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On which Scottish island did he write 1984 between 1946 and 1948? | WHY ORWELL WROTE "1984"
WHY ORWELL WROTE "1984"
"Good prose is like a windowpane."
Eric Blair, pseudonym George Orwell, was a master writer and story teller. He wrote his first poem at the age of four or five, by dictation to his mother. In the last sixteen years of his life (born in 1903 - died in 1950) he wrote nine major books and 700 essays and articles.
In the essay WHY I WRITE, published in 1947, Orwell says:
"...In a peaceful age I might have written ornate or merely descriptive books, and might have remained almost unaware of my political loyalties. As it is I have been forced into becoming a sort of pamphleteer. First I spent five years in an unsuitable profession (The Indian Imperial Police, in Burma), and then I underwent poverty and the sense of failure. This increased my natural hatred of authority and made me for the first time fully aware of the existence of the working classes, and the job in Burma had given me some understanding of the nature of imperialism: but these experiences were not enough to give me an accurate political orientation. Then came Hitler, the Spanish Civil War, etc. By the end of 1935 I had still failed to reach a firm decision. The Spanish war and other events in 1936-37 turned the scale and thereafter I knew where I stood. Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism, as I understand it. It seems to me nonsense, in a period like our own, to think that one can avoid writing of such subjects. Everyone writes of them in one guise or another. It is simply a question of which side one takes and what approach one follows. And the more one is conscious of one's political bias, the more chance one has of acting politically without sacrificing one's aesthetic and intellectual integrity.
"...I write because there is some lie that I want to expose, some fact to which I want to draw attention, and my initial concern is to get a hearing. ...Of late years I have tried to write less picturesquely and more exactly. ANIMAL FARM was the first book in which I tried, with full consciousness of what I was doing, to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole. I hope to write another fairly soon. It is bound to be a failure, every book is a failure, but I do know with some clarity what kind of book I want to write...."
As we all know, the book Orwell went on to write was "1984". It has since been translated into 62 languages and it, along with ANIMAL FARM, had sold more than 40 million copies by 1984. In the USA it sold 1,000 copies a day that year. Quoting Orwell again from WHY I WRITE:
"...All writers are vain, selfish, and lazy, and at the very bottom of their motives there lies a mystery. Writing a book is a horrible, exhausting struggle, like a long bout of some painful illness. One would never undertake such a thing if one were not driven on by some demon whom one can neither resist nor understand. For all one knows that demon is simply the same instinct that makes a baby squall for attention.... Good prose is like a windowpane...."
Not only figuratively but also literally was the writing of "1984" like a bout of some painful illness for George Orwell. Throughout its writing he was fighting tuberculosis and was at times admitted to the hospital where his typewriter was taken away from him. Undaunted he sat in bed, propped up on pillows, and wrote in longhand with ball-point pen. He was administered a newly developed drug to which he developed a severe allergic reaction. His skin flaked, his mouth became painfully ulcerated, his hair and nails fell out. After several months recuperating in the sanitorium Orwell returned to his home on the remote Scottish island of Jura, one of the most inaccessible spots in the British Isles, and finished writing "1984" in December 1948. He then went immediately back into hospital and was never again healthy enough to be discharged. "1984" was published in June 1949 and Orwell died seven months later on January 21st, 1950, at the age of 46.
In "1984" George Orwell describes how a hierarchical world tyranny is set up, how it stays in power, how it treats its people, and what life is like living under such a system. "1984" is in fact a coded blueprint for world tyranny, laying bare its structure and exposing its components.
Orwell wrote "1984" for us, the future, in the hope we would recognize the signs and symptoms of tyrannical world government and prevent its establishment in our world. Let's make sure he did not write in vain. ~ Jackie Jura
| Jura |
Between 1922 and 1927 Orwell lived in Burma – what was his job there? | Biography // George Orwell // www.k-1.com/Orwell
*June 25, 1903 Motihari - India
+ January 21, 1950 London - GB
The British author George Orwell, pen name of Eric Blair, achieved prominence in the late 1940s as the author of two brilliant satires. He wrote documentaries, essays, and criticism during the 1930s and later established himself as one of the most important and influential voices of the century.
"On each landing, opposite the lift shaft, the poster with the enormous face gazed down from the wall. It was one of these pictures which are so contrived that the eyes follow you about when you move BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU, the caption beneath ran." - from Nineteen Eighty-Four
Eric Arthur Blair (later George Orwell) was born in 1903 in the Indian village of Motihari, which lies near the border of Nepal. At that time India was a part of the British Empire, and Blair's father, Richard, held a post as an agent in the Opium Department of the Indian Civil Service. Blair's paternal grandfather, too, had been part of the British Raj and had served in the Indian Army. Eric's mother, Ida Mabel Blair, the daughter of a French tradesman, was about eighteen years younger than her husband Richard. Eric had a elder sister called Marjorie. The Blairs led a relatively privileged and fairly pleasant life, helping to administer the Empire. The Blair family was not very wealthy - Orwell later described them ironically as "lower-upper-middle class". They owned no property, had no extensive investments; they were like many middle-class English families of the time, totally dependent on the British Empire for their livelihood and prospects. In 1907, when Eric was about eight years old, the family returned to England and lived at Henley, though the father continued to work in India until he retired in 1912. With some difficulty, Blair's parents sent their son to a private preparatory school in Sussex at the age of eight. At the age of thirteen he won a scholarship to Wellington, and soon after, another to Eton, the famous public school.
His parents had forced him to work hard at a dreary preparatory school, and now after winning the scholarship, he was not interested any more in further mental exertion unrelated to his private ambition. At the beginning of Why I Write , he explains that from the age of five or six he had known that he would be - must be-a writer. But in order to become a writer one had to read literature. But English literature was not a major subject at Eton, where most boys came from backgrounds either irremediably unliterary or so literary that to teach them 'English Literature' would be absurd. One of Eric's tutors later declared that his famous pupil had done absolutely no work for five years. This was of course untrue: Eric has apprenticed himself to the masters of English prose who most appealed to him - including Swift, Sterne and Jack London.
However, he had finished the final examinations at Eton as number 138 of 167. He neglected to win a university scholarship, and in 1922 Eric Blair joined the Indian Imperial Police. In doing so he was already breaking away from the path most of his school-fellows would take, for Eton often led to either Oxford or Cambridge. Instead, he was drawn to a life of travel and action. He trained in Burma, and served there in the police force for five years. In 1927, while home on leave, he resigned. There had been at least two reasons for this: firstly, his life as a policeman was a distraction from the life he really wanted, which was to be a writer; and secondly, he had come to feel that, as a policeman in Burma, he was supporting a political system in which he could no longer believe. Even as early as this, his ideas about writing and his political ideas were closely linked. It was not simply that he wished to break away from British Imperialism in India: he wished to "escape from ... every form of man's dominion over man", as he said in The Road to Wigan Pier (1937), and the social structure from which he came, depended, as he saw it, on just that "dominion over others" - not just over the Burmese, but over the English working class.
Back in London he settled down in a grotty bedroom in Portobello Road. There, at the age of twenty-four, he started to teach himself how to write. His neighbours were impressed by his determination . Week after week he remained in his unheated bedroom, thawing his hands over a candle when they became too numb to write. In spring of 1928, he turned his back on his own inherited values by taking a drastic step. For more than one year he lived among the poor, first in London, then in Paris. For him the poor were victims of injustice, playing the same part as the Burmese played in their country. One reason for going to live among the poor was to overcome a repulsion which he considered typical of his own class. In Paris he lived and worked in a working-class quarter. At that time, he tells us, Paris was full of artists and would-be artists. There Orwell led a life that was far from bohemian; when he eventually got a job, he worked as a dishwasher. Once again his journey was downward into the life to which he felt he should expose himself, the life of poverty-stricken, or of those who barely scraped a living.
When he returned to London, he lived for a couple of months among the tramps and poor people there. In December 1929, Eric spent Christmas with his family. At his visit he announced that he was going to write a book about his time in Paris. The original version of Down and Out in Paris and London entitled A Scullion's Diary was completed in October 1930 and came to only 35,000 words for Orwell had used only a part of his material. After two rejections from publishers Orwell wrote Burmese Days (published in 1934), a book based on his experiences in the colonial service.
We owe the rescue of Down and Out to Mabel Firez: She was asked to destroy the script, but save the paper clips. Instead she took the manuscript and brought it to Leonard Monroe, literary agent at the house of Gollancz, and bullied him to read it. Soon it was accepted - on condition that all swearwords were deleted and certain names changed. Having completed this last revision Eric wrote to Victor Gollancz: '...I would prefer the book to be published pseudonymously. I have no reputation that is lost by doing this and if the book has any kind of success I can always use this pseudonym again.' But Orwell's reasons for taking the name Orwell are much more complicated than those that writers usually have when adopting a pen-name. In effect, it meant that Eric Blair would somehow have to shed his old identity and take on a new. This is exactly what he tried to do: he tried to change himself from Eric Blair, old Etonian and English colonial policemen, into George Orwell, classless anti-authoritarian.
Down and Out in Paris and London is not a novel; it is a kind of documentary account of life unknown to most of its readers. And this was the point of it: he wished to bring the English middle class, of which he was a member, to an understanding that the life they led and enjoyed, was founded upon the life under their very noses. Here we see two typical aspects of Orwell as a writer: his idea of himself as the exposer of painful truth, which people for various reasons do not wish to see; and his idea of himself as a representative of the English moral conscience. (Winston Smith - 1984 - last representative of moral values).
His next book was A Clergyman's Daughter (1935) and Keep The Aspidistra Flying (1936). In 1936 he opened a village shop in Wallington, Hertfordshire where he did business in the mornings and wrote in the afternoons. The same year he married Eileen O 'Shaughnessy and also received a commission from the Left Book Club to examine the conditions of the poor and unemployed. This resulted in The Road to Wigan Pier . He went on living among the poor about whom he was to write his book. Once again it was a journey away from the comparative comfort of middle-class life. His account of mining communities in the north of England in this book is full of detail and conveys to the reader what it was like to go down a mine. When the Left Book Club read what he had written about the English class system and English socialism in the The Road to Wigan Pier they were not pleased, and when the book was published it contained a preface by Victor Gollancz taking issue with many of Orwell's main points. The Left Book Club wasn't pleased because in the second half of the book Orwell criticised English socialism, because it in his eyes was mostly unrealistic, and another fact criticised by Orwell was that most of the socialists tended to be members of the middle class. The kind of socialist Orwell makes fun of is the sort who spouts phrases like "proletarian solidarity", and who puts off decent people, the people for whom Orwell wants to write.
Having completed The Road to Wigan Pier he went to Spain at the end of 1936, with the idea of writing newspaper articles on the Civil War, which had broken out there. The conflict in Spain was between the communist, socialist Republic, and General Franco's Fascist military rebellion. When Orwell arrived in Barcelona he was astonished by the atmosphere he found there: what had seemed impossible in England seemed a fact of daily life in Spain. Class distinctions seemed to have vanished. There was a shortage of everything, but there was equality. Orwell joined in the struggle by enlisting in the militia of the POUM (Partido Obrero de Unificaci�n de Marxista), which was associated with the British Labour Party For the first time in his life socialism seemed a reality, something for which it was worth fighting for. Orwell received a basic military training and was sent to the front in Aragon, near Zaragoza. He spent a couple of dull months there, and he was wounded in the throat. Three and a half months later, when he returned to Barcelona, he found it a changed city. No longer a place where the socialist word �comrade� was really felt to mean something, it was a city returning to "normal". Even worse, he was to find that the group he was with, the POUM, was now accused of being a Fascist militia, secretly helping Franco. Orwell had to sleep in the open to avoid showing his papers, and eventually managed to escape into France with his wife. His account of his time in Spain was published in Homage to Catalonia (1938). His experiences in Spain left two impressions on Orwell's mind: firstly, they showed him that socialism in action was a human possibility, if only a temporary one. He never forgot the exhilaration of those first days in Barcelona, when a new society seemed possible, where "comradeship", instead of being just a socialist abuse of language, was reality. But secondly he saw the experience of the city returning to normal as a gloomy confirmation of the fact that there will always be different classes, that there is something in the human nature that seeks violence, conflict, power over others. It is clear that these two impressions, of hope on the one hand, and despair on the other are entirely contradictory. Nevertheless, despite the despair and confusion of his return to Barcelona (there were street fights between different groups of socialists), Orwell left Spain with a hopeful impression.
In 1938, Orwell became ill with tuberculosis and spent the winter in Morocco. While being there, he wrote his next book, a novel entitled Coming up for Air, published in 1939, the year the long-threatened war between England and Germany broke out. Orwell wanted to fight, as he has done in Spain, against the fascist enemy, but he was declared physically unfit. In 1941 he joined the British Broadcasting Corporation as talks producer in the Indian section of the eastern service. He served in the Home Guard, a wartime civilian body for local defence. In 1943 he left the BBC to become literary editor of the Tribune and began writing Animal Farm . In 1944 the Orwells adopted a son, but in 1945 his wife died during an operation. Towards the end of the war, Orwell went to Europe as a reporter. Late in 1945 he went to the island of Jura off the Scottish coast, and settled there in 1946. He wrote Nineteen Eighty-Four there. The island�s climate was unsuitable for someone suffering from tuberculosis and Nineteen Eighty-Four reflects the bleakness of human suffering, the indignity of pain. Indeed, he said that the book wouldn't have been so gloomy had he not been so ill. Later that year he married Sonia Brownell. He died in January 1950.
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What is the clotting substance in the blood called? | What Is a Blood Clot?
Which Medical Conditions Cause Blood-Clotting Problems?
Blood has a seemingly impossible job: It must flow continuously and smoothly throughout your body for an entire lifetime, but quickly shut off to prevent spills when you get a cut or injury.
Blood clots are healthy and lifesaving when they stop bleeding. But they can also form when they aren't needed and cause a heart attack , stroke , or other serious medical problems.
How Does Blood Clot?
The life cycle of a normal blood clot depends on a series of chemical interactions.
1. Platelets form a plug. Tiny bits in your blood called platelets get "turned on" by triggers released when a blood vessel is damaged. They stick to the walls in the area and each other, changing shape to form a plug that fills in the broken part to stop blood from leaking out.
When activated, platelets also release chemicals to attract more platelets and other cells, and to set off the next step.
2. The clot grows. Proteins in your blood called clotting factors signal each other to cause a rapid chain reaction. It ends with a dissolved substance in your blood turning into long strands of fibrin. These get tangled up with the platelets in the plug to create a net that traps even more platelets and cells. The clot becomes much tougher and more durable.
3. Reactions stop its growth. Other proteins offset extra clotting factor proteins so the clot doesn't spread farther than it needs to.
4. Your body slowly breaks it down. As the damaged tissue heals, you don't need the clot any more. The tough fibrin strands dissolve, and your blood takes back the platelets and cells of the clot.
What Causes Blood Clots?
The process begins whenever flowing blood comes into contact with specific substances in your skin or in blood vessel walls. When they touch, it usually means the skin or blood vessel wall is broken.
Waxy cholesterol plaques that form in arteries have these things inside, too. If the plaque breaks open, they'll start the clotting process. Most heart attacks and strokes happen when a plaque in your heart or brain suddenly bursts.
Blood clots can also form when your blood doesn't flow properly. If it pools in your blood vessels or heart , the platelets are more likely to stick together. Atrial fibrillation and deep vein thrombosis ( DVT ) are two conditions where slowly moving blood can cause clotting problems.
Continued
| Fibrin |
Which Gilbert & Sullivan operetta is subtitled Bunthorne’s Bride? | Blood Clots and How to Prevent Abnormal Blood Clotting
By Richard N. Fogoros, MD
Updated August 06, 2015
The clotting mechanism is one of the most important and complex of physiologic systems. Blood must flow freely through the blood vessels in order to sustain life. But if a blood vessel is traumatized, the blood must clot to prevent life from flowing away. Thus, the blood must provide a system that can be activated instantaneously and that can be contained locally to stop the flow of blood. This system is called the clotting mechanism.
To treat or prevent abnormal blood clotting, doctors must understand the multifaceted aspects of the clotting mechanism. The following explanation is greatly simplified, but is designed to provide a basic understanding of how the many drugs used to treat clotting problems work, and some basis for assessing the treatments your doctor may prescribe for you.
How does the blood clot?
There are two major facets of the clotting mechanism the platelets, and the thrombin system.
The platelets are tiny cellular elements, made in the bone marrow , that travel in the bloodstream waiting for a bleeding problem to develop. When bleeding occurs, chemical reactions change the surface of the platelet to make it sticky. Sticky platelets are said to have become activated. These activated platelets begin adhering to the wall of the blood vessel at the site of bleeding, and within a few minutes they form what is called a white clot. (A clump of platelets appears white to the naked eye.)
The thrombin system consists of several blood proteins that, when bleeding occurs, become activated. The activated clotting proteins engage in a cascade of chemical reactions that finally produce a substance called fibrin. Fibrin can be thought of as a long, sticky string. Fibrin strands stick to the exposed vessel wall, clumping together and forming a web-like complex of strands.
Red blood cells become caught up in the web, and a red clot forms.
A mature blood clot consists of both platelets and fibrin strands . The strands of fibrin bind the platelets together, and tighten the clot to make it stable.
In arteries, the primary clotting mechanism depends on platelets. In veins, the primary clotting mechanism depends on the thrombin system. But in reality, both platelets and thrombin are involved, to one degree or another, in all blood clotting.
How the Blood Clots - using a coronary artery as an example.
Figure 1. A coronary artery is shown that has an atherosclerotic plaque ("AP") partially occluding the lumen (opening) of the artery. Platelets within the blood are shown ("P"). The flow of blood through the artery is indicated by the long arrow. The patient with this artery likely has stable angina .
Figure 2. The atherosclerotic plaque has developed an ulcer ("U").
Figure 3. The platelets have been activated (i.e., made "sticky") by their exposure to the ulcerated plaque.
They begin to aggregate (to stick) to the surface of the ulcer.
Page 2 - The clotting mechanism, continued.
The clotting mechanism, continued.
Figure 4. The thrombin system has been activated (also by exposure of the blood to the surface of the ulcer), and fibrin strands begin to form, connecting the aggregated platelets, and drawing them together.
Page 3 - The clotting mechanism, continued.
The clotting mechanism, continued.
Figure 5. A mature clot is now present, superimposed on the atherosclerotic plaque. This clot makes the partial obstruction of the coronary artery substantially worse. The arrow indicates the increased sluggishness and turbulence of blood flow through the artery. This patient most likely now has unstable angina, and if blood flow is sluggish enough, some of the heart cells supplied by this artery may die.
If the artery becomes totally occluded by a clot, a classic heart attack ( myocardial infarction ) will occur.
How can the clotting mechanism produce problems?
The clotting system, like all complex physiologic systems, can produce problems. Blood clots forming on atherosclerotic plaques in the arteries are the major cause of heart attack and stroke. Blood clots forming in the veins of the legs produce a painful condition called phlebitis, and when these venous blood clots break off (embolize) they move into the lungs and produce a dangerous condition called pulmonary embolus .
Page 4 - How can abnormal blood clotting be treated?
How can abnormal blood clotting be treated?
Drugs used for preventing or treating abnormal blood clotting can be aimed either at the platelets, or at the thrombin system. While they all have their own profile of side effects, one side effect common to all these drugs is excess bleeding. They must all be used with appropriate precautions.
Drugs aimed at the thrombin system.
Drugs that prevent further fibrin from forming. These drugs, which inhibit one or more of the proteins involved in the thrombin clotting system, are used for both arterial and venous clotting problems.
Heparin.
Heparin is an intravenous drug that has an immediate (within seconds) inhibitory effect on the thrombin system. Its dosage can be adjusted frequently, following the PTT blood test (the partial thromboplastin time) to achieve the desired effect.
Low molecular weight heparin: enoxaparin, dalteparin. LMWH is a purified derivative of heparin. Its major advantages are that it can be given as a skin injection (which almost anyone can learn to do in a few minutes), and does not need to be closely monitored with blood tests. Thus, unlike heparin, LMWH can be administered safely on an outpatient basis.
Coumadin. Coumadin is an oral anti-thrombin drug that can be taken chronically. The dose must be carefully monitored by following the prothrombin time (PT), a blood test.
Drugs that dissolve fibrin the fibrinolytic drugs. These powerful drugs actually dissolve fibrin strands that have already formed.
TPA, streptokinase, urokinase. These are the intravenous drugs that are administered acutely during the first few hours of an acute heart attack or stroke, to attempt to re-open an occluded artery, and prevent permanent tissue damage.
Drugs aimed at platelets.
These three groups of drugs, in one way or another, reduce the stickiness of platelets. They are used most commonly in preventing arterial clots from forming.
Aspirin and diypyramidole. These drugs have a modest effect on platelet stickiness, but have few important side effects.
Ticlopidine (Ticlid) and clopidrogel (Plavix). These drugs are somewhat more powerful than the first group, but can be poorly tolerated and can have important side effects. They are generally used in patients who need, but cannot tolerate, aspirin.
IIb/IIIa inhibitors: abciximab (Reopro), eptifabitide (Integrilin), tirofiban (Aggrastat). The IIb/IIIa inhibitors are the most powerful group of platelet inhibitors. They inhibit a receptor on the surface of platelets (the so-called IIb/IIIa receptor) that is essential for platelet stickiness. Their chief usage is to prevent acute clotting after interventional procedures (such as angioplasty and stent placement), and in patients with acute coronary artery syndromes , such as unstable angina . These drugs are very expensive and (in general) must be given intravenously.
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What are fats in the blood called? | Too much fat in the blood, hyperlipidemia | Trusted.MD Network
Too much fat in the blood, hyperlipidemia
Featured in: Healthy Living
High lipid levels in the blood is associated with may diseases, but what leads to that condition?
Now that we have a basic understanding of the normal lipids (fats) metabolism in the body, it is time to look at how changes in their levels can affect any one of us. In this post, I will be talking about the pathological conditions in which there are high levels of fats in the blood. The medical term for these conditions is ‘hyperlipidemia’, which is made of three parts; hyper-, is a prefix meaning more or extra, lipid is fat, and –emia is a suffix indicating that the condition is in the blood. Hyperlipidemia is a general term; it could be either high cholesterol in the blood (hypercholesterolemia), high triglycerides in the blood (hypertriglyceridemia) or it could be both.
When we talk about “too much cholesterol in the blood”, we mean by that high LDL (the bad cholesterol), there is nothing called too much of a good thing; so high levels of HDL (the good cholesterol) is not considered a disease. We have to remember that the absolute values of these two lipoproteins are not that important but rather the ratio between the two. So lower than normal value of HDL, even in the presence of normal value of LDL, is still considered hypercholesterolemia.
Many factors can lead to having high lipid levels in the blood; you could inherit a defected copy of one of the several genes that participate in lipid metabolism (or more than one gene if you are really unlucky). The mutation might cause more production of LDL or decrease its rate of clearance from the blood. On the other hand, the mutated gene might promote faster HDL clearance or lower its production. Either way, the balance between the good cholesterol and the bad cholesterol is disturbed and there is more of the bad stuff in the blood. In such hereditary cases, a positive family history is always present, and these individuals develop atherosclerosis earlier than usual.
The majority of the cases are not caused by hereditary factors, but rather secondary to other conditions. Obesity is considered a risk factor because it usually indicates a certain life style with high food consumption and low physical exercises, both are incriminated in high blood lipids. High consumption of food rich in saturated fat such as found in meats, non-skim dairy products, butter and some artificially hydrogenated vegetable oils is particularly risky. We have to remember that high intake of cholesterol prevents the uptake of cholesterol circulating in the blood by the liver, and these kinds of food are not short of it.
Diabetes mellitus, especially if poorly controlled, is a major contributor to high blood lipids. Other diseases such as kidney failure or hyperthyroidism may also cause hyperlipidemia. Drugs such as estrogens, oral contraceptives, and corticosteroids can increase the blood lipid level as well. The high levels of triglycerides are caused by similar factors that lead to high LDL, but there is no established link between high triglycerides and cardiovascular diseases. The consumption of a high calorie diet and excessive use of alcohol are also contributing factors to high blood levels of triglycerides.
Hyperlipidemia does not cause any symptoms by itself, and is usually discovered through routine blood tests. In cases of high cholesterol levels, small yellow deposits in the skin (xanthoma) or eyelids can be seen. Treatment of hyperlipidemia is essentially a low-fat diet, weight loss and exercise. Drugs that lower the cholesterol level can be used if the conservative diet strategy does not pay off.
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Which Gilbert & Sullivan operetta is subtitled The Merryman and his Maid? | What Is Cholesterol? - NHLBI, NIH
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What Is Cholesterol?
To understand high blood cholesterol (ko-LES-ter-ol), it helps to learn about cholesterol. Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that’s found in all cells of the body.
Your body needs some cholesterol to make hormones, vitamin D, and substances that help you digest foods. Your body makes all the cholesterol it needs. However, cholesterol also is found in some of the foods you eat.
Cholesterol travels through your bloodstream in small packages called lipoproteins (lip-o-PRO-teens). These packages are made of fat (lipid) on the inside and proteins on the outside.
Two kinds of lipoproteins carry cholesterol throughout your body: low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Having healthy levels of both types of lipoproteins is important.
LDL cholesterol sometimes is called “bad” cholesterol. A high LDL level leads to a buildup of cholesterol in your arteries. (Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood from your heart to your body.)
HDL cholesterol sometimes is called “good” cholesterol. This is because it carries cholesterol from other parts of your body back to your liver. Your liver removes the cholesterol from your body.
What Is High Blood Cholesterol?
High blood cholesterol is a condition in which you have too much cholesterol in your blood. By itself, the condition usually has no signs or symptoms. Thus, many people don’t know that their cholesterol levels are too high.
People who have high blood cholesterol have a greater chance of getting coronary heart disease , also called coronary artery disease. (In this article, the term “heart disease” refers to coronary heart disease.)
The higher the level of LDL cholesterol in your blood, the GREATER your chance is of getting heart disease. The higher the level of HDL cholesterol in your blood, the LOWER your chance is of getting heart disease.
Coronary heart disease is a condition in which plaque (plak) builds up inside the coronary (heart) arteries. Plaque is made up of cholesterol, fat, calcium, and other substances found in the blood. When plaque builds up in the arteries, the condition is called atherosclerosis (ATH-er-o-skler-O-sis).
Atherosclerosis
Figure A shows the location of the heart in the body. Figure B shows a normal coronary artery with normal blood flow. The inset image shows a cross-section of a normal coronary artery. Figure C shows a coronary artery narrowed by plaque. The buildup of plaque limits the flow of oxygen-rich blood through the artery. The inset image shows a cross-section of the plaque-narrowed artery.
Over time, plaque hardens and narrows your coronary arteries. This limits the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the heart.
Eventually, an area of plaque can rupture (break open). This causes a blood clot to form on the surface of the plaque. If the clot becomes large enough, it can mostly or completely block blood flow through a coronary artery.
If the flow of oxygen-rich blood to your heart muscle is reduced or blocked, angina (an-JI-nuh or AN-juh-nuh) or a heart attack may occur.
Angina is chest pain or discomfort. It may feel like pressure or squeezing in your chest. The pain also may occur in your shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back. Angina pain may even feel like indigestion.
A heart attack occurs if the flow of oxygen-rich blood to a section of heart muscle is cut off. If blood flow isn’t restored quickly, the section of heart muscle begins to die. Without quick treatment, a heart attack can lead to serious problems or death.
Plaque also can build up in other arteries in your body, such as the arteries that bring oxygen-rich blood to your brain and limbs. This can lead to problems such as carotid artery disease , stroke , and peripheral artery disease .
Outlook
Lowering your cholesterol may slow, reduce, or even stop the buildup of plaque in your arteries. It also may reduce the risk of plaque rupturing and causing dangerous blood clots.
The image focuses on high cholesterol in women and explains how high cholesterol increases the risk of developing heart disease. An estimated 1 in 2 women has high or borderline high cholesterol. The image also lists the ranges of total cholesterol numbers for high, borderline high, and desirable cholesterol levels, and breaks down the percentage of women who have high cholesterol in their twenties, thirties, forties, and fifties.
Sources: National Center for Health Statistics (2007–2010). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; National Center for Health Statistics (2005–2008). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Cholesterol Education Program (2002). Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) exert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report.
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The NHLBI "Grand Opportunity" Exome Sequencing Project
05/16/2012
This video—presented by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, part of the National Institutes of Health—discusses the NHLBI's Exome Sequencing Project. Made possible by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, this project provided six awards at five academic institutions to identify genetic connections to heart, lung, and blood diseases. Individual studies will address critical health issues, such as heart attack, stroke, COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, overweight and obesity, and others.
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Which acid is produced by the Gay-Lussac process? | Introduction
In 1746 John Roebuck developed the lead chamber process for the manufacture of sulfuric acid. Prior to this time, sulfuric acid had been produced in glass bottles several pounds at a time. But the lead chamber process could produce sulfuric acid by the ton.
In the original lead chamber process, sulfur and potassium nitrate are ignited in a room lined with lead foil. Potassium nitrate, or saltpeter is an oxidizing agent oxidizes the sulfur to sulfur trioxide according to the reaction:
6 KNO3(s) + 7 S(s) -----> 3 K2S + 6 NO(g) + 4 SO3(g)
The floor of the room was covered with water. When the sulfur trioxide reacted with the water, sulfuric acid was produced:
SO3(g) + H2O(l) -----> H2SO4(aq)
This process was a batch process and resulted in the consumption of potassium nitrate.
In 1835, Joseph Gay-Lussac invented a process for recovering the nitrogen in nitrogen monoxide and recycling it to replace the saltpeter as a source of nitrogen.
4 NO(g) + O2(g) + 2 H2O(l) -----> 4 HNO2(l)
4 HNO2(l) + 2 SO2(g) -----> 2 H2SO4(aq) + 4 NO(g)
This accomplished two things simultaneously: it reduced the dependence on expensive saltpeter and at the same time sharply reduced nitrogen monoxide emissions. The only
requirement now for saltpeter was to make up for the lost nitrogen monoxide.
The classic lead chamber process consists of 3 stages; Glover tower, lead chambers and Guy-Lussac Tower.
The process starts with hot sulfur dioxide gas entering the bottom of a reactor called a Glover tower where it is washed with nitrous vitriol (sulfuric acid with nitric oxide, NO, and nitrogen dioxide, NO2, dissolved in it) and mixed with nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide gases. The Glover tower serves two functions; concentration of the chamber acid and stripping of nitrogen oxides from the liquid to the gas or denitration. Concentration of the chamber acid (62% to 68% H2SO4) is achieved by the hot gases entering the tower which evaporate water from the acid. Some of the sulfur dioxide is oxidized to sulfur trioxide and dissolved in the acid wash to form tower acid or Glover acid (about 78% H2SO4). The dissolved nitrogen oxides are stripped from the acid and carried with the gas out of the Glover tower into the lead chambers.
From the Glover tower a mixture of gases (including sulfur dioxide and trioxide, nitrogen oxides, nitrogen, oxygen, and steam) is transferred to a lead-lined chamber where it is reacted with more water. The chamber may be a large, boxlike room or an enclosure in the form of a truncated cone. Sulfuric acid is formed by a complex series of reactions; it condenses on the walls and collects on the floor of the chamber. There may be from three to twelve chambers in a series; the gases pass through each in succession. The acid produced in the chambers, often called chamber acid or fertilizer acid, contains 62% to 68% H2SO4. The reactions occurring in the lead chamber are:
NO + ½ O2 -----> NO2
| Sulfur |
Which Middle-Eastern country calls itself The Hashemite Kingdom? | Gay-Lussac
GAY-LUSSAC ---SCIENTIST
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, by virtue of his skill and diligence as an experimentalist, and by his demonstration of the power of the scientific method, deserves recognition as a great scientist. Born on December 6, 1778, Joseph was the eldest of five children. His father, Antoine Gay, was a lawyer who, to distinguish himself from other people in the Limoges region with the last name of Gay, used the surname Gay-Lussac from the name of some family property near St Leonard(4)
The French Revolution affected many of what were to become the French scientific elite. Gay-Lussac was sent to Paris at the age of fourteen when his father was arrested. After having had private lessons and attending a boarding school, the Ecole Polytechnique and the civil engineering school, Gay-Lussac became an assistant to Berthollet who was himself a co-worker of Lavoisier. Gay-Lussac thus got the chance to become part of the group of famous men who spent time at Berthollet's country house near Arcueil. Here among the Arcueil Society he received his training in chemical research4.
With the encouragement of Berthollet and LaPlace, Gay-Lussac at the age of 24 conducted his first major research in the winter of 1801-1802. He settled some conflicting evidence about the expansion properties of different gases. By excluding water vapor from the apparatus and by making sure that the gases themselves were free of moisture, he obtained results that were more accurate than had been obtained previously by others. He concluded that equal volumes of all gases expand equally with the same increase in temperature. While Jacques Charles discovered this volume-temperature relationship fifteen years earlier, he had not published it. Unlike Gay-Lussac, Charles did not measure the coefficient of expansion. Also, because of the presence of water in the apparatus and the gases themselves, Charles obtained results that indicated unequal expansion for the gases that were water soluble16,19.
Gay-Lussac, like his mentor Berthollet, was interested in how chemical reactions take place. Working with the mathematical physicist, LaPlace, Gay-Lussac made quantitative measurements on capillary action. The goal was to support LaPlace 's belief in his Newtonian theory of chemical affinity. In 1814 this theoretical bent continued as Gay-Lussac and LaPlace sought to determine if chemistry could be reduced to applied mathematics. The approach was to ask whether the conditions of chemical reactions could be reduced simply to, as LaPlace had suggested, considerations of heat4.
As with his mentor before him, Gay-Lussac was consulted by industry and supported by the government. "Napoleonic science sharpened the appetites of young men by holding up the prospects of recognition and reward"5. Gay-Lussac and Thenard, the laboratory boy turned professor, isolated the element boron nine days before Davy's group did (but Davy was the first to publish1.) Gay-Lussac led his group into the isolation of plant alkaloids for potential medical use8 and he was instrumental in developing the industrial production of oxalic acid from the fusion of sawdust with alkali.17 His most important contribution to industry was, in 1827, the refinement of the lead chamber process for the production of sulfuric acid, the industrial chemical produced in largest volume in the world. The tall absorbtion towers were known as Gay-Lussac Towers. The process is:
SO2(g) + NO2 (g) -------> SO3 (g) + NO (g)
This reaction was carried out in a lead-lined chamber in which the sulfur trioxide was then dissolved in water to produce sulfuric acid. Gay-Lussac's contribution was a process for recycling the nitrogen monoxide after oxidizing it to NO2. Sulfuric acid was produced this way well into the twentieth century, when it was replaced by catalytic oxidation of SO2 in the "Contact Process" .13 While Gay-Lussac was a great theoretical scientist, he was also respected by his colleagues for his careful, elegant, experimental work. Wanting to know why and how something happened was important to Gay-Lussac, but he preferred knowing much about a limited subject rather than proposing broad new theories which might be wrong . He devised many new types of apparatus such as the portable barometer, an improved pipette and burette and, when working at the Mint, a new apparatus for quickly and accurately estimating the purity of silver which was the only legal measure in France until 18815. His work on iodine is considered a model of chemical research16. His precise measurement of the thermal expansion of gases mentioned above was used by Lord Kelvin in the development of the absolute temperature scale and Third Law of Thermodynamics and by Clausius in the development of the Second Law9. He and Thenard improved existing methods of elemental analysis and developed volumetric procedures for measuring acids and alkalis16. His quantification of the effect of light on the reaction of chlorine with hydrogen elevated photochemistry from mere artifice into a theoretical science which culminated, fifty years after his death, in the quantum theory10. An example of his dedication to meticulous experimenting is his decision to undertake a balloon flight to a record setting height of 23,000 feet to test an hypotheses on earth's magnetic field and the composition of the air20.
The work for which Gay-Lussac is most remembered in high school and university courses of general chemistry is his Law of Combining Volumes: "The compounds of gaseous substances with each other are always formed in very simple ratios by volume"11. If we follow the development of this law we can see the scientific method at work, in all its beauty and nobility, and with its pitfalls, resting as it does on the frailty of human nature.
Gay-Lussac began with a statement of intent:
"I hope by this means to give proof of an idea advanced by several distinguished chemists--that we are perhaps not far removed from the time when we shall be able to submit the bulk of chemical formula to calculation"11.
The events that culminated in the presentation of his memoir at Arcueil began with his balloon flight and measurements of the composition of the air. These studies led him to criticize a man ten years his elder--the scientist-explorer Alexander von Humbolt, who had also published measurements on the composition of the air. But in an illustration of the nobility of science, Humbolt, far from becoming angry with Gay-Lussac, saw that he had something to learn about precision in scientific research. The two became collaborators and friends and, in fact, eventually traveled together throughout Europe for a year in 1805, going to Rome, Switzerland and Berlin3. Before that trip they worked on finding the ratio in which hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water. They needed this fact in order to find the percent of oxygen in the air. They came up with the remarkably accurate results of a volume ratio of 100 of oxygen to 200 of hydrogen.
What is surprising is that four years passed before Gay-Lussac published his now famous results. In the interim, during their trip together, he worked with Humbolt on measuring the earth's magnetic intensity. In 1807 he worked on a series of experiments to find out if there is a general relationship between the specific heats of gases and their densities3.
Gay-Lussac looked at some previous data collected by Davy. This consisted of analysis of the proportions by weight of elements in three different oxides of nitrogen, as follows:
Proportions by Weight, Nitrogen/Oxygen
Nitrous gas: 100 /100
Nitric acid: 100 /200
In modern terms these three compounds are N2O, NO, and NO2. So Gay-Lussac has used the scientific method: Question, Hypothesis, Experiment (including careful measurement, reproducibility, independent observations in other laboratories) to devise an explanation of how gases combine--the resulting Law of Combining Volumes was announced at a meeting of the Societe Philomatique in Paris on December 31, 1808. As Crosland writes in his article in the Dictionary of Scientific Biography, "For Gay-Lussac, himself, the law provided a vindication of his belief in regularities in the physical world, which it was the business of the scientist to discover". Crosland adds that "These neat ratios do not, however, correspond exactly to his experimental results. He deduced his law from a few fairly clear cases... and glossed over discrepancies in some of the others. The simple reaction between hydrogen and chlorine, which is often used today as an elementary illustration of the law, was not discovered until 1809 and was included only as a footnote when this memoir was printed".
Now comes the pitfall; not Gay-Lussac's at first but John Dalton's. In the second part of his "New System of Chemical Philosophy" Dalton criticized the accuracy of Gay-Lussac's measurements, experiments and generalizations. This was ironic since Dalton was more speculator than experimentalist, sometimes accepting large standard deviations, as in the case of the atomic weight of sulfur, for which he accepted values ranging from 12 to 22 based on his own experiments. Nevertheless, he had the gall to claim that the ratio of volumes of H and O in water was 1:1.97 which, he said, was not a simple whole number ratio, thereby invalidating Gay-Lussac's Law. Thus he was unable to "admit the French doctrine" as he called it7.
It is instructive to trace Dalton's thought processes. In a paper read before the Literary and Philosophical Society in Manchester in 1802 (before the Law of Combining Volumes) Dalton stated that: "The particles of one gas are not elastic or repulsive to the particles of another gas but only to the particles of their own kind." In his New System of Chemical Philosophy, Part I (in 1808 after Gay-Lussac's Law), he set out a number of rules for combinations of atoms: "When only one combination of two bodies can be obtained, it must be presumed to be a binary one, unless some cause appear to the contrary" 6. Consequently, hydrogen peroxide not yet having been discovered (it was isolated by Thenard in 181816), Dalton was forced to conclude that the formula of water was HO. Although others of his contemporaries, including Berzelius and Avogadro were quite comfortable with Gay-Lussac's Law and used it to their advantage, Dalton stubbornly rejected it. Like atoms could not stick together. They would repel each other as like charges do. Furthermore, atoms combined in simple proportions by weight according to Dalton's Law of Multiple Proportions, and Dalton could not see how the same proportions could apply to combining volumes12. Avogadro had the answer: equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of particles. To the latter, who had used electricity extensively in his studies of the halogens, it must have seemed preposterous to believe that gases such as oxygen, hydrogen and chlorine could be diatomic in nature. Two like atoms and two like charges were bound to repel each other; even though a cornerstone of Avogadro's work was the production of two volumes of HCl from one each of hydrogen and chlorine. So Avogadro's work was consigned to obscurity for fifty years, until his compatriot, Cannizzaro brought it to light in a pamphlet distributed at the end of the Karlsruhe Conference in December 18607 after Gay-Lussac, Berzelius and Dalton were dead.
In the end Dalton did bow under the weight of the evidence and accept the Law of Combining Volumes. But neither he nor Gay-Lussac nor Berzelius ever accepted Avogadro's Law; not even when Gaudin in 1833 clearly showed how it could be applied to explain the formation of water15, not even with the background of Cavendish eudiometer experiments14.
The stubborn blindness of Dalton and Berzelius and Gay-Lussac is a clear example of a common pitfall in the practice of science. Roger Bacon might have recognized it as the third "Cause of Error": popular prejudice2, but it also has elements of Bacon's first cause of error, namely, submission to faulty and unworthy authority. We see that science has the pitfalls of human frailty as well as beauty and nobility.
REFERENCES
1. Asimov, I., The Search for the Elements, Fawcett World Library, N.Y. 1962, pp.64 -- 65. 2. Bacon, R., Opus Majus, 1266, trans. Burke, R.B., Univ. Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, PA , 1928, p.4.
3. Crosland, M.P., Gay-Lussac, Gillispie, C.C., ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Scribner, N.Y.,N.Y., 1972, p. 319.
4. Crosland, M. P. , Gay - Lussac: Scientist and Bourgeois. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1978, p. 48 -- 50.
5. Ibid... p. 258 -- 260.
6. Dalton, John., A New System of Chemical Philosophy, Part 1, Bickerstaff, London, England, excerpted in ref.18 , pp. 768 -- 780.
7. Farber, E., The Evolution of Chemistry, Ronald Press, N.Y. 1952, pp. 130 -- 133.
8. Ibid ... p.162.
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Which pungent spice is called ‘jeera’ in Indian cooking? | Indian spices - description with pictures.
Indian Spices
Indian Spices
Spices and aromatics are the very heart of Indian cooking. They have been used since ancient times. They were mentioned in the ancient Hindu scriptures called the Vedas, ancient Egyptian papyruses and the Old Testament. Although it was not until the Roman conquests that western counties discovered their culinary possibilities, spices have always been believed to have healing and magical qualities. They have been used to cast spells, as incense in religious rites, to embalm corpses, to add aroma to perfumes and as aphrodisiacs. The word spice comes from Latin species, meaning a commodity of value and distinction. During their long and fascinating history, spices have often been more valuable than gold or precious stones, and the trade of spices has been an extraordinarily influential factor in history.
Many researchers have attempted to explain why hot spices are pleasant to taste. It seems the burning sensation is the pain of nerve endings on the tongue. This releases endorphins, the body’s natural painkillers, giving rise to pleasurable and even euphoric sensations.
Flowers, leaves, roots, bark, seeds and bulbs (the simplest of natural ingredients) are used in endless combinations to produce an infinite variety of flavors: sweet, sharp, hot, sour, spicy, aromatic, tart, mild, fragrant or pungent. Their tastes and aromas combine to create a kaleidoscope of exotic flavors to delight the plate. It is best to obtain spices in whole seed form and to grind them just prior to use.
Indian spices spices offer significant health benefits and contribute towards an individual's healthy life. They add flavor and nutrients to dishes without fat or calories!
Understanding the health benefits of each ingredient is key to optimizing home cooked meals for the particular needs of the family. Which Indian spices are good for you and why? >>
Asafoetida (Hing) - also known as devil's dung. It is a resin taken from a plant from the parsley family. It is a distinctive and pungent spice. It is most commonly found in powdered form. When cooked, it has a truffle-like flavor and a roasted garlic aroma. It is used mainly for its digestive properties, especially in the cooking of beans and lentils, as it is reputed to have antiflatulence properties. Asafoetida is an important ingredient of the snack called cheewra - a mixture of grains, dried fruits, and spices. It can be added to flavor fish and vegetable dishes. A pinch of it can be fried in hot oil before the rest of the ingredients are cooked.
Buy Asafoetida - Powder, 2.3 oz
Bay leaves - these fragrant leaves with pointed ends are used in their dried form. These are used in curries and rice preparations.
Buy igourmet Organic Dried Bay Leaves
Cardamom (Elaichi) -Elettaria Cardamomum is the seed of a tropical fruit in the ginger family. Fruits and seeds leave pleasant aroma with sweet, pungent taste behind when chewed. Cardamom has a sweet, lemony, eucalyptus flavor. It is world's second most expensive spice. It is available as a powder, dried pods, or loose seeds. Green cardamoms are the most common, but there are also black and cream varieties. It is one of India's favorite spices, used in curries, savory and sweet dishes, ice cream and custards. It is often combined with almonds and saffron. It can be used to flavor tea and also is great with black coffee. It is used in Ayurvedic medicine to remove fat and as a cure for urinary and skin complaints. Egyptians chewed cardamoms to whiten their teeth and simultaneously sweeten their breath. The seeds are aromatic, sweet cooling, carminative (cures flatulence), digestive, stimulant and tonic. Cardamom finds usage in indigestion, anorexia, burning sensation, debility, asthma.
Cayenne pepper (Lal Mirch)- is a spice made from the seeds of plants in the capsicum family (ranging from sweet pepper to chili - in general, the smaller the fruit, the hotter it is). Cayenne peppers' bright red color signals its high content of beta-carotene or pro-vitamin A. It includes both the ground seeds as well as the dried flesh. It should not be as hot as chili powder, but it is pretty hot and should therefore be used with care. Cayenne pepper is used to provide the heat for many spicy dishes.
Chilies (Mirchi) - it is the hottest flavor on earth. As a general rule, dark green chilies tend to be hooter than red chilies. Small, pointed chilies are usually hotter than larger, more rounded varieties. Whole chilies can be seeded to make them a little less hot. Chilies and chili powder should be used with extreme care. The hot vindaloo curries are made from the hottest chilies.
Chili powder - Red color, fine powder. It is very hot because it is made from the dried, ground seeds of the chili, its hottest part.
Cilantro (Hara Dhaniya) - this fresh herb is a fragrant mix of parsley and citrus. The leaves are rather like those of flat-leaved parsley, but darker. The leaves have a very distinctive bitter-sweet taste. Cilantro it is usually added toward the end of cooking to preserve the fresh aroma. Also it is frequently used as a garnish. The seed of the cilantro is known as coriander.
Cinnamon (Dalchni) - is the dried bark of various laurel trees in the cinnamomun family. It is a sweet-tasting spice, with a warm, woody aroma. The smell of Cinnamon is pleasant, stimulates the senses, yet calms the nerves. The thinnest bark is the best quality cinnamon. It is available as a powder but is much better bought in sticks. When ground, the flavor becomes stronger. Whole cinnamon is used for spacing hot drinks, ground - in cakes, sweet dishes, fruit pies (especially apples). It can also be used in more piquant dishes, such as curries, and combines perfectly with chicken.
Cloves (Luong) - small, dried, reddish-brown flower bud of the tropical evergreen tree of the myrtle family. They have strong, sweet aroma and hot, pungent taste, Cloves are best bought whole and ground, if necessary. They have been used in India for thousands of years, not only in cooking, but to sweeten the breath and to relieve the pain of toothache. They contain a mild anesthetic. Whole cloves are frequently used to flavor meat dishes, curries, and soups.
Cokum has the same souring qualities as tamarind, especially enhancing coconut-based curries or vegetable dishes like potatoes, okra or lentils. Kokum is especially used with fish curries, three or four skins being enough to season an average dish. It is also included in chutneys and pickles. >>
Coriander seeds (Dhaniya) - is a member of a parsley family. The seeds are oval in shape, ridged, and turn from bright green to beige when ripen. This spice tastes sweet and tangy, with a slightly citrus flavor. The English name for this spice comes from the Greek koros, meaning “bug”. Coriander is usually sold in powdered form, although the whole seeds are also available. Fresh green coriander - because they are aid digestion, they are particularly effective with carbohydrates like pastries and bread. Coriander is also used in fish and savory dishes as a healthy alternative to salt, and it is basic ingredient of curry powder.
