame Merteuil of Les Liaisons Dangereuses are classic literary examples. Mr. Wednesday from American Gods is a lecherous old man with supernatural charm, a penchant for virgins, and no respect for age-of-consent laws. The book's protagonist, Shadow, reluctantly finds himself witnessing the seduction of a teenage waitress, deciding it was "like watching an old wolf stalking a fawn too young to know that if it did not run, and run now, it would wind up in a distant glade with its bones picked clean by the ravens." In fact, this is exactly how Shadow got conceived. Casanunda the dwarf from Discworld is a parody of this trope. But we can't really be sure, since he is also a self-proclaimed Outrageous Liar. Well, it worked on Nanny Ogg . Of course, expressing a vague interest would work on Nanny Ogg... The odds are that he's not lying about this one, at least. He's proven it to other women as well. Anatole Kuragin from War and Peace . He's a well-known womanizer whose first interaction with a semi-main character is mademoiselle Bourienne, a maid at Prince Bolkonsky's house, while Anatole was there to court the prince's daughter Marya . He later marries the daughter of a Polish farmer in exchange for room and board during one military campaign, and then, just for fun, sets out to marry-and-kidnap Natasha Rostov . Lude from House of Leaves , who actually keeps a list of his conquests, their prominent features, and how he had sex with them. A character in Don Quixote is also portrayed like this in the male villager's stories about her. We later find out these injuries were imagined, she was just being chaste and as she wisely points out, she can't help being beautiful. Darkness the dragon from Loyal Enemies leaves brokenhearted girls in his trail in every village he passes. He doesn't always get it his way, though - his friend Veres recalls a few times when they had to leave in hurry to escape furious father. Fictional comedian Monti Tree from My Screwups fit this trope to a T, losing his virginity at 13, to bedding supermodels well into adulthood. However that all comes to a complete stop when he finds out he had a son he didn't know about. James Bond again. This is brought out most clearly in the last paragraph of the series, effectively describing how he can never settle down with one woman. In the books it's a little more Byronic . For example, in Moonraker he expects to automatically be rewarded for his efforts by sex with Gala Brand, only for Brand to reveal that she wasn't kidding about being engaged. However, he willingly lets her go off to get married and they both go their separate ways as friends. Trigger Mortis has Bond observe the hordes of pretty girls clamouring over the winning racers. However, he thinks that he would feel extremely uneasy if he was in the same situation, as he prefers having a single strong and independent women to multiple ones fighting for attention. In Dan Abnett 's Gaunt's Ghosts novel Necropolis, Gaunt after a wartime fling thinks of his mentor Otkar who had left a trail of tearful women behind him and warned Gaunt not to get involved, as it would weaken him. Gaunt realizes that although as soon as the war is over, their social classes would separate them (which she knows too), he would now fight to the end to save this woman, and that his emotional investment in the Ghosts has in reality kept him on the job. Larry Douglas in The Other Side of Midnight. The first "book" of the novel tells the life stories of two of his many conquests, Catherine Alexander and Noelle Page, via alternating chapters. The former marries him, unaware of his true nature; the latter, whom he abandoned years before he met Catherine, devotes her life to destroying him. The remainder of the story is about what happens when Noelle manipulates events to bring Larry back into her life. Never trust these characters in Jane Austen : Willoughby of Sense and Sensibility (abandoned the last girl he slept with and dumps one of the heroines for someone richer). Wickham of Pride and Prejudice (tried to seduce The Hero 's younger sister and succeeds in seducing the heroine's younger sister) Henry Crawford of Mansfield Park (has every woman in the world — including ours! — wrapped around his finger... except the heroine, which he cannot take lying down... ) Mr. Knightley fears Frank Churchill may be this in Emma , given the mixed signals he keeps sending both to Emma and Jane Fairfax. It turns out he's just an innocent if sometimes foolish Chick Magnet in a committed, Secret Relationship with Jane Fairfax. Hugo Lamb from The Bone Clocks . He's charming, charismatic, and a serial womanizer. Spyros Stavaronas, the attractive young shrimp fisherman in Alexandra by Scott O'Dell. At first, he uses his charms to distract Alexandra so his henchmen can smuggle cocaine on her boat. When Alexandra finds out, he further tries to seduce her into keeping his secret and not turning them into the cops. Pretty common among the main male characters of the Sword of Truth series. Nathan Rahl, the prophet, often badgers the Sisters of the Light to send women to his rooms while he is in his Gilded Cage , and can often be seen with a woman on each arm after getting out. Zedd is implied to have interactions with several women over the course of the series. Richard himself, while more content to just have his one significant other, still manages to end up married to three different women and have several more who want him. The male villains are darker versions of this. Finnick in the sequel of The Hunger Games . Although, as revealed in Mockingjay, this may actually be a subversion. He does love one single woman, Annie, and was forced into becoming a sex slave by the Capitol to protect her. His heartbreaker reputation is just the public front for what's really going on. Jimmy (Snowman) in Oryx and Crake and The Year of the Flood by Margaret Atwood, is this and also a harbors a years-long romantic obsession with the same girl (then woman) as his sociopathic genius best friend, which leads to trouble In Aaron Allston 's Galatea in 2-D , Paris makes a move on Elsie as soon as he is drawn from the painting . Neil Strauss's The Game is about becoming this. And the book is full of them... only thing is that they are all Cloudcuckoolanders . In a rare example of one in children's literature, The Roman Mysteries features Publius Pollus Felix, who is revealed as a Casanova in The Sirens of Surrentum. Murillio of the Malazan Book of the Fallen specializes in seducing and bedding married women. He notes that all the students of the man who trained him in dueling ended up pursuing some vice; his was just a bit less dangerous. Ended up quitting after a younger woman seduced him and he nearly died when her suitor defended her "honor". Ivan Vorpatril in the Vorkosigan Saga . Apollo's Grove : Atollon, a priest of Apollo, at one point seduces a village woman using the same words his mentor had used to describe the sacred nature of Apollo's grove. In On Fairy-Stories , J. R. R. Tolkien pointed out that first use of "faerie" in English was to refer to a Casanova, dressed up to seduce when he attended church. ( The Fair Folk sort of faerie, not the little winged thing sort.) In Sarah A. Hoyt 's Draw One in the Dark , Kyrie tells herself that the officer probably turns on his attractiveness for any woman; it's not personal to her. Marcus of The Mark of the Lion begins the series as one; he is apparently quite skilled at seducing his familyï¿½s female servants with a mere glance, despite his string of girlfriends on the side. You have to read between the lines in Lord Chesterfield's Letters to His Son , but it's there. "I repeat it again and again to you, Let the great book of the world be your principal study. ' Nocturna versate manu, versate diurna '; which may be rendered thus in English: Turn Over MEN BY DAY, AND WOMEN BY NIGHT. I mean only the best editions." (letter 137) Arthur Huntingdon in The Tenant of Wildfell Hall , who brags to his wife about his sexual conquests. Jace Wayland from The Mortal Instruments is implied to have been involved with lots of girls, and he flirts with Kaelie in City of Bones. However, prior to Clary he was never in a long term relationship. Menedemos in H. N. Turtletaub's Hellenic Traders series. Aiden's very first scene in Of Fear and Faith ends with him convincing a woman who's angry at him for trespassing on her property to go to bed with him. He proceeds to charm almost every woman he meets from then on. Runge Margavo, one of the two titular bounty hunters from Riesel Tales: Two Hunters , is quite the connoisseur in regard to the large prostitution industry on Riesel . Dmitri in Spider Circus . The circus has been chased out of more than one village because of his antics. Alcee Arubin from The Awakening , though he later approaches Ladykiller in Love territory. In Beauty Queens by Libba Bray, The pirate, Duff is revealed to be this. He set his sights on Adina, a Straw Feminist , to boost his ratings. Vampire Academy : Andre Dragomir was not above seducing younger girls and eventually dumping them. Mia Rinaldi being the most notable example. Rolan Kislyak seduced and impregnated Sonya Belikova, moved on to her younger sister Viktoria Belikova, and tried to hit on Rose while still dating the latter. Adrian Ivashkov is seen to be a player, party boy and a womanizer who loves a lot of women. Comically averted in, of all places, Lord Byron 's poem Don Juan . His version of Don Juan is a Chaste Hero ï¿½ which turns out ironically to make him irresistible to women, who find it extremely attractive that he is just being innocent and not trying to seduce anyone. Daniel Leary of David Drake 's RCN series is an interesting example of this. Early on he's said, and shown, to be good enough at picking up women to make his living at it, and maintains this trait for several books. However, he also has perfectly good platonic relationships with women (usually female subordinates, but also notably Adele Mundy, who while technically a subordinate is really his Platonic Life Partner and effective first officer except in naval combat), and becomes a Ladykiller in Love in a later book after he meets Miranda Dorst. Mark, of Blaze (or Love in the Time of Supervillains) , has worked his way through a long string of blondes, Blaze being the latest target... Live-Action TV The Brady Bunch : Greg, who was once referred to as the "Casanova of Clinton Avenue" and truly was a Big Man on Campus . He truly did hit it off with a lot of the hottest-looking, mouth-watering babes of the early- to mid-1970s. Comically inverted in The Brady Bunch , where he was an awkward teen who was completely oblivious to the fact that not even the ugliest, fattest, most revolting girl in class didn't want him. Lord Flashheart from Blackadder . Game of Thrones : Daario Naharis considers seduction one of life's two great pleasures. Christian Troy on Nip/Tuck . Tony Dinozzo on NCIS . Ironically, he sometimes is on the receiving end of the female version of this trope. In one episode, while investigating a petty officer's psychiatric admission, an "orderly" comes onto Tony as Gibbs and Kate leave. Turns out, she's a patient. Captain Jack Harkness in Doctor Who and Torchwood - bisexual , promiscuous, but benign. Brian in Seacht. Patrick of Coupling behaves like a cold hearted seducer, unable to see women as anything but potential conquests, dumping his girlfriends almost immediately, and compiling a vast collection of sex tapes of his conquests. Interestingly, he avoids being loathsome, as he's portrayed as stupid rather than deliberately malicious. Barney from How I Met Your Mother . There's barely been an episode in the series where he hasn't hit on at least one woman, and uses a number of bizarre means to seduce them (which are surprisingly successful). Slightly deconstructed — for the most part, he only does well with bimbos and desperate women. Ted: Does that ever work for you? (referring to one of Barney's numerous pick up lines and schemes) Barney: Ted, the question is do they ever not work for me? Either way the answer is about half the time. In a recent episode Barney was revealed to have slept with 200 women (and counting). Marshall, while disgusted, decided to crunch the numbers based on the number of women Barney hits on on average every week and calculated (albeit with quite a bit of leeway) that based on that information and his years of sexual activity, Barney's success rate with women works out at a little over 1%. There's no telling if that is anywhere near accurate though. It varies from season to season. In one episode he successfully nails seven different girls in seven days, most of whom leave the bar with him within seconds of being hit on. In season 7, it is revealed that he will be married soon. Season 8 has him propose to the woman (after having proposed to someone else in season 7) he will marry. Hank Moody on Californication . Brian Kinney from Queer as Folk almost nightly indulges in one night stands. Stuart in the UK version and in the ending montage Nathan becomes the new Stuart after Stuart gets into a long-term relationship with Vince and they travel together. Hawkeye Pierce in MASH , although he occasionally takes a break to get his heart stepped on. Napoleon Solo in The Man from U.N.C.L.E. cuts a wide swathe through various femmes fatale , female innocents , and the UNCLE secretarial pool. Charlie Harper ( Charlie Sheen ) in Two and a Half Men . His daughter Jenny as well who seems to have no problem getting straight women to sleep with her. Dr. Sloane in Grey's Anatomy . In later seasons, he became interested in having a relationship and settling down as he matured. Dean Winchester on Supernatural . Dean's actually an interesting case, although he sleeps with a lot of women and is certainly lustful, its implied on multiple occasions he genuinely would love to settle down and get married. But due to the nature of his job (being The Hunter ) its to dangerous and impossible for him to have a truly stable relationship. As such he sleeps with multiple women, to help fill the void of what he knows he'll never have. This is confirmed during episode 10x16 "Paint it Black." Among many things in the episode implied that Dean is ready to settle down, the scene with the priest in the confessional is probably the most telling: Dean: You know, the life I live, the work I doï¿½I pretty much just figured that that was all there was to me, you know? Tear around and jam the key in the ignition and haul ass until I ran out of gas. I guess I just thought sooner or later, Iï¿½d go out the same way that I live ï¿½ pedal to the metal, and that would be it. Father Delaney: But now? Dean: Now, umï¿½ recent events, uhï¿½ make me think I might be closer to that than I really thought. Andï¿½I donï¿½t know. I mean, you know, thereï¿½s ï¿½ thereï¿½s things, thereï¿½sï¿½people, feelings that I-I-I want to experience differently than I have before, or maybe even for the first time. Father Delaney: Go a little deeper, perhaps, than with Gina. Dean: Yeah. Yeah, Iï¿½m just starting to think thatï¿½ maybe thereï¿½s more to it all than I thought. Latka's alter ego Vic Ferrari from Taxi , introduced at the end of Season 3 and the catalyst for a Split Personality problem that unfolded over much of the following season. This climaxed when he had to win back his old girlfriend Simka from Vic (whom he referred to as "a two-bit bossa nova" ). Once he managed to convince her that Vic wouldn't actually love her, she was able to convince Vic to leave for good. Sam Malone of Cheers . Norm: Ah, Sammy, watching you get ready for a date is like watching a great matador prepare for a bullfight. Cliff: I hate that stuff. You know, who wants to see a guy go and manipulate a torment a poor, unthinking creature like that? Sam: Hey, I always buy 'em breakfast, don't I? Bulldog from Frasier . Bulldog: [on the phone] Come on now. No tears. I'll never forget you either, Sandy. Linda? Really? I thought I was talking to your sister. Oh well, tell her same goes. Roz Doyle was always played as a female version of this trope in particular, rather than just Really Gets Around . While the characters often cracked jokes about her promiscuity, they nearly always implied a predatory and perpetually lustful person who loved the chase and would jump through ridiculous hoops (including construct elaborate lies and hook her friends into facilitating hook-ups) in order to get laid, rather than misogynistic jokes indicative of a cheap slut, as would be expected in a comedy featuring a promiscuous woman. Also, Roz was always portrayed in a far better light than Bulldog because while Roz would sleep with loads of guys, she also had very clear standards that she rarely compromised (which is perhaps the reason her dates were so often men who required her to come up with hilarious schemes in order to get them to put out). Samantha of Sex and the City arguably is more of a female version of this than The Vamp or Femme Fatale , as her motivations are lust rather than being a "bad girl". Al Mundy of It Takes a Thief (1968) seems to pick up a new woman every episode, and even the ones who are initially frosty are charmed by him in the end. He doesn't seem to get much actual sex, though, because Noah always puts a stop to things just when the woman is softening up. An episode of The Equalizer had a handsome chronic womaniser get kidnapped by industrial spies who keep insisting that "she said she gave it to you" and refuse to believe his claims of innocence . Realising he's going to be tortured he quickly "confesses" and promises to get "it" to them in 24 hours — he then has to hire the Equalizer to help him sort though the multitude of women he's dated to find the right one. "It" turns out to be a microdot on a matchbook handed to him with a girl's phone number written on the inside. Before Nathan of One Tree Hill fell in love with Haley, he was most definitely one of these, even if he was taken at the time. Haley is not happy when, in Season 4, after they are married and pregnant, she finds out that Nathan made a sex tape with their friend Brooke (though it was before he even knew her). Nathan: You want me to write a list of every single girl I've ever... Haley: No, no, I guess not every single girl. You can cross Peyton, Brooke, and my sister off of that list. Nathan: You really think that's a good idea? Haley: Yes! And here. I'll make it easy for you. Take the phone book and just cross off the name of every girl you haven't been with. Sam Axe of Burn Notice seems to make his living "sponging off every rich divorcee in the greater Miami area." This brings in an Evil Counterpart when they meet Charles, a womanizer who manages to seduce rich women into revealing their bank codes and bleed them dry. In comparison, Sam just finds himself a sugar-momma and provides genuine affection, company and is monogamous. Star Trek 's Captain James T. "Jim" Kirk and The Next Generation's Commander William T. Riker. A YouTube user's summary of Kirk's philosophy of life: When in doubt, seduce the woman. Dr. Simon Hill from Combat Hospital . In the middle of Afghanistan on a military base as a civilian, to boot. Don Draper in Mad Men is probably the most prominent illustration of this trope nowadays on TV My sexy eyes? Videogames Panther Caruso from Star Fox relentlessly pursues Krystal, and is described more than once by Nintendo as being a self-proclaimed ladies' man. He could, however, be a slight subversion in the sense that he never really gets anywhere with Krystal (who shares a mutual affection with Fox McCloud), whom tends to either ignore, humour or outright reject his advances in Assault and their cameo appearances in Super Smash Bros. Brawl . The only game where he does seem to succeed in any way with her is Command, and whilst he is depicted as devoted to her, it's very much implied the only reason she's with him is because Fox kicked her off the Star Fox team ( for her own safety , though she didn't take it that way) and that she joined Star Wolf as a means to get back at him rather than falling for Panther's charms. That, and Command seems to be a case of Canon Discontinuity if the current status quo is any indication. Gannayev of Neverwinter Nights 2 : Mask of the Betrayer regularly abuses his Spirit Shaman powers for the sake of jumping into the fantasies of innocent young farmgirls and having hot dream-sex, although most of his exploits occurred prior to the plot. Goto, from Mana-Khemia 2: Fall of Alchemy , is seen going on dates with various students in groups (as well as some one on one time with the Chairman). When the main cast doubt his claims of natural desirability they take a school-wide poll, only to find out that 100% of the girls want him as well as 1/3 of the guys , and the only reason the members of Ulrika's workshop aren't effected is he's purposefully toning down his charm around them. Then things get a bit complicated when the son of one of his old flings shows up looking for revenge... To some extent, the protagonists in Persona 3 and Persona 4 can be this, depending on the player's decisions. If you're dating more than one girl and they discover what's happening, chances are you'll have to deal with some VERY pissed off girls and generally put the situation right. This is less so in Persona 4 where you won't be penalised as much,note Until Golden anyway but you can still date/flirt with nearly every girl in the game (except for Hanako and Nanako, thankfully), AND you even get called an emotional heartbreaker during the cross-dressing pageant: MC/Presenter: "She" has made more girls cry than there are stars in the sky! Presenting our transfer student who's been breaking hearts in the second year Class 2, character name! Assassin's Creed II has beat-up missions, which usually revolve around a woman looking for a random dude to beat up their cheating bastard husband. Hilarity Ensues when they are caught with their lovers, then beaten the shit out of. Plus Ezio himself, who gets compliments from every woman in Italy. In the Lair of the Shadow Broker DLC for Mass Effect 2 , The Illusive Man is revealed to have slept with six Playboy-caliber women in the past week. One of them came back for seconds. But then again, so did the Asari matriarch. Zelos Wilder from Tales of Symphonia . Yeah he doesn't get anywhere with Tsundere Sheena, but any other woman in the game he addresses IMMEDIATELY fawns over him. At the beginning of The Sims 2 , Don Lothario is engaged to Cassandra Goth, despite having a total of four lovers simultaneously. Any Romance Sim, for that matter. Diablo : The second game indicates that Deckard Cain was this in his youth. He says about Anya being like some Zakarum priestesses he had known. He also says that they did not have to take vows of chastity. Do the math. In Pretentious Game 3, the gray square is a womanizer who's been with several women. He marries the light pink square, and then cheats on her with the bright pink square. Visual Novel Makoto from School Days is flanderized into this about halfway into the story in the anime, and the visual novel allows you to decide whether you want him to go down that road. In the anime's ending and one of the game's bad endings, this comes back to bite him in the ass when he is murdered by one of his spurned lovers. Really, the anime version acts a deconstruction of the more malicious version of this trope: Makoto is skilled at bedding women almost to the point of straining credibility enough to push him into Kavorka Man territory considering his (not outstanding) looks and Jerk Ass attitude, but this shouldn't obscure the fact that when it comes to anything deeper and more lasting than this, Makoto is an absolute idiot who doesn't understand the female heart at all, and indeed only turns to his life of serial affairs because he was too impatient and thick-headed to win the heart of the girl he had a crush on in the first place. Itsuki in SHUFFLE! and Tick Tack '' is pretty much always seen failing when he flirts with girls, but he's actually pretty popular. He has no known true relationships and it's hinted that he's actually in love with his friend Mayumi. Leni and Seizh of Under The Moon are twin kings of their high school; since they're actually devils with intense magical powers they can get away with anything . Including nailing any girl in school that strikes their fancy. Both boys have instant fan clubs of schoolgirls that they pick conquests from. Web Animation In Viktor's character trailer from True Tail , Viktor was laying a sofa with 4 different women swooning over him. Web Comics Rayne Summers of Least I Could Do even down to the extreme callousness. He's getting better, though . Zach, of Girls with Slingshots is arguably a subversion. Sure, he's slept with hundreds of women, but he sees it as a community service thing. He gives virgins a good first time and helps service the elderly to make them feel loved again. Tip Wilkin from Skin Horse . The other characters refer to it as his "superpower". Even more remarkable because he likes wearing women's clothing in public . Borders on a Kavorka Man , in fact, despite being utterly charming- his success record is just too supernatural. "I'm also sure she's slept with Agent Wilkin, but that's true of anything with two X chromosomes that comes within 500 feet of Agent Wilkin." When Tip was turned into a wolf in one story arc, all the genetically engineered battledogs who were female were suddenly drastically attracted to him. Ian, of What Birds Know , is the town Casanova, making bets with his friends about how quickly he can date and bed girls. He's also oblivious to the crush his sister's friend Elia has on him. Sven of Questionable Content , at least until his fling with Faye. Mï¿½nage ï¿½ 3 is a Sex Comedy in which people actually have sex, so several members of the cast at least tend towards manifesting this trope. Two notable examples: Zii sometimes seems to have a borderline superpower, allowing her to seduce women who previously seemed straight — though this power eventually becomes a little patchy as her personal story becomes a little more complicated (just starting with her inability to seduce the insanely desirable DiDi). Zii has also slept with a lot of men, but it's not exactly difficult for her to do that . Matt is a highly successful bisexual seducer with frequently shaky ethics, although he's basically a Chivalrous Pervert aside from his inability to stay faithful to anyone . Thomas the bard from Yet Another Fantasy Gamer Comic is such a master at the game of love that he can have any woman he wants, even one who wants to clobber him. Take this comic for example, in which he demonstrates his prowess to Clover the halfling. He tips a waitress by flicking a coin into her cleavage, causing it to fall through the bottom of her dress and roll away. As she bends down to pick it up he smacks her on the rear. She understandably prepares to kick his ass, but he whispers something in her ear that has her making out with him immediately afterward. All Clover can say after witnessing this is "Wow... you're good." Nolan from Regular Guy : Women seem to find his beard irresistible, and he had his "thingy" declared a work of art. He's pretty modest about it, though. Ted from Greg , is constantly the target of women's scorned hatred. While he is not avoiding ex-lovers, he is seeking out new women to love and leave . Koon Eduan from Tower of God , father of Koon Aguero Agnis , has slept with so many women that he has the second largest amount of children in the whole Tower. There are so many, that in order to stop family feuds and succession wars, he has them perform in blood sports to establish a hierarchy. Web Originals Don Sebastiano, at the Super Hero School Whateley Academy in the Whateley Universe . The Don (as he is also known) is a major campus supervillain, and enjoys romancing women. Once he's gotten what he's after he likes to dump them with as much public humiliation as he can arrange. He seems to enjoy the 'hurting them' part more than the 'boinking them' part, which makes this more like a Kavorka Man activity. Outside of Whateley Academy itself, the best known example is Captain Courage, often called 'Captain Condom' for his apparent inability to use one (he had been the subject of hundreds of paternity suits over the brief span of his superheroic career, and supposedly fled the country to avoid being impoverished by child support payments ). Hugh Griffin, president of the USA in Decades of Darkness . As the author writes, his wife knows when to look away. Jake from the Booty Call set of Flash games. Dustin Royal from Survival of the Fittest Version four. That is all. Zander, an Original Character from Nepeta Quest 2011 , has quite the charm with the female trolls. Ask That Guy with the Glasses might be a Nightmare Fetishist rapist, but he's managed to get a lot of consensual male and female tail too. Spooning with Spoony. It's canon. Lorrenzo, one of Matt Santoro's clones. He frequently "gets some bitches", and is implied to sleep with them. Western Animation Boomhauer from King of the Hill . Despite the fact that most of his conquests don't seem to mind, he gets a cruel comeuppance when the tables are turned on him: the one woman who he does fall in love with turns out to not even be able to get his name right, and tells him, to his face, in the arms of another man, while he's on his knees after proposing to her, that whenever he talks, she just nods and smiles until his pants come off. Ouch. Mayor Joe Quimby from The Simpsons , who is an exaggerated, evil-mirror-universe parody of Edward F. Kennedy. Glenn Quagmire from Family Guy . He is a step forward from being just a regular Casanova - he is a pervert, victimizer, and a rapist as well. Mime from Happy Tree Friends , as seen in the episode "Easy Comb, Easy Go" Bender from Futurama , although he usually goes after hookerbots, and does fall in love occasionally. Juandissimo Magnifico on The Fairly Oddparents , who has every female fairy swooning over him (except Wanda, his TRUE and ONLY LOVE INTEREST). To a lesser (and less pariodied) extent, Dr. Rip Studwell, Author Avatar and Author Appeal of Butch Hartman. Fancy-Fancy from Top Cat . Peter from The Real Ghostbusters as his movie counterpart, although the series does mock sometimes his flintiness turning his advances in failures. Real Life Anthony Quinn. Three marriages, ten legitimate children, three acknowledged illegitimate children, and a string of acknowledged and confirmed sexual conquests stretching across four continents. Errol Flynn . He was such an accomplished and charming seducer that when he got into legal trouble in the early 1940's about having an affair with a teenager, he not only charmed the mostly-female jury into acquitting him, but ended up marrying the L.A. country sheriff's daughter, who was running a concession stand in the courthouse during the trial. The slang expression "in like Flynn" reportedly was coined as a result of that particular scandal. (This may also be an expression of Values Dissonance , in that Flynn would probably have had his career wrecked today, charm or no charm.) David Niven, in one of his autobiographies, recounts a practical joke he and a couple of Flynn's other buddies once pulled. They hired a beautiful young prostitute to play the role of an innocent teenager. Just as Flynn was about to consummate his seduction of the girl, another sexy streetwalker, playing the girl's aunt, walked in. Much Hilarity Ensued as the other woman roundly scolded both Flynn and the girl and ordered her "niece" out of the room. When the girl had left, the older woman asked Flynn, "Do you know why I did that?" Errol said no, and the woman said, "Well, Mr. Flynn, it's because...I wanted some of that myself!!" and jumped him. Screamin' Jay Hawkins estimated he had about 57 children by different women— and the number could have in fact been as high as 75 (!!!). Gene Simmons of KISS fame, who has the pictures to prove it. Though his claims are still probably exaggerated. In fact, could be applied to many rock stars to some degree. One is well-advised to take some of his wilder claims with a grain of salt, since he's been "happily unmarried" to former Playboy playmate Shannon Tweed for over 2 decades and has had two children with her. Then again, his reputation certainly doesn't seem to bother her all that much... Wilt Chamberlain famously claimed to have slept with "20,000 women" in his autobiography. This, however, is all but disbelieved by anyone with a brain . Dennis Rodman, no paragon of monogamy himself, wrote: "Wilt Chamberlain lied out of his ass and made some money. He said he slept with 20,000 women. Think about it. That's three or four women a day every day for fifteen to twenty years. I defy anyone to keep up that kind of pace."	i don't know