Cumin (Jeera) - comes from the parsley family. The seeds are oval with ridges, greenish-beige in color, warm, nutty aroma and a taste that is bitter, but not hot. They can be ground to a powder. Cumin is usually dry-fried before use (drop the whole seeds into a hot dry pan and cook until the roasted fragrance emerges). It is used to flavor rice, stuffed vegetables, many savory dishes and curries. It combines well with cilantro and is widely used in beef dishes.
Curry leaves (Kari putha or Neem) - are small grey-greenish leaves (a bit like bay), relative of the orange. They can be used fresh or dried. Their aroma is released by its heat and moisture. They are sometimes fried in the oil the food is cooked in, and then discarded. They are mainly used as an aromatic and flavoring for most curries and soups. When starting a curry or soup dish, put the curry leaves into the oil to fry until crisp.
Curry Powder - Curry Powder is a blend of many spices and is used widely in savory dishes throughout India and Southeast Asia. Curry has a particular scent and is spicy
Curry - Powder, 2.24 oz
Fennel (Soonf) - is a greenish-brown, small oval seed from Pimpinella Anisum, a plant in the parsley family. It has a sweet and aniseed flavor. Used sparingly, it gives warmth and sweetness to curries. The seeds combine well with peanuts and the zest of citrus fruit. Roasted fennel seeds are chewed to freshen the breath after the meal. They have digestive properties.
Fenugreek (Kasuri Methi) - is short, upright plant (related to spinach) with oval leaves. The entire plant has a strong, sweet aroma. The mature leaves have the bitter taste. Ground fenugreek (seeds) has a warm, yellowish-brown color with a strong curry-like taste. In powdered form, fenugreek is one of the main ingredients of curry powders. Fenugreek is used to add flavor to meat dishes. It is also considered as an aphrodisiac.
Garam Masala – meaning “hot spices” - is a mixture of ground spices (recipes vary) (cloves, cardamom, cumin, peppercorns and cinnamon, bay leaves). It is far better to grind your own spices than to buy the mixture ready-ground. The blend of spices in the garam masala varies according to the dish to which it's added so a spice blend for a fish dish is different to the spice mix for lamb. Depending on the ingredients of your dish, you can enhance the garam masala by adding other spices like ginger and turmeric (which would suit chicken or fish). Cloves and fennel seeds might be added to a mix for dark meats like lamb or beef.
Garlic (Lassan) - closely related to the onion. It has a powerful pungent or hot flavor when raw, which mellows when it is cooked. It has very strong odor. Bulbs, whose segments are usually called "cloves" are the part of the plant most commonly eaten. Garlic is used as a condiment and as flavoring in gravies, sauces, soups, stews, pickles, salads, salad dressing and breads. Garlic pickles and freshly ground garlic chutneys are popular side dishes for rice, snacks and chappathis. Garlic powder is made from ground dehydrated cloves and is used widely as a substitute for fresh garlic. Garlic helps to purify the blood and lower blood pressure. It is considered as a cure for heart ailments.
Ginger (Adrak) - the fresh root gingeris a knobly rhizome with a sweet aroma and hot, pungent taste. Inside, the ginger is hard and woody, yellow and fibrous. It is easiest to cook with, once peeled and grated. The length of the root indicates maturity, and the longer it is, the hotter and more fibrous it will be. Ginger makes a tasty paste, especially if mixed with garlic. Ginger can be used in sweet dishes, desserts, or in piquant dishes such as hot curries and stir fries. The ground (soondth) type is the same as that used in baking. Ginger is also commonly regarded as an aphrodisiac. More about Ginger
Mango powder (Amchur) - This sour powder is made from unripe mangoes. It has a tart taste. It has a sour, lemony taste, with a slightly sweet edge. The primary use of it is for Chutneys. It is used in soups, pastries, and in vegetarian dishes as a souring additive, as well as to samosas and relishes. It can be added to chickpeas, potatoes and eggplants. More, it is used as a dry seasoning for grilled dishes and sometimes appears in Bombay mix, the Indian version of potato chips or pretzels. Amchur is also an essential ingredient in making Chaat Masala. It gives any dish a tangy, sour flavor, and is the perfect substitute for lemon, tamarind or lime juice. If you are unable to find you can use a dash of lemon.
Mint (Pudina) - Indian mint has a stronger flavor and more pungent aroma than Western varieties. This herb is often paired with lamb. Mint is sweet and strong with hints of a sharp lemony taste; mint is pleasantly pungent and refreshing at the same time. The warm sweet fragrance of mint is cooling to the palate, leaving a fresh aftertaste. Indian cooking and is widely used in chutneys, relishes, salads, sauces and teas. Mint is mostly added to biryanis (Moghul rice preparation), lassi - the North Indian refreshing drink. Mint is also perfect as a garnish for desserts, and goes well with fruits, iced tea, lemonade and yogurts as well as a variety of cocktails.
Mustard seeds (Rai) - in Indian cooking brown mustard seeds are more commonly used but black seeds contain a higher proportion of the volatile mustard oil and strongest flavor. The larger yellow variety, known as white mustard are much les pungent. Powdered mustard has no aroma when dry, but a hot flavor is released when it is mixed with water. The seeds can be put whole into very hot oil and popped. Raw food can be cooked in this flavored oil or it can be poured over some dishes just before serving. Mustard helps emulsify liquids use in salad dressing recipes to help blend oil and vinegar and add a spicy zip. Mustards seeds are a popular addition to dishes such as vegetable, beans, pastries and pickles.
Nutmeg and mace (Jaiphal and Javitri) - is the seed of the evergreen tree. Mace is the fleshy lattice, covering of the nutmeg (hard nut), which is golden brown in color. Nutmeg has more robust flavor than mace, but thy are otherwise very similar. They have nutty, warm and slightly sweet flavor. Nutmeg is used to add sweet and savory flavor to dishes such as pies, custards, puddings, cakes, souffl�s, vegetables, egg dishes, lamb, and fish, and beverages. Like nutmeg, mace is a sweet and flavorful spice, which can be substituted for nutmeg or cinnamon to complement a variety of foods. Mace is also used in sauces for fish and pickle chutneys.
Onion Seeds (Kalonji) - are small, irregular shaped black seeds of the plant that grows in India - Kalonji. This spice can be used fresh or dry roasted in curries, and added to vegetables, relishes, pickles and yogurts. It is featured in many spice mixtures such as Bengali five-spice mixture panchphoron, which also includes fenugreek, mustard, cumin and fennel.
Oreango (Ajwain) - it has a strong, pungent odor and flavor similar to pepper and anise. They contain thymol oil, which gives a taste reminiscent of thyme. it is used in lentil dishes, vegetable parathas, pakoras and meat dishes.
Paprika powder- is ground from dried sweet peppers (family Capsicum Annum, relative of chili) the fruits of a tropical evergreen bush. It is milder than chili powder or cayenne. Paprika has bright red color and a mild, sweet flavor with a cardamom aroma. It is highly versatile spice. It is good with eggs, fish, chicken, crab and cheese. It can also be used as a garnish on baked potatoes, salads, rice dishes. Paprika is rich in vitamin C, and so helps colds and influenza. It is also said to treat digestive troubles, cramps, circulations problems, and shingles.
| Cumin |
What was the first forename of the Russian composer Stravinsky? | BBC - Food - Cumin recipes
FAQs
Cumin recipes
The small, crescent-shaped seeds of a plant called Cuminum cyminum, which are used as a spice. Cumin seeds have a warm flavour and a strong, pungent aroma. There is also a smaller, darker variety of cumin called black cumin which, added to dishes whole, lends them a smoky note.
Recipes using cumin
See all recipes using cumin
Buyer's guide
Instead of buying ground cumin, buy fresh cumin seeds, dry roast them lightly in a pan, then grind them yourself. Replace your stock frequently - like other dried spices, cumin quickly loses its pungency.
Preparation
Cumin is frequently used in Indian cooking and is a regular component of curry powder and the Indian spice mixture garam masala. Cumin is also a regular in Mexican cuisine; in Europe, it flavours some cheeses and is sometimes used in baking. Add cumin seeds to dishes whole or grind them to a powder.
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Phillipe Sella was a great French star in which sport? | BBC SPORT | Rugby Union | Rugby World Cup | Sella takes centre stage
Sella takes centre stage
Sella was arguably the most gifted centre of all time
With 111 caps on his retirement in 1995, Philippe Sella remains the most capped rugby international and arguably the finest centre of all time.
During his playing days he continually outfoxed opposition defences with his thrilling running amidst a flurry of talented French backs.
Here he picks out the five centres to watch out for in the World Cup.
1 Brian O'Driscoll (Ire)
O'Driscoll is the most competitive centre there is in world rugby now and one of the best backs in the world full stop.
He is so important for the Irish team. While Keith Wood is the leader of the forwards, O'Driscoll is the leader of the backs and will continue to be so throughout the tournament.
He is a great, great player and someone I never tire of watching.
Attacking with the ball in hand he is exciting and he is the heart of Ireland's defence as well. The real star of the centres.
2 Damien Traille (Fra)
He is the father of French rugby at the moment, well in the backs anyway and will be the key man if France hope to post a serious challenge.
With Tony Marsh, he has put together a really exciting centre partnership for the French, but Traille just gets the nod in my opinion.
He manages to pick the right move and the right moment for everything. On his day he causes mayhem against even the best defences.
Some players just have a knack of pulling off daring moves to good effect. Just wait until he makes a run for the line. It'll be worth watching.
3 Will Greenwood (Eng)
Greenwood often gets overlooked with people like Jonny Wilkinson, Jason Robinson and Ben Cohen around him in the backs.
Often those are the ones winning the headlines with their fireworks, but Greenwood should not be overlooked.
He regularly pops up with a beautifully timed run just when England's attackers need it and breaks the gain line with a click of his fingers.
Like Traille, he has an ability to get into the right place at the right time.
4 Aaron Mauger (NZ)
He's a player I've not really seen enough of yet. But even in the brief glimpses I've got of him - especially during the Tri-Nations - he looks an exciting talent.
During the series he looked sharper than Tana Umaga alongside him, which says a lot for his ability as a player.
Unlike a lot of players in the game he just plays where he's told to and gets on with the job. He's a good fly-half, but is generally employed at centre.
And his decision-making skills, as well as his strong kicking, make him a really potent threat.
5 Mat Rogers (Aus)
He's still finding his way in rugby union but he is one of the special players in the Australian backs.
I'm also a big fan of Daniel Herbert but Rogers might finally prove he is talent at the World Cup. It's the sort of stage he flourishes on.
He is both strong and has an excellent ability to find the gaps for the Wallabies.
How he manages to play, should have a big effect on how far Australia get.
| Rugby union |
Which TV cop has Detective Sergeant John Bacchus for his assistant? | Rugby Union: Sella stands out in every sense: Ian Borthwick reports from Paris on the centre set to be the world's most capped player Today's second Test against the Wallabies is a milestone for one great Frenchman | The Independent
Rugby Union: Sella stands out in every sense: Ian Borthwick reports from Paris on the centre set to be the world's most capped player Today's second Test against the Wallabies is a milestone for one great Frenchman
Saturday 6 November 1993 00:02 BST
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The Independent Online
THERE can be few greater distinctions in any sport than letting one player run out alone on to the pitch before an international. But today in Paris, for the vital second Test between France and Australia, both teams - unknown to the player in question - have agreed to accord the signal honour to the French No 13.
Philippe Sella, respected throughout the world as one of the greatest centres ever to grace a rugby field, today reaches the historic milestone of 94 caps. No other player has played more Tests for his country. The remarkable thing about Sella, however, is not so much his survival of 12 seasons of international rugby, but how he manages after such a remarkable career to retain the freshness and enthusiasm of a 19-year-old.
In short, the world record is not an end in itself. It is little more than a passing phase as the 31-year-old shows no sign of slowing down and has every intention of getting to the 100- mark. And on to the 1995 World Cup. 'Of course, reaching this milestone is important to me. Just as it was important last week when I equalled Serge Blanco's record. But in no way am I obsessed by it. I shall remember my 93rd cap because we beat Australia, and I hope to remember my 94th for the same reason.'
Sella's objectives are purely in terms of sporting success - not in terms of racking up the numbers and reaching a total number of caps which many believe will never be approached. As a measure of this achievement in terms of world rugby, Rory Underwood is the most capped Englishman with 60.
Strangely, Sella has never enjoyed the wide celebrity of Blanco or of David Campese, his opponent today, partly because he is reserved and unassuming and partly because his game is based on unequalled consistency and lionhearted dependability; as much on impeccable defence and tireless support play as on any traditional French attacking genius.
He is in short the keystone which supported the arch of French back play throughout the 1980s, and the Tricolours' elder statesman guiding them through a new period of success. 'I am no star. I'm not the sort who likes to make waves,' he said. 'I'll give what I have to give, but being in the limelight or drawing attention to myself is not my style.'
In all things, Sella's style, to be more precise, is to be that uncomplicated authentic country lad who remains faithful to what he calls his 'peasant' origins. Indeed, he gives much of the credit for his uncommon natural strength to the long hours of physical toil on his parents' farm in his youth.
On their modest 70 acres, near Agen, the Sellas bred ducks and geese for the inevitable foie gras and confit so characteristic of the region. But mainly they had fields of grain, potatoes, and 120,000 tobacco plants which it was the young Philippe's job to hand-pick every year just before the rugby season started. 'I had no need for bodybuilding, weightlifting, or any gyms. I was naturally fit and bursting with energy.'
Every summer for two and a half months, Philippe was in charge of the antiquated irrigation system long before the days of PVC and automatic watering. Day in and day out it involved manhandling heavy metal pipes, shifting them about the fields, lifting them above his head so as not to damage the Gitanes-destined leaves.
This boundless energy, this infectious enthusiasm, have remained with him throughout his career. 'On the field he is like a lion for 80 minutes,' Franck Mesnel, his former midfield partner, said. 'It was as if he had a motor running at 20,000 revs, continually in the red. But Philippe has never known any half-measures. When he gives himself, he gives everything.'
How then does he manage to maintain such levels of performance and to work himself up for every game? 'The laws of nature mean that I am not as fast as I was 10 years ago,' he reasoned. 'I may have lost a few 10ths of seconds in a straight sprint. But through my experience I have also gained a few more 10ths in my vision of the game and the execution of the odd technique.'
No, he says, attaining the required levels of concentration and motivation is not a problem. 'Of course, it is not the same as when I first started. But I still feel the tension before a big game. When you know you're playing against the best in the world there is no difficulty in getting motivated. The unknown quantity of a game still exists to the same degree and that's what helps keeps me fresh. Every game is an eternal recommencement. You still never know just how far you can go.'
So when the country lad looks down the tunnel today before being left to run alone on to the Parc de Princes, he will still feel the same attraction for the 'magic rectangle'. 'That is the only drug I need,' he said. 'The game itself helps me retain my freshness. It's above all the desire to run across the green turf and pass a ball around with a few mates. A reminder of how good it feels to be alive.'
(Photograph omitted)
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Which ruthless dictator was nicknamed ‘Dada’? | Idi Amin - Biography - IMDb
Biography
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Jump to: Overview (4) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (5) | Trade Mark (3) | Trivia (19) | Personal Quotes (3)
Overview (4)
6' 4" (1.93 m)
Mini Bio (1)
Idi Amin Dada Oumee was born in the rural village of Koboko, Uganda, in 1923, a member of the Kakwa tribe. Raised in the isolated farming country of northwestern Uganda, Amin received a scant education which left him functionally illiterate.
During the Second World War, at the age of 18, he enlisted in the British Army in the East African Rifles and fought in Burma against the Japanese. At the end of the war Amin joined the British 4th Ugandan Battalion. After distinguishing himself in the fight against Kenya's Mau Maus between 1953 and 1957, Amin was promoted to sergeant major and admitted to an officer training program. Despite his lack of formal education, he proved to be one of Uganda's most able military commanders.
In 1964, two years after Uganda was granted independence from Great Britian, Amin was appointed deputy chief of the nation's army and air force with the rank of colonel. When Amin's friend, Dr. Milton Obote, seized power in Uganda in February 1966, he placed Amin as his right-hand man in full command of the armed forces, promoting him to major general in 1968. By 1970 a rift had developed between the two men, both wanting more power.
On January 25, 1971, Amin overthrew Obote in a military coup, forcing him into exile. Amin then declared himself president and general, and a year later promoted himself to field marshal. Amin's victory over the authoritarian Obote regime was initially greeted with widespread support. However, that soon turned to hatred and fear when Amin began solidifying his absolute control over the nation. Within months after assuming office this large man (standing 6'4" and weighing 280 pounds) ordered the murder of over 5,000 members of the rival Acholi and Langi tribes which Obote and his supporters came from, beginning a reign of terror in Uganda from 1971 to 1979 in which at least 350,000 Ugandans were murdered by Amin and his secret police.
In 1972 Amin, angered over foreign residents' control of Ugandan commerce, ordered the expulsion of 55,000 Asian workers and businessmen and seized their businesses and assets for himself and his supporters. Amin also stole $1.5 billion in US and British foreign aid money and squandered it on military weapons, tripling the size of Uganda's army. In 1975 he declared himself president for life and embarked on a campaign to humiliate British nationals, climaxing in the summer of that year when he forced four Englishmen to carry him around in an Organization of African Unity rally in a sedan chair.
Amin received some international attention in June-July of 1976 when he allowed Palestinian and East German terrorists to use Entebbe airport as a base to hold a group of hostages from a hijacked Air France airliner from Israel. In a daring midnight raid on July 4, 1976, Israeli commandos freed the hostages. Although Amin claimed he was trying to negotiate the hostages' release, there was irrefutable evidence that he was indeed cooperating with and supporting the hijackers.
Although he converted to Islam, Amin was oppressive in his new religion and was a noted polygamist with at least five wives and 23 children. By 1977 Uganda's economy was in shambles with a failing infrastructure, and Amin began losing support almost everywhere. In an attempt to rally the Ugandan people for his support, Amin in the spring of 1978 ordered his army to invade neighboring Tanzania, occupying 400 square miles of the country, supposedly the beginning of his plan to conquer all of Africa for himself. After a slow start, a force of 6,000 Ugandan rebels-in-exile, aided by a slowly mobilized 50,000-strong Tanzanian army, launched a counter-offensive against Amin's 70,000-strong army in December 1978. Amin's forces, demoralized and unwilling to fight any longer for their leader, rapidly collapsed.
Although Col. Muammar Gadaffi of Libya sent troops and equipment to aid Amin's army, and the Palestine Liberation Organization sent some of its fighters, they were not sufficient to quell the popular uprising that ensued throughout Uganda and the approaching Tanzanian troops and Ugandan rebels. Amin's oppressive rule was brought to an end on April 11, 1979 when Tanzanian soldiers captured the Ugandan capital of Kampala, forcing Amin to flee into exile, taking most of his ill-gotten wealth and supporters with him. Amin first went to Libya and then to Saudi Arabia where he lived until his death in 2003.
- IMDb Mini Biography By: Matthew Patay
Spouse (5)
| Idi Amin |
Which eponymous classical heroine goes to Lowood School? | Idi Amin - IMDb
IMDb
Composer
Idi Amin Dada Oumee was born in the rural village of Koboko, Uganda, in 1923, a member of the Kakwa tribe. Raised in the isolated farming country of northwestern Uganda, Amin received a scant education which left him functionally illiterate. During the Second World War, at the age of 18, he enlisted in the British Army in the East African Rifles ... See full bio »
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Which of the robbers was considered the mastermind or leader? | Great Train Robbery mastermind Gordon Goody dies in Spain aged 86 | Daily Mail Online
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Great Train robber Douglas 'Gordon' Goody has died of a heart attack in Spain, aged 86.
The man believed to have been the mastermind behind the 1963 heist and deputy to gang leader Bruce Reynolds died at his home in Mojácar in Almeria.
Goody served 12 years of a 30-year sentence before moving to Spain in 1975 and ran a beach-side bar called Kon Tiki. He learnt to speak Spanish whilst in jail.
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Great Train robber Douglas 'Gordon' Goody, the man believed to have been the mastermind behind the 1963 heist and deputy to gang leader Bruce Reynolds, died at his home in Mojácar in Almeria
Goody served 12 years of a 30-year sentence before moving to Spain in 1975 and ran a beach-side bar called Kon Tiki. He learnt to speak Spanish whilst in jail
La Voz de Almeria says he died today but details are still coming in. He was said to have been held in high esteem and affection in Mojacar.
He was suffering from emphysema and relied on an oxygen mask.
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Mojacar town hall said in a statement: 'All who knew him were struck by his friendliness, his love for his friends and family and the many pets he rescued from the street.
'He was a complete gentleman far removed from the image that those who didn't know him might have had from those difficult years that marked a large part of his life.
'We will always remember his smile and his big heart that was always open to those around him.'
Douglas 'Gordon' Goody (pictured above) has died of a heart attack in Spain, aged 86
In 2014, Goody broke his 51-year silence as he spoke about the robbery. He opened up about the heist in a documentary a year earlier called 'The Great Train Robbery: A tale of Two Thieves'.
Michael Biggs, son of Ronnie Biggs, one of the most famous of the 15-strong gang, spoke of his sadness at hearing of Goody's death.
He said: 'I knew that he was ill, but I didn't know how ill he was, I've been away from the country for a few months.
'It is always sad to know someone's passed away and my thoughts are with his family at the moment, and I wish his family all the best.
'It's the end of an era. Now it's all down to the history books.'
Asked what his father would say at the news of his fellow gang-member's death, he said: 'He would say, 'We can finally all get together for a drink'.'
'CRIME OF THE CENTURY': WHAT HAPPENED TO THE GREAT TRAIN ROBBERS?
Bruce Reynolds
Gang-leader and mastermind Reynolds was nicknamed 'Napoleon' and after the Great Train Robbery he fled to Mexico on a false passport and was joined by his wife, Angela, and son, Nick.
They later moved on to Canada but the cash from the robbery ran out and he came back to England.
Five years after the heist, in 1968, a broke Reynolds was captured in Torquay and sentenced to 25 years in jail.
He was released on parole in 1978 and moved, alone and penniless, into a tiny flat off London's Edgware Road.
In the 1980s he was jailed for three years for dealing amphetamines.
After his second release, Reynolds went on to work briefly as a consultant on a film about the robbery, Buster, and published the Autobiography of a Thief in 1995. His son Nick said his father died in his sleep in the early hours of February 28 2013.
Great Train Robbers all together at the launch of a book. (L-R) Buster Edwards, Tommy Wisbey, Jim White, Bruce Reynolds, Roger Cordrey, Charles Wilson and Jim Hussey
Ronnie Biggs
Ronald Arthur 'Ronnie' Biggs played a minor role in the robbery, but his life as a fugitive after escaping from prison gained him notoriety. He was given a 30-year sentence in 1964, but he escaped after 15 months by fleeing over the walls of London's Wandsworth prison in April 1965.
After having plastic surgery, he lived as a fugitive for 36 years in first Australia then Brazil, where he fathered a son Michael.
His health deteriorated in 2001 and he returned to the UK voluntarily where he was sent back to prison.
He was finally freed in 2009 on 'compassionate grounds' by then Justice Secretary Jack Straw who said he was not expected to recover. He died in 2013.
Ronald Arthur 'Ronnie' Biggs played a minor role in the robbery, but his life as a fugitive after escaping from prison gained him notoriety
Ronald 'Buster' Edwards
An ex-boxer, club owner and small-time crook who fled to Mexico after the heist but gave himself up in 1966.
Edwards is widely believed to be the man who wielded the cosh used to hit train driver Jack Mills over the head.
Mills' family say he never recovered, and he died seven years later.
Edwards served nine years in jail and then became a familiar figure selling flowers outside Waterloo station in London.
He was the subject of the 1988 film Buster, in which he was played by Phil Collins.Edwards was found hanged in a garage in 1994 at the age of 62. Two wreaths in the shape of trains accompanied his funeral cortège.
Charlie Wilson
Wilson was the gang's 'treasurer' who gave each of the robbers their cut of the haul.He was captured quickly and during his trial at Aylesbury Crown Court in 1964 earned the nickname 'the silent man' as he refused to say anything.
He was jailed for 30 years but escaped after just four months.
He was captured again in Canada after four years on the run and served 10 more years in jail.
He was the final train robber to emerge from prison in 1978.
Wilson moved to Marbella, Spain, where he was shot and killed by a hitman on a bicycle in 1990.
Roy James
Police seize bags of cash following the heist
A silversmith and racing driver, James dreamed of investing his share of the loot in new car technology.
He was nicknamed 'Weasel' and was the chief getaway driver.
James left a tell-tale fingerprint at the gang's farm hideout after the heist and was caught following a chase over rooftops in London.
Jailed for 30 years, he served 12 and later sold silver from a market stall before moving to Spain.
James was jailed again for six years in 1993 after shooting his wife's father and hitting her with a pistol.
He died at the age of 62, soon after getting out of prison.
Brian Field
A crooked solicitor who the gang used for the conveyancing when they bought the farm hideout used after the heist.
Field was arrested and sentenced to 25 years, which was later reduced to five.
He died in a motorway crash in 1979.
Bill Boal
An engineer who was arrested with Roger Cordrey in possession of £141,000.Reynolds said he had never heard of Boal. He claimed Boal was not involved in the robbery and was 'an innocent man'.
Boal was charged with receiving stolen goods and jailed for 24 years, which was reduced to 14 on appeal.
He died of cancer in jail in 1970.
Tommy Wisbey
| Bruce Reynolds |
From which prison did Ronnie Biggs escape after serving only 19 months of his sentence? | Villagers turn out for the robber's return | The Independent
Crime
Villagers turn out for the robber's return
Eye witness: 40 years on. Great train robber Bruce Reynolds revisits the place where they hid, to raise funds for the village hall.
Saturday 9 August 2003 23:00 BST
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The Independent Online
The bouncy castle and tea counter made it look like a church fete, but the guest of honour was a thief. Bruce Reynolds walked carefully and talked slowly, partly because the 71-year-old was wary of the sun, and partly because he was used to being watched and listened to. Forty years ago Reynolds led the heist that became known as the Great Train Robbery, for which he was called the Napoleon of Crime - so he could afford to smile and wave his cigarette hand in a weak protest. "You don't have to be a mastermind to hold up a train. Jesse James did it with rocks on the tracks." They loved that in Oakley, the village in Buckinghamshire where Reynolds and his gang hid in August 1963. The robbers put blankets up in the windows of a farmhouse on the edge of the village and played Monopoly with some of the £2.6m they had stolen from the mail train in the early hours of 8 August. At the time it was the biggest robbery in British history.
Yesterday Reynolds returned to Oakley to "give something back" by standing on a makeshift stage in a field and speaking to 1,000 people. Among the villagers were the crime anoraks - they should be called balaclavas - who buy the books and videos that must make being an ex-con more profitable than crime itself. Asked if he had any regrets about the robbery in which a train driver was coshed over the head with an iron bar, Reynolds smiled again and said: "I was a career thief. The New York Times called it the Crime of the Century, so I was at the pinnacle of my career."
Patricia Mills, daughter-in-law of the injured driver, said the family was "sickened" by the event. But nobody in Oakley was prepared to criticise. The village hall needs a new roof costing £30,000, and after whist drives, tea dances, and three rejected applications for lottery money, the parish council decided to turn to crime.
So John Mole, parish councillor and local historian, tracked down robbery memorabilia and invited Bruce Reynolds. "He had three invitations to mark the anniversary but mine was the only one that said it would be of mutual benefit," said Mr Mole. "That was why he responded." The event programme warned people not to visit Leatherslade Farm, where the original hideaway was knocked down a decade ago. "The current owner does not take kindly to visitors, and two large dogs now live at the farm." But most villagers were happy to look back to the day that put Oakley on the map. "Apart from what happened to the poor old train driver," said one, "everybody thought they were heroes." John Maris did not. Yesterday, the cowhand who tipped off police that the gang had been in the farmhouse told how he had received death threats from the robbers even while they were being lauded. He had to spend part of his £18,000 reward defending himself against a civil charge of perjury.
John Woolley was more magnanimous. The retired police officer, first on the scene after the tip-off, posed for photographs with Reynolds. "We were like the ant and the grasshopper," said the robber who "enjoyed the Hemingway life I had always wanted in Mexico" before coming back to Britain and jail in 1968. "You were like the ant, storing up your food, while I was like the grasshopper, jumping all over the place, spending all my money. Now all I have got left is the state pension." His fee for yesterday's event went to charity. After speaking he signed copies of his book, including one held out by a man in a T-shirt that had been signed by Ronnie Biggs. "Ronnie is in such a bad way," said the second-most famous Great Train Robber. "He can only communicate with the aid of an alphabet board and a stick. Some of the time I think he recognises me, but he is on such a heavy dose of drugs you can't be sure."
Watching Reynolds enjoy yet another day in the sun felt strange after reading Jack Mills's account of the robbery. "I felt a sickening thud on the back of my head, then another. I lost count of how many times I was struck ... then everything was spinning - the masked faces, the night sky, the driving panel, the floor, all linked into one, spinning faster and faster until I passed out." Mr Mills never fully recovered. He died seven years later (from leukaemia, as Bruce reminds anyone who challenges him). But there was no reward for the driver, no film based on his life as there was for Buster Edwards, and no book deal like the one enjoyed by Reynolds. "I know what they did," said John Mole. "We are not condoning violence or robbery, but this is our history. And the most important thing is to get a new roof on that hall. Bruce caused the village a great deal of aggro - now it's payback time."
What happened to the robbers?
There were 15 men in the gang, but the principal members were:
Bruce Reynolds. Now aged 71
Leader and mastermind of the robbery, captured in Torquay in 1968. Served 10 years. Jailed for a further three years in the 1980s for drug dealing.
Ronnie Biggs. Now aged 75
Sentenced to 30 years, but escaped in July 1965. For 35 years lived the high life in Spain, Australia and Brazil. In poor health, he gave himself up in 2001. In prison, having resumed his sentence.
Ronald "Buster" Edwards. Deceased
Fled to Mexico but gave himself up in 1966. After nine years in jail, set up flower stall at Waterloo station. Subject of 1988 biopic Buster; played by Phil Collins. Found hanged in a garage in 1994.
Charlie Wilson. Deceased
Believed to be the "treasurer" of the gang. Sentenced to 30 years in 1964, but sprung from jail after four months. Caught in Canada in 1968, and brought back to serve another 10 years. Shot dead in 1990 by hitman in Spain.
Tommy Wisbey. Now aged 72
Jailed for 30 years, but released in 1976. Imprisoned again in 1989 for cocaine dealing. Now retired.
Jonathan Thompson
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The Land of the Long White Cloud? | Swirling cloud captured above New Zealand - 'The Land of the Long White Cloud' - Telegraph
New Zealand
Swirling cloud captured above New Zealand - 'The Land of the Long White Cloud'
A spectacular, swirling cloud forms above a mountain range in New Zealand - a country known by Maoris as The Land of the Long White Cloud.
The formation, known as a lenticular cloud, was captured at sunset by Chris Picking in the foothills of the Tararua Range in the southern part of New Zealand's North Island Photo: NATIONAL PICTURES
2:46PM GMT 22 Jan 2009
The formation, known as a lenticular cloud, was captured at sunset by Chris Picking in the foothills of the Tararua Range in the southern part of New Zealand's North Island.
The most common Maori name for New Zealand is Aotearoa, which is translated as The Land of the Long White Cloud.
Mr Picking said: "The picture was taken in the late evening and is looking south west along the line of the range. The cloud formation formed along the line of the range and in this case I remember it being accompanied by a strong winds at my location.
"These clouds were particularly striking as the colour shifted through oranges and reds as sunset approached."
Astrophysicist Jerry Bonnell, based at the NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland in the United States, said: "Several clouds in this picture are stacked up into one striking lenticular cloud. Normally, air moves much more horizontally than it does vertically.
"Sometimes, however, such as when wind comes off of a mountain or a hill, relatively strong vertical oscillations take place as the air stabilizes.
"The dry air at the top of an oscillation may be quite stratified in moisture content, and hence forms clouds at each layer where the air saturates with moisture.
"The result can be a lenticular cloud with a strongly layered appearance. "
| New Zealand |
What are the elongated ‘whale shaped’ hills caused by glacial action? | Eleanor Catton: The land of the long white cloud | Books | The Guardian
Eleanor Catton: The land of the long white cloud
Man Booker prize winner Eleanor Catton on growing up in New Zealand
'Natural beauty becomes a kind of devastation' …Avalanche Peak in the Southern Alps. Photograph: Alamy
Eleanor Catton
Thursday 17 October 2013 12.30 EDT
First published on Thursday 17 October 2013 12.30 EDT
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There is a playful antagonism between the inhabitants of New Zealand's two islands, North and South. If you're a North Islander: the South might have better views, but the North is superior because it has richer culture. If you're a South Islander: the North might have richer culture, but the South is superior because it has better views. It's a quarrel between substance and form, if you like, a question of emphasis – does a country's nature owe most to its history, or to its land? In both senses New Zealand is curiously compressed. The first Polynesian settlers landed less than 1,000 years ago, the first Europeans less than 300. Geographically, too, the land is compact: a five-hour drive over the spine of the Southern Alps will take you through a dozen entirely different landscapes – beach river valley marshland rainforest gorge foothill highland alps plains peninsula beach –and each with its own weather, its own skies, its own quality of light. (It is a strange thing how swiftly the forecast can change in the Pacific – dress for all weather, the backcountry guides advise you, and expect four seasons in a single day.)
The South is the more visually stunning, but the North is the more populous and cultivated: this is a contrast that recalls each island's proper name. The North Island is Te Ika A Maui, "the fish of Maui" (recounting the mythic tale of New Zealand's creation) where the South is Te Wai Pounamu, "the waters of greenstone" (describing the glassy stone, prized by Maori, that is found in the swift rivers and along the savage misted beaches of the lonely south). New Zealand national identity lies somewhere between these emphases, North and South: as a bicultural nation, it must identify both as "the place of this people" and as "the people of this place". In Maori the country's full name, Aotearoa, is a lovely kind of oxymoron: it translates as "the land of the long white cloud", as if clouds were properties of the earth, or served in some strange way to invoke it.
I grew up on the South Island of New Zealand, in a city chosen and beloved by my parents for its proximity to the mountains – Christchurch is two hours distant from the worn saddle of Arthur's Pass, the mountain village that was and is my father's spiritual touchstone, his chapel and cathedral in the wild. For many years while I was growing up my parents did not own a car. We rode around town on two tandem bicycles and one single (a source of considerable embarrassment to me at the time) and at weekends we would occasionally rent a car in order to drive into the alps, and go hiking.
My father is an expatriate American; he fell in love with New Zealand in his youth and never went home. As a child I didn't really comprehend my father's affection for the land, nor for the steep-sided alp to which he returns as to an altar: Avalanche Peak, a six-hour ascent above the cloud-filled valley of the pass. My sense of injustice about our family's "weirdness" in not owning a car was amplified by the fact that we did not own a television either – my parents were unapologetic about this, and told me very cheerfully that I would thank them for it when I was older, which was quite true. But at the time Dad's refrain "Nature looks more beautiful in the rain" was not met with good grace. Nor was his notion that a view was something gained through effort – scenery, for him, was something that ought to be deserved.
When we reached our summit, or whatever spot was deemed by my father to be of adequately punishing distance from the car to deserve lunch, Dad would invariably find he had forgotten his Swiss army knife (looking back, I begin to doubt he ever had one) and instead would cut cheese into slices with the edge of his credit card.
It is this kind of detail that I remember – the credit card, waxy and oiled along its edge – from our expeditions into the hills. I can recall the clean-smelling interiors of each rental car, always a different model and a slightly different shape; the empty glove box; the chipped toes of my boots; and how my hands became swollen and too weak to make a fist after a day of walking uphill. I remember, once, the rubber seal around the car door clipped into the shape of a postage stamp by alpine parrots looking for something to steal. But I don't remember the views – not as memories. In fact I am sure that I never experienced, as a child, any kind of encounter with the sublime, that catch in the throat, that tightness of the lungs, that sudden, roaring sense of one's extreme smallness in a huge, awful, beautiful world.
To experience sublime natural beauty is to confront the total inadequacy of language to describe what you see. Words cannot convey the scale of a view that is so stunning it is felt. In such moments natural beauty becomes a kind of devastation – it is pure encounter, too compressed in time and space to be properly contained. I do not feel the sublime when I look at a city, however impressive it might be in proportion and shadow, for the reason that a city is designed, in its substance it has been formally determined, and it has been named already by the fact of its creation. Words are adequate. I have never been moved to tears by a skyline, or a building, or a painted arch, but the sudden apparition of a peak from behind a sheet of mist is enough, now, to make me cry.
I think that a child does not feel the sublime because a child need not, perhaps cannot, confront the limitations of his or her language – language, for a child, is already miraculous, supple, generous in its association, tragic, hilarious, disproportionate and huge. Looking at a cloud-filled valley was less interesting to me (or at least, no more interesting to me) than looking at my father drag his thumb along the magnetic stripe of his credit card to wipe it clean.
When I was 14, my father took me on a tandem bicycle trip across the mountains. He had already taken my sister and then my brother, in his turn, and as the youngest, my trip came last. We were to cross the Lewis Pass, touch the Tasman Sea, and return over Arthur's in a loop. The trip would take four days. I remember with clarity the preparations for the journey – oiling the chain, strapping down our tent, fitting the road map into the laminated pocket on the front of the bike. But I remember, too, how hopeful I was that something out of the ordinary would happen; that we would discover something, or have to endure something, out of which might come a story.
My brother had described to me an event from his own trip several years prior. He had awoken early in the morning and witnessed firsthand the birth of a calf. He and my father had pitched their tent in the stolen corner of a farmer's lot, and so it was from inside the fence that my brother saw, not 10 feet away from him, the newborn calf slither on to the grass, unfurl its legs, and stand. The story had captivated me and stirred my jealousy to such a degree that I could recall the birth almost as a memory of my own – I wanted to return there, as to a favourite page in a favourite book.
It is curious to me how often we tend to describe the perfection and drama of the natural world, its sublime qualities, in metaphors of fakery or artificiality: "like a postcard", "like a painting", or latterly in New Zealand, "like a scene from The Lord of the Rings". The impulse, I think, comes from a wish to apologise for the limited capacity of the "real" world. To grow up is to confront the disappointments of language, in a way, and to suffer the divorce between what we experience and what we imagine to be real. I was preemptively disappointed, setting out on the tandem for the mauve shadow of the hills, to know that I would in all likelihood see no newborn calves, that our adventure would have a different character to the adventure undertaken by my brother and my father. I had settled, I think, into an adult frame of mind.
I drove through Arthur's Pass recently, and stopped to climb Avalanche Peak for the first time in several years. The ascent is taxing, rising sharply through beech forest to the sudden treeline and bare grassy peaks above. The summit offers a view across the blue ranges and snow-capped summits of the island's keel. The final length of the ridgeline stands as a rocky comb of shale against the sky, dropping down on either side to wide scree slopes and rocky bluffs and nothing. Across the valley to the west is the rumple of a high glacier, a face of snow; to the east, a horseshoe cup of grey and green. And yet it is hard to describe – indescribable, until you're up there, looking down – because the mountain is something other than its substance, something more.
Travel brochures try to capture the quality of New Zealand's panoramas with adjectives – "pristine", "untouched", "majestic". But the words seem cheap and insubstantial, however accurate they may be, in the face of the real thing. The language of description is always a matter of equivalence (a word equals the thing it describes) and so cannot contend with the sublime. But the language of paradox, oxymoron and subtle contradiction – the language of children – does better. Aotearoa is a land made perfect only by its opposites, the water and the air. It is both north and south at once. It is a land that casts its shadow on the clouds.
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The three basic types of rock are – igneous, metamorphic and which other? | The 3 basic rock types
Ask GeoMan...
What are the 3 basic types of rocks?
Just as any person can be put into one of two main categories of human being, all rocks can be put into one of three fundamentally different types of rocks. They are as follows:
Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks are crystalline solids which form directly from the cooling of magma. This is an exothermic process (it loses heat) and involves a phase change from the liquid to the solid state. The earth is made of igneous rock - at least at the surface where our planet is exposed to the coldness of space. Igneous rocks are given names based upon two things: composition (what they are made of) and texture (how big the crystals are).
Click here for more on igneous rock composition and texture.
Click here for more on elements and minerals common in igneous rocks.
Click here for more on magma and igneous rocks.
Click here for more on plate tectonics and the formation of magma.
Click here for a chart summarizing the main divisions of igneous rocks.
Click here for more on basalt and granite.
Sedimentary Rocks
In most places on the surface, the igneous rocks which make up the majority of the crust are covered by a thin veneer of loose sediment, and the rock which is made as layers of this debris get compacted and cemented together. Sedimentary rocks are called secondary, because they are often the result of the accumulation of small pieces broken off of pre-existing rocks. There are three main types of sedimentary rocks:
Clastic: your basic sedimentary rock. Clastic sedimentary rocks are accumulations of clasts: little pieces of broken up rock which have piled up and been "lithified" by compaction and cementation.
Chemical: many of these form when standing water evaporates, leaving dissolved minerals behind. These are very common in arid lands, where seasonal "playa lakes" occur in closed depressions. Thick deposits of salt and gypsum can form due to repeated flooding and evaporation over long periods of time .
Organic: any accumulation of sedimentary debris caused by organic processes. Many animals use calcium for shells, bones, and teeth. These bits of calcium can pile up on the seafloor and accumulate into a thick enough layer to form an "organic" sedimentary rock.
Click here for more on sedimentary processes and rocks (RCC).
Click here for more on sedimentary rocks (GPHS).
Metamorphic Rocks
The metamorphics get their name from "meta" (change) and "morph" (form). Any rock can become a metamorphic rock. All that is required is for the rock to be moved into an environment in which the minerals which make up the rock become unstable and out of equilibrium with the new environmental conditions. In most cases, this involves burial which leads to a rise in temperature and pressure. The metamorphic changes in the minerals always move in a direction designed to restore equilibrium. Common metamorphic rocks include slate, schist, gneiss, and marble.
Click here for more on metamorphic processes and rocks (RCC).
Click here for more on metamorphic rocks (GPHS).
| Sedimentary rock |
After the suicide of Ian Curtis his band Joy Division played on under which name? | PA DCNR - Geology - Rock Types
DCNR Home : Geological Survey : Groundwater : Rock Types
Rock Types of Pennsylvania
Rocks are divided into three basic groups: sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic. Sedimentary rocks, the most common rocks at the surface in Pennsylvania, form by either the deposition of individual grains that have eroded from older rocks and have been transported by water or wind (clastic sedimentary rocks); or by the precipitation of dissolved minerals from water or organic deposition (nonclastic sedimentary rocks). The naming of sedimentary rocks is based mostly on grain size (clastic) and/or chemical composition (nonclastic). Common clastic sedimentary rocks in Pennsylvania are conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, claystone, and shale. Common nonclastic sedimentary rocks are limestone and dolomite.
Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling of molten material, either lava (above ground) or magma (underground). They are classified by what minerals they contain and the grain size of the minerals (coarse enough to be seen with the naked eye, or too fine to be seen). Rocks containing the same minerals, but having different grain sizes have different names. Likewise, igneous rocks of the same grain size, but of different mineral composition will have different names. Pennsylvania has had a variety of igneous rocks; however, most of these have undergone metamorphism. On the maps, they are classified simply as dark or light-colored. The color is a reflection of the minerals present in the rock.
Metamorphic rocks are those formed by altering igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks by heat and/or pressure. The heat and pressure cause changes in the minerals present, as well as rearranging the minerals in the rocks. Metamorphic rock names are based on grain size, organization of minerals into layers (foliation), and composition. Pennsylvania has gneiss, schist, phyllite, slate, marble, and quartzite.
Crystalline rocks refers to either igneous or metamorphic rocks.
Much more information about the rocks in general, rocks of Pennsylvania, and the minerals of which they are composed, can be found in our publication ES1 : Rocks and Minerals of Pennsylvania. The 1982 publication, EG1 , Engineering characteristics of the rocks of Pennsylvania by A. R. Geyer and J. P. Wilshusen, (300 p.) also provides information on the rocks of Pennsylvania by geologic unit.
Map 63 delineated 19 different rock types or groups of rock types for Pennsylvania. The county maps show these rock types. The following descriptions are modified from Map 63. The numbers in the list match the rock type numbers on the maps. A glossary follows.
Dark-colored igneous and metamorphic (crystalline) rocks. Includes dark-colored gneiss and diabase (and kimberlite, if it is shown on the map). Also includes all dikes, thereby lumping pegmatite, a light-colored rock that is limited in extent, with the much more common diabase dikes.
Light-colored metamorphic (crystalline) rocks. Includes light-colored gneiss and pegmatite.
Schist, including minor amounts of gneiss, quartzite, and phyllite.
Marble.
Quartzite.
Unconsolidated sediments. Includes coastal-plain deposits, Delaware River gravel, and sand at Presque Isle. Does not include glacial deposits.
Red sedimentary rocks. Includes sandstone, siltstone, shale, and some conglomerate. Some non-red rocks may be included.
Limestone.
Mixed sandstone and conglomerate, with coal, shale, and siltstone. Includes anthracite seams in eastern Pennsylvania.
Mixture of sandstone, siltstone, shale, claystone, limestone, and coal.
Mixture of siltstone, shale, sandstone, limestone, claystone, and coal. Includes the most economically important bituminous coal seams.
Glossary
Calcareous - Contains calcium carbonate (calcite) or calcium-magnesium carbonate (dolomite). Will fizz when dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) is placed on a sample. Calcite will fizz vigorously. Dolomite will fizz gently. Limestone, dolomite, and marble are common calcareous rocks. Other rocks may also be calcareous.
Claystone - A sedimentary rock in which more than 50 percent of the particles are less than 0.00015 inches in diameter. Grains are too small to be visible as individuals, giving the rock a smooth appearance. It looks like clay that has been hardened into rock. It does not have the fine layering of shale.
Coal - A black, relatively lightweight rock composed of accumulations of plant matter converted by pressure and heat.
Conglomerate - A sedimentary rock with rounded pebbles that are greater than 0.08 inches in diameter. It has an appearance somewhat like concrete, with pebbles cemented together by finer-grained material.
Dolomite - A sedimentary rock composed of magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca) and carbonate (CO3). Also called dolostone. It reacts to dilute hydrochloric acid, but not as vigorously as will limestone or marble. Surfaces that have been powdered by scratching (or by scraping during drilling) may react more readily. Dolomite is generally gray or tan in color. Grain size ranges from small, visible crystals to grains that are too small to see individually.
Dike - A tabular body of igneous rock that cuts across the bedding or foliation of the surrounding rock. Most dikes in Pennsylvania are composed of diabase, a dark-colored igneous rock.
Foliated - A property of metamorphic rocks where a planar feature exists, either due to the orientation of platy grains, or the separation of different minerals into bands. Foliated rocks include slate, phyllite, schist, and gneiss.
Gneiss - A metamorphic rock characterized by alternating light and dark-colored bands. Color is determined by the minerals present in each layer. One color usually predominates, such that a gneiss can be categorized as either a light crystalline rock or a dark crystalline rock. The mineral grains in a gneiss are large enough to be easily visible. Most of the grains are relatively equidimensional, meaning that they are more like little chunks than like plates or sheets.
Limestone - A sedimentary rock composed of calcium (Ca) and carbonate (CO3). Its most obvious defining characteristic is that it reacts vigorously to dilute hydrochloric acid. Limestone is generally gray or tan in color, although they can be dark gray or black. Grain size ranges from small, visible crystals to grains that are too small to see individually. Limestone may contain fragments of fossil shells.
Marble - Metamorphosed limestone and dolomite. Marble is composed of large crystals of calcite or dolomite that sparkle when light reflects off of their flat surfaces. In Pennsylvania, marble is white or very light gray, and generally contains flakes of golden-brown or white mica. It reacts to dilute hydrochloric acid. Marble can be scratched by a knife.
Mica - A series of minerals that form thin sheets. Mica is found as layers in schist, phyllite, and some gneisses, and as flakes in marble and some sandstones. Several varieties that are common in Pennsylvania are white (usually appears silver-gray), black, or golden-brown. Mica has a glassy or metallic appearance.