Which god rode an eight-legged horse called Sleipnir?	Facts and Figures: The Norse Way Here are some definitions that I wanted to clear up about the Norse gods. The word "Aesir" can mean gods and goddesses who belong to the tribe of gods living in Asgard. However, more precisely, "Aesir" is plural for the gods, where as an Aesir god may be referred to as "As". While the Aesir goddesses were known as "Asynior" or "Asyniur". The singular form of Asyniur is called "Asynia". Similarly, the "Vanir" was a tribe of gods, who lived in Vanaheim, while a single Vanir is called a "Van". See Aesir or Vanir for a listing of the deities. Nine Worlds The Nine Worlds has already been listed in the Norse Creation . I have listed it again, so that you may find information more easily. The hall that contained his throne, Hlidskjalf. The hall of the slain heroes, who waits for the coming of Ragnarok. Frigg The palace, which no one can enter without the permission of her attendant, Fulla. Thor The palace had 540 apartments, and the hall is called Bilskirnir. Njord The home of Njord was said to be located by the sea. Freyr The world of the elves, where Freyr was their lord. Freyja Folkvang Sessrumnir Her palace means, the "Field of Folk". Fólkvangar was her hall, where the slain heroes reside. Freyja reside in this hall. Heimdall Hall that was located near the Bifrost, the "Rainbow Bridge". Balder Balder and his wife Nanna lived in Breidablik. Forseti Wild Hunt The Wild Hunt was a popular folklore found in Scandinavian and Germanic myth, as well in later folklore in Britain and northern European countries, which had changed over the centuries. The group of hunters were variously known as the Furious Host or Raging Host. The hunt usually takes part during winter, where a spectral host of horsemen riding through the stormy sky, with their ghostlike hounds. The chillingly sound of the hunting horn can be heard reverberating through the woods and meadows. In the Norse myths, the original leader of the hunt was the god Odin , known in Germanic myth as Wodan . Odin rode his eight-legged horse, called Sleipnir. His company of hunters were the Valkyries and the dead warriors who resided with him in Valhalla. The hunt begins on Winter Nights (October 31) and doesn't end May Eve (April 30) of the following year. These two nights were special, because lights go out on all Nine Worlds and the spirits and goblins are free to roam on the earth's surface. However the height of the Wild Ride falls on the night of midwinter festival, known as Yule (December 21), traditionally the shortest day of the year in Scandinavia and Germany. In other legends, different names were given for the leader of the Hunt, depending on the regions in Europe and periods. Some of the lead hunters were legendary and historical rulers, such as King Arthur , Charlemagne, Herla and Frederick Barbarossa. There is even a Welsh legend about the Wild Hunt, whose lead bunter was said to be named Gwyn ap Nudd , an otherworldly fairy ruler. Gwyn owned a pack of fairy hounds, known as cw'n annwfn. The Welsh Arthur was sometimes said to be the leader, as it is the case in the tale of Culhwch and Olwen in the Mabinogion, where they hunted the deadly wild boar, Twrch Trwyth . Gwyn was usually associated with the Welsh May Day (Calan Mai). According to English folklore, the Wild Huntsman was Herne, who appeared in Shakespeare's play, The Merry Wives of Winsdor. Herne was perhaps a historical figure, living at the time of Richard II of England, during the 14th century. Herne saved the king's life from the deadly antlers and killed the white stag, but he himself was dying. A wizard saved his life, by placing the stag's antlers on Herne's head, and chanting a spell. Herne discovered that he would lose his skills in hunting and tracking as payment for his survival. Herne loved hunting more than anything else in his life, was distraught, fell into depression and died. His body was discovered in his forest, near the castle of Winsdor. Since then, he reappeared with other ghostly companions, doing what he loves most - hunting. Norse Festivals Below is a list of annual festivals that were celebrated by the pagan Germanic and Scandinavian people. Some of the dates matched the time of the solstices and equinoxes, and usually has to do with agriculture and fertility. Some of these festivals were usually known by the Old Norse word as blót, which means "sacrifice". Sacrifices doesn't necessarily mean blood sacrifices (eg. animal, human, etc); some sacrifices as witness of the ancient Germans, where they deposited money and weapons into lakes or bogs. Today, a pagan religion of Wicca have adopted some of Germanic festivals. Disablót The sacrifice to the Dísir - either a minor deities or a spirits. Disablót was sometimes called disfest (Feast of the Dísir) They were protectress of household and fertility spirits. The sacrifices were held some time between around the end of autumn and the beginning of winter. Every little is known about disablót. Feast of Vali February 14 This day was to commemorated the god Vali , son of Odin and Rind. Vali was the god who avenged Balder , by killing his Balder's twins, Hod . Vali was one of the survivor of Ragnarok . Ostara March 21 The feast of Ostara was celebrated on the spring equinox, when the day and night is equal in length. Ostara was a German goddess of the sun and fertility. Her festival was important because it celebrated fertility, when farmers begin to plough and sow the field. She was equated with the Anglo-Saxon goddess Eostre , who was identified with the Easter festival. The Christians originally called Easter in Greek and Latin as Pascha, the celebration of the resurrection of Christ on a Sunday. Ostara was a time when children would decorate the egg with vibrant colours and patterns. Eostre was the goddess of spring and her sacred animal was the rabbit, which symbolised fertility. The eggs and rabbits were pagan symbols of fertility and rebirth of life and the seasons. Christians had adopted these pagan customs of spring fertility. And even today the Easter eggs and rabbits were as much symbols of modern Easter as was resurrection of Jesus Christ. Ostara had always been held annually on the spring equinox, but the Christian Easter Sunday was held on a different day. With Easter, it was held on the first Sunday of the full moon (the paschal moon) on or after the Spring Equinox. So the date of Easter Sunday can fall anywhere between March 21 and April 25. This is the date used by the Christians in the West, which may differ to the dates celebrated by the Orthodox Christians in the East. Since finding Easter Sunday relied on the equinox and the lunar calendar, it was further complicated when the Gregorian Calendar was introduced, replacing the Julian calendar. A new way of calculating the Easter Sunday was required for working out with the new calendar. It would take to long to explain here how the Christians calculated the date of Easter. May Eve April 30 May Eve coincided with the later German Walpurgis' Night, because it marked the last day of winter. It is a German version of the Celtic Beltane's Eve (see Celtic Calendar ). May Eve marked the last night that Odin hanged from Yggdrasill (the great cosmic Ash tree). Odin has a noose around his neck for nine nights, between April 22 and April 30, as a sacrifice to master the nine mighty rune spells. See Search For Wisdom . May Eve also marked the time when the spirit world roamed free on the earth's surface, while witchcraft and sorcery is the most potent at this time. After midnight, bonfires were lit to celebrate beginning of summer (May Day or May 1), which also marked the end of the Wild Hunt . According to Germanic and Scandinavian folklore, Walpurgis' Night marks the occasion of the witches' coven or revelry at Brocken on Harz mountains; one of the important sabbats in witches' calendar. The celebration was linked to Walpurgis or Walburga (AD 710-779), a Benedictine abbess and saint, whose feast day was held on February 25. She was sometimes confused with a pre-Christian fertility goddess named Waldborg, and also with Waluburg , a 2nd century Germanic seeress. Mid-Summer blót June 21 Mid-summer sacrifice or miðsumarsblót falls on the day of the summer solstice, when the northern hemisphere experienced its longest day of the year. I did not much find much reference to this solstice celebration. Fallfest September 23 A minor festival marking the day of Autumn equinox. It was a day to commemorate the bountiful harvest. Winter Nights October 31 Winter Nights or Vetrnætr marked the beginning of winter as well as the beginning of the New Year, according to the Norse calendar. The Celtic people called this night Samhain eve, a mid-autumn festival (see Celtic Calendar ). Like the Celtic counterpart, the people used to celebrate this night by lighting large bonfires to frightened spirits and demons, because on this night they freely roamed the world. It is also on this night that Odin was supposed to lead the spectral horsemen and hounds in the Wild Hunt. The Wild Hunt lasted throughout winter, peaking at Yule's night before ending the following year on May Eve (Walpurgis' Night). The last night of October is celebrated by some modern English-speaking countries as Halloween (All Hallows' Eve), which is the eve of the Christian All Saints' Day, where children dressed in costumes, going from door to door in the neighbourhood, demanding trick or treat. The treat that was usually given were candy. Rune Magic Runes have magical significance, where certain arrangement of the rune letters allow the person to wield sorcery. Runes were often used as a ward or charm. Odin tried to learn the magic of the runes, hoping to find a secret that will help in Ragnarok. (See Sacrifice: Hanging and Runes about Odin's sacrifice in order to learn the secret of runic magic.) The Valkyrie Sigrdrifa in Sigrdrifumal (Poetic Edda) or Brynhild in Volsungassaga, had taught the hero Sigurd some magic with the use of these runes. Runes were often used as a ward or charm, particularly on swords and spear. There are archaeological evidences of such runes on weapons with the name of Tyr ( Tiwaz ), the god of war - , which is similar to the English letter "t", or that of the name of Odin ( Wodan ), inscribed on blades, hilts or spear shafts. The rune Tyr signified victory in battle. Brynhild or Sigrdrifa told Sigurd that the victory runes, inscribing the Tyr rune twice ( ) on the swordhilt and twice on the centre ridge of the blade. The another recognisable rune ward is ale-runes, which was marked with the runic inscription naud - , which sounds like the English letter "n". This was marked on the drinking horn, and it protect a man from being guiled by another man's wife. Other magic runes the Valkyrie had mentioned in both works are: speech-runes, mind-runes, helping-runes (most likely the same as aid-runes), healing-runes, cure-runes (botrúnar), branch-runes, beech-runes (bokrúnar), wave-runes (used on a ship). Runes can also be used as a warning, as it was the case, when Gudrun carved some runic scripts on her ring (Andvaranaut) to warn her brothers about the treachery of her second husband, Atli . (See Volsunga Saga .) The runes were also used for divination. Runes could be use to foretell the future in much the same way as the methods of casting lots, numerology and the tarot cards. The Roman historian Tactius, recorded that the Germanic tribes used casting lots for divinatory purpose. The used barks or small piece of woods, which they marked symbols (possibly runes?) on. These were then cast on the white cloth. Three symbols were chosen, and the priest or shaman would interpret these three symbols.	Odin
Who appeared for 30 years with the jazz outfit John Chilton’s Feetwarmers?	Famous Named Horses and Horse Types From Mythology By Katherine Blocksdorf Updated April 03, 2016. When I was much younger I used to love to spend hot summer days reading my book of Greek mythology. Horses belonging to heros, magical horses and part-horse, part other-creatures were favorite amongst the stories. Horses have always captivated our imaginations and have become woven into many legends and myths. Here are just seven of the many horses and horse-like creatures that can be found in the mythologies of almost every civilization. Image:eschu1952/www.freeimages.com 1. Pegasus One of the most well known mythological horses is Pegasus . Winged horses have been used to symbolize freedom , power and victory in many different cultures. Pegasus is an immortal winged horse of Greek mythology. Pegasus is said to have sprung from the head or body, depending on what version of the myth you read, of Medusa , a mythical Gorgon sister with hair of snakes and a stare that could turn a man to stone. Medusa's head was lopped off by Perseus , a greek hero who was challenged by a rival suitor to bring back Medusa's head, a ploy intended to keep him out of the way while his rival won his lady. Thanks to some tools and trickery supplied by a sympathetic God and Goddess, Perseus was successful in his quest. Along with Pegasus was 'born' a warrior, Chrysaor who arrived riding Pegasus and carrying a golden sword and is regarded as his brother. We don't seem to know much abour Chrysoar, and the relationship between the brothers. Perseus himself was the first to ride Pegasus in a heroic quest. Bellerophon, a rather vain young man also desired to ride Pegasus but did not know how to capture him. He was told to sleep in a temple to gain guidance, and dreamed he was presented with a golden bridle. When he awoke the bridle was beside him. He used the bridle to capture Pegasus while the winged horse drank at a fountain. Then Bellerophon is said to have ridden Pegasus into a battle against a fire-breathing Chimera. Then, unwisely, Bellerophon tried to ride Pegasus to the top of Mount Olympus , the home of the gods. But this displeased Zeus with whom Bellerophon had fallen out of favor, and he sent an insect to to sting Pegasus and make him buck. Bellerphon fell to the earth. Pegasus continued his flight to the top of Mount Olympus where the gods welcomed him and gave him the job of carrying thunderbolts. Today, Pegasus can still be seen as a constellation in his place of honor in the spring sky. If you are lucky enough to find a Pegasus of your own, I would suggest paying close attention to saddle fit as the wings make if difficult to put a modern English or western style saddle on it. Riding bareback may be your best bet. Because your winged horse will carry you much higher in the sky than a regular horse be sure to wear both an ASTM approved helmet and a parachute . Unicorn on hilltop. Image Credit:Lucy von HeldééDe Agostini RM /Getty Images 2. Unicorn Another well known mythical horse-like creature is the unicorn . The unicorn is most often described as a beautiful mythical horse with a single horn in its forehead. They are sometimes depicted as having cloven hooves like a goat or deer. The can come in almost every color, although are most often depicted as being white. The tail or mane hairs, blood, hooves or horns of unicorns are often used in magical or medicinal potions and Harry Potter's wand had a core made of a strand of unicorn tail hair. They are sometimes attributed with having healing or purifying powers. Unicorns are often seen on Medieval style tapestries and are often seen as a heraldic symbol on coats of arms. Unicorns are said to only appear to, or may be captured by women of pure virtue. Over the centuries, many ancient societies were convinced of the unicorn's existence. They are mentioned in many very ancient texts including the bible. Because of this, there is speculation that unicorns did exist. Some people think they were actually single-horned goats, as there are some skeletal remains that could support this. A cross between a unicorn and a Pegasus is called a pegacorn or a unipeg. Should you be lucky enough to catch and tame a Pegasus be aware that while grooming , extra care should be taken to polish its horn. Talk to your farrier about the best way to protect its cloven hooves—either with custom shoes or perhaps hoof boots . While cattle often chew away a regular horse's tail , you may find you have to curtail wizards who will want to steal tail hairs for their wands and potions. Hippogriff (12th century), Ferrara Cathedral, Ferrara (Unesco World Heritage List, 1995), Emilia-Romagna, Italy. Image Credit:De Agostini RM /Getty Images 3. Hippogriff Another magical horse-like creature that we, or at least the fans of Harry Potter will be familiar with is the Hippogriff . The Hippogriff predates the Harry Potter books by a few centuries. It is said to have the head, talons and wings of an eagle with the body of the horse. Legend has it that a wizard bred a mare to an eagle and the result was the Hippogriff. They were used as beasts of burden, much like horses were. The Hippogrif appears in several video games and you can download the Hippogriff Cookbook , which offers many recipes for cooking the mythical beast, (including instructions for more common substitutes such as beef or chicken). Like the Pegasus you may find the Hipogriff needs special saddle fitting considerations . Judging from the Hippogriff's temperament in the Harry Potter movies, I would suggest keeping that there is a Hippogiff cookbook a secret. Obviously, there is a need for more natural Hippogriffmanship. Image showing both of Andy Scott's Kelpies around sunset in November 2013. Image Credit:Moment /Kit Downey Photography /Getty Images 4. Kelpies If you watched the movie 'The Water Horse' you'll already know that a kelpie is a mythical horse-like creature that lives in rivers and lakes. From Celtic legend is often described as sturdy pony, white or black in color. They are tricksters, luring unsuspecting people into the water where it eats them. Similar horse-like creatures appear in many different mythologies around the world. Kelpies also appeared as menacing shape-shifters in the Harry Potter stories. If you should happen to own a Kelpie, the first thing you should do is establish ground manners . While riding one on trail is fine, take great caution when near water. In fact, it might be advisable to dismount to avoid having the Kelpie pull you under. View of a 32-cent postage stamp, issued in 1995 in the United States, that features an illustration of the fictional folkloric character of Pecos Bill, 1995. Image Credit: Blank Archives /Getty Images 5. Widow Maker Widow Maker's real name was Lightening. Peco Bill is an American legend, an amalgam of many tall tales that had their beginnings around campfires of the old west. He was so named because he could be ridden by no one else but Peco's Bill himself. He so disliked Peco Bill's bride that he bucked her off, resulting in the end of the couple's relationship. This emphasises the need to learn to fall off as safely as possible and of course the need to always wear a helmet because the bucking resulted in the rider hitting her head on the moon. Widow Maker's favorite food was said to be dynamite. Needless to say dynamite should be on the list of what not to feed a horse . Alexander Great taming Bucephalus, 1516-1517, fresco by Giovanni Antonio Bazzi known as Il Sodoma (1477-1549), Agostino Chigi's wedding chamber, Villa Farnesina, Rome, Italy, 16th century. Image Credit: Credit: DEA / A. DE GREGORIO/Getty Images 6. Bucephalus The name Bucephalus means 'head of a bull (or ox)'. It's not clear whether a marking such as a star or blaze on the horse's face looked like a bull, or if the horse had a very large wide head or was bullish in attitude. Bucephalus was tamed by a twelve year old , who showed an impressive display of natural horsemanship. The youngster, who would later be known as Alexander the Great, rode the horse in many battles and when the horse died, he named a city after it. Viking stele from Tjängvide, Alskog, Gotland, Sweden, showing Sleipnir, Odin's horse, the offspring of his brother Loki. From the Museum of National Antiquities in Stockholm. Image Credit:CM Dixon/Print Collector/ /Getty Images 7. Sleipnir If you think that keeping four hooves healthy can be difficult be glad you don't own Sleipnir. Sleipnir has eight hooves. The mount of the Norse god Odin, Sleipnir was a heroic horse who was swift, sure footed and could jump anything. Odin and Sleipner may have been the precursors to the modern tale of Santa Claus and his flying reindeer.	i don't know
What is the ancient Hebrew ceremonial wind instrument made from a ram’s horn?	Musical Instruments by Norman A. Rubin For the choir director; on the Gittith. A Psalm of Asaph. Sing for joy to God our strength; Shout joyfully to the God of Jacob. Raise a song, strike the timbrel, The sweet sounding lyre with the harp. Blow the trumpet at the new moon, At the full moon, on our feast day. ( Psalm 81:1-3 .) For many generations research into Biblical music and musical instruments was chiefly of a linguistic nature. Only in last three decades, thanks to important archaeological discoveries, have new horizons been opened for research into ancient music. Figures of male and female musicians, dance groups and orchestras as well as musical instruments, appear in paintings, coinage, sculptures, figurines, filling entire mosaics and frescoes, carved in ivory and stone, and molded in pottery. The various finds have supplied scholars with clues to a material culture and an iconographic basis for determining the shapes of the instruments and, in certain cases, even the actual mode of playing them. Confirmation is by other external sources, such as the writings of the historians Philo and Josephus (musical events even organized by Herod ( Josephus, Antiquities 15.8.1 ( 270 ), Whiston 1957:463 ), the Apocrypha, the writings of the sectarians of Qumran, and in the Mishnah. F1 Comparative sources from other cultures also add to the knowledge of Biblical music and instrumentation. The Lyre and Harp And his brother's name was Jubal; he was the father of all those who play the lyre and pipe. ( Genesis 4:2 ) Jewish Lyres. Ancient Jewish coins bearing representations of stringed instruments. The first mention of musical instruments in the Bible is to be found in the Book of Genesis. These two instruments, the harp (Hebrew: nevel) and the lyre (Hebrew: kinnor), are the two stringed instruments most frequently mentioned in the Bible. The lyre was the chief instrument of the orchestra of the Second Temple. F2 King David, who excelled at playing the lyre), was therefore held in particular honor by the Levites. According to Josephus, the first-century CE Jewish historian, it had ten strings sounded with a plectrum ( Josephus, Antiquities 8.3.8 ( 94 ), Whiston 1957:463 ). The lyre is box-shaped, with two arms and a yoke, and of an approximate average height of 50-60 cm. Psalteron (harp). Made of wood with ten strings. Heighth 90 cm. Gaza 6th century BCE. Reconstructed according to ancient mosaics. Photo by Advanced Photo and Graphic Service courtesy of the Haifa Museum. The only iconographic evidence of the harp (psaltery) is on a mosaic from Gaza (6th century CE) showing King David playing a harp and not a lyre. It is assumed therefore, that it is a stringed instrument with a broad resonance body, ten or twelve strings and arms made of horns approximately 60.5 cm in height and 38 cm. in width. Josephus mentions it as an instrument plucked with the fingers. The carrying of the Holy Ark to Jerusalem by King David was accompanied by the playing of "harps, of tambourines and castanets and with cymbals and trumpets." ( II Samuel 6:5 , I Chronicles 13:8 ). The Pipe The pipe mentioned in this verse is probably the HALIL - a reed flute that was used for rejoicing and mourning ceremonies. Another theory is that it is the syrinx - the Greek word for pan-pipes, a row of hollow reed pipes tied together, sounded by blowing across their tops. The Tambourine Let them praise his name with dancing... make melody to him with timbrel and lyre. ( Psalm 149:2-4 .) Woman with Timbrel. Pottery figurine, heighth 10.5 cm. Cyprus 6th century BCE. Photo by Advanced Photo and Graphic Service courtesy of the Haifa Museum. The tambourine or timbrel (a frame skin-taut drum) is mainly a popular instrument used for accompaniment of song and dance. Archaeological finds indicated that it was an instrument mainly played by women. Thus, Jewish tradition opposed the use of the instrument after the destruction of the Temple as it is based on the belief that TIMBRELS, connected to women and dance, were associated with temptation and corruption. The Castanets The CASTANETS or the POTTERY RATTLES. The numerous finds of pottery rattles (Mena'ane'im - shaking) probably applies to the instrument mentioned in the above passage. The most typical rattles are in the form of a spool, with a loop for suspension and in a fruit or animal shape. Hard objects such as small pebbles or pottery shards were put inside. The Lute The Lute. A bronze figurine, female, playing the lute, heighth 15.5 cm. Beat Shean, 15-13th century BCE. Photo by Advanced Photo and Graphic Service courtesy of the Haifa Museum. The lute (Hebrew: Minnim) as written in the Psalms 81:2 , 150:3 is a stringed instrument similar to the lyre. The Sistrum The sistrum- sliding rattle, pictured on coins, mainly Roman, indicated its usage as a musical instrument in the ancient world. The Cymbals The cymbals in the Hebrew text were written 'Mezilayim, Zilzalim, Mezillot F3 - bronze plates with a hollow boss and with a metal thumb loop (or with long thin metal arms). Average diameter about 12 cm.. Cymbals were most probably played by the Levites in the Temple. The Trumpets Make two trumpets of beaten silver and use them for summoning the community and breaking camp ....And Aaron, the priests, shall blow the trumpets .... you shall blow the trumpets over your burnt offerings... ( Numbers 10:2-10 .) Stone with inscription "To the Place of Trumpeting to..." discovered in 1969 at the Haram esh-Sharif. Trumpets in this passage were used as a mustering call for the Israelite clans; as a cheering sound into battle; and the sounding was a reminder to the offering on appointed seasons on behalf of the Lord. Later the trumpet was sounded in the presence of royalty; and like the 'SHOFAR' was integral to the service in the Temple. Biblical TRUMPETS may be classified as follows: TEMPLE TRUMPETS - made of silver, long and conical with broadened bell - as shown on the relief on the Arch of Triumph in Rome. MILITARY TRUMPETS - short and broad, with prominent mouth pieces, as depicted on Bar Kokhba coins minted during the revolt with Rome. The CONCH SHELL found in excavation sites such as Jericho and Hebron indicated it is a form of trumpet for the mustering call to battle. The Shofar The seven priests carrying the seven trumpets of ram's horn went marching in front of the Ark of the Lord. ( Joshua 6:8-21 .) Shofar. Ram's horns with silver and gold mouthpieces. The silver one to be sounded on the Day of Atonement. The one with the gold mouthpiece to be sounded on the Feast of Trumpets. Photo by Advanced Photo and Graphic Service courtesy of the Haifa Museum. The SHOFAR F4 - The ritual horn is a natural sound-producing instrument carved from a ram's horn. Its famous appearance was at the siege of Jericho when Joshua blew the SHOFAR, the walls of Jericho came tumbling down. (Archaeologists estimate it was used as a signaling instrument that served as a call to his army.) Only after the SHOFAR was taken into the service of the Second Temple did its sound express spiritual significance. It is mentioned in the Mishnah (Rosh Hashanah 16) that the SHOFAR for the Feast of Trumpets (Jewish New Year) must be a straight ram's horn with a gold-plated mouthpiece, while on the Day of Atonement, it has to be curved, with silver-plated mouth-piece. Today, the SHOFAR is blown in the synagogue at the final prayer on the Day of Atonement: It is the only live sound preserved from Ancient Israel. "They made BELLS of pure gold and put them around the skirts of the mantle..." ( Exodus 28:33-35 ; 39:25-26 ). Musical instruments are frequently mentioned in the Bible, whether relating to ritual ceremonies or to secular festivities. The Temple Priests blew the trumpets on Holy Days and feasts. The trumpets were also used for summoning the congregation and for breaking camp. At coronations the trumpets were blown as part of the formal proclamation. The SHOFARS (spiritual horn) were sounded in times of peace and in times of war; the KINNOR was the instrument David played before Saul; and "By the waters of Babylon... there we hung our harps on the willow trees°; the reed flute in numerous legends, is connected to supernatural forces, magic, taboos, hidden desires, and other themes. Military commanders, returning victorious from battle, were greeted by song and dances, "his daughter came out to meet him with timbrels and dances.." ( Judges 11:34 ). Spontaneous rejoicings after victory in war were accompanied by women who sang, drummed and danced. The Bible is also replete with songs which were always accompanied by musical instruments. The musical accompaniment at the feasts of the rich and, of course, at the kings court is also described several times, often with a note of reproach. Amos denunciations against the external pomp of the cult centers of the northern tribes which the prophet rattled against the roaring of song and the playing of LYRES. For many of the terms of musical instruments, a precise archaeological equivalent can already be proposed. Others still await future excavations. The Bell In the Bible, the BELL (Pa'amon, Heb) F5 is mentioned as a distinctive feature, along with the pomegranate ornament, of the High Priest; the trappings served as a ritual accessory. The BELL was also used on secular occasions, up to the Byzantine period - as evidenced by finds of different shapes and metals in various archeological sites. Most BELLS found in Palestine are small and are made of bronze with an iron clapper. "And Miriam, the prophetess, the sister of Aaron, took a timbrel in her hand; and all the women went out after her with timbrels and with dances." ( Exodus 15:20-21 ). In the original Hebrew text the name of the instrument is TOF - drum. The TOF (membranophone) is an instrument which produces sound by means of vibration of a tightly strained framed membrane which in turn causes the air to vibrate. The TOF The TOF may be single-frame drums (timbrels); or double-membrane drums that have membranes on each end (both types are still in use in many countries). Friction TOF can be of varying shapes and materials. They are rubbed by hands or set into vibration by a friction chord or stick. The Tabor The TABOR as mentioned in Psalms 81:2 is a small drum used to accompanied oneself to the playing of a pipe or flute. "...you are commanded, when you hear the sound of horn, pipe, zither, triangle, dulcimer, music and singing of all kind... ( Daniel 3:5 ) Daniel in this passage describes the orchestra of Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon. The HORN might be a double-pipe wind instrument made up of one melody pipe and one drone pipe. The PIPE is a wind instrument (aerophones) such as pan-pipes, whistles or skin bagpipes. The Zither The ZITHER, in the ancient past, was a musical instrument made of various materials, which produce sound by themselves. There were a diversity of types and in a variety of materials - wood xylophones; musical glasses; stones chipped to give a graded scale; natural materials such a reeds, nut shells, sea shells; metals such as upturned metal bowls. The Triangle The TRIANGLE is a small musical percussion instrument that consists of a steel triangle, open at one corner, that is struck with a steel rod. (still in use today). Whereas the DULCIMER is an instrument which produced sound by means of vibration of tightly-stretched chords or strings; struck by a small metal or wooden sticks (hammers). The revolt against the Romans in CE 70 and the catastrophe that followed put an end to the Temple-centered music of the Jewish people, and opened a new period in which the synagogue became the focal point of creativity in the musical form and tone. F6 The sounds of the musical notes of the ancient past are lost. Yet the study of comparative Near-Eastern tradition may be able to point to a certain melodic and formal elements as 'very old' that may be a connection to the ancient past. Yet, their attribution to Biblical or early post-Biblical can never be proved or confirmed. "you who pluck the strings of the lute and invent musical instruments like David.." ( Amos 6:5 .) F1The Talmud - collection of Jewish Law and Tradition consisting of the commentaries of the Mishnah and Gemara. The Sectarians of Qumran seemed to have abstained from the use of instruments holding "the fruit of the mouth" singing, as the pure expression of devotion (some of the hymns are found in the Dead Sea Scrolls). F2After the return from exile in Babylon, music as a sacred art and an artistic sacred act was gradually given its place in the organization of the Temple services. F3The 'MEZZILLOT, of the horses mentioned in Zechariah 14:20, "On that day, not a bell on the war horse.." are probably the same metal ball trappings depicted on Assyrian reliefs. F4The SHOFAR is capable of producing only a few sounds of undefined pitch: "Tekia" - a long sound with a broken ending. "Shevarim" - alternations between basic and over tones. "Teruah" - three sounds on rising fifths. F5BELLS came into use in the Near East only in seventh century BC. Thus, the mention of BELLS in Exodus could only mean metal platelets. F6The use of musical instruments in the synagogue service was prohibited (except for the sound of the SHOFAR), leaving music a strictly vocal art. PSALMODY, melodic reading of Bible texts, and prayer chants were made to fulfill a function in collective Jewish worship. Photography by Advanced Photo and Graphic Service, Afula, Israel. Emil Gal, manager. Page last edited: 02/07/09 08:46 PM Thank you for visiting B IB	Shofar
Which instrument consists of hanging metal bars which are struck by a hammer?	Shofar \| Define Shofar at Dictionary.com shofar or shophar [shoh-fer; Sephardic Hebrew shaw-fahr; Ashkenazic Hebrew shoh-fuh r, shoh-fahr] /ˈʃoʊ fər; Sephardic Hebrew ʃɔˈfɑr; Ashkenazic Hebrew ˈʃoʊ fər, ʃoʊˈfɑr/ Spell Word Origin noun, plural shofars Hebrew, shofroth, shofrot, shofros [Sephardic Hebrew shaw-frawt; Ashkenazic Hebrew shoh-frohs, shoh-frohs] /Sephardic Hebrew ʃɔˈfrɔt; Ashkenazic Hebrew ˈʃoʊ froʊs, ʃoʊˈfroʊs/ (Show IPA). Judaism. 1. a ram's horn blown as a wind instrument, sounded in Biblical times chiefly to communicate signals in battle and announce certain religious occasions and in modern times chiefly at synagogue services on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. Origin of shofar Examples from the Web for shofar Expand Historical Examples The sounds of the shofar are very peculiar and harsh, quite unlike the notes of any modern instrument. Bible Animals; J. G. Wood Dr. Beigel has made a most singular discovery concerning the tones of the shofar. Bible Animals; J. G. Wood Then show the class a shofar or a picture of one and ask, "What is this?" British Dictionary definitions for shofar Expand noun (pl) -fars, -phars, -froth, -phroth (Hebrew) (-ˈfrɔt) 1. (Judaism) a ram's horn sounded in the synagogue daily during the month of Elul and repeatedly on Rosh Hashanah, and by the ancient Israelites as a warning, summons, etc Word Origin from Hebrew shōphār ram's horn Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for shofar Expand n. ram's horn blown on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur, 1833, from Hebrew shophar "ram's horn," related to Arabic sawafiru "ram's horns," Akkadian shapparu "wild goat." Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper	i don't know
In the Bible what instrument did David play?	Music and Instruments of the Bible My Redeemer > Bible > Dictionary > The Music and Instruments of the Bible Music and Instruments of the Bible (This article is taken from the "Illustrated Manners and Customs of the Bible", published by Thomas Nelson Publishing) The Bible gives very little information about Hebrew musical forms and how they developed. For this reason, we must combine Bible study with history and archaeology if we wish to learn about the music of Bible times. 7. Trumpet I. Development of Hebrew Music . The history of Hebrew music goes back to the first person who beat a stick on a rock, and it extends to the temple orchestra and the "joyous sound" called for in Psalm 150. That first musician heard rhythm as he beat his primitive instruments. For example, David is credited with inventing a number of instruments, although we do not know precisely what they were (cf. Amos 6:5). David called upon a chorus of 4,000 to offer praises to the L ORD "with the instruments which I made to Praise" (I Chron. 23:5; cf. II Chron. 7:6; Neh. 12:6). David also composed songs, such as his lament over the death of Saul and Jonathan. Though G OD directed Israel's social and religious development, the nation absorbed ideas from surrounding cultures. Israel was at a geographical crossroads and was exposed to ideas and customs from other parts of the world (Gen. 37:25), including musical style. Many men of Israel married foreign wives whose customs gradually crept into Hebrew lifestyle. According to the collection of post-biblical Jewish writings called the Midrash, King Solomon married an Egyptian woman whose dowry included 1,000 musical instruments. If this is true, no doubt she brought musicians with her to play those instruments in the traditional Egyptian way. The purpose the music served and the way in which listeners responded to it also influenced the development of Hebrew music. In times of war, it was often necessary to sound an alarm or send some other kind of urgent signal. Thus the Hebrews developed the shophar, an instrument like a trumpet with loud, piercing tones (Exod. 32:17-18; Judg. 7:18-20). Merrymaking and frivolity called for the light, happy tones produced by the pipe or flute (Gen. 31:27; Judg. 11:34-35; Matt. 9:23-24; Luke 15:23-25). A. Distracting Effect . Hebrew leaders who ministered in the temple took great care to avoid using music that was associated with sensuous pagan worship. In cultures where fertility rites were common, women singers and musicians incited sexual orgies in honor of their gods. Even instruments not associated with pagan practices were sometimes restricted. For example, priests feared that a happy, melodious flute tune in the temple could distract someone's mind from worship. The prophet Amos condemned those "who sing idle songs to the sound of the harp" (Amos 6:5, RSV). Of course, there were times when the distractions of music could be helpful. The soothing strains of David's lyre refreshed a tormented Saul (I Sam. 16:23). After Daniel was shut up in the den of lions, King Darius retired to his room and refused to let the "instruments of music" be brought to him (Dan. 6:18). Music was an important part of everyday life. Merrymaking, weddings, and funerals were not complete without music. Even war relied on music, since special instruments sounded the call to battle. Aristocratic diversion and relaxation patronized the musicians and their skills. B. Function in Worship . Music was also a part of the religious life of Israel. The Israelites' formal worship observed various rituals prescribed by G OD . Music served as an accompaniment to these rituals. Temple music consisted of singers and an orchestra. The singers and musicians could come only from the males of certain families. Likewise, the types of instruments were restricted. Instruments that were associated with women, with raucous merrymaking (such as the Egyptian sistrum), or with pagan worship were banned from the temple orchestra. The Old Testament lists several kinds of instruments in the temple orchestra (cf. I Chron. 15:28; 16:42; 25:1). These instruments include the big harp (nevel), the lyre (kinnor), the ram's horn (shophar), the trumpet (chatsotserah), the timbrel (toph), and cymbals (metsiltayim). After the Israelites returned from the Exile and rebuilt the temple, the orchestra was reestablished (cf. Neh. 12:27). The pipe or flute (halil) was probably now included, and vocal music became more prominent. Beyond formal worship within the temple, music was a part of other religious activities. Instruments not allowed in the temple were played at other religious functions, such as feast days. Often the feast began with a musical proclamation; then music, singing, and even dancing were part of the celebration. Women singers and musicians were allowed to participate (Ezra 2:65; Neh. 7:76; II Chron. 35:25). C. Limits of Our Knowledge . The Old Testament seldom mentions the forms of music, the origins of instruments, and so on. The way to play or make instruments was passed on by oral tradition rather than written record. Most of that oral tradition has been lost, leaving us with only the brief information in the Bible. Very few ancient musical instruments exist intact, so we must guess at how they looked and sounded. By comparing Scripture references with the artifacts of other cultures, historians and archaeologists have helped fill in many of the gaps in our knowledge of music in Bible times. This study is a continuing process, as newer translations of the Bible demonstrate. If we compare passages about music from the King James Version with more recent translations, some differences can be noted. The following lists of instruments give the name in the KJV for each instrument mentioned, along with the findings of more recent interpretation. II. Types of Instruments . Musical instruments fall into three basic classes, according to the way the sound is produced: (1) stringed instruments, which use vibrating strings to produce the sound; (2) percussion instruments, in which the sound is produced by a vibrating membrane or metal shell; and (3) wind instruments, which produce sound by passing air over a vibrating reed. A. Percussion Instruments . The people of Israel used a variety of percussion instruments to sound out the rhythm of their music. Rhythm was the vital element of their poetry and songs. 1. Bells . One kind of bell had a name (metsilloth) that came from the Hebrew word meaning "to jingle" or "to rattle". This type of bell is mentioned only once in the Bible (Zech. 14:20), where we are told that the Israelites attached these bells to the bridle or breast strap of horses. . They joined with trumpets and singers to express joy and thanks to the L ORD (I Chron. 15:16; 16:5). Asaph, David's chief musician (I Chron. 16:5), was a cymbal player. When the people returned from captivity, Asaph's descendants were called to join singers and trumpets in praise to the L ORD (Ezra 3:10). In passages such as I Chronicles 16:5, some versions translate the Hebrew as castanets. It is now generally believed that this is inaccurate and should be cymbals. 4. Rattler-Sistrum . This is the correct translation for II Samuel 6:5. (The RSV uses castanets, while the KJV uses cornet.) The sistrum was a small U-shaped frame with a handle attached at the bottom of the curve. Pieces of metal or other small objects were strung on small bars stretched from one side of the sistrum to the other. The use of the sistrum goes back to ancient Egypt and has counterparts in other ancient cultures. It was merely a noisemaker, played by women on both joyous and sad occasions. 5. Tabret . See "Timbrel" 6. Timbrel . Modern musicians would classify this instrument as a "membranophone" because the sound is produced by a vibrating membrane. It is correctly translated as either timbrel or tambourine. (KJV uses the term tabret.) It was carried and beaten by the hand. In very early times it may have been made with two membranes, with pieces of bronze inserted in the rim. 7. Gong . The "brass" mentioned in I Corinthians 13:1 was actually a metal gong. It was used for weddings and other joyous occasions. B.Stringed Instruments . Archaeologists have found fragments of harps and other stringed instruments from Egypt and neighboring countries of the Near East. Scripture describes several stringed instruments that were used in Israel. 1. Dulcimer . The term appears in the Bible only in Daniel 3:5,7,10, and 15. It is not a precise translation. See "Harp" . 2. Harp . The harp (KJV also uses psaltery, viol, or dulcimer) was a favorite instrument of the aristocratic class and was lavishly made (I Kings 10:12; II Chron. 9:11). It was used in the temple orchestra and was appointed to "raise sounds of joy" (I Chron. 15:16). 3. Lute . This 3-stringed triangular instrument may have been one of the "instruments of music" mentioned in I Samuel 18:6. It was usually played by women and was excluded from the temple orchestra. 4. Lyre Two Hebrew terms are translated as lyre. (The KJV uses harp.) One is mentioned in only one book of the Bible (Dan. 3:5,7,10,15). This particular lyre (nevel) was frequently used for secular music, such as the merrymaking at Nebuchadnezzar's banquet. It was played by plucking the strings with the fingers. A smaller lyre (kinnor) was considered to be the most sophisticated instrument. Its shape and number of strings varied, but all types of lyres produced a most pleasing sound. The lyre was used in secular settings (Isa. 23:16), but was welcomed in sacred use too. It was the instrument David used to soothe King Saul. Generally, this "little lyre" was played by stroking the strings with a plectrum, much as a guitar can be played with a pick. However, David seemed to prefer to use his hand instead (I Sam. 16:16,23; 18:10; 19:9). Skilled craftsmen made lyres of silver or ivory and decorated them with lavish ornamentation. 6. Sackbut . See "Trigon" . 7. Trigon . The Book of Daniel frequently refers to the trigon (Dan. 3:5,7,10,15). The KJV incorrectly calls it the sackbut; the sackbut was not devised until several centuries after biblical times. We do not know the exact shape and size of the trigon. The instrument appears to have been borrowed from the Babylonians and thus was not common among the instruments of Israel. 4. Organ . See "Pipe" . 5. Pipe. Pipe usually refers to a wind instrument that was used to express wild joy or ecstatic lament. It is generally believed to have been a secular instrument, although Psalm 150:4 mentions its use in the temple for a religious celebration. The King James Version uses the terms organ and flute instead of pipe. 6. Shophar . The shophar is best understood as a "ram's horn", as in Josh. 6:4,6,8,13. The KJV often uses trumpet, cornet, and horn to render this Hebrew word (cf. I Chron. 15:28; II Chron. 15:14; Hosea 5:8). It was designed to make noise, not music, so it could not play melodies. It was used to give signals and announce special occasions, such as the transfer of the ark (II Sam. 6). It was also used to frighten away evil spirits and gods of the enemy (Zech. 9:14-15). 7. Trumpet . The trumpet was similar to the shophar but was used by the priests. Trumpets were often used in pairs (Num. 10:1-10). Originally two were ordered for the temple; but the number could be increased to 120, depending upon the purpose (II Chron. 5:12). Trumpets were made of bones, shell or metals - bronze, copper, silver, gold - all of which produced a high, shrill sound. It is generally believed that these trumpets, like the shophar, could not produce sounds in various pitches, so as to make music (melody). However, they could blow legato and staccato notes and trills. Thus, they could convey complicated signals to announce assembly, battle, and ambush. The World's Oldest Sheet Music? One scholar recently uncovered controversial evidence suggesting that the ancient Egyptians produced written sheet music during the same centuries as the building of the mighty Sphinx, about 4500 years ago. Maureen M. Barwise claims to have deciphered musical hieroglyphs that date back as far as the fourth dynasty of the old kingdom, roughly 2600 B.C. According to her translation, the music was written basically in a single melodic line. The earliest sacred pieces featured harps and flutes accompanied by timbrels and percussion sticks, joined later by trumpets, lutes, and lyres. Ms. Barwise claims the Egyptian musicians used a "gapped" scale, producing music that was beautiful in spite of obvious peculiarities. She notes that it was similar to ancient Gaelic, Welsh, and Scottish fold tunes, with melodies like the droning of the Highland bagpipe. The researcher undertook the unusual task of reproducing a number of tunes, translating them into the treble-clef keyboard. According to Barwise, the Egyptians understood timing, pitch, rhythm, and harmonic chords in addition to basic melody. The adapted tunes seem to cover a variety of musical moods, from the somewhat playful "Beautiful Moon-Bird of the Nile" to the rather stately grand march, "Honor to the Strong Arm of Pharaoh". Egyptian music was considered sacred. Therefore, its composition was strictly governed by law and did not develop greatly over the centuries. Wall paintings, bas-reliefs, and the literature of antiquity clearly show that the Egyptians were skillful musicians. Many experts believe that this early music was preserved in written form, but established archaeological theory holds that the melodies were an oral tradition. Ms. Barwise's translation of hieroglyphics into music notation challenges the old school of thought and her scholarship has met mixed acceptance. Some critics agree with David Wulston's evaluation, that her work is nothing more than "a whimsical Tolkien-like fantasy (constructed) out of the most unpromising material". Story Music On the surface, the music of the ancient Greeks and Hebrews seemed to have little in common. The Greeks sang of their gods and mythological battles; the Hebrews, on the other hand, devoted their songs to praising the one G OD . But there is an important link between Greek and Hebrew music, one that involves poetry, song, and religion. That link is the epic. Students of literature know the epic as a long narrative poem that presents the deeds of gods or traditional heroes in a dignified manner. The eighth century BC saw the creation of two great Greek epics, the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", which are attributed to Homer. The "Iliad" describes the clash of arms between Greeks and Trojans "on the ringing plains of windy Troy". The "Odyssey" relates the adventure-filled wanderings of Odysseus in his return to Greece after Troy's fall. These epics glorify heroic valor and physical prowess. They also provide us with much detail of everyday life in ancient Greece. The Greeks set many of their epics to music. Music helped narrators recall the wording of the epics, which tended to be extremely long pieces with dozens of verses and many names of people and places. By rhyming the lines, narrators found they could more easily remember the intricate story they had to tell. The Greeks did not use these "story songs" as part of their worship. (Greek temples were used for sheltering gods, not religious assembly.) The use of the epic song in worship started with the Hebrews, centuries before the Greek epics were written. The earliest Hebrew worship songs arose out of a religious feeling toward G OD at important moments. For instance, the first recorded appearance of story music was when Miriam, Moses' sister, sang with joy after the Jews escaped the pharaoh's men (Exod. 15:19-21). Many of the Psalms were epics (e.g., Psa. 114, 136-137) and the prophets sometimes burst forth in epic songs (e.g., Isa. 26, Hab. 3). The Hebrews did not apply intricate melodies to their epics. The tonal range of their songs was probably not great, and they selected rhythm instruments rather than melodic instruments. The melodies of the Psalms and other story songs were well-known in their time, and were probably sung inverses by choirs. It is clear that the Hebrews came to consider the story songs an essential part of their worship. Their music sprang from the soul of a people whose everyday life was religiously ordered.	Harp
Who took the Leonard Cohen song Hallelujah to No.1 in 2008?	Drums & the Bible \| Psalm Drummers Drums & the Bible Drums & the Bible Do Drums Feature In The Bible? Have you ever been asked, “Where are drums mentioned in the Bible?” Here is a brief and revealing study with a few helpful Scripture references. In most common translations of the Bible you will find the percussion instruments tambourine, timbrel or tabret mentioned, these words are translated from the Hebrew word ‘Toph’. Tambourines and timbrels are mentioned on many occasions throughout the Old Testament and, other than cymbals, seem to be the only percussion instruments referred to. “Praise Him with the timbrel and dance.. ” Psalm 150:3-6. In the preface to the New International Version (Hodder & Stoughton), the Committee on Bible Translation say the following: “It should be noted that minerals, flora and fauna, architectural details, articles of clothing and jewellery, musical instruments and other articles cannot always be identified with precision.” So what can we find out about this word ‘Toph’? ‘The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments’, says that “tambourine” in Scripture comes from the Hebrew word “Tof” or “Toph” (Hebrew; pl.tuppin), the other English translations being “timbrel” or occasionally “tabret”. It says that these are indeed frame drums, without jingles, and adds that, because frame drums were commonly used in the surrounding areas that it is likely the ancient Israelites used them as well. The Oxford ‘Companion of Musical Instruments’ says of “historical tambourines”, that they are ancient frame drums, as far as can be seen, without jingles. The word ‘Toph’, like many names for percussion instruments, and rhythmic exercises is onomatopoeic. In other words it suggests the sound of the instrument or the action of playing it. Other typical onomatopoeic names for drums are tom tom, conga, tambour, rek, doumbek and indeed the word drum itself (drrrrrum) implies a bounce followed with a stop on the drum skin. Tof, Toph, Timbrel, Tambret - a biblical instrument The modern tambourine is a “jingle” percussion instrument, commonly without a skin, and often half circle or crescent shaped, (although the round, skinned types are used in Latin ensembles and for other more grass roots styled groups). It would appear that the tambourine we find in the Bible was not a tambourine (as we know it) at all. ‘Percussion Instruments and their History’ by the late James Blades, also refers to instruments of Mesopotamia and Egypt circa 1100 BC. These include frame drums, small kettledrums (baz) and vase shaped drums made of clay. Blades comments, “In biblical references the words tinkling and metal are used in connection with bells and cymbals, but not with tabret or timbrel, (commonly translated as tambourine).” This gives us an idea of what kind of drums were used in biblical times, it also shows us that when we see the word ‘tambourine’ in Scripture we can read it as ‘frame drum’. Frame drums are still popular today and found in most cultures around the world. They vary in size and each culture has developed its own playing style – one of the more unusual being the Irish bodhran played with a short double ended stick known as a ‘tipper’. These drums are highly versatile and can provide a dynamic and powerful sound. Compared to the seemingly male dominated drumset of today, which interestingly has a history of less than 100 years – size and portability of the frame drum maybe one reason more women played them in Bible times. Drumming Mentioned In The Bible Here are a number of times the ‘Toph’ appears in the Bible: “Begin the music, strike the tambourine (drum)…” Psalm 81:2. “Let them praise his name with dancing and make music to him with tambourine (drum) and harp.” Psalm 149:3. “Then Miriam the prophetess, Aaron’s sister took a tambourine (drum) in her hand, and all the women followed her, with tambourines and dancing.” Exodus 15:20 “In front are the singers, after them the musicians; with them are the maidens playing tambourines (drums).” Psalm 68:25 “Praise him with the sounding of the trumpet, praise Him with the harp and lyre, praise Him with the tambourine (drum) and dancing, praise Him with the strings and flute, praise Him with the clash of cymbals, praise Him with resounding cymbals. Let everything that has breath praise the LORD.” Psalm 150:3-6. “Begin the music, strike the tambourine (drum)…” Psalm 81:2. “Every stroke the LORD lays on them with his punishing rod will be to the music of the tambourines (drums) and harps, as he fights the battle with the blow of his arm.” Isaiah 30:32 “Let them praise His name with dancing and make music to Him with tambourine (drum) and harp.” Psalm 149:3. “When the men were returning home after David had killed the Philistine, the women came out from all the towns of Israel to meet King Saul with singing and dancing, with joyful songs and with tambourines (drums) and lutes.” 1 Samuel 18:6 “After that you will go to Gibeah of God, where there is a Philistine outpost. As you approach the town, you will meet a procession of prophets coming down from the high place with lyres, tambourines (drums), flutes and harps being played before them, and they will be prophesying.” 1Samuel 10:5,6 There is a strong theme in the Old Testament of the use of percussion, and it seems that women were more often playing these instruments. Aaron’s sister Miriam is recorded as leading the rhythmic band in Exodus 15:20. Although this is only scratching the surface, we can clearly see drums appearing throughout the Old Testament and can conclude that, Miriam and others were in fact drumming in the act of worshipping God. Search for:	i don't know
Who is lead singer with The Killers?	\| Mormon.org mormon.org The video player could not be built. Retry Do you want to chat with a missionary? We are happy to answer any questions you may have. Name I'm a Mormon. About Me Brandon Flowers is the frontman of the rock band The Killers. In 2010, he also released a solo album entitled Flamingo. In late 2001, Brandon Flowers responded to an ad that Dave Keuning had placed in a local paper and they formed The Killers. Since then, Brandon has performed with Bruce Springsteen, U2, Coldplay, Pet Shop Boys, Lady Gaga, Fran Healy (of Travis), Andy Summers (of The Police), New Order, Bright Eyes, and others. Sir Elton John has listed Flowers as one of his top-five heroes. Brandon's solo album, Flamingo, charted in the UK on September 12, 2010 at Number 1. This was Brandon's fourth consecutive album to reach #1 on the UK charts, including work by The Killers. Brandon is currently working with The Killers on their new album to be released in early 2012. Brandon was born June 21, 1981 in Henderson, Nevada, the youngest of six kids. Brandon moved to Utah when he was eight years old, then later moved back to Las Vegas, where he lives today. On August 2, 2005, Brandon married his longtime girlfriend Tana Mundkowsky. They have three sons: Ammon, Gunnar, and Henry.	Brandon Flowers
Which TV detective was assisted by Inspector Mike Burden?	Killers Lead Singer Wears Sweet UNLV-Themed Jacket Killers Lead Singer Wears Sweet UNLV-Themed Jacket Go to permalink The Killers, who are from Las Vegas, played whatever the concert at the Final Four is called and, at some point, lead Singer Brandon Flowers turned around and showed this pretty awesome tribute to UNLV on the back of his jacket. Advertisement It says "never forget" and then lists the last names of the players from the 1990 national champion Runnin' Rebels team, Larry Johnson, Stacey Augmon, David Butler, Greg Anthony, and Anderson Hunt.	i don't know
Who played detectives Charley Farley and Piggy Malone?	best two ronnies piggy malone charley farley - YouTube best two ronnies piggy malone charley farley Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on May 9, 2008 done to death madam pots blanche & agatha christie bumbling detectives you CANT GET BETTER THAN THIS I THINK 3RD SERIES IS EVEN BETTER Category	The Two Ronnies
Paul Cezanne, Paul Gaugin and Vincent van Gogh belonged to which school of painting?	Fan TV - Find where to watch - The Two Ronnies Old Fashioned Christmas Mystery (1973) The Two Ronnies Old Fashioned Christmas Mystery (1973) In my Watchlist Add to Watchlist Seen It Add to I’m a Fan Add to a List Released on December 26, 1973 Tagline More Synopsis On Christmas Eve in 1874, the turkey has been stolen from Sir Giles and Lady Hampton. What are they going to serve their guests? They call in the detectives Piggy Malone and Charley Farley to find who stole it. Cast	i don't know
Which family was portrayed as the Magi in Botticelli’s Adoration of the Magi?	Adoration of the Magi, 1475 - Sandro Botticelli Sandro Botticelli Sources Referenced Adoration of the Magi The Adoration of the Magi was the first work of Sandro’s that won him mass popularity. It was commissioned by Gaspare di Zanobi del Lama, a banker that was connected to the Medici family. It was commissioned for the chapel in the church of Santa Maria Novella. This was not the first or the last of Sandro’s depiction of the adoration, indeed it was one of his most popular motifs; however, it was incredibly important for its popularity and beauty in the depiction of the figures. Vasari had this to say about the quality of the work, “It is not possible to describe the beauty that Sandro depicted in the heads that are therein seen, which are drawn in various attitudes, some in full face, some in profile, some in three-quarter face, others bending down, and others, again, in various manners; with different expressions for the young and the old, and with all the bizarre effects that reveal to us the perfection of his skill; and he distinguished the Courts of the three Kings one from another, insomuch that one can see which are the retainers of each. This is truly a most admirable work, and executed so beautifully, whether in coloring, drawing, or composition, that every craftsman at the present day stands in a marvel thereat.” The influence and independence from his former master Lippi were evident in this work. The rich use of blue, white, and gold coloration was something that was influenced by Sandro’s work with Lippi. However, the skill with the figures, grace, and juxtaposition of opposing themes were all distinctly his own. One interesting fact about this paitning was the amount of figures, including himself, that Sandro painted as onlookers in the adoration. Cosimo, Piero, Giovanni, and his grandsons Giuliano and Lorenzo are all painted in this work. This is a clear and early indication of the influence of the patronage of the Medici family on Sandro’s work. While the majority of the work is described as an attitude of grace and peace, there is one figure that broke that atmosphere. Lightbown said in his work The Life and Work of Botticelli, “The atmosphere of courtly grace is broken only by the youth in the left foreground, who puts his arm familiarly around his friend and leans forward with lively curiosity.” The juxtaposition of contradictory motifs was a theme that Sandro employed in paintings throughout the entire corpus of his work. This greatest early painting of Sandro’s is useful in displaying many of the trends of Sandro’s art that began when he was a young painter. Create a free website	House of Medici
Who painted The Rokeby Venus?	The Adoration of the Magi - Google Arts & Culture The Adoration of the Magi Sandro Botticellic. 1478 - 1482 National Gallery of Art, Washington DC Sandro Botticelli , a Florentine, painted several versions of the theme of� the Adoration of the Magi. The Magi, or wise men, were particularly venerated in� Florence, as one of the city's leading religious confraternities was dedicated to� them. The members of the confraternity took part in pageants organized every five� years, when the journey to Bethlehem of the Magi and their retinue, often numbering� in the hundreds, was re-enacted through the streets of Florence. The Washington Adoration was probably painted in Rome, where� Pope� Sixtus IV had called the artist to fresco the walls of the Sistine Chapel, along� with other leading Florentine masters of the day. Botticelli's linear and decorative� Adoration is set in the ruin of a classical temple instead of a humble stable.� This setting emphasizes the belief that Christianity arose from the ruins of paganism,� and suggests a continuity between ancient and Christian philosophy. Earlier Renaissance paintings of this theme, such as the Gallery's tondo by Fra� Angelico and Fra Lippi, emphasize the pomp and pageantry of the scene. As painted� by Botticelli in this late version, the religious aspect is stressed. Each figure� is an expression of piety, the postures of their hands and bodies revealing devotion,� reverence and contemplation on the divine mystery before them. Read more Title: The Adoration of the Magi Date Created: c. 1478 - 1482 Physical Dimensions: w1042 x h700 cm (overall size) Theme: New Testament, Life of Christ School: Florentine Provenance: Probably commissioned by a member of the Medici family, Florence; by inheritance to Lorenzo de' Medici [1449 1492], Florence.[1] probably Marchese Piero Guicciardini [1569 1626]; his widow, Marchesa Simona Machiavelli [1584 1658], Florence;[2] by inheritance to her great nephew, Count Francesco Guicciardini [1618 1677], Florence; by inheritance to his son, Count Lorenzo Guicciardini [1652 1710], Florence; by inheritance to his son, Count Francesco Gaetano Guicciardini [1699 1780], Florence; by inheritance to his son, Count Lorenzo Guicciardini [1743 1812], Florence; by inheritance to his sons, Count Francesco [1776 1838] and Colonel Ferdinando [1782 1833] Guicciardini, Florence, in 1803;[3] sold July 1810 to Chevalier François Honoré Dubois, Florence and Paris, as by Botticelli.[4] (Samuel Woodburn, London), by 1826, as by Fra Angelico.[5] William Coningham [1815 1884], London; (his sale, Christie & Manson, London, 9 June 1849, no. 34, as by Filippo Lippi).[6] Alexander Barker [d. 1873], London, by 1851;[7] (his sale, Christie, Manson & Woods, London, 6 June 1874, no. 42, as by Filippino Lippi);[8] purchased by (Giovanni Calvetti [d. 1875], London) for Sir Francis Cook, 1st bt. [1817 1901], Doughty House, Richmond, Surrey; by inheritance to his son, Sir Frederick Lucas Cook, 2nd bt. [1844 1920], Doughty House; by inheritance to his son, Sir Herbert Frederick Cook, 3rd bt. [1868 1939], Doughty House; by inheritance to his son, Sir Francis Ferdinand Maurice Cook, 4th bt. [1907 1978], Doughty House, and Cothay Manor, Somerset; sold February 1947 through (Francis A. Drey, London) to the Samuel H. Kress Foundation, New York, as by Filippo Lippi;[9] gift 1952 to NGA. [1] The inventory drawn up after the death of Lorenzo the Magnificent is known today from a copy made on 23 December 1512, in the Archivio di Stato in Florence; see E. Müntz, Les Collections des Médicis au XVe siècle, Paris and London, 1888: 60 (fol. 6 of the manuscript): "Nella chamera grande terrena detta chamera di Lorenzo...uno tondo grande...la nostra Donna e nostro Signore e e' Magi che vanno a offerire, di mano di fra Giovanni, f. 100" ("In the large ground floor bedroom called Lorenzo's bedroom...a large tondo...our Lady and our Lord and the Magi who come to bring offerings, from the hand of Fra Giovanni, f. 100"). The high value assigned to the panel (considering that the three famous panels of the Battle of San Romano by Paolo Uccello as well as two other paintings by Uccello and a sixth by Pesellino, all in that same room, were estimated as worth 300 florins collectively) leads us to believe that the painting described was compositionally quite elaborate; this offers some albeit slender evidence for identifying the Medici tondo as NGA 1952.2.2. [2] The Washington tondo and another tondo of the same subject (now in the National Gallery, London) are apparently recorded in an inventory verified on 20 April 1643 by Simona Machiavelli, the widow of Piero Guicciardini, and confirmed by her great nephew Francesco Guicciardini on 31 July 1665 (Archivio Guicciardini, filza XLIV, ins. 7). In Valentina Fallani's study of Piero's important collection of paintings (Valentina Fallani, "Piero Guicciardini e la sua quadreria fidecommissaria nella Firenze medicea del Seicento" [diss., Università degli Studi di Firenze, 1992]), the inventory is transcribed (172 185) and hypothesized to be a record of the paintings Piero entailed on his heirs (99). The dimensions given for two round paintings depicting the Adoration of the Magi, 2 2/3 and 3 1/3 braccia, somewhat exceed those of the Washington and London pictures, but the discrepancy is probably due to the inclusion of the frames, which are described, in the measurements (as suggested in a letter from Burton Fredericksen to Nicholas Penny of 14 August 2000, copy in NGA curatorial files). An undated inventory made sometime after the 1658 death of Simona Machiavelli seems to record the Washington painting specifically: "Adorazione de' Magi in tondo, del beato Giovanni Angelico domenicano" ("Adoration of the Magi, a tondo, by the Blessed Giovanni Angelico, Dominican") (Archivio Guicciardinni, filza XLIV, ins. 5; transcribed in Fallani, "Piero Guicciardini," 187 189). The tondi stayed together, and the memory of their Guicciardini provenance remained alive, until the middle of the nineteenth century, when they become convincingly identifiable with the Washington and London tondi (see notes 4 and 5). If Piero did own the Washington picture, it could have passed from the Medici to the Guicciardini through Piero's father, Agnolo (1506 1581), who had close ties to the Medici (personal communication from Valentina Fallani to Elon Danziger, 13 April 2002). For a complete reconstruction of the early history of the painting see Elon Danziger, "Round Pictures of the Adoration of the Magi from Early Renaissance Florence," Association for Art History Newsletter 2, no. 2 (spring 2002): 5 7. [3] According to Paolo Guicciardini, Cusona, 2 vols., Florence, 1939: 1:295, Francesco and Ferdinando were "emancipati" and given possession of their inheritance in 1803, while their parents were still living. [4] An inventory of the Guicciardini gallery, dated 1 September 1807 (Archivio Guicciardini, filza XXXV seconda, n. 5; transcribed in Gino Corti, "Due quadrerie in Firenze: la collezione Lorenzi, prima metà del Settecento, e la collezione Guicciardini, 1807," Paragone 35, no. 417 [November 1984]: 94 101, and in Fallani 1992: 239 243), was transformed into a bill of sale when "M. Dubois" bought the entire contents (at about two thirds assessed value) in July 1810. The two tondi were valued at 50 zecchini each. Certain unusual paintings from the Guicciardini gallery reappear at a 17 and 18 March 1813 Paris auction of paintings owned by "Dubois, commissaire de la police à Florence," allowing a more precise identification of the tondi's buyer. Police commissioner for Napoleonic Florence until 1811, Dubois left behind many letters valuable for the history of Florence under French dominion. His title and name are found in Duane Koenig's "The Napoleonic Regime in Tuscany, 1807 1814," Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, 1942: 93. [5] Burton Fredericksen has discovered a 25 March 1826 private treaty sale catalogue of the stock of Messrs. Woodburn (copies in the Bodleian Library, Oxford; Royal Library, Brussels; and Bibliothèque de l'art et d'archéologie, Paris). It includes two Adoration of the Magi tondi, both with a Guicciardini provenance, attributed to Fra Angelico (no. 1) and Botticelli (no. 2), with diameters nearly identical to those of the Washington and London pictures. They probably went unsold since, as Fredericksen points out (letter to David Alan Brown, 11 July 2000, in NGA curatorial files), J.D. Passavant mentions "older pictures by Fiesole, Sandro Botticelli , and others" that he had seen in the Woodburn gallery in 1831 (Johann David Passavant, Kunstreise durch England und Belgien, Frankfurt am Main, 1833: 113, and English ed., Tour of a German Artist in England, 2 vols., London, 1836: I:250); these were probably the tondi since (Fredericksen continues) "works by either artist were very rare on the London market at this time." Fredericksen speculates that since Woodburn indicates in the introduction of the catalogue that almost all of the paintings in it had been acquired during recent trips to Italy, France, and Holland, the two tondi may well have been acquired directly from Dubois. He also suggests that "Coningham bought them directly from Samuel Woodburn sometime thereafter since Woodburn regularly advised Coningham on his purchases." [6] "The Wise Men of the East offering their Presents to the Infant Christ in the lap of the Virgin, who is seated before a wooden building, with numerous figures around...From the Guicciardini Palace in Florence." Fra Filippo Lippi is suggested as the author. The sale also included the other Guicciardini tondo (no. 38), which was attributed to Filippino Lippi a reference that makes it almost certain that the panel is to be identified, as Martin Davies thought, with Botticelli's tondo (no. 1033) in the London National Gallery (Martin Davies, National Gallery Catalogues. The Earlier Italian Schools, 2nd rev. ed., London, 1961: 102 note 7). [7] In Gustav Friedrich Waagen, Treasures of Art in Great Britain, 3 vols., London, 1854: 2:125, a compilation of paintings seen on 1850 and 1851 visits to England, the author describes a painting in Barker's collection that he attributes to Benozzo Gozzoli as "a very rich circular composition, and one of the finest specimens of the early time of this great master." Several distinctive aspects point to the Washington tondo: "it breathes the purity and intensity of religious feeling which distinguished [Gozzoli's] master Fiesole [Fra Angelico]"; "[Gozzoli's originality] is seen in many an animated action and also in the rich accessories"; "[there are] two peacocks, somewhat too large in proportion." Although what Waagen took for a second peacock is actually two pheasants, the disproportion between the birds and their surroundings in the Washington painting and, more importantly, the picture's close affinities with Angelico's late activity (and therefore the artistic milieu of Gozzoli's beginnings), are in accord with the characteristics of the work described by Waagen. Moreover, as Waagen specifies, the Barker Adoration was "formerly in the collection of Mr. Coningham." The other Coningham tondo, seen and described by Waagen, Treasures, 1854: 3:3) in the collection of W. Fuller Maitland at Stansted Hall as a work by Filippino Lippi, is the London Botticelli, acquired from Maitland's son in 1878. [8] Some confusion has been caused by the fact that the 1874 Barker sale catalogue includes two tondi representing the Adoration of the Magi that are described in a very similar manner: no. 44 is attributed to Filippo Lippi and no. 42 to Filippino, but both are claimed to contain "portraits of the Accajuoli [sic] family." As NGA 1952.2.2 was bought by Sir Francis Cook, through his agent, at this very sale, and Tancred Borenius, A Catalogue of the Paintings at Doughty House, Richmond & Elsewhere in the Collection of Sir Frederick Cook Bt. I. Italian Schools, London, 1913: 21, specifies that the panel was lot 42, there is no serious reason to doubt his assertion in spite of the alleged Acciaiuoli portraits. Actually, the Washington Adoration does not seem to contain any portrait, but this claim derives, very likely, from a confusion with no. 44 of the Barker sale, probably the Domenico Venziano tondo in the Berlin Gemäldegalerie (no. 95A). (That painting reappeared in the 1879 Barker sale, as noted in the London Times, 23 June 1879: 12, which gives the diameter and 1874 sale price, proving the identification of lot 44 with the Berlin tondo.) In Domenico's painting, two of the Magi as well as several members of their retinue appear to be portraits, and it is quite possible that this panel was owned sometime earlier by the Acciaiuoli family. [9] Before World War II the most important paintings from the Cook collection were sent to the United States for safekeeping. They were exhibited at the Toledo (Ohio) Museum of Art from 1944 to 1945, and at two museums in Canada in 1945. After complicated negotiations on the eve of the paintings' return to England, the Kress Foundation purchased a number of works, including NGA 1952.2.2. See copies of correspondence in NGA curatorial files, from the Cook Collection Archive in care of John Somerville, England.	i don't know