Phyllite - A fine-to-medium grained, layered metamorphic rock. Mica grains are just large enough to be visible. Rock surfaces are smooth and have a satiny sheen. Layers tend to be fairly planar, and the rock splits easily along them. The most common colors are silvery gray or greenish gray.
Quartzite - A very hard rock composed almost entirely of quartz. In the metamorphic variety, quartz grains are interlocked like puzzle pieces. Grains are usually relatively large. In the sedimentary variety, sand-sized quartz grains are cemented together by fine-grained material of the same composition. Quartzite is generally white or beige. Quartzite is harder than steel and cannot be scratched by a knife.
Sandstone - A sedimentary rock in which more than 50 percent of its particles are sand-sized (0.002–0.08 inches in diameter). It looks like sand held together by cement. Sandstones can be found in a variety of shades of white, red, green, and gray.
Schist - A metamorphic rock dominated by coarse-grained mica arranged in layers. The layers tend to be wavy or bumpy, and separated by granular layers usually dominated by quartz. Large crystals of other minerals are common. One of these other minerals is garnet – dark red, rounded, pinhead- to pea-sized or larger. Rock surfaces have a shiny, sparkly, or sequined appearance. Schist usually appears silver-gray due to the abundant mica.
Shale - A finely layered sedimentary rock similar in grain size to claystone, but that breaks out into thin sheets or plates parallel to the layers. Shale is found in many shades of gray, black, red, and green.
Siltstone - A sedimentary rock in which more than 50 percent of its particles are silt-size (0.00015–0.002 inches in diameter). Visually indistinguishable from shale and claystone, it feels slightly gritty between the teeth.
Slate - A very fine-grained layered metamorphic rock that splits into thin sheets. Grains are too small to be individually visible, giving the rock a smooth appearance. Surfaces are dull and tend to be absolutely flat. The most common colors are black and shades of gray. Slate is commonly used for roofing and pavers. In Pennsylvania, slate is found ONLY in the southeastern quarter of the state. The most important locations are in Lehigh, Northampton, York, and Lancaster Counties. Lesser occurrences are in Adams, Berks, Carbon, Dauphin, and Lebanon Counties.
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Who told us to Rock The Casbah in 1982? | The Clash-Rock the Casbah - YouTube
The Clash-Rock the Casbah
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Published on Mar 28, 2014
Album: Combat Rock
ALL RIGHTS GO TO THE CLASH!
Category
| Clash |
An IRA car bomb in 1973 damaged which famous London building? | The Clash - Rock The Casbah
The Clash - Rock The Casbah
Original Release Date
UK 7" 1982 (CBS - CBS A 2479)
UK 7" 1982 (CBS - A 11 2479). Picture disc
US 7" 1982 (Epic - 34 03245)
A Rock The Casbah 3:42
B Long Time Jerk 5:08
___________________________________________________
UK 12" 1982 (CBS - A 13 2479)
US 12" 1982 (Epic - 49-03144)
A Rock The Casbah 3:42
B Mustapha Dance 4:25
UK Chart Hit: 30, 10 wks
US Billboard Chart: 23
A-Side remixed by Mick Jones, engineered by Bob Clearmountain
B-Side mixed by Mick Jones
Additional Credits
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Where in Pennsylvania in the USA did a partial nuclear meltdown occur in 1979? | Three Mile Island - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com
Three Mile Island
A+E Networks
Introduction
In March 1979, a series of mechanical and human errors at the Three Mile Island nuclear generating plant near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, resulted in an accident that profoundly affected the utility industry. A combination of stuck valves, misread gauges and poor decisions led to a partial meltdown of the reactor core and the release of radioactive gases into the atmosphere. Although the health effects were not serious, the accident heightened public fears and led to the immediate shutdown of several plants. In addition, a moratorium on the licensing of all new reactors was temporarily imposed, significantly slowing the industry for several years.
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An unlikely series of mechanical and human errors in Unit 2 of the nuclear generating plant at Three Mile Island, near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania , in 1979 resulted in an accident that profoundly affected the utility industry. A complicated combination of stuck valves, misread gauges, and poor decisions led to a partial meltdown of the reactor core and a release of significant amounts of radioactive gases. The near-total devastation of the nuclear power industry resulted, because the disaster at Three Mile Island tipped the scales in the ongoing controversy over nuclear power in favor of those opposed to it. Massive demonstrations followed the accident, culminating in a rally in New York City that attracted upward of 200,000 people. By the mid-1980s, the construction of nuclear power plants in the United States had virtually ceased.
The radioactive gases released by the accident prompted the governor of Pennsylvania to evacuate pregnant women from the area. An investigation by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission claimed that the amount of radioactivity released was not a health threat, but antinuclear activists and many local citizens disputed this. The reactor itself remained unusable-in fact, virtually unapproachable-more than a decade later.
The Reader’s Companion to American History. Eric Foner and John A. Garraty, Editors. Copyright © 1991 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
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| Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station |
What do we call the sweetmeat Rahat Lokum? | A Japanese Three Mile Island? - The Atlantic
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A Japanese Three Mile Island?
The accident at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant, and the government's clumsy response, both resemble the 1979 U.S. nuclear disaster
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The accident at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant, and the government's clumsy response, both resemble the 1979 U.S. nuclear disaster
In the aftermath of Japan's devastating earthquake, international fear and uncertainty over the state of emergency declared at two of the country's nuclear power plants--and the possibility of a core meltdown at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant--have already drawn inevitable comparisons with America's 1979 Three Mile Island accident.
Three Mile Island, in which a partial meltdown occurred, was indeed the worst commercial nuclear power accident in U.S. history, as those of us who covered that frightening event vividly recall. Who could forget the looming white cooling towers that became the iconic image of nuclear disaster?
Media coverage of Japan's current nuclear emergency has focused on the danger of a meltdown at the damaged Fukushima Daiichi plant 160 miles northeast of Tokyo. But, largely lost in the early coverage, is the fact that a meltdown does not necessarily equate to a massive radioactive release to the environment unless the containment structure surrounding the core also fails. The big unanswered questions in the Japanese emergency are the degree to which the hazardous nuclear materials remain safely contained within the plant and the control the operators have over the process.
In the case of the Three Mile Island accident, a severe partial meltdown in the plant's unit 2 reactor core, after a loss of coolant, was largely contained within the American nuclear plant near Middletown, Pennsylvania. Only very small off-site releases of radioactivity occurred during the accident, which resulted from mechanical malfunctions and human error. Extensive studies later concluded that the radioactive levels involved were not considered to be of concern to public health or the environment.
However, as is now the case in Japan, the unfolding drama at Three Mile Island over a five-day period more than three decades ago was accompanied by tremendous uncertainty, confusion, and contradictory information about what was actually happening and what might happen. Poor coordination and communication by government and company officials at Three Mile Island turned out to be a case study in how not to handle a nuclear emergency. And the media coverage, and public understanding of the accident, suffered greatly as a result.
Today, complaints about poor communication concerning the emergency situation at the nuclear power plants in northeast Japan are arising once again. Word Saturday morning of an explosion at the Fukushima Daiichi plant further escalated concerns about nuclear disaster and left news outlets scurrying to find experts capable of explaining the possible nuclear scenarios--and hazards--that Japan may face.
Amid the communication chaos, a Today Show interview with MIT professor Richard Lester provided a remarkably calm voice of informed reason on Saturday morning. Asked about the prospect of a nuclear meltdown, Lester said that is "certainly a possibility at this point. But it is important to say that fuel melting would not necessarily lead to significant radiation off site."
Lester, who heads MIT's Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, noted that at Three Mile Island a "significant fraction of the core did melt but remained in the reactor vessel, and there was not a large release of radiation into the environment.... That would not be the best scenario, but it would not be the worst one."
The key issue, he emphasized, is whether operators of the Japanese plants are able to control and contain the nuclear materials and keep the containment barriers intact in order to prevent widespread radioactive release.
There are unfortunately few specialty reporters these days covering nuclear energy and technology closely. The New York Times' veteran energy and environment reporter Matthew L. Wald is one of the few with such expertise, and it showed in the paper's initial coverage of the story. While the Japanese nuclear plant explosion topped the Times' website homepage, online stories today by Michael Wines from Tokyo and Wald from Washington D.C. provided a far more measured assessment of the changing situation than the largely breathless, frantic coverage and commentary elsewhere.
"An explosion at a nuclear power plant in northern Japan on Saturday blew the roof off one building and destroyed the exterior walls of a crippled reactor, escalating the emergency confronting Japan after a huge earthquake and tsunami...." began a midday story by the two reporters. But they immediately put that in perspective, saying that "officials said late Saturday that leaks of radioactive material from the plant, which began before the explosion, were receding and that a major meltdown was not imminent."
The Times story later noted that "government officials and executives of Tokyo Electric Power, which runs the plant, gave confusing accounts of the causes of the explosion and the damage it caused."
Japanese residents and outside experts interviewed by CNN voiced similar frustration about "a lack of information from the government" and "contradictory partial information," with one urging officials to "tell us more about what is actually happening at the plant." Obviously, the situation there is further hampered by the multiple problems the government faces in the aftermath of the earthquake and tsunami.
It is far too early to tell what the outcome will be at the stricken Japanese nuclear power plants in the hours and days ahead, particularly given the possibility of earthquake aftershocks that could cause further problems. But once again, the limited information from Japanese officials has already made a bad situation even worse, particularly since most of those covering the story for media outlets have little background expertise on what a nuclear meltdown might entail.
Although the worst-case fears of a radioactive disaster did not occur at Three Mile Island, the accident and the poor way it was communicated to the public created a lasting climate of fear in the U.S. that helped bring new nuclear development to a halt. Later, the devastating 1986 nuclear power plant accident at Chernobyl (in what is now Ukraine) in which human error, poor design and the lack of a proper containment facility resulted in the widespread release of radioactive materials to the environment, created international safety concerns. (Both Three Mile Island and Chernobyl involved coolant problems within the reactor, which is also the case in Japan.)
Only recently has a resurgence of interest in nuclear power as an alternative to American oil dependence drawn growing bipartisan political support, from members of Congress to the Obama administration.
The current Japanese nuclear energy emergency will undoubtedly have a profound global impact on public views of the safety hazards--and siting--of old and new nuclear power plants. And the speed of communication today--unheard of in the pre-cell phone, pre-Internet Three Mile Island era--means that news and speculation about what is happening, or might happen, in Japan is traveling so far and fast that thoughtful discussion is nearly impossible.
As a precautionary public health measure, Japanese officials have reacted quickly to widen the ring of evacuation around the malfunctioning nuclear plants--out to about 12 miles in the case of the Fukushima Daiichi power plant--to reduce the prospect of immediate radiation exposure should a major release occur. This in itself is creating an additional challenge as thousands flee the devastated area.
Interestingly enough, in the case of Three Mile Island, massive evacuation did not occur in the region around the plant, although there was much talk over several days of how a major evacuation might take place if the accident worsened. In fact, one of the most frightening aspects of the story, professionally and personally, were the confusing messages over a several day period from local, state and national officials about what to tell local residents and whether or not to evacuate.
When I arrived at Three Mile Island on Friday, March 30, 1979, as a young reporter for the Washington Star, I was able to drive right to the site of the accident and interview local residents living in sight of those large white cooling towers. I borrowed a phone at one home in order to call in an update to my news desk in time for our late edition.
The initial malfunction at the Three Mile Island accident had occurred two days earlier, and officials thought they had it under control and reassured the public that was so. But early on that Friday new concerns arose, and international attention focused over that weekend on a serious threat inside unit 2. (The fear was that a large hydrogen bubble in the pressure vessel containing the reactor core might burn or explode and rupture the pressure vessel and breach the containment unit. A U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission backgrounder provides a detailed account.)
For three days, I joined a growing crowd of reporters rushing from hurried press conferences by harried company officials to the state capitol in Harrisburg, where Gov. Richard L. Thornburgh and his associates struggled to get a handle on the unfolding disaster. Schools were closed and residents urged to stay inside. Thornburgh, in consultation with federal officials, finally advised voluntary evacuation by pregnant women and preschool children within a five-mile radius of the plant. The immediate crisis resolved over the weekend, and on Sunday President Jimmy Carter (who was an officer in the U.S. Navy's nuclear
submarine program) arrived in Pennsylvania to announce to the world that the situation was under control.*
The aftermath of the Three Mile Island accident, however, was a presidential commission and series of investigations that resulted in a major overhaul of U.S. nuclear regulatory policies for years to come.
The world's eye will be trained on Japan in coming days as we follow all of the ramifications of the earthquake disaster, including the severe nuclear power problems the country now faces. Regardless of what happens, Japan, the U.S. and other countries around the globe that depend on nuclear power will have to cope with the repercussions of the Fukushima Daiichi accident for the foreseeable future.
*This sentence was updated for clarification. It previously said Carter was a "nuclear engineer."
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What did VAT replace in 1973? | VAT: a brief history - Telegraph
Risk of a rise in VAT if Labour wins election
12 Apr 2010
The EEC took a fairly dim view of this, but allowed some goods, including books, nearly all food, and utility bills to be "zero rated". This was technically a "transition measure" and some experts believe that Brussels could still insist – 35 years after the event – that these zero-rated items carry VAT, as they do in France, where it is levied at 7 per cent on books and 5.5 per cent on food.
Since then VAT has changed frequently. In Baroness Thatcher's first term in office, the luxury rate was scrapped and merged into a higher standard rate of 15 per cent, raised to 17.5 per cent in 1991. In the run up to the 1992 election Sir John Major promised not to "extend the scope of value-added tax", but he did raise utility bills from zero-rated to a new 8 per cent reduced rate. This lower rate was subsequently reduced to 5 per cent by Gordon Brown.
The zero-rating has thrown up endless confusion, as well as profitable work for lawyers and accountants. Snacks, for instance, carry full VAT because they are deemed to be non-essential. But a peanut in a shell is deemed to be a food, because the consumer needs to "prepare" the nut by shelling it. If a manufacturer has done the shelling for you, it is a snack.
Stephen Coleclough, VAT partner at PricewaterhouseCoopers, said: "The regime can't really cope with innovative products such as tortilla chips or smoothies, because the zero-rating rules just follow the guidelines laid out under the Purchase Tax. And we didn't really eat tortilla chips in the 1970s."
The current tax legislation handbook, the CCHS Green Book, runs to 3,200 pages just on the subject of VAT.
The two most famous rows have involved chocolate covered treats: Jaffa Cakes and marshmallow teacakes. HMRC believed that they were both chocolate-covered snacks, but lawyers successfully argued that were both actually cakes - and therefore zero-rated for VAT.
HMRC's relentless monitoring of teatime treats has helped VAT become one of the Treasury's most important taxes. It is scheduled to raise £78 billion this year. Every extra percentage point a chancellor puts on VAT is reckoned to bring in £4.5 billion.
Most European countries's VAT rate is about 20 per cent.
However, many believe its simplicity makes it a very harsh tax, hitting all consumers, young and old, poor and rich.
Mr Coleclough said: "It is seen as a particularly regressive tax. For it to work efficiently it has to be a broad-based tax, which is levied on everything.
"But if it was to be put up to the full amount on food, fuel, children's clothing and the like there would be rioting in the streets."
Though most items poorer income households, especially pensioners, consume are zero or reduced rated, "they will always in the normal course of events purchase standard rated goods," said Mr Behan.
| Purchase Tax |
Which common scientific term has the meaning indivisible? | How Has VAT Changed Through The Years?
How Has VAT Changed Through The Years?
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VAT first came into force in 1973, and was introduced by Lord Barber, who was then the chancellor under Sir Edward Heath. It started off as a simple 10% tax on nearly all goods bought from a business. Since 1973, VAT has swollen in size, complexity and popularity.
Considered to be one of the country’s leading VAT specialists, Paddy Behan, a partner at Vantis accountancy firm, said: ‘It is a hugely efficient tax, it's a great tax from a revenue raising exercise. It has swept the world. More than 130 countries have now adopted it from Belgium to Burkina Faso. One of the few holding out is America, but academics are talking about Obama introducing it over there.’
Originally, VAT was a French idea, started in the 1950s. Britain had to introduce it as part of it’s condition of joining the European Economic Community. All countries joining the EEC had to replace their indirect taxes with the VAT. It replaced Purchase Tax, which was a fairly complex system that had many different rates.
VAT started out at a relatively low level of no more than 10%, with the exception of petrol, and briefly, electrical appliances, which were deemed to be luxuries, and were subjected to a 25% rate.
However, Heath’s Government, when in opposition, had always promised that key essential items would not be subject to VAT, such as books.
The EEC took a fairly dim view of this, but allowed some goods, including books, nearly all food, and utility bills to be "zero rated". This was technically a "transition measure" and some experts believe that Brussels could still insist – 35 years after the event – that these zero-rated items carry VAT, as they do in France, where it is levied at 7 per cent on books and 5.5 per cent on food.
Since then, VAT has frequently changed. In Baroness Thatcher’s first term in office, the luxury rate was scrapped and merged into a higher rate of 15%, which was then raised to the more familiar 17.5% in 1991.
In the run-up to the 1992 election, Sir John Mayor promised not to ‘extend the scope of value-added tax’, but he did raise utility bills from zero-rated to a new 8% reduced rate. This would later be reduced to 5% by Gordon Brown.
Did you know: The zero-rating has thrown up endless confusion, as well as profitable work for lawyers and accountants. Snacks, for instance, carry full VAT because they are deemed to be non-essential. But a peanut in a shell is deemed to be a food, because the consumer needs to "prepare" the nut by shelling it. If a manufacturer has done the shelling for you, it is a snack.
Stephen Coleclough, VAT partner at PricewaterhouseCoopers, said: "The regime can't really cope with innovative products such as tortilla chips or smoothies, because the zero-rating rules just follow the guidelines laid out under the Purchase Tax. And we didn't really eat tortilla chips in the 1970s."
The two most famous rows have involved chocolate covered treats: Jaffa Cakes and marshmallow teacakes. HMRC believed that they were both chocolate-covered snacks, but lawyers successfully argued that were both actually cakes - and therefore zero-rated for VAT.
HMRC's relentless monitoring of teatime treats has helped VAT become one of the Treasury's most important taxes. It is scheduled to raise £78 billion this year. Every extra percentage point a chancellor puts on VAT is reckoned to bring in £4.5 billion.
Most European countries's VAT rate is about 20 per cent.
However, many believe its simplicity makes it a very harsh tax, hitting all consumers, young and old, poor and rich.
Mr Coleclough said: "It is seen as a particularly regressive tax. For it to work efficiently it has to be a broad-based tax, which is levied on everything.
"But if it was to be put up to the full amount on food, fuel, children's clothing and the like there would be rioting in the streets."
Though most items poorer income households, especially pensioners, consume are zero or reduced rated, "they will always in the normal course of events purchase standard rated goods," said Mr Behan.
This is an edited version of ‘VAT: A Brief History’ by the Telegraph.
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Which Shakespearean character has a wife called Desdemona? | SparkNotes: Othello: Analysis of Major Characters
Analysis of Major Characters
Themes, Motifs & Symbols
Othello
Beginning with the opening lines of the play, Othello remains at a distance from much of the action that concerns and affects him. Roderigo and Iago refer ambiguously to a “he” or “him” for much of the first scene. When they begin to specify whom they are talking about, especially once they stand beneath Brabanzio’s window, they do so with racial epithets, not names. These include “the Moor” (I.i.57), “the thick-lips” (I.i.66), “an old black ram” (I.i.88), and “a Barbary horse” (I.i.113). Although Othello appears at the beginning of the second scene, we do not hear his name until well into Act I, scene iii (I.iii.48). Later, Othello’s will be the last of the three ships to arrive at Cyprus in Act II, scene i; Othello will stand apart while Cassio and Iago supposedly discuss Desdemona in Act IV, scene i; and Othello will assume that Cassio is dead without being present when the fight takes place in Act V, scene i. Othello’s status as an outsider may be the reason he is such easy prey for Iago.
Although Othello is a cultural and racial outsider in Venice, his skill as a soldier and leader is nevertheless valuable and necessary to the state, and he is an integral part of Venetian civic society. He is in great demand by the duke and senate, as evidenced by Cassio’s comment that the senate “sent about three several quests” to look for Othello (I.ii.46). The Venetian government trusts Othello enough to put him in full martial and political command of Cyprus; indeed, in his dying speech, Othello reminds the Venetians of the “service” he has done their state (V.ii.348).
Those who consider Othello their social and civic peer, such as Desdemona and Brabanzio, nevertheless seem drawn to him because of his exotic qualities. Othello admits as much when he tells the duke about his friendship with Brabanzio. He says, -“[Desdemona’s] father loved me, oft invited me, / Still questioned me the story of my life / From year to year” (I.iii.127–129). -Othello is also able to captivate his peers with his speech. The duke’s reply to Othello’s speech about how he wooed Desdemona with his tales of adventure is: “I think this tale would win my daughter too” (I.iii.170).
Othello sometimes makes a point of presenting himself as an outsider, whether because he recognizes his exotic appeal or because he is self-conscious of and defensive about his difference from other Venetians. For example, in spite of his obvious eloquence in Act I, scene iii, he protests, “Rude am I in my speech, / And little blessed with the soft phrase of peace” (I.iii.81–82). While Othello is never rude in his speech, he does allow his eloquence to suffer as he is put under increasing strain by Iago’s plots. In the final moments of the play, Othello regains his composure and, once again, seduces both his onstage and offstage audiences with his words. The speech that precedes his suicide is a tale that could woo almost anyone. It is the tension between Othello’s victimization at the hands of a foreign culture and his own willingness to torment himself that makes him a tragic figure rather than simply Iago’s ridiculous puppet.
Iago
Possibly the most heinous villain in Shakespeare, Iago is fascinating for his most terrible characteristic: his utter lack of convincing motivation for his actions. In the first scene, he claims to be angry at Othello for having passed him over for the position of lieutenant (I.i. 7–32). At the end of Act I, scene iii, Iago says he thinks Othello may have slept with his wife, Emilia: “It is thought abroad that ’twixt my sheets / He has done my office” (I.iii.369–370). Iago mentions this suspicion again at the end of Act II, scene i, explaining that he lusts after Desdemona because he wants to get even with Othello “wife for wife” (II.i.286). None of these claims seems to adequately explain Iago’s deep hatred of Othello, and Iago’s lack of motivation—or his inability or unwillingness to express his true motivation—makes his actions all the more terrifying. He is willing to take revenge on anyone—Othello, Desdemona, Cassio, Roderigo, even Emilia—at the slightest provocation and enjoys the pain and damage he causes.
Iago is often funny, especially in his scenes with the foolish Roderigo, which serve as a showcase of Iago’s manipulative -abilities. He seems almost to wink at the audience as he revels in his own skill. As entertained spectators, we find ourselves on Iago’s side when he is with Roderigo, but the interactions between the two also reveal a streak of cowardice in Iago—a cowardice that becomes manifest in the final scene, when Iago kills his own wife (V.ii.231–242).
Iago’s murder of Emilia could also stem from the general hatred of women that he displays. Some readers have suggested that Iago’s true, underlying motive for persecuting Othello is his homosexual love for the general. He certainly seems to take great pleasure in preventing Othello from enjoying marital happiness, and he expresses his love for Othello frequently and effusively.
It is Iago’s talent for understanding and manipulating the desires of those around him that makes him both a powerful and a compelling figure. Iago is able to take the handkerchief from Emilia and know that he can deflect her questions; he is able to tell Othello of the handkerchief and know that Othello will not doubt him; he is able to tell the audience, “And what’s he then that says I play the villain,” and know that it will laugh as though he were a clown (II.iii.310). Though the most inveterate liar, Iago inspires all of the play’s characters the trait that is most lethal to Othello: trust.
Desdemona
Desdemona is a more plausible, well-rounded figure than much criticism has given her credit for. Arguments that see Desdemona as stereotypically weak and submissive ignore the conviction and authority of her first speech (“My noble father, / I do perceive here a divided duty” [I.iii.179–180]) and her terse fury after Othello strikes her (“I have not deserved this” [IV.i.236]). Similarly, critics who argue that Desdemona’s slightly bizarre bawdy jesting with Iago in Act II, scene i, is either an interpolation not written by Shakespeare or a mere vulgarity ignore the fact that Desdemona is young, sexual, and recently married. She later displays the same chiding, almost mischievous wit in Act III, scene iii, lines 61–84, when she attempts to persuade Othello to forgive Cassio.
Desdemona is at times a submissive character, most notably in her willingness to take credit for her own murder. In response to Emilia’s question, “O, who hath done this deed?” Desdemona’s final words are, “Nobody, I myself. Farewell. / Commend me to my kind lord. O, farewell” (V.ii.133–134). The play, then, depicts Desdemona contradictorily as a self-effacing, faithful wife and as a bold, independent personality. This contradiction may be intentional, meant to portray the way Desdemona herself feels after defending her choice of marriage to her father in Act I, scene iii, and then almost immediately being put in the position of defending her fidelity to her husband. She begins the play as a supremely independent person, but midway through she must struggle against all odds to convince Othello that she is not too independent. The manner in which Desdemona is murdered—smothered by a pillow in a bed covered in her wedding sheets—is symbolic: she is literally suffocated beneath the demands put on her fidelity. Since her first lines, Desdemona has seemed capable of meeting or even rising above those demands. In the end, Othello stifles the speech that made Desdemona so powerful.
Tragically, Desdemona is apparently aware of her imminent death. She, not Othello, asks Emilia to put her wedding sheets on the bed, and she asks Emilia to bury her in these sheets should she die first. The last time we see Desdemona before she awakens to find Othello standing over her with murder in his eyes, she sings a song she learned from her mother’s maid: “She was in love; and he proved mad / And did forsake her. She had a song of willow. / . . . / And she died singing it. That song tonight / Will not go from my mind” (IV.iii.27–30). Like the audience, Desdemona seems able only to watch as her husband is driven insane with jealousy. Though she maintains to the end that she is “guiltless,” Desdemona also forgives her husband (V.ii.133). Her forgiveness of Othello may help the audience to forgive him as well.
| Othello |
What is the study of medicines? | Desdemona
Desdemona
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Desdemona is a lady of spirit and intelligence. For all the claims of military straightforwardness of some other characters, Desdemona is the most direct and honest speaker in the play. Her speeches are not as lengthy as those of the men, but with Desdemona, every word counts.
For Desdemona, Othello is the hero of many exciting and dangerous adventures, who also has the appeal of the orphan child who needs love. Add to this the fact that he is now an honored and powerful man in her country, and what young noble woman would not find him attractive? As the Duke says, "I think this tale would win my daughter too" (I.3, 171).
In Cyprus, in charge of her own household, Desdemona continues to fulfil her duties, receiving petitioners as the commander's wife and being hostess at official receptions. Her marriage has brought her position and happiness, so much so that she finds it unbearable to think that her husband has turned against her. This numbness lasts until she sees that he actually intends to kill her; then she puts up a brave and spirited defense, insisting on her innocence. In despair at losing his love, she still defends him from the consequences of his actions, but he is past seeing what is clear to her and to Shakespeare's audience: that she has committed herself wholly to loving him; without his love, she cannot live.
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In which American sitcom did English actress Jane Leeves play a major character? | Jane Leeves - IMDb
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Actress | Soundtrack | Miscellaneous Crew
Jane Leeves has made her mark in the entertainment world, acting in television, theater and film over the past 20 years. Leeves stars in the Emmy® Award-winning TV Land series, Hot in Cleveland (2010), which in 2011 was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award® for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series. Leeves plays eyebrow ... See full bio »
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Nominated for 1 Golden Globe. Another 2 wins & 23 nominations. See more awards »
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Hot in Cleveland Joy Scroggs / Herself / Herself - Joy
(2010-2015)
- Crossing Paths (2016) ... Lt. Estoc (voice)
2016 Crowded (TV Series)
2014 The Daly Show (TV Series)
Jane
2009-2013 Phineas and Ferb (TV Series)
Wanda / Nikki Stars / Inspector Initials / ...
2008 The Starter Wife (TV Series)
Ann Hefton
2003 The Simpsons (TV Series)
Edwina
1992 Just Deserts (TV Movie)
Amy Phillips
1990 Who's the Boss? (TV Series)
Ms. Adams
1990 My Two Dads (TV Series)
Harriet
1989 Mr. Belvedere (TV Series)
Professor Ann Burns
- The Professor (1989) ... Professor Ann Burns
1989 Hooperman (TV Series)
1989 It's a Living (TV Series)
Terry Tedaldo
1987 Murder, She Wrote (TV Series)
Gwen Petrie
- Superman: Distant Fires (2011) ... (performer: "Family")
1995-2001 Frasier (TV Series) (performer - 6 episodes)
- Daphne Returns (2001) ... (performer: "Heart And Soul" - uncredited)
- The Show Where Woody Shows Up (1999) ... (performer: "I Feel Pretty" - uncredited)
- First Date (1998) ... (performer: "Heart and Soul" - uncredited)
- Chess Pains (1996) ... (performer: "Who's That Grouchy Ghost I See?")
1996 James and the Giant Peach (performer: "That's The Life", "Family", "Eating The Peach")
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1985 To Live and Die in L.A. (dancer - as Jane Leaves)
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2003 Behind the Couch: The Making of 'Frasier' (Video documentary short) (special thanks)
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2014-2016 Celebrity Name Game (TV Series)
Herself - Celebrity Player
2015-2016 Valerie's Home Cooking (TV Series documentary)
Herself - Guest
2010-2015 The View (TV Series)
Herself - Guest / Herself
2010-2015 Entertainment Tonight (TV Series)
Herself
2012-2014 Rachael Ray (TV Series)
Herself - Guest
2014 The Chew (TV Series)
Herself - Hot in Cleveland
2011-2014 Good Morning America (TV Series)
Herself - Guest
2014 Hollywood Game Night (TV Series)
Herself - Celebrity Guest
- Hot in Hollywood (2014) ... Herself - Celebrity Guest
2014 Extra (TV Series)
2014 Inside Edition (TV Series documentary)
Herself
2013 Larry King Now (TV Series)
Herself - Guest
2012-2013 The Talk (TV Series)
Herself - Guest
2013 Why We Laugh: Funny Women (TV Movie documentary)
Herself
2013 The Doctors (TV Series)
Herself
2011 Loose Women (TV Series)
Herself
2005 2005 BAFTA/LA Cunard Britannia Awards (TV Movie documentary)
Herself
2004 The BAFTA TV Awards 2004 (TV Movie documentary)
Herself - Presenter
2002-2003 V Graham Norton (TV Series)
Herself - Guest
2003 TV's Most Memorable Weddings (TV Movie documentary)
Herself - Hostess
2000 Intimate Portrait (TV Series documentary)
Herself
2000 The Daily Show (TV Series)
Herself - Guest
1999 My Favourite 'Frasier' (TV Special documentary)
Herself
1999 The 'Frasier' Story (TV Special documentary)
Herself
1995 Christmas in Washington (TV Movie)
Herself - Host
2014 Retro Report (TV Mini-Series)
Daphne Moon
2004 Red Dwarf: Dwarfing USA (Video documentary short)
Holly (uncredited)
"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson" Self See more »
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4 Interviews | 3 Articles | 3 Pictorials | 4 Magazine Cover Photos | See more »
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Personal Quote:
I knew I would never be strong enough to be a soloist. And I wasn't going to be stuck in the back with all the other swans. (regarding her leaving ballet for an acting career.) See more »
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Has a production company called Bristol Cities (cockney rhyming slang) with her sister Kathryn and Frasier (1993) co-star Peri Gilpin . See more »
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| Frasier |
The Fossdyke was possibly the first to be built in Britain – what was it? | Breaking America (take note Cheryl Cole): Actress Jane Leeves on how she left Surrey for Hollywood at 21 and found sitcom stardom | Daily Mail Online
Breaking America (take note Cheryl Cole): Actress Jane Leeves on how she left Surrey for Hollywood at 21 and found sitcom stardom
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Jane Leeves doesn’t do shallow. She doesn’t do Botox either. She says her husband, TV executive Marshall Coben, would be furious. Besides, she doesn’t need any cosmetic help. Jane has been gifted with great skin - and she’s happy in it, which helps too.
‘I have led this magical life if you think about it,’ she says. ‘But for me, my life in Hollywood has always been about the work. I think people invite craziness into their lives when they hunger to be famous rather than focus on trying to be a good actor.
‘Some people will sell their soul to the devil for fame, but they lose part of themselves, become damaged. People who work hard to achieve their success aren’t like that. People like Julia Roberts, who used to live at the end of our road. I have such admiration for her. You never see her kids in magazines.
Merry dance: Jane Leeves landed a role on the popular sitcom Frasier playing Mancunian care worker Daphne Moon and was one of the highest-paid British actresses of all time, earning £275,000 an episode
‘We first bumped into her when the housekeeper was walking the dog with my children [Isabella, now ten, and Finn, seven]. These little kids came running up saying, “Can we pat your dog?” Their mummy came over and it was Julia Roberts. After that we’d see her on the beach and she’d say, “Can we have a lift?” and jump into the back of our pick-up with her kids, just like any other family...’
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Which is how Jane chatters on. The names of Hollywood’s biggest stars trip off her tongue with an ease that says, ‘I’ve made it too.’ And she has. The America that gave Cheryl Cole the heave-ho in a few short days has embraced Jane for more than two decades. Indeed, in her 11 years as Mancunian care worker Daphne Moon on the hugely popular sitcom Frasier she was one of the highest-paid British actresses of all time, earning £275,000 an episode and scooping enough awards to crowd a sizeable mantelpiece.
The difference between her and Cheryl? Having interviewed both of them, Jane is, dare I say, a lot nicer. Less plastic too, with laugh lines and an emotional intelligence that says, ‘I’ve had knocks along the way, but aren’t I blessed?’ Which she is. Seven years after the last episode of Frasier aired, and just as she’s reached 50, she’s in the biggest new comedy to come out of the States, Hot In Cleveland, with Betty White, Valerie Bertinelli and Wendie Malick.
Next move: Seven years after the last episode of Frasier aired, and just as she's reached 50, Jane is in the biggest new comedy to come out of the States, Hot In Cleveland
The series charts the adventures of three ‘old broads’ from showbusiness whose Paris-bound plane lands in Cleveland, Ohio, where they find a community that’s much less shallow and youth-obsessed. ‘In real life we’re all old broads who’ve been in this business a long time,’ says Jane. ‘Usually, at our age, work dries up. To be handed a show that celebrates our age and also pokes fun at it is a gift.’
Even if she hadn’t found the role, she’d never consider Botox or having her lips done to make her look younger. ‘You can’t tell if someone’s 40 or 75. And the Jane is one of nature’s lucky few with the kissable lips many women pay a fortune for. Point this out, and she shrugs. ‘Funny isn’t it how what can be such a negative when you’re younger ends up being such a positive. I was teased mercilessly at school. I was called rubber lips. They called me spider, too, because I had long arms and long skinny legs. I guess I wasn’t very popular,’ she says.
She was, in fact, horribly bullied at the East Grinstead secondary school she attended with her brother and two sisters near their home in Sussex. But, she says, it inspired her success. ‘I was consumed by the love of dance and acting. I liked the idea of escaping into another world and being somebody else – someone who wasn’t shy, gawky or bullied. So the bullying spurred me on really.’
Career advice: 'They say if you can deliver a funny line and you're not ugly, it's gold'
Jane bought a one-way ticket to Los Angeles when she was 21 after training as a ballet dancer at Bush Davies School of Dance, East Grinstead, with the blessing of her mother, a nurse, and father, a civil engineer. ‘I was determined to do what I did. If you talk to anyone who’s successful, they always knew they would be. There’s no other option.’ Jane found herself in the same acting class as Ellen DeGeneres, Winona Ryder and Jim Carrey. She also discovered a talent for comedy.
‘They say if you can deliver a funny line and you’re not ugly, it’s gold,’ she says. ‘I was on a show called Throb in the first two years, which put me on the map. I got a pilot every year, although until Frasier none of them went into a series.’ Jane adored working on the show. And it was during the early years that she met her husband. ‘I’d never, never thought about marriage and babies,’ she says. ‘Then, when I’d been on Frasier for a few years and was earning well and had a grown-up house, I said to a friend, “Maybe I should think about adopting.” He said, “Don’t do that. You’ll meet someone within a year. You wait.” A year later I arrived late at a Christmas party and Marshall walked towards me. That was it. His smile. My smile. I’d never had that feeling when you’re completely in love with someone immediately.’
Jane was 35 when they married. Four years later she gave birth to Isabella, and Finn, conceived by IVF, was born when Jane was 43, just before the axe fell on Frasier. ‘Kelsey fought it because he wanted to be the longest-running actor in TV history playing the same character. But how many more stories can you tell? I did start crying at the press conference to announce the end of the show. I’d just had a baby and was emotional, but the people on Frasier were like family.
‘But my husband always says my life has a way of working itself out. I was offered hour-long shows but he’d say, “No way. You won’t be here. Just wait and the right thing will come along.” How right was he?’ She looks delighted as she says this. ‘This series affords me the same life I had when I did Frasier. I’m able to take my kids to school and pick them up.’
And as the interview is reaching its end, one of Britain’s highestpaid actresses pulls out her iPhone to show me pictures of her husband and kids. ‘He is the greatest thing that ever happened to me,’ she glows. ‘Apart from my kids. Look aren’t they so beautiful?’ And they are. Much like their mum.
Hot in Cleveland, Tuesdays, 8.30pm, Sky Living. Series 1 is on DVD now.
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In which country is the holiday resort of Sousse? | Sousse travel guide - Wikitravel
Understand[ edit ]
View over Sousse's medina
Sousse is one of the older cities in Tunisia possessing an authentic medina, which has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site . It is a popular tourist destination, particularly with Russian, Serbs, Croats, Britons, Germans and East Europeans. Located on the coast, it has good beaches and a clear turquoise sea.
Since Sousse is a city in a Muslim country, check the Muslim holidays before your visit. If you are able to celebrate the holidays with a local family, this will be a interesting experience. If you are not able to, you will find a lot of excursions, museums and shops closed on holidays.
By plane[ edit ]
The most convenient airport is Monastir which is to the south on the coast, 20 minutes away and frequently used by holiday charter flights. From this airport it is very easy to get to the town as there are frequent (every 20-30 minutes) trains (locally called "metro"), costing around 1DT one way. The train station is located 200 meters from the airport, just across the parking area. At the moment the newer airport called Enfida (located around 50km by road from Sousse) is much more popular than the one in Monastir. Unfortunately transportation is less convenient. You must wait for a local bus (roughly one every 90 minutes) or take a taxi to Enfida town where you can catch a louage. If you have a flight to Tunis, take the train or a louage. Both of them are in the center of town and cost about 9DT one way.
By train[ edit ]
Sousse is on the main line from Tunis in the north down to Sfax and Monastir to the south. Because it is located in the centre of the railway network it is well placed to reach most of the rest of the network, even as far south as Gabes on the coast and Tozeur on the edge of the Sahara. Example fares from Tunis to Sousse are 12/10/6 dinars in Grand/1st/2nd class, although paying extra for first class doesn't guarantee you a seat if the service is busy. Tunisisan railways are mainly for goods traffic with passenger traffic taking something of a back seat so don't expect to find yourself rattling along at 100 mph; 50 to 60 mph is more likely and the standard of the rolling stock (carriages) can be poor. That said rail services are generally reliable and above all are very cheap, even for the top class (Grand Classe Confort). They can be an excellent way to get about the country, just don't expect Pullman style travel. The national railway company, the S.N.C.F.T. has a workable website that includes timetables and fares [1] although you will need some rudimentary French to navigate it as the English language option was "under construction" at the time of writing. As Sousse is relatively local to Tunis you should expect heavy use by local commuters and reserved seats may not actually be available. Wikipedia has an article on Tunisian railways [2] which includes a map showing network coverage.
By car[ edit ]
Highway A1 connects Sousse with Tunis. A toll applies for using the highway. Additionally, Sousse is crossed by National Road 1 (RN1), connecting the city with the south of the country, and Libya . Roads are in very good condition. Additionally, a car ferry connects Sousse with Trapani in Italy once a week i the summer months. Please note that driving in Tunisia can be a very dangerous and harrowing experience, with drivers rarely observing even basic rules of the road, accidents being extremely frequent.
By bus[ edit ]
Buses (car) connect the city with most other parts of Tunisia. Additionally, there is a louage (shared-taxi) service covering the entire country. The far bus station (Gare Routiere) is located in some distance to the west of the Medina at the Souk El Ahad ("Sunday Market") - the City bus station is located next to the Medina in the town center). Prices are slightly lower than those of second class train tickets, but many buses do not have air conditioning.
By boat[ edit ]
Car ferries and express boats connect Sousse with Trapani (only in the summer months, once a week for cars and passengers) and Mazara del Vallo via Pantelleria 3 times a week, only for passengers. It takes up to 7-8 hours to Trapani and 5 hours to Mazara del Vallo. Private boats and yachts can use the marina at Port El Kantaoui (a resort about 12 km north of Sousse).
By taxi[ edit ]
Taxis in Sousse have a bad reputation and the best advice is to agree a price before getting in and ensure that the price is not 'per person'. If you are unsure of what a reasonable price should be ask at your hotel reception. The taxis do have meters, but the drivers are often reluctant to use them; be firm and insist it is reset to the 0,450 Dinar [3] ) "Standing Charge" at the start of your journey. One favourite trick is to leave the previous fare on the meter so that it will be added to your fare before you even set off. ALWAYS check that the meter has been reset BEFORE setting off and that it is on the correct setting for the time of day. Between 9 PM and 5 AM rates are higher than daytime rates at 0,510 Dinar/km. However, many drivers have altered their meters, and use "special rates" for tourists. A typical daytime fare between Sousse and Kantaoui, with a proper meter, is about 4,100 Dinar, but, in most cases, with a "special rate" on the meter, the fare will be about 7 Dinar. You can, however, agree the fare before getting in the taxi. Expect to pay about 5,000 to 6,000 Dinar if you do. Taxis are yellow, and have a taxi license sticker on the windshield.
Shared taxis (Collection taxis, Louages) are large cars or minibuses/people carriers which start their journey when they are full. Well used by the locals, expect to pay 10% of the price of a taxi. Shared taxis can take you further than regular taxis, connecting the city with most bigger towns in Tunisia. Shared taxis for destinations in the same or a closely adjacent city (eg. Hergla , Chott Mariem ) are also yellow with a blue stripe on the middle of the taxi. Shared taxis between cities (far connections) are white with a red stripe. In Sousse, there are also white taxis with red, black, blue and yellow stripes serving destinations in the greater Sousse area (eg. Akouda , Hammam-Sousse , Kantaoui , Chott Mariem ). They leave from the "Station Louage" which is best reached by normal taxi (see above).
Tuk-Tuk's and Mini-trains can get you a fun ride to Port El Kantaoui, which is about 12 km away. They are open, shared transports and start their journey when they're full (or almost). Expect to pay 2 dinars per journey at the first and 2,5 at the latter. Tuk-tuks are bright purple.
Horse-drawn carriages provide another option for a fun ride to Port El Kantaoui at no more than double the price of a taxi (if you bargain).
See[ edit ][ add listing ]
All of Sousse's sights are located within the labyrinthine medina in the heart of the city.
Great Mosque. A surprisingly tranquil place despite its location in the middle of the city. Built c. 850 AD, this mosque is simple and austere in the Aghlabite style, no decoration whatsoever aside from a string of angular Arabic and curved arches. Even the prayer room is covered in reed mats instead of the usual carpet. You must be properly dressed to enter, but green wraps can be rented for a token fee to cover up. Entry fee TND5.
Mosaic Museum, in the well-restored old kasbah on the edge of the medina. After recent renovation the collection is displayed in a great way, really worth visiting. Entry TND9, photography fee TND1.
Dar Esid (The Traditional Tunisian House) Open 10-18 , Entrance 3DT. . This charming little museum located just within the old city walls some 200 yards north of the main bus terminal is the home of a long standing Tunisian family that has now become a museum with the passing of the last family member. The property centers on a open courtyard from which access to all the rooms can be gained, including bedrooms for the first and second wife and, in turn, to the children's rooms. All are delightfully fully furnished, with some curtains dating back 200 years, and with German clocks imported from the 1800's. The house is complete with a tower, orginally used to watch the stars for the onset of Ramadan, from which views over Sousse can be gained.
Ribat Whilst not as impressive or extensive as the Ribat in Monastir this fortified holy site is a worthwhile visit and served as home to a branch of Islamic warriors very similar in nature and creed as the Hospitaller Knights that lived in Rhodes . Climbing to the top of the watch tower affords you fantastic views over the Medina. TND7 to enter; 1 more to take photos.
Kalaout El Koubba Open 10:00-17:00 (lunch break 13:00-15:00) entrance. 3DT. Small but interesting museum in the center of medina. Easy to spot as there are numerous signs on the medina walls pointing the direction. Among the others you can see nice wedding dress collection.
Camel market the Camel market is held once a week. Don't be misled by the name of the market; you won't find camels here. You will find household items, cheap clothes, cheap jewelry and vegetables. For a tourist the products are not interesting, but it can be interesting to be around the locals. Be warned for pickpockets at this market, hide your belongings under your clothes or leave it at your hotel.
Catacombs
Do[ edit ][ add listing ]
Walking around the fishing boats at the port is a pleasant way to spend time, and families with children may wish to take a trip on one of the 'pirate' ships which offer fishing and other nautical activities.
Take a swim in the sea or sunbathe at the beach, but be prepared for an excessive amount of rubbish in the sand.
Smoke a water pipe (also known as chicha or hookah).
Visit a hamam, mixed (male-female) hamams can be found in the bigger hotels. The hamams visited by locals are mostly cheaper, but have one gender clientele.
Play golf. There is no golf course in Sousse, but one in Kantaoui and two in Monastir
A world famous Freediver is originally from Tunisia Akim Adhari. He organizes from time to time courses on yacht sailing boat [4]
Buy[ edit ][ add listing ]
Don't expect to have language issues as merchants speak almost anything common (French, English, Spanish, German...) - you can mix all languages if you want. During Muslim holidays only part of the shops will be open.
Soula Centre just outside the souk. It has fixed prices and higher quality items and is useful to establish values before bargaining in the souk (of course there is no fun).
Medina including the souk located in the center of the city. The old section of the city containing the local bazaar, expect to haggle or barter. Everything is pretty cheap, but merchants won't hesitate to quote outrageous prices, so haggling is necessary. Take it all light-heartedly though and have fun whilst haggling. Obviously, there is a large quantity of counterfeit designer goods available in the Medina. Don't waste your and their time if you don't intend to buy anything and if you are only interested in taking a look, make it clear from the beginning. Say nicely and with a smile that you are not interested or that you don't have any money left. However don't feel obliged to buy if you can't agree a price. Don't keep thinking about the price after you buy something. Think on the good deal that you have made and the price that you would've paid in your home country.
Products to buy:
Fresh dates (if you want to take them home, check first if customs of the counties you travel through allow them)
Shoes, a broad selection can be found for a good price. Fashionable men will have more choice than in west European countries. Woman shoes are not available in bigger sizes (above size 40).
A water pipe (also known as chicha or hookah). if you have never smoked one, try it at the bigger hotels or bars. The pipe itself can be bought in the medina.
Eat[ edit ][ add listing ]
Two people can have a nice meal for around 10 dinars or less (depends on the place), but prices are generally low. For this you don't have to negotiate prices.
Dates are one of the biggest export products of Tunisia, try them fresh instead of the dried kind that are sold abroad.
Mid-range[ edit ]
Restaurant Libo; excellent fish restaurant by the port, opposite the 'pirate' ships. TND 15 for a spiced and grilled fish fresh from the port, a reasonable TND 2.1 for a beer.
Hotel Medina, behind the Central Mosque, serves excellent meals for an average of TND15, has wine and serves as the local bar.
Drink[ edit ][ add listing ]
Drinking tap water is generally not harmful - some people and almost all tourists prefer, though, to use the bottled water that you can find everywhere (very cheap, for around 0,200-0,400 TND for 1/2 liter, 0,300-0,650 for 1.5 liter). Non-carbonated (non-sparkling) water is the most popular, and is called "mineral water". Carbonated water is available as well, but you must specifically ask for water with gas (eau avec gaz) or Garci (the most popular brand).
Expect to find a Coke for around 0,800 to 1,5 TND (depends if in a supermarket or hotel).