Which global company owes everything to an invention by Dr John S Pemberton?	Coca-Cola History │ World of Coca-Cola Coca-Cola History Coca-Cola history began in 1886 when the curiosity of an Atlanta pharmacist, Dr. John S. Pemberton, led him to create a distinctive tasting soft drink that could be sold at soda fountains. He created a flavored syrup, took it to his neighborhood pharmacy, where it was mixed with carbonated water and deemed “excellent” by those who sampled it. Dr. Pemberton’s partner and bookkeeper, Frank M. Robinson, is credited with naming the beverage “Coca‑Cola” as well as designing the trademarked, distinct script, still used today. Did you know? The first servings of Coca‑Cola were sold for 5 cents per glass. During the first year, sales averaged a modest nine servings per day in Atlanta. Today, daily servings of Coca‑Cola beverages are estimated at 1.9 billion globally. Prior to his death in 1888, just two years after creating what was to become the world’s #1-selling sparkling beverage, Dr. Pemberton sold portions of his business to various parties, with the majority of the interest sold to Atlanta businessman, Asa G. Candler. Under Mr. Candler’s leadership, distribution of Coca‑Cola expanded to soda fountains beyond Atlanta. In 1894, impressed by the growing demand for Coca‑Cola and the desire to make the beverage portable, Joseph Biedenharn installed bottling machinery in the rear of his Mississippi soda fountain, becoming the first to put Coca‑Cola in bottles. Large scale bottling was made possible just five years later, when in 1899, three enterprising businessmen in Chattanooga, Tennessee secured exclusive rights to bottle and sell Coca‑Cola. The three entrepreneurs purchased the bottling rights from Asa Candler for just $1. Benjamin Thomas, Joseph Whitehead and John Lupton developed what became the Coca‑Cola worldwide bottling system. Among the biggest challenges for early bottlers, were imitations of the beverage by competitors coupled with a lack of packaging consistency among the 1,000 bottling plants at the time. The bottlers agreed that a distinctive beverage needed a standard and distinctive bottle, and in 1916, the bottlers approved the unique contour bottle. The new Coca‑Cola bottle was so distinctive it could be recognized in the dark and it effectively set the brand apart from competition. The contoured Coca‑Cola bottle was trademarked in 1977. Over the years, the Coca‑Cola bottle has been inspiration for artists across the globe — a sampling of which can be viewed at the World of Coca‑Cola in Atlanta. Check out a preview of the latest art exhibit . The first marketing efforts in Coca‑Cola history were executed through coupons promoting free samples of the beverage. Considered an innovative tactic back in 1887, couponing was followed by newspaper advertising and the distribution of promotional items bearing the Coca‑Cola script to participating pharmacies. Fast forward to the 1970s when Coca‑Cola’s advertising started to reflect a brand connected with fun, friends and good times. Many fondly remember the 1971 Hilltop Singers performing “I’d Like to Buy the World a Coke”, or the 1979 “Have a Coke and a Smile” commercial featuring a young fan giving Pittsburgh Steeler, “Mean Joe Greene”, a refreshing bottle of Coca‑Cola. You can enjoy these and many more advertising campaigns from around the world in the Perfect Pauses Theater at the World of Coca‑Cola. EVOLUTION OF THE COCA-COLA BOTTLE The 1980s featured such memorable slogans as “Coke is It!”, “Catch the Wave” and “Can’t Beat the Feeling”. In 1993, Coca‑Cola experimented with computer animation, and the popular “Always Coca‑Cola” campaign was launched in a series of ads featuring animated polar bears. Each animated ad in the “Always Coca‑Cola” series took 12 weeks to produce from beginning to end. The bears were, and still are, a huge hit with consumers because of their embodiment of characteristics like innocence, mischief and fun. A favorite feature at the World of Coca‑Cola is the ability to have your photo taken with the beloved 7′ tall Coca‑Cola Polar Bear. Did you know? One of the most famous advertising slogans in Coca‑Cola history “The Pause That Refreshes” first appeared in the Saturday Evening Post in 1929. The theme of pausing with Coca‑Cola refreshment is still echoed in today’s marketing. In 2009, the “Open Happiness” campaign was unveiled globally. The central message of “Open Happiness” is an invitation to billions around the world to pause, refresh with a Coca‑Cola, and continue to enjoy one of life’s simple pleasures. The “Open Happiness” message was seen in stores, on billboards, in TV spots and printed advertising along with digital and music components — including a single featuring Janelle Monae covering the 1980 song, “Are You Getting Enough Happiness?” The happiness theme continued with “Open the Games. Open Happiness” featured during the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver, followed by a 2010 social media extension, “Expedition 206” — an initiative whereby three happiness ambassadors travel to 206 countries in 365 days with one mission: determining what makes people happy. The inspirational year-long journey is being recorded and communicated via blog posts, tweets, videos and pictures. Experts have long believed in the connection between happiness and wellness, and Coca‑Cola is proud to have played a part in happy occasions around the globe. In Atlanta, check out the Coca‑Cola Theater at the World of Coca‑Cola and see the magic that goes into every bottle of Coca-Cola. Interested in learning even more about Coca‑Cola history? Go to www.coca‑colacompany.com and check out the History section.	Coca-Cola
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Gantuangko Submitted by: Pete Anthony Polo March 2009 Summary of the book and its contents This book is about a rich Chinese-Filipino businessman John Gokongwei Jr. who built his companies into a highly diversified... Entrepreneur, Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship education 928 Words \| 4 Pages John Lewis of Information System 3 5. John Lewis3 6. The implementation of Michael Porter’s competitive five forces model5 6.1. Traditional... competitors 5 6.2. New market entrants5 6.3. Substitute products and services 5 6.4. Customers5 6.5. Suppliers 5 7. Value chain analysis 5 8. Conclusion6 9. References7 1. Introduction. The John Lewis brand was founded in 1864 by John Spedan Lewis partnered with his two brothers in Oxford Street, London (John Lewis Partnership, 2013). As being... John Lewis Partnership, John Spedan Lewis, Michael Porter 2057 Words \| 6 Pages Dr Pepper Snapple Group Advertise More ▼ Search this site Dr. Pepper/Snapple SWOT Analysis SWOT Analysis Index Dr. Pepper/Snapple SWOT... Analysis Add a New SWOT Analysis \| Update This Page Now ►Summary \| Profile \| News \| Chart \| SWOT \| Cash Flow \| Comps \| Buffett \| WACC Strengths Technology (Dr. Pepper/Snapple) Superior tec… 0 Supply Chain (Dr. Pepper/Snapple) A strong … Unique Products (Dr. Pepper/Snapple) Uniqu… Strong Management (Dr. Pepper/Snapple) S… Brand Name (Dr. Pepper/Snapple) A strong b… Add ... Exchange-traded fund, Index fund, Investment 444 Words \| 5 Pages Business Analysis Dr. Pepper Dr Pepper Snapple Group, Inc. Energy Beverages Table of Contents STRATEGIC ISSUES AND PROBLEMS 2 DR. PEPPER SNAPPLE... GROUP, INC. 2 PLAN OF ACTION 3 RECOMMENDED ENERGY BEVERAGES MARKETING STRATEGY 3 Goals and Objectives 3 Target Market 3 Marketing Mix 4 Product Strategy 4 Price Strategy 4 Distribution and Sales 4 Advertising and Promotion 4 STRATEGIC ISSUES AND PROBLEMS Andrew Barker, brand manager for Snapple beverages at the Dr Pepper Snapple Group, Inc., has been charged... Brand, Brand management, Coffee 1857 Words \| 6 Pages JOhn Lewis environment forces John Lewis, one of subsidiaries of John Lewis Partnership (JLP), launched its first store in London’s Oxford Street in 1864. The... company then has implemented the organic grown approach, pursuing a dynamic business and corporate strategy. It has been successful by making the right strategic decisions thorough effective operation (O’Regan and Ghobadian, 2012). By 2012, the firm becomes the largest multichannel department store retailer in the UK, with 30 department stores and 9 John Lewis at home... Department store, John Lewis, John Lewis Partnership 2514 Words \| 6 Pages The Uo Swift Ltd. THE UO SWIFT Ltd. UO Swift Ltd. was promoted for nineteen years back as a company manufacturing automobile parts with an... investment of Rupees 5 crores by Ismail Oberai. He took over as its chief executive and is occupying the same position till date. Ismail is an automobile engineer himself possessed rich experience of working abroad and in Hindustan Motors Ltd. in India. He is dynamic and risk-taking. He always emphasized on maintaining high quality standards. Initially, the products were supplied... BRIC, Economics, Foreign exchange market 1536 Words \| 5 Pages Dr. Seuss The Influence of Dr. Seuss Name College The Influence of Dr. Seuss Theodor Seuss Geisel was a very influential... man. His books have influenced several generations of children and adults throughout the years of his published work. 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Gospel of John, Hair conditioner, John Paul DeJoria 780 Words \| 3 Pages Zephyr Pharmatec Ltd DISTRIBUTION AGREEMENT This Agreement is signed between: 1. ZEPHYR PHARMATEC (PVT) LTD., a limited liability company, having its... registered office at A-39, S.I.T.E II SUPPERHIGHWAY, Karachi, Pakistan, and duly represented by Mr. Niaz Ahmed in their capacity of Directors & Mr. Noman Ahmed as Export Consultant (hereinafter referred as “the Company”). 2. THE POWER OF GOD INTERNATIONAL ENTERPRISES, a ______________, having its registered office at B7L2 Cabatuhan Road, Thomas Villa.7 Deparo... Agreement, Contract, Corporation 1518 Words \| 7 Pages Dr Faustus as a Morality Play The Supernatural in Shakespeare?s The Tempest And Marlowe?s The Tragical History of D. Faustus The supernatural forces are at... once alike and distinct in Shakespeare?s The Tempest and in Marlowe?s The Tragical History of D. Faustus. The supernatural is kind to Prospero and his daughter Miranda in The Tempest, while the devils in Dr Faustus eagerly wait for the day that Faustus would join them in Hell. In both plays, the supernatural provides recurrent waves of sounds and feelings, lending special... Christopher Marlowe, Faust, Mortal sin 787 Words \| 3 Pages Standard Corporation India Ltd, Standard Corporation India Limited (Formerly Standard Combines Pvt. Ltd.) is a leading manufacturer of Tractor driven combines and self... propelled harvesters since 1975. The Standard Group of Companies led by its Chairman & Managing Director S. Nachhattar Singh is serving the farmers/ users by manufacturing & providing high quality Machinery inputs for the last over three decades. Mr. Singh is ably supported by his younger brother S. Joginder Singh as Joint Managing Director. Standard Corporation... Agricultural machinery, Agriculture, Combine harvester 1443 Words \| 6 Pages John Proctor S Role In The Crucible Kate-Lynn Gomerich M. Haddou English 12C Individual Character Project November 22, 2014 John Proctors Role in “The Crucible” To be puritan... is to be pure of any physical or mental pleasure; when pressure built the citizens of Salem massed into a frenzy of noose casting. Only to realize the heavy weight of truth as a course rope began to constrict around their necks. In “The Crucible” a story taking place in Salem, Massachusetts: the restricting ways of puritan life began to take their toll on the... John Proctor, Mary Warren, Puritan 1248 Words \| 3 Pages John Donne (1572-1631) Donne(1572-1631) Biographical Facts -Born in a catholicfamily -Married Anne Moore in secret in 1601 -Converted to Anglican Church, became an Anglican... priestand a dean at St. Paul -Two sides of his character: Jack Donne/ Dr. John Donne As the passionate lover he was always analytic, thoughtful, trying to dissect and explain his passion almost scientifically. As the divine, he approached God with the passion he had formerly shown to women : he addresses Christ with the fierceness of a lover... Andrew Marvell, Helen Gardner, John Donne 543 Words \| 3 Pages Mephisto Products Ltd Module Leader John Heather Internal Verifier Name M. Azam Mephisto Products Ltd... Mephisto ltd raised from form the idea of an engineer James Watkinson which married the daughter of the owner of a detergent manufacturer, where also realised hi can improve the work in the chemical industries and make it more qualitative and much safer. He started first to manufacture safety devices for his father-in-low and then grow wider because he believed in his product and he introduce... Better, Business, Management 595 Words \| 2 Pages International Management- Hunter Boots Ltd. to be outstanding in any field, from city streets to music festivals and rugged countryside, Hunter footwear is recognized for its performance durability and... comfort – achieved through a fusion of tradition and technology” (Hunter Boot Ltd., 2013) Hunter Boot Ltd. was founded in 1856, styled as the North British Rubber Company, producing not only rubber boots but also tyres, conveyors and flooring. 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Product decision normally base on brand name, functionality, styling, quality, safety, packaging, repairs and support, warranty, accessories and services. These product attributes can be manipulated depending on what the target market wants. Also, customers always look for new and improved things, which is... BRAVIA, Marketing, Marketing mix 1748 Words \| 5 Pages Papa Johns & the Web International Current and Future Use of the Web James J. Wright MBA 6004-Foundation Skills - Dr. Jeff Leinaweaver Capella University, 2013... Abstract I chose Papa Johns to show how the internet changed the "Pizza Delivery" world as we know it. I'm confident I'll be able to portray an interesting correlation between growth of the internet and the growth of Papa Johns. Beginning with the year 2000 Papa Johns has been an industry leader in online sales. The pizza industry has seen steady growth in... Papa John's Pizza, Pizza, Pizza delivery 1817 Words \| 6 Pages Product Life Cycle The Product Life Cycle Product life cycle is made based on the biological life cycle. Most projects goes through similar stages... on the path from origin to completion. Johnson (2012) stated that product life cycle (PLC) is a trend whereby a brand new and original product become out-of-date and gradually obsolete (Johnson, 2012). There are four major phases in the project life cycle as shown in Figure 1 (refer to Appendix). These major phases are introduction stage, growth stage, maturity stage and... Market, Market square, Marketing 2087 Words \| 6 Pages Dr. Pepper Analysis III : Dr. Pepper I. Case Summary II. Case Objectives Is to... learn how Dr. Pepper is able to deal with its weaknesses and threats. And how it can also take advantage of its opportunities using its strength. III. Key Issues How to get more foreign bottling companies in other countries to franchise with Dr. Pepper. IV. External Threats A threat to Dr. Pepper Co. is that Mr. PiBB, a product of Coca-Cola... Bottle, Bottling companies, Dr Pepper 1325 Words \| 5 Pages Dr Pepe 2003 Coco-cola and Pepsi Co enter the Indian market: Coco-cola and Pepsi Co enter the Indian market Pepsi entered into the Indian beverage market in... July 1986 as a joint venture with two local partners, Voltas and Punjab Agro, forming “Pepsi Foods Ltd.” Coca-Cola followed suit in 1990 with a joint venture with Britannia Industries India before creating a 100% owned company in 1993 and then ultimately aligning with Parle, the leader in the industry. As both companies would soon discover, “competing... Caffeine, Carbonation, Coca-Cola 1919 Words \| 7 Pages dr. pepper to Problem Dr. Pepper Snapple, Inc. is a leading producer of flavored beverages in North America and Caribbean. The success of the company is... characterized by more than 50 different brands that are synonymous with the refreshment, fun and flavor. Some of these brands include: Dr. Pepper, 7UP, Sunkist; A&W. Some of the leading brands are number one in the market. The issue Dr. Pepper faces is related to whether or not the company should enter into the energy beverage market. In 2007, Dr. Pepper Snapple... Alcoholic beverage, Brand, Coffee 1012 Words \| 3 Pages organisation study at minar ispat pvt ltd MINAR ISPAT PVT LTD,CALICUT Mr.Muhammed shafi, the managing Director of “Minar group” of companies with its corporate office at... palakkad, Kerala, India mainly engaged in manufacture and supply of various steel and allied products in the country for the past decade and a half .markets its products in the country through a wide dealers network. Beside Steel Industries, Minar group is an also engaged field like Construction, Education, Health, etc Minar ispat (p) ltd,an ISO 9001:2000... Cost accounting, ISO 9000, Marketing 561 Words \| 3 Pages study on consumer brand preferance on financial products THE STUDY ON THE CONSUMER BRAND PREFERENCES OF FINANCIAL PRODUCTS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PROFESSIONALS IN COIMBATORE 1. Ms. Avani Shah... and Dr. Narayan Baser (2012) in this paper studies the investor preference in selection of mutual fund and measures the fund sponsor quality. After the survey of 305 mutual fund investor and analyzing the results to one way ANNOVA they come to the conclusion that Funds reputation, Withdrawal facilities, brand name, Sponsor’s past performance in terms of risk... Brand, Financial services, Information, knowledge, and uncertainty 1406 Words \| 5 Pages Apple Inc. and Sports Products The Goal Of Sports Products, Inc. Case Study September 24, 2012 John Rapa Assessing the Goal of Sports Products,... Inc. case study Introduction Sports Products Inc. is a large producer of boating... Premium * Assessing The Goals Of Sports Products Inc Assessing the Goals of Sports Products, Inc. Case Study Paper What should the management of Sports Products, Inc., pursue as its overriding goal? Why What... Premium * Case Analysis: Assessing The Goal Of Sports Products, Inc. Case Analysis:... Apple Inc., IPhone, Management 543 Words \| 3 Pages Leading Fmcg Product Using Psychographic Segmentation been renamed Dr Pepper Snapple Group Inc. HISTORY EARLY HISTORY In 1824, John Cadbury began vending tea, coffee, and... drinking chocolate, which he produced himself, at Bull Street in Birmingham, England. John Cadbury later moved into the production of a variety of Cocoas and Drinking Chocolates being manufactured from a factory in Bridge Street, supplying mainly to the wealthy due to the high cost of manufacture at this time. During this time a partnership was struck between John Cadbury and... Cadbury, Cadbury Adams, Cadbury Dairy Milk 2208 Words \| 6 Pages Analsysis of John Green;s The Fault in Our stars Chances are any given person knows at least one person, who has suffered from cancer. Talking about cancer is not something that people willingly do. If... you are unlucky enough to not know someone who has had cancer, reading The Fault in Our Stars by John Green will give you the emotions of losing someone dear to you to cancer. What makes this book worth reading because of it’s plot, the characters are relatable and give the reader meaning, and the book sticks in the readers mind even after finishing... Adolescence, Can't Help Falling in Love, Cancer 1341 Words \| 4 Pages Product have to offer more customization, Braaap have to make it easier to purchase, Braaap have to do more, be more. This report shall examine Braaap’s... product, identify the key characteristics of their products and services and their significance to the market and to review pricing policy and analyse pricing variables to determine their effect on demand. Product: Warranty-----Lifetime Warranty cover The Lifetime Warranty is fully active for the life time of the bike. it covers the suspension, frame, engine... Brand, Customer, Customer service 2032 Words \| 5 Pages Roots Industries Ltd. India Company Analysis ROOTS Industries Ltd. is a leading manufacturer of HORNS in India and the 11th largest Horn Manufacturing Company in the... world. Headquartered in Coimbatore - India, ROOTS also plays a dominant role in the manufacture of Horns and other products like Castings and Industrial cleaning machines. Roots Industries Limited has occupied a key position in both international and domestic market as suppliers to leading OEMs. Roots’ has a strong quality system as its base. RIL is the first... Air horn, Horn, Industry 1384 Words \| 6 Pages John Constable Bergholt on the Suffolk side of the river Stour on 11 June 1776 that artist John Constable was born. The house where John was... born is now disappeared, but its prosperous Georgian solidity exists for us in a number of his paintings (Peacock, 15). Golding, Jonh’s father, was a miller and the owner of water mills at Flatford and Dedham, and two windmills at East Bergholt (Taylor, 10). The Constables were a large family, John was the fourth of six children. Though much is not recorded of John’s first... Dedham Vale, Dedham, Essex, East Bergholt 1780 Words \| 5 Pages The 1960's 1960’s The popular trends in the 1960 have changed the decade to make it in style. Trends are things such as fashion, foods,... shoes, and hair. Famous fashion in the 60’s was cashmere turtle necks, colorful wide ties, Ralph Polo brands, and miniskirts (“Writers dream tools decades 60’s “ ). Amongst those people were sporting pant suits, fun furs, wet looking raincoats, pierced ears, Coco Chanel’s brand, tailored two-piece suits, and stretch pants (“ Writers dream tools decades 60’s “).... Boston Strangler, Democratic Party, John F. Kennedy 1881 Words \| 5 Pages Product Life Cycle As A Strategic Marketing Tool 1. Introduction ? What Product Life Cycle is about The Product Life Cycle (PLC) is a theoretical concept, which put forward that... any product idea will go through different stages from beginning to the end. PLC is typically divided into 4 stages and could be illustrated by a bell-shaped curve (see figure 1). The stages are, namely: · Introduction · Growth · Maturity · Decline Total sales of the product vary in each of the 4 stages. They move from zero in the introduction stage to high at maturity... Brand, Brand management, Marketing 2033 Words \| 7 Pages John Deere Case Study The following report is a consultation analysis of John Deere Component Works costing structure. Included is a discussion of the existing cost... system as well as a comparison with the proposal of the Activity Based Costing system. The solutions to the required discussion issues have been thoroughly prepared and are hereby included. Problem Statement: The demand for John Deere Component Work’s (JDCW’s) products has suffered due to the collapse of farmland value and commodity prices. A... Cost, Cost accounting, Costs 1761 Words \| 6 Pages P1/P2 Creative Product Promotion Describe the Promotional Mix Used by Two Selected Organisations for a Selected Product/Service promotional mix used by two selected organisations for a selected product/service. Coca-Cola Founded in 1886 by pharmacist... Dr John S Pemberton in Atlanta, Georgia, The CocaCola Company is the world's leading manufacturer, marketer and distributor of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups, and produces nearly 400 brands. www.coca-cola.co.uk/about-us/introducing-our-business.html Coca-Cola was invented by Dr John Stith Pemberton and first went on sale at Jacob’s Pharmacy in Atlanta... Advertising, Coca-Cola, John Pemberton 1379 Words \| 5 Pages Dr. Kevorkian Choice? Dr. Jack Kevorkian, this is a very controversial debate, is it right to kill someone who is already going to die; or they... suffer out their last days as nature takes its course? I personally do not think it’s a crime to take someone’s life who wants to die due to medical conditions. Some people say he should have never been released from prison, others differ. Should euthanasia and the right to die be made legal? This is a debate that will go on for centuries as Dr. Jack Kevorkian... Euthanasia device, Jack Kevorkian, Michigan's 9th congressional district 849 Words \| 3 Pages John Deere Component Works CASE ANALYSIS REPORT Managerial Accounting: John Deere Component Works. John Deere Component Works (JDCW), subdivision of... John Deere and Co. was in charged specifically of the manufacturing of tractor component parts. The demand for JDCW’s products had problems due to the collapse of farmland value and commodity prices. Numerous and constant failures in JDCW’s competition for bids, alerted top management to start questioning their current costing methods. As an outcome, the analysis has to... Cost, Cost accounting, Costs 1159 Words \| 4 Pages Mgt 406 - Papa Johns Case MGT 406 Case 3 – Papa John’s International Muhammad Khan b00034427 Dr. Virginia Bodolica Question 1: Identify 4 (four) different... competences of Papa John International and justify your selection of these competences by indicating the type of competences that each of them is. The first and most important core competency of Papa John’s is their emphasis on providing a superior quality traditional pizza. This core competency has been the foundation of their success and it has helped them... Calzone, Chicago-style pizza, Papa John's Pizza 1261 Words \| 4 Pages \|Products \|Description \|Prices... \| \| \| \| \|[pic] \|[pic] \| \|Brand name \|Kind \| \|Essel Supermarket \|Robinson’s \|Jenra Grand Mall \| \| ... Flavor 474 Words \| 4 Pages The Legacy of Dr. Kaoru The Legacy of Dr. Kaoru The Legacy of Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa was a Japanese consultant... and father of the scientific analysis of causes/ problems in industrial processes. The purpose of this paper is to recognize the life works and address the impacts of Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa’s works on the world. The focus will help the reader understand his background, key ideas, influence on quality practices, and the correlation to total quality management (TQM). Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa... Diagram, Ishikawa diagram, Kaoru Ishikawa 812 Words \| 3 Pages Evaluation of Two Web Sites - Debenhams and John Lewis student’s choice of websites for comparison in relation to their personal or other interests (100 words) John Lewis and Debenhams websites... were chosen mostly because they are a retail organization which satisfies a wide range of the consumer's personal and residential hard goods product needs; and at the same time offering the consumer a choice of multiple merchandise at variable price points, in all product categories. Basically, one has everything needed in just one place, including the option to choose... Audience, Debenhams, Internet 2036 Words \| 6 Pages Team 5 Sales Case Study Indian Paint Co Ltd Personnel Selling And Sales Manageme Indian Paints Ltd Presented By: Team 5 Team Members: Submitted Saurabh Jain-03 Shrutika Ghag15... Girishma Nair27 Neha Patil-30 Sachin Satyavrathan35 Prof.Manmeet Barve Vivek Singh-43 Introduction → Company name : Indians paints ltd → Location : Mumbai Established in 2000 → Range of products : Heat Resistant Paint, Anti Corrosive Paint, and Paint Thinner, powder coatings, floor coatings and other protective coatings. → Target market : the industrial segment... Coatings, Consultative selling, Customer 439 Words \| 13 Pages PRODUCT Test tube Mortar pestle Dilute HCl Disodium hydrogen phosphate NH4OH AlCl3... NaOH Cobalt nitrate Ammonium carbonate Preparation of the sample: Ten of marketed products (tablets/ capsule) is taken and crushed in mortar pastle. This powder is used as a sample through out the experiment. Sample is taken, then dilute HCl is added, when dissolved the solution then filtered the sample, which is a stock solution. Test... Acid, Ammonia, Ammonium compounds 455 Words \| 3 Pages John Doe Resume JOHN DOE Some st, Anytown, USA PHONE: XXX-XXX-XXXX Email:... [email protected] CELL: XXX-XXX-XXXX O B J E C T I V E: To apply professional expertise as a PROGRAMMER, technical skills, personalize service delivery and translate them into executable strategies for your firm. S U M M A R Y: Electronics engineer with 7 years of programming, scripting, web development... Computer, Computer engineering, Electronic circuit 483 Words \| 3 Pages	i don't know
What colour is the mineral malachite?	Malachite: The mineral malachite information and pictures Advertising Information The Mineral malachite Malachite is a popular mineral with its intense green color and beautiful banded masses. The banded specimens are formed by massive , botryoidal , reniform , and especially stalactitic Malachite that are dense intergrowths of tiny, fibrous needles. Dense banded specimens are often sliced and polished to bring out their beautiful coloring. The bands may consist of concentric rings with interesting patterns; such specimens are highly sought after. These concentric banded specimens are most commonly from African sources. Polished, banded Malachite has been carved into ornaments and worn as jewelry for thousands of years, and in some ancient civilizations it was thought to be a protection from evil when worn as jewelry. Malachite is generally found together with blue Azurite , and sometimes the two may occur admixed or banded together, forming what is commonly known in the gem and mineral trade as " Azure-Malachite ". Malachite may also replace Azurite crystals, retaining the original Azurite shape but chemically alter ing it. For additional information, see the gemstone section on Malachite . USES When found in large pieces, the banded variety of Malachite makes a precious ornamental stone. Small ornamental objects, such as boxes and animal figures, are carved out of this compact stone, and if properly polished, they can be valuable. Malachite is also used as a minor gemstone, and is cut into cabochon s and fashioned into necklace beads. "Azure-malachite" is also used as gemstone and has the same gem applications as banded Malachite. Malachite is very popular among mineral collectors, especially interestingly shaped and banded specimens. It is also used as an ore of copper and crushed to make a green pigment. NOTEWORTHY LOCALITIES There are many places where fine Malachite comes from. Only the best will be mentioned here. Much of the original gem material, from which ornaments and jewelry were made since early times, was from the large deposits in Yekaterinburg Oblast in the Ural Mountains of Russia. Africa contains several outstanding Malachite deposits. The mines at Katanga (Shaba), especially at Kolwezi, in the D.R. Congo (Zaire) produce Malachite in all sorts of odd shapes and forms, and are the source of the best banded , concentric , stalactitic and sparkling specimens. Tsumeb, Namibia, has also produced some of the best Malachite, especially Malachite pseudomorph s after Azurite . The Emke Mine in Ogonja, Namibia is also an outstanding Malachite locality. Morocco also contains fabulous Malachite sources, specifically in Touissit and Kerrouchene. Australia contains important Malachite localities at Burra Burra, South Australia; the Rum Jungle, Batchelor, Northern Territory; and the Sir Dominick Mine, Flinders Ranges, South Australia. A new specimen producer is China, where gorgeous Malachite comes from the Shilu Mine, Yangchun, Guangdong Province, with amazing stalactite s worthy of special mention. Chessy, in the Rhône-Alpes, France, is an old and classic locality, where excellent pseudomorph s of Malachite after Cuprite occur in octahedral and even dodecahedral crystals. Malachite from Brazil is especially prolific in Seabra, Bahia; and popular Mexican Malachite deposits include El Cobre, Concepcion del Oro, Zacatecas; and the now popular Milpillas Mine, Cananea, in Sonora. In the U.S., Arizona is by far the most prolific producer of Malachite, and the mines at Bisbee, Cochise Co., are well known among all collectors for their outstanding variety and quality of Malachite. Other important Arizona localities are Morenci, Greenlee Co.; Ajo, Pima Co.; Mammoth-Saint Anthony, Tiger, Pinal Co.; and the Globe-Miami District, Gila Co.	Green
What do we call the layer of the Earth between its crust and its core?	Malachite \| Color Sorting \| Fandom powered by Wikia Please check out Hexadecimal Chart to see what codes are available to name. The hexadecimal code that matches this color is 0BDA51 Justification This article will be judged by what is written as a justification and may be deleted or rewritten if the justification does not adhere to the Color Sorting Policies . This color was named for This color is a shade of Green The color Malachite is named after a Mineral	i don't know
Shelley’s Adonias is an elegy on the death of which poet?	Adonais: An Elegy on the Death of John Keats by Percy Bysshe Shelley \| Poetry Foundation Adonais: An Elegy on the Death of John Keats by Percy Bysshe Shelley Adonais: An Elegy on the Death of John Keats Related Poem Content Details I weep for Adonais—he is dead! Oh, weep for Adonais! though our tears Thaw not the frost which binds so dear a head! And thou, sad Hour, selected from all years To mourn our loss, rouse thy obscure compeers, And teach them thine own sorrow, say: "With me Died Adonais; till the Future dares Forget the Past, his fate and fame shall be An echo and a light unto eternity!" II Where wert thou, mighty Mother, when he lay, When thy Son lay, pierc'd by the shaft which flies In darkness? where was lorn Urania When Adonais died? With veiled eyes, 'Mid listening Echoes, in her Paradise She sate, while one, with soft enamour'd breath, Rekindled all the fading melodies, With which, like flowers that mock the corse beneath, He had adorn'd and hid the coming bulk of Death. III Oh, weep for Adonais—he is dead! Wake, melancholy Mother, wake and weep! Yet wherefore? Quench within their burning bed Thy fiery tears, and let thy loud heart keep Like his, a mute and uncomplaining sleep; For he is gone, where all things wise and fair Descend—oh, dream not that the amorous Deep Will yet restore him to the vital air; Death feeds on his mute voice, and laughs at our despair. IV Most musical of mourners, weep again! Lament anew, Urania! He died, Who was the Sire of an immortal strain, Blind, old and lonely, when his country's pride, The priest, the slave and the liberticide, Trampled and mock'd with many a loathed rite Of lust and blood; he went, unterrified, Into the gulf of death; but his clear Sprite Yet reigns o'er earth; the third among the sons of light. V Most musical of mourners, weep anew! Not all to that bright station dar'd to climb; And happier they their happiness who knew, Whose tapers yet burn through that night of time In which suns perish'd; others more sublime, Struck by the envious wrath of man or god, Have sunk, extinct in their refulgent prime; And some yet live, treading the thorny road, Which leads, through toil and hate, to Fame's serene abode. VI But now, thy youngest, dearest one, has perish'd, The nursling of thy widowhood, who grew, Like a pale flower by some sad maiden cherish'd, And fed with true-love tears, instead of dew; Most musical of mourners, weep anew! Thy extreme hope, the loveliest and the last, The bloom, whose petals nipp'd before they blew Died on the promise of the fruit, is waste; The broken lily lies—the storm is overpast. VII To that high Capital, where kingly Death Keeps his pale court in beauty and decay, He came; and bought, with price of purest breath, A grave among the eternal.—Come away! Haste, while the vault of blue Italian day Is yet his fitting charnel-roof! while still He lies, as if in dewy sleep he lay; Awake him not! surely he takes his fill Of deep and liquid rest, forgetful of all ill. VIII He will awake no more, oh, never more! Within the twilight chamber spreads apace The shadow of white Death, and at the door Invisible Corruption waits to trace His extreme way to her dim dwelling-place; The eternal Hunger sits, but pity and awe Soothe her pale rage, nor dares she to deface So fair a prey, till darkness and the law Of change shall o'er his sleep the mortal curtain draw. IX Oh, weep for Adonais! The quick Dreams, The passion-winged Ministers of thought, Who were his flocks, whom near the living streams Of his young spirit he fed, and whom he taught The love which was its music, wander not— Wander no more, from kindling brain to brain, But droop there, whence they sprung; and mourn their lot Round the cold heart, where, after their sweet pain, They ne'er will gather strength, or find a home again. X And one with trembling hands clasps his cold head, And fans him with her moonlight wings, and cries, "Our love, our hope, our sorrow, is not dead; See, on the silken fringe of his faint eyes, Like dew upon a sleeping flower, there lies A tear some Dream has loosen'd from his brain." Lost Angel of a ruin'd Paradise! She knew not 'twas her own; as with no stain She faded, like a cloud which had outwept its rain. XI One from a lucid urn of starry dew Wash'd his light limbs as if embalming them; Another clipp'd her profuse locks, and threw The wreath upon him, like an anadem, Which frozen tears instead of pearls begem; Another in her wilful grief would break Her bow and winged reeds, as if to stem A greater loss with one which was more weak; And dull the barbed fire against his frozen cheek. XII Another Splendour on his mouth alit, That mouth, whence it was wont to draw the breath Which gave it strength to pierce the guarded wit, And pass into the panting heart beneath With lightning and with music: the damp death Quench'd its caress upon his icy lips; And, as a dying meteor stains a wreath Of moonlight vapour, which the cold night clips, It flush'd through his pale limbs, and pass'd to its eclipse. XIII And others came . . . Desires and Adorations, Winged Persuasions and veil'd Destinies, Splendours, and Glooms, and glimmering Incarnations Of hopes and fears, and twilight Phantasies; And Sorrow, with her family of Sighs, And Pleasure, blind with tears, led by the gleam Of her own dying smile instead of eyes, Came in slow pomp; the moving pomp might seem Like pageantry of mist on an autumnal stream. XIV All he had lov'd, and moulded into thought, From shape, and hue, and odour, and sweet sound, Lamented Adonais. Morning sought Her eastern watch-tower, and her hair unbound, Wet with the tears which should adorn the ground, Dimm'd the aëreal eyes that kindle day; Afar the melancholy thunder moan'd, Pale Ocean in unquiet slumber lay, And the wild Winds flew round, sobbing in their dismay. XV Lost Echo sits amid the voiceless mountains, And feeds her grief with his remember'd lay, And will no more reply to winds or fountains, Or amorous birds perch'd on the young green spray, Or herdsman's horn, or bell at closing day; Since she can mimic not his lips, more dear Than those for whose disdain she pin'd away Into a shadow of all sounds: a drear Murmur, between their songs, is all the woodmen hear. XVI Grief made the young Spring wild, and she threw down Her kindling buds, as if she Autumn were, Or they dead leaves; since her delight is flown, For whom should she have wak'd the sullen year? To Phoebus was not Hyacinth so dear Nor to himself Narcissus, as to both Thou, Adonais: wan they stand and sere Amid the faint companions of their youth, With dew all turn'd to tears; odour, to sighing ruth. XVII Thy spirit's sister, the lorn nightingale Mourns not her mate with such melodious pain; Not so the eagle, who like thee could scale Heaven, and could nourish in the sun's domain Her mighty youth with morning, doth complain, Soaring and screaming round her empty nest, As Albion wails for thee: the curse of Cain Light on his head who pierc'd thy innocent breast, And scar'd the angel soul that was its earthly guest! XVIII Ah, woe is me! Winter is come and gone, But grief returns with the revolving year; The airs and streams renew their joyous tone; The ants, the bees, the swallows reappear; Fresh leaves and flowers deck the dead Seasons' bier; The amorous birds now pair in every brake, And build their mossy homes in field and brere; And the green lizard, and the golden snake, Like unimprison'd flames, out of their trance awake. XIX Through wood and stream and field and hill and Ocean A quickening life from the Earth's heart has burst As it has ever done, with change and motion, From the great morning of the world when first God dawn'd on Chaos; in its stream immers'd, The lamps of Heaven flash with a softer light; All baser things pant with life's sacred thirst; Diffuse themselves; and spend in love's delight, The beauty and the joy of their renewed might. XX The leprous corpse, touch'd by this spirit tender, Exhales itself in flowers of gentle breath; Like incarnations of the stars, when splendour Is chang'd to fragrance, they illumine death And mock the merry worm that wakes beneath; Nought we know, dies. Shall that alone which knows Be as a sword consum'd before the sheath By sightless lightning?—the intense atom glows A moment, then is quench'd in a most cold repose. XXI Alas! that all we lov'd of him should be, But for our grief, as if it had not been, And grief itself be mortal! Woe is me! Whence are we, and why are we? of what scene The actors or spectators? Great and mean Meet mass'd in death, who lends what life must borrow. As long as skies are blue, and fields are green, Evening must usher night, night urge the morrow, Month follow month with woe, and year wake year to sorrow. XXII He will awake no more, oh, never more! "Wake thou," cried Misery, "childless Mother, rise Out of thy sleep, and slake, in thy heart's core, A wound more fierce than his, with tears and sighs." And all the Dreams that watch'd Urania's eyes, And all the Echoes whom their sister's song Had held in holy silence, cried: "Arise!" Swift as a Thought by the snake Memory stung, From her ambrosial rest the fading Splendour sprung. XXIII She rose like an autumnal Night, that springs Out of the East, and follows wild and drear The golden Day, which, on eternal wings, Even as a ghost abandoning a bier, Had left the Earth a corpse. Sorrow and fear So struck, so rous'd, so rapt Urania; So sadden'd round her like an atmosphere Of stormy mist; so swept her on her way Even to the mournful place where Adonais lay. XXIV Out of her secret Paradise she sped, Through camps and cities rough with stone, and steel, And human hearts, which to her aery tread Yielding not, wounded the invisible Palms of her tender feet where'er they fell: And barbed tongues, and thoughts more sharp than they, Rent the soft Form they never could repel, Whose sacred blood, like the young tears of May, Pav'd with eternal flowers that undeserving way. XXV In the death-chamber for a moment Death, Sham'd by the presence of that living Might, Blush'd to annihilation, and the breath Revisited those lips, and Life's pale light Flash'd through those limbs, so late her dear delight. "Leave me not wild and drear and comfortless, As silent lightning leaves the starless night! Leave me not!" cried Urania: her distress Rous'd Death: Death rose and smil'd, and met her vain caress. XXVI "Stay yet awhile! speak to me once again; Kiss me, so long but as a kiss may live; And in my heartless breast and burning brain That word, that kiss, shall all thoughts else survive, With food of saddest memory kept alive, Now thou art dead, as if it were a part Of thee, my Adonais! I would give All that I am to be as thou now art! But I am chain'd to Time, and cannot thence depart! XXVII "O gentle child, beautiful as thou wert, Why didst thou leave the trodden paths of men Too soon, and with weak hands though mighty heart Dare the unpastur'd dragon in his den? Defenceless as thou wert, oh, where was then Wisdom the mirror'd shield, or scorn the spear? Or hadst thou waited the full cycle, when Thy spirit should have fill'd its crescent sphere, The monsters of life's waste had fled from thee like deer. XXVIII "The herded wolves, bold only to pursue; The obscene ravens, clamorous o'er the dead; The vultures to the conqueror's banner true Who feed where Desolation first has fed, And whose wings rain contagion; how they fled, When, like Apollo, from his golden bow The Pythian of the age one arrow sped And smil'd! The spoilers tempt no second blow, They fawn on the proud feet that spurn them lying low. XXIX "The sun comes forth, and many reptiles spawn; He sets, and each ephemeral insect then Is gather'd into death without a dawn, And the immortal stars awake again; So is it in the world of living men: A godlike mind soars forth, in its delight Making earth bare and veiling heaven, and when It sinks, the swarms that dimm'd or shar'd its light Leave to its kindred lamps the spirit's awful night." XXX Thus ceas'd she: and the mountain shepherds came, Their garlands sere, their magic mantles rent; The Pilgrim of Eternity, whose fame Over his living head like Heaven is bent, An early but enduring monument, Came, veiling all the lightnings of his song In sorrow; from her wilds Ierne sent The sweetest lyrist of her saddest wrong, And Love taught Grief to fall like music from his tongue. XXXI Midst others of less note, came one frail Form, A phantom among men; companionless As the last cloud of an expiring storm Whose thunder is its knell; he, as I guess, Had gaz'd on Nature's naked loveliness, Actaeon-like, and now he fled astray With feeble steps o'er the world's wilderness, And his own thoughts, along that rugged way, Pursu'd, like raging hounds, their father and their prey. XXXII A pardlike Spirit beautiful and swift— A Love in desolation mask'd—a Power Girt round with weakness—it can scarce uplift The weight of the superincumbent hour; It is a dying lamp, a falling shower, A breaking billow; even whilst we speak Is it not broken? On the withering flower The killing sun smiles brightly: on a cheek The life can burn in blood, even while the heart may break. XXXIII His head was bound with pansies overblown, And faded violets, white, and pied, and blue; And a light spear topp'd with a cypress cone, Round whose rude shaft dark ivy-tresses grew Yet dripping with the forest's noonday dew, Vibrated, as the ever-beating heart Shook the weak hand that grasp'd it; of that crew He came the last, neglected and apart; A herd-abandon'd deer struck by the hunter's dart. XXXIV All stood aloof, and at his partial moan Smil'd through their tears; well knew that gentle band Who in another's fate now wept his own, As in the accents of an unknown land He sung new sorrow; sad Urania scann'd The Stranger's mien, and murmur'd: "Who art thou?" He answer'd not, but with a sudden hand Made bare his branded and ensanguin'd brow, Which was like Cain's or Christ's—oh! that it should be so! XXXV What softer voice is hush'd over the dead? Athwart what brow is that dark mantle thrown? What form leans sadly o'er the white death-bed, In mockery of monumental stone, The heavy heart heaving without a moan? If it be He, who, gentlest of the wise, Taught, sooth'd, lov'd, honour'd the departed one, Let me not vex, with inharmonious sighs, The silence of that heart's accepted sacrifice. XXXVI Our Adonais has drunk poison—oh! What deaf and viperous murderer could crown Life's early cup with such a draught of woe? The nameless worm would now itself disown: It felt, yet could escape, the magic tone Whose prelude held all envy, hate and wrong, But what was howling in one breast alone, Silent with expectation of the song, Whose master's hand is cold, whose silver lyre unstrung. XXXVII Live thou, whose infamy is not thy fame! Live! fear no heavier chastisement from me, Thou noteless blot on a remember'd name! But be thyself, and know thyself to be! And ever at thy season be thou free To spill the venom when thy fangs o'erflow; Remorse and Self-contempt shall cling to thee; Hot Shame shall burn upon thy secret brow, And like a beaten hound tremble thou shalt—as now. XXXVIII Nor let us weep that our delight is fled Far from these carrion kites that scream below; He wakes or sleeps with the enduring dead; Thou canst not soar where he is sitting now. Dust to the dust! but the pure spirit shall flow Back to the burning fountain whence it came, A portion of the Eternal, which must glow Through time and change, unquenchably the same, Whilst thy cold embers choke the sordid hearth of shame. XXXIX Peace, peace! he is not dead, he doth not sleep, He hath awaken'd from the dream of life; 'Tis we, who lost in stormy visions, keep With phantoms an unprofitable strife, And in mad trance, strike with our spirit's knife Invulnerable nothings. We decay Like corpses in a charnel; fear and grief Convulse us and consume us day by day, And cold hopes swarm like worms within our living clay. XL He has outsoar'd the shadow of our night; Envy and calumny and hate and pain, And that unrest which men miscall delight, Can touch him not and torture not again; From the contagion of the world's slow stain He is secure, and now can never mourn A heart grown cold, a head grown gray in vain; Nor, when the spirit's self has ceas'd to burn, With sparkless ashes load an unlamented urn. XLI He lives, he wakes—'tis Death is dead, not he; Mourn not for Adonais. Thou young Dawn, Turn all thy dew to splendour, for from thee The spirit thou lamentest is not gone; Ye caverns and ye forests, cease to moan! Cease, ye faint flowers and fountains, and thou Air, Which like a mourning veil thy scarf hadst thrown O'er the abandon'd Earth, now leave it bare Even to the joyous stars which smile on its despair! XLII He is made one with Nature: there is heard His voice in all her music, from the moan Of thunder, to the song of night's sweet bird; He is a presence to be felt and known In darkness and in light, from herb and stone, Spreading itself where'er that Power may move Which has withdrawn his being to its own; Which wields the world with never-wearied love, Sustains it from beneath, and kindles it above. XLIII He is a portion of the loveliness Which once he made more lovely: he doth bear His part, while the one Spirit's plastic stress Sweeps through the dull dense world, compelling there All new successions to the forms they wear; Torturing th' unwilling dross that checks its flight To its own likeness, as each mass may bear; And bursting in its beauty and its might From trees and beasts and men into the Heaven's light. XLIV The splendours of the firmament of time May be eclips'd, but are extinguish'd not; Like stars to their appointed height they climb, And death is a low mist which cannot blot The brightness it may veil. When lofty thought Lifts a young heart above its mortal lair, And love and life contend in it for what Shall be its earthly doom, the dead live there And move like winds of light on dark and stormy air. XLV The inheritors of unfulfill'd renown Rose from their thrones, built beyond mortal thought, Far in the Unapparent. Chatterton Rose pale, his solemn agony had not Yet faded from him; Sidney, as he fought And as he fell and as he liv'd and lov'd Sublimely mild, a Spirit without spot, Arose; and Lucan, by his death approv'd: Oblivion as they rose shrank like a thing reprov'd. XLVI And many more, whose names on Earth are dark, But whose transmitted effluence cannot die So long as fire outlives the parent spark, Rose, rob'd in dazzling immortality. "Thou art become as one of us," they cry, "It was for thee yon kingless sphere has long Swung blind in unascended majesty, Silent alone amid a Heaven of Song. Assume thy winged throne, thou Vesper of our throng!" XLVII Who mourns for Adonais? Oh, come forth, Fond wretch! and know thyself and him aright. Clasp with thy panting soul the pendulous Earth; As from a centre, dart thy spirit's light Beyond all worlds, until its spacious might Satiate the void circumference: then shrink Even to a point within our day and night; And keep thy heart light lest it make thee sink When hope has kindled hope, and lur'd thee to the brink. XLVIII Or go to Rome, which is the sepulchre, Oh, not of him, but of our joy: 'tis nought That ages, empires and religions there Lie buried in the ravage they have wrought; For such as he can lend—they borrow not Glory from those who made the world their prey; And he is gather'd to the kings of thought Who wag'd contention with their time's decay, And of the past are all that cannot pass away. XLIX Go thou to Rome—at once the Paradise, The grave, the city, and the wilderness; And where its wrecks like shatter'd mountains rise, And flowering weeds, and fragrant copses dress The bones of Desolation's nakedness Pass, till the spirit of the spot shall lead Thy footsteps to a slope of green access Where, like an infant's smile, over the dead A light of laughing flowers along the grass is spread; L And gray walls moulder round, on which dull Time Feeds, like slow fire upon a hoary brand; And one keen pyramid with wedge sublime, Pavilioning the dust of him who plann'd This refuge for his memory, doth stand Like flame transform'd to marble; and beneath, A field is spread, on which a newer band Have pitch'd in Heaven's smile their camp of death, Welcoming him we lose with scarce extinguish'd breath. LI Here pause: these graves are all too young as yet To have outgrown the sorrow which consign'd Its charge to each; and if the seal is set, Here, on one fountain of a mourning mind, Break it not thou! too surely shalt thou find Thine own well full, if thou returnest home, Of tears and gall. From the world's bitter wind Seek shelter in the shadow of the tomb. What Adonais is, why fear we to become? LII The One remains, the many change and pass; Heaven's light forever shines, Earth's shadows fly; Life, like a dome of many-colour'd glass, Stains the white radiance of Eternity, Until Death tramples it to fragments.—Die, If thou wouldst be with that which thou dost seek! Follow where all is fled!—Rome's azure sky, Flowers, ruins, statues, music, words, are weak The glory they transfuse with fitting truth to speak. LIII Why linger, why turn back, why shrink, my Heart? Thy hopes are gone before: from all things here They have departed; thou shouldst now depart! A light is pass'd from the revolving year, And man, and woman; and what still is dear Attracts to crush, repels to make thee wither. The soft sky smiles, the low wind whispers near: 'Tis Adonais calls! oh, hasten thither, No more let Life divide what Death can join together. LIV That Light whose smile kindles the Universe, That Beauty in which all things work and move, That Benediction which the eclipsing Curse Of birth can quench not, that sustaining Love Which through the web of being blindly wove By man and beast and earth and air and sea, Burns bright or dim, as each are mirrors of The fire for which all thirst; now beams on me, Consuming the last clouds of cold mortality. LV The breath whose might I have invok'd in song Descends on me; my spirit's bark is driven, Far from the shore, far from the trembling throng Whose sails were never to the tempest given; The massy earth and sphered skies are riven! I am borne darkly, fearfully, afar; Whilst, burning through the inmost veil of Heaven, The soul of Adonais, like a star, Beacons from the abode where the Eternal are.	John Keats
Wordsworth, Coleridge – who was the third of the Lake Poets?	Percy Shelley: Poems “Adonais” Summary and Analysis \| GradeSaver Buy Study Guide Shelley wrote this long poem as an elegy for Shelley’s close friend and fellow poet John Keats , who died in Rome of tuberculosis at the age of 26. The mood of the poem begins in dejection, but ends in optimism—hoping Keats’ spark of brilliance reverberates through the generations of future poets and inspires revolutionary change throughout Europe. Adonis is the stand-in for Keats, for he too died at a young age after being mauled by a boar. In Shelley’s version, the “beast” responsible for Keats’s death is the literary critic, specifically one from London’s Quarterly who gave a scathing review of Keats’ poem “Endymion” (Shelley was unaware of the true cause of Keats’s death). Urania (also known as “Venus” or “Aphrodite”), who is Adonis’ lover in the myth, is rewritten here as the young man’s mother (possibly because Keats had no lover at the time of his death). In a sense, Keats is not dead, for like other great poets, he lives within those who benefited from his life and poetry, and he is alive because he is “one with Nature.” He is even Christlike, a divinity among the best of poets. Even so, he died too soon. In death, he beacons the living to join him in eternity. Analysis The Greek in the subtitle is: “Thou wert the morning star among the living, / ‘Ere thy fair light had fled; / Now, having died, thou art as Hesperus, giving / New splendor to the dead.” This is taken from the “Epigram on Aster,” often attributed to Plato, which Shelley had been translating at the time of John Keats’ death. Shelley is mourning the death of his good friend, the young English poet John Keats. The persona has entered a state of dejection, calling everyone to mourn with him, and announcing that Keats should be remembered forever. To do so, Shelley assigns to Keats’ identity Adonis, a Greek god who was loved by Venus and died at a very young age, being torn apart by wild boars. The overarching form of the poem is a pastoral elegy, meaning that a shepherd of sorts is mourning the death of another. Literarily speaking, the function of pastoral poetry is reflexive in that it uses older traditions to make complex emotions seem simpler. The Greek legend of Adonis is a tale about a handsome youth who was equally admired by Aphrodite (Urania), Queen of Love, and by Persephone, Queen of Death. (Shelley makes Urania into Adonis’ mother in this elegy.) Unable to agree on which Goddess shall have him, Zeus decided he would spend half the year on Earth with Aphrodite (the spring and summer) and half the year in the underworld with Persephone (autumn and winter). During a summer hunt, Adonis pierced a boar with his spear, wounding but not killing the beast. In retaliation, the boar charged Adonis and stabbed him with his tusk, causing a lesion that would eventually kill the young and beautiful prince. It was said that every year the Greek women would mourn for Adonis when he died, then rejoice when he was resurrected (in the form of the windflower). Using this myth as the central theme in the elegy, Shelley is hoping, or suggesting, that Keats shall be as immortal as the young Adonis. Beyond the obvious parallel that both were taken at a young age, Shelley uses this poem to exhort readers to mourn him in his death, but hold onto him in memory and rejoice in his virtual resurrection by reading his words. Shelley blames Keats’ death on literary criticism that was recently published (see lines 150-53; he was unaware that Keats was suffering from tuberculosis). He scorns the weakness and cowardice of the critic compared with the poet, echoing his famous essay providing “A Defense of Poetry.” The poet wonders why Adonis’ mother (“Urania”) was not able to do more to save her beloved son, and he summons all spirits, living and dead, to join him in his mourning. Shelley argues that Keats’ had great potential as a poet and is perhaps the “loveliest and the last” great spirit of the Romantic period (an argument that might be true). Stanzas eight and nine continue with Shelley’s beckoning of mourners. Stanza ten changes to dialogue: his mother, Urania, holds the corpse of her young poet son and realizes that some “dream has loosened from his brain.” That is, something about his mind is not dead although his body may be dead. The body is visited by a series of Greek Goddesses, who take three or four stanzas to prepare the corpse for the afterlife; Keats deserves it. Even nature is mourning the loss, where things like the ocean, winds, and echoes are stopping to pay their respects. As the seasons come and go, the persona is feeling no better. By stanza twenty, the persona finally perceives a separation between the corpse and the spirit, one going to fertilize new life in nature, the other persisting to inspire aesthetic beauty. This is when Urania awakens from her own dejected sleep and takes flight across the land, taunting death to “meet her” but realizing she is “chained to time” and cannot be with her beloved son, so she is again left feeling hopeless and dejected. She acknowledges her son’s “defenselessness” against the “herded wolves” of mankind but then compares him to Apollo, suggesting he will have more inspiration in death than he would have in life. The persona then describes the death of Keats with scorn for those he thinks is responsible. Keats visits his mother as a ghost whom she does not recognize. The persona calls for Keats to be remembered for his work and not the age of his death, and Shelley takes an unusual religious tone as he places Keats as a soul in the heavens, looking down upon earth. Shelley contends that Keats, in death, is more “alive” than the common man will ever be, and he can now exist peacefully, safe from the evils of men and their criticisms. In stanza forty-one, the poem takes a major shift. The narrator begins to rejoice, becoming aware that the young Adonis is alive (in spirit) and will live on forever. We see the Romantic notion that he is now “one with nature,” and just as other young poets who have died (Shelley lists them), their spirits all live on in the inspiration we draw from their work and short lives. Even so, Keats is a head above the rest. Completely turning on his original position, the speaker now calls upon anyone who mourns for Adonis as a “wretch,” arguing that his spirit is immortal, making him as permanent as the great city of Rome. Shelley ends the poem wondering about his own fate, when he will die, and if he will be mourned and remembered with such respect as he is giving Keats. Taken as a whole, then, “Adonais” expresses the many stages of grieving. John Keats died in Rome on February 23, 1821. Not long afterward, Shelley wrote the poem. Did he really go through the whole process described above? Such a recovery through poetry is somewhat surprising given its speed, but we do not have to see this poem as more than aspirational, a hope that this is somehow the way Keats has ended up and the way that those left behind will reconcile themselves to his loss. Instead of taking up these issues directly, Shelley chooses allusion and allegory going back to ancient myth in order to express his sorrow for the loss of his friend and to implore the rest of the world to never forget the work of the young bard. The use of ancient mythology suggests that Shelley sees Keats as a truly majestic figure, as the rest of the poem demonstrates. While Urania is in mourning for the loss of her son, he visits her in spirit form (see lines 296-311). This makes Keats Christlike (with “ensanguined brow”) and makes Urania a kind of grieving Virgin Mary. After Urania does not recognize him, the speaker begins to realize that his beloved Adonis “is not dead” (line 343). This is not just a Christian metaphor of resurrection; it also employs a Platonic idea that all forms of the good emanate from the absolute good. As an example of the good and the beautiful, Keats partakes in the eternal and therefore never dies (see line 340). This is the realization that causes the speaker to rejoice and change his view from sadness to optimism, and the speaker now begins to immortalize Keats in many different forms. “He is made one with Nature,” and he “bursts” in beauty—from trees to beasts to men to Heaven. Finally, the poet almost dares the reader, if he is still mourning, to join him in his newfound vision of immortality in mutated form (lines 415-23). He alludes to the city of Rome as “the grave, the city, and the wilderness,” where mourning is “dull time.” That is, if you do not quit this mourning, you risk finding yourself in your own tomb (lines 455-59). Ultimately, Shelley concedes the passing of his friend because he accepts the idea that Keats’ “light” will continue to “kindle” the inspiration of the universe. So long as we never forget the power of Adonis’ spiritual resurrection, he will forever remain. The poet’s “breath,” in the “light” that shall guide Shelley throughout the rest of his life (Shelley died not long afterward, in 1822).	i don't know
With which profession does one associate the Stanislawski Method?	What is the Stanislavski Method of Acting? (with pictures) What is the Stanislavski Method of Acting? Originally Written By: Jessica Ellis Revised By: G. Wiesen Last Modified Date: 14 December 2016 Copyright Protected: Top 10 amazing movie makeup transformations Developed in the early 20th century at the Moscow Art Theater by Constantin Stanislavski, the Stanislavski method of acting is a set of techniques meant to create realistic portrayals of characters. The major goal of the Stanislavski method is to have a perfect understanding of the motivations, obstacles, and objectives of a character in each moment. Actors often use this technique for realistic plays, where they try to present an accurate portrayal of normal life. It is not the same as " Method Acting ," which goes even further into becoming a character. Three Core Elements To begin employing the Stanislavski method, actors generally go over the script very carefully, looking for key identifying factors. A performer discovers what a character wants, what prevents the character from getting it, and what means the character will use to achieve this goal. These concepts are frequently referred to as "objective," "obstacle," and "method." Actors must also determine the given circumstances of every scene, such as where the scene takes place, what is in the room, and what is going on in the outside world. Beginning with Objectives To identify the objective clearly, an actor breaks down a scene into “beats” or “bits,” which are short sections that end with each change of objective. In a basic example, if a character pours a cup of coffee, answers the phone, and then runs screaming out of the house, the scene has at least three separate beats. At the bare minimum, the objective changes from pouring coffee, to answering the phone, to getting out of the building. Beats are not determined on action alone, however, and may be based on a change of argument or emotion. Actors can define objectives even within individual lines of dialogue, based on a concept called “objective words.” It is the actor’s job to understand and play the character’s objective not only in the entire play or film, each scene, and each beat, but also in each line. Determining what the key motivation is behind each line is a basic practice in the Stanislavski method. The "Magic If" In order to help actors portray the honest objective of the character, Stanislavski pioneered a concept called the “magic if.” To help connect the character to the actor, performers must ask themselves “What if this situation happened to me?” Through this activity, actors identify with characters as possible aspects of themselves, allowing them to think like the characters, rather than just impersonate them. Obstacles and Methods Within a Scene Obstacles are things preventing a character from achieving his or her objective. In the previous scene, if the character trips while trying to run, it would present an obstacle to the objective of getting out of the house. Obstacles are dealt with through one of three methods: the character gives up the objective because of it, finds a way to go around it, or plunges along regardless. The method a character chooses in dealing with obstacles gives great insight into that character; the basis for much of the Stanislavski method lies in defining how and why a character chooses a particular response. The Internal Monologue Understanding the objectives and methods of a character allows a performer to create an internal monologue for that character. Real people typically have a semi-constant flow of thoughts going on in their minds, and the Stanislavski method attempts to create a similar internal monologue for a character. This technique helps each action feel as if it comes spontaneously, rather than simply because the script says it should happen. Actors also use this monologue to help them prevent a scene from becoming repetitious or dull even after many performances. Differences from "Method Acting" Due of its emphasis on realism, the Stanislavski method is often used in modern plays, film, and television. It should not be confused with Lee Strasberg’s “Method Acting,” however, which involves an actor attempting to completely become a character. The Stanislavski method maintains that a performer must remain somewhat separate from the character, in order to properly understand his or her motivations and goals. Ad	Acting