The favorite beverage of the locals is tea, with many tea based specialties being available at the many cafes and restaurants around town. A favorite amongst locals is the au menthe (tea with mint leaves and sugar) and the aux ammandes (tea with crushed almonds and almond essence). Most locals will drink it while smoking from the chicha (the local name for a hookah). Expect to be offered tea while buying things of relatively high value (over 60-70 dinar) from shops in the souk.
Being a city in a Muslim country, alcohol may be rather hard to find and quite expensive, because of little demand. Some cafes and stores will sell wine and beer, since many locals also drink these beverages. Expect to pay 2-3 dinar for a 0.3 bottle of local beer (invariably Celtia brand), and 2-12 dinar for a bottle of local wine in a store (double in a bar). Hard alcohol is very hard to find and extremely expensive (more expensive than even in the Nordic Countries), since most locals avoid it. Your best bets are hotel bars (3-6 dinar for 50 ml of vodka or gin) and Magasin General supermarkets (state owned stores, the only ones authorized to sell hard liquor - one is located on 7 November avenue, near the Sousse Palace hotel). A bottle of gin or whiskey is about 80-120 dinar. No alcohol is sold on Fridays.
Sousse is one of few places in Tunisia with somewhat animated nightlife (mostly during high season though). In low season most of Sousse can be closed by 9:00pm. There are 2 kinds of places: normal bars, clubs, discos (upscale) and dodgy cabarets (low scale). The last ones are local oriented (music and crowd), and though might represent some interest as a phenomenon, are often frequented by hustlers, which, mixed with a cheap beer, tend to end up in arguments and mass fights (quickly resolved however). Many bars and discos are located in hotels, though most famous ones are standalone venues.
Living / Banana / Saloon disco. Free entrance, 5 TND beer, party time 0:00 - 04:00 everyday. Conveniently located in Sousse hotel zone near Samara hotel and Movenpick, these venues although themed differently (ambiance and music), share the same positioning ("VIP") and owner ("Bora-Bora" open air disco). More chilled touristic crowd; dress smart.
Be One / B1 club disco. Free entrance, 5 TND beer, party time 0:00 - 04:00 everyday. Located in Port Kantaoui near Houria Palace hotel and Vincci Resort. A sophisticated venue with nice relaxed and partying more tunisian crowd, european / arabic dance music, lots of couches, 2 bars, dancefloor and a high platform for cheeky girls to dance in the middle. In low seasons tends to get crowded by 02:00. Dress smart.
Edge bar. 4 TND beer, party time 23:00 - 02:00 everyday. Located in Cesar Palace hotel between Sousse and Port Kantaoui, Avenue 14 Janvier, near Les Oliviers. One of the many hotel bars (with separate entrance), this one though is somewhat classy with nice and relevant (4 stars hotel) more tunisian crowd, mixed european / arabic music. A good place for pre-party on your way to B1. Dress normal.
Budget[ edit ]
Hôtel Gabes. 12 Rue de Paris, in the Medina. TND 7.5 for a spartan single room; but good location and trustworthy staff.
Mid-range[ edit ]
Hotel Medina. [5] Family run hotel, immediately behind the Central Mosque at the entrance to the medina. Clean, modest but perfectly adequate rooms around an enclosed central courtyard in a great location, walking distance from the beach, train and metro stations, although you must be able to appreciate the call to prayer at close hand. Features a bar and excellent restaurant - dinner and a half bottle of wine for under TND25 as at May 2014. Don't be surprised if you bump into a shopkeeper you recognise in the lobby! Laundry available. Free, high-speed wifi in the lobby area. Overlooks the mosque and port from the roof. The manager (and owner's son) is recently returned from France, highly fluent in English, and keen to impress. All the staff are courteous and helpful.
Hôtel de Paris. Spotlessly clean if rather austere hotel near the main entrance to the medina. Small singles from TND 13.
Abou-Nawas Boujaafar(4-Stars). Great food and services. Thalasso center with an interior (30'C, salt water) pool, another outside and private beach. 3 restaurants. Deco from the 80's but not expensive. 5 minutes away from the medina and near all transportations.
Hotel Riadh Palms [6] All inclusive hotel with fine rooms overlooking the sea, having a private beach and swimming pool and a good animation team (summer 2012).
Stay safe[ edit ]
There's no danger on walking alone at any time, however most parts of town are abandoned after 9:00pm. Respect the locals and you will be respected. Crime is nearly non-existent, even if some of the neighborhoods of the city may look shabby or feel dangerous. Be aware for pickpockets when you walk in crowded areas, especially on the Camel market.
Expect some hassle in the souk (medina) and this is most normal. Merchants always try to show their goods/shops and see what you like. You have to get into the spirit to enjoy, always be nice and have a smile on your face. Even if sometimes annoying, this is absolutely not dangerous.
Women may want to avoid the red light area in the north west of the medina, reached through two overlapping walls which screen that street from the rest of the medina. Single women walking alone may be stared at, but, again, this is not dangerous, but rather a curiosity of some local men.
Most people who come up and speak English to you in the streets will be hoping to sell you something, no risk but end the conversation quickly to avoid them getting indignant when you dont buy, a simple 'non, merci' should suffice.
If you have a wrist band of your hotel, turn it inside out or wear something over it when going to the medina or shops. People will try to gain your trust by telling they work at the hotel you stay, with your wristband insideout you can test their story by asking the name of the hotel.
| Tunisia |
Which peninsula lies to the east of the Suez Canal? | Tunisia terror attack: Carly Lovett and 3 members of same family among British dead | World | News | Daily Express
WORLD
Tunisia terror attack: Tragedy as 3 members of same family among at least 15 British dead
AT LEAST 15 British victims have been identified among the 38 people killed in an Islamic State terror attack at a Tunisian holiday hotspot.
00:28, Sun, Jun 28, 2015
| UPDATED: 15:18, Sun, Jun 28, 2015
GETTY•PA•SKY
A local boy with floral tributes to tourists gunned down by Islamist Seifeddine Rezgui
A young photographer was named yesterday as the first British victim of the atrocity, which saw sunbathing holidaymakers mown down in a hail of bullets with 36 also left wounded.
Carly Lovett, from Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, is believed to have been in the North African country with friends and family since Tuesday, reports the Lincolnshire Echo.
The 24-year-old is understood to have been engaged since last December.
Another British victim was named as Adrian Evans, who worked for Sandwell Council as a manager in the gas services department.
A council source described the news as "horrendous" and said their thoughts were with the family and council colleagues.
The third victim was later named as his nephew, 19-year-old local football referee Joel Richards.
Mr Richards, who played for James Connollys GFC in Warwickshire, was described by friends on social media as "ambitious" and "one of a kind".
Connollys GFC released the following statement last night: "James Connollys GFC is devastated to learn of the death of one of our players, Joel Richards, during the horrific attack in Tunisia."
Patrick Evans, 78, who was Mr Richards' Grandfather and Mr Evans' father, was also killed.
Couple Scott Chalkley, 42, of Derby, and Sue Davey, also 42, of Tamworth, Staffordshire, also died in the shooting.
Ms Davey's son, Conor Fulford, had desperately appealed for information on social media before learning of her death.
Married couple Jim, 66, and Anne McQuire, 63, from Cumbernauld, Lanarkshire, have also been named among the dead.
Mr McQuire was a volunteer with the Boys' Brigade, and worked as a marine engineer before retiring.
Trudi Jones, of Blackwood, Wales, was also killed.
IG
Carly Lovett is the first British victim to be named
IG
Adrian Evans was named as the second victim
IG
Joel Richards was later named as the third victim of the attack
Yesterday afternoon, the Foreign Office said 15 Britons have died in the beach massacre but the toll "may well rise".
Tory MP and Foreign Office minister Tobias Ellwood added that it was "the most significant terrorist attack on the British people" since the London Underground bombings on July 7, 2005.
Earlier, Tunisian officials said Britons, a German and a Belgian had been identified among the victims so far.
Irish mother-of-two Lorna Carty is also said to be among the dead, along with French nationals.
Norfolk Police today confirmed a member of its support staff was among those injured in the attack.
Tony Callaghan, who works as a property officer, was with his wife on holiday when they were both injured in the shooting.
Their injuries required hospital treatment but are not life-threatening.
Earlier, Tunisia's Prime Minister Habib Essid told a press conference the "majority" of victims are British.
David Cameron warned the UK public to be prepared for the fact "many of those killed" in the "savage" shooting were Britons.
Lisa Burbidge, who was in her 60s and from Gateshead, Tyne & Wear, was also killed in the attack.
She was on holiday with her family at the time.
Bruce Wilkinson, 72, of Goole, Yorkshire, was also killed.
IG
Seifeddine Rezgui has been named by Islamic State as the gunman
TWITTER
The gunman is pictured prowling with his rifle
Foreign Office staff have headed to Tunisia, while thousands of British holidaymakers have begun returning from north Africa to UK airports.
Holidays to Sousse were this morning cancelled by major tour operators TUI group - which owns Thomson and First Choice and runs the Imperial Marhaba hotel where the shooting took place.
Islamic State social media accounts today claimed they were behind Friday's attack, as the militants released photos of 23-year-old student Seifeddine Rezgui, who uses the jihadi pseudonym Abu Yahya al-Qayrawani, who they claimed to be the gunman.
Rezgui posed as a tourist before pulling a Kalashnikov hidden in a beach umbrella and firing at people relaxing on a beach in Sousse on the Mediterranean coast.
He was reportedly laughing as he carried out the massacre and deliberately selected British tourists.
An eyewitness quoted by local radio said: "He was laughing and joking around, like a normal guy.
"He was choosing who to shoot. Some people, he was saying to them, 'You go away'.
"He was choosing tourists, British, French."
Despite initially believing there was more than one gunman, the Tunisian authorities later said the solo killer had not previously been known to their security services.
His killing spree on the beach at the Riu Bellevue Park ended when he was shot dead by police.
A bomb was also found on his body.
IG
Lorna Carty is among the Brits killed in Tunisia
Tunisia attack victims remembered
Fri, June 26, 2015
Five days after a lone gunman opened fire at a beach resort in Tunisia killing 38 tourists and injuring many more, the first victims are flown back to the UK.
Getty Images
1 of 47
A Belgian tourist, joined by local hotel staff place flowers at a memorial sign on the beach in front of the Imperial Marhaba hotel [Getty Images]
Shocking video footage taken by one of the eyewitnesses showed the carnage at the holiday resort in the immediate aftermath.
A clip posted to YouTube showed people at the tourist destination in panic and running away from gun shots which were heard ringing through the air.
The distressing clip also showed dead bodies laying on the beach after the brutal terrorist attack.
**WARNING: GRAPHIC CONTENT PICTURE AND VIDEO BELOW**
TWITTER
This unverified photo reportedly shows the gunman lying dead
A Welshman is in hospital in a serious condition after using his body as a human shield to protect his fiancee from being killed by the gunman.
Among the other harrowing stories coming out of the African state, a 16-year-old Brit told how they witnessed their parents and grandmother killed.
A Tunisian radio station reported the teen was being treated for their injuries in hospital.
Lorna Carty was taking her husband on holiday to help him recover from heart surgery, family friends have said.
Mrs Carty, from Robinstown, Co Meath, was believed to have gone to the beach by herself in Sousse when the gunman went on the rampage.
She was a nurse, aged in her 50s, and had a son and a daughter.
Her husband, a dairy farmer, is said to be uninjured but "absolutely distraught".
A family friend said Mr and Mrs Carty were due to leave Tunisia to return to Ireland just hours after the massacre.
The friend said: "They went out (to Sousse) last Friday and they were due home tonight.
"Declan was in the hotel and Lorna went out to get a last bit of sun before leaving.
"When he heard all the commotion he went out, then he recognised the towel and the blood on it.
"He's devastated."
WALES NEWS
Matthew James took three bullets after jumping in front of fiancee to protect her from the gunman
A British tennis coach who had been on holiday in Tunisia since Wednesday, said she saw the gunman attack.
On the verge of tears Ellie Makin, 22, said: "I was on the beach in front of our resort when I saw a guy walking around with an umbrella.
"All of a sudden he dropped the umbrella and had a gun, and he started shooting everyone to the right of me."
She added: "There was blood everywhere.
"I was terrified, overwhelmed, shaken up and shocked. There are no words.
"There have been people missing from our resort and others. It could have been a very different story if he had started shooting left instead of right."
Sousse is one of Tunisia's most popular beach resorts, drawing visitors from Europe and neighbouring North African countries.
A British holidaymaker described hearing a large explosion followed by a chaotic scene with tourists running around the hotel.
Briton Mary Norman said she also narrowly missed the attack.
She said: "We heard an explosion and then gunfire.
"A security guard said the gunmen were dressed like police."
This has been contradicted by other hotel workers who described the attacker as wearing "tourist's clothes".
Tunisia Tourism ministry, World Travel and Tourism council
Statistics and figures from Tunisia
Another tourist, Susan Rickett, on holiday in Sousse, described how "everybody starting running in and screaming" after gunfire was heard on the beach.
She added: "It sounded like a machine gun going off...there was an explosion a little later."
Fellow Briton Gary Pine said he was on the beach and heard what "we thought was firecrackers going off" 100 yards away, followed by an explosion from the next hotel complex along.
He said "there was a mass exodus off the beach" and his son said he had seen someone get shot on the beach.
Mr Pine said that guests at his hotel were first told to lock themselves in their rooms, and later to gather in the lobby.
Elizabeth O'Brien, an Irish woman on holiday with her two sons in the resort, described how she grabbed her children and ran for their lives when they heard gunfire erupting from one of the hotels.
"We were on the beach, my sons were in the sea and I just got out of the sea.
"It was about 12 o'clock and I just looked up about 500 metres from me and I saw a (hot air) balloon collapse down, then rapid firing, then I saw two of the people who were going to go up in the balloon start to run towards me - because I thought it was fireworks.
"So, I thought 'oh my God, it sounds like gunfire', so I just ran to the sea to my children and grabbed our things and as I was running towards the hotel, the waiters and the security on the beach started saying 'run, run run!' and we just ran to our room, which is like a little bungalow.
"So we are actually trapped in our room."
INSTAGRAM•CHERVONEC
Graphic image reportedly showing the scene on the beach in Sousse
TWITTER•MOURADTEYEB
Casualties were reported on the beach in Tunisia
It sounded like a machine gun going off
Susan Rickett
29 people are now believed to have been killed in the attack
AP
An image taken from Tunisia TV1 of injured people being treated at the scene of the attack
Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond insisted that travel advice issued in the wake of the March attack in Tunisia was "appropriate" as he rejected the suggestion that an opportunity was missed to warn Britons to stay away from Tunisia.
Mr Hammond said that travel advice would be kept under "constant review" following the latest atrocity and will be considered at the next meeting of the Government's Cobra emergency committee.
Quizzed on whether travel advice should have been tightened to prevent Britons from travelling to the North African country after the March attack, Mr Hammond replied: "We have to balance the way we set out travel advice, looking at the facts around these incidents.
"Of course an incident like this can occur anywhere. I'm confident that the travel advice we set was appropriate but we are now of course reviewing that"
Foreign Office sources said the advice given to Britons about travelling to Tunisia was in line with that given by other European countries to their citizens.
The latest advice warns "there is a high threat from terrorism, including kidnapping".
"Attacks could be indiscriminate, including in places visited by foreigners."
The Foreign Office has set up a helpline on 020 7008 0000 for those concerned about relatives.
EXPRESS
A map of the area, including popular tourist hotels caught up in the attack
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Which North African country has Mediterranean and Atlantic coastlines? | Africa
Africa
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso is a landlocked West African state. With a total border length of 3,192 kilometers (1,984 miles), Burkina Faso is bordered by Mali to the north and west; Niger to the east; and Benin, Togo, Ghana, and Cote d'Ivoire to the south.
Cameroon
Located on the west coast of Central Africa, Cameroon covers an area of 475,400 square kilometers (183,695 square miles), slightly more than California. Land boundaries extend for a total of 4,591 kilometers (2,853 miles) between Nigeria to the northwest, Chad to the northeast, the Central African Republic (C.A.R.) to the east, and the Republic of the Congo, Gabon, and Equatorial Guinea to the south.
Cape Verde
Cape Verde is an archipelago of 10 islands and 5 islets situated 483 kilometers (300 miles) due west of Dakar, Senegal, in the North Atlantic Ocean. Cape Verde's total land area is 4,033 square kilometers (1,557 square miles), which makes it slightly larger than the U.S.
Central African Republic
The former French colony of Ubangi-Shari, now the Central African Republic (CAR), is well named; it is a landlocked country in the center of the African continent. Land boundaries extend for 5,203 kilometers (3,233 miles) connecting Cameroon to the west, Chad and Sudan to the north, and the Republic of Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo to the south.
Chad
The former French colony of Chad, a landlocked country located in northern Central Africa, is more than 3 times the size of California. The country has an area of 1,284,000 square kilometers (495,755 square miles), with a land boundary length of 5,968 kilometers (3,708 miles).
Congo, Republic of The;
The Republic of the Congo (ROC) is located in Western Africa and has an area of 342,000 square kilometers (132,000 square miles). It has a modest coastline of 169 kilometers (105 miles) along the Atlantic Ocean in the southwest and shares land borders with Gabon, Cameroon, and the Central African Republic on the west and north.
Côte D'ivoire
Côte d'Ivoire (which means "Ivory Coast") is a West African country bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Ghana and Liberia. It has an area of 322,460 square kilometers (124,502 square miles) of which 318,000 square kilometers (122,780 square miles) are occupied by land while water occupies the remaining 4,460 square kilometers (1,722 square miles).
Djibouti
Djibouti is situated in the Horn of Africa, at the southern entrance to the Red Sea, bordering the Gulf of Aden. To the north lies Eritrea with a shared border of 113 kilometers (70 miles); to the north, west, and southwest lies Ethiopia, with a border length of 337 kilometers (209 miles); and to the southeast lies Somalia, with a border length of 58 kilometers (36 miles).
Egypt
The Arab Republic of Egypt is located in North Africa, bordering on the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Libya to the west, the Gaza Strip to the east, and Sudan to the south. With an area of 1,001,450 square kilometers (386,659 square miles) and a coastline of 2,450 kilometers (1,522 miles), Egypt is slightly more than 3 times the size of New Mexico.
Equatorial Guinea
Equatorial Guinea is a small West African nation of 28,051 square kilometers (10,830 square miles), roughly the same size as Maryland. It consists of a mainland enclave called Río Muni, on the west coast of Africa bordering Cameroon and Gabon, and 5 small islands off the coast of Cameroon in the Bight of Biafra: Bioko, Annobón, Corisco, and the 2 small islands known together as Islas Elobey.
Eritrea
Eritrea is an eastern African country occupying an area of 121,320 square kilometers (46,841 square miles), which makes it slightly larger than the state of Pennsylvania. It borders Sudan to the north and west, Ethiopia and Djibouti to the south, and the Red Sea to the east.
Ethiopia
Located in the Horn of Africa— the pointy peninsula-like landmass that emanates out of the eastern part of the continent—Ethiopia has a total area of 1,127,127 square kilometers (935,183 square miles), rendering it slightly less than twice the size of Texas. A landlocked country completely surrounded by other states, Ethiopia has a total border length of 5,311 kilometers (3,300 miles).
Gabon
The Gabonese Republic lies along the equator on the west coast of Africa with a border length of 2,551 kilometers (1,585 miles) and a coastline of 885 kilometers (550 miles). Gabon is bounded to the west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the north by Equatorial Guinea (350 kilometers/218 miles) and Cameroon (298 kilometers/185 miles), and to the east and south by the Republic of the Congo (1,903 kilometers/1,183 miles).
The Gambia
The Republic of The Gambia measures 11,295 square kilometers (4,361 square miles) and consists of a long narrow ribbon of land sitting astride the river Gambia, one of the major waterways in West Africa. Apart from the 50-kilometer (31-mile) stretch of coastline on the Atlantic ocean, it is entirely surrounded by Senegal.
Ghana
The Republic of Ghana, formerly the Gold Coast, is a West African country lying on the Gulf of Guinea. It has a total border of 2,093 kilometers (1,300 miles), including 548 kilometers (341 miles) with Burkina Faso to the north, 688 kilometers (428 miles) with Côte d'Ivoire to the west, and 877 kilometers (545 miles) with Togo to the east.
Guinea
Guinea lies on the West African coast, bordered by Sierra Leone and Liberia to the south, Guinea-Bissau and Senegal to the north, and Mali and Côte d'Ivoire inland to the east. It has 320 kilometers (199 miles) of coastline, and a land area of 245,857 square kilometers (94,925 miles).
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea-Bissau lies on the west coast of Africa, with Senegal to the north and Guinea to the east and south. With a total area of 36,120 square kilometers (13,946 square miles), the country is a bit less than 3 times the size of the U.S.
Kenya
Located in east Africa, Kenya has a total area of 582,650 square kilometers (224,962 square miles), rendering it slightly larger than twice the size of Nevada. With a coastline of 536 kilometers (333 miles), Kenya borders the Indian Ocean to the east, Somalia to the northeast, Ethiopia to the north, Sudan to the northwest, Uganda to the west, and Tanzania to the south.
Malawi
Malawi is located in southeast Africa, landlocked between Mozambique to the east and south, Zambia to the west, and Tanzania to the north. Malawi is separated from Mozambique and Tanzania to a large extent by Lake Malawi, which lies on the country's eastern edge.
Mali
Mali is a landlocked country in West Africa covering an area of 1.24 million square kilometers (478,764 square miles), of which 1.22 million square kilometers (471,042 square miles) is occupied by land and 20,000 square kilometers (7,722 square miles) is occupied by water. Its border is 7,243 kilometers (4,500 miles) long.
Mauritania
Located in northwestern Africa, bordered by Western Sahara (occupied by Morocco) and Algeria on the north, by Mali on the east and south, by Senegal on the southwest, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the west, the country has an area of 1,030,700 square kilometers (398,000 square miles), making it slightly larger than 3 times the size of New Mexico. Its total estimated boundary length is 5,828 kilometers (3,622 miles), including 754 kilometers (469 miles) of coast on the Atlantic Ocean.
Mozambique
Located in southeast Africa, Mozambique has a total area of 801,590 square kilometers (309,493 square miles)—an expanse which is slightly less than twice the size of the state of California. The coastline of the country, which spans 2,470 kilometers (1,535 miles) along the entire eastern frontier, borders the Mozambique Channel and the Indian Ocean.
Namibia
The Republic of Namibia lies across the Tropic of Capricorn in the south of Africa and covers an area of 824,292 square kilometers (318,259 square miles), making it slightly more than half the size of Alaska. It is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast, Botswana and Zimbabwe on the east, Angola on the north, and the South Atlantic Ocean on the west.
Rwanda
The Republic of Rwanda is a land-locked country located in central Africa. It is bordered on the east by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with which it shares the shores of Lake Kivu; on the north by Uganda; on the west by Tanzania; and on the south by Burundi.
São Tomé and Príncipe
São Tomé and Príncipe is located in the Gulf of Guinea 290 kilometers (180 miles) west of Gabon, which is located on the western edge of Africa. The 2 mountainous main islands of the republic are São Tomé and Príncipe; other rocky islets include Caroco, Pedras, and Tinhosas off Príncipe Island, and Rolas off São Tomé Island.
Senegal
A relatively small country located in West Africa, Senegal has a total area of 196,190 square kilometers (75,748 square miles), making it slightly smaller than the state of South Dakota. Water composes 4,190 square kilometers (1,618 square miles) of this area, while the coastline, which borders the North Atlantic Ocean, stretches for 531 kilometers (330 miles).
Seychelles
The Seychelles are a group of islands in the Indian Ocean about 925 kilometers (575 miles) northeast of Madagascar. The country consists of 115 small islands with a total land area of 455 square kilometers (176 square miles) and a total coastline of 491 kilometers (305 miles).
Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone is located in West Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, with an area of 71,740 square kilometers (27,925 square miles) and a total coastline of 402 kilometers (250 miles). The country shares a border with Guinea in the north and east and with Liberia in the southeast.
Somalia
Somalia, formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic, is a coastal country covering a land area of 637,657 square kilometers (246,199 square miles) and a water area of 10,320 square kilometers (3,985 square miles), with a land-bordered circumference of 2,366 kilometers (1,470 miles). It has a coastline of 3,025 kilometers (1,880 miles) stretching along the Indian Ocean to the southeast and along the Gulf of Aden in the southern mouth of the Red Sea to the north.
South Africa
South Africa is situated at the southern tip of the continent of Africa. Ranging from west to east across its northern border are the neighboring countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; Mozambique lies to the east, as does the small nation of Swaziland, which is nearly encircled by South Africa.
Sudan
Sudan is located in North Africa. Sudan borders the following countries: Central African Republic (1,165 kilometers, 724 miles), Chad (1,360 kilometers, 845 miles), Democratic Republic of the Congo (628 kilometers, 390 miles), Egypt (1,273 kilometers, 791 miles), Eritrea (650 kilometers, 404 miles), Ethiopia (1,606 kilometers, 998 miles), Kenya (232 kilometers, 144 miles), Libya (383 kilometers, 238 miles), and Uganda (435 kilometers, 270 miles).
Swaziland
Swaziland is a small landlocked country in southern Africa, with an area of 17,363 square kilometers (6,704 miles), extending 176 kilometers (109 miles) north to south and 135 kilometers (84 miles) east to west. By comparison, it is slightly smaller than the state of New Jersey.
Tanzania
A relatively large country located in East Africa, Tanzania has a total area of 945,087 square kilometers (364,900 square miles), rendering it slightly larger than twice the size of California. The area of Tanzania includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Unguja; the latter 2 form a semi-autonomous region called Zanzibar that is part of an official union with the republic of Tanzania.
Tunisia
Situated in northern Africa, Tunisia is bordered by Algeria on the west and Libya on the southeast and by the Mediterranean Sea on the north, where it has a coastline of 1,148 kilometers (713 miles). Tunisia has an area of 163,610 square kilometers (63,169 square miles), making it slightly larger than the state of Georgia.
Uganda
A landlocked state in Eastern Africa, west of Kenya and east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (former Zaire), Uganda has an area of 236,040 square kilometers (146,675 square miles) and a total land boundary of 2,698 kilometers (1,676 miles). Comparatively, the area occupied by Uganda is slightly smaller than the size of Oregon.
| Morocco |
What is the Southern equivalent of the Aurora Borealis? | Morocco - List of African Countries
List of African countries
Questions to which this page has the answer to
What is the population of Morocco?
What is the currency of Morocco?
What is the capital of Morocco?
What languages are spoken in Morocco?
Notes
Last updated 21 may 2009
Morocco
Gross domestic product per capita
$ 4,600
Morocco is the only country in Africa that is not currently a member of the African Union. However, it is a member of the Arab League, Arab Maghreb Union, Francophonie, Organisation of the Islamic Conference, Mediterranean Dialogue group, and Group of 77
[source]
The area of present-day Morocco has been inhabited since Neolithic times (at least since 8000 BC, as attested by signs of the Capsian culture), a period when the Maghreb was less arid than it is today. Many theorists believe the Amazigh people, commonly referred to as
[source]
Morocco's relatively high amount of tourists has been aided by its location, tourist attractions, and relatively low price. Cruise ships visit the ports of Casablanca and Tangier. Morocco is close to Europe and attracts visitors to its beaches. Because of its proximity to
[source]
Tourism in Morocco is well developed, with a strong tourist industry focused on the country's coast, culture, and history. Most of Morocco's tourists are European. Morocco has been one of the most politically stable countries in North Africa, which has allowed tourism to
[source]
Morocco has the most extensive river system in North Africa. Moroccan rivers generally flow northwestward to the Atlantic or southeastward toward the Sahara; the Moulouya is an exception, and flows 350 miles north-eastwards from the Atlas to the Mediterranean. Principal rivers
[source]
A constitutional monarchy, Morocco is governed under the constitution of 1972 as amended. The king, who is the head of state, holds effective power and appoints the prime minister, who is the head of government. The bicameral Parliament consists of the 270-seat Chamber
[source]
Technically, the Jews in Morocco were free, but it was several months until all anti-Jewish decrees were cancelled and prisoners interned in camps were actually let out. Furthermore, French right-wing groups and some Muslims once again organized violence against the Jews. Even the
[source]
Love to hike? Then this 8-day active adventure in Morocco is for you! Enjoy mountain treks offering magnificent views, encounters with Berber villagers and the opportunit... Arrow More details Ask question! Ask a Question! $839.00/person 5 Days Buy now Atlas Mountains GetawayAtlas Mountains Getaway
[source]
Morocco's climate is moderate and subtropical, cooled by breezes off the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean. Inland the temperatures are more extreme, winters can be fairly cold and the summers very hot. Marrakech has an average winter temperature of 70F and 100F in summer
[source]
The climate in Morocco is reliably dry, although small amounts of rain do fall between November and March. Temperature varies considerably by season and locale. While the southern and southeastern desert regions can reach extremely high temperatures during the hot summer months,
[source]
During the 17th and 18th centuries, Morocco was one of the Barbary States, the headquarters of pirates who pillaged Mediterranean traders. European powers showed interest in colonizing the country beginning in 1840, and there were frequent clashes with the French and Spanish
[source]
Morocco has been the home of the Berbers since the second millennium B.C. In A.D. 46, Morocco was annexed by Rome as part of the province of Mauritania until the Vandals overran this portion of the declining empire in the 5th century
[source]
Morocco's occupation of Western Sahara (formerly Spanish Sahara) has been repeatedly criticized by the international community. In the 1970s, tens of thousands of Moroccans crossed the border into Spanish Sahara to back their government's contention that the northern part of the territory was historically part of Morocco
| i don't know |
What term is used for the agreement of two or more persons to commit an illegal act? | Conspiracy | Wex Legal Dictionary / Encyclopedia | LII / Legal Information Institute
FAQ
Conspiracy
An agreement between two or more people to commit an illegal act, along with an intent to achieve the agreement's goal. Most U.S. jurisdictions also require an overt act toward furthering the agreement. An overt act is a statutory requirement, not a constitutional one. See Whitfield v. United States , 453 U.S. 209 (2005). The illegal act is the conspiracy's "target offense."
Conspiracy generally carries a penalty on its own. In addition, conspiracies allow for derivative liability where conspirators can also be punished for the illegal acts carried out by other members, even if they were not directly involved. Thus, where one or more members of the conspiracy committed illegal acts to further the conspiracy's goals, all members of the conspiracy may be held accountable for those acts.
Where no one has actually committed a criminal act, the punishment varies. Some conspiracy statutes assign the same punishment for conspiracy as for the target offense. Others impose lesser penalties.
Conspiracy applies to both civil and criminal offenses. For example, you may conspire to commit murder , or conspire to commit fraud .
| Conspiracy |
What is a writ directed at an individual requiring him or her to attend and give evidence? | Incomplete Crimes: Conspiracy, Attempt & Solicitation - Lawyers.com
Incomplete Crimes: Conspiracy, Attempt & Solicitation
Criminal Law
By Janet Portman , Attorney
The criminal law punishes attempts, agreements to commit crimes, and requests that other people break the law.
Updated March 28, 2016
When we think of criminal acts, most of the time we assume that the actor’s intentions have been carried out—the store was robbed, the check was forged. But some crimes consist of actions that fall short of the final act of commission. These crimes—attempts, conspiracy, and solicitation—are known as incomplete, or “inchoate” crimes.
Incomplete crimes fall somewhere in the middle of the “commit a crime” process, which consists of six steps:
The actor gets the idea for the crime (killing the victim).
The actor evaluates the idea, deciding whether to proceed.
The actor decides to go forward with the idea.
The actor prepares for the crime, by obtaining necessary weapons, for example.
The actor begins the crime, and
The actor finishes, or completes the crime.
(Jerome Hall, General Principles of the Criminal Law, 558-99 (2d ed. 1960).)
We don’t punish people for the first, second, or third steps, because we don’t criminalize having an idea and a decision alone; and we clearly we punish them for the sixth. But activity that happens in the stages in the middle, numbers four and five, is also punishable as an incomplete crime.
Attempts
An attempted crime is one that wasn’t finished, which failed to achieve completion for one of two reasons:
The defendant did everything she set out to do, but failed. For example, she decides to shoot the victim, buys the gun, follows the victim, shoots, but misses. This is known as a “complete attempt,” or
The defendant does some of the acts needed to finish the crime, but is prevented from succeeding or decides to quit. For instance, the defendant takes the steps noted above but changes her mind at the last minute, or is prevented from continuing by the intervention of a police officer. This is known as an “incomplete” attempt.
Can one “attempt” to do every crime?
A person can be convicted of attempting to commit only certain crimes—those that require “specific intent.” Specific intent describes the defendant’s state of mind, which is to achieve the result that the criminal statute prohibits. Specific intent crimes differ from general intent crimes, which require only the intent to complete the physical act. For example:
Murder is a specific intent crime because it requires the prosecutor to show that the defendant intended the victim to die.
Battery is a general intent crime, because it requires only that the prosecution prove that the defendant intentionally hit the victim, not that he wanted to cause specific injury or harm.
It’s not easy to tell the difference between specific and general intent crimes. One way is to look at the statute of the crime itself: Does the definition include a requirement that the actor intends the result? Under this test, it’s clear why “receiving stolen property” is a specific intent crime, because its definition includes receiving the property knowing that it is stolen.
What must the defendant do to constitute an “attempt?”
People must take a concrete, substantial step towards furthering their intent to break the law before they will be guilty of an attempt. This is an act of perpetration (Step Four, above), not mere preparation (Step Three). So, for example, purchasing the weapon, without more, won’t expose the actor to attempted murder, but aiming it towards the victim and firing will.
How are attempts punished?
Interestingly, the crime of attempt wasn’t even a crime until the late 18th century (before that, “a miss was as good as a mile”). After that, attempts were classified as misdemeanors, but today, almost all attempts to commit a felony are themselves felonies. Attempts to commit specific felonies are often punished at half the maximum allowed for the target crime; if the target is a capital crime or carries life in prison, the attempt will be punished for a specific term of years.
Defendants who successfully complete a crime have also, in the course of their acts, attempted the crime. Logically, they’ve committed an attempt and the resulting crime. They can be charged with both, and the jury can be given both verdicts to choose from, but defendants cannot be convicted of both. In legal lingo, the attempt “merges” with the concluded crime.
Conspiracy
The crime of conspiracy is another incomplete, or inchoate, crime. It’s an agreement, explicit or implied, among two or more people, to commit a criminal act. But it’s a very controversial crime, because its definition is so vague. Courts have struggled for years to differentiate mere ideas from agreements to break the law; there’s a real risk that people will be punished for what they say, not for what they do. Indeed, historically conspiracy laws have been used to suppress controversial activity, such as strikes and dissent against public policies.
Is a mere agreement sufficient for a conspiracy to be formed?
Historically, the state did not have to prove that the defendants did any act to further the goal of the agreement. But this led law enforcement to intervene prematurely, before anything dangerous had happened, and to target what turned out to be banter. Accordingly, modern laws require one step, however trivial, be taken by the actors toward furtherance of their goal. This is known as an “overt act,” and it need not be an attempt to further the conspiracy. For example, making a phone call pursuant to the agreement, or even attending a lawful meeting, may suffice. A single overt act taken by one member of the group suffices to prosecute every member, even members who join the conspiracy after the act has taken place.
How do prosecutors prove an agreement?
The essence of a conspiracy is a mutual agreement to commit an illegal act or series of such acts. Every member of the group need not agree to every detail of the arrangement, nor must every member agree to commit each element of the offense. It’s enough if each member agrees to commit or facilitate some of the acts that make up the target crime.
Prosecutors may establish an agreement with circumstantial evidence, from which juries can draw broad inferences as to a mutual plan. One way of identifying a conspiracy is to ask whether the resulting crime appeared to be “choreographed.” For example, imagine a car driven by Tom, in which Dick and Harry are passengers. Tom stops the car, Dick and Harry get out, leave the doors open, accost and rob the victim, jump back in the car, and Tom drives off. A jury could validly conclude that the robbery was planned by all three, who could be prosecuted for conspiracy to rob and robbery itself.
What is the punishment for conspiracy?
Unlike the crime of attempt, conspiracy does not merge into the completed target act. As shown just above, all three defendants face two charges each: conspiracy and robbery.
In a typical state statute, the punishment for conspiracy will parallel the punishment for the target crime, so that conspiring to commit a misdemeanor will be a misdemeanor; and conspiring to commit a felony will be a felony (though punished less severely than the target felony itself).
What are the defenses to conspiracy?
Defendants have offered several defenses to conspiracy charges, depending on the circumstances and the laws of their states. Here are a few of the common ones.
Abandoning the plan. Sometimes defendants change their minds and abandon the criminal plan short of accomplishing it. But a change of heart will not defeat a conspiracy conviction, because the crime is complete once the agreement is formed or, in some states, once an overt act has taken place. But if a conspirator withdraws from the plan (imagine that Dick gets out of the car but runs away), that person at least avoids liability for the completed crime.
Conspiring to commit a crime that requires the agreement of two people. Some crimes, such as adultery and bigamy, by definition require the willing cooperation of at least two people. Put another way, one person alone cannot commit these crimes, which also include dueling, selling contraband, and receiving a bribe. Many courts will not allow convictions for conspiring to commit them, but some will disallow a conspiracy conviction only when the target offense has in fact been accomplished or attempted. Interestingly, this rule disappears in some situations when more than two persons are involved in the conspiracy – the conspiracy and the target offense convictions are each allowed to stand.
Impossibility. Finally, defendants sometimes raise the issue of factual or legal impossibility as a defense to conspiracy. For example, are Jane and Carol guilty of conspiring to murder someone if the intended victim is already dead? Or, are they guilty of conspiring to steal trade secrets that turn out not to be trade secrets at all, or of conspiring to receive stolen property that isn’t really stolen? Most courts will not recognize these “impossibilities” as a defense to conspiracy.
Solicitation
Solicitation is another incomplete crime, consisting of inviting, requesting, commanding, hiring, or encouraging another person to commit a crime. Traditionally, one could solicit only felonies, but modern law applies to misdemeanors, too.
What must the defendant intend when soliciting a crime?
The prosecution will need to prove to the jury that the defendant intended the other person to do just what the defendant suggested. For example, a joking suggestion to harm someone, which is taken seriously by the listener, won’t rise to the crime of solicitation if the defendant can convince the jury that the words were meant in jest.
What must the defendant do to justify a conviction for solicitation?
The defendant must invite, request, and so on, but the actual target crime need not be committed, or even attempted, for the accusation of solicitation to stick. For example, if Able asks Bob to rob Victor, but Bob refuses, Able has still solicited Bob. However, if the request is never communicated, the crime may be attempted solicitation, as when Mary writes to Kay, asking Kay to perform an illegal act, but Kay never receives the letter: Here, Mary may be guilty only of attempted solicitation.
Solicitation is a very “incomplete” crime
Solicitation is perhaps the most incomplete of the three crimes discussed in this article. If the listener agrees to do the act, the two have formed a conspiracy; and if the act is accomplished or simply attempted, they become principals (responsible for the crime itself or the attempt). So, on the time-line of criminal thinking and behavior, it’s at the far end, where merely asking someone to do a criminal act, without regard to that person’s response, is criminal behavior. In a sense, a solicitation is an attempted conspiracy.
| i don't know |
What is the Japanese dish of beef and vegetables in soy sauce? | Japanese Beef and Vegetable Stew recipe | Epicurious.com
Special equipment : a deep 12-inch heavy skillet (3 1/2-quart capacity)
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Preparation
Wrap beef tenderloin in plastic wrap and freeze until firm but not frozen solid, about 45 minutes. Discard plastic wrap, then slice beef across the grain with a sharp knife into very thin slices (less than 1/8 inch thick). Arrange slices in 1 layer on a plate and chill, covered, until ready to use.
Cover noodles with cold water by 2 inches in a large bowl and let stand until softened, at least 15 minutes, then drain in a colander and transfer to a bowl.
Quarter cabbage lengthwise and reserve three quarters for another use. Cook remaining cabbage wedge (including core) in a large pot of boiling unsalted water, covered, 3 minutes, then drain in colander and rinse with cold water to stop cooking. Squeeze out any excess liquid with your hands, then pat dry. Transfer cabbage to a cutting board and cut out and discard core, keeping cabbage wedge intact. Cut cabbage crosswise into 2-inch pieces, keeping leaves stacked, and transfer to a plate, blotting any excess liquid.
Cut tofu into 8 (1/2-inch-thick) slices and pat dry between several layers of paper towels.
Trim spongy root ends from enoki mushrooms.
Stir together water, soy sauce, mirin, and sugar in a small bowl until sugar is dissolved.
Cook beef suet in skillet over moderate heat, stirring occasionally, until skillet bottom is coated well with fat, about 3 minutes, then discard solids with a slotted spoon. Add negi and cook, stirring occasionally, until golden, 2 to 3 minutes. Add soy sauce mixture, then arrange noodles evenly on top. Arrange cabbage, tofu, and shiitake mushrooms on top of noodles. Divide enoki into small clusters and tuck in and around vegetables, leaving cap ends protruding. Arrange greens evenly on top and bring liquid just to a boil over high heat, then reduce heat and gently simmer, covered, 10 minutes. Remove from heat and arrange raw beef slices in 1 layer on top of greens (some slices will overlap), then cover again. Let stand off heat until meat is cooked rare to medium-rare, 5 to 10 minutes.
Serve sukiyaki in shallow bowls. If desired, beat eggs (1 per guest) in separate small bowls to serve as a dipping sauce.
Cooks' notes:
·In place of the sliced tenderloin, you can use beef cut for shabu-shabu (paper-thin slices of meat available in Asian markets).
·If used, the eggs in this recipe will not be cooked, which may be of concern if salmonella is a problem in your area.
Related Video
| Sukiyaki |
What is the Italian dessert of egg yolks whipped with Marsala and sugar? | Beef Sukiyaki Recipe - Allrecipes.com
Soraida Iwanaga
4/10/2014
I'm so happy to have come across this recipe. My husband was always asking me to make Sukiyaki for him, but I had no idea how to make it. This Sukiyaki recipe turned out to be a big hit with m...
Bobby1970
3/24/2015
I'd make this again but I thought the sugar was a bit much. I think next time I'd cut the sugar in half or not use any at all
Joe Tippetts
1/10/2017
I couldn't find the right noodles a the grocery store (need to go to an Asian market) and used udon instead. Was very good, but I think the right noodles would make it better.
Kaitlyn Kaufenberg
11/13/2016
This recipe was amazing! I had to do a few substitutions with mirin and dashi stock with beef stock and pinot grigio. It was a little tough to juggle the different tasks, but I am a beginning c...
actone1028
8/26/2016
I loved this recipe and will definitely make this again. I added more mushrooms and substituted lite tamari for the soy sauce. The next time I make this I am going to try it with a little less...
Jaen
8/2/2016
Amazing! We subbed out the dashi for vegetarian broth to make half of it vegetarian, and I just added in beef afterwards. After reading the reviews on the sugar we only put in half in and it tas...
| i don't know |
Who did Jose Mourinho call ‘A specialist in failure’ because of an 8 year trophy drought? | Why did Jose Mourinho call Arsene Wenger a 'specialist in failure'? - Quora
Quora
Written Jul 15, 2015
Consistently ending season in top 4, No Premier League title for more than a decade now.
Qualified for Champions League for seventeen consecutive seasons, but not even one Champion league trophy, got knocked out all the time.
Only two trophies (FA Cup) in a decade.
Written Mar 7, 2015
It was because Arsene had given an interview where he said Jose has fear of failure .
So Mourinho reacted to it and countered it brilliantly by saying that Arsene is a specialist in failure because of his 8 year trophyless drought with Arsenal.
Written Jun 9, 2015
I think people should stop noticing Stupid remarks made by Gold Digger Jose . He clearly lacks respect for other managers and even for some brilliant players few years ago he said something bad about ronaldo and now they don't share a Cordial relationship. When he arrived for his 2nd Adventure with chelsea he said nice things about Wenger and within few weeks he changed his mind completely and started acting like two faced person.
And let me tell me you one thing the Sacrifices Arsene Wenger made for Arsenal and the work he did in those years with Limited Budget, Jose would never do that.
There are two versions of this answer...
simply because Arsene is almost like without EPL for more than a decade
and still able to convince the Arsenal Board of directors to have a deal renewed...
Secondly , Mourinho I think is jealous as he knows success but doesn't know how to continue in almost like a family...
Someone loves his game, his club while the other one a vagabond :)
Now in club football u have the opportunity to buy players...and the money too :)
Now you still didn't get your answer :P
Thats the funny part because There is no question of believing Arsene to be a failure, First Jose has to show that he is capable to last that much in english club football then he should talk.
| Arsène Wenger |
Which club sacked its manager after only 75 days in the job? | Jose Mourinho has tried every trick in his book to turn Chelsea around, now he must adapt or die - Telegraph
Jose Mourinho
Jose Mourinho has tried every trick in his book to turn Chelsea around, now he must adapt or die
Beleagured Chelsea manager must try a different approach and cut out the negativity if he is to avoid a predictable fate at Stamford Bridge
Troubling times: Jose Mourinho is going through his toughest ever spell in management Photo: REUTERS
• Stoke City vs Chelsea, Capital One Cup: live
Defeat away to Stoke City in the Capital One Cup this week followed by another loss to Liverpool at Stamford Bridge on Saturday – both results would hardly be a surprise – and it would be no shock if an announcement was made on Sunday lunchtime stating that Mourinho had left the club by mutual consent and the search was beginning for a 11th manager in the 12 years of the Abramovich era.
Chelsea continue to insist otherwise They insist the support remains for Mourinho and that they did not take the unprecedented step of backing their manager publically three weeks ago lightly. The statement was meant and still holds, they say, so it cannot be discounted.
It followed the loss against Southampton and after a discussion among board members that evening as to whether he should continue.
The “full” support was not unanimous for Mourinho – but it was not unanimous among the club’s hierarchy that he should be brought back in the first place – although everyone knows that the only support that matters is that of owner Roman Abramovich even if the manager’s key ally is director Marina Granovskaia, the de facto chief executive, who engineered his return two years ago, and her influence should not be under-estimated.
Abramovich will ultimately decide Mourinho's fate
But it would be a deep shame if Mourinho is sacked. Not least because what is so fascinating to see is whether the best manager of his generation can turn this – and turn himself – around. If only he can stop the feuding and end the brooding. In the past that is the fuel that has fired him. Now it is burning him up.
It would be a shame if the images of Mourinho’s final days will include a stupid camera phone video taken by an actor called Danny Dyer and filmed in the West Ham United directors’ box on Saturday trying to goad him with “you alright sunshine?”
It would be a shame if the memories were of him reacting with irritation to teenagers, who followed him for 20 minutes, pestering him and filming him in a London street.
These kinds of incidents simply should not happen. They should not happen to a manager like Mourinho and point to a manager on the edge, in danger of falling off that precipice.
There is a theory that Mourinho is trying to engineer his own sacking by his increasingly provocative behaviour. I do not buy it. I do not think, either, that Mourinho’s pronouncements and actions are as thought through as others have claimed. Instead he is simply lashing out.
Contrary to what people believe Mourinho usually does not go into press conferences with a prepared line. He did not call Arsene Wenger a “specialist in failure” because he planned to. It was an instinctive response to a question – and, interestingly, a phrase he later came to privately regret.
Mourinho despondent in the stands after West Ham scored a winner
Mourinho was sent off at half-time at Upton Park by referee Jonathan Moss because of his behaviour. But he did not stand in the technical area before confronting the official planning in his head what he was going to say. It just happened.
Neither did he, probably, pre-plan his indefensible actions towards club doctor Eva Carneiro and physio Jon Fearn when he publically humiliated them for simply doing their jobs on the opening day of the season. Instead that appeared to betray his personal disquiet.
Mourinho is far more instinctive, far more ‘gut’ and, dangerously at times, far more emotional than people think. It means, in periods like this, he does not seem in complete control. He can also be destructive in his absolutism. Them and us. But life, even sport, is not always black and white.
Maybe it is karma for his treatment of Carneiro. That is extremely far-fetched but whether he wanted her as Chelsea’s first-team doctor or not his treatment of her was wrong and has also impacted on the atmosphere.