In a top ten hit for Dusty Springfield who was Billy Ray?	What is the Stanislavski Method of Acting? (with pictures) What is the Stanislavski Method of Acting? Originally Written By: Jessica Ellis Revised By: G. Wiesen Last Modified Date: 14 December 2016 Copyright Protected: Top 10 amazing movie makeup transformations Developed in the early 20th century at the Moscow Art Theater by Constantin Stanislavski, the Stanislavski method of acting is a set of techniques meant to create realistic portrayals of characters. The major goal of the Stanislavski method is to have a perfect understanding of the motivations, obstacles, and objectives of a character in each moment. Actors often use this technique for realistic plays, where they try to present an accurate portrayal of normal life. It is not the same as " Method Acting ," which goes even further into becoming a character. Three Core Elements To begin employing the Stanislavski method, actors generally go over the script very carefully, looking for key identifying factors. A performer discovers what a character wants, what prevents the character from getting it, and what means the character will use to achieve this goal. These concepts are frequently referred to as "objective," "obstacle," and "method." Actors must also determine the given circumstances of every scene, such as where the scene takes place, what is in the room, and what is going on in the outside world. Beginning with Objectives To identify the objective clearly, an actor breaks down a scene into “beats” or “bits,” which are short sections that end with each change of objective. In a basic example, if a character pours a cup of coffee, answers the phone, and then runs screaming out of the house, the scene has at least three separate beats. At the bare minimum, the objective changes from pouring coffee, to answering the phone, to getting out of the building. Beats are not determined on action alone, however, and may be based on a change of argument or emotion. Actors can define objectives even within individual lines of dialogue, based on a concept called “objective words.” It is the actor’s job to understand and play the character’s objective not only in the entire play or film, each scene, and each beat, but also in each line. Determining what the key motivation is behind each line is a basic practice in the Stanislavski method. The "Magic If" In order to help actors portray the honest objective of the character, Stanislavski pioneered a concept called the “magic if.” To help connect the character to the actor, performers must ask themselves “What if this situation happened to me?” Through this activity, actors identify with characters as possible aspects of themselves, allowing them to think like the characters, rather than just impersonate them. Obstacles and Methods Within a Scene Obstacles are things preventing a character from achieving his or her objective. In the previous scene, if the character trips while trying to run, it would present an obstacle to the objective of getting out of the house. Obstacles are dealt with through one of three methods: the character gives up the objective because of it, finds a way to go around it, or plunges along regardless. The method a character chooses in dealing with obstacles gives great insight into that character; the basis for much of the Stanislavski method lies in defining how and why a character chooses a particular response. The Internal Monologue Understanding the objectives and methods of a character allows a performer to create an internal monologue for that character. Real people typically have a semi-constant flow of thoughts going on in their minds, and the Stanislavski method attempts to create a similar internal monologue for a character. This technique helps each action feel as if it comes spontaneously, rather than simply because the script says it should happen. Actors also use this monologue to help them prevent a scene from becoming repetitious or dull even after many performances. Differences from "Method Acting" Due of its emphasis on realism, the Stanislavski method is often used in modern plays, film, and television. It should not be confused with Lee Strasberg’s “Method Acting,” however, which involves an actor attempting to completely become a character. The Stanislavski method maintains that a performer must remain somewhat separate from the character, in order to properly understand his or her motivations and goals. Ad	i don't know
What is the family name of the ruling dynasty of Monaco?	History of Monaco HISTORY Since ancient times, Monaco has always been at the crossroads of history. Initially the Ligurians, the ancient people who first settled Monaco, were concerned with the strategic location of the Rock of Monaco. Evidence of the Ligurian occupation of Monaco was found in a cave in the Saint Martin’s Gardens. Originally a mountain-dwelling people, they were known for their hard work and their frugality, two traits by which Monegasque citizens are known for today. Founded by the Phocaeans of Massalia during the 6th century, the colony of Monoikos became an important port of the Mediterranean coast. Monoikos, from Greek roughly translates to "single house," enforcing the ideas of sovereignty, self-sufficiency and self-reliance. Ancient myths venerate Hercules as having passed through this area.. To this day there is evidence of an admiration of Hercules: the largest port is named Port Hercule. Julius Caesar stopped in Monoecus after the Gallic Wars on his way to campaign in Greece. After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476, Monaco was ravaged by Saracens and barbarian tribes. After the Saracens were expelled in 975, the depopulated area was reclaimed by the Ligurians. In 1215, construction began on a fortress atop the Rock of Monaco by a detachment of Genoese Ghibellines. With the intention of turning the Rock of Monaco into a military stronghold, the Ghibellines created a settlement around the base of the Rock to support the garrison. To draw in residents from Genoa and other surrounding cities, the Ghibellines offered land grants and tax exemptions to newcomers. Civil strife in Genoa between the Guelph and Ghibelline families resulted in many taking refuge in Monaco, among them the Guelph family. Son of Otto Canella, Consul of Genoa in 1133, Grimaldo began the House of Grimaldi, the future ruling family of Monaco. In 1297, François Grimaldi ("Malizia", translated from Italian as "The Cunning") disguised as a Franciscan monk alongside his cousin Rainier I and his men captured the fortress atop the Rock of Monaco. At his death in 1309, François Grimaldi was succeeded by his cousin, Rainier I. His son, Charles Grimaldi, who would come to be known as Charles I, is considered by historians to be the real founder of the Principality. He added the areas of Menton and Roquebrune, increasing the size of the Principality. Charles I had an important role in the court of the King of France. Rainier II never entered Monaco, and divided the land between his three sons, Ambrose, Antoine, and Jean. Jean I, who died in 1454, was succeeded by a son, Catalan. Catalan’s daughter, Claudine, married a Grimaldi of the Antibes branch, Lambert. It was under his rule that Monaco was recognized as independent by King Charles VIII of France in 1489. Almost two centuries after François Grimaldi first captured the fortress atop the Rock of Monaco, the Grimaldi's had achieved indisputable sovereignty over the Principality. Repeated attempts by the Genoese to recapture the fortress proved unrewarding. Louis XII confirmed Monaco's independence, establishing an alliance between the Princes of Monaco and the King of France. Then, disputes with the French authorities ended in Monaco being placed under the protection of Spain. This resulted in many financial burdens for the Principality, including shouldering the costs of a garrison Spain placed in the fortress from 1524 for more than a century. Lambert Grimaldi d’Antibes had three sons, Jean, Lucien, and Augustin. Lucien’s son, Honoré I had two sons, Charles II and Hercule, and enjoyed a peaceful reign towards the end of his lifetime. However, both of his sons ruled one after the other, neither for very long. Prior to this point, the ruler of Monaco was referred to as “Lord of Monaco”. In 1612, Hercule’s son Honoré II, was first given the title of "Prince of Monaco", which became the official title of the ruler of Monaco and would be passed on to his successors. Honoré II led Monaco through a brilliant period; his chief contribution was re-establishing Monaco's alliance with France, which was only realized after more than ten years of negotiations. In 1641, a treaty was signed granting Monaco the protection of France, and furthermore confirmed the sovereignty of Monaco its independence, rights and privileges. Honoré II was given a French garrison to command, which he used to expel the occupying Spanish garrison that was still in the fortress. The Prince was received at the French Court and was awarded many honors and privileges. Honoré II made additions to the Prince's Palace, as well as decorated the Palace with many paintings, tapestries, and valuable ornaments. Many visitors during this time marveled at the vast collection he had accrued. Despite a lack of resources, the people of Monaco lived rather well, enjoying extensive maritime commerce and profiting from the taxes imposed on ships on their way to Italy. However, the suppression of feudal rights, as was voted by the French Constituent Assembly seized all of the Prince's monetary possessions in 1789, placing the royal family in a grave financial predicament. In 1793, French Revolutionary forces captured Monaco, further exacerbating the situation of the royal family. The vast art collections and all of the possessions of the royal family were sold at auctions. The Palace was converted into a hospital and then into a home for the poor. The Prince's family was imprisoned, freed, and then several members of his family had to enter the French army in desperation. After Napoleon abdicated the throne in 1814, Monaco was returned to its previous state under the new rule of Honoré IV. However, the Principality was re-established as a protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Monaco remained a protectorate until 1860 when, by the Treaty of Turin at the time of Italy’s unification, Monaco was ceded to France. With unrest in Menton and Roquebrune, the Prince gave up his claim to the two towns (which made up 95% of the Principality at the time) in return for four million francs. Both the transfer of these two cities and Monaco's sovereignty were recognized by the Franco-Monegasque Treaty of 1861. In spite of the four million franc indemnity, Monaco's reduced size and loss of the income it would have gained from Roquebrune and Menton prevented the Principality from escaping its difficult financial predicament. In 1856, Charles III of Monaco (Honore IV grandson) granted a concession to Napoleon Langlois and Albert Aubert to establish a sea-bathing facility for the treatment of various diseases, and to build a German-style casino in Monaco. The initial casino was opened in La Condamine in 1862, but was not a success; its present location in the area called "Les Spelugues" (The Caves) of Monte Carlo, came only after several relocations in the years that followed. The success of the casino grew slowly, largely due to the area's inaccessibility from much of Europe. The Societé des Bains de Mer (SBM) opened the famous Monte Carlo Casino in 1863. With an ideal location, Monaco provided an enchanting setting for hotels, the theater, and a casino. Even though it was difficult at the time to reach the Principality, the Casino proved to be a tremendous boon to their economy. The Hôtel de Paris was established in 1864 by Charles III of Monaco adjacent to the casino. It is a hotel in the heart of Monte Carlo. It belongs to the Société des bains de mer de Monaco, and is the first elite palace in Monaco. The hotel has 106 rooms divided into four groups based on type of view, decoration and luxury.[5] The Exclusive City View offers 20 rooms, the Superior Courtyard has 29 large rooms, the Exclusive Sea View 59 and the Exclusive Casino has six. Economic development was further spurred in 1868 with a railway link to France, resulting in remarkable numbers of visitors to the Principality. The Opéra de Monte-Carlo or Salle Garnier was built by the architect Charles Garnier as an exact replica in miniature of the Paris Opera House. The auditorium of the opera house is decorated in red and gold and has frescoes and sculptures all around the auditorium. It was inaugurated on January 25, 1879 with a performance by Sarah Bernhardt dressed as a nymph. The first opera performed there was Robert Planquette's Le Chevalier Gaston on 8 February 1879, and that was followed by three more in the first season. Albert I, previously devoted to scientific research in the fields of oceanography and paleontology, assumed the role of Prince of Monaco in 1889. With an outstanding reputation, a seat in the Academy of Sciences, and various discoveries which are too numerous to discuss, he established the Oceanographic Museum, which is one of the top centers for oceanography to this day. Jacques-Yves Cousteau was the Director of the Oceanographic Museum from 1957 to 1988. In 1911, Prince Albert I adopted the first Constitution of the Principality, separating the 3 forms of power: executive, legislature and judiciary originally held by the Prince. The Prince exercises his sovereign authority in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution and laws. The Prince represents the Principality in its dealings with foreign powers. The total or partial revision of the Constitution is subject to mutual agreement of the Prince and the National Council. - Legislative power is shared between the Head of State who has the legislative initiative and the National Council which votes on them. - The executive branch is under the authority of the Prince, the Government is exercised by a Minister of State who represents the Prince assisted by a Council of Government. The Minister of State and Government Counsellors are responsible to the Prince for the administration of the Principality. - In law, the judiciary is for the Prince. Present Constitution states that He delegates its full exercise to the courts, which administer justice in His name. From this principle flows the independence of the judiciary by the executive Part of the Treaty of Versailles in July 1918 provided for limited French protection over Monaco. This established that the Principality's international policy would be aligned with French political, military, and economic interests. Attempting to remain neutral during World War II, Prince Louis II’s sympathies were strongly pro-French. Nevertheless, the Italian army invaded and occupied Monaco. After Mussolini's collapse in Italy, Monaco was also occupied by Nazi Germany. Prince Louis used the Monaco police to warn Jewish inhabitants of Monaco that they were marked to be arrested by the Gestapo, allowing them time to escape. Many Jewish people who lived in Monaco at the time were able to escape due to the assistance of Louis II and the Monegasque police. With the German army retreating from Monaco due to the Allied advance, an American contingent liberated the Principality. Following the death of his grandfather in 1949, Prince Rainier III succeeded the throne as the Sovereign Prince of Monaco. On April 19, 1956, Prince Rainier married the American Actress Grace Kelly. This event focused the world's attention on Monaco, as well as established permanent bonds linking the United States of America with Monaco. They had three children, H.S.H. Princess Caroline, H.S.H. Prince Albert II, and H.S.H. Princess Stephanie. Proclaimed in 1962, a new constitution provided for women's suffrage, abolished capital punishment, and established a Supreme Court of Monaco, guaranteeing fundamental liberties. Prince Rainier had an outstanding reign, turning Monaco into a thriving center of international finance and business, as well as maintaining its status as a premier luxury tourist destination. He oversaw the addition of the Fontvieille district; a district completely recovered from the sea which increased the Principality's surface area by 25%. He pioneered many innovative infrastructure improvements, as well as major projects such the Port Hercule transformation, which allows for more ships to dock there as well as large cruise ships, and the Grimaldi Forum Monaco, a futuristic conference and cultural center. The economy of the Principality increased dramatically as a result. Prince Rainier III established the Principality's status in the international community as well. In 1993, the Principality of Monaco became the 183rd member of the United Nations in 1993 with full voting rights. In 2002 a new treaty between France and Monaco established that if there were no heirs to carry on the Grimaldi dynasty, the Principality would remain an independent nation. In 2004 Monaco was admitted to the Council of Europe. In addition, Prince Rainier III offered His patronage and financial support to various social and humanitarian causes throughout the world. He staunchly supported the work of scientists in resolving environmental issues, and was a foremost supporter of various conservation practices. On April 6, 2005, Prince Rainer III died after a reign of 56 years. H.S.H Prince Albert II acceded to the Throne.	Grimaldi
What instruction to a printer means ‘let the original stand’?	Prince Rainier of Monaco - Biography - IMDb Prince Rainier of Monaco Jump to: Overview (3) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (1) \| Trivia (13) Overview (3) 6 April 2005 , Monacoville, Monaco (lung, heart and kidney problems) Birth Name Rainier Louis Henri Maxence Bertrand de Grimaldi Mini Bio (1) Born the sole heir to the throne of the nation of Monaco, Prince Rainier lived his life by duty. The son of Charlotte Grimaldi, the illegitimate daughter of Monaco's Prince Louis, Rainier was the aging Monarch's only grandson and was therefore invested as his heir. He knew the constraints of duty immediately - as he was sole heir, he could not abdicate his throne for any reason, as there was no-one else to take it over. By law, Monaco must have a male Grimaldi as ruler, or the principality reverts to the ownership of France. While still a young man, Rainier was forced to break off plans to marry his girlfriend after tests showed she was infertile. While he cared for her, Monaco had to have an heir. He soon became known as the wealthiest bachelor in the world, and for a short time even Marilyn Monroe was considered for his bride. Instead, he wed famous film star Grace Kelly in what was termed "the Wedding of the Century". A year later the new Princess Grace gave birth to their first child, daughter Princess Caroline of Monaco . A year after this event came the birth of their son and heir Prince Albert of Monaco , Marquis of Baux. A few years later Princess Stéphanie of Monaco arrived to round out the family. After the tragic death of Princess Grace in a car accident, Princess Caroline took on her mother's role as Monaco's unofficial First Lady. Caroline has three children (Andrea, Pierre, and Charlotte) by her second husband, Stefano Casiraghi (who died in a speed-boat accident) and a daughter (Princess Alexandra) by her third husband, Prince Ernst August of Hanover. Princess Stephanie has two children by her short-lived marriage to bodyguard Daniel Ducruet and an illegitimate daughter, Camille. Prince Albert remained unmarried, and seemingly inherited his father's former title as the most eligible Prince in the world. Rainer had many health problems in later life, and died in hospital on April 5th 2005 following a long illness, at the age of 81. Following his state funeral, attended by many world dignitaries and royalty, his son formally succeeded him as Prince Albert II of Monaco. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Nichol Spouse (1) ( 18 April 1956 - 14 September 1982) (her death) (3 children) Trivia (13) Seventh grandchild born. [1999] Succeeded his grandfather Louis Grimaldi (Prince Louis II). Rainier's mother, Princess Charlotte, renounced her rights to succession so that he could come to the throne. [May 1949] Had his look-alike puppet in the French show Les guignols de l'info (1988). Monegasque by nationality but is French, Italian, and Scottish by genealogy. At the time of his death he was the world's second-longest reigning monarch. Drew up Monaco's latest constitution (1962), significantly reducing the power of the sovereign, ending autocratic rule, and placing power with the prince and a National Council of eighteen elected members. Served as a Second Lieutenant in the French army. His courage during the German counter-offensive in Alsace earned him the Croix de Guerre, the Bronze Star and the rank of Chevalier in the Legion of Honor. Although his grandfather, Prince Louis II, fought for the French during World War I, he supported the Nazi-installed Vichy government of his old army colleague, Marshall Petain, and did little when Italy invaded and occupied Monaco, setting up a fascist government. Louis's vacillation caused an enormous rift with Rainier. Died three days after the death of Pope John Paul II , the ruler of the world's smallest independent nation, the Vatican City. Monaco is the second smallest independent nation in the world. Underwent brain surgery after suffering an aneurysm in December 1999. Had a tumor removed from his lung on February 2nd 2000.	i don't know
What breed of dog’s evidence is admissible in an American court?	First animal whose evidence is admissible in court \| Guinness World Records First animal whose evidence is admissible in court Share Where United States Essentially a nose with a dog attached, a trained bloodhound is the first animal whose evidence is legally admissible in some US courts. A typical bloodhound's nose is lined with 230 million scent receptors - around 40 times more than the human nose - which are used in court to match scene-of-crime evidence to criminals. Bloodhounds have been used to trail human scent since Roman times. All records listed on our website are current and up-to-date. For a full list of record titles, please use our Record Application Search. (You will be need to register / login for access)	Bloodhound
What word is used for the tail of a rabbit, hare or deer?	The bloodhound is the only animal whose evidence is admissible in an American court.... Rate This Interesting Fun Funny Fact The most dogs ever owned by one person were 5,000 Mastiffs owned by Kubla Khan. Topic: Dog Facts \| Dogs hear sounds up to four times the distance that humans are able to. Topic: Dog Facts \| The average dog can run about 19 mph. Greyhounds are the fastest dogs on Earth and can run at speeds of 45 mph. Topic: Dog Facts \| All but two breeds of dogs have pink tongues. The Chow Chow and the Shar-pei, both have black tongues. Topic: Dog Facts \| Dogs have lived with humans for over 14,000 years. Cats have lived with people for only 7,000 years. Topic: Dog Facts \| There are 701 types of pure breed dogs. Topic: Dog Facts \| Over one million stray dogs live in the New York City metropolitan area. Topic: Dog Facts \| Chained dogs are 3 times more likely to bite than unchained dogs. Topic: Dog Facts \| Dogs have far fewer taste buds than people ? probably fewer than 2,000 compared to human's 9,000. Topic: Dog Facts \| The smartest dogs are: 1) border collie; 2) poodle; 3) golden retriever. Topic: Dog Facts \| Dalmatian puppies are born pure white, with their spots developing as the mature. Topic: Dog Facts \| Boxers are named for their playful habit of using their front paws in frolic. Topic: Dog Facts \| There are over 58 million dogs in the U.S! Topic: Dog Facts \| Dogs have 42 teeth, cats about 30. Topic: Dog Facts \| Nose prints are used to identify dogs, just like humans use fingerprints! Topic: Dog Facts \| Dogs can hear sounds that you cant! Topic: Dog Facts \| There are an estimated 400 million dogs in the world. Topic: Dog Facts \| The first two years of a dog's life are equal to 24 human years. Topic: Dog Facts \| The U.S. has the highest dog population in the world. France has the second highest. Topic: Dog Facts \| The flea can jump 350 times its body length, that is like a human jumping the length of a football field. Topic: Dog Facts \| In the movie 'The Wizard Of Oz', Toto the dog's salary was $125 a week, while Judy Garland was $500 a week. Topic: Dog Facts \| The earliest European images of dogs are found in cave paintings dating back 12,000 years ago in Spain. Topic: Dog Facts \| It was once against the law to have a pet dog in a city in Iceland! Topic: Dog Facts \| President Franklin Roosevelt created a minor international incident when he claimed he sent a destroyer to the Aleutian Islands just to pick up his Scottish Terrier, Fala, who had been left behind. Topic: Dog Facts \| The average city dog lives three years longer than the average country dog. Topic: Dog Facts \| A dog's sense of smell is about 1000 times better than a person's. Topic: Dog Facts \| Saint Bernards were trained to rescue lost travelers in the Swiss Alps. Topic: Dog Facts \| The most popular male dog names are Max and Jake. The most popular female dog names are Maggie and Molly. Topic: Dog Facts \| The bloodhound is the only animal whose evidence is admissible in an American court. Topic: Dog Facts \| Alexander the Great is said to have founded and named a city Peritas, in memory of his dog. Topic: Dog Facts \| Greyhounds have the best eyesight of any breed of dog. Topic: Dog Facts \| The Canary Islands were not named after a bird called the canary. They were named after a breed of dogs! Topic: Dog Facts \| Dogs and cats consume over $11 billion worth of pet food a year! Topic: Dog Facts \| Contrary to popular belief, dogs do not only sweat by salivating. They also sweat through the poors on their feet. Topic: Dog Facts \| The most popular dog breed in Canada, U.S., and Great Britain is the Labrador retriever. Topic: Dog Facts \| The Basenji is the world's only bark-less dog. Topic: Dog Facts \| The best time for taking a puppy from its litter, psychologically and physically, is when it is 49 days old. Topic: Dog Facts \| The Chow and the Chinese Shar-Pei are the only dogs that have black tongues. Topic: Dog Facts \|	i don't know
Which TV programme featured the Olympic Hide and Seek Final?	Monty Python's Flying Circus, Series 3 - TV Shows - TV SHOWS - Monty Python's Flying Circus, Series 3 "Monty Python's Flying Circus, Series 3" Director/Producer: Ian MacNaughton Broadcast on BBC1 In December 1971 the Pythons began recording their third BBC series, pushing themselves with more creative narrative development and more surreal characters (and, thanks to improved BBC budgets, more ambitious location shoots). The third series also marked the first Python episode in which a single story ("The Cycling Tour") took up the entire half-hour. Pushing the boundaries of taste, however, ended up inviting more oversight by the BBC's censors. Series Highlights Episode 27, "Whicker's World" (Original air date: 19 Oct. 1972) – Njorl's Saga; Multiple Homicide Trial; Police Pursuit Inside Body Animation; Stock Exchange Report; Mrs. Premise and Mrs. Conclusion Visit Jean-Paul Sartre; Whicker's World Episode 28 [No official title] (Original air date: 26 Oct. 1972) – Mr. and Mrs. Brian Norris' Ford Popular; Schoolboy's Extracurricular Activities; How to Do It; Mrs. Niggerbaiter; Farming Club; The Life of Tschaikowsky; Trim-Jeans Theatre Presents; Fish Slapping Dance; Submarine Fish Animation; Puss in Boots; BBC Budget Cuts Episode 29 [No official title] (Original air date: 2 Nov. 1972) – The Money Programme; Erizabeth L; Church Police; Jungle Restaurant; Ken Russell's "Gardening Club"; The Lost World of Roiurama; Argument Clinic Episode 30 [No official title] (Original air date: 9 Nov. 1972) – "Blood, Devastation, Death, War & Horror," featuring the Man Who Speaks in Anagrams; Merchant Banker; Nature Film; The House Hunters Animation; Mary Recruitment Office; The Man Who Makes People Laugh Uncontrollably; News Reader Gestures; BBC Announcers; "The Pantomime Horse Is a Secret Agent Film" Episode 31, "The All-England Summarize Proust Competition" (Original air date: 16 Nov. 1972) – The All-England Summarize Proust Competition; Everest Climbed by Hairdressers; Fire Brigade; "Party Hints With Veronica Smalls"; Language Lab; Travel Agent (Mr. Smoketoomuch); (Miss) Anne Elk Episode 32 [No official title] (Original air date: 23 Nov. 1972) – Tory Housewives Anti-Pornography Campaign; Gumby Brain Surgeon; Molluscs; The Minster for Not Listening to People; Apology (Politicians); Expedition to Lake Pahoe; The Silliest Sketch Ever Episode 33 [No official title] (Original air date: 30 Nov. 1972) – Biggles Dictates a Letter; Climbing Uxbridge Road; Lifeboat; "Storage Jars"; Why Television Is Bad for Your Eyes; The Show So Far; Cheese Shoppe; Sam Peckinpah's "Salad Days"; Apology; Interlude Episode 34, "The Cycling Tour" (Original air date: 7 Dec. 1972) – The Cycling Tour, Featuring Mr. Pither, Trotsky, Bingo-crazed Chinese, Clodagh Rogers and Dancing Monsters Episode 35 [No official title] (Original air date: 14 Dec. 1972) – A Bomb on the Plane; English Literature Housing Project; "Mortuary Hour"; The Olympic Hide-and-Seek Final; The Cheap-Laughs; Bull-Fighting; Chairman of the The British Well-Basically Club; Probe on the Planet Algon Episode 36 [No official title] (Original air date: 21 Dec. 1972) – Tudor Pornography; The Rev. Arthur Belling; The Free Repetition of Doubtful Words Things; "Is There?"; Thripshaw's Disease; Silly Noises; Sherry-Hoarding Vicar Episode 37 [No official title] (Original air date: 4 Jan. 1973) – "Boxing Tonight"; Dennis Moore; Astrology Sketch; Ideal Loon Exposition; Poetry of the Off-License; "Prejudice" Episode 38 [No official title] (Original air date: 11 Jan. 1973) – Choreographed Conservative Party Broadcast; "A Book at Bedtime"; Kamikaze Scotsmen; No Time to Lose; "2001: A Space Odyssey" Bone; Penguins; Spot the Loony; Rival Documentaries; New BBC Series Promos Episode 39, "Grandstand" (Original air date: 18 Jan. 1973) – Light Entertainment Awards With Dickie Attenborough; Oscar Wilde Sketch; Pasolini's "The Third Test Match"; David Niven's Fridge; Curry's Brains; Blood Donor; International Wife-Swapping; The Dirty Vicar Sketch The Making of The third series featured some of Python's most memorable bits: Dennis Moore, the Cheese Shoppe, "The Money Programme," The All-England Summarize Proust Competition, Sam Peckinpah's "Salad Days," and the Fish-Slapping Dance. Terry Gilliam's animations included an eye-gouging television set and a spot-on parody of "2001." One of the most surreal sketches ever featured a city gent (Terry Jones) who makes people laugh uncontrollably just by uttering a word. Fired from his firm due to the debilitating effect he has on his co-workers, he pours out his soul to his manager, even threatening suicide, while his boss is reduced to uncontrollable fits of laughter. While previously the BBC did not interfere with the production of "Monty Python's Flying Circus," during the third series, program executives began making their presence felt before episodes were transmitted. "The BBC was changing – it was more sensitive to political pressure – but it felt like special attention was being paid to us because we were 'naughty boys,'" said Terry Jones. "When the first and second series went out, nobody ever looked at the shows or anything until they went out. In the last [second series] episode we had the 'Undertaker' sketch, which was a gross breach of good taste! … I think Ian [MacNaughton] really got carpeted for that. And then [for] the next series, they wanted to look at the shows before they went out." At one point BBC executives presented a memo dubbed "Thirty-Two Points of Worry," about items in episodes that were deemed offensive or problematic, such as the "Proust Competition" participant who lists his hobbies as "strangling animals, golf and masturbating." [Apparently, strangling animals was OK, but masturbation was not.] "Some of the [points] were things they'd made up," said Jones, such as, "'You must remove the giant penis that John holds around the door.' What on earth are they talking about? Had a look at it – it was actually a severed leg that somebody had to sign in the 'Curry's Brains' sketch.' It was just they weren't looking very carefully!" One bit that was cut due to BBC pressure was the "Wee-Wee Sketch," in which Eric Idle offers Terry Jones a drink from his vast wine cellar, except the wine turns out to be wee-wee. "He's been laying down wee-wee for years!" said Terry Gilliam. "It's just a very silly sketch." By David Morgan, 2014	Monty Python's Flying Circus
Which capital was burned by the British in 1814?	Geek Deal: The Complete Monty Python's 16 Ton Megaset: Flying Circus for $35 - /Film /Film Geek Deal: The Complete Monty Python’s 16 Ton Megaset: Flying Circus for $35 Posted on Tuesday, December 29th, 2009 by Peter Sciretta Amazon’s Gold Box Deal of the Day today is The Complete Monty Python’s 16 Ton Megaset: Flying Circus for only $34.99 , 65% off the $100 suggested retail price. As with any of the Gold Box Deals of the Day, the price will only be good for 24 hours, so get it while you can. This unassuming case is packed with 16 tons of funny: 14 discs of MONTY PYTHON’S FLYING CIRCUS, packed with every episode from the programme’s four year run, plus 2 MONTY PYTHON LIVE! discs featuring–well, you figure it out. While to the uninitiated they may look like ordinary .65 oz. digital video discs, due to the unique physics of comedy (it’s like quantum but with fewer dead cats), each disc actually weighs a full metaphoric ton! Please remember to lift with your knees. This 16-Ton Megaset contains every single episode of MONTY PYTHONG’S FLYING CIRCUS–four years of blood, sweat and blancmange–jammed into slivers of plastic the size of a tea plate and MONTY PYTHON LIVE!–Legendary live performances, the 20-year celebration of Monty Python Parrot Sketch Not Included, and the all-German Monty Python’s Fligender Zirkus episode #1 squashed like pancakes. Sad, really. Jump right to your favorite sketches in The Flying Circus with this index! Disc 1: The Funniest Joke in the World, The Wrestling Episode, and Nudge Nudge, Disc 2: Art Critic, Silly Job Interview, and Crunchy Frog, Disc 3: Dead Parrot, Lumberjack Song, and Vocational Guidance Counselor, Disc 4: Undertaker’s Film, Upperclass Twit of the Year, and Albatross, Disc 5: The Ministry of Silly Walks, The Spanish Inquisition, and Complaints, Disc 6: The Bishop, Blackmail, and Dung, Disc 7: Attila the Nun, Silly Vicar, and Exploding Penquin on the TV Set, Disc 8: Scott of the Antarctic, Dirty Hungarian Phrase-book, and Exploding Blue Danube, Disc 9: Icelandic Saga, Fish-Slapping Dance, and Argument Clinic, Disc 10: ‘Blood, Devastation, War, and Horror’, Mount Everest – Hairdresser Expedition, and Gumby Brain Specialists, Disc 11: Cheese Shop, A Naked Man, and The Olympic Hide and Seek Final, Disc 12: Elizabethan Pornography Smugglers, Kamikaze Scotsman, and Penguins, Disc 13: Montgolfier Brothers, Department Store, and RAF Banter, Disc 14: Hamlet and Ophelia, Mr. Neutron, and Most Awful Family in Britain, Disc 15: Live at the Hollywood Bowl, Monty Python Live at Aspen, Disc 16: Parrot Sketch Not Included, Monty Python’s Fliegender Zirkus: German Episode #1 Cool Posts From Around the Web:	i don't know