In that particular case, by the way, even now it is not too late for him to apologise. And maybe that could be part of a way back for Mourinho whose usual weapons have all mis-fired. He has tried blaming the authorities, dropping and bawling out players, alleging conspiracy theories – although he has not blamed the club, something he also usually does, because there is nothing to blame them for.
Mourinho is stuck in a rut. Chelsea are not adrift but are sailing close to being so. They are 15th in the Premier League, they are nine points behind Manchester United who sit in that precious final Champions League qualification spot, but it is not an irretrievable situation.
The knives appear to be out for Chelsea manager Jose Mourinho Photo: Livepic
Mourinho’s – and Chelsea’s - history points to an inevitable parting of the ways. So this is where he needs to apply the brake on proceedings. It is up to him. Mourinho’s track record, and his extraordinary status, should point to Chelsea sticking with him and he must capitalise on that.
But maybe he has to change and try and different tactic. Maybe he should try a little humility. Maybe he should drop the corrosive arguments and that feuding. He should make his peace; apply a little balm. What would it be like if, say, he came into his next press conference and said “look, I’m going to drop this silly ‘weak and naïve’ phrase I’ve been using about referees”? What if he made a joke of it?
There is a constant negativity. It is weighing down the players and affecting their performances and certainly the results. So something has to change. Maybe Mourinho’s approach will work but it only appears to be heading in one direction at the moment as the pressure constantly builds.
In such scenario the release only usually comes with sacking the manager. Despite some of his behaviour Mourinho does not deserve that. But he has to change.
Football too keen to clamp down on free speech
Manchester City face a Uefa charge for their fans booing the Champions League anthem. Two FA councilors raise questions over Heather Rabbatts for an alleged breach of the organisation’s code of conduct for her being critical of the handling of the Eva Carneiro case.
And the new Liverpool manager Jurgen Klopp ruefully commented that he had upset the FA by publically likening the handling of England under-19s midfielder Jordan Rossiter to that of a “horse” while on international duty. Klopp said he will choose his words more carefully in future.
All those incidents happened in quick succession at the end of last week. It seems that, when it comes to football, attempts to make a comment of have a discussion or voice an opinion or make a stand can be clamped down upon in a way that it would not be allowed in what can otherwise be described as “normal life”. Such a culture of immediate censure would not be permitted in other sports, either, surely?
For a sport that is talked about, written about and loved more than any other there sure is – among some people - a constant mood of paranoia and Big Brother-style intervention from the various authorities to try and sanitise, mute and stop any legitimate debate from happening.
How it all went wrong for Jose Mourinho
Chelsea manager's second spell in London has gone awry. Here's how:
Triumphant return
3 June 2013
After a tumultuous spell at Real Madrid Jose Mourinho is unveiled as Chelsea manager for a second time, signing a four-year contract at Stamford Bridge. In his first press conference he announces that he is now ‘the happy one’.
Trophyless first season
11 May 2014
Chelsea impress in patches in Mourinho’s first season back in England but finish third in Premier League, four points behind winners Manchester City. Manager sells two-time Chelsea player of the year Juan Mata to Manchester United for £37.1m.
Key signings made
Summer 2014
Diego Costa and Cesc Fabregas arrive at Chelsea and Thibaut Courtois is brought back from Atletico Madrid loan to take Petr Cech’s place as Mourinho re-shapes his Chelsea team. They begin the season impressively with a vibrant 3-1 win at newly-promoted Burnley.
First trophy
1 March 2015
Chelsea are knocked out of the FA Cup surprisingly by Bradford City in January, but overcome Spurs at Wembley in the League Cup final to secure Mourinho’s first piece of silverware in second spell, and the club’s first trophy since the 2013 Europa League.
The title
3 May 2015
Chelsea win the Premier League with three games to spare with win against Crystal Palace. Mourinho is named manager of the season, his team having lost only for times. Manager signs a new four-year contract in August to keep him at club until 2019.
Poor start, Carneiro chaos
8 August 2015
After a 2-2 draw with Swansea on the opening day Mourinho admonishes doctor Eva Carneiro and physio Jon Fearn for treating Eden Hazard on the pitch as Chelsea hung on for a point in stoppage time. Row rumbles on, even after Carneiro quits club in September.
Defeat at title rivals
16 August 2015
Chelsea are well beaten by Manchester City in 3-0 away defeat in second game of the Premier League season. Mourinho takes off captain John Terry at half time, the first time he has ever substituted the centre back in 177 games.
Home loss to Palace
29 August 2015
After an encouraging win at West Brom with new signing Pedro shining, Mourinho succumbs to just his second home league defeat in 100 in charge of Chelsea. Radamel Falcao scores first goal for club to cancel out Crystal Palace opener, but Joel Ward wins it nine minutes from time for the visitors.
Seen off by Everton
12 September 2015
Third defeat of the season confirms Chelsea’s worst start to a league campaign since 1988. A hat-trick from Steven Naismith secures a 3-1 win for Everton at Goodison Park. At this early stage of the season, Chelsea have already conceded 12 goals, a mark not reached until December in previous year.
European failure
29 September 2015
The Champions League had provided some respite for Mourinho until the trip to his former club Porto, where Chelsea went down to a 2-1 defeat. Fast-declining Branislav Ivanovic is responsible for Porto’s opening goal. Mourinho concedes that he is going through the worst period of his career.
More home woe
3 October 2015
Home fans round on Mourinho as his side are brushed aside 3-1 by Southampton at home. In seven minute rant following the game Mourinho claims that referees are “afraid” to award his team penalties, comments for which he will be fined £50,000 by the FA.
Dreaded vote of confidence
5 October 2015
Chelsea take the unprecedented step of issuing a public vote of confidence in their manager, something that has never happened before during Roman Abramovich’s ownership of the club. Short statement on official Chelsea website says Mourinho still has club’s “full support”.
West Hammered
24 October 2015
Horrible start to season reaches new low at Upton Park, where Chelsea lose 2-1, Nemanja Matic is sent off, Mourinho is sent to the stands and then papped by Eastenders actor Danny Dyer. Manager refuses to speak to the press afterwards as his future hangs in the balance.
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On which river does the city of Leeds stand? | Leeds travel guide - Wikitravel
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See the 5 day forecast for Leeds at the Met Office
Leeds (derived from the Celtic area Leodis) was voted UK's favourite city in Condé Nast's Readers' Traveller Awards 2003. It was a market town that became an industrial powerhouse and grew and developed into a service-based city economy with an attractive, smart centre.
Roman Leeds was an important strategic fort, ford and small settlement on the York - Chester road. Recorded in the Domesday book of 1086, it became a thriving market town in the Middle Ages, gaining its town charter from the King in 1207. The medieval city was based around Briggate, Kirkgate, Swinegate and The Calls. (The ending "-gate" came from the old Norse for 'street'.) It was a trading centre in the West Riding of Yorkshire for cloth and wool; from Bradford, Halifax and Huddersfield to the port of Hull, east along the river Aire and the 1699 Aire & Calder Navigation canal. Whilst the town grew rapidly (population over 30,000 in the eighteenth century, when the gracious Georgian West End was built), it was for a long time economically overshadowed by nearby York.
The industrial revolution brought about massive change as it became a huge manufacturing centre of wool and textiles and a major trading centre (with over half the country's export passing through for a period). Leeds became known as the city of a thousand trades and by the middle of the nineteenth century the population had passed 200,000. Bolstered by the 1816 Leeds-Liverpool Canal and the Leeds-Selby railway in 1835 (The Middleton Railway was the world's first commercial railway, 1758 Railway Act, from The Middleton colliery to coal-staithes (sidings) at Meadow Lane just south of Leeds Bridge), the city continued to grow and prosper rapidly, with grandiose architectural manifestations of the Victorian city's wealth built in abundance, and expanding affluent suburbs to the north. Leeds University was created around the 1880s, bringing an intellectual dimension, and Leeds was served by one of the world's most extensive tram systems (sadly later replaced by buses). Leeds Bridge was the location of the world's first moving images, filmed in 1888 by Frenchman Louis le Prince (who later disappeared in mysterious circumstances), and Leeds was the first city in the world to have a modern traffic light system, the first of which were situated at the junction of Park Row and Bond Street. Leeds was granted city status in 1893.
By the twentieth century, Leeds's population was approaching 500,000. Whilst Leeds suffered far less than many other large UK cities from the WWII blitz, it was affected by the mass industrial decline of the country in the post-war period, and became characterised by unemployment and huge council estates. Versatility enabled it to survive and it began to prosper in the 1980s, when renovation of the centre and waterfront, and demolition of some of the worst estates began. By the 1990s the city was reborn with wealth based on service industries and commerce, the financial and legal centres making it the most important city in the UK in these areas outside London. With the West Yorkshire Playhouse, Royal Armouries, restoration of the Victoria Quarter and Corn Exchange, the clean up of major historical buildings, the new Harvey Nichols store and new bars, shops and restaurants - all in the mid 90s, the city was truly on the move. The most recent Census (2001) shows Leeds with a population of just over 715,000.
Today, Leeds is still one of the most cosmopolitan, fast-growing, innovative and prosperous cities in the UK with developments springing up by the week and new bars, boutiques, clubs and restaurants seemingly more often, the two universities adding to the vibrancy, and international eateries and shops.
Leeds Visitor Centre is at Leeds Art Gallery, The Headrow. [2]
By plane[ edit ]
Leeds-Bradford International Airport [3] . Leeds is very accessible by air. 10 miles north-west of the city centre. Budget airline Jet2 [4] offer a wide range of flights to and from Leeds, its main base. Connections for long-haul flights should be made at Amsterdam (at least 6 flights daily with Jet2 and KLM), London Heathrow (British Airways or Fly BE) or Paris CDG (Jet2). There are direct flights to numerous other Europe cities with RyanAir [5] . The only long haul flight is to Islamabad in Pakistan.
There is a regular bus service (the 757) into the city (journey time 35 minutes) and cabs are plentiful.
Car parks serving Leeds Bradford Airport[ edit ]
Address
By car[ edit ]
Leeds is possibly the best connected UK city by road, lying in the centre of the country, halfway between London and Edinburgh and halfway between Liverpool (west coast) and Hull (east coast). The M1 motorway runs from London via Milton Keynes, Leicester, Nottingham, and Sheffield and passes about 2 miles east of Leeds, to join the A1(M) at Wetherby. The M62 trans-Pennine motorway, which runs from the outskirts of Liverpool to a few miles from Hull, passes about 3 miles to the south of Leeds. The M621 motorway loop just to the south of the city centre, and connects with the M1 and M62. The Scott Hall Road scheme features a park and ride site to the north of Leeds, opened in the 1990s and caters for 157 cars. For much of the journey into Leeds, buses run on a guided busway beside (or down the middle of) the main road and are given priority over cars. (See National Park and Ride Directory [14] . WhizzGo, a national car 'club' (i.e. car hire organisation which charges a £50 annual membership fee) has a branch in Leeds, and offers pay-by-the-hour car hire across the city. Cars are accessible via a smart card and PIN. [15]
On foot[ edit ]
If just visiting the city centre, you might as well walk, as much of it is surprisingly compact for a city of its size. To orientate yourself, free maps [21] (quite simple but good for basic orientation) are available at the tourist information and a number of visitor attractions. There are some street maps dotted around the city centre, in guide books, street atlases, etc.
Getting around Leeds is fairly easy. However, Leeds' central area is fairly compact with most of the major attractions and shops within walking distance of one another. There is also the LeedsCityBus during the day, which you can hop on and off for only 50p as it loops the outer city centre (the main centre ismostly pedestrianised).
By bus[ edit ]
Metro [22] (West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Authority) provides bus and train information on its website and offers the innovative My Next Bus service of real-time bus information by text message or online. This real-time information is also displayed in certain bus shelters. A MetroDay ticket can be bought for £5.40 on the bus and is good on all companies' buses in Leeds and the rest of West Yorkshire for that day.
First [23] is the largest bus company in Leeds. Most buses are frequent and punctual. Useful bus routes for visitors include the following:
LeedsCityBus [24] - loops aroundmuch of the city centre every 6-7 min during the day for 50p. If catching this service, you should do so at either the bus station or rail station; at other places, the bus is often full and will not take on more passengers; it might even be faster to walk. You may still see signs calling it the FreeCityBus, dating from the time before the fare was charged.
1 - Holt Park (North West Leeds) - Headingley - Universities - City centre - Beeston (south Leeds)
2 - Roundhay Park - Moortown - Chapel Allerton - City Centre - Middleton (south Leeds)
3/3A - White Rose Shopping Centre (South Leeds) - City Centre - Chapel Allerton - Gledhow (3A)
4/4A Seacroft Shopping Centre - St James's University Hospital - City Centre - West Leeds - Pudsey
12 & 13/13A - Middleton (south Leeds - City Centre - Harehills - Oakwood - Roundhay Park (12)/Gledhow (13/13A)
16/16A - Whinmoor - Seacroft Shopping Centre - City Centre - Armley - Bramley - Rodley (16A) - Intake Lane (16) - Pudsey Bus Station
7S - Shadwell -
By taxi[ edit ]
Taxis can be expensive, but advance booking taxis are considerably cheaper than the black and white taxis which you flag down.
In the city centre, try Amber Taxis (advance booking only, +44 113 231 1366): you can get around the city centre for about £3-7, or Apollo on +44 113 243 3333.
If you are in the Hyde Park/Headingley area, Royal Park cabs are good: +44 113 230 5000.
In south Leeds, try Local Cars (advance booking only, +44 113 252 8258): a journey less than a mile is £2.70.
By rail[ edit ]
There is a limited suburban train service which serves some tourist destinations such as Headingley Stadium, but plans are underway for a radical overhaul of the city's transport system since the proposed tram system has had its funding withdrawn by the government.
By boat[ edit ]
There is a shuttle boat between Granary Wharf (for Leeds City Station), Brewery Wharf and Clarence Dock (for the Royal Armouries Museum), operated by Leeds City Cruisers.
City centre[ edit ]
Town Hall
Although not considered a 'traditional' tourist destination, Leeds has plenty to occupy the visitor. As well as the main sights, museums, galleries, parks, etc, wandering around the buzzing city centre to take in the atmosphere and admire the fantastic blend of architectural styles from the past few hundred years is a pleasure in itself. Within the city centre, the main districts are the civic quarter, central shopping district, exchange quarter and financial district.
Millennium Square, [25] . There is generally something going on! A great public space home to some gorgeous civic architecture, concerts, exhibitions, ice rinks, Christmas markets. edit
St Anne's Cathedral, Cookridge Street, [26] . Small, but an extremely interesting example of an Arts and Crafts, 19th Century Catholic Cathedral - unique within the UK. edit
St John's Church, New Briggate. Hidden away within peaceful gardens lies this true gem, built just before the English Civil War, it has beautiful ornate woodwork in its charming interior, and architecturally it is an extremely rare example of a 17th century double nave design. edit
Town Hall, The Headrow, [27] . The city's symbol and pride and joy, one of the world's finest Victorian buildings, and home to a dazzling array of concerts, particularly during the city's popular and extensive International Concert Season [28] . The recently restored interior is stunning. edit
Leeds Art Gallery and The Henry Moore Institute, The Headrow. The world of modern and classical art is at your disposal here in Leeds. It has a small but interesting range of exhibits, and is a great place to kill half an hour. Free. edit
Oxford Place Chapel, Oxford Place. Lovely 19th Century, red-brick baroque church. edit
Victoria Quarter including County Arcade, Briggate, [29] . When the Victorian civic authorities sought to improve the sights and foul smells of Briggate and the city centre, they demolished some of the city's dirtiest yards, alleyways, shambles and lanes and built covered shopping arcades filled with fine establishments. These catered for the refined tastes of the growing moneyed classes of Leeds. This rebuilding continued into Edwardian times and the legacy is some of Europe's finest, most elegant shopping locations. Today these arcades are home to some of the most exclusive designer shops in Great Britain (Vivienne Westwood, Hugo Boss, Luis Vuitton and Harvey Nichols to name a few). edit
Trinity Leeds, Albion Street, [30] . The latest shopping centre built in Leeds, Trinity is a covered building with three floors devoted to commercial pleasure. With numerous restaurants, cafes, cocktail bars, shops, and a cinema, Trinity is an attempt to create an out-of-town shopping centre experience in the city centre. Alongside high-end shops such as Armani and Bose, Trinity also boasts the only Everyman Cinema outside the south-west of England; it is a luxury cinema with a built-in cocktail bar and restaurant, as well as leather sofas and armchairs in place of the usual fabric seats. edit
Kirkgate Market, Vicar Lane, [31] . This traditional British market is largest in Europe. Housed in an opulent late Victorian palace to commerce, it has both indoor and outdoor stalls. Marks and Spencer had their first establishment here, originally called, 'Marks Penny Bazaar'. edit
Corn Exchange, Call Lane, [32] . Shopping in surroundings to rival any of Leeds' fine arcades. Located just to the south of Kirkgate markets on Vicar Lane. Designed by Cuthbert Broderick and architecturally based on the Paris corn exchange. A largely elliptical building, crowned with a great glass dome roof, that allows light to stream in even on the greyest Yorkshire winter mornings. (Broderick was also architect of Leeds town hall and the Leeds Mechanics' Institute, Millennium Square, Two shops designed by Broderick still survive opposite the Mechanics Institute on Cookridge Street, now converted into a cocktail bar.) edit
Parish Church, Kirkgate, [33] . An attractive and fairly large neo-gothic church with a renowned choir and concerts from time to time. During the rebuilding of the Parish church in Victorian times, the original Saxon crosses where Leeds folk would have worshipped in the 8/9th centuries (well before the first church of Leeds had been founded) were unearthed in the medieval tower and is permanently on display inside. edit
Holy Trinity Church, Boar Lane. An unassuming location and exterior hide an elegant baroque interior, built for the merchant class by subscription and donation so they could worship well away from the lower working classes of the city. The Iconic spire of Holy Trinity has dominated the skyline of the city for hundreds of years and was restored in 2006/7. edit
Park Square. A lovely Georgian square reminiscent of Dublin, and is often an overlooked haven of tranquility in the city centre. (Hard to find without a map) edit
Clarence Dock, river area, [34] . This interesting development of cafés, restaurants, shops and apartments was completed during 2008. Home to Royal Armouries Museum. edit
The Royal Armouries Museum, Armouries Drive, river area (Clarence Dock), [35] . National museum of all things deadly, from swords and guns to armoury and pikes, now famous for its regular live jousting. Contains rare armour belonging to King Henry VIII and Emperor Maxmillian, and a diverse arsenal from the Royal collection, sourced from a-far a field as Japan, India and America. Features rare experimental pistols, and weaponry from many of the world's conflicts; including the only surviving elephant armour in the world edit
Salem Chapel, Bridge End (just through the gates of the Tetley Brewery - next to the Adelphi pub). Interesting and unique chapel. Also the place where Leeds United football club was founded, replacing the old bankrupt Leeds City football club. Recently bought by a huge telecommunications company as a head office - http://www.aql.com/news/198/ edit
Leeds Christmas Illuminations (Leeds Lights), [36] . The UK's biggest display, are an annual display from Nov-Jan comprising both big show lights and the subtle and beautiful across the city, and are even longer than the legendary Blackpool Illuminations. edit
Civic Quarter[ edit ]
Home to the Town Hall, the fantastic Art Gallery, Henry Moore Institute and Millennium Square, this grand corner of the city is where many of the main tourist draws are to be found. The Light with its shops, restaurants, bars, hotel, cinema etc in a beautifully converted historic building is a major pull, but venture along the Headrow and experience some of the best cultural attractions on offer in the city. The Art Gallery has great rotating exhibitions and the best collection of 20th century British art outside London. Adjoining it are the Henry Moore Institute and the Central Lending Library with its beautiful Victorian interior. Across the road is the Town Hall (see above), a breathtaking demonstration of civic pride.
On Great George St is a small selection of shops, the 19th century entrance (with a lovely colonial-style entrance hallway and small gallery space up the stairs) of the Leeds General Infirmary, and the recently restored Electric Press which is now home to the Carriageworks Theatre and several bars and restaurants, providing a semi-al fresco eating environment for all weather conditions. Next door is the impressive and well-used public space of Millennium Square (see above) with its attractive Mandela Gardens (opened by Mandela himself, now a freeman of the city, they are a lovely spot especially in summer) abutting the Electric Press building. The square is crowned with the Portland Stone neo-classical Civic Hall and the new City Museum (opened in 2008). Down on Cookridge St is the city's small but unique Arts and Crafts St Anne's Cathedral.
Central Shopping District[ edit ]
The very centre of Leeds is a temple to consumerism. Bounded by the 'Public Transport Box', a rough half mile square between The Headrow, Vicar Lane, Boar Lane and Park Row gives Leeds one of the most compact, busy and diverse pedestrian shopping districts in the UK where the highest concentration of the city centre's stores are to be found.
The principal shopping street is the broad and bustling Briggate (recently attractively repaved), where many flagship stores such as Harvey Nichols, House of Fraser, Debenhams are to be found alongside high-end fashion (eg Louis Vuitton) and high street favourites (Topshop, Zara, H&M) etc. Briggate's attractive and eclectic architecture spans three centuries, and the grand shop fronts only add to the streets appeal.
Either side of the top end of Briggate are the city's famous arcades, splendidly palatial Victorian roofed-over shopping streets home to some of the city's most exclusive and interesting shops. The famous Victoria Quarter (Victoria St, County Arcade and Cross Arcade) has some of the most expensive clothes in Leeds. Queen's and Thornton's arcades are a little more affordable with more independent stores. Down from the arcades, several medieval yards (or "loins") run off almost hidden from between shopfronts on Briggate. Whilst some are little more than shop-backs and some are now closed off, some exude genuine historic atmosphere and a few are home to attractive pubs and bars, including The Angel Inn, The Ship, The Bay Horse, Queen's Court and three-hundred-year-old Whitelocks'.
Beyond Briggate, there are several other prominent shopping streets, including gorgeously symmetrical King Edward Street with its matching Victorian Burmantoft terracotta buildings. Commercial Street, Kirkgate, Lands Lane and Albion St are other principal streets in the area, continuing the mix of shops, cafés, lovely architecture. There are also several indoor shopping centres, and a central focal point is tiny but busy Central Square at the base of Lands Lane. Albion Place is a quieter street of elegant Georgian buildings (mainly offices) including the exclusive Leeds Club and the city's central private members library, running between the square and Albion St. Swan Street is a quiet and pretty little street between Briggate and Lands Lane with a few attractive little shops, cafés and bars and a laid-back vibe, as well as the internationally famous City Varieties theatre and music-hall, once home to Charlie Chaplin.
Exchange Quarter[ edit ]
Centred on the massive dome of the Corn Exchange, the Exchange Quarter is the centre of Leeds' bohemian life, with one-off boutiques, funky cafés and piercing parlours filling its pretty cobbled streets. It is becoming increasingly chic, however, with a plethora of upscale bars and stylish restaurants, particularly on Call Lane.
The Corn Exchange dominates the area, sitting squattly at the junction of several major roads. This grand Victorian building is one of the finest in the city, and was a functioning corn market for several decades, but was almost unused for much of the twentieth century, until its restoration to its present form in the 1980s. It now houses a myriad of little boutiques, a few cafés and market stalls. The goth and emo teenagers that hang around outside frequent many of the shops such as Grin and Exit, but there are also a range of fashion and artisan stores to please all, and the beautiful architecture (the shops fit into the retained 19th-century store-fronts, and the domed roof is spectacular from the interior) can be enjoyed by everyone.
Three sides of the Corn Exchange are bounded by semi-pedestrian cobbled streets lined by a hotch potch of attractive victorian buildings home to shops and restaurants from Blue Rinse (see below) to Pizza Express, housed in the beautiful Third White Cloth Hall, sadly sliced in half by the railway in the mid-nineteenth century, but retaining its lovely facade and clock-tower. Along the railway, the continental feel continues with bars and cafés that spill on to the pavement. Beautiful Assembly Street, a hub of nightlife, is lined with elegant and imposing eighteenth-century warehouses and has been recently repaved, and in the summer is a relaxing place to sip a coffee or cocktail and admire the buildings and atmosphere. Nearby Crown Street buildings are a fine example of modern architecture at its finest, sympathetic to the surrounding environment but adding a dash of vibrancy with bright use of colour above its restaurants and bars.
Call Lane, the area's main drag, is a hive of activity in the evenings, with several of the city's best and most stylish bars, all vying for attention. In the day-time however it is much quieter, with a few vintage and alternative clothes stores at the Kirkgate end, and musical instrument shops located at the Calls end. There is plenty of enjoyment to be had from wondering around the pretty and historic medieval yards that run between Call Lane and Lower Briggate (at night these too come alive and are full of revelers).
Kirkgate is currently a fairly downmarket shopping street with a few off-beat stores. However plans are afoot to refurbish the historic town-houses and bring life back into the street as a centre for independent shops, with the renovation of the dilapidated First White Cloth Hall along similar (if smaller) lines to the Corn Exchange. The east end of Kirkgate and New York Street also increasingly have a number of bars and clubs, including the celebrated Northern Light; there are also several new apartment buildings springing up. The end of Kirkgate is market by Leeds Parish Church, a grand (if not enormous) neo-gothic structure home to one of the country's most revered children's choirs. To the west, Central Road links Kirkgate to Duncan Street, and is home to some attractive Flemish-style buildings, a few off-beat shops and the acclaimed Little Tokyo restaurant and Leeds institution the HiFi Club. Duncan Street has a number of small shops.
The Calls was where riverside life restarted in Leeds, with its renovation from a derelict nowhere to the city's most desirable real estate in the 1980s. The apartments lining the waterfront may not be as exclusive or as rare today, but it is still an attractive and expensive area, home to some of Leeds' longest running high-end establishments including 42 The Calls hotel, Pool Court and the Calls Grill. Some of the waterfront and streets around here are surprisingly yet to be fully renovated, but it's unlikely to be long before developers get their claws into the remaining warehouses, railway arches and mill-cottages. Leeds Civic Trust's heritage centre and left-wing arts centre The Common Place fill the gap between the Calls and the railway line.
Financial District[ edit ]
Whilst the Financial District does not have the obvious draws of the Civic Quarter, it is nonetheless an interesting area that deserves at least a little of your time. Roughly bounded by the Headrow and Westgate to the North, the A58 motorway to the West, the River Aire to the South and Park Row to the East, this is the most expensive business real estate in the city. Many large companies have their offices here as well as innumerable lawyers, estate agents, etc.
Park Square is probably the number one attraction of the area. Situated just south-west of the Town Hall, this large and handsome Georgian Square has lovely formal gardens that fill up with workers at lunchtime in the warmer months. Whilst most of the square is bounded by rows of 18th century redbrick townhouses that made the square one of the city's most fashionable addresses 200 years ago, the South West corner is home to a little-known architectural highlight of Leeds, a converted warehouse (now offices) built in the 19th century as a replication of a Moorish Palace, complete with turrets and Islamic-style ornate design. The streets to the south of Park Square are a mixture of Georgian townhouses and more modern office buildings sitting cheek-by-jowl. Whilst not hugely diverting, there are several interesting buildings in this area. Wellington Street, a busy thoroughfare which marks the bottom of the Georgian area, has several restaurants and bars as well as being characterised by more modern business development.
Between East Parade and Park Row, two busy main routes through the area, are a series of parallel streets that are home to some of the city's top restaurants and bars, most famously Greek Street. There is a rich patchwork of architecture spanning the past two centuries in this small area, with fine Gothic buildings and sleek modern towers. Park Row itself boasts outstanding buildings such as the Leeds Permanent building, blending seamlessly into modern glass building-fronts.
The south-east corner of the Financial District is City Square, one of the most important hubs of city life. Recently cleaned up and repaved, the square is still home to bronze nymphs holding gas lights and the famous statue of the Black Prince. The old post office is now the swanky Restaurant Bar & Grill and Loch Fyne seafood restaurant. A rarely beautiful 1990s office block sits at No1 City Square, and the south side is taken up by the Art Deco facade of grand old dame of the Leeds Railway hotel trade, The Queens Hotel (L.N.E.R.).
Other attractions[ edit ]
Thackray Medical Museum, Beckett Street (next door to St James' Hospital), [37] . Award winning. The best of its kind in the country, with all manner of exhibits and the chance to experience the life of a Victorian child or mill-worker (and their often gruesome medical history). If you've got children, you'd be mad to miss it! edit
Tropical World, Princes Avenue, Roundhay, [38] . Great for a rainy day as it's all indoors, this extensive menagerie has animals, birds, fish and insects from across the globe in thoughtfully themed zones. edit
Temple Newsam, Temple Newsam Road (off Selby Road), [39] . One of the great historic estates in England. With over 1500 acres landscaped by Capability Brown in the 18th century, it is a large Tudor–Jacobean mansion housing a large collection of works of art. The garden has some excellent walks and houses a working Rare Breeds farm. edit
Harewood House, Harewood Village, [40] . This huge estate, complete with extensive gardens, lake, lovely café and bird gardens, is owned by the Queen's cousin. The opulent roccoco house itself is well worth a look around. edit
Kirkstall Abbey, Abbey Road, Kirkstall,, [41] . Largest abbey in the North of England - see below. One of the UK's biggest and best preserved abbeys, recently restored with a new visitor centre. It's 3 miles out of town but lovers of history and architecture, or those in search of a beautiful and peaceful spot in the city won't regret making the trip. Buses (33/33a) every 10 minutes from the city centre. Opposite is Abbey House Museum [42] . edit
Armley Mills, Canal Road, Armley,, [43] . Excellent museum of industry and Leeds' (major) role in the Industrial Revolution. edit
Thwaite Mills, Thwaite Lane, Stourton, [44] . Rare example of a former stone-crushing mill, now an excellent working museum. edit
Middleton Railway, Moor Road, Hunslet, [45] . The oldest working railway in the world. Situated in South Leeds between Middleton and Hunslet, it used to carry coal from the coal mines to the south of the city to the factories of Hunslet and central Leeds. You can now have a ride on the historic rolling stock. edit
Church of St John the Baptist, Church Lane, Adel, [46] . Whilst a long way out of town, this leafy and extremely affluent suburb has some lovely houses, and is a world a way from the bustle of the city centre - nearby York Gate garden is beautiful and well worth a visit), this lovely and well-preserved early Norman church set in verdant grounds is a hidden treasure edit
Bramham Park, Wetherby, [47] . Another such stately home to the north-east of Leeds with a long history and lovely gardens and grounds. edit
Future attractions[ edit ]
N.B. under construction or planned for the future:
Holbeck Urban Village, [48] . The complete renovation and restoration of an entire city district. In the south-west of central Leeds, this historic area was key to the Industrial Revolution, and has many buildings and sites of interest, including the stunning Egyptian-style Temple Mill and Italianate Tower Works. The restoration and redevelopment has already begun with the Round Foundry, a new-age village of offices, flats, cafés and media centres complete with traditional paved streets and 200-year old buildings. A plethora of other developments promise that this area will become more and more of an exciting new destination. edit
Lumiere, Wellington Street, [49] . Construction halted in July 2008.. Planned to be the tallest residential building in Europe, Lumiere also included a winter garden, numerous shops and restaurants. It was to be a dramatic new addition to the city's skyline (and at 52 stories the tallest UK building outside London). If construction starts again at a later date, it will no doubt grab the attention of visitors and residents alike. edit
Possible Itineraries[ edit ]
If you have a couple of hours in the dry. You'll almost certainly be in the city centre, so why not take in some of the magnificent Victorian architecture on a walking tour? (Alternatively there are open top city sight seeing bus tours [50] which operate on weekends). Start at the train station and head into City Square where you will see the old Post Office and imposing Queens Hotel. Go up the right of the Old Post Office (Infirmary St) and cross over the road onto Saint Paul's Street. Take the second street on the right and you will come across the pretty Park Square gardens. Continue along Park Square East until you reach The Headrow, from where you will be able to see the Town Hall. Turn right along the Headrow and you will also pass the City Library (free to enter) and Art Gallery (also free), you may also want to try a cup of tea in the Tiled Hall Cafe, between the Art Gallery and Library. Turn left up Cookridge Street, pass Leeds Catherdral and cross over Great George St. You will now have reached Millennium Square, the Civic Hall and the City Museum. Now turn back and go back towards the Cathedral, and turn immediate left after the Cathedral on to St Anne's St. You will come to a small square and the entrance to 'The Light'. Walk in to The Light (open most hours) and go up the escalators, exiting at the far end. You will now be on Albion Street, turn right and you will come back to The Headrow. Turn left and you will pass Dortmund Square, and the former Allders Department store (now Sainsburys). On the right turn down Briggate, this is one of the city's main streets. Take a look up some of the arcades on either side of Briggate (you are now in the main shopping quarter), for which Leeds is famous. On the left you will come to the Victoria Quarter. If this is open take a walk through and exit at the far end. If closed walk a little further and turn left on to King Edward St. You are now on Vicar Lane, turn right you will pass the beautiful Leeds City Market on the left. Walk a little further and you will see the huge dome of the former Corn Exchange on the left - take a look inside, maybe pop downstairs for a cup of tea at Anthony's. You can now extend the walk a little along the riverside, or follow Duncan St and Boar Lane back to the train station. To extend the walk, go around the Corn Exchange along a cobbled street and go under the bridge. Turn left on to The Calls. After a short while you will see a fountain with a huge ball, turn right on to this street (also The Calls). On the right there is a pedestrian bridge - cross the river here and you are in Brewery Wharfe. Once over the bridge you need to go left along the river following signs for the Royal Armouries. Eventually you will come to Clarence Dock which has shops and restaurants plus the Royal Armories Museum (free entry). To get back to the station go back the way you came to the Corn Exchange, then follow Duncan Street and Boar Lane. edit
If you have a couple of hours in the wet. There's plenty to do to occupy a couple of hours. The City Museum, Art Gallery, Henry Moore Institute, Markets, Library and Royal Armories are all free, indoors and walkable in the city centre. Tropical World is cheap, indoors and warm in Roundhay. Also in the city centre, many of the shops are undercover due to being in arcades or shopping centres. The following route means it is possible to shop without getting too wet: the Merrion Centre, St Johns Centre, the Core, Queens Arcade, Victoria Quarter, Debenhams then M&S. edit
Cinema[ edit ]
Leeds holds two annual film festivals: the increasingly prestigious Leeds International Film Festival [51] with its huge menu of different films and Leeds Young People's Film Festival [52] . Cinemas in surrounding areas include Odeon Leeds Bradford (Thornbury: 7 miles) [53] ; Showcase (Birstall: 6 miles) [54] ; Vue, Kirkstall (2 miles) [55] and Xscape Castleford (10 miles) [56] .
Vue, The Light Plaza, The Headrow, city centre, [57] . Modern, well located 13-screen multiplex with huge screens. edit
Everyman, Trinity Leeds, [58] . A little more expensive than its rivals, Everyman makes up for it with extra comfort, its own cocktail bar and restaurant, and more 'niche' films and perforamnces, ranging from new sub-radar releases to re-runs of classic films or broadcasts of ballet from London. edit
Hyde Park Picture House, [59] . Another excellent independent cinema in the midst of the hot-bed of student habitation in the town. The cinema shows a mix of modern mainstream and art-cinema films as well as a formidable selection of classics. Lucky cinephiles may even experience the latter in conjunction with an introductory speech prepared for local film students. It retains many of its original features including gas lighting. edit
Cottage Road Cinema, Headingley, [60] . Atmospheric old cinema near the centre of Headingley. Plenty to do afterwards as well. edit
Armley Mills Cinema, Armley, [61] . One of Britain's tiniest cinemas with only 26 seats located in the Armley Mills museum. edit
Theatre & comedy[ edit ]
The Carriageworks, Millennium Square, [62] . Home to the city's impressive range of amateur dramatic and musical groups, including the acclaimed Leeds Youth Opera [63] edit
Jongleurs, [64] . The Leeds branch of the national comedy club chain. edit
City Varieties Music Hall, [65] . World famous and has even had Charlie Chaplin tread the boards. Home to a mix of shows. edit
Grand Theatre, [66] . Major shows (often straight from the West End); also this is the home of the world famous (and extraordinarily good) Opera North who perform a wide repertoire of operas and operettas. edit
SevenArts, Harrogate Road, Chapel Allerton, [67] . A new theatre and arts centre on Harrogate Road in Chapel Allerton , SevenArts plays host to a wide variety of performances, from live jazz to theatre. edit
West Yorkshire Playhouse, [68] . More adventurous and often performs world premiers and encourages local talent - well worth a visit. Lucky travellers may arrive in time for one of the themed, almost festival-style programmes. edit
White Cloth Comedy Club, ☎ 01132181933 ( [email protected] ), [69] . A brand new comedy club in the heart of Leeds city centre, just behind the train station. Showing on the first Thursday of every month from May 2016. edit
Live music[ edit ]
Leeds is a great place to see up-and-coming talent, fathering several successful bands such as Corinne Bailey Rae, Kaiser Chiefs and Sunshine Underground. The city is also home to many live performances from big-name stars, mostly at outdoor concerts. Millennium Square in the city centre regularly has gigs with a 7,000 capacity. Leeds is planning to build an indoor concert arena of around (or possibly over) 14,000 seats.
Sport[ edit ]
There are plenty of leisure centres, gyms and swimming pools across the city, though unfortunately there won't be a public swimming pool in the city centre until the University one is completed. Major city centre fitness/leisure centres are deluxe Esporta, LA fitness and the ubiquitous Virgin Active. Some hotels have great leisure facilities or agreements with local centres for free access for guests.
John Charles Centre for Sport, South Leeds, [74] . International standard facilities for all four jumping disciplines: triple jump, long jump, high jump and pole vault. As well as an area for javelin throwing, an indoor throwing cage is available for discus and hammer. The centre also has its own specific weights area, designed specifically for use by athletes, dedicated to high performance and strength training. An eight lane all weather outdoor athletics track conforms to full International Association of Athletics Federations specifications. Six indoor tennis courts and six outdoor floodlit courts provide the ideal tennis environment either for the complete beginner or the established player. Leeds has a brand new (2007) 50 metre pool and diving centre. edit
Cricket (Yorkshire County Cricket Club), Headingley, [75] . April-September. Also a Test Match venue. edit
Leeds United Football Club, [76] . August-May. Currently in the Championship (the second tier of English League football), edit
Rugby League (Leeds Rhinos), Headingley, [77] . Best supported Rugby club in the UK (League or Union). World Champions 2005, 2007 & 2012, Super League Champions 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011 & 2012 edit
Ice Cube, Millennium Square, [78] . January-March. Outdoor ice skating. edit
Rugby Union (Leeds Carnegie), [79] . September-May. Currently in the Greene King Championship (the second tier of English Rugby Union) - Powergen Cup Winner 2004. edit
Xscape Castleford, Colorado Way, Castleford, [80] . Real snow indoor ski slopes (with designer outlet, cinema and nightlife). Indoor real snow skiing, Ice climbing wall, cinema and restaurants! edit
The White Rose Way, Leeds City Square to Scarborough, [81] . Take several days, or spread each leg over a number of day walks to complete the 104 miles of the White Rose Way from Leeds to Scarborough edit
Parks[ edit ]
Whilst hardly tropical, Leeds has an unusually mild and sunny climate for northern England, protected from the worst and wettest weather by the Pennine Hills to the west ... this gives more than ample opportunity to explore the fantastic parks of one of Europe's greenest cities (Leeds has the most green space in its city limits of any European city other than Vienna).
Roundhay Park, [82] . Huge picturesque park with 2 lakes, café, flower gardens and walks. Right next to Tropical World, and the lovely formal Canal Gardens, be sure to visit them all in one day. edit
Golden Acre Park, North West Leeds, [83] . Gardens and café set around huge lake. edit
Hall Park, Horsforth. Some distance from central Leeds, has lovely Japanese Gardens and is accessible by bus. edit
The Hollies Arboretum, North West Leeds, [84] . Large botanical garden set in lush woodlands with a wonderful selection of plants. edit
Kirkstall Abbey Park, Kirkstall. Picturesque riverside park containing the ruins of Kirkstall Abbey (see above) edit
Lotherton Hall, [85] . Deer park, extensive and interesting bird garden, historic hall and café. Museum. edit
Learn[ edit ]
Leeds University, Parkinson Building
Leeds is one of the UK and Europe's foremost university cities, with a student population of over 100,000 (10%+ of the population!) concentrated on several higher educational facilities including the two main universities. This gives the city a young feel and lively buzz, and many bars, clubs and restaurants are geared towards students particularly in Headingley and North West Leeds, although if this isn't your scene the city has plenty to offer away from student life.
Leeds University [89] (30,000 students) - one of the most important and respected academic institutions in the UK, based around the city centre campus; also a major centre for research. One of the country's original 'redbrick' universities.
Leeds Beckett University (formerly Leeds Met) [90] (50,000 full and part-time students) - more modern and larger with two main campuses, at Headingley and in the Civic Quarter. Rapidly expanding and improving, with major redevelopment planned in the Civic Quarter.
Leeds Languages [91] (100 full-time & 60 part-time students) - Leeds city centre based language college, based on Woodhouse Square, with year-round English courses and evening classes in foreign languages.
Leeds Trinity University (formerly Trinity & All Saints College) [92] (4,000 students) - a smaller university in the suburb of Horsforth .
Opening Times
City centre - Mon-Sat 09:00-20:00 Sun 10:00-17:00. Other areas - 09:00-17:00.
City centre shops number well over 1,000, made up of modern shopping centres, the lovely arcades and busy streets - principally Briggate, a wide and attractive pedestrian street with all the high street favourites and much more (from time to time there are markets and other events, and there are usually street performances of some kind). Much of the central shopping area is pleasantly pedestrianised, making retail therapy even easier. Leeds has myriad options for shopping including the beautiful Victorian-era shopping arcades, offering anything from the reasonably priced to the expensive items. In November and December, Millennium Square is turned into a Christmas wonderland of stalls, eateries and fairground-rides for Christkindelmarkt - the city's German Christmas market. There are also several outdoor markets held across the city more regularly, including occasional French markets on Briggate. Plans are also afoot for a massive extension of the main shopping district. City Centre Shopping Centres include all:
Victoria Quarter, Briggate, city centre, [93] . Home of Harvey Nichols [94] , North Face, Louis Vuitton, Vivienne Westwood [95] and much more, the upmarket (and architecturally stunning) jewel in the crown of Leeds' shopping district. edit
Thornton's Arcade and Queen's Arcade, city centre (opposite Victoria Quarter). Opposite the Victoria Quarter offer a range of interesting (if mainly fairly pricey) shops including some great boutiques and one-off places. edit
Corn Exchange, city centre, [96] . A stunning domed interior and a range of shops to please both label-lovers and teenagers, as well as stalls and cafés. There are occasional concerts, exhibitions, fetes and the Christmas decorations are lovely. edit
Market, Kirkgate, city centre, [97] . The biggest cover market/market on one site in Europe. Fascinating even just for the atmosphere of a traditional British market. Largest indoor market in Europe and also is a beautiful Victorian building and a landmark in Leeds it also has a outdoor market which sells everything from food to clothes to electronics and accessories. Fresh seafood are highly recommended. edit
Granary Wharf, (literally under the railway station). By the canal, has a selection of interesting boutiques, restaurants, exhibition space, a small concert venue, street performers and more in a unique subterranean setting. There is also a regular market. The waterfront area is undergoing redevelopment but the range of shops on offer is set to only get bigger. edit
The districts of Chapel Allerton , Headingley and Roundhay also offer a smaller (but worthwhile) range of boutiques and other shops. Crossgates in East Leeds has a medium sized shopping centre and many highstreet shops and cafés, and Horsforth in the North West offers a range of shops and eateries.
Food[ edit ]
Of course, as with almost all of the UK today, supermarkets, M&S Simply Food and other chains dominate the food-shop market, but there are an increasing number of quality independent delicatessens, bakeries and other little food shops across the city. Many out-of-centre areas retain their local shops (though this cannot be said for everywhere) and the city centre has an impressive range on offer, including:
Chinese. There are a number of Chinese food shops around Vicar Lane and the Templar Street Chinatown Arcade - including a well-stocked oriental supermarket on Vicar Lane itself. The best restaurants around are Tong Palace on Vicar Lane, and Red Chili on Great George Street. edit
Harvey Nichols Foodmarket, Briggate, city centre, [98] . Small, squashed between Fourth Floor Restaurant and Yo Sushi, but it has lots of expensive goodies for that extra special something. edit
Out of this World, city centre. Excellent, well stocked, fair-trade organic mini-market offering all the food you could want, but tastier, healthier, more ethically responsible and, admittedly, more expensive. edit
Pickles & Potter. Sandwich shop par excellence, this award winning little place just off Lands Lane gets mouths watering. The chocolate brownies are genuinely the best you will ever have. The roast beef sandwich is also highly recommended. Some of the most expensive Pork Pies ever encountered! edit
Salvo's Salumeria, Headingley. Range of fine authentic Italian produce. edit
Dock Street Market, Dock Street, city centre. Exclusive but excellent deli-cum-mini market. edit
Kirkgate Market, Kirkgate, city centre. Kirkgate market (see also above) has a massive range of traditional food stalls - including "Butcher Row" featuring numerous traditional Yorkshire butchers all next door to one another, and a number of well-stocked and good value fishmongers, fruit & veg stalls, and other food outlets. edit
The lively area of Harehills (bus no 12, 13, 49 or 50) in East Leeds has a bad reputation locally for crime and poverty, and whilst the visitor should be aware that it is maybe best not to flash expensive items or visit the area after dark, it is worth visiting for its fantastic range of food shops, cafés and restaurants from across the world. A true cultural melting pot, the area has everything from Jamaican grill-houses to Indian restaurants, Persian tea-shops to Eastern European supermarkets, and if you want to experience authentic international food or simply see another side of the city, it is an interesting place to go - and prices are far lower than in many other areas.
Books, CDs, DVDs[ edit ]
Leeds has all the major chains such as HMV, Waterstones, WHSmith, etc and also a variety of smaller independent shops including Crash Records on The Headrow and Jumbo Records in the St. John's Centre, which hosts fairly regular instore performances (there's also lots of second hand places - including a massive, well-stocked Oxfam Books & Music in Headingley)
Splurge
Over £20
There are many restaurants in central Leeds that everyone can find something to their taste and budget. There are all the usual chains (many of which have several branches in the city) and a huge variety of one-off places, including many award-winners. Headingley , Chapel Allerton , Roundhay and various other districts outside the centre also have a range of quality eateries (whilst a few places in these areas are mentioned below, fuller selections can be found on their respective guides). It is possible to have food delivered from a selection of top Leeds restaurants for a fee [99] .
Café culture is thriving in Leeds, with a great number of places for a lunch or lighter meal, and there are also many fine curry houses in the city, due to the large South Asian population.
Leeds has a successful annual food and drink festival, held at the end of August, with many free events bookable in advance.