Which British commander was killed at Corunna in 1808?	The Battle of La Coruna in The Peninsular war Place: La Coruna in Galicia, North Western Spain 26th Foot at Coruna Combatants: British against the French Generals: Major General Sir John Moore against the Emperor Napoleon Size of the armies: Sir John Moore’s army, with Sir David Baird’s corps from Corunna numbered 35,000 men. The Emperor Napoleon’s army numbered 153,000. From Astorgas Napoleon left the pursuit of Moore’s army Soult whose corps numbered around 35,000 men. Uniforms, arms and equipment: Uniforms, arms, equipment and training: The British infantry wore red waist jackets, white trousers, and stovepipe shakos. Fusilier regiments wore bearskin caps. The two rifle regiments wore dark green jackets. The Light Dragoons wore light blue. The Royal Artillery wore blue tunics. Highland regiments wore the kilt with red tunics and tall black ostrich feather caps. The British Hussar regiments wore the traditional Hungarian Hussar uniform of shabrach, dolman and fur busby. The King’s German Legion, which comprised both cavalry and infantry regiments wore black, as did other German units in the British service. The French army wore a wide variety of uniforms. The basic infantry uniform was dark blue. The French cavalry comprised Cuirassiers wearing heavy burnished metal breastplate and crested helmet, Dragoons largely in green, Hussars in the conventional uniform worn by this arm across Europe and Chasseurs à Cheval also dressed as hussars. The French artillery dressed in uniforms similar to the infantry, the horse artillery in hussar uniform. The standard infantry weapon across all the armies was the musket. It could be fired at three or four times a minute, throwing a heavy ball inaccurately for only a hundred metres or so. Each infantryman carried a bayonet which fitted the muzzle of his musket. The four British rifle battalions (60th and 95th Rifles) carried the Baker rifle, a more accurate weapon but slower to fire, and a sword bayonet. Field guns fired a ball projectile, by its nature of limited use against troops in the field, unless closely formed. Guns also fired case shot or canister which fragmented, but was effective only over a short range. Exploding shells fired by howitzers, as yet in their infancy were of particular use against buildings. The British had the secret development in this field of ‘shrapnel’. Winner: The French although the British Army was evacuated after a fighting withdrawal from Central Spain. British Regiments: 7th Hussars, later the Queen’s Own Hussars and now the Queen’s Royal Hussars 10th Hussars, later the Royal Hussars and now the King’s Royal Hussars 15th Light Dragoons, later the 15th Hussars, then the 15th/19th King’s Royal Hussars and now the Light Dragoons 18th Hussars, later 13th/18th Royal Hussars and now the Light Dragoons 3rd Light Dragoons, King’s German Legion 1st and 3rd Battalions, the 1st Foot Guards, now the Grenadier Guards* 1st Foot, the Royal Scots* 2nd Foot, the Queen’s Regiment, now the Princess of Wales’s Royal Regiment* 3rd Foot, the Buffs or East Kent Regiment, now the Princess of Wales’s Royal Regiment 4th Foot, the King’s own Royal Regiment now the King’s Own Royal Border Regiment* 5th Foot, the Northumberland Fusiliers, now the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers* 6th Foot, the Royal Warwickshire Regiment, now the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers* 9th Foot, the Norfolk Regiment, now the Royal Anglian Regiment* 14th Foot, the West Yorkshire Regiment, now the Prince of Wales’s own Regiment of Yorkshire* 20th Foot, the Lancashire Fusiliers, now the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers* 21st Foot, the Royal Scots Fusiliers, now the Royal Highland Fusiliers 23rd Foot, the Royal Welch Fusiliers* 26th Foot, the Cameronians or Scottish Rifles (disbanded) * 28th Foot, the Gloucestershire Regiment, now the Royal Gloucestershire, Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiment* 32nd Foot, the Duke of Cornwall’s Light Infantry, now the Light Infantry* 36th Foot, the Worcestershire Regiment, now the Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment* 38th Foot, the South Staffordshire Regiment, now the Staffordshire Regiment * 42nd Highlanders, the Black Watch (the Royal Highland Regiment) * 43rd Foot, the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, now the Royal Green Jackets* 50th Foot, the Queen’s Own Royal West Kent Regiment, now the Princess of Wales’s Royal Regiment* 51st Foot, the King’s Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, now the Light Infantry* 52nd Foot, the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, now the Royal Green Jackets* 59th Foot, the East Lancashire Regiment, now the Queen’s Lancashire Regiment* 62nd Foot, the Wiltshire Regiment, now the Royal Gloucestershire, Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiment 71st Highlanders, the Highland Light Infantry, now the Royal Highland Fusiliers* 76th Foot, the Duke of Wellington’s Regiment* 79th Highlanders, the Queen’s Own Cameron Highlanders, later the Queen’s Own Highlanders and now the Highlanders* 81st Foot, the Loyal Regiment, now the Queen’s Lancashire Regiment* 92nd Highlanders, the Gordon Highlanders, now the Highlanders* 95th Foot, the Rifle Brigade, now the Royal Green Jackets* 1st Bn King’s German Legion, 2nd Bn King’s German Legion. Brigadier General Craufurd with 95th Rifles, 43rd & 52nd Light infantry during the retreat to Corunna Royal Artillery: Bean’s brigade of artillery 6 pieces. Drummond’s brigade of artillery 6 pieces. Wilmot’s brigade of artillery 6 pieces. Carthew’s brigade of artillery 6 pieces. Dowman’s and Evelin’s troops of horse artillery, 12 pieces. Corunna is a battle honour for the regiments marked *. British order of battle: First Division: Lieutenant General Sir David Baird: 81st Foot, 26th Foot, 1st Foot, 50th Foot, 42nd Highlanders, 4th Foot, 1st and 3rd Battalion of the 1st Guards. Bean’s brigade of artillery 6 pieces. Second Division: Lieutenant General Sir John Hope: 76th Foot, 59th Foot, 51st Foot, 92nd Highlanders, 71st Highlanders, 36th Foot, 32nd Foot, 14th Foot, 5th Foot, 2nd Foot. Drummond’s brigade of artillery 6 pieces. Third Division: Lieutenant General McKenzie Fraser: 79th Highlanders, 38th Foot, 3rd Foot, 43rd Foot, 23rd Foot, 9th Foot, 6th Foot. Wilmot’s brigade of artillery 6 pieces. Battle of Corunna 16th January 1809 First Flank Brigade: Colonel R. Craufurd: 2nd/95th Foot, 2nd/52nd Foot, 1st/43rd Foot. Reserve: Major General E. Paget: 21st Foot, 28th Foot, 1st/95th Foot, 62nd Foot, 20th Foot. Carthew’s brigade of artillery 6 pieces. Second Flank Brigade: Brigadier General C. Alten: 1st Bn King’s German Legion, 2nd Bn King’s German Legion. Cavalry: Lieutenant General Lord Paget: 3rd LD KGL, 15th Light Dragoons, 10th, 18th, 7th Hussars. Dowman’s and Evelin’s troops of horse artillery, 12 pieces. Artillery parc and reserve: Colonel Harding: 5 brigades and 30 pieces. The 42nd Highlanders storm the French position at the Battle of Corunna Sir John Moore, the British commander in chief at Corunna Account: At the end of October 1808 the Emperor Napoleon, at the head of a large French army assembled in the northern Spanish city of Vitoria, prepared to place his brother Joseph on the throne of Spain by force. Several Spanish armies gathered to resist him and the British corps in Portugal was ordered to advance to Burgos and assist the Spanish. With the departure to England of Generals Burrard and Dalrymple and Sir Arthur Wellesley to face the enquiry into the Convention of Cintra which had enabled Junot and his army to escape from Portugal after the Battle of Vimeiro, command of the British army fell on Sir John Moore. Moore commanded 23,000 troops in Lisbon and expected 10,000 reinforcements to arrive at Corunna under Sir David Baird. As Moore proudly declared, “No British general had commanded so many soldiers since the time of Marlborough”. Moore sent his infantry by the northern route through Coimbra, Celerico and Badajoz to Salamanca in Spain. Late anxieties about the state of that road caused him to divert his artillery and cavalry by the southern Ciudad Rodrigo road. The Battle of Corunna Arriving at Salamanca, Moore learnt that Napoleon had defeated the Spanish armies and was already in Burgos, Moore’s intended destination. Soon afterwards the French entered Madrid. The British army, outnumbered by some two to one, was now heavily threatened. Nevertheless Moore felt reluctant to abandon the Spanish and advanced on Soult’s corps in Valladolid. But Moore had lingered within striking distance of the large French forces for too long. Napoleon was coming after him and it was imperative that the British army retreat with all speed to Corunna in the North West Galician corner of Spain for evacuation by the fleet. (Click here or on image to buy a Restrike Etching) Casualties: The British casualties were 4,000 from the retreat of which 800 were casualties from the Battle of Corunna. The French casualties at the battle were 1,500. Follow-up: The British army arrived in England in a terrible state. But by May 1809 it was back in Portugal under the command of Sir Arthur Wellesley. It finally left over the Pyrenees into France in 1814. Regimental anecdotes and traditions: In contrast to the accounts of drunkenness and indiscipline during the retreat there are stories of gallantry and hardihood. Sergeant William Newman of the 43rd Light Infantry gathered a party of soldiers who were trudging across a field and fought off an attack by French cavalry. He was commissioned for this feat. Charles Wolfe wrote this poem entitled: “The burial of Sir John Moore at Corunna”. NOT a drum was heard, not a funeral note, As his corse to the rampart we hurried; Not a soldier discharged his farewell shot O'er the grave where our hero we buried. We buried him darkly at dead of night, 5 The sods with our bayonets turning, By the struggling moonbeam's misty light And the lanthorn dimly burning. No useless coffin enclosed his breast, Not in sheet or in shroud we wound him; 10 But he lay like a warrior taking his rest With his martial cloak around him. Few and short were the prayers we said, And we spoke not a word of sorrow; But we steadfastly gazed on the face that was dead, 15 And we bitterly thought of the morrow. We thought, as we hollow'd his narrow bed And smooth'd down his lonely pillow, That the foe and the stranger would tread o'er his head, And we far away on the billow! 20 Lightly they'll talk of the spirit that 's gone, And o'er his cold ashes upbraid him— But little he'll reck, if they let him sleep on In the grave where a Briton has laid him. But half of our heavy task was done 25 When the clock struck the hour for retiring; And we heard the distant and random gun That the foe was sullenly firing. Slowly and sadly we laid him down, From the field of his fame fresh and gory; 30 We carved not a line, and we raised not a stone, But we left him alone with his glory. Designed and maintained by Chalfont Web Design © Britishbattles.com 2002 - 2016;	Sir John Moore
Australia has two flightless birds – the emu and which other?	The 95th Rifles 1800 Corunna DVD \| Wargamer The 95th Rifles 1800 Corunna DVD By Martin Lampon 03 Sep 2013 0 Introduction The 95th Rifles are one of the most recognisable army formations from the Napoleonic era. So much so that they have been immortalized in books and film with help from a certain Richard Sharpe, a character created by the author Bernard Cornwell. But where did this famous light infantry unit come from? The 95th Rifles 1800?Corunna DVD from Pen and Sword, in association with Battlefield History TV, is the first in a series of in-depth documentaries about this legendary infantry unit. It lasts for nearly 105 minutes, uses the expert knowledge of battlefield guides Andrew Duff and Tim Saunders, and charts the formation and history of 'The Rifles' from 1800 to the Battle of Corunna in 1809. The Peninsular Collection The Beginnings During the French?Indian Wars (1754?1763) and The American War of Independence (1775?1783) it was recognised that specialist light infantry units would have to be formed and trained in the British Army. Tactics and terrain used by the enemy during these conflicts had inflicted large casualties on the largely inflexible line infantry units, and had severely restricted their ability to deploy in anything but an open field. Roger's Rangers and Ferguson's Rifles were the first units of this type raised, and along with the Royal Americans in 1756 they paved the way for future light infantry development in the late 18th century. 60th Royal American Regiment uniform Expert guide from the Rifles (Green Jackets) Museum, Winchester During the 1790s the armies of revolutionary France had also perfected the use of large formations of skirmishers working with attack columns in battle. After the disastrous Flanders Campaign in 1793?95 The Duke of York, commander of the British Army, ordered the formation of a new ?Rifle? battalion based on Baron Hompesch's German Jaegers. This formation of ?Experimental Corps of Riflemen? in 1800 was raised and trained by Colonels Coote Manningham and Stewart. Revolutionary French Infantry First Campaigns In 1800 the ?Experimental Corps of Riflemen? were sent on their first mission. The initial target was island of Belle Ille in France, but this was aborted due to the island being too heavily fortified. However, the expedition carried on to Spain and landed at Ferrol. Even though there was no major action of note it did show that the Rifleman was a versatile soldier, and indeed did have a place in the British Army. In 1800 the name of the corps was changed to ?The Rifle Corps? and, most importantly, their uniform changed from the standard line infantry red to the distinctive 'Rifle' green. The Rifles drill Light infantry training Further small campaigns took place in 1801 with units of Rifles in Egypt and accompanying an expedition to Denmark, where they were engaged in their first major action at the Battle of Copenhagen. Battlefield walk Showing the battlefield of Rolica In 1802 the Light Infantry Brigade was formed by General John Moore, and the Rifles became part of this corps with its now permanent base at Shorncliffe. Intensive training followed for this new formation, making them one of the most professional brigades of troops in the world. By 1803 the Rifle formation also gained its regimental number, finally becoming the 95th Rifles. Colonel Henri De Laborde Battlefield walk Over the next few years the Rifles were again used in several overseas expeditions. During 1806?07 they were involved in a South American campaign with mixed success; Montevideo was captured from the Spanish, but at Buenos Aires an ill-managed assault led to their capture, along with the Light Infantry Brigade commander Robert Crauford. Also in 1807, Rifle units returned to Denmark to help prevent the Danish fleet from falling into French hands. It was at the Battle of Copenhagen that the Rifles were under the command of a certain Arthur Wellesley, the future Duke of Wellington, who noted their professionalism in action. British attack the French guns General Sir John Moore After the French invasion of Spain, and an abortive mission to Sweden, the Rifles were ordered to take part in the expedition to Portugal in 1808. It would be here that this famous light infantry unit would make its name. The Peninsular War The opening battles of the Peninsular War at Rolica and Vimiero showed that the training of the Light Brigade had made them easily a match for the French Voltigeurs. After the French withdrawal from Portugal in 1808, and the Convention of Cintra, the command of the army was transferred to Sir John Moore, their original brigade commander. Moore immediately went on the offensive hoping to outflank the French under Soult, and threaten their supply lines back into France. Unfortunately Napoleon had anticipated this and, from his base in Madrid advanced on the British Army. This move forced Moore's army to retreat on Corunna and Vigo in the north west of Spain. The Spanish Peninsular Campaign Battlefield walk It was during this long winter retreat that the Light Brigade?s (and particularly the Rifles?) discipline and training under their now returned commander, 'Black Bob' Crauford, came to the fore. Many rearguard actions were fought to cover the retreat of the army, including several exploits of individuals such as Rifleman Plunkett killing the French commander General Colbert. The retreat finally ended in January 1809 with the army embarking to safety at Vigo and Corunna, but not before their commander Sir John Moore was killed at the Battle of Corunna in the last rearguard action of the campaign. Rifleman Plunkett kills General Colbert Expert guide from the Rifles (Green Jackets) Museum, Winchester Living Historians, Battlefield Walks and Museums In this DVD the battlefield guides, Tim Saunders and Andrew Duff, visit the actual battlefields and routes that the Rifles would have fought and marched over during this part of the Peninsular Campaign. This gives the viewer a much better appreciation than can be got from looking at maps and reading books of what the terrain and conditions would have been like for the soldiers to deal with at the time. They also visit and interview guides from the Rifles (Green Jackets) Museum in Winchester, England, getting expert and insightful information about ?The Rifles?. The Battle of Corunna medal The Battle of Corunna 1809 The use of living historians adds great value to this DVD. These re-enactors replicate everything from this period of the Rifles? history in minute detail. The famous Baker Rifle is examined, as is the difference between the uniforms of the light and line infantry troops. Tactics are demonstrated, and even the role of the Riflemen's wives on campaign is shown. The attention to detail here is second to none. All of these vignettes are cleverly woven into the story of the 95th Rifles. General Sir John Moore is killed at Corunna Pros and Cons Overall, I found The 95th Rifles 1800?Corunna DVD highly informative and very enjoyable to watch, and I would heartily recommend it to anybody who has an interest in military history in general. It is an absolute ?must have? inclusion to the library for those who have an interest in the Napoleonic era. For anybody who is a 95th Rifles enthusiast in particular, if you do not own this DVD already, why not? A quick visit to Pen & Swords? website will also show that two more titles, 95th Rifles 1809?Salamanca and 95th Rifles 1812?Waterloo are planned. I look forward to hopefully reviewing these very much. There are a few small sound, lighting and continuity glitches in the DVD set, but these do not detract from an otherwise superb production. Review written by: Martin Lampon, Staff Writer About Martin Lampon Martin Lampon is a graphic designer who has been a wargamer, board gamer and PC gamer for nearly 40 years. He has a particular interest in the history of the Napoleonic Wars, but will do anything to pursue knowledge in military history subjects of any era.	i don't know
A shubunkin is a variety of what kind of fish?	Shubunkin Goldfish: All about the shubunkin – The Goldfish Tank Archive Shubunkin Goldfish: All about the shubunkin Shubunkin goldfish were first developed in the early 1900s from strains of telescope goldfish in Japan. They are often referred to as “the poor man’s koi .” Similar in body shape to the comet goldfish , shubunkins are characterized by their nacreous scales and calico coloring , which contains shades of red, gold, purple, blue, black and white. Shubunkins with more blue coloration are considered to be more valuable. There are three varieties of shubunkins; American, London and Bristol. American shubunkins have a body shape nearly identical to comet goldfish , but with slightly larger tails that droop more. London shubunkins have a stockier body shape, similar to that of the common goldfish , and lack the flashy fins of their counterparts. Bristol shubunkins have moderately large tail fins with rounded edges, resembling a capital “B”. Shubunkin goldfish temperament and care Shubunkins are an extremely hardy variety of fancy goldfish and can survive in any conditions that the common goldfish is able to tolerate. They are extremely fast and agile swimmers and make excellent pond fish. Shubunkins can also be kept in aquariums, but these should be fairly large in order to provide the shubunkin with adequate swimming space. Shubunkins, like all goldfish, are ravenous eaters and produce a significant amount of waste. Adequate filtration is therefore extremely important for the shubunkin aquarium or pond. Shubunkins should not be kept with slower-swimming tank mates, as they will out-compete them for food. Breeding shubunkin goldfish Like comets and common goldfish , shubunkins are avid breeders and will often spawn regularly when left to their own devices in a pond. It is advisable to closely monitor pond population levels, as shubunkins can overpopulate them in a matter of months. Choosing shubunkin goldfish The two most important factors to consider when choosing shubunkin goldfish are the caudal fin shape and coloration. The shubunkin’s tail, or caudal fin, should be long, flowing and deeply forked. A shubunkin isn’t considered a shubunkin unless it has a calico coloration. The principal background color should be blue, covering at least a quarter of the fish’s body area.	Goldfish
Which of the Greek islands is closest to the Albanian coast?	THE SHUBUNKIN THE SHUBUNKIN Photograph by Pauline Simpson History & Origin Goldfish had their origin in China from where admirers of the fish first took them to Japan and later the U.K. The shubunkin is a calico variety of goldfish and, if my memory serves me right, means in Chinese 'Chuwen-Chin' (Poor man's koi). The scientific name of the shubunkin is Carrasius auratus var, and as far as I am aware this fish is available as 3 types: - 1. Japanese Style - have long fins and good strong colours, depicted in Japanese paintings of 80 years ago (the basic shubunkin). 2. London shubunkin - regarded as a nacreous form of common goldfish. 3. Bristol shubunkin - has a larger rounder finnage, especially the tail (caudal fin), often having a deeper body. London shubunkins are very similar to the common goldfish except for the colours. According to information obtained from a fellow aquarist this fish is mostly the work of a British breeder (Mrs. Pamela Whittingdon), who produced some of the most striking species of shubunkins. The first Bristol shubunkins were developed by the Bristol Aquarist Society, hence the name. When compared with the London shubunkin the Bristol shubunkin has a larger tail that is very wide, moderately forked and shows well-rounded lobes. The parentage of these fish is rather complex and it's heritage lies in crossing a sanshoka-demenkin (a fancy goldfish with a fancy tail and globe eyes) with a wild type fish. It is also known as Japanese style shubunkin or often the comet shubunkin, but this upsets purists, as it is technically not a comet - as the tail is not long enough. For this reason you are most likely to know our subject specie as simply shubunkin. Size of fish and life expectancy According to the Y.A.A.S. Showing Guide (which recognizes the London variety only) the norm size is a length of 20cms x 8cms depth. Can live for 10 years or more. Aquarium care These fish do not need a particular temperature, happily living at room temperature, and are undemanding with water requirements. Aquarium salt proves most beneficial for shubunkins, especially in new tanks or ponds, helping to build and maintain a shiny layer of skin (first layer of defence against diseases). Salt also helps reduce nitrite levels in aquariums and decreases osmotic pressure. Please note that poor aquarium conditions like high ammonia levels will compel your fish to develop a slimy-protective layer on their skins that dulls body colours. It is also known that long-term exposure to high nitrate levels affects the health of fish. These omnivorous fish are not fussy feeders and will happily accept a variety of foods. Will eat flakes, pellets, homemade foods, plants, aquatic/terrestrial live foods, frozen foods etc. The red and orange colours of your shubunkins can be enhanced when feeding colour enhancing flakes/pellets, bloodworms, krill etc. Apparently the best colour enhancer is actually to keep shubunkins in ponds. Behaviour Very sociable fish and are able to co-exist with other fish. I have mixed weather loaches, coldwater plecs, albino Corydoras and adult African dwarf clawed frogs with shubunkins without any problems. Shubunkins are active and energetic fish which are always hungry and searching for food, making them good scavengers, so you won't really need bottom feeding fish such as weather loach to help finish off uneaten food because shubunkins will happily do the cleaning up. When feeling threatened they immediately retreat to the bottom of the tank or pond (usually). Sexual differences and breeding Females, when viewed from above appear more plump and lumpy. These fish are egglayers and not difficult to breed. Both male and female need to be fed on a varied and high protein diet for a couple of months, making sure that both fish are kept separate. The aquarium conditions for both separated fish must also be at a good standard and also well aerated. In the wild goldfish start spawning around spring time, early in the morning, but in aquaria this is done by raising the temperature by a few degrees celcius over a month or so. Soon after both fishes are united, but separated by a divider first as it will give time for both fish to allow pheromones to mix, so that the male in particular can get excited over the female and thus make both ready to spawn. Just remember to add feathery plants or spawning mops to the breeding tank so that the floating eggs can stick to them. After spawning remove the fish into a different tank but not back into the main tank or pond with other fish, as there is often damage caused during spawning which can lead to a secondary infection. Remove the eggs that are attached to the plants or spawning mop to the fry-rearing tank which should be filtered via small air pump-powered sponge filters, set to a slow bubbling flow rate. The eggs will hatch after 3-5 days at 15 to 25 degrees celcius. Again ensure the water quality is good, and that the tank is well aerated (but not to excess as this dislodges the eggs). When the eggs hatch the larvae attach themselves to the surface in the tank and stay there feeding on their yolk sacs and when you see them swimming that means they have used up their primary food source and thus need feeding via yourself. Offer the fry small amounts of newly hatched brine shrimp while doing 70-80% water changes, making sure that the new water is de-chlorinated and the same temperature as the tank. Carry on with brine shrimp until the fry are ready to take fine granular or other fry food as recommended by your local retailer. As with all fish fry in high numbers you may have to find a humane way to cull any fry with abnormalities such as bent spines and snubbed noses. Remember our ultimate aim is to produce a small number of quality fish. Finally I wish to thank my friends for their help in putting this article together	i don't know
What do the Germans call Donau?	Donau \| Define Donau at Dictionary.com Donau Examples from the Web for Donau Expand Historical Examples British Dictionary definitions for Donau Expand the German name for the Danube Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012	Danube
In 1961 young Terry Brooks made his debut as the first …….what?	Passau travel guide - Wikitravel Understand[ edit ] It has a population of around 50,000 people, of whom about 10,000 are students. Passau is situated at the point where the river Inn and the river Ilz meet the Danube (Donau) , and for this reason it is often called the "City of Three Rivers" (Dreiflüssestadt). It lies around 2,000 km from the estuary of the Danube on the border to Austria , and enjoys a small but thriving local tourist trade. Town hall (left) and Cathedral (background) The area of Passau was first settled by the Celts, who were living in southern Bavaria since ages before the Romans came and founded a fortress here because of the excellent strategic position of the peninsula of Passau. Later on, the fortress grew and Passau became a real city. Much of the money in the city was made from the salt business with nearby Bohemia (the modern day Czech Republic ), with the salt coming from Bad Reichenhall near Salzburg . In the middle ages, Passau's St. Stephen's church was the head of the local church district, which extended all the way to Hungary . Most of the old buildings have survived until today and are in active use. Nowadays, Passau is known for its historic buildings, its university, and its location at the confluence of the three rivers and the last German train station before entering Austria. Like much of Bavaria, it's also predominantly Catholic. If you look very closely, however, you can spot Protestant churches. It regularly snows in winter, and it is warm in summer. Quite often you get over 30 degree Celsius during the day. Most tourists Passau receives are on river cruises going along the Danube, but also many buses arrive here from all over Germany and Austria. Because Passau is not far from the Czech Republic and Austria, you will meet also a lot of Austrians and Czechs going here for shopping or even for working purposes. Most tourists here are native German speakers, though, so don't think you can go everywhere and communicate in English, although you may be surprised how common it is. Having said that, as in the rest of Germany, almost everyone under the age of 30 speaks at least basic English. Passau Tourist Office, Rathausplatz 3, Phone: +49-851-955980, (Email [email protected] ). Second location, Bahnhofstraße 36 (Diagonally opposite the train station.), Get in[ edit ] Trains regularly pass through Passau. The main railway station (Hauptbahnhof) is in the new city but buses run reguarly to the historic city center or you can walk in 15-20 minutes. You can purchase a Bayern-Ticket which gives you unlimited travel in Bavaria on regional trains (non-express) for a day. Get around[ edit ] Passau's city is spread out a little, but most places of interest for a tourist are within walking distance. Buses are also common. You can walk 20 minutes from the city center and be in Austria . You can catch taxis, but they can be a little pricey. The city buses are cheap and run until 11 p.m. daily. The old town (Altstadt) of Passau at the Inn See[ edit ][ add listing ] The Bavarian Forest mountain range is not too far away by car. It has a national park where you can see many types of animals. Unfortunately they keep the wolves caged. A nearby district of Passau still has a Pranger standing. A bad-person would be locked in at the neck, hands, and feet on a raised pedestal in the town square and left as punishment. People could throw things at them. This punishment was handed out by the church, for your own good. There are many old buildings, churches, cathedrals etc. to see. Most of the roads in the city center are cobblestone. St. Stephan's Cathedral has the world's second largest cathedral organ, which has concerts at noon. Do[ edit ][ add listing ] Passau is on the Danube bike trail. This begins further upstream and follows the Danube along its length until it meets the Black Sea . The stretch from Passau to Vienna is by far the most travelled and for good reason. The Danube is a major tourist trail for boats and cyclists alike and the Austrians have embraced this. Because of this, one can enjoy a pleasant bicycle tour with a well signed posted main trail and beautiful, hidden side trails. The route can be easily cycled in about a week, however the many attractions and the people you will meet along the way will easily persuade you of taking a relaxed ten days for the journey. In the beginning of May there is the Maypole festival (called Maibaum Kraxeln) held in nearby Austria. There are buses leaving from Passau. This annual event has local men tarring their feet and hands and climbing a very tall pole without harnesses. There's a race to the top (people race separately). The Guinness World Record is held by a local guy. After the competition they usually make great photo opportunities by all climbing the pole and passing the guy at the top a beer. Anyone can take part, but check that your personal insurance covers it! You can also have a somewhat safer sack-fight on a raised wooden pole, which is also quite fun. A wide range of rive trips can be taken from an hour or so to long trips to Austria, that will take several days. If you prefer experiencing the rivers by canoe, there's a company called Sport Eder in the closeby village of Neuhaus where you can rent canoes or book organised canoeing tours. Passau also has a biannual Volksfest (beer festibval) with rides and beer halls with bands. If you are here on a warm day, you can take yourself upstream a bit on the Ilz and go for a swim where locals and students sometimes go. One place is just near a sign that says "No Swimming", the other is further up by a dam. Learn[ edit ] Passau University is famous in Germany for its Law Degree which has a special focus on English law. Lawyers graduating from Passau are in good stead. Passau's Faculty of Law ranks among the finest in Germany. It also has an excellent international business course, economics course, informatics course, and language courses among others. There's a German as a foreign language course at the university, as well as external pay-for courses. German students used to receive free tertiary studies until 2007. Now they have to pay 500€ per Semester (1/2 year). Foreign students can study here cheaply also. The catch is that German is a must unless you're taking only German for foreigners subjects. Buy[ edit ][ add listing ] There's a bunch of tourist shops around Passau, so you can easily find some original Bavarian Lederhosn or Dirndl or a Bavarian hat to take home as a souvenir. In and around the central shopping mall as well as in close-by Bahnhofstraße you will find the typical highstreet shops like H&M, Orsay, New Yorker and C&A, several shoe shops (Sutor, Görtz 17, Roland), home decoration stores (Butlers, Depot) as well as several book shops. On the first floor of the book shop Pustet there's also a nice little cafe where you can chill out and enjoy a cup of Cappucino whilst having a read. Eat[ edit ][ add listing ] Passau has quite a lot of restaurants in the city. I don't think I've had a bad meal at any of them yet. You can regularly find some good deals (like Pizza or Pasta + a glass of wine for 5.50€). However, it is much more expensive than eating at home, so locals don't eat out every night. The Hacklberg Brewery has a nice restaurant full of classic Bavarian dishes that will fatten you up in no time. It also has a great beer garden in the warmer months. To get there you have to cross the Danube and go left, keeping on the second street closest to the Danube. Drink[ edit ][ add listing ] Passau has five breweries. Every pub or restaurant seems to be associated with one of them. The beer is delicious and cheap. Like the rest of Germany, buying alcohol out is more expensive than buying it at the supermarket. Service has a big price tag here. The student pubs are almost as cheap as supermarkets, though. There are a few beer gardens in Passau, and a couple that would pass a "Real Beer Garden test". That means you can bring your own food with you, regardless of whether they sell food themselves or not. Beer gardens developed because breweries used to plant chestnut trees atop their underground cellars (mostly laying a bit outside of the city) to keep them cool, and the result was a really nice atmosphere to relax with a beer in hand. Beer gardens tend to open in the spring and close in the fall as the weather cools again. Thursdays, Fridays and Saturdays are the nightlife nights. On Thursdays, you have bar-trivia at the Irish Pub Shamrock where your group can win 60€ (or up to 120€ with the jackpot). Questions are in both English and German. The pub is owned by a Welshman, and the employees all speak English as do most of the clientele. The barmen and waitresses come from all across Europe (France, USA, Australia, Poland, you name it) and make fascinating drinking companions. Close to the Shamrock there's Hossi's Bar, which is a popular small cocktail bar and Cubana, which is always busy on weekends. Some more drinking spots can be found in the part of town known as Innstadt (an old, picturesque part of town across the river Inn): Colors, Joe's Garage and Bluenotes. The oldest and probably still most popular club in town is Camera, which is located very centrally in a basement close to Mc Donald's. Sleep[ edit ][ add listing ] Passau is NOT your typical backpacker destination, although backpackers have been known to turn up occasionally. There is only one backpacker-type hostel - the local international youth hostel, located in a castle (Veste Oberhaus) overlooking Passau's city center. It is probably one of the youth hostel with the nicest view you can get in the whole of Central Europe. It's a bit of a climb, but it is apparently quite nice also inside. There are plenty of Pensions (Bavarian style B&Bs) in and around the city. The Rotel Inn (also known as the "Liegender Mann") is not too expensive (20-25 €/person) and is located close to the railway station. The only campground in town, Campground Ilzstadt, is located fairly close to the city centre. It is an open field, with no individual plots. Because of the narrow roads no trailers or motorhomes are allowed. Get out[ edit ] German trains regularly go through Passau to and from Munich , Regensburg and the Austrian cities of Linz and Vienna . There's no shortage of them. Especially if you want to go to Munich, it pays to be at the station a little earlier, as there are usually people looking for travellers who want to share the cost of a Bayern-Ticket (which costs about 30€).	i don't know
Who was title character Sarah Woodruff?	Comment on the Character of Sarah Woodruff in the French Lieutenant s Woman . to What Extend S She a Victim of Circumstances? Essay - 1221 Words French Lieutenant s Woman Essay ...Analysis of Voice and Character of The French Lieutenant’s woman Shima Nourmohammadi [email protected] Voice Analysis. The novel begins with voice of Thomas Hardy’s ″The Riddle″ which is quoted by the author. This quotation is an apt description for The French Lieutenant’s woman which portrays a singular figure, alone against a desolate... 1497 Words \| 5 Pages The French Lieutenant s Woman- John Fowles Essay ...they read. In The French Lieutenant’s Woman, John Fowles revolutionizes the traditional art of story telling by breaking away from certain aspects of the novel to introduce a whole other world of fiction. The narrator plays a significant role, by providing insight into Victorian society, acting as a character in the story and creating relationships with the characters, all of which breaks away from the conventional role of... 1460 Words \| 5 Pages Essay about The Victorian Era and the French Lieutenant s Woman ...The Victorian Era and The French Lieutenant's Woman The French Lieutenant's Woman is a 1981 film of historical fiction, contrasting present day relationships, morality and industry with that of the Victorian era in the 1850s. It is an adaptation of a novel by John Fowles, the script was written by Harold Pinter. The setting is in England, Lyme and London specifically, where Charles, a Darwinian... 842 Words \| 3 Pages An Overview on the French Lieutenant s Woman Research Paper ...An overview on ”The French Lieutenant’s Woman” 1. Introduction The novel "The French Lieutenants Woman" from 1967 by John Fowles shares a number of properties with the idea of a traditional time machine. At the first look it seems to be a precise rendering of the Victorian world of the 1860s that immerses the reader in what would seem like a credible, immaculate historical reproduction. However, it is... 4997 Words \| 14 Pages Essay on The French Lieutenant s Woman ...passage from the Victorian to the Post-modern society -Charles in The French Lieutenant’s Woman- “Every emancipation is a restoration of the human world and of human relationships to man himself”(MARX, Zur Judenfrage 1844). This is a citation from Marx which opens John Fowels’ novel “The French Lieutenant’s Woman”, one of his most world-wide read and appreciated novels. John Fowels constructs his novel by... 2398 Words \| 6 Pages French Lieutenant s Woman Essay and Techniques Postmodernism ...ideologies of previous movements in the arts. The postmodern movement has made way for new ways of thinking and a new theoretical base when criticising art, literature, sexuality and history. John Fowles’ 1969 historical bricolage, The French Lieutenant’s Woman, utilises the ideas of postmodern theorists such as Foucault, Barthes and Sartre amongst others to form a postmodern double-coded discourse which examines values inherent in the Victorian... 1319 Words \| 4 Pages Essay about The French Lieutenant s Woman, by John Fowles Book Analysis ...The French Lieutenant’s Woman “Perhaps I am writing a transposed autobiography; perhaps I now live in one of the houses I have brought into the fiction; perhaps Charles is myself in disguise. Perhaps it is only a game. Modern women like Sarah exist, and I have never understood them.” (p. 85, lines 11-15). This quotation is the epitome of what John Fowles’ multi-layered novel The French... 923 Words \| 3 Pages Oscar Wilde s Presentation of Woman in a Woman of No Importance in Comparison to John Fowle s Veiws of Women in the French Lieutenant s Woman Essay ...Oscar Wilde's presentation of women in 'A Woman of No Importance' in comparison to John Fowles' views of women in 'The French Lieutenant's Woman', in light of the view that Oscar Wilde has a more sympathetic view of woman in his time. In this essay I will be comparing Oscar Wilde's play 'A Woman of No Importance' to John Fowles' novel 'The French Lieutenant's... 1662 Words \| 5 Pages	french lieutenant s
Which title character does John Ridd fall head over heels for?	Love Poem by Donald Hall \| The Writer's Almanac with Garrison Keillor The Writer's Almanac with Garrison Keillor When you fall in love, you jockey your horse You tease the black bear. Reading the Monitor, you scan the obituaries looking for your name. "Love Poem" by Donald Hall, from White Apples and the Taste of Stone: Selected Poems 1946-2006. © Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006. Reprinted with permission. ( buy now ) It's the week of Valentine's Day, a week in which we've been talking about love stories in literature and in real life. Virginia Woolf and Vita Sackville-West met in December of 1922 at a dinner party. Over the next 19 years until Virginia's suicide they were friends and lovers, and they exchanged many hundreds of letters. On this day in 1935, Virginia wrote a letter to Vita: Friday 52 Tavistock Sqre. I'm longing for an adventure, dearest Creature. But would like to stipulate for at least 48 1/2 minutes alone with you. Not to say or do anything in particular. Mere affection to the memory of the porpoise in the pink window. I've been so buried under with dust and rubbish. But now here's the spring ... My mind is filled with dreams of romantic meetings. D'you remember once sitting at Kew in a purple storm? ... So let me know, and love me better and better, and put another rung on the ladder and let me climb up. After she met Virginia, Vita wrote in a letter: "I simply adore Virginia Woolf. At first you think she is plain, then a sort of spiritual beauty imposes itself on you, and you find a fascination in watching her. ... I have quite lost my heart." Virginia captured everything she loved about Vita by making her the basis for the title character in Orlando (1928), her novel about an Elizabethan nobleman who suddenly becomes a woman at the age of thirty. John Fowles' novel The French Lieutenant's Woman (1969) is the story of Sarah Woodruff, a Victorian governess in a town on the southwest coast of England. Sarah is mysterious, a loner; she spends her time off from work standing on the sea wall, staring out at the ocean. The town loves to gossip about her they say that a French sailor had taken advantage of her and that she is a fallen woman. But Sarah captures the attention of Charles Smithson, an amateur paleontologist with a boring fiancée named Ernestina, who falls for Sarah and her story. The French Lieutenant's Woman has been called a postmodern love story, because the author sometimes shows up in the narrative, and there is more than one possible ending. Another great love story is The Great Gatsby (1925) by F. Scott Fitzgerald, ( books by this author ) . Jay Gatsby builds himself a life of luxury and entertainment, with every detail perfect, for one end only: to impress the love of his life, Daisy Buchanan, whom he met when he was a young officer and she was an unmarried Southern belle. She has since married Tom Buchanan. Gatsby arranges to meet Daisy again through her cousin, Nick Carraway, who is Gatsby's neighbor and who narrates the story. Gatsby and Daisy are reunited, and they have an affair. Tom is furious. He confronts Gatsby and exposes him as a fraud. Jay Gatsby is actually Jimmy Gatz, a self-made man who comes from a small town in North Dakota. After the confrontation, Daisy and Gatsby drive back home together, and the car hits Tom's lover Myrtle and kills her. Tom is enraged, and he tells Myrtle's husband that Gatsby killed her. Nick realizes that it wasn't Gatsby who hit Myrtle that Daisy was actually driving but Gatsby takes the blame, even though Daisy has abandoned him and gone back to Tom. The next day Gatsby is in the pool at his mansion, pining for Daisy, and Myrtle's husband comes to Gatsby's house, walks up to the pool, and shoots him. Be well, do good work, and keep in touch.® « » “Writers end up writing stories—or rather, stories' shadows—and they're grateful if they can, but it is not enough. Nothing the writer can do is ever enough” —Joy Williams “I want to live other lives. I've never quite believed that one chance is all I get. Writing is my way of making other chances.” —Anne Tyler “Writing is a performance, like singing an aria or dancing a jig” —Stephen Greenblatt “All good writing is swimming under water and holding your breath.” —F. Scott Fitzgerald “Good writing is always about things that are important to you, things that are scary to you, things that eat you up.” —John Edgar Wideman “In certain ways writing is a form of prayer.” —Denise Levertov “Writing is a socially acceptable form of schizophrenia.” —E.L. Doctorow “Writing is like driving at night in the fog. You can only see as far as your headlights, but you can make the whole trip that way.” —E.L. Doctorow “Let's face it, writing is hell.” —William Styron “A writer is someone for whom writing is more difficult than it is for other people.” —Thomas Mann “Writing is 90 percent procrastination: reading magazines, eating cereal out of the box, watching infomercials.” —Paul Rudnick “Writing is a failure. Writing is not only useless, it's spoiled paper.” —Padget Powell “Writing is very hard work and knowing what you're doing the whole time.” —Shelby Foote “I think all writing is a disease. You can't stop it.” —William Carlos Williams “Writing is like getting married. One should never commit oneself until one is amazed at one's luck.” —Iris Murdoch “The less conscious one is of being ‘a writer,’ the better the writing.” —Pico Iyer “Writing is…that oddest of anomalies: an intimate letter to a stranger.” —Pico Iyer “Writing is my dharma.” —Raja Rao “Writing is a combination of intangible creative fantasy and appallingly hard work.” —Anthony Powell “I think writing is, by definition, an optimistic act.” —Michael Cunningham sponsor	i don't know
Which prolific author’s first novel Jigsaw was published in 1922?	Barbara Cartland (Author of A Hazard Of Hearts) edit data Dame Mary Barbara Hamilton Cartland was a English writer, during her long career, she wrote over 700 books, making her one of the most prolific authors of the 20th century. She sold over 1,000 million copies throughout the world, earning her a place in the Guinness Book of Records. The world's most famous romantic novelist, she also wrote autobiographies, biographies, health and cookery books, and stage plays and recorded an album of love songs. She was often billed as the Queen of Romance, and became one of the United Kingdom's most popular media personalities, appearing often at public events and on television, dressed in her trademark pink and discoursing on love, health and social issues. She started her writing career as a gossip column Dame Mary Barbara Hamilton Cartland was a English writer, during her long career, she wrote over 700 books, making her one of the most prolific authors of the 20th century. She sold over 1,000 million copies throughout the world, earning her a place in the Guinness Book of Records. The world's most famous romantic novelist, she also wrote autobiographies, biographies, health and cookery books, and stage plays and recorded an album of love songs. She was often billed as the Queen of Romance, and became one of the United Kingdom's most popular media personalities, appearing often at public events and on television, dressed in her trademark pink and discoursing on love, health and social issues. She started her writing career as a gossip columnist for the Daily Express. She published her first novel, Jigsaw, a society thriller, in 1923. It was a bestseller. She went on to write myriad novels and earn legions of fans, she also wrote under her married name Barbara McCorquodale . Some of her books were made into films. Ever the romantic, during WWII, she served as the Chief Lady Welfare Officer in Bedfordshire. She gathered as many wedding dresses as she could so that service brides would have a white gown to wear on their wedding day. She also campaigns for the rights of Gypsies, midwives and nurses. Barbara Cartland McCorquodale passed away on 21 May 2000, with 160 still unpublished manuscripts, that are being published posthumously. ...more	Barbara Cartland
The Longmuir brothers were in which teeny-bop group?	Barbara Cartland, horoscope for birth date 9 July 1901, born in Birmingham, with Astrodatabank biography - Astro-Databank Barbara Cartland Biography British author of hundreds of books on philosophy, history, sociology, cooking, drama, verse and autobiographies - but primarily, romance novels. She was given credit by Guinness as the most prolific author alive whose output came to an amazing 723 books, selling more than a billion copies worldwide. Cartland put out a novel a week, often dictating to secretaries while reclining on a chaise lounge. In 1991, Queen Elizabeth II made her a Dame. Cartland was the daughter of an army major, raised as a pampered darling along with her two brothers. After finishing school, she wrote newspaper gossip columns before publishing her first novel, "Jigsaw," in 1922. Since then she gained the title of "the queen of romance novels," creating virginal heroines in swashbuckling adventure plots. Always pictured in a cloud of pink with big hair or fanciful hats, often with pearls, Cartland was an image of post-Victorian glamour. She married wealthy Scotsman Alexander McCorquodale in 1927; (their one daughter, Raine, later became the step-mother of Princess Diana.) Six years later she had a wrenching divorce but recovered remarkably to marry her ex's cousin, Hugh McCorquodale in 1936. They had two sons and remained wed as happily as her heroines until his death in 1963. The two boys, Ian and Glen, ran the business and researched Cartland's books. Cartland was outspoken in her support of various charities. An ardent fan of healthy living, she was well-known for her belief in vitamins and various health foods, as well as fitness for senior citizens. Her regimen worked well for her, keeping her fit to the age of 98. She died in her sleep at her 400-acre-estate in Hertfordshire, England on 5/21/2000.	i don't know
In which country was the late actor Leo McKern born?	Leo McKern - IMDb IMDb Actor \| Writer Although he sounded very British, Leo McKern was an Australian. By the time he was 15 years old, he had endured an accident that left him without his left eye. A glass eye replaced it - one might conjecture for the better, as far as making McKern a one-day actor of singular focus (no pun intended; his face had that extremely focused look). He ... See full bio » Born:	Australia
Who composed the symphonic poem Scheherezade?	Rumpole star Leo McKern dies \| Daily Mail Online Next Rumpole star Leo McKern dies Tributes poured in today for Rumpole of the Bailey actor Leo McKern, who has died at the age of 82. McKern had been in ill health for some time and died at a nursing home near his home in Bath this morning. The Australian-born actor enjoyed a distinguished stage, film and TV career but was best known for playing the pugnacious barrister Rumpole. Rumpole creator Sir John Mortimer led the tributes, saying: "He was a wonderful actor. He not only played the character Rumpole, he added to it, brightened it and brought it fully to life. He was a very private man who never failed in his public performances." Actress Patricia Hodge, who made numerous appearances in Rumpole of the Bailey as barrister Phyllida Trant, said: "Working with Leo was one of the greatest learning experiences I have ever had. "The example he set was not just as an actor but as a man. In both he was a great listener and sublimely humorous. He took his work seriously but never himself. We shall all miss him." Peter Bowles, who played Guthrie Featherstone in the long-running series, said: "Leo was one of those rare actors who had no pomposity. He wasn't a luvvie. He never took himself seriously and had always kept the child within him. "He was extremely generous and funny, and was brilliant on the stage as well as on television. He was an inspiration to younger actors and he will be deeply missed." Leading QCs also fondly remembered McKern for changing the British public's perception of the legal profession. Geoffrey Robertson QC said: "His great achievement was to create a lawyer the world could love. As John Mortimer's Rumpole he embodied the independence of the Bar, infuriating governments, judges, policemen and all persons in authority. "Rumpole of the Bailey was television's first and perhaps only truly Dickensian character." Nigel Pascoe QC said: "He was a brilliant character and Rumpole always had his heart in the right place. He will be sadly missed." A spokeswoman for the Bar Council said: "Leo McKern's character, Rumpole of the Bailey, brought a touch of humanity, colour and life to the way the legal profession is seen on television. "His character was well loved, presenting a side to the legal profession that is often missing on most television portrayals of lawyers." She added: "He will be missed and we offer our condolences to his family and friends." McKern suffered from diabetes and other health problems and was transferred to the nursing home a few weeks ago. He was married to actress Jane Holland and had two daughters, Abigail and Harriet. He had one grandchild. Born Reginald McKern in Sydney in 1920, he planned to become an engineer until he lost his left eye in an accident aged 15. He turned to acting and met his future wife when they worked in the same stage company, following her to England in 1946 and marrying her two weeks later. He enjoyed spells at the Old Vic and the Royal Shakespeare Company and won critical acclaim for his role as Thomas Cromwell in the film version of A Man For All Seasons in 1966. A string of film roles followed, including an appearance in Ryan's Daughter. In 1975 he played Rumpole for the first time in a TV play based on the John Mortimer novels. His portrayal of the crumpled defence barrister was a hit with viewers and his reference to wife Hilda as "she who must be obeyed" became part of the nation's vocabulary. The ITV series continued for a decade and a half and McKern was happy to play the same character for so long. "With Rumpole one comes to be reconciled to the fact that it isn't half a bad thing to be stuck with," he once said. McKern last appeared in the West End two years ago in the play Hobson's Choice. His last film role was as a bishop in period drama The Story of Father Damien, released in 1999.	i don't know
In which country was the late actor Sid James born?	Sidney James - Biography - IMDb Sidney James Biography Showing all 54 items Jump to: Overview (5) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (3) \| Trade Mark (3) \| Trivia (24) \| Salary (18) Overview (5) 5' 8" (1.73 m) Mini Bio (1) The star of the Carry On series of films, Sid James originally came to prominence as sidekick to the ground breaking British comedy actor Tony Hancock, on both radio and then television. Born in Johannesburg, South Africa and named Solomon Joel Cohen, James arrived in England in 1946, second wife in tow, having served with the South African Army during World War 2. By now an aspiring actor, James claimed to have boxed in his youth, perhaps to explain his craggy features, but was certainly a well respected hairdresser in his native country. Known in the trade as "one take James", he became a very talented and professional actor, constantly in demand for small parts in British post-war cinema. In 1960 James debuted in the fourth of the Carry On films, taking the lead role in Carry on Constable (1960) and went on to appear in a further 18 Carry On films as well as various stage and television spin-offs. Reputed not to have got on with Carry On co-star Kenneth Williams , the two often played adversaries on-screen, notably in the historical parodies Carry On... Up the Khyber (1968) and Carry on Pimpernel (1967). James however was respected and revered by almost everyone he worked with and contrary to popular myth, a true gentleman. An addiction to gambling played a large part in James' workaholic schedule and subsequent heart attack in 1967. He was soon back in action however, playing a hospital patient in Carry on Doctor (1967), able to spend most of the film in bed. He suffered a second and fatal heart attack on stage in Sunderland, England on April 26 1976, leaving behind 3 children and his third wife Valerie who had stuck by him despite his affair with Carry On co-star Barbara Windsor , saying, "He always came home to me". - IMDb Mini Biography By: lyndseychris Spouse (3) ( 12 August 1936 - 1940) (divorced) (1 child) Trade Mark (3) The dirtiest laugh in film Playing lecherous comedy characters The adulterous characters he portrayed were inspired by events in his life. Trivia (24) Arrived in Britain on Dec 25th 1946, spending his army demob money on one-way tickets. Once described as "The man with a face like an unmade bed!". Voted (some time ago) to have the world's dirtiest laugh. Career prior to acting was as a top ladies' hairdresser in South Africa. Sid and Meg had a daughter Reine (named after Sid's mother) Frequently remembered as a former boxer, but he never actually was! People got that impression that he had been a boxer from his craggy features and bulbous nose. He is the father of Stephen James, a musician and sound technician who appeared on Fortran 5's debut album "Blues", in October 1991. The song "Bike" heavily sampled Sid's voice and distinctive laugh. Also, Sidney James' portrait appears on the album cover. Collapsed and died on-stage of a heart attack while appearing in "The Mating Game" at the Empire Theatre, Sunderland. Was the regular sidekick-cum-bête noir of Tony Hancock throughout the six series of the radio series "Hancock's Half Hour". Likewise, became Hancock's regular pal in the TV series Hancock's Half Hour (1956), until the final series when Hancock decided it was getting too much like a double act. Sid was nicknamed "One take James" because he nearly always did it right first time. He was also earning the highest daily rate of any British character actor. In late 1960s, he attended a showbusiness houseparty near the Thames and, according to a TV news bulletin, was the hero of the hour because fire broke out and Sid kept dashing back indoors to help others to safety. Apparently, the emergency services had to eventually restrain him from re-entering the fire. Was infamous for using branded products in the Carry On films and advertising them. In one particular film he opened a cupboard to reveal a cupboard full of Johnny Walker Red Label Scotch Whisky. Had an affair with "Carry On..." series star Barbara Windsor from 1973 until his death in 1976. Their life together is chronicled in the movie Cor, Blimey! (2000). Ms. Windsor is an advisor to the cast. His daughter, Sue James , is a children's TV Producer. Suffered a serious heart attack in 1967, and was therefore replaced by Phil Silvers as the star of Carry on in the Legion (1967). His son, Steve James is a music producer. His best friends were his Carry On co-stars Patsy Rowlands and Peter Butterworth . Was friends with Laurence Harvey until they worked on The Silent Enemy (1958) together. According to the book "A Biography Of Sid James", James was offered the role of Chief Petty Officer Thorpe on the recommendation of Harvey, but their friendship ended during the filming. He found Harvey to be "pompous and full of his own importance". His grandson James Wichall is a Sound Engineer. He received top-billing in 17 of the 19 "Carry On" films in which he appeared. Frankie Howerd had that honour in Carry on Doctor (1967) and Carry on Up the Jungle (1970). He has two roles in common with Richard Burton : (1) Burton played Mark Antony in Cleopatra (1963) while James played him in Carry on Cleo (1964) and (2) Burton played King Henry VIII of England in Anne of the Thousand Days (1969) while James played him in Carry on Henry VIII (1971). In both cases, James wore the costume which had originally been worn by Burton. He died only one day after Carol Reed , who directed him in both A Kid for Two Farthings (1955) and Trapeze (1956). Although he was 61 years when he played Dick Turpin in Carry on Dick (1974), Turpin was only 33 when he was hanged on April 7, 1739. Was unable to appear in Carry on Behind (1975), as he was touring Australia for a theatrical production of The Mating Season. Was supposed to play Sergeant Ernie Knocker in Carry on in the Legion (1967), but was busy with George and the Dragon (1966). Less than two weeks into the shooting schedule, he suffered a heart attack. The role went to Phil Silvers . Was supposed to play Detective Sergeant Sidney Bung in Carry on Screaming! (1966), but dropped out when he suffered a heart attack. The role went to Harry H. Corbett . Salary (18)	South Africa
Who composed the work Tales From the Vienna Woods?	Sid James Long Lost Interview (1972) - YouTube Sid James Long Lost Interview (1972) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Aug 22, 2014 This is an interview with the South African-born British actor Sid James that took place in 1972 for She Magazine. The recording has never been heard by or shared with the public before and has remained private for 42 years. The interviewer is Keith Howes and he met Sid on the set of the film version of the TV series Bless This House at Pinewood Studios near London. Sid begins the interview by discussing Tony Hancock and then he goes on to talk candidly about his own career, films life co-stars and family. The interview is both relaxed and funny. At the end of the interview I have included bonus audio of Keith discussing the Carry On films and actors with press agent and publicist Tony Wells. All photographs are either in the public domain or are used under the rules of fair dealing and fair use for educational purposes only. No copyright infringement is intended. The audio belongs to Keith Howes and all other material belongs to me. For enquiries please email me [email protected] Category	i don't know
Found in the body what substance is cerumen?	Secretion secrets: things you didn’t know about ear wax - BBC News BBC News Secretion secrets: things you didn’t know about ear wax By Paula McGrath Health Check 16 March 2014 Close share panel Image copyright SPL Earwax is one of those bodily substances which few of us like to discuss in polite company. Like other secretions, it is something that most of us deal with in private. Yet it also holds a fascination for many. In the past, it has been used as a lip balm and salve for puncture wounds. But it can do a little more than that. Recent research suggests it can indicate a build up of pollutants in the body - and it could even be used to diagnose certain conditions. Here are five things you - probably - didn't know about ear wax. 1. How it gets out Image copyright Brian Evans Image caption The cul-de-sac of the ear canal The cells inside the ear canal are unique in the human body - they migrate. "You could put an ink dot on the eardrum and watch it move over a few weeks and it would be 'carried out' by the movement of the cells." according to Prof Shakeel Saeed at London's Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear hospital. If this didn't happen the mini cul-de-sac of the ear canal would soon fill up with dead cells created by the natural process of skin shedding. This movement also propels the wax - produced by the modified sweat glands which line the ear canal - towards the outside. It's thought that normal movements of the jaw - through eating and talking - assist with this movement. Prof Saeed has noticed that ear wax does sometimes get darker as we age - and that men whose ears get noticeably hairier as they age sometimes find that the wax can't escape through this jungle of hair. 2. It has anti-microbial properties Image copyright Science Photo Library Image caption Cerumen or ear wax secreted by a gland in the ear canal Ear wax contains waxy oils but much of it is made up of keratinocytes - dead skin cells. The rest of cerumen - to give it its technical name - is a mixture of substances. Between 1,000 to 2,000 glands produce anti-microbial peptides - whilst sebaceous glands close to hair cells add into the mix alcohols, an oily substance called squalene, cholesterol and triglyceride. The production of earwax doesn't vary much between men and women. young or old - but in one small study its triglyceride content decreased from November to July. Cerumen also contains lysozyme, an antibacterial enzyme capable of destroying bacterial cell walls. Other researchers are less convinced and claim that it is the perfect medium in which bacteria can grow. 3. It matters where your family is from Image copyright Science Photo Library Asian and non-Asian ears produce different types of earwax according to scientists at the Monell Institute in Philadelphia. Chromosome 16 is home to the "wet" or "dry" gene for earwax - with the wet variant dominating. A small change in the gene ABCC11 is related to both the dry-type earwax and also for reduced underarm body odour found in Chinese, Japanese and Korean individuals. The American study measured the concentration of 12 volatile organic compounds found in earwax - in groups of East Asian and white men. In 11 out of the 12 compounds the Caucasian earwax had greater amounts of odorous compounds. Kate Prigge from Monell says their analysis of the smell of ear wax is a first step towards finding out whether they might eventually use it to detect disease. The institute studies a rare genetic disorder called maple syrup urine disease, which can be easily diagnosed through the scent of earwax compounds. Swabbing someone's ears is a much simpler and cheaper process than doing a genetic test. Dr Prigge does realise how odd her choice of career might sound. She says: "You tell someone that you work in human body odour you get a good laugh," says Prigge. "But when you explain the importance behind it or how much information can be gained in these types of studies, people often understand why." 4. A vacuum rather than a syringe might help clear it Image caption Carrie Roberts said the procedure was "miraculous" Carrie Roberts is in her 40s and has an ear wax problem. She had her ears syringed at the GPs several times, tried hot oil with no success - and ended up with both ears blocked. Ms Roberts decided to pay for micro-suction treatment, where the ear canal is cleaned with an instrument like a tiny vacuum cleaner. Prof Saeed prefers this method to syringing . "With syringing you are going in 'blind' - not under direct vision. If you use water it has to get past the wax and come back, bringing the wax with it. "If there is no gap it can't get through and it shouldn't be forced. It is uncommon to damage the ear drums during syringing, but it does happen." With the micro-suction the whole procedure is carried out whilst looking into the ear canal with a microscope. Carrie said the procedure was "painless, a little noisy and very quick". She adds: "It felt like one of those things they put in your mouth at the dentist to suck water out while you are having a filling, but in your ear. It has been miraculous." Carrie is a convert. "I will go every time now. Much better than syringing as I didn't feel dizzy and faint afterwards, it was much quicker and I didn't have to mess about with olive oil for a week first. 5. It can be a pollution monitor Image copyright Science Photo Library Image caption Ear implements from the 1800s Earwax, like many other bodily secretions, can show traces of certain toxins in the body such as heavy metals. But it's an odd place to look and no more reliable than a simple blood test. There are also some rare metabolic disorders that affect earwax. The most notable earwax scientific discovery of recent times is that of a 24cm wax earplug from a blue whale . Unlike humans which shed their earwax and dead skin cells, filter-feeding whales retain their earwax, recording life events similar to the way tree rings reveal arid and wet seasons during its lifetime. The earwax was analysed by Sascha Usenko, a environmental scientist at Baylor University in Waco, Texas. He and his team found that during the 12-year-old male whale's life it came into contact with 16 different pollutants such as pesticides. There was a peak of exposure during the first year of life - suggesting that these were transferred from its mother either in the womb or through her milk. High levels of the stress hormone cortisol appeared in the waxy plug as the animal reaches sexual maturity - when competing for a mate would have been a priority.	Earwax
In American criminal slang what is a ‘shamus’?	Cerumen \| definition of cerumen by Medical dictionary Cerumen \| definition of cerumen by Medical dictionary http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cerumen cerumen [sĕ-roo´men] a waxy secretion of the glands of the external acoustic meatus; ear wax. adj., adj ceru´minal, ceru´minous. ce·ru·men (sĕ-rū'men), The soft, brownish yellow, waxy secretion (a modified sebum) of the ceruminous glands of the external auditory canal. [L. cera, wax] cerumen /ce·ru·men/ (sĕ-roo´men) earwax; the waxlike substance found within the external meatus of the ear.ceru´minalceru´minous cerumen ce·ru′mi·nous (-mə-nəs) adj. cerumen [siro̅o̅′mən] Etymology: L, cera, wax a yellowish or brownish waxy secretion produced by vestigial apocrine sweat glands in the external ear canal. Also called earwax . Cerumen cerumen Earwax ENT A waxy secretion of the hair follicles and glands of the external auditory canal which protects the ear by trapping dust, microorganisms, and foreign particles, preventing them from entering and damaging the ear. See Wet cerumen. ce·ru·men (sĕ-rū'mĕn) The soft, brownish yellow, waxy secretion (a modified sebum) of the ceruminous glands of the external auditory meatus. [L. cera, wax] Ear wax. cerumen the wax which is secreted in the outer ear canal of mammals to protect the delicate skin lining the canal. Cerumen	i don't know

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