Restaurants[ edit ]
Aagrah, Quarry Hill, city centre, [100] . Is an expanding Bradford-based chain of quality curry houses. Traditional Indian and Pakistani cuisines available edit
Akbars, Eastgate, city centre, [101] . A chain of excellent curry houses. Try the masala fish! edit
Arti, 285 Roundhay Road, ☎ 0871 8115354, [102] . Simply stunning Indian restaurant with authentic and tasty food. Very popular with Asians and Indians; this can only be a good thing. Wonderful relaxed atmosphere; the rice is absolutely stupendous and must be tried - the owner also runs the post office next door! edit
Arts Café, exchange quarter, [103] . One of the oldest establishments in the Exchange Quarter, with a friendly-relaxed vibe and food to die for at very reasonable prices (the desserts are especially delicious). edit
Bibis, city centre, [104] . Wonderful Italian food served in a fantastic Art-Deco restaurant - packed with local regulars who know a good thing when they eat it! edit
The Clock Café, Hyde Park. This wikitraveller has found it difficult to fault this restaurant despite several visits. Anything on the menu is delicious and the service and beers (no weak fizzy lager here!) are outstanding, ranging from traditional English to renowned Czech produce. The setup is basic with benches and tables but the atmosphere is pitched just right for small groups and couples - recommended. If there were popularity contests for bar staff, this place would win. edit
The Flying Pizza, Roundhay, [105] . North Leeds institution. In the centre of Roundhay, this fantastic Italian restaurant has been going for well over 30 years. edit
Curry Lounge,Roundhay,North Leeds popular Indian Restaurant,In the heart of Roundhay serving popular Indian Dishes
Hansa's, North Street. Acclaimed vegetarian Indian restaurant with curries to die for. Service can be extremely slow. On two midweek visits, we had a one-hour wait for the main course. edit
La Rosa Restaurant & Bar, Pudsey, Leeds, ☎ +44 1274 665506 ( [email protected] ), [106] . Home of authentic Italian food. edit
Little Tokyo, Exchange Quarter. Multi-award winning Japanese place. edit
L'Oranaise, Hyde Park, [107] . This Algerian restaurant offers authentic atmosphere and eating. The food is amongst the best this Wikitraveller has tasted in Leeds. Teas and coffees can be taken upstairs amongst the low tables and scatter cushions. edit
The Red Chilli, Electric Press, Great George Street, City Centre. Highly recommended Chinese restaurant. The most SNOBISH Chinese restaurant in Leeds. edit
Restaurant Bar & Grill, City Square, city centre, [108] . Simply named, this restaurant sits in a stunning location in the Old Post Office conversion, and exudes style and elegance, offering a range of fantastic quality meals and drinks. edit
Safran, Kirkgate, City Centre. Fantastic authentic Iranian cuisine. edit
Stockdales, 8 South Parade (near town hall), [109] . British Steak served up alongside cocktails galore edit
Viva Cuba, Kirkstall Road, West Leeds. Excellent, acclaimed Cuban Tapas restaurant. edit
Budget[ edit ]
Humpit, exchange quarter. Hummus and Falafel dishes, in the grand Leeds Corn Exchange. Vegan. edit
Bangwok, [110] . 12.00-15.00. Authentic Thai 'Street Food' joint in a Railway Arch. Lunchtimes and occasional evenings. edit
Mid-range[ edit ]
Akbars, Eastgate, City Centre. Indian food served in cosmopolitan surroundings - and at reasonable prices too! Focus is on portion size rather than taste, however, and although the interior is gorgeous, it is often simply too full - one always feels rushed here. edit
Brasserie Blanc, [111] . Chain French restaurant owned by world famous chef Raymond Blanc. edit
Tharavadu, Mill Hill, [112] . Keralan-style Indian dishes, with a friendly atmosphere and great service. edit
Salvos, Headingley, [113] . Italian restaurant and salumeria/café two doors down. Both fantastic simple food, great atmosphere.</eat * Sukhothai, South Parade, [114] . Leeds chain of Thai Restaurants, opulent and wide-ranging. Other branches in Chapel Allerton and Headingley. edit edit
Splurge[ edit ]
The Man Behind the Curtain, city centre, [115] . Awarded a Michelin Star in 2015, its well worth booking in advance (months, not weeks) to taste Michael O'Hare's surprising, provocative and most of all, delicious tasting menu - highly recommended. Located upstairs in Flannels department store. edit
Fourth Floor at Harvey Nichols, Briggate, city centre, [116] . Renowned Leeds branch restaurant has been going strong for years with an innovative menu tailored to the seasons. Despite the swanky location, it is surprisingly unpretentious and not ridiculously pricey. edit
Gaucho, [117] . Argentinian-style Steak in a sleek, opulent setting. edit
Sous Le Nez en Ville, financial quarter (near railway station). Fantastic dining experience below street level in this exclusive-but-well-worth-it restaurant. Does a very good value early bird menu, but you need to book in advance at the weekend. edit
Cafés, coffees and light meals[ edit ]
As well as a plethora of fine restaurants, Leeds also has a huge range of cafés and places for a drink or light bite. Of course there are countless Starbucks, Caffe Neros, Costa Coffees, etc but there is also a strong showing from independent places. Many of the above restaurants will do smaller meals and lunch menus during the day but here are a pick of some Leeds cafés:
Bagel Nash, City Square; The Light Plaza, The Headrow and Swan Street, all city centre. Rapidly expanding Leeds bagel chain, with a massive range of bagels and fillings, all extremely tasty. edit
Bottega Milanese, The Light Plaza and Call Lane, [118] . An espresso bar that is open until 10 or 11pm most nights. Excellent coffee and good food. edit
French Connection, County Arcade, Victoria Quarter, City Centre. Pleasant café. edit
Harvey Nichols' Café, Briggate, City Centre, [119] . High quality treats that won't break the bank. edit
Laynes Espresso, 16 New Station Street, [120] . Possibly Leeds' Best Coffee. edit
Philpotts, St Paul's Street, financial quarter and Bridgewater Place, Neville Street, [121] . Top quality sandwich deli and juice bar. edit
Roots & Fruits, Grand Arcade, City Centre. Quality vegetarian café with a relaxed atmosphere. edit
Sahara, Eastgate, city centre. All-day and all-night, it may look a tad grubby but you can't argue with the food (or the sheesha). edit
Tiled Hall Café, The Headrow, City Centre. A magnificent tiled hall linking the city library and city art gallery next to the Town Hall. A must for any visitor, and pop in the gallery and library for a free look round. edit
Drink[ edit ][ add listing ]
Leeds' two large universities mean there is a vibrant, diverse and thumping nightlife scene including many clubs as well as a huge range of fine drinking establishments from traditional pubs to ultra chic concept bars. It is estimated that there are over 180 city centre bars and pubs, and around 29 nightclubs with late licenses. Railway arches are increasingly popular homes for bars and clubs across the length of the city centre. Leeds City Guide [122] is a good source of information, as is the comprehensive (and excellent) listings magazine the Leeds Guide. Leeds was voted Number one city for clubbing [123] . All areas (indeed, most streets) of central Leeds offer something in the way of nightlife, but the main areas are:
Call Lane in the Exchange Quarter (one of the city's main nightlife districts), offering a range of bars (which many would argue are the best in the city) from chic to bohemian. The area around the Calls and the Parish Church has overspill from Call Lane and some great waterfront bars and restaurants.
The 'yards' off Briggate are home to both traditional pubs and modern bars and clubs.
Boar Lane is for the most part made up of standard chain bars and more downmarket drinking establishments, but a few buck the trend.
Architecturally lovely Assembly Street has a select number of swanky bars, clubs and restaurants.
Greek Street is expensive, but in between the high-end exclusivity are tackier bars attracting a less desirable crowd at weekends.
New York Street is becoming increasingly popular.
The Northern Quarter, centred on New Briggate and spreading north (and down Grand Arcade) is home to several older Leeds institutions but is now up-and-coming with many hot new venues.
The Civic Quarter has everything: flashy bars in the Electric Press, traditional pubs, and loud, trendy bars and clubs above Millennium Square
The financial district has a number of dispersed, chic watering holes. Park Row continues along the same lines as Greek Street
Brewery Wharf on the south bank is growing as a drinking destination
Lower Briggate is the centre of the gay community, and a variety of establishments in the area reflect this, though most are welcoming (and many are popular with) the straights.
Out of the city centre, the districts of Headingley and Chapel Allerton are extremely popular for bars and restaurants. Exclusive Street Lane in Roundhay is also becoming increasingly popular. (See their respective guides for details on specific drinking spots in these areas.)
Pubs and bars[ edit ]
Leeds Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA) [124] offer free pub guides from their website. What follows is a selection of some of Leeds' highlights, but it is by no means definitive or all-inclusive!
The Adelphi, Dock Street, river area. Great selection of British beers, interesting decorative mix of Victorian pub architecture and 70s retro decor. A gem! Gay friendly. Good food too (including a few veggie options) at reasonable prices. edit
The Angel Inn, between Briggate and Lands Lane. One of Leeds' oldest pubs, the Angel is remarkably cheap even for Northerners - but this doesn't stop it from serving very good beer. Very comfortable, but with no music, TV, or games, this is definitely a pub for a relaxing talk over a decent bitter, rather than for a traditional night out. It is hidden down an unremarkable alley opposite Harvey Nichols. edit
Brewdog, Crown Street. Behind the Corn Exchange on Vicar Lane is Brewdog, part of a chain of pubs/bars serving so-called 'Punk Beer'. Expect 70s punk rock and some pricey but incredible beers from microbreweries around the world. edit
Bundobust, Mill HIll, [125] . Relaxed Bar/Eaterie serving Craft Beer, Cocktails and Spirits as well as Indian Street Food. Try the Okra Fries! edit
The Duck and Drake, (near market). A 'locals' pub. edit
Epernay, Electric Press, Great George Street, City Centre, [126] . High-quality champagne bar. edit
Further North, (North Leeds, Chapel Allerton). Hidden gem owned by the people who brought you North Bar. excellent beer selection in a cosy Belgian style corner bar. edit
Jake's Bar, Call Lane, City Centre, [127] . Thought of by many as having the best drinks in the city, and is on one of the city's busiest bar strips. edit
Norman, Call Lane, City Centre. Sexy and stylish, has bucket-loads of atmosphere and great drinks. edit
Milo, Call Lane, City Centre. Bohemian, has bucket-loads of atmosphere and great drinks. DJs and often a bit of dancing too. edit
Mojo Bar, Northern Quarter, City Centre (Just past the Grand Theatre down a small road on the right.), [128] . Old favourite still going strong with a wonderful, friendly atmosphere and drinks to die for. edit
North Bar, 24 New Briggate, City Centre, [129] . Unrivalled beer selection! Recently named best place to drink in Britain by The Observer. edit
The Oracle, Brewery Wharf, [130] . Swanky new waterfront bar has a glittering reputation founded on its outstanding cocktail and champagne menu, exclusive members bar, ultra-cool interior design, gourmet burgers, chauffeur service and lovely riverside setting. edit
The Palace, (near bus station). edit
Prohibition, Greek Street, City Centre. If you like to flash the cash, Greek Street is the place for you - and Prohibition one of its best bars. edit
The Reliance, North Street, City Centre. Laid back, loungy bar, also does great food. edit
The Scarbrough Hotel, (near train station). Leeds CAMRA Pub of the Year 2003/4. edit
Victoria Family and Commercial Hotel, City Centre (behind Town Hall). A refurbished Victorian gem. edit
Whitelocks, off Briggate, city centre. A great historic pub, one of the most impressive (and oldest) in Leeds. Be sure to also visit The Turks Head which adjoins Whitelocks, and specializes in Craft Beer and Cocktails edit
Leeds' thriving gay village (the city's first annual Pride festival launched in 2006) has a number of venues, including the ever-popular old stalwart Queen's Court, Lower Briggate housed in a fine 17th century building, amongst notable others including Fibre, The Bridge Inn, Blayds Bar, The New Penny, The Viaduct and Religion to name a few.
Clubs[ edit ]
Leeds was voted Best UK City for Clubbing, certainly not for nothing! People flock to the city from all parts of the country for a bit of the action. It is common to meet clubbers from London on a night out. The city centre is packed to bursting with bars and clubs, ranging from cutting edge chic to indie and alternative to cheesy tunes for the drunken masses to small select places for people who really like their music (house is still very much in vogue in Leeds, but whatever your musical taste is, you are guaranteed to find something). Here is a short list of some of the best and/or most popular places in the city at the moment:
Discotheque by Gatecrasher. Very popular Saturday nights. £10-£15 entry Sat. Night. edit
Halo, city centre. Student nightclub located in a former church near the university entrance, where you will find Voodoo and Skewed Circus events. Skewed Circus [131] is the pan-Northern funky alternative cabaret event run by theatre, comedy and musical promotions company Komedy Kollective [132] held monthly in Leeds, at the Halo nightclub. Similar high profile monthly events are held at Manchester and Bradford. A mile from the city centre. Voodoo is also always packed and a great night. More mainstream dance. edit
Hifi. Good range of live music, particularly jazz. Regularly voted the best club in the city, has a range of quality nights out with quality music in easy-going yet chic surroundings...everything from jazz to reggae to hip hop. edit
Mint. Quality dance music nights. Much to eet. edit
Mission. Very trendy. Ranging nights, from Glasshouse to Purrfect Electro this has it. It also has some gay nights. edit
My House. (aka Stinky's Peephouse) - new home for one of the UK's biggest club nights: Back to Basics (Sa). edit
Oceana. Huge, has many rooms, overpriced (like all other big nightclubs in Leeds) but still fun. 19+ Friday night, 21+ Saturday night. Upstairs can be hired out for private events until 10PM when it opens, but this is a cheap way to get friends (people or under 21) in on a Saturday night. edit
Rehab, Assembly Street, city centre. After a shaky period, this club is picking itself back up, having poached ever-popular nights Speedqueen and Fruity. edit
The Space. Great Thursday nights (Habit) and great weekends sometimes too! Although Fridays and Saturdays are to be avoided unless you know it will be busy, its not really a Friday or Saturday night place. edit
Townhouse. Very trendy bar (and pseudo-club) for the beautiful (and well-dressed) with a range of music and great drinks. Upstairs can be hired out for private events. edit
Wire. Quality indie, rock and alternative club. edit
There are several gay nights (and fully gay venues) in clubs on and around Lower Briggate, including Mission, Fibre and Queen's Court.
The West Indian Centre on Chapeltown Road has a reputation for great fun nights of a less-mainstream kind, including ever-popular monthly Subdub. Whilst the venue itself is friendly and safe (or as safe as can be expected from a club), Chapeltown has a bad reputation, and to avoid trouble, go in fairly large groups and don't wonder around outside. It is best to take a taxi or at least a bus. Don't walks the two miles from the centre as it is very difficult to find the place, and it is near rough estates.
Budget[ edit ]
There are currently no Youth Hostels in Leeds except during the summer months when a temporary city centre hostel operates. However plans are afoot for a permanent hostel to open shortly. There are a number of B&Bs behind the university on Woodsley Rd, 20 minutes walk from the city centre and less than half an hour from the station. Cardigan Rd in Headingley also has a range of B&Bs, right next to the Cricket Ground, minutes from the shops, bars and restaurants of central Headingley.
Express by Holiday Inn Leeds Armouries, Armouries Drive, Clarence Dock, City Centre, ☎ 0870 890 0455 ( [email protected] ), [133] . checkin: 2PM; checkout: 11AM. From about £50. edit
Glengarth Hotel, 162 Woodsley Road, ☎ +44 113 245 7940, [134] . Nice location among University of Leeds buildings, free wi-fi, friendly staff. £45. edit
Ibis Leeds Centre, Marlborough Street, City Centre, ☎ +44 113 220 4100, [135] . Pay WiFi. From about £49. edit
Ibis budget Leeds Centre (previously Etap Hotel), 2 THE GATEWAY NORTH, CROWN POINT ROAD, LS9 8BZ, ☎ Tel. +44 113 245-0725, [136] . Ibis budget Hotel Leeds Centre is a low-cost hotel situated in central Leeds. Each of the 218 guest rooms at the ibis budget hotel Leeds centre are en-suite, complete with flat screen televisions and desks.. edit
Mid-range[ edit ]
Roomzzz Leeds City West, 2 Burley Road, Leeds, LS3 1JU, ☎ 0844 499 4888, [137] . Leeds City West is an award winning Aparthotel that occupies a prime location only 15 minutes' walk away from the vital centre of Leeds and close to Leeds universities. There's a choice of superb studio apartments, individually designed to provide you with the space you need to relax, in complete comfort. LCD TV, free Wi-fi, and free Grab & Go Breakfast. edit
Splurge[ edit ]
Roomzzz Leeds City, 10 Swinegate, City Centre, ☎ 0844 499 4888, [144] . Located just a short walk from the train station, Harvey Nichols, and the finance district. Award winning Aparthotel right in the heart of Leeds' vibrant City Centre in the Swinegate area. LCD TV, Apple Mac computers, free Wi-Fi and free Grab & Go Breakfast. edit
42 The Calls, 42 The Calls, City Centre, [145] . Award winning establishment has now been going for years offering boutique luxury in a quiet waterfront setting only minutes from the bars and clubs of the Exchange Quarter and the city centre shops. edit
Malmaison, city centre. Three minutes walk from the City Rail Station, located in the Swinegate area of the city. edit
The Met Hotel, King St, Leeds LS1 2HQ, [146] . This iconic property with ornate terracotta architecture is positioned just a short walk from many of the city’s finest shops, bars and restaurants, and attractions, including Trinity Shopping Centre and the Leeds Arena. edit
Park Plaza, City Centre (opposite railway station), [147] . Funky hotel in a prime location with great views on the upper floors. edit
Quebecs, City Centre, [148] . Stunningly refurbished building housing one of Leeds' finest and most luxuriant hotels in a prime location. edit
Queens Hotel, City Square, City Centre, [149] . One of Leeds' oldest hotels, its dramatic Art Deco facade and old world charm and style ensure it remains a favourite. edit
Radisson Blu Leeds, The Light Plaza, The Headrow, City Centre, ☎ +44 113 236 6000, [150] . The Radisson Blu, Leeds is a Grade II listed building located in the city centre. edit
Residence 6*, City Square, City Centre, [151] . Serviced apartments in The Old Post Office. edit
Self Catering[ edit ]
A useful alternative to hotels can be to stay in self catering accommodation. There are a number of serviced apartment providers in Leeds, with many apartments in the city centre.
Roomzzz Headingley, 361 Burley Road, Leeds, LS4 2SL, ☎ 0844 499 4888, [152] . Roomzzz Headingley is an award winning Aparthotel that occupies a prime location only 5 minutes' walk away from Headingley Stadium and close to Leeds universities. There's a choice of superb apartments individually designed to provide you with the space you need to relax, in complete comfort. Minimum of three nights stay, includes LCD TV, free Wi-fi and free secure parking. edit
Citybase Leeds Apartments, Whitehall Road, Leeds, ☎ 0845 226 9831 ( [email protected] ), [153] . Over 30 apartments available, in 9 individual apartment blocks. All apartments are in city centre locations, and all are en-suite. From £50 per night to £150 per night. edit
One-UK Leeds Apartments, 2 Cherry Tree Walk, The Calls, Leeds, LS2 7EB, ☎ 0113 234 4111 ( [email protected] ), [154] . Provide apartments in the city centre. edit
Stay safe[ edit ]
Leeds is known as a friendly city, but as with any other city, the usual tips about exercising a degree of common caution apply: leave no valuables unattended, avoid going to badly lit/shady/unknown places by yourself or walk around alone at night, etc.
There are some notorious areas of Leeds at night with seedy reputations, such as the unrejuvenated areas of Chapeltown (particularly Spencer Place, a red light district), Holbeck and Mabgate. Whilst by and large these places are safe by day, it is best to avoid risking trouble.
It is also advisable to avoid displaying any memorabilia or clothing of football team Manchester United (the city's football rivals), particularly in the less salubrious parts of town (though one can expect few problems around the city centre). Similarly, Leeds is an extremely proud city and disrespecting the area will almost certainly result in a hostile reaction to such comments. If you do encounter any trouble, the emergency services (police, ambulance, fire) number is the same as for the rest of the country: 999, or the new European wide emergency number: 112.
If you do happen to get ill in Leeds, there are of course NHS and private medical practices all across the city. The Light complex houses a NHS walk in centre and Leeds is also home to two of Europe's largest hospitals - Leeds General Infirmary (in the Civic Quarter) and rapidly expanding St James' (a couple of miles east of the City Centre and just south of Harehills), as well as numerous smaller hospital and PCTs across the wider city area. As with the rest of the UK, tap water is safe to drink, and you are unlikely to come across any major health risks other than speeding traffic and the effects of alcohol.
Cope[ edit ]
From February 2015, the main tourist information office for the city is in Leeds Art Gallery on the Headrow, but there are various other information points across the city (e.g. Central Lending Library, The Headrow). For foreign visitors Leeds has a range of consulates, including: Danish, 6-7 Park Place, City Centre; Dutch, 12 King Street, City Centre, [155] ; German, 1 Whatehall Road, City Centre, [156] and Greek, 8 Street Lane, Roundhay.
Get out[ edit ]
Leeds is the railway hub of much of Northern England, and railways serve York, Harrogate, Knaresborough, most of West Yorkshire and parts of the Yorkshire Dales and North York Moors. The Leeds-Settle-Carlisle railway is one of the most scenic routes in the country. By road, the A64 leads to York, the A61 to Harrogate and the A65 to the Dales - there are plentiful bus services to these destinations.
Todmorden - A lovely Victorian town about 50 minutes away by train. A bustling market, fine restaurants and striking natural beauty are all included within the town. Population : 14,000
Kingston Upon Hull , usually called Hull for short, a 700-year-old major port city and regional capital of East Yorkshire and the Humber. Many free museums in the cobbled old town, and the most successful millennium project in the country with the spectacular aquarium, The Deep, [157] [158]
Bradford , [159] - including National Media Museum (formerly the National Museum of Film and Photography), [160] .
Ilkley - attractive spa town is easily accessible by bus or train and lies on the edge of the Dales, with the beautiful Ilkley Moor above the town, incorporating the (climbable with equipment) Cow and Calf rock formations. The town itself is a small, genteel and attractive place with an outdoor lido (pool) popular in the summer months; Bronte Country [161] and Haworth .
| Aire |
What is the singular form of the word candelabra? | Leeds travel guide - Wikitravel
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See the 5 day forecast for Leeds at the Met Office
Leeds (derived from the Celtic area Leodis) was voted UK's favourite city in Condé Nast's Readers' Traveller Awards 2003. It was a market town that became an industrial powerhouse and grew and developed into a service-based city economy with an attractive, smart centre.
Roman Leeds was an important strategic fort, ford and small settlement on the York - Chester road. Recorded in the Domesday book of 1086, it became a thriving market town in the Middle Ages, gaining its town charter from the King in 1207. The medieval city was based around Briggate, Kirkgate, Swinegate and The Calls. (The ending "-gate" came from the old Norse for 'street'.) It was a trading centre in the West Riding of Yorkshire for cloth and wool; from Bradford, Halifax and Huddersfield to the port of Hull, east along the river Aire and the 1699 Aire & Calder Navigation canal. Whilst the town grew rapidly (population over 30,000 in the eighteenth century, when the gracious Georgian West End was built), it was for a long time economically overshadowed by nearby York.
The industrial revolution brought about massive change as it became a huge manufacturing centre of wool and textiles and a major trading centre (with over half the country's export passing through for a period). Leeds became known as the city of a thousand trades and by the middle of the nineteenth century the population had passed 200,000. Bolstered by the 1816 Leeds-Liverpool Canal and the Leeds-Selby railway in 1835 (The Middleton Railway was the world's first commercial railway, 1758 Railway Act, from The Middleton colliery to coal-staithes (sidings) at Meadow Lane just south of Leeds Bridge), the city continued to grow and prosper rapidly, with grandiose architectural manifestations of the Victorian city's wealth built in abundance, and expanding affluent suburbs to the north. Leeds University was created around the 1880s, bringing an intellectual dimension, and Leeds was served by one of the world's most extensive tram systems (sadly later replaced by buses). Leeds Bridge was the location of the world's first moving images, filmed in 1888 by Frenchman Louis le Prince (who later disappeared in mysterious circumstances), and Leeds was the first city in the world to have a modern traffic light system, the first of which were situated at the junction of Park Row and Bond Street. Leeds was granted city status in 1893.
By the twentieth century, Leeds's population was approaching 500,000. Whilst Leeds suffered far less than many other large UK cities from the WWII blitz, it was affected by the mass industrial decline of the country in the post-war period, and became characterised by unemployment and huge council estates. Versatility enabled it to survive and it began to prosper in the 1980s, when renovation of the centre and waterfront, and demolition of some of the worst estates began. By the 1990s the city was reborn with wealth based on service industries and commerce, the financial and legal centres making it the most important city in the UK in these areas outside London. With the West Yorkshire Playhouse, Royal Armouries, restoration of the Victoria Quarter and Corn Exchange, the clean up of major historical buildings, the new Harvey Nichols store and new bars, shops and restaurants - all in the mid 90s, the city was truly on the move. The most recent Census (2001) shows Leeds with a population of just over 715,000.
Today, Leeds is still one of the most cosmopolitan, fast-growing, innovative and prosperous cities in the UK with developments springing up by the week and new bars, boutiques, clubs and restaurants seemingly more often, the two universities adding to the vibrancy, and international eateries and shops.
Leeds Visitor Centre is at Leeds Art Gallery, The Headrow. [2]
By plane[ edit ]
Leeds-Bradford International Airport [3] . Leeds is very accessible by air. 10 miles north-west of the city centre. Budget airline Jet2 [4] offer a wide range of flights to and from Leeds, its main base. Connections for long-haul flights should be made at Amsterdam (at least 6 flights daily with Jet2 and KLM), London Heathrow (British Airways or Fly BE) or Paris CDG (Jet2). There are direct flights to numerous other Europe cities with RyanAir [5] . The only long haul flight is to Islamabad in Pakistan.
There is a regular bus service (the 757) into the city (journey time 35 minutes) and cabs are plentiful.
Car parks serving Leeds Bradford Airport[ edit ]
Address
By car[ edit ]
Leeds is possibly the best connected UK city by road, lying in the centre of the country, halfway between London and Edinburgh and halfway between Liverpool (west coast) and Hull (east coast). The M1 motorway runs from London via Milton Keynes, Leicester, Nottingham, and Sheffield and passes about 2 miles east of Leeds, to join the A1(M) at Wetherby. The M62 trans-Pennine motorway, which runs from the outskirts of Liverpool to a few miles from Hull, passes about 3 miles to the south of Leeds. The M621 motorway loop just to the south of the city centre, and connects with the M1 and M62. The Scott Hall Road scheme features a park and ride site to the north of Leeds, opened in the 1990s and caters for 157 cars. For much of the journey into Leeds, buses run on a guided busway beside (or down the middle of) the main road and are given priority over cars. (See National Park and Ride Directory [14] . WhizzGo, a national car 'club' (i.e. car hire organisation which charges a £50 annual membership fee) has a branch in Leeds, and offers pay-by-the-hour car hire across the city. Cars are accessible via a smart card and PIN. [15]
On foot[ edit ]
If just visiting the city centre, you might as well walk, as much of it is surprisingly compact for a city of its size. To orientate yourself, free maps [21] (quite simple but good for basic orientation) are available at the tourist information and a number of visitor attractions. There are some street maps dotted around the city centre, in guide books, street atlases, etc.
Getting around Leeds is fairly easy. However, Leeds' central area is fairly compact with most of the major attractions and shops within walking distance of one another. There is also the LeedsCityBus during the day, which you can hop on and off for only 50p as it loops the outer city centre (the main centre ismostly pedestrianised).
By bus[ edit ]
Metro [22] (West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Authority) provides bus and train information on its website and offers the innovative My Next Bus service of real-time bus information by text message or online. This real-time information is also displayed in certain bus shelters. A MetroDay ticket can be bought for £5.40 on the bus and is good on all companies' buses in Leeds and the rest of West Yorkshire for that day.
First [23] is the largest bus company in Leeds. Most buses are frequent and punctual. Useful bus routes for visitors include the following:
LeedsCityBus [24] - loops aroundmuch of the city centre every 6-7 min during the day for 50p. If catching this service, you should do so at either the bus station or rail station; at other places, the bus is often full and will not take on more passengers; it might even be faster to walk. You may still see signs calling it the FreeCityBus, dating from the time before the fare was charged.
1 - Holt Park (North West Leeds) - Headingley - Universities - City centre - Beeston (south Leeds)
2 - Roundhay Park - Moortown - Chapel Allerton - City Centre - Middleton (south Leeds)
3/3A - White Rose Shopping Centre (South Leeds) - City Centre - Chapel Allerton - Gledhow (3A)
4/4A Seacroft Shopping Centre - St James's University Hospital - City Centre - West Leeds - Pudsey
12 & 13/13A - Middleton (south Leeds - City Centre - Harehills - Oakwood - Roundhay Park (12)/Gledhow (13/13A)
16/16A - Whinmoor - Seacroft Shopping Centre - City Centre - Armley - Bramley - Rodley (16A) - Intake Lane (16) - Pudsey Bus Station
7S - Shadwell -
By taxi[ edit ]
Taxis can be expensive, but advance booking taxis are considerably cheaper than the black and white taxis which you flag down.
In the city centre, try Amber Taxis (advance booking only, +44 113 231 1366): you can get around the city centre for about £3-7, or Apollo on +44 113 243 3333.
If you are in the Hyde Park/Headingley area, Royal Park cabs are good: +44 113 230 5000.
In south Leeds, try Local Cars (advance booking only, +44 113 252 8258): a journey less than a mile is £2.70.
By rail[ edit ]
There is a limited suburban train service which serves some tourist destinations such as Headingley Stadium, but plans are underway for a radical overhaul of the city's transport system since the proposed tram system has had its funding withdrawn by the government.
By boat[ edit ]
There is a shuttle boat between Granary Wharf (for Leeds City Station), Brewery Wharf and Clarence Dock (for the Royal Armouries Museum), operated by Leeds City Cruisers.
City centre[ edit ]
Town Hall
Although not considered a 'traditional' tourist destination, Leeds has plenty to occupy the visitor. As well as the main sights, museums, galleries, parks, etc, wandering around the buzzing city centre to take in the atmosphere and admire the fantastic blend of architectural styles from the past few hundred years is a pleasure in itself. Within the city centre, the main districts are the civic quarter, central shopping district, exchange quarter and financial district.
Millennium Square, [25] . There is generally something going on! A great public space home to some gorgeous civic architecture, concerts, exhibitions, ice rinks, Christmas markets. edit
St Anne's Cathedral, Cookridge Street, [26] . Small, but an extremely interesting example of an Arts and Crafts, 19th Century Catholic Cathedral - unique within the UK. edit
St John's Church, New Briggate. Hidden away within peaceful gardens lies this true gem, built just before the English Civil War, it has beautiful ornate woodwork in its charming interior, and architecturally it is an extremely rare example of a 17th century double nave design. edit
Town Hall, The Headrow, [27] . The city's symbol and pride and joy, one of the world's finest Victorian buildings, and home to a dazzling array of concerts, particularly during the city's popular and extensive International Concert Season [28] . The recently restored interior is stunning. edit
Leeds Art Gallery and The Henry Moore Institute, The Headrow. The world of modern and classical art is at your disposal here in Leeds. It has a small but interesting range of exhibits, and is a great place to kill half an hour. Free. edit
Oxford Place Chapel, Oxford Place. Lovely 19th Century, red-brick baroque church. edit
Victoria Quarter including County Arcade, Briggate, [29] . When the Victorian civic authorities sought to improve the sights and foul smells of Briggate and the city centre, they demolished some of the city's dirtiest yards, alleyways, shambles and lanes and built covered shopping arcades filled with fine establishments. These catered for the refined tastes of the growing moneyed classes of Leeds. This rebuilding continued into Edwardian times and the legacy is some of Europe's finest, most elegant shopping locations. Today these arcades are home to some of the most exclusive designer shops in Great Britain (Vivienne Westwood, Hugo Boss, Luis Vuitton and Harvey Nichols to name a few). edit
Trinity Leeds, Albion Street, [30] . The latest shopping centre built in Leeds, Trinity is a covered building with three floors devoted to commercial pleasure. With numerous restaurants, cafes, cocktail bars, shops, and a cinema, Trinity is an attempt to create an out-of-town shopping centre experience in the city centre. Alongside high-end shops such as Armani and Bose, Trinity also boasts the only Everyman Cinema outside the south-west of England; it is a luxury cinema with a built-in cocktail bar and restaurant, as well as leather sofas and armchairs in place of the usual fabric seats. edit
Kirkgate Market, Vicar Lane, [31] . This traditional British market is largest in Europe. Housed in an opulent late Victorian palace to commerce, it has both indoor and outdoor stalls. Marks and Spencer had their first establishment here, originally called, 'Marks Penny Bazaar'. edit
Corn Exchange, Call Lane, [32] . Shopping in surroundings to rival any of Leeds' fine arcades. Located just to the south of Kirkgate markets on Vicar Lane. Designed by Cuthbert Broderick and architecturally based on the Paris corn exchange. A largely elliptical building, crowned with a great glass dome roof, that allows light to stream in even on the greyest Yorkshire winter mornings. (Broderick was also architect of Leeds town hall and the Leeds Mechanics' Institute, Millennium Square, Two shops designed by Broderick still survive opposite the Mechanics Institute on Cookridge Street, now converted into a cocktail bar.) edit
Parish Church, Kirkgate, [33] . An attractive and fairly large neo-gothic church with a renowned choir and concerts from time to time. During the rebuilding of the Parish church in Victorian times, the original Saxon crosses where Leeds folk would have worshipped in the 8/9th centuries (well before the first church of Leeds had been founded) were unearthed in the medieval tower and is permanently on display inside. edit
Holy Trinity Church, Boar Lane. An unassuming location and exterior hide an elegant baroque interior, built for the merchant class by subscription and donation so they could worship well away from the lower working classes of the city. The Iconic spire of Holy Trinity has dominated the skyline of the city for hundreds of years and was restored in 2006/7. edit
Park Square. A lovely Georgian square reminiscent of Dublin, and is often an overlooked haven of tranquility in the city centre. (Hard to find without a map) edit
Clarence Dock, river area, [34] . This interesting development of cafés, restaurants, shops and apartments was completed during 2008. Home to Royal Armouries Museum. edit
The Royal Armouries Museum, Armouries Drive, river area (Clarence Dock), [35] . National museum of all things deadly, from swords and guns to armoury and pikes, now famous for its regular live jousting. Contains rare armour belonging to King Henry VIII and Emperor Maxmillian, and a diverse arsenal from the Royal collection, sourced from a-far a field as Japan, India and America. Features rare experimental pistols, and weaponry from many of the world's conflicts; including the only surviving elephant armour in the world edit
Salem Chapel, Bridge End (just through the gates of the Tetley Brewery - next to the Adelphi pub). Interesting and unique chapel. Also the place where Leeds United football club was founded, replacing the old bankrupt Leeds City football club. Recently bought by a huge telecommunications company as a head office - http://www.aql.com/news/198/ edit
Leeds Christmas Illuminations (Leeds Lights), [36] . The UK's biggest display, are an annual display from Nov-Jan comprising both big show lights and the subtle and beautiful across the city, and are even longer than the legendary Blackpool Illuminations. edit
Civic Quarter[ edit ]
Home to the Town Hall, the fantastic Art Gallery, Henry Moore Institute and Millennium Square, this grand corner of the city is where many of the main tourist draws are to be found. The Light with its shops, restaurants, bars, hotel, cinema etc in a beautifully converted historic building is a major pull, but venture along the Headrow and experience some of the best cultural attractions on offer in the city. The Art Gallery has great rotating exhibitions and the best collection of 20th century British art outside London. Adjoining it are the Henry Moore Institute and the Central Lending Library with its beautiful Victorian interior. Across the road is the Town Hall (see above), a breathtaking demonstration of civic pride.
On Great George St is a small selection of shops, the 19th century entrance (with a lovely colonial-style entrance hallway and small gallery space up the stairs) of the Leeds General Infirmary, and the recently restored Electric Press which is now home to the Carriageworks Theatre and several bars and restaurants, providing a semi-al fresco eating environment for all weather conditions. Next door is the impressive and well-used public space of Millennium Square (see above) with its attractive Mandela Gardens (opened by Mandela himself, now a freeman of the city, they are a lovely spot especially in summer) abutting the Electric Press building. The square is crowned with the Portland Stone neo-classical Civic Hall and the new City Museum (opened in 2008). Down on Cookridge St is the city's small but unique Arts and Crafts St Anne's Cathedral.
Central Shopping District[ edit ]
The very centre of Leeds is a temple to consumerism. Bounded by the 'Public Transport Box', a rough half mile square between The Headrow, Vicar Lane, Boar Lane and Park Row gives Leeds one of the most compact, busy and diverse pedestrian shopping districts in the UK where the highest concentration of the city centre's stores are to be found.
The principal shopping street is the broad and bustling Briggate (recently attractively repaved), where many flagship stores such as Harvey Nichols, House of Fraser, Debenhams are to be found alongside high-end fashion (eg Louis Vuitton) and high street favourites (Topshop, Zara, H&M) etc. Briggate's attractive and eclectic architecture spans three centuries, and the grand shop fronts only add to the streets appeal.
Either side of the top end of Briggate are the city's famous arcades, splendidly palatial Victorian roofed-over shopping streets home to some of the city's most exclusive and interesting shops. The famous Victoria Quarter (Victoria St, County Arcade and Cross Arcade) has some of the most expensive clothes in Leeds. Queen's and Thornton's arcades are a little more affordable with more independent stores. Down from the arcades, several medieval yards (or "loins") run off almost hidden from between shopfronts on Briggate. Whilst some are little more than shop-backs and some are now closed off, some exude genuine historic atmosphere and a few are home to attractive pubs and bars, including The Angel Inn, The Ship, The Bay Horse, Queen's Court and three-hundred-year-old Whitelocks'.
Beyond Briggate, there are several other prominent shopping streets, including gorgeously symmetrical King Edward Street with its matching Victorian Burmantoft terracotta buildings. Commercial Street, Kirkgate, Lands Lane and Albion St are other principal streets in the area, continuing the mix of shops, cafés, lovely architecture. There are also several indoor shopping centres, and a central focal point is tiny but busy Central Square at the base of Lands Lane. Albion Place is a quieter street of elegant Georgian buildings (mainly offices) including the exclusive Leeds Club and the city's central private members library, running between the square and Albion St. Swan Street is a quiet and pretty little street between Briggate and Lands Lane with a few attractive little shops, cafés and bars and a laid-back vibe, as well as the internationally famous City Varieties theatre and music-hall, once home to Charlie Chaplin.
Exchange Quarter[ edit ]
Centred on the massive dome of the Corn Exchange, the Exchange Quarter is the centre of Leeds' bohemian life, with one-off boutiques, funky cafés and piercing parlours filling its pretty cobbled streets. It is becoming increasingly chic, however, with a plethora of upscale bars and stylish restaurants, particularly on Call Lane.
The Corn Exchange dominates the area, sitting squattly at the junction of several major roads. This grand Victorian building is one of the finest in the city, and was a functioning corn market for several decades, but was almost unused for much of the twentieth century, until its restoration to its present form in the 1980s. It now houses a myriad of little boutiques, a few cafés and market stalls. The goth and emo teenagers that hang around outside frequent many of the shops such as Grin and Exit, but there are also a range of fashion and artisan stores to please all, and the beautiful architecture (the shops fit into the retained 19th-century store-fronts, and the domed roof is spectacular from the interior) can be enjoyed by everyone.
Three sides of the Corn Exchange are bounded by semi-pedestrian cobbled streets lined by a hotch potch of attractive victorian buildings home to shops and restaurants from Blue Rinse (see below) to Pizza Express, housed in the beautiful Third White Cloth Hall, sadly sliced in half by the railway in the mid-nineteenth century, but retaining its lovely facade and clock-tower. Along the railway, the continental feel continues with bars and cafés that spill on to the pavement. Beautiful Assembly Street, a hub of nightlife, is lined with elegant and imposing eighteenth-century warehouses and has been recently repaved, and in the summer is a relaxing place to sip a coffee or cocktail and admire the buildings and atmosphere. Nearby Crown Street buildings are a fine example of modern architecture at its finest, sympathetic to the surrounding environment but adding a dash of vibrancy with bright use of colour above its restaurants and bars.
Call Lane, the area's main drag, is a hive of activity in the evenings, with several of the city's best and most stylish bars, all vying for attention. In the day-time however it is much quieter, with a few vintage and alternative clothes stores at the Kirkgate end, and musical instrument shops located at the Calls end. There is plenty of enjoyment to be had from wondering around the pretty and historic medieval yards that run between Call Lane and Lower Briggate (at night these too come alive and are full of revelers).
Kirkgate is currently a fairly downmarket shopping street with a few off-beat stores. However plans are afoot to refurbish the historic town-houses and bring life back into the street as a centre for independent shops, with the renovation of the dilapidated First White Cloth Hall along similar (if smaller) lines to the Corn Exchange. The east end of Kirkgate and New York Street also increasingly have a number of bars and clubs, including the celebrated Northern Light; there are also several new apartment buildings springing up. The end of Kirkgate is market by Leeds Parish Church, a grand (if not enormous) neo-gothic structure home to one of the country's most revered children's choirs. To the west, Central Road links Kirkgate to Duncan Street, and is home to some attractive Flemish-style buildings, a few off-beat shops and the acclaimed Little Tokyo restaurant and Leeds institution the HiFi Club. Duncan Street has a number of small shops.
The Calls was where riverside life restarted in Leeds, with its renovation from a derelict nowhere to the city's most desirable real estate in the 1980s. The apartments lining the waterfront may not be as exclusive or as rare today, but it is still an attractive and expensive area, home to some of Leeds' longest running high-end establishments including 42 The Calls hotel, Pool Court and the Calls Grill. Some of the waterfront and streets around here are surprisingly yet to be fully renovated, but it's unlikely to be long before developers get their claws into the remaining warehouses, railway arches and mill-cottages. Leeds Civic Trust's heritage centre and left-wing arts centre The Common Place fill the gap between the Calls and the railway line.
Financial District[ edit ]
Whilst the Financial District does not have the obvious draws of the Civic Quarter, it is nonetheless an interesting area that deserves at least a little of your time. Roughly bounded by the Headrow and Westgate to the North, the A58 motorway to the West, the River Aire to the South and Park Row to the East, this is the most expensive business real estate in the city. Many large companies have their offices here as well as innumerable lawyers, estate agents, etc.
Park Square is probably the number one attraction of the area. Situated just south-west of the Town Hall, this large and handsome Georgian Square has lovely formal gardens that fill up with workers at lunchtime in the warmer months. Whilst most of the square is bounded by rows of 18th century redbrick townhouses that made the square one of the city's most fashionable addresses 200 years ago, the South West corner is home to a little-known architectural highlight of Leeds, a converted warehouse (now offices) built in the 19th century as a replication of a Moorish Palace, complete with turrets and Islamic-style ornate design. The streets to the south of Park Square are a mixture of Georgian townhouses and more modern office buildings sitting cheek-by-jowl. Whilst not hugely diverting, there are several interesting buildings in this area. Wellington Street, a busy thoroughfare which marks the bottom of the Georgian area, has several restaurants and bars as well as being characterised by more modern business development.
Between East Parade and Park Row, two busy main routes through the area, are a series of parallel streets that are home to some of the city's top restaurants and bars, most famously Greek Street. There is a rich patchwork of architecture spanning the past two centuries in this small area, with fine Gothic buildings and sleek modern towers. Park Row itself boasts outstanding buildings such as the Leeds Permanent building, blending seamlessly into modern glass building-fronts.
The south-east corner of the Financial District is City Square, one of the most important hubs of city life. Recently cleaned up and repaved, the square is still home to bronze nymphs holding gas lights and the famous statue of the Black Prince. The old post office is now the swanky Restaurant Bar & Grill and Loch Fyne seafood restaurant. A rarely beautiful 1990s office block sits at No1 City Square, and the south side is taken up by the Art Deco facade of grand old dame of the Leeds Railway hotel trade, The Queens Hotel (L.N.E.R.).
Other attractions[ edit ]
Thackray Medical Museum, Beckett Street (next door to St James' Hospital), [37] . Award winning. The best of its kind in the country, with all manner of exhibits and the chance to experience the life of a Victorian child or mill-worker (and their often gruesome medical history). If you've got children, you'd be mad to miss it! edit
Tropical World, Princes Avenue, Roundhay, [38] . Great for a rainy day as it's all indoors, this extensive menagerie has animals, birds, fish and insects from across the globe in thoughtfully themed zones. edit
Temple Newsam, Temple Newsam Road (off Selby Road), [39] . One of the great historic estates in England. With over 1500 acres landscaped by Capability Brown in the 18th century, it is a large Tudor–Jacobean mansion housing a large collection of works of art. The garden has some excellent walks and houses a working Rare Breeds farm. edit
Harewood House, Harewood Village, [40] . This huge estate, complete with extensive gardens, lake, lovely café and bird gardens, is owned by the Queen's cousin. The opulent roccoco house itself is well worth a look around. edit
Kirkstall Abbey, Abbey Road, Kirkstall,, [41] . Largest abbey in the North of England - see below. One of the UK's biggest and best preserved abbeys, recently restored with a new visitor centre. It's 3 miles out of town but lovers of history and architecture, or those in search of a beautiful and peaceful spot in the city won't regret making the trip. Buses (33/33a) every 10 minutes from the city centre. Opposite is Abbey House Museum [42] . edit
Armley Mills, Canal Road, Armley,, [43] . Excellent museum of industry and Leeds' (major) role in the Industrial Revolution. edit
Thwaite Mills, Thwaite Lane, Stourton, [44] . Rare example of a former stone-crushing mill, now an excellent working museum. edit
Middleton Railway, Moor Road, Hunslet, [45] . The oldest working railway in the world. Situated in South Leeds between Middleton and Hunslet, it used to carry coal from the coal mines to the south of the city to the factories of Hunslet and central Leeds. You can now have a ride on the historic rolling stock. edit
Church of St John the Baptist, Church Lane, Adel, [46] . Whilst a long way out of town, this leafy and extremely affluent suburb has some lovely houses, and is a world a way from the bustle of the city centre - nearby York Gate garden is beautiful and well worth a visit), this lovely and well-preserved early Norman church set in verdant grounds is a hidden treasure edit
Bramham Park, Wetherby, [47] . Another such stately home to the north-east of Leeds with a long history and lovely gardens and grounds. edit
Future attractions[ edit ]
N.B. under construction or planned for the future:
Holbeck Urban Village, [48] . The complete renovation and restoration of an entire city district. In the south-west of central Leeds, this historic area was key to the Industrial Revolution, and has many buildings and sites of interest, including the stunning Egyptian-style Temple Mill and Italianate Tower Works. The restoration and redevelopment has already begun with the Round Foundry, a new-age village of offices, flats, cafés and media centres complete with traditional paved streets and 200-year old buildings. A plethora of other developments promise that this area will become more and more of an exciting new destination. edit
Lumiere, Wellington Street, [49] . Construction halted in July 2008.. Planned to be the tallest residential building in Europe, Lumiere also included a winter garden, numerous shops and restaurants. It was to be a dramatic new addition to the city's skyline (and at 52 stories the tallest UK building outside London). If construction starts again at a later date, it will no doubt grab the attention of visitors and residents alike. edit
Possible Itineraries[ edit ]
If you have a couple of hours in the dry. You'll almost certainly be in the city centre, so why not take in some of the magnificent Victorian architecture on a walking tour? (Alternatively there are open top city sight seeing bus tours [50] which operate on weekends). Start at the train station and head into City Square where you will see the old Post Office and imposing Queens Hotel. Go up the right of the Old Post Office (Infirmary St) and cross over the road onto Saint Paul's Street. Take the second street on the right and you will come across the pretty Park Square gardens. Continue along Park Square East until you reach The Headrow, from where you will be able to see the Town Hall. Turn right along the Headrow and you will also pass the City Library (free to enter) and Art Gallery (also free), you may also want to try a cup of tea in the Tiled Hall Cafe, between the Art Gallery and Library. Turn left up Cookridge Street, pass Leeds Catherdral and cross over Great George St. You will now have reached Millennium Square, the Civic Hall and the City Museum. Now turn back and go back towards the Cathedral, and turn immediate left after the Cathedral on to St Anne's St. You will come to a small square and the entrance to 'The Light'. Walk in to The Light (open most hours) and go up the escalators, exiting at the far end. You will now be on Albion Street, turn right and you will come back to The Headrow. Turn left and you will pass Dortmund Square, and the former Allders Department store (now Sainsburys). On the right turn down Briggate, this is one of the city's main streets. Take a look up some of the arcades on either side of Briggate (you are now in the main shopping quarter), for which Leeds is famous. On the left you will come to the Victoria Quarter. If this is open take a walk through and exit at the far end. If closed walk a little further and turn left on to King Edward St. You are now on Vicar Lane, turn right you will pass the beautiful Leeds City Market on the left. Walk a little further and you will see the huge dome of the former Corn Exchange on the left - take a look inside, maybe pop downstairs for a cup of tea at Anthony's. You can now extend the walk a little along the riverside, or follow Duncan St and Boar Lane back to the train station. To extend the walk, go around the Corn Exchange along a cobbled street and go under the bridge. Turn left on to The Calls. After a short while you will see a fountain with a huge ball, turn right on to this street (also The Calls). On the right there is a pedestrian bridge - cross the river here and you are in Brewery Wharfe. Once over the bridge you need to go left along the river following signs for the Royal Armouries. Eventually you will come to Clarence Dock which has shops and restaurants plus the Royal Armories Museum (free entry). To get back to the station go back the way you came to the Corn Exchange, then follow Duncan Street and Boar Lane. edit
If you have a couple of hours in the wet. There's plenty to do to occupy a couple of hours. The City Museum, Art Gallery, Henry Moore Institute, Markets, Library and Royal Armories are all free, indoors and walkable in the city centre. Tropical World is cheap, indoors and warm in Roundhay. Also in the city centre, many of the shops are undercover due to being in arcades or shopping centres. The following route means it is possible to shop without getting too wet: the Merrion Centre, St Johns Centre, the Core, Queens Arcade, Victoria Quarter, Debenhams then M&S. edit
Cinema[ edit ]
Leeds holds two annual film festivals: the increasingly prestigious Leeds International Film Festival [51] with its huge menu of different films and Leeds Young People's Film Festival [52] . Cinemas in surrounding areas include Odeon Leeds Bradford (Thornbury: 7 miles) [53] ; Showcase (Birstall: 6 miles) [54] ; Vue, Kirkstall (2 miles) [55] and Xscape Castleford (10 miles) [56] .
Vue, The Light Plaza, The Headrow, city centre, [57] . Modern, well located 13-screen multiplex with huge screens. edit
Everyman, Trinity Leeds, [58] . A little more expensive than its rivals, Everyman makes up for it with extra comfort, its own cocktail bar and restaurant, and more 'niche' films and perforamnces, ranging from new sub-radar releases to re-runs of classic films or broadcasts of ballet from London. edit
Hyde Park Picture House, [59] . Another excellent independent cinema in the midst of the hot-bed of student habitation in the town. The cinema shows a mix of modern mainstream and art-cinema films as well as a formidable selection of classics. Lucky cinephiles may even experience the latter in conjunction with an introductory speech prepared for local film students. It retains many of its original features including gas lighting. edit
Cottage Road Cinema, Headingley, [60] . Atmospheric old cinema near the centre of Headingley. Plenty to do afterwards as well. edit
Armley Mills Cinema, Armley, [61] . One of Britain's tiniest cinemas with only 26 seats located in the Armley Mills museum. edit
Theatre & comedy[ edit ]
The Carriageworks, Millennium Square, [62] . Home to the city's impressive range of amateur dramatic and musical groups, including the acclaimed Leeds Youth Opera [63] edit
Jongleurs, [64] . The Leeds branch of the national comedy club chain. edit
City Varieties Music Hall, [65] . World famous and has even had Charlie Chaplin tread the boards. Home to a mix of shows. edit
Grand Theatre, [66] . Major shows (often straight from the West End); also this is the home of the world famous (and extraordinarily good) Opera North who perform a wide repertoire of operas and operettas. edit
SevenArts, Harrogate Road, Chapel Allerton, [67] . A new theatre and arts centre on Harrogate Road in Chapel Allerton , SevenArts plays host to a wide variety of performances, from live jazz to theatre. edit
West Yorkshire Playhouse, [68] . More adventurous and often performs world premiers and encourages local talent - well worth a visit. Lucky travellers may arrive in time for one of the themed, almost festival-style programmes. edit
White Cloth Comedy Club, ☎ 01132181933 ( [email protected] ), [69] . A brand new comedy club in the heart of Leeds city centre, just behind the train station. Showing on the first Thursday of every month from May 2016. edit
Live music[ edit ]
Leeds is a great place to see up-and-coming talent, fathering several successful bands such as Corinne Bailey Rae, Kaiser Chiefs and Sunshine Underground. The city is also home to many live performances from big-name stars, mostly at outdoor concerts. Millennium Square in the city centre regularly has gigs with a 7,000 capacity. Leeds is planning to build an indoor concert arena of around (or possibly over) 14,000 seats.
Sport[ edit ]
There are plenty of leisure centres, gyms and swimming pools across the city, though unfortunately there won't be a public swimming pool in the city centre until the University one is completed. Major city centre fitness/leisure centres are deluxe Esporta, LA fitness and the ubiquitous Virgin Active. Some hotels have great leisure facilities or agreements with local centres for free access for guests.
John Charles Centre for Sport, South Leeds, [74] . International standard facilities for all four jumping disciplines: triple jump, long jump, high jump and pole vault. As well as an area for javelin throwing, an indoor throwing cage is available for discus and hammer. The centre also has its own specific weights area, designed specifically for use by athletes, dedicated to high performance and strength training. An eight lane all weather outdoor athletics track conforms to full International Association of Athletics Federations specifications. Six indoor tennis courts and six outdoor floodlit courts provide the ideal tennis environment either for the complete beginner or the established player. Leeds has a brand new (2007) 50 metre pool and diving centre. edit
Cricket (Yorkshire County Cricket Club), Headingley, [75] . April-September. Also a Test Match venue. edit
Leeds United Football Club, [76] . August-May. Currently in the Championship (the second tier of English League football), edit
Rugby League (Leeds Rhinos), Headingley, [77] . Best supported Rugby club in the UK (League or Union). World Champions 2005, 2007 & 2012, Super League Champions 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011 & 2012 edit
Ice Cube, Millennium Square, [78] . January-March. Outdoor ice skating. edit
Rugby Union (Leeds Carnegie), [79] . September-May. Currently in the Greene King Championship (the second tier of English Rugby Union) - Powergen Cup Winner 2004. edit
Xscape Castleford, Colorado Way, Castleford, [80] . Real snow indoor ski slopes (with designer outlet, cinema and nightlife). Indoor real snow skiing, Ice climbing wall, cinema and restaurants! edit
The White Rose Way, Leeds City Square to Scarborough, [81] . Take several days, or spread each leg over a number of day walks to complete the 104 miles of the White Rose Way from Leeds to Scarborough edit
Parks[ edit ]
Whilst hardly tropical, Leeds has an unusually mild and sunny climate for northern England, protected from the worst and wettest weather by the Pennine Hills to the west ... this gives more than ample opportunity to explore the fantastic parks of one of Europe's greenest cities (Leeds has the most green space in its city limits of any European city other than Vienna).
Roundhay Park, [82] . Huge picturesque park with 2 lakes, café, flower gardens and walks. Right next to Tropical World, and the lovely formal Canal Gardens, be sure to visit them all in one day. edit
Golden Acre Park, North West Leeds, [83] . Gardens and café set around huge lake. edit
Hall Park, Horsforth. Some distance from central Leeds, has lovely Japanese Gardens and is accessible by bus. edit
The Hollies Arboretum, North West Leeds, [84] . Large botanical garden set in lush woodlands with a wonderful selection of plants. edit
Kirkstall Abbey Park, Kirkstall. Picturesque riverside park containing the ruins of Kirkstall Abbey (see above) edit
Lotherton Hall, [85] . Deer park, extensive and interesting bird garden, historic hall and café. Museum. edit
Learn[ edit ]
Leeds University, Parkinson Building
Leeds is one of the UK and Europe's foremost university cities, with a student population of over 100,000 (10%+ of the population!) concentrated on several higher educational facilities including the two main universities. This gives the city a young feel and lively buzz, and many bars, clubs and restaurants are geared towards students particularly in Headingley and North West Leeds, although if this isn't your scene the city has plenty to offer away from student life.
Leeds University [89] (30,000 students) - one of the most important and respected academic institutions in the UK, based around the city centre campus; also a major centre for research. One of the country's original 'redbrick' universities.
Leeds Beckett University (formerly Leeds Met) [90] (50,000 full and part-time students) - more modern and larger with two main campuses, at Headingley and in the Civic Quarter. Rapidly expanding and improving, with major redevelopment planned in the Civic Quarter.
Leeds Languages [91] (100 full-time & 60 part-time students) - Leeds city centre based language college, based on Woodhouse Square, with year-round English courses and evening classes in foreign languages.
Leeds Trinity University (formerly Trinity & All Saints College) [92] (4,000 students) - a smaller university in the suburb of Horsforth .
Opening Times
City centre - Mon-Sat 09:00-20:00 Sun 10:00-17:00. Other areas - 09:00-17:00.
City centre shops number well over 1,000, made up of modern shopping centres, the lovely arcades and busy streets - principally Briggate, a wide and attractive pedestrian street with all the high street favourites and much more (from time to time there are markets and other events, and there are usually street performances of some kind). Much of the central shopping area is pleasantly pedestrianised, making retail therapy even easier. Leeds has myriad options for shopping including the beautiful Victorian-era shopping arcades, offering anything from the reasonably priced to the expensive items. In November and December, Millennium Square is turned into a Christmas wonderland of stalls, eateries and fairground-rides for Christkindelmarkt - the city's German Christmas market. There are also several outdoor markets held across the city more regularly, including occasional French markets on Briggate. Plans are also afoot for a massive extension of the main shopping district. City Centre Shopping Centres include all:
Victoria Quarter, Briggate, city centre, [93] . Home of Harvey Nichols [94] , North Face, Louis Vuitton, Vivienne Westwood [95] and much more, the upmarket (and architecturally stunning) jewel in the crown of Leeds' shopping district. edit
Thornton's Arcade and Queen's Arcade, city centre (opposite Victoria Quarter). Opposite the Victoria Quarter offer a range of interesting (if mainly fairly pricey) shops including some great boutiques and one-off places. edit
Corn Exchange, city centre, [96] . A stunning domed interior and a range of shops to please both label-lovers and teenagers, as well as stalls and cafés. There are occasional concerts, exhibitions, fetes and the Christmas decorations are lovely. edit
Market, Kirkgate, city centre, [97] . The biggest cover market/market on one site in Europe. Fascinating even just for the atmosphere of a traditional British market. Largest indoor market in Europe and also is a beautiful Victorian building and a landmark in Leeds it also has a outdoor market which sells everything from food to clothes to electronics and accessories. Fresh seafood are highly recommended. edit
Granary Wharf, (literally under the railway station). By the canal, has a selection of interesting boutiques, restaurants, exhibition space, a small concert venue, street performers and more in a unique subterranean setting. There is also a regular market. The waterfront area is undergoing redevelopment but the range of shops on offer is set to only get bigger. edit
The districts of Chapel Allerton , Headingley and Roundhay also offer a smaller (but worthwhile) range of boutiques and other shops. Crossgates in East Leeds has a medium sized shopping centre and many highstreet shops and cafés, and Horsforth in the North West offers a range of shops and eateries.
Food[ edit ]
Of course, as with almost all of the UK today, supermarkets, M&S Simply Food and other chains dominate the food-shop market, but there are an increasing number of quality independent delicatessens, bakeries and other little food shops across the city. Many out-of-centre areas retain their local shops (though this cannot be said for everywhere) and the city centre has an impressive range on offer, including:
Chinese. There are a number of Chinese food shops around Vicar Lane and the Templar Street Chinatown Arcade - including a well-stocked oriental supermarket on Vicar Lane itself. The best restaurants around are Tong Palace on Vicar Lane, and Red Chili on Great George Street. edit
Harvey Nichols Foodmarket, Briggate, city centre, [98] . Small, squashed between Fourth Floor Restaurant and Yo Sushi, but it has lots of expensive goodies for that extra special something. edit
Out of this World, city centre. Excellent, well stocked, fair-trade organic mini-market offering all the food you could want, but tastier, healthier, more ethically responsible and, admittedly, more expensive. edit
Pickles & Potter. Sandwich shop par excellence, this award winning little place just off Lands Lane gets mouths watering. The chocolate brownies are genuinely the best you will ever have. The roast beef sandwich is also highly recommended. Some of the most expensive Pork Pies ever encountered! edit
Salvo's Salumeria, Headingley. Range of fine authentic Italian produce. edit
Dock Street Market, Dock Street, city centre. Exclusive but excellent deli-cum-mini market. edit
Kirkgate Market, Kirkgate, city centre. Kirkgate market (see also above) has a massive range of traditional food stalls - including "Butcher Row" featuring numerous traditional Yorkshire butchers all next door to one another, and a number of well-stocked and good value fishmongers, fruit & veg stalls, and other food outlets. edit
The lively area of Harehills (bus no 12, 13, 49 or 50) in East Leeds has a bad reputation locally for crime and poverty, and whilst the visitor should be aware that it is maybe best not to flash expensive items or visit the area after dark, it is worth visiting for its fantastic range of food shops, cafés and restaurants from across the world. A true cultural melting pot, the area has everything from Jamaican grill-houses to Indian restaurants, Persian tea-shops to Eastern European supermarkets, and if you want to experience authentic international food or simply see another side of the city, it is an interesting place to go - and prices are far lower than in many other areas.
Books, CDs, DVDs[ edit ]
Leeds has all the major chains such as HMV, Waterstones, WHSmith, etc and also a variety of smaller independent shops including Crash Records on The Headrow and Jumbo Records in the St. John's Centre, which hosts fairly regular instore performances (there's also lots of second hand places - including a massive, well-stocked Oxfam Books & Music in Headingley)
Splurge
Over £20
There are many restaurants in central Leeds that everyone can find something to their taste and budget. There are all the usual chains (many of which have several branches in the city) and a huge variety of one-off places, including many award-winners. Headingley , Chapel Allerton , Roundhay and various other districts outside the centre also have a range of quality eateries (whilst a few places in these areas are mentioned below, fuller selections can be found on their respective guides). It is possible to have food delivered from a selection of top Leeds restaurants for a fee [99] .
Café culture is thriving in Leeds, with a great number of places for a lunch or lighter meal, and there are also many fine curry houses in the city, due to the large South Asian population.
Leeds has a successful annual food and drink festival, held at the end of August, with many free events bookable in advance.
Restaurants[ edit ]
Aagrah, Quarry Hill, city centre, [100] . Is an expanding Bradford-based chain of quality curry houses. Traditional Indian and Pakistani cuisines available edit
Akbars, Eastgate, city centre, [101] . A chain of excellent curry houses. Try the masala fish! edit
Arti, 285 Roundhay Road, ☎ 0871 8115354, [102] . Simply stunning Indian restaurant with authentic and tasty food. Very popular with Asians and Indians; this can only be a good thing. Wonderful relaxed atmosphere; the rice is absolutely stupendous and must be tried - the owner also runs the post office next door! edit
Arts Café, exchange quarter, [103] . One of the oldest establishments in the Exchange Quarter, with a friendly-relaxed vibe and food to die for at very reasonable prices (the desserts are especially delicious). edit
Bibis, city centre, [104] . Wonderful Italian food served in a fantastic Art-Deco restaurant - packed with local regulars who know a good thing when they eat it! edit
The Clock Café, Hyde Park. This wikitraveller has found it difficult to fault this restaurant despite several visits. Anything on the menu is delicious and the service and beers (no weak fizzy lager here!) are outstanding, ranging from traditional English to renowned Czech produce. The setup is basic with benches and tables but the atmosphere is pitched just right for small groups and couples - recommended. If there were popularity contests for bar staff, this place would win. edit
The Flying Pizza, Roundhay, [105] . North Leeds institution. In the centre of Roundhay, this fantastic Italian restaurant has been going for well over 30 years. edit
Curry Lounge,Roundhay,North Leeds popular Indian Restaurant,In the heart of Roundhay serving popular Indian Dishes
Hansa's, North Street. Acclaimed vegetarian Indian restaurant with curries to die for. Service can be extremely slow. On two midweek visits, we had a one-hour wait for the main course. edit
La Rosa Restaurant & Bar, Pudsey, Leeds, ☎ +44 1274 665506 ( [email protected] ), [106] . Home of authentic Italian food. edit
Little Tokyo, Exchange Quarter. Multi-award winning Japanese place. edit
L'Oranaise, Hyde Park, [107] . This Algerian restaurant offers authentic atmosphere and eating. The food is amongst the best this Wikitraveller has tasted in Leeds. Teas and coffees can be taken upstairs amongst the low tables and scatter cushions. edit
The Red Chilli, Electric Press, Great George Street, City Centre. Highly recommended Chinese restaurant. The most SNOBISH Chinese restaurant in Leeds. edit
Restaurant Bar & Grill, City Square, city centre, [108] . Simply named, this restaurant sits in a stunning location in the Old Post Office conversion, and exudes style and elegance, offering a range of fantastic quality meals and drinks. edit
Safran, Kirkgate, City Centre. Fantastic authentic Iranian cuisine. edit
Stockdales, 8 South Parade (near town hall), [109] . British Steak served up alongside cocktails galore edit
Viva Cuba, Kirkstall Road, West Leeds. Excellent, acclaimed Cuban Tapas restaurant. edit
Budget[ edit ]
Humpit, exchange quarter. Hummus and Falafel dishes, in the grand Leeds Corn Exchange. Vegan. edit
Bangwok, [110] . 12.00-15.00. Authentic Thai 'Street Food' joint in a Railway Arch. Lunchtimes and occasional evenings. edit
Mid-range[ edit ]
Akbars, Eastgate, City Centre. Indian food served in cosmopolitan surroundings - and at reasonable prices too! Focus is on portion size rather than taste, however, and although the interior is gorgeous, it is often simply too full - one always feels rushed here. edit
Brasserie Blanc, [111] . Chain French restaurant owned by world famous chef Raymond Blanc. edit
Tharavadu, Mill Hill, [112] . Keralan-style Indian dishes, with a friendly atmosphere and great service. edit
Salvos, Headingley, [113] . Italian restaurant and salumeria/café two doors down. Both fantastic simple food, great atmosphere.</eat * Sukhothai, South Parade, [114] . Leeds chain of Thai Restaurants, opulent and wide-ranging. Other branches in Chapel Allerton and Headingley. edit edit
Splurge[ edit ]
The Man Behind the Curtain, city centre, [115] . Awarded a Michelin Star in 2015, its well worth booking in advance (months, not weeks) to taste Michael O'Hare's surprising, provocative and most of all, delicious tasting menu - highly recommended. Located upstairs in Flannels department store. edit
Fourth Floor at Harvey Nichols, Briggate, city centre, [116] . Renowned Leeds branch restaurant has been going strong for years with an innovative menu tailored to the seasons. Despite the swanky location, it is surprisingly unpretentious and not ridiculously pricey. edit
Gaucho, [117] . Argentinian-style Steak in a sleek, opulent setting. edit
Sous Le Nez en Ville, financial quarter (near railway station). Fantastic dining experience below street level in this exclusive-but-well-worth-it restaurant. Does a very good value early bird menu, but you need to book in advance at the weekend. edit
Cafés, coffees and light meals[ edit ]
As well as a plethora of fine restaurants, Leeds also has a huge range of cafés and places for a drink or light bite. Of course there are countless Starbucks, Caffe Neros, Costa Coffees, etc but there is also a strong showing from independent places. Many of the above restaurants will do smaller meals and lunch menus during the day but here are a pick of some Leeds cafés:
Bagel Nash, City Square; The Light Plaza, The Headrow and Swan Street, all city centre. Rapidly expanding Leeds bagel chain, with a massive range of bagels and fillings, all extremely tasty. edit
Bottega Milanese, The Light Plaza and Call Lane, [118] . An espresso bar that is open until 10 or 11pm most nights. Excellent coffee and good food. edit
French Connection, County Arcade, Victoria Quarter, City Centre. Pleasant café. edit
Harvey Nichols' Café, Briggate, City Centre, [119] . High quality treats that won't break the bank. edit
Laynes Espresso, 16 New Station Street, [120] . Possibly Leeds' Best Coffee. edit
Philpotts, St Paul's Street, financial quarter and Bridgewater Place, Neville Street, [121] . Top quality sandwich deli and juice bar. edit
Roots & Fruits, Grand Arcade, City Centre. Quality vegetarian café with a relaxed atmosphere. edit
Sahara, Eastgate, city centre. All-day and all-night, it may look a tad grubby but you can't argue with the food (or the sheesha). edit
Tiled Hall Café, The Headrow, City Centre. A magnificent tiled hall linking the city library and city art gallery next to the Town Hall. A must for any visitor, and pop in the gallery and library for a free look round. edit
Drink[ edit ][ add listing ]
Leeds' two large universities mean there is a vibrant, diverse and thumping nightlife scene including many clubs as well as a huge range of fine drinking establishments from traditional pubs to ultra chic concept bars. It is estimated that there are over 180 city centre bars and pubs, and around 29 nightclubs with late licenses. Railway arches are increasingly popular homes for bars and clubs across the length of the city centre. Leeds City Guide [122] is a good source of information, as is the comprehensive (and excellent) listings magazine the Leeds Guide. Leeds was voted Number one city for clubbing [123] . All areas (indeed, most streets) of central Leeds offer something in the way of nightlife, but the main areas are:
Call Lane in the Exchange Quarter (one of the city's main nightlife districts), offering a range of bars (which many would argue are the best in the city) from chic to bohemian. The area around the Calls and the Parish Church has overspill from Call Lane and some great waterfront bars and restaurants.
The 'yards' off Briggate are home to both traditional pubs and modern bars and clubs.
Boar Lane is for the most part made up of standard chain bars and more downmarket drinking establishments, but a few buck the trend.
Architecturally lovely Assembly Street has a select number of swanky bars, clubs and restaurants.
Greek Street is expensive, but in between the high-end exclusivity are tackier bars attracting a less desirable crowd at weekends.
New York Street is becoming increasingly popular.
The Northern Quarter, centred on New Briggate and spreading north (and down Grand Arcade) is home to several older Leeds institutions but is now up-and-coming with many hot new venues.
The Civic Quarter has everything: flashy bars in the Electric Press, traditional pubs, and loud, trendy bars and clubs above Millennium Square
The financial district has a number of dispersed, chic watering holes. Park Row continues along the same lines as Greek Street
Brewery Wharf on the south bank is growing as a drinking destination
Lower Briggate is the centre of the gay community, and a variety of establishments in the area reflect this, though most are welcoming (and many are popular with) the straights.
Out of the city centre, the districts of Headingley and Chapel Allerton are extremely popular for bars and restaurants. Exclusive Street Lane in Roundhay is also becoming increasingly popular. (See their respective guides for details on specific drinking spots in these areas.)
Pubs and bars[ edit ]
Leeds Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA) [124] offer free pub guides from their website. What follows is a selection of some of Leeds' highlights, but it is by no means definitive or all-inclusive!
The Adelphi, Dock Street, river area. Great selection of British beers, interesting decorative mix of Victorian pub architecture and 70s retro decor. A gem! Gay friendly. Good food too (including a few veggie options) at reasonable prices. edit
The Angel Inn, between Briggate and Lands Lane. One of Leeds' oldest pubs, the Angel is remarkably cheap even for Northerners - but this doesn't stop it from serving very good beer. Very comfortable, but with no music, TV, or games, this is definitely a pub for a relaxing talk over a decent bitter, rather than for a traditional night out. It is hidden down an unremarkable alley opposite Harvey Nichols. edit
Brewdog, Crown Street. Behind the Corn Exchange on Vicar Lane is Brewdog, part of a chain of pubs/bars serving so-called 'Punk Beer'. Expect 70s punk rock and some pricey but incredible beers from microbreweries around the world. edit
Bundobust, Mill HIll, [125] . Relaxed Bar/Eaterie serving Craft Beer, Cocktails and Spirits as well as Indian Street Food. Try the Okra Fries! edit
The Duck and Drake, (near market). A 'locals' pub. edit
Epernay, Electric Press, Great George Street, City Centre, [126] . High-quality champagne bar. edit
Further North, (North Leeds, Chapel Allerton). Hidden gem owned by the people who brought you North Bar. excellent beer selection in a cosy Belgian style corner bar. edit
Jake's Bar, Call Lane, City Centre, [127] . Thought of by many as having the best drinks in the city, and is on one of the city's busiest bar strips. edit
Norman, Call Lane, City Centre. Sexy and stylish, has bucket-loads of atmosphere and great drinks. edit
Milo, Call Lane, City Centre. Bohemian, has bucket-loads of atmosphere and great drinks. DJs and often a bit of dancing too. edit
Mojo Bar, Northern Quarter, City Centre (Just past the Grand Theatre down a small road on the right.), [128] . Old favourite still going strong with a wonderful, friendly atmosphere and drinks to die for. edit
North Bar, 24 New Briggate, City Centre, [129] . Unrivalled beer selection! Recently named best place to drink in Britain by The Observer. edit
The Oracle, Brewery Wharf, [130] . Swanky new waterfront bar has a glittering reputation founded on its outstanding cocktail and champagne menu, exclusive members bar, ultra-cool interior design, gourmet burgers, chauffeur service and lovely riverside setting. edit
The Palace, (near bus station). edit
Prohibition, Greek Street, City Centre. If you like to flash the cash, Greek Street is the place for you - and Prohibition one of its best bars. edit
The Reliance, North Street, City Centre. Laid back, loungy bar, also does great food. edit
The Scarbrough Hotel, (near train station). Leeds CAMRA Pub of the Year 2003/4. edit
Victoria Family and Commercial Hotel, City Centre (behind Town Hall). A refurbished Victorian gem. edit
Whitelocks, off Briggate, city centre. A great historic pub, one of the most impressive (and oldest) in Leeds. Be sure to also visit The Turks Head which adjoins Whitelocks, and specializes in Craft Beer and Cocktails edit
Leeds' thriving gay village (the city's first annual Pride festival launched in 2006) has a number of venues, including the ever-popular old stalwart Queen's Court, Lower Briggate housed in a fine 17th century building, amongst notable others including Fibre, The Bridge Inn, Blayds Bar, The New Penny, The Viaduct and Religion to name a few.
Clubs[ edit ]
Leeds was voted Best UK City for Clubbing, certainly not for nothing! People flock to the city from all parts of the country for a bit of the action. It is common to meet clubbers from London on a night out. The city centre is packed to bursting with bars and clubs, ranging from cutting edge chic to indie and alternative to cheesy tunes for the drunken masses to small select places for people who really like their music (house is still very much in vogue in Leeds, but whatever your musical taste is, you are guaranteed to find something). Here is a short list of some of the best and/or most popular places in the city at the moment:
Discotheque by Gatecrasher. Very popular Saturday nights. £10-£15 entry Sat. Night. edit
Halo, city centre. Student nightclub located in a former church near the university entrance, where you will find Voodoo and Skewed Circus events. Skewed Circus [131] is the pan-Northern funky alternative cabaret event run by theatre, comedy and musical promotions company Komedy Kollective [132] held monthly in Leeds, at the Halo nightclub. Similar high profile monthly events are held at Manchester and Bradford. A mile from the city centre. Voodoo is also always packed and a great night. More mainstream dance. edit
Hifi. Good range of live music, particularly jazz. Regularly voted the best club in the city, has a range of quality nights out with quality music in easy-going yet chic surroundings...everything from jazz to reggae to hip hop. edit
Mint. Quality dance music nights. Much to eet. edit
Mission. Very trendy. Ranging nights, from Glasshouse to Purrfect Electro this has it. It also has some gay nights. edit
My House. (aka Stinky's Peephouse) - new home for one of the UK's biggest club nights: Back to Basics (Sa). edit
Oceana. Huge, has many rooms, overpriced (like all other big nightclubs in Leeds) but still fun. 19+ Friday night, 21+ Saturday night. Upstairs can be hired out for private events until 10PM when it opens, but this is a cheap way to get friends (people or under 21) in on a Saturday night. edit
Rehab, Assembly Street, city centre. After a shaky period, this club is picking itself back up, having poached ever-popular nights Speedqueen and Fruity. edit
The Space. Great Thursday nights (Habit) and great weekends sometimes too! Although Fridays and Saturdays are to be avoided unless you know it will be busy, its not really a Friday or Saturday night place. edit
Townhouse. Very trendy bar (and pseudo-club) for the beautiful (and well-dressed) with a range of music and great drinks. Upstairs can be hired out for private events. edit
Wire. Quality indie, rock and alternative club. edit
There are several gay nights (and fully gay venues) in clubs on and around Lower Briggate, including Mission, Fibre and Queen's Court.
The West Indian Centre on Chapeltown Road has a reputation for great fun nights of a less-mainstream kind, including ever-popular monthly Subdub. Whilst the venue itself is friendly and safe (or as safe as can be expected from a club), Chapeltown has a bad reputation, and to avoid trouble, go in fairly large groups and don't wonder around outside. It is best to take a taxi or at least a bus. Don't walks the two miles from the centre as it is very difficult to find the place, and it is near rough estates.
Budget[ edit ]
There are currently no Youth Hostels in Leeds except during the summer months when a temporary city centre hostel operates. However plans are afoot for a permanent hostel to open shortly. There are a number of B&Bs behind the university on Woodsley Rd, 20 minutes walk from the city centre and less than half an hour from the station. Cardigan Rd in Headingley also has a range of B&Bs, right next to the Cricket Ground, minutes from the shops, bars and restaurants of central Headingley.
Express by Holiday Inn Leeds Armouries, Armouries Drive, Clarence Dock, City Centre, ☎ 0870 890 0455 ( [email protected] ), [133] . checkin: 2PM; checkout: 11AM. From about £50. edit
Glengarth Hotel, 162 Woodsley Road, ☎ +44 113 245 7940, [134] . Nice location among University of Leeds buildings, free wi-fi, friendly staff. £45. edit
Ibis Leeds Centre, Marlborough Street, City Centre, ☎ +44 113 220 4100, [135] . Pay WiFi. From about £49. edit
Ibis budget Leeds Centre (previously Etap Hotel), 2 THE GATEWAY NORTH, CROWN POINT ROAD, LS9 8BZ, ☎ Tel. +44 113 245-0725, [136] . Ibis budget Hotel Leeds Centre is a low-cost hotel situated in central Leeds. Each of the 218 guest rooms at the ibis budget hotel Leeds centre are en-suite, complete with flat screen televisions and desks.. edit
Mid-range[ edit ]
Roomzzz Leeds City West, 2 Burley Road, Leeds, LS3 1JU, ☎ 0844 499 4888, [137] . Leeds City West is an award winning Aparthotel that occupies a prime location only 15 minutes' walk away from the vital centre of Leeds and close to Leeds universities. There's a choice of superb studio apartments, individually designed to provide you with the space you need to relax, in complete comfort. LCD TV, free Wi-fi, and free Grab & Go Breakfast. edit
Splurge[ edit ]
Roomzzz Leeds City, 10 Swinegate, City Centre, ☎ 0844 499 4888, [144] . Located just a short walk from the train station, Harvey Nichols, and the finance district. Award winning Aparthotel right in the heart of Leeds' vibrant City Centre in the Swinegate area. LCD TV, Apple Mac computers, free Wi-Fi and free Grab & Go Breakfast. edit
42 The Calls, 42 The Calls, City Centre, [145] . Award winning establishment has now been going for years offering boutique luxury in a quiet waterfront setting only minutes from the bars and clubs of the Exchange Quarter and the city centre shops. edit
Malmaison, city centre. Three minutes walk from the City Rail Station, located in the Swinegate area of the city. edit
The Met Hotel, King St, Leeds LS1 2HQ, [146] . This iconic property with ornate terracotta architecture is positioned just a short walk from many of the city’s finest shops, bars and restaurants, and attractions, including Trinity Shopping Centre and the Leeds Arena. edit
Park Plaza, City Centre (opposite railway station), [147] . Funky hotel in a prime location with great views on the upper floors. edit
Quebecs, City Centre, [148] . Stunningly refurbished building housing one of Leeds' finest and most luxuriant hotels in a prime location. edit
Queens Hotel, City Square, City Centre, [149] . One of Leeds' oldest hotels, its dramatic Art Deco facade and old world charm and style ensure it remains a favourite. edit
Radisson Blu Leeds, The Light Plaza, The Headrow, City Centre, ☎ +44 113 236 6000, [150] . The Radisson Blu, Leeds is a Grade II listed building located in the city centre. edit
Residence 6*, City Square, City Centre, [151] . Serviced apartments in The Old Post Office. edit
Self Catering[ edit ]
A useful alternative to hotels can be to stay in self catering accommodation. There are a number of serviced apartment providers in Leeds, with many apartments in the city centre.
Roomzzz Headingley, 361 Burley Road, Leeds, LS4 2SL, ☎ 0844 499 4888, [152] . Roomzzz Headingley is an award winning Aparthotel that occupies a prime location only 5 minutes' walk away from Headingley Stadium and close to Leeds universities. There's a choice of superb apartments individually designed to provide you with the space you need to relax, in complete comfort. Minimum of three nights stay, includes LCD TV, free Wi-fi and free secure parking. edit
Citybase Leeds Apartments, Whitehall Road, Leeds, ☎ 0845 226 9831 ( [email protected] ), [153] . Over 30 apartments available, in 9 individual apartment blocks. All apartments are in city centre locations, and all are en-suite. From £50 per night to £150 per night. edit
One-UK Leeds Apartments, 2 Cherry Tree Walk, The Calls, Leeds, LS2 7EB, ☎ 0113 234 4111 ( [email protected] ), [154] . Provide apartments in the city centre. edit
Stay safe[ edit ]
Leeds is known as a friendly city, but as with any other city, the usual tips about exercising a degree of common caution apply: leave no valuables unattended, avoid going to badly lit/shady/unknown places by yourself or walk around alone at night, etc.
There are some notorious areas of Leeds at night with seedy reputations, such as the unrejuvenated areas of Chapeltown (particularly Spencer Place, a red light district), Holbeck and Mabgate. Whilst by and large these places are safe by day, it is best to avoid risking trouble.
It is also advisable to avoid displaying any memorabilia or clothing of football team Manchester United (the city's football rivals), particularly in the less salubrious parts of town (though one can expect few problems around the city centre). Similarly, Leeds is an extremely proud city and disrespecting the area will almost certainly result in a hostile reaction to such comments. If you do encounter any trouble, the emergency services (police, ambulance, fire) number is the same as for the rest of the country: 999, or the new European wide emergency number: 112.
If you do happen to get ill in Leeds, there are of course NHS and private medical practices all across the city. The Light complex houses a NHS walk in centre and Leeds is also home to two of Europe's largest hospitals - Leeds General Infirmary (in the Civic Quarter) and rapidly expanding St James' (a couple of miles east of the City Centre and just south of Harehills), as well as numerous smaller hospital and PCTs across the wider city area. As with the rest of the UK, tap water is safe to drink, and you are unlikely to come across any major health risks other than speeding traffic and the effects of alcohol.
Cope[ edit ]
From February 2015, the main tourist information office for the city is in Leeds Art Gallery on the Headrow, but there are various other information points across the city (e.g. Central Lending Library, The Headrow). For foreign visitors Leeds has a range of consulates, including: Danish, 6-7 Park Place, City Centre; Dutch, 12 King Street, City Centre, [155] ; German, 1 Whatehall Road, City Centre, [156] and Greek, 8 Street Lane, Roundhay.
Get out[ edit ]
Leeds is the railway hub of much of Northern England, and railways serve York, Harrogate, Knaresborough, most of West Yorkshire and parts of the Yorkshire Dales and North York Moors. The Leeds-Settle-Carlisle railway is one of the most scenic routes in the country. By road, the A64 leads to York, the A61 to Harrogate and the A65 to the Dales - there are plentiful bus services to these destinations.
Todmorden - A lovely Victorian town about 50 minutes away by train. A bustling market, fine restaurants and striking natural beauty are all included within the town. Population : 14,000
Kingston Upon Hull , usually called Hull for short, a 700-year-old major port city and regional capital of East Yorkshire and the Humber. Many free museums in the cobbled old town, and the most successful millennium project in the country with the spectacular aquarium, The Deep, [157] [158]
Bradford , [159] - including National Media Museum (formerly the National Museum of Film and Photography), [160] .
Ilkley - attractive spa town is easily accessible by bus or train and lies on the edge of the Dales, with the beautiful Ilkley Moor above the town, incorporating the (climbable with equipment) Cow and Calf rock formations. The town itself is a small, genteel and attractive place with an outdoor lido (pool) popular in the summer months; Bronte Country [161] and Haworth .
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What do native Cornish residents call Penwith? | Cornwall travel guide - Wikitravel
The biomes that house the Eden Project, near St. Austell, in central Cornwall.
For other places with the same name, see Cornwall (disambiguation) .
Cornwall (Cornish: Kernow) [1] is a Duchy in the extreme southwest of the UK and includes the Isles of Scilly , considered the mystical home of the legendary King Arthur. Lying west of the River Tamar border with its nearest neighbour, Devon , Cornwall is one of the more isolated and distinct parts of the United Kingdom but is one of the most popular with travellers and holiday makers.
Its relatively warm climate, long coastline, amazing scenery, and diverse Celtic heritage (combined with tales of smuggling and pirates) go only part of the way to explaining its appeal. Cornwall is increasingly becoming a popular destination for those interested in cultural tourism because its long association with visual and written arts and its enormous wealth of archaeology. Its mining heritage has recently been recognised by the United Nations (UNESCO).
Cornwall has always been fiercely proud of its Celtic identity. For many residents, their Cornish identity supersedes either their Englishness or their Britishness.
Understand[ edit ]
The modern English name of the Duchy is thought to be derived from its old Celtic name, Kernou, or the Horn, from its projecting promontories. It was Latinised to Cornovia or Cornubia. The Saxons gave the name of Wealas (foreigners) to the Britons to distinguish those who had retired into Kernou or Cornubia, whom they gave the name of Cornu-wealas. The country was thus called Cornuwall or Cornwall. [2]
Cornwall is called Kernow in the Cornish language and many signs have Cornish language descriptions on them. However, everybody in Cornwall speaks English as their first language. The Cornish language is recognised internationally and has government funding, a thriving community of speakers and publishers. It is making a successful comeback, with the number of fluent speakers now increasing and being in the thousands.
Recent polls place Cornish identity amongst young people at around 40% regarding themselves as Cornish rather than English, with calls for a Cornish assembley or government by some. Some might take offense to being called English, but most will take it in good jest.
A common, somewhat derogatory term for tourists is emmet, a Cornish dialect word meaning ant (as they tend to swarm everywhere). The Cornish word for ant is actually murrian. Be aware of locals recommending "Porthemmet Beach". This hoax simply means 'tourist beach', and it does not exist.
The Cornish have several patron saints rather than those recognised in other parts of the United Kingdom (Andrew, George, David etc) but the preeminent one is Saint Piran, whose flag, black with a white cross, can be seen all across Cornwall. It is flown from not only private homes but also government and public buildings as well as in most towns. Saint Piran's Day is widely celebrated on March 5 not only in Cornwall but also in he Cornish diaspora across the globe.
The stereotype of the Cornish as 'inbred' and 'backward' is a misconception and, if repeated to a local, is likely to cause embrassement and offence (and perhaps a smack). Cornwall is generally quite ethnically homogenous in comparison to most areas of the UK, and Cornish people tend to hold onto traditional morals and lifestyles. They are also more conservative than the UK and are very patriotic.
Cornwall has a strong Protestant heritage, where Methodism is the main denomination. Nearly every village has at least one Methodist church: some small villages have more than one Methodist church and no church from any other denomination. It iscommon to be driving along a backroad and find a Methodist church in the middle of nowhere, with settlements in the vacinity other than a tiny hamlet witha couple of houses, still holding regular Sunday services with a good attendance.
Cornwall was a contributor to the Industrial Revolution, particularly for its tin mining, and has produced major writers, artists, scientists and musicians to current times. The Cornish are extremely proud of their history and heritage predating the arrival of the English Anglo-Saxons in Britain, and many Cornish people are loyal to Cornwall. You may even see some Cornish people wearing kilts and playing Cornish pipes at cultural and other gatherings, and Cornwall is recognised as a separate nation by many international organisations. One such popular organisation is Gorsedh Kernow and is aimed at promoting Cornish culture and festivals such as Gorsedd.
By train[ edit ]
Regular trains run on the main line from London Paddington (12 a day to Plymouth , taking 3 h; 8 a day all the way through Cornwall to Penzance taking 5 h) Bristol , Birmingham etc. to Plymouth , Truro and Penzance. There are also a few branch lines, the most useful linking St Ives to the main line at St Erth from Truro to Falmouth via Perranwell and Penryn, and from Newquay to Par. There is also an overnight sleeper train Sunday Friday nights to/from London Paddington and Penzance.
For services to London Paddington and local trains, First Great Western are the operator. For long distance services to the Midlands and the North, CrossCountry Trains operate. Bristol is served by both.
Train from London take about 3 hr 20 min to Plymouth and 5 hr 30 min to Penzance.
By car[ edit ]
Cornwall can be accessed by road via the A30 which starts at the end of the M5 at Exeter . Cornwall can also be accessed from the A38, crossing the Tamar River at Plymouth via the Tamar Bridge. From London, it is a 5-6 h drive. On Saturdays in July and August and the Easter bank holiday, weekend roads can be busy, but a new 7 mi stretch of dual carriageway at Goss Moor, near Bodmin, has helped to alleviate many of the long tail backs.
Newquay airport (NQY) is the main airport for Cornwall and has the following services:
Air Southwest - Bristol, Cork, Dublin, Glasgow-International, Grenoble (winter only), Leeds/Bradford, London-Gatwick, London-City, Manchester , Newcastle
By coach[ edit ]
Cornwall is served well by National Express coach services from London Victoria Coach Station (3 a day, taking 9 h) and other parts of the UK (Edinburgh - Glasgow - Penzance, 1 a day, taking 18 h).
Megabus [3] also run a daily service, taking 8 h from London Victoria Coach Station to Penzance and stopping at a few major towns in Cornwall. With ticket prices from £1, it is a very cheap option. The coaches are relatively comfortable, but expect them to be pretty much full so book early.
Get around[ edit ]
Several bus companies operate in Cornwall, the main one being First Bus. [4]
First Great Western [5] and CrossCountry [6] operate regular train services between the main centres of population. For train times and fares, visit National Rail Enquiries. [7]
Talk[ edit ]
Everybody in Cornwall speaks the English language as their native tongue. Centuries ago people were monolingual in Cornish, a Brythonic language closely related to Breton and Welsh. It survived as a first-language tongue until the 19th century. Dolly Pentreath of Mousehole, who died in 1777, was the last person thought to have been monolingual in Cornish. The publication of Henry Jenner's "Handbook of the Cornish Language" in 1904 caused a resurgence of interest in the Cornish language, and it is now increasingly used.
Several thousand Cornish people speak the language fluently, and several young people have grown up bilingual in both Cornish and English. Increasing areas of Cornwall have bilingual road signs in both English, and Cornish and there is a full-time language staff at Cornwall Council.
St. Michael's Mount lies offshore close to Penzance.
Ruins of Tintagel Castle
Cornwall boasts a large number of attractions for the traveller, many lying outside of cities and towns amidst the Cornish landscape:
Bude With a decent Atlantic swell, superb surfing on Bude's excellent beaches such as Summerleaze as well as nearby Widemouth bay and Crackington Haven. Smaller, friendlier, more laid back and less pretentious than its neighbours such as Padstow and Newquay, Bude has a mellow, relaxed feel that reflects its surfing heritage and culture. Good facilities too.
Bodmin Moor [8] Within the 208sq kilometres of the Moor, is King Arthur's Hall, a megalithic monument and Brown Willy, the highest point in Cornwall at 417 m (1,368 ft). Dozmary Pool is a small beautiful lake, linked with the Arthurian Legend. There is also a reputed Beast of the Moor, a phantom wild cat that haunts and stalks at night, similar in fantasy to the Loch Ness Monster.
The Eden Project, [9] . Open Every day all year except Christmas Eve and Christmas Day. 9AM 6PM (Last entry 4:30PM)). near St Austell - a fabulous collection of flora from all over the planet housed in two 'space age' transparent domes. edit
Land's End [10] - The extreme South-West, where Britain meets the Atlantic head on.
The Lost Gardens of Heligan [11] - 80 ac of stunning landscaped scenery with a huge complex of walled flower and vegetable gardens
Tintagel Castle - The legendary birthplace of the legendary King Arthur and seat of the kings of Cornwall. Earl Richard of Cornwall and King of the Romans built the present medieval castle at the site. Ongoing excavations are revealing a Cornish royal seat of the period 400 to 700 AD.
Minack Theatre - A outdoor theatre built, by hand, into the side of cliff over looking the ocean. Near the village of Porthcurno, the theatre includes a museum and offers tours when there are no performances.
The Tate St Ives [12] - One of the four Tate galleries in the UK with modern art.
The National Maritime Museum Falmouth [13] - Home of the National Maritime Museum's small boat collection and other exhibits.
Penlee House [14] - Home of the famous Newlyn School of Art.
Pencarrow House and Gardens [15] A large house near Wadebridge built in 1760 with extensive gardens.
Prideaux Place [16] - A large house near Padstow.
Theme parks[ edit ]
Cornwall's Crealy Great Adventure Park, Crealy Great Adventure Park, Tredinnick, Wadebridge, Cornwall, PL27 7RA, ☎ 01841 540 276, [17] . Great family days out at Cornwall's top theme park. edit
Cornish World, [18] . Combining shopping and leisure. Browse and shop at Cornish Market World while the children play at Kidzworld, Charlie's offers fun for young adults and The Kids' Academy is an Ofsted-approved nursery, preschool and holiday club. edit
National Trust Properties[ edit ]
Do[ edit ][ add listing ]
The South West Coast Path runs along the coastline of Britain’s south-west peninsula. The Cornish section is supposed to be the most scenic, particularly around Penwith and the Lizard. The trail takes walkers to busy towns, remote cliffs, beaches, heaths, farms and fishing villages. Walking along it is a great way to experience the region in all its variety.
The Camel Trail - An 18 mi off-road cycle-track following the scenic estuary of the river Camel.
Cornish Film Festival is held annually each November around Newquay.
Coasteering: Cornwall has many providers for what is the UK's fastest growing adventure activity. Grab a helmet, a wetsuit and prepare yourself as you swim, scramble and cliff-jump your way along stunning sections of the Cornish coast. There are many providers throughout the county.
Rock climbing - Some of the best rock climbing in the UK is found in Cornwall. From the stunning granite of West Cornwall to the treacherous sandstone of North Cornwall's Culm Coast, climbers have been attracted here for over a hundred years. Famous visiting climbers include George Mallory. There are many providers county-wide. [20]
Eat[ edit ][ add listing ]
Cornwall has become recently famous for its Michelin starred seafood resturants, with Jamie Oliver and Rick Stein opening swanky resturants here. There is arguably has the most distinct and finest cuisine of all Britian and a number of regional specialities,:
The Cornish Pasty - a semicircular pockets of soft or flakey pastry, usually filled with meat, turnip, onion and potatoes, with a crimped crust to hold whilst munching.
Cornish Ice Cream is distinctly yellowish in colour and rich in flavour, on account of high buttermilk content. Clotted cream is another product.
Cornish Cream Tea splits with clotted cream and jam or treacle washed down by a pot of tea (note that scones are more commonly employed in a Devon cream tea)
Cornish Gilliflower is a unique cultivar of apple found in a cottage garden in Truro in the early 19th century.
Cornish Caudle Chicken Pie
Figgy 'obbin - type of raisin cake.
Saffron Cake - fruit loaf flavoured with saffron, saffron being historically popular in Cornwall
Hevva Cake - lardy cake made with fruit
Hogs puddin is a spicy thick white sausage that is sliced and then grilled or fried.
Seafood includes crowled pilchards, salmon cake and fish cream stew.
Squab pie is a mutton pie with a shortcrust pastry lid. It should be made with at least one layer of onions, followed by alternating layers of sliced apples and mutton chops.
Star Gazey pie, a mixed fish, potato and egg dish with fish heads 'escaping'. The pie is cooked as part of traditional celebrations for Tom Bawcock's Eve but is not generally eaten at any other time.
Confectionery - in particular locally produced fudge, biscuits (called Fairings) and rock candy.
Yarg is a semi-hard cow's milk cheese made in Cornwall. Gevrik is a soft, full-fat goat's milk cheese.
Vegetarian food is easy to find in Cornwall; even in villages with just one pub, there is frequently a meatless option.
Cornwall has three main breweries whose priducts are available to drink in many pubs in Cornwall:
Skinners - Based in Truro. Tours of the brewery are available. [21]
Sharps - Based in Rock . There is a shop here. [22]
St Austell Brewery - Based in St Austell. There is a museum and a shop. [23]
Swanky beer is Australian-Cornish bottle-conditioned beer reintroduced from South Australia's Copper Triangle (which has one of the largest Cornish communities abroad) back to the homeland. Cider is also popular in the region.
Cornwall is also known for its production of mead wine (honey wine).
Because of its climate Cornwall has a number of vineyards, which produce decent wine not to be sniffed at.
Camel valley vineyard offers guided tours. [24]
Festivals[ edit ]
Note these festivals tend to not be public holidays, and not all are celebrated fully across Cornwall.
AberFest, a Celtic cultural festival celebrating "all things" Cornish and Breton that takes place every two years in Cornwall at Easter. The AberFest Festival alternates with the Breizh-Kernow Festival held in Brandivy and Bignan in (Breizh/Bretagne, France) on the alternate years.
Allantide (Cornish Kalan Gwav or Nos Kalan Gwav), a Cornish festival that was traditionally celebrated on 31 October elsewhere. Many of the Allantide traditions are celebrated in Penzance as part of the town's Apple Day celebrations that take place in late October. Bobbing for apples is traditional, and candy Gilliflower apples has become a recent edition for the kids.
Chewidden Thursday, a festival celebrated by the tin miners of West Cornwall on the last clear Thursday before (at least one week before) Christmas.
Furry Dance, also known as The Flora, takes place in Helston, one of the oldest British customs still practised today. The dance is very well attended every year and people travel from all over the world to see it.
Golowan - (sometimes also Goluan or Gol-Jowan), The Cornish language word for the Midsummer celebrations, which were widespread prior to the late 19th century and most popular in the Penwith area and in particular Penzance and Newlyn. The celebrations are conducted from 23 June (St John's Eve) to 28 June (St Peter's Eve) each year, St Peter's Eve being the more popular in Cornish fishing communities. The celebrations are centred on the lighting of bonfires and fireworks and the performance of associated rituals, and it has seen a resurgence with the neopagan movement. Some towns have a street parade during this period.
Guldize, an ancient harvest festival in Autumn, which involved the 'crying of the neck' ritual, where there would be chanting in the corn field. A revived Guldize celebration has been held in Penzance and several other locations across Cornwall.
Montol Festival, an annual heritage, arts and community festival in Penzance held between 16 and 22 December each year
Mummer's Day or "Darkie Day" as it is sometimes known, is an ancient Cornish midwinter celebration that occurs every year on Boxing Day and New Year's Day in Padstow. Now considered somewhat politically incorrect, as people will paint themselves black.
Nickanan Night, traditionally held on the Monday before Lent and sometimes called roguery night in West Cornwall, this event is an excuse for local youths to undertake acts of minor vandalism and play practical jokes on neighbours and family. The name Nickanan may come from the practice of knocking on doors and running away which is known as 'Nick Nack' in some parts of English speaking world. The eating of pea soup and salt bacon is also associated with this date.
Noze looan is a style of Cornish-Celtic dance, and associated music and events similar to the Breton Fest, Noz. Noze Looan is Late Cornish for "happy night".
'Obby 'Oss - held annually on May Day (1 May), mainly in Padstow, where there is large marching bands and traditional music. Attracts large crowds so show up early.
Royal Cornwall Show is an agricultural show organised by The Royal Cornwall Agricultural Association that takes place at the beginning of June each year, at Wadebridge in North Cornwall. The show lasts for three days and attracts approximately 120,000 visitors annually, making it one of Cornwall's major tourist attractions.
Picrous Day is celebrated by the tin miners of Cornwall on the second Thursday before Christmas. Luxulyan hosts a particular big party.
Shrove Tuesday Hurling - "Cornish hurling" or "silverball" (Cornish: Hyrlîan) is a medieval game once common throughout Cornwall but now played onlyin St Columb (Major) and St Ives . The St Columb's game takes place first on Pancake Day (usually in February) and then again on the Saturday eleven days later. The game involves two teams of several hundred people (the 'townsmen' and the 'countrymen') who endeavour to carry a silver ball made of apple wood to goals set roughly 2 mi (3 km) apart, making the parish the largest pitch for a ball game anywhere in the world. The annual St. Ives hurling match happens on Feast Monday each February (the feast is on the Sunday nearest to February 3). Hurling also survives as a traditional part of Beating the bounds at Bodmin, played on the Moor in years ending with a 0 or a 5.
St Piran's Day - (Cornish: Gool Peran) The national day of Cornwall, held on 5 March every year. There is large parties widespread across the whole of Cornwall, with people dressing in the black, white and silver national colours. St. Piran's flag represents Cornwall and is the patron saint of tinminers, the largest traditional industry of the county.
Tom Bawcock's Eve - O. 23 December, stargazey pies are traditionally consumed. In mythology, pies were seen bizarrarely as the reason that the devil stayed out of Cornwall.
Sleep[ edit ][ add listing ]
Cornwall boast a large range of tourist accommodation, ranging from 5-star luxury hotels to B&Bs, guest houses and hostels. There is also a large number of serviced holiday cottages that can be rented from anything from a long weekend to upwards of a month.
There are Tourist Information Centres (TICs) in most major towns, normally run by the local council and can check latest availability on the day to save having to phone round a number of B&Bs and guest houses. Note that they are unbiased and so express no opinion on accommodations other than giving its tourist board rating and facilities.
Stay safe[ edit ]
Visitors to Cornwall should at all times be aware of the unpredictable and dangerous nature of some of the tides and currents around the Cornish coast and seek advice from local lifeguards before swimming or surfing. It should also be noted that there is a small chance of getting great white or tiger sharks off the south coast, but it is very rare, and there have been no known attacks.
Be very alert when driving at night as some roads, especially the A39 in North Cornwall, contain sudden hairpin bends that are deceptively sharp and not illuminated by street lighting. There is also a risk of running over nocturnal wildlife. Use your headlights' full beam where possible, and err on the side of caution.
Newquay in the summer attracts tens of thousands of tourists, and that inevitably comes with increased crime in months of June, July and August. Particularly assault and muggings occur, usually at night, and often on some of Newquay's many beaches.
Crime rates are low in Cornwall, especially in Truro where crime is virtually non-existent. Occasionally, outsiders can attract attention in local pubs, but it is no worse than in other areas of the country.
Contact[ edit ]
If you are looking to use a mobile in Cornwall, it might be a good idea to purchase a local SIM card.
The main mobile networks are EE, Vodafone, Three and O2. However there are manyof mobile vitual network operators that use the infrastructure of those networks, often offerring plans tailored towards expatriate communities and tourists wishing to call abroad, the main players being LycaMobile, Lebara and giffgaff. Most SIM cards can be picked up in local shops, but giffgaff post only to the UK. [25]
If staying connected is a priority, you may want to compare the data speeds of the networks. OpenSignal provide London coverage maps.
| Land's End |
On a Monopoly board what makes up the set with Coventry Street and Leicester Square? | A Short History of Cornwall
A Short History of Cornwall
Stone Age
There were not many people here in the early Stone Age, but a drift across the land bridge from Europe brought settlers to Cornwall. The first stone tools found date from about 4500BC. There is the remains of a stone age settlement at Carn Brea near Redruth.
The name "Cornwall" comes from Cornovii, meaning hill dwellers, and Waelas, meaning strangers
There also exists many burial chambers from this period. Most of these have been damaged by weather or by man, but you can still see good example[le at Trethevy Quoit near St Cleer, Liskeard, and another at Chun Cromlech near Land's End
Bronze Age
Around 2500BC a trade started growing in tin and copper to foreign shores. The traders brought Bronze tools and gold ornaments to exchange for the minerals.
The remains of such Bronze Age villages can still be seen on Bodmin Moor and the West Penwith Uplands. Excavations have shown these peoples to be well organised, living in villages and practicing farming and metalworking.
The Celts
Around 1000 BC a near group of warrior like settlers arrived in Cornwall from Europe, these were the Celts. They brought with them knowledge of forging iron into weapons. These Celts are the ancestors of modern Cornwall. They lived in villages, farmed, mined for tin, copper, bronze and iron, smelted and worked the metal.
The best known of their Iron Age settlements is at Chysauster , near Penzance. Here the low stone walls, the grinding stones and the fireplaces still remain.
Most of their settlements were fortified against attack - hence many were on hilltops or on promontories that could be easily defended. Hence the word "Car" or "Caer" in Cornish place name from the Celtic "ker" meaning fort., and "Dinas" meaning hill.
Roman times
The Romans landed in Britain in 55BC, but they had very little influence in Cornwall. The last major Roman settlement in the west was at Exeter.The Tamar, the wild moors of Dartmoor, Exmoor and Bodmin Moor, plus the lack of safe ports effectively kept the Romans at bay. And the Roman presence kept other raiders way. The Cornish Celts were left much to themselves.
Middle Ages
When the Romans abandoned Britain, Cornwall came under Saxon influence, and following the Norman conquest, the first real integration of Cornwall into Britain took place. The whole of Cornwall was given to William's half brother, Robert. He made his headquarters at Launceston, where he built the castle to enforce his rule. Then for the next few hundred years Cornwall was rule by a succession of relatives of the Norman and Plantagenet kings.
The first Duke of Cornwall was Edward, the Black Prince, son of Edward III. Then there was a succession of rebellions through the middle ages.
1497, Perkin Warbeck landed near Sennan , claiming to be one of the Princes murdered in the tower, he was defeated in battle at Exeter. The Prayer Book Rebellion of 1549 against te imposition of the English Prayer book, saw many Cornishmen executed. There was the Spanish invasion at Mounts Bay in 1595.The Civil War between 1642-1649 led to a number of battles and sieges in Cornwall. And in 1685 there was the Monmouth Rebellion with its bloody aftermath.
Georgian & Victorian Age
The invention of the steam engine in the 18th century and its rapid development in the 19th, led to revolutional advances in mining. Engines could pump dry mines at a great depth, they could haul up ore and on the surface could
perform many of the jobs that previously had to be done by hand.. The Cornishman, Richard Trevithick, was one of the leaders in steam engine development. Mines were sunk deeper, ports had to be developed to get the ore out, and there was plenty of employment available in the mines. But by the middle of the 19th century vast deposits of tin and copper ore were found abroad, and deep, expense Cornish mines became uncompetitive. Cornish mines started a long downhill decline, and the last mines have now closed.
The permanent legacy is the Cornish communities that prospered in other countries, as many Cornish miners emigrated to take their mining skills to Australia, North and South America and South Africa. In Cornwall all that remains are the ruined engine houses with their massive granite walls and high brick chiminies
Modern Times
Mining has finished, the fish stocks are not what the were, Cornwall has little industry, but it has its scenery and the best climate in Britain. Miles of sandy beaches, coastal walks, open moorland and a benign climate that sees spring arriving early, and autumn lingering longer.
Hence tourism is the mainstay of the Cornish economy. As Cornwall tries hard to capitalise on it's geography, it is striving to attract visitors here all year round.
Cornwall Tourist Information Cornwall Calling front page
The hotel to stay at when visiting Cornwall is Corisande Manor Hotel, Cornwall find out more about it
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Where in the body is the pineal gland? | The Pineal Gland of the Endocrine System
Updated August 25, 2016.
Pineal Gland
The pineal gland is a small, pinecone shaped gland of the endocrine system . A structure of the diencephalon of the brain , the pineal gland produces the hormone melatonin. Melatonin influences sexual development and sleep-wake cycles. The pineal gland is composed of cells called pinealocytes and cells of the nervous system called glial cells . The pineal gland connects the endocrine system with the nervous system in that it converts nerve signals from the sympathetic system of the peripheral nervous system into hormone signals. Over time, calcium deposits build-up in the pineal and its accumulation often leads to calcification in the elderly.
Function
The pineal gland is involved in several functions of the body including:
Secretion of the Hormone Melatonin
Regulation of Endocrine Functions
Influences Sexual Development
Location
Directionally the pineal gland is situated between the cerebral hemispheres and attached to the third ventricle .
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It is located in the center of the brain.
Pineal Gland and Melatonin
Melatonin is produced within the pineal gland and synthesized from the neurotransmitter serotonin. Melatonin production is vital to the regulation of sleep-wake cycles and its production is determined by light and dark detection. The retina sends signals about light and dark detection to an area of the brain called the hypothalamus . These signals are eventually relayed to the pineal gland. The more light detected, the less melatonin produced and released into the blood . Melatonin levels are at their highest during the night and this promotes changes in the body that help us to sleep. Low levels of melatonin during daylight hours help us to stay awake.
Melatonin also influences the development of reproductive system structures. It inhibits the release of certain reproductive hormones from the pituitary gland that affect male and female reproductive organs. These pituitary hormones, known as gonadotropins, stimulate gonads to release sex hormones. Melatonin therefore regulates sexual development. In animals, melatonin plays a role in regulating mating seasons.
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Who played Bond Girl Domino Petachi in Never Say Never Again? | The Endocrine System, Hormones & Natural Alternatives -- Natural Health Newsletter
The Endocrine System, Hormones & Natural Alternatives | Natural Health Newsletter
Date: 05/31/2010 Written by: Jon Barron
© 1999-2017 The Baseline of Health Foundation
The Endocrine System: Hypothalamus, Pituitary, & Pineal Glands
Today, we begin our exploration of the endocrine system. In many ways, the endocrine system can be viewed as a partner, or complement, to the nervous system. Whereas the nervous system uses nerve impulses that last milliseconds to control short term events in the body, the endocrine system uses hormones that can sometimes take minutes, hours, or even days to take effect and control events. And sometimes those effects can last a lifetime.
Once you understand how important the endocrine system is in controlling every aspect of your life, from your moods to your sexuality to your energy levels to your ability to grow and be strong, you realize how important it is to keep it optimized. And yes, there are things you can do to keep it optimized.
Introduction
The endocrine system is comprised of a group of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the spaces surrounding their cells. From there, the bloodstream picks them up and circulates them throughout the body -- ultimately reaching the organ or cells designed to respond to a particular hormone. It is the ductless nature of the glands that defines them as part of the endocrine system. As for hormones, they are the body's chemical messengers that tell the body what to do…and when. Hormones produced by the endocrine system are necessary for normal growth and development, reproduction, and maintaining bodily functions (homeostasis). In humans, the major endocrine glands are the hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, the ovaries, and the testes.
Secretion of hormones in the endocrine system is controlled either by regulators in a particular gland that detect high or low levels of a biochemical and inhibit or stimulate secretion or by a complex mechanism involving the brain, the hypothalamus, and the pituitary.
It should be noted again that the nervous system and the endocrine system are complementary -- both in terms of form and function. Both systems share a primary function of coordinating the activities of the body's many systems. For example, the nervous system tells muscles when to contract and relax, whereas adrenalin tells the body how to respond to stress or threats. The primary difference is that nerve impulses execute their effect in milliseconds…and the effects tend to be short-lived. The endocrine system, on the other hand, takes substantially longer for hormones to wend their way from the gland that produces them, through the bloodstream, and ultimately to the organ or cells where they take effect. In addition, the actions of hormones are much longer lasting than the milliseconds of nerve impulses. Another way of putting this is to say that the nervous system directs the body's short term responses, whereas the endocrine system directs the body's longer term responses.
One other point of note is that both systems are mutually interconnected. For example, when the nervous system needs to control things longer term, it acts through the endocrine system by stimulating the release or inhibition of hormones themselves from the endocrine organs. On the other hand, adrenalin, released by the adrenal glands, acts upon the brain to stimulate the fight or flight response.
General definitions
Before we continue, we need to lock down some important definitions.
As mentioned above, endocrine glands (endo = "within") are glands that secrete directly into the spaces around the cells and whose products are picked up and circulated by the bloodstream.
In contrast to the endocrine glands are the exocrine glands (exo = "out", krinein = "to secrete"). Unlike endocrine glands, exocrine glands secrete into ducts, which in turn, carry the secretions out of the glands and into the lumens (the inner cavities of a tubular organ such as blood vessels and the intestinal tract) or other body cavities or even out of the body. By an overwhelming majority, most glands in the body are exocrine glands, and most exocrine glands secrete their "products" outside of the body. These include sweat, oil, and mammary glands. (We will not be discussing the exocrine glands in this particular series of newsletters.)
The endocrine system includes some organs that are wholly endocrine in function such as the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, and pineal gland. (It is these glands in particular, along with the pancreas, that will be the focus of this series of newsletters.)
Endocrine organs that have other functions as well as endocrine functions include the pancreas, liver, ovaries, stomach, hypothalamus of the brain, small intestine, kidneys, testes, and placenta. These are compound glands/organs. (Most of these will be covered when we explore their other functions.)
Endocrine gland locations
The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal gland are located in the brain.
The thyroid gland is located in the neck, with the four parathyroid glands situated behind it.
The thymus is in the chest (will be covered when we discuss the immune system).
The adrenal (AKA the supraneal) glands lie on top of the kidneys.
The pancreas, stomach, ovaries, and testes are located in and beneath the abdominal cavity and have multiple functions -- some of which include endocrine functions.
Hormones
As we mentioned earlier, the endocrine system releases chemical messengers called hormones (hormone = "urge on"), which act on other organs in different parts of the body. Effectively, hormones are the body's chemical messenger system -- they tell the body what to do and when. Some hormones promote or inhibit nerve impulses, while others (epinephrine and norepinephrine, for example) may act as neurotransmitters themselves in certain parts of the body. Then again, these hormones act as hormones (rather than as neurotransmitters) in other places. (This will be much easier to understand when we explore the adrenal glands in a subsequent newsletter.)
Also, as we mentioned earlier, hormones may take seconds, minutes, or hours to work their effects, and their duration of action may be short- or long-lived. How long?
Consider that once estrogen tells a fetus to become a girl, the effect lasts an entire lifetime -- unless a doctor intervenes at some point. In general, though, hormones regulate growth, development, reproduction, metabolism, mood, and tissue function.
General properties of hormones
Although they may reach all the cells of the body via the bloodstream, each of the 50+ hormones in the human body affects only a tiny handful of very specific cells. This selectivity is key to the functioning of the endocrine system. How is it accomplished?
Target cells contain highly specific receptors, which are surface glycoproteins (proteins which include a carbohydrate and a simple protein).
The geometry of the glycoprotein molecules allows only for very specific hormones to attach to the receptor in the target cell surface. Think of it as a lock and key mechanism. Exceptions include:
Chemical mimics such as xenoestrogens (petroleum-based hormone lookalikes) and synthetic growth hormones in meat, etc. -- which can be potent in amounts as small as a billionth of a gram. These are never good.
Plant mimics such as phytoestrogens consumed in the diet or in supplements, which can fill receptor sites, making them unavailable to the stronger natural hormones (or chemical mimics for that matter) in the human body. This effect can often be used to advantage to tone down overly strong hormonal responses in the human body.
Each target cell has up to 100,000 receptors for a given hormone. When there is an excess of that hormone, the number of receptors decreases, reducing sensitivity. This reduction of sensitivity is known as "down regulation." Also, as just explained, chemical and phyto mimics can fill receptor sites on a cell making those sites unavailable to the actual hormones -- thus down regulating the cell. Or in the case of some chemical mimics, up regulating them. (Note: cells contain receptors for multiple hormones, not to mention neuropeptides produced by the brain, and other kinds of receptors too. Thus a single cell may actually have millions of receptor sites on its surface.)
If an abnormally low number of hormone molecules is circulating, the number of receptor sites on individual cells will increase to raise the level of sensitivity and thus compensate. This is known as "up regulation."
Locally acting hormones:
These hormones do not enter the general circulation. There are two types -- one of which, in particular, is of special concern to us.
Paracrine hormones (para = "near") act on cells next to the secreting cells without entering the bloodstream -- just passing through the interstitial fluid between cells.
Autocrine hormones (auto = "self") act on the cell that secreted them. These can play a critical role in terms of our health. Cancer cells use autocrine signaling to trigger growth. This means that cancer cells are autonomous. They don't take orders from other cells in the body. They tell themselves what to do. That's one of their features that makes them so dangerous.
Now that we have a basic understanding of what the endocrine system is, what it does, and how it works, let's start making our way down through the body and begin by taking a look at the three endocrine glands in the human brain: the hypothalamus, the pituitary, and the pineal glands.
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is located below the thalamus and posterior to the optic chiasm . In humans, the hypothalamus is roughly the size of an almond. But within that small size, it contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions. One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus actually controls the pituitary gland; and it integrates many messages from parts of the brain based on feedback from all over the body and tells the pituitary what to do.
Communication between the hypothalamus and the pituitary is effected through a portal blood capillary system, which connects the two glands over a very short distance. This provides a direct venous to venous connection. The advantage of this type of direct connection is that a portal flow allows blood-borne molecules from the hypothalamus to act on the pituitary before they are diluted with the blood in larger vessels, thus it takes very, very few molecules to direct the pituitary.
The hypothalamus synthesizes and secretes neurohormones, often called hypothalamic-releasing hormones, and these in turn stimulate or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones. Among other things, the hypothalamus, through its action on the pituitary, controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, childbirth, emotions, growth, milk production, salt and water balance, sleep, weight, and circadian cycles. It is responsive to light (the length of the day for regulating both daily circadian and seasonal rhythms). It is also responsive to olfactory stimuli (including pheromones), steroids, neurally transmitted information (from the heart, stomach, and reproductive system, stress, changes in body temperature caused by infection, and blood-borne stimuli (including leptin and ghrelin (appetite regulating hormones), angiotensin, insulin, pituitary hormones, cytokines, and glucose, etc.)
For the most part, the hypothalamus functions pretty much problem free for the vast majority of people. However, any of the following can cause it to malfunction: anorexia, bulimia, malnutrition, too much iron, bleeding, head traumas, infections, inflammation, genetic disorders, tumors, radiation, and surgery.
Pituitary gland
At one time, the pituitary gland, also called the hypophysis, was once thought to be the "master gland" that controlled all the other endocrine glands. But, as mentioned above, we have since learned that the hypothalamus actually controls the pituitary gland; and it integrates many messages from parts of the brain based on feedback from all over the body and tells the pituitary what to do. In any case, the two glands are tightly integrated. Together, they regulate all processes having to do with primitive reactions, such as stress, rage, flight, body temperature, thirst, hunger, sexual activity, and survival in general. And between them, they secrete 16 hormones.
The pituitary is about 1 cm in diameter, and it lies in the sella turcica ("Turkish saddle") at the base of the brain, directly behind the optic chiasm. It is divided into two embryologically and functionally different parts: the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary. Embryologically refers to what tissue the gland developed "out of" starting as an embryo. The anterior pituitary evolved anatomically up from the floor of the mouth. The posterior pituitary, on the other hand, evolved downward from the base of the brain. In fact, the two parts of the pituitary don't even talk to each other.
Anterior pituitary
The anterior pituitary gland is also called the adenohypophysis, and it makes up 75% of the pituitary gland -- the remaining 25% belonging to the posterior pituitary. Seven releasing hormones (including growth-hormone-releasing hormone and growth-hormone-inhibiting hormone) are secreted by the hypothalamus and are responsible for the release or inhibition of the anterior pituitary hormones. They are generally controlled by negative feedback mechanisms.
Once triggered by the hypothalamus, hormones released by the anterior pituitary flow into the general circulation for action in far parts of the body. Like the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary hormones are also controlled by negative feedback from the brain and the target organ. That is, when the target organ responds to the activating hormone from the pituitary, it will release its own hormone back into the blood, which will travel back to the brain through the circulatory system, which in turn triggers the hypothalamus to turn off production of the stimulating hormone in the anterior pituitary. For example, the pituitary stimulates the thyroid to release thyroid hormones, which travel throughout the bloodstream stimulating metabolism in select parts of the body as required. Through the negative feedback loop, the brain learns that the metabolism has been activated enough (in other words, that enough thyroid hormones have been released) and tells the hypothalamus/pituitary to stop stimulating the thyroid. This completes the negative feedback loop.
Principal anterior pituitary hormones
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones, which tend to upregulate metabolism.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) together stimulate the release of estrogen and progesterone, which cause the maturation of ova in the female and sperm cells in the male, as well as the release of testosterone.
Prolactin (PL) stimulates the production of milk by the breasts. As a side note, prolactin can cross the placenta-blood barrier, causing "witch's milk," or milk production from a baby's nipples.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the release of adrenal cortical hormones by the adrenal glands.
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) causes increased skin pigmentation.
Human growth hormone (hGH, or somatotropin) stimulates body growth and regulates metabolic processes. High hGH increases the growth of the skeleton during childhood, and it maintains muscle and skeletal size in the adult. Since hGH is probably the best known hormone produced by the pituitary -- and in the news constantly because of its illegal use among amateur and professional athletes looking for a competitive edge -- let's take a look at this particular hormone in a little more detail.
Human Growth Hormone
The rejuvenating powers of growth hormone (GH) are no secret to the wealthy and professional athletes: for the last 30-40 years, GH has been available from doctors, requires two injections a day, and costs up to $1,800 a month. Over the last few years, however, several alternatives for the rest of us have become available. And while I could never recommend the injections (for a variety of reasons), I can endorse the alternatives. Many fantastic claims are made for the effects of growth hormone, even claims of "almost" eternal youth. Would that it were so! Although the effects are more subtle for most people, they are nevertheless wide ranging:
Fat loss (14 percent on average after six months, without dieting)
Elimination of cellulite
Higher energy levels and enhanced sexual performance
Regrowth of heart, liver, spleen, kidneys, and other organs that shrink with
age
Greater heart output and lowered blood pressure
Improved cholesterol profile, with higher HDL ("good") cholesterol and
lower LDL ("bad") cholesterol
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Which band sang the title song to The World Is Not Enough? | The World Is Not Enough (song) | James Bond Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
The World Is Not Enough
The World Is Not Enough (song)
2,128pages on
The World Is Not Enough is the theme song of the Bond film of the same name. It was written by David Arnold and Don Black. The song was performed by the American alternative rock band Garbage .
Lyrics
I know how to hurt,
I know how to heal,
I know what to show,
and what to conceal,
I know when to talk,
and I know when to touch,
no one ever died from wanting too much.
The world is not enough,
but it is such a perfect place to start my love,
and if you're strong enough,
together we can take the world apart my love.
People like us,
there's no point in living,
If you can't feel alive,
we know when to kiss,
and we know when to kill,
If we can't have it all, then nobody will.
The world is not enough,
but it is such a perfect place to start my love,
and if you're strong enough,
together we can take the world apart my love.
I feel safe,
| Municipal solid waste |
In which movie did Bond first drive an Aston Martin DB5? | James Bond Movie Theme Songs List — 22 Ranked From Worst to Best - Movieline
Movieline
Bond at 50 || By: John Jarzemsky || September 26, 2012 05:26 PM EST
For Your Ears Only − Ranking The 22 Bond Theme Songs From Worst − Sorry Jack and Alicia! − To Best
Comments: 34 || Add Yours
Despite the silliness, sexism, and let’s face it, more than a handful of bad movies, James Bond has endured as a franchise for 50 years because deep down inside, all of us, at one time, wanted to be spies, and as anyone living vicariously through the movies knows, a good spy needs a great theme song. For better or for worse, presented below are all 22 James Bond title songs and sequences, ranked in order from worst to best. Get your martinis and Walthers ready, ladies and gentlemen…
22. Quantum of Solace
I’ve got nothing against Jack White or Alicia Keys , but yikes. This sort of mash-up is just not what James Bond is about. The grating production and completely asynchronous arrangement would be irritating as a standalone song: in a Bond film it’s borderline insulting. The visuals aren’t too great either, and look like some sort of digitally upgraded B-roll from The Mummy Returns.
21. Die Another Day
Fans said goodbye to Pierce Brosnan in 2002, and it’s hard to determine exactly how
many films he overstayed his welcome by. Rest assured, however, that Die Another
Day will go down in history as one of the worst Bond films of the modern era, and
the cookie-cutter, auto-tuned, glitchy mess of a title track by Madonna (speaking
of stars who overstayed their welcome…) isn’t going to be fondly remembered any
time soon, either.
20. The World Is Not Enough
It’s hard to tell when performers began hoping a James Bond film would get them
exposure rather than the other way around, but it’s safe to bet that it was well
before Garbage performed the title track to 1999’s The World is Not Enough, since
I imagine the bulk of kids in the theater went “who?” when the phrase “title song
performed by Garbage” flashed across the screen. Still, the song is serviceable, and
the sequence impressively slick.
Ugh. Poor Shirley Bassey deserved better than this. After having her name attached
to one certifiably classic and one so-so Bond film, Moonraker had to go and mess
with the program. Clearly the producers insisted that Bassey drop the completely
unmusical phrase “Moonraker” somewhere into the track, and it’s laughably bad. I
would have just turned in a new cut of Goldfinger with the titles swapped out, but that’s why I’m not in charge of such things.
18. For Your Eyes Only
This song and sequence are notable only because they ushered James Bond into
the 1980s with plenty of appropriate glam and glitter, and because Sheena Easton
appeared in the opening sequence. Otherwise there’s not much else to say.
17. The Living Daylights
Remember A-Ha, better known as “that Norwegian band who did Take on Me”? Well, they had another hit song two years after their award-winner: the theme to Timothy Dalton’s on-screen debut as James Bond. It’s a nice synthed-out dance number, perfect for 1980s 007, but the visuals look like the director just turned on the camera, told the naked girls to writhe around, and then went to lunch. A little effort, people! (Bonus factoid: Joe Don Baker appears in this film, many years before his turn as a CIA operative in Goldeneye).
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Who plays the Duke of Dunstable in the new series of Blandings on BBC1? | Blandings, TV review | The Independent
Blandings, TV review
Monday 17 February 2014 00:01 BST
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The Independent Culture
Blandings Castle, the fictional seat of Lord Emsworth (Timothy Spall), is much more the sort of building of which Prince Charles would approve, and Blandings, which started a second series on BBC1 last night, is much more the sort of Sunday programming we’re used to.
But if you must wind down with nostalgic mush populated by aristocratic nitwits, at least let these nitwits be the creations of PG Wodehouse.
This episode began with a red-faced Duke of Dunstable (Harry Enfield) roaring through the house, while brandishing a poker. My reaction was similar when I discovered that The Fast Show’s Mark Williams, who played the butler, Beach, in series one, had been replaced with stand-up Tim Vine.
Still, even minus Williams, Blandings is a lot of fun. Enfield doing his Cholmondley-Warner on steroids was just one of the several guest stars we’re promised. Mathew Baynton also turned up as an unsuitable suitor to Dunstable’s niece, and this forbidden match led, in a roundabout Wodehousian way, to an attempt to have Emsworth committed. Even among English eccentrics, entering one’s prize pig in the Epsom Derby is considered outré.
As ever, it was the butler’s discreet intervention that saved the day. Blandings is set in 1929, but Beach/Vine’s scheme hinged on a reference to the 1944 film To Have and Have Not: “You know how to whistle, don’t you?” he asked Freddie. “Yes, yes. You blow and then you put your lips together.” Rest assured such glaring anachronisms would never have been permitted at Blandings in Mark Williams’s day.
| Harry Enfield |
Which Roman God was the father of Romulus and Remus? | Blandings; Bunkers, Brutalism and Bloodymindedness: Concrete Poetry – TV review | Television & radio | The Guardian
Blandings; Bunkers, Brutalism and Bloodymindedness: Concrete Poetry – TV review
The spirit of Wodehouse is alive in a delightfully silly piece of comic frippery
Freddie, Lord Clarence Emsworth, Connie, Beach and the Empress in Blandings.
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Initially I was unsure about Timothy Spall as Lord Emsworth in Blandings (BBC1, Sunday). Befuddled and bumbling, sure, but is Spall toff enough, I wondered? All worries allayed, he has successfully stumbled up the social hierarchy. Spall makes a brilliant and utterly convincing crumbling aristocrat. Here he is, in this second series opener, soliloquising away to his beloved pig. The two of them – Clarence and the Empress – get harder and harder to tell apart, don't you think?
The Duke of Dunstable – Harry Enfield, magnificent under full sail – is staying at Blandings Castle, and that's a problem. He is, as Clarence says, an appalling man, bellowing about like a mastodon with a hernia. He gets enraged, especially by whistling and anything to do with Scotland (it's not really working out between him and Angus McAllister, the whistling Scots gardener), and he smashes things.
The duke is also furious that his niece Linda has fallen in love with a creeping pustule called Pongo Twistleton. And not just a creeping pustule but a poor creeping pustule, "an imbecile who looks at my ward and says to himself: 'toot toot, gravy train, here comes Uncle Alaric's cash'." (So many good names to be found in PG Wodehouse. We're pondering boys' names a bit in my own castle, as it happens, and I'm thinking both Alaric and Pongo would work very nicely. Or Roderick, or Clarence.)
Toot toot, here comes Freddie Threepwood (Jack Farthing, who, despite being surrounded by funny people being funny, stole the entire first series with his hilariousness, and shows no sign of letting up here). Freddie hatches a plan, which involves Pongo the pustule impersonating Sir Roderick Glossop, the loony doctor (everyone is attempting to have everyone else committed to the funny farm).
The plan, though well intentioned (love is behind it), doesn't go smoothly, perhaps not so surprisingly. Linda's attempt to hide from her uncle behind an alpaca is unsuccessful, the duke gets crosser and crosser, especially when he hears The Bonnie Bonnie Banks o' Loch Lomond being whistled outside his window, and it all ends with a mass egging. And then the real Sir Roderick Glossop arrives.
It's terribly silly. Of course it is: it's based on Wodehouse. It's also crisp and sharp, with lovely performances all over the shop. A delightful piece of comic frippery that keeps well within the parameters of PGW's spirit. Herm hah. (That's me, not giggling like a ruddy female, but laughing like a man, to indicate something is amusing, obviously).
Also cross, but in a very different way to the Duke of Dunstable, is Jonathan Meades in Bunkers, Brutalism and Bloodymindedness: Concrete Poetry (BBC4, Sunday). In this first part (of two), he is looking at brutalism's foundations – the martial structures of the war, modern gothic before, further back still to the prison etchings of Piranesi and the charmlessness of John Vanbrugh.
Meades is cross with the people who say buildings should be pretty, reassuring, unthreatening. We don't expect paintings or novels or films to be pretty (well, some people do actually, Jonathan, but they're not worth worrying about); why should buildings be? Nightmares are more captivating than sweet dreams, more memorable.
And he's cross with focus groups, the consensus, and oafish elected representatives who are responsible for the "new" housing developments that look with feeble nostalgia to the past and that have popped out like skin disease around the outskirts of virtually every town in the country.
Meades is not demonstrative with his crossness; it's hidden behind his deadpan inscrutability and his permanent sunnies. But it's all there, the withering disdain, in the words. It's all about the words. At a time when presenters are throwing themselves around more and more ridiculously, waving their arms in the air, marching towards you, waltzing with the bloody camera, it's such a refreshing delivery. It also makes you listen. (Actually, I would like to see Meades swinging on a giant wrecking ball, naked obviously, bashing down Barratt developments, but I don't think that's his style.)
I also find myself agreeing with just about all of them – the words – even though some (OK, quite a lot) I have to look up in the dictionary. And it's not all negative, withering and cross; it's also a beautiful paean to concrete and scale and ambition, to architecture as art. Lots more of that to come in the second part, I imagine. Excited.
Average viewer watched three hours and 55 minutes of TV a day in 2013, but only three minutes on mobile devices, figures reveal. By Mark Sweney
Published: 16 Feb 2014
As C4's controversial police drama airs tonight, a former senior officer at the Met talks about his role as adviser
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What is the most common element in the human body after oxygen? | Elemental Composition of the Human Body
Elemental Composition of the Human Body
Elemental Composition of the Human Body
Elements in the Human Body
By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.
Here's a look at the chemical composition of the human body, including element abundance and how each element is used. Elements are listed in order of decreasing abundance, with the most common element (by mass) listed first. Approximately 96% of body weight consists of only four elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chlorine, and sulfur are macronutrients or elements the body needs in a significant amount.
Liquid oxygen in an unsilvered dewar flask. Liquid oxygen is blue. Warwick Hillier, Australia National University, Canberra
1. Oxygen
By mass, oxygen is the most abundant element in the human body. If you think about it, this makes sense, since most of the body consists of water or H2O. Oxygen accounts for 61-65% of the mass of the human body. Even though there are many more atoms of hydrogen in your body than oxygen, each oxygen atom is 16 times more massive than a hydrogen atom.
Oxygen is used for cellular respiration. More »
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Photograph of graphite, one of the forms of elemental carbon. U.S. Geological Survey
All living organisms contain carbon, which forms the basis for all of the organic molecules in the body. Carbon is the second most abundant element in the human body, accounting for 18% of body weight.
Uses
All organic molecules (fats, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids) contain carbon. Carbon also is found as carbon dioxide or CO2. You inhale air that contains about 20% oxygen. Air you exhale contains much less oxygen, but is rich in carbon dioxide. More »
This is a vial containing ultrapure hydrogen gas. Hydrogen is a colorless gas that glows violet when ionized. Wikipedia Creative Commons License
Hydrogen accounts for 10% of the mass of the human body.
Uses
Since around 60% of your body weight is water, much of the hydrogen exists in water, which functions to transport nutrients, remove wastes, lubricate organs and joints, and regulate body temperature. Hydrogen is also important in energy production and use. The H+ ion can be used as a hydrogen ion or proton pump to produce ATP and regulate numerous chemical reactions. All organic molecules contain hydrogen in addition to carbon. More »
This is a photo of liquid nitrogen being poured from a dewar. Cory Doctorow
Approximately 3% of the mass of the human body is nitrogen.
Uses
Proteins, nucleic acids, and other organic molecules contain nitrogen. Nitrogen gas is found in the lungs, since the primary gas in air is nitrogen. More »
Calcium is a metal. It readily oxidizes in air. Because it makes up such a large part of the skeleton, about one-third of the mass of human body comes from calcium, after water has been removed. Tomihahndorf, Creative Commons License
Calcium accounts for 1.5% of human body weight.
Uses
Calcium is used to give the skeletal system its rigidity and strength. Calcium is found in bones and teeth. The Ca2+ ion is important for muscle function. More »
White phosphorus powder glows green in the presence of oxygen. Although the term "phosphorescence" refers to phosphorus, the glow of white phosphorus as it oxidizes is really a form of chemiluminescence. Luc Viatour, Creative Commons License
About 1.2% to 1.5% of your body consists of phosphorus.
Uses
Phosphorus is important for bone structure and is part of the primary energy molecule in the body, ATP or adenosine triphosphate. Most of the phosphorus in the body is in the bones and teeth. More »
These are chunks of potassium metal. Potassium is a soft, silvery-white metal that quickly oxidizes. Dnn87, Creative Commons License
Potassium makes up 0.2% to 0.35% of the adult human body.
Uses
Potassium is an important mineral in all cells. It functions as an electrolyte and is particularly important for conducting electrical impulses and for muscle contraction. More »
This is a sample of pure sulfur, a yellow nonmetallic element. Ben Mills
Sulfur's abundance is 0.20% to 0.25% in the human body.
Uses
Sulfur is an important component of amino acids and proteins. It's present in keratin, which forms skin, hair, and nails. It's also needed for cellular respiration, allowing cells to use oxygen. More »
Approximately 0.10% to 0.15% of your body mass is the element sodium.
Uses
Sodium is an important electrolyte in the body. It is an important component of cellular fluids and is needed for the transmission of nerve impulses. It helps regulate fluid volume, temperature, and blood pressure. More »
Crystals of elemental magnesium, produced using the Pidgeon process of vapor deposition. Warut Roonguthai
The metal magnesium comprises about 0.05% of human body weight.
Uses
About half of the body's magnesium is found in the bones. Magnesium is important for numerous biochemical reactions. It helps regulate heart beat, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels. It is used in protein synthesis and metabolism. It is needed to support proper immune system, muscle, and nerve function. More »
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Where is the ‘benthic zone’? | Oxygen | Define Oxygen at Dictionary.com
oxygen
[ok-si-juh n] /ˈɒk sɪ dʒən/
Spell
noun, Chemistry.
1.
a colorless, odorless, gaseous element constituting about one-fifth of the volume of the atmosphere and present in a combined state in nature. It is the supporter of combustion in air and was the standard of atomic, combining, and molecular weights until 1961, when carbon 12 became the new standard. Symbol: O; atomic weight: 15.9994; atomic number: 8; density: 1.4290 g/l at 0°C and 760 mm pressure.
Origin of oxygen
1780-90; < French oxygène, equivalent to oxy- oxy- 1 + -gène -gen
Related forms
[ok-si-jen-ik] /ˌɒk sɪˈdʒɛn ɪk/ (Show IPA), oxygenous
[ok-sij-uh-nuh s] /ɒkˈsɪdʒ ə nəs/ (Show IPA), adjective
oxygenicity
[ok-si-juh-nis-i-tee] /ˌɒk sɪ dʒəˈnɪs ɪ ti/ (Show IPA), noun
Dictionary.com Unabridged
Examples from the Web for oxygen
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Contemporary Examples
The answer lies in polyphenol oxidase, an enzyme that combines with oxygen to speed up cellular decomposition.
Aether and Gravitation William George Hooper
It is as though one were to wish a fish to live out of water, or a mammal in an atmosphere containing no oxygen.
British Dictionary definitions for oxygen
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noun
1.
a colourless odourless highly reactive gaseous element: the most abundant element in the earth's crust (49.2 per cent). It is essential for aerobic respiration and almost all combustion and is widely used in industry. Symbol: O; atomic no: 8; atomic wt: 15.9994; valency: 2; density: 1.429 kg/m³; melting pt: –218.79°C; boiling pt: –182.97°C
(as modifier): an oxygen mask
Derived Forms
oxygenic (ˌɒksɪˈdʒɛnɪk), oxygenous (ɒkˈsɪdʒɪnəs) adjective
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Word Origin and History for oxygen
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n.
gaseous chemical element, 1790, from French oxygène, coined in 1777 by French chemist Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794), from Greek oxys "sharp, acid" (see acrid ) + French -gène "something that produces" (from Greek -genes "formation, creation;" see -gen ).
Intended to mean "acidifying (principle)," it was a Greeking of French principe acidifiant. So called because oxygen was then considered essential in the formation of acids (it is now known not to be). The element was isolated by Priestley (1774), who, using the old model of chemistry, called it dephlogisticated air. The downfall of the phlogiston theory required a new name, which Lavoisier provided.
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
oxygen ox·y·gen (ŏk'sĭ-jən)
n.
Symbol O
An element constituting 21 percent of the atmosphere by volume that occurs as a diatomic gas, O2, combines with most elements, is essential for plant and animal respiration, and is required for nearly all combustion. Atomic number 8; atomic weight 15.9994; melting point -218.8°C; boiling point -183.0°C; gas density at 0°C 1.429 grams per liter; valence 2.
A medicinal gas containing not less than 99.0 percent, by volume, of O2.
The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary
Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
(ŏk'sĭ-jən)
Symbol O
A nonmetallic element that exists in its free form as a colorless, odorless gas and makes up about 21 percent of the Earth's atmosphere. It is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust and occurs in many compounds, including water, carbon dioxide, and iron ore. Oxygen combines with most elements, is required for combustion, and is essential for life in most organisms. Atomic number 8; atomic weight 15.9994; melting point -218.4°C; boiling point -183.0°C; gas density at 0°C 1.429 grams per liter; valence 2. See Periodic Table .
Our Living Language : In 1786, the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier coined a term for the element oxygen (oxygène in French). He used Greek words for the coinage: oxy- means "sharp," and -gen means "producing." Oxygen was called the "sharp-producing" element because it was thought to be essential for making acids. Lavoisier also coined the name of the element hydrogen, the "water-producing" element, in 1788. Soon after, in 1791, another French chemist, J. A. Chaptal, introduced the word nitrogen, the "niter-producing" element, referring to its discovery from an analysis of nitric acid.
The American Heritage® Science Dictionary
Copyright © 2002. Published by Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.
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Which type of thermometer is used for measuring very high temperatures? | Measuring Temperature
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A thermocouple is a junction formed from two dissimilar metals. Actually, it is a pair of junctions. One at a reference temperature (like 0 oC) and the other junction at the temperature to be measured. A temperature difference will cause a voltage to be developed that is temperature dependent. (That voltage is caused by something called the Seebeck effect.) Thermocouples are widely used for temperature measurement because they are inexpensive, rugged and reliable, and they can be used over a wide temperature range. In particular, other temperature sensors (like thermistors and LM35 sensors) are useful around room temperature, but the thermocouple can
The Thermocouple
They are rugged and reliable.
They can be used over a wide temperature range.
What Does A Thermocouple Look Like?
Here it is. Note the two wires (of two different metals) joined in the junction.
What does a thermocouple do? How does it work?
The junction of two dissimilar metals produces a temperature dependent voltage.
For a better description of how it works, click here .
How Do You Use A Thermocouple?
You measure the voltage the thermocouple produces, and convert that voltage to a temperature reading.
It may be best to do the conversion digitally because the conversion can be fairly nonlinear.
Things You Need To Know About Thermocouples
A junction between two dissimilar metals produces a voltage.
In the thermocouple, the sensing junction - produces a voltage that depends upon temperature.
Where the thermocouple connects to instrumentation - copper wires? - you have two more junctions and they also produce a temperature dependent voltage. Those junctions are shown inside the yellow oval.
When you use a thermocouple, you need to ensure that the connections are at some standard temperature, or you need to use an electronically compensated system that takes those voltages into account. If your thermocouple is connected to a data acquisition system, then chances are good that you have an electronically compensated system.
Once we obtain a reading from a voltmeter, the measured voltage has to be converted to temperature. The temperature is usually expressed as a polynomial function of the measured voltage. Sometimes it is possible to get a decent linear approximation over a limited temperature range.
There are two ways to convert the measured voltage to a temperature reading.
Measure the voltage and let the operator do the calculations.
Use the measured voltage as an input to a conversion circuit - either analog or digital.
Let us look at some other types of base-metal thermocouples. Type T thermocouples are widely used as are type K and Type N.
Type K (Ni-Cr/Ni-Al) thermocouples are also widely used in the industry. It has high thermopower and good resistance to oxidation. The operating temperature range of a Type K thermocouple is from -269 oC to +1260 oC. However, this thermocouple performs rather poorly in reducing atmospheres.
Type T (Cu/Cu-Ni) thermocouples can be used in oxidizing of inert atmospheres over the temperature range of -250 oC to +850 oC. In reducing or mildly oxidizing environments, it is possible to use the thermocouple up to nearly +1000 oC.
Type N (Nicrosil/Nisil) thermocouples are designed to be used in industrial environments of temperatures up to +1200 oC.
A polynomial equation used to convert thermocouple voltage to temperature (oC) over a wide range of temperatures. We can write the polynomial as:
The coefficients, an are tabulated in many places. Here are the NBS polynomial coefficients for a type K thermocouple. (Source: T. J. Quinn, Temperature , Academic Press Inc.,1990)
-6.33708x1013
What If The Surrounding Temperature Exceeds Limits?
There are really no thermocouples that can withstand oxidizing atmospheres for temperatures above the upper limit of the platinum-rhodium type thermocouples. We cannot, therefore, measure temperature in such high temperature conditions.
Other options for measuring extremely high temperatures are radiation or the noise pyrometer. For non-oxidizing atmospheres, tungsten-rhenium based thermocouples shows good performance up to +2750 oC. They can be used, for a short period, in temperatures up to +3000 oC.
The selection of the types of thermocouple used for low temperature sensing is primarily based on materials of a thermocouple. In addition, thermopower at low temperatue is rather low, so measurement of EMF will be proportionally small as well.
More Facts On Various Thermocouple Types
A variety of thermocouples today cover a range of temperature from -250 oC to +3000 oC. The different types of thermocouple are given letter designations: B, E, J, K, R, S, T and N
Types R,S and B are noble metal thermocouples that are used to measure high temperature. Within their temperature range, they can operate for a longer period of time under an oxidizing environment.
Type S and type R thermocouples are made up of platinum (Pt) and rhodium (Rh) mixed in different ratios. A specific Pt/Rh ratio is used because it leads to more stable and reproducible measurements. Types S and R have an upper temperature limit of +1200 oC in oxidizing atmospheres, assuming a wire diameter of 0.5mm.
Type S and type R thermocouples are made up of platinum (Pt) and rhodium (Rh) mixed in different ratios. A specific Pt/Rh ratio is used because it leads to more stable and reproducible measurements. Types S and R have an upper temperature limit of +1200 oC in oxidizing atmospheres, assuming a wire diameter of 0.5mm.
Type B thermocouples have a different Pt/Rh ratio than Type S and R. It has an upper temperature limit of +1750 oC in oxidizing atmospheres. Due to an increased amount of rhodium content, type B thermocouples are no quite so stable as either the Type R or Type S.
Types E, J, K, T, and N are base-metal thermocouples that are used for sensing lower temperatures. They cannot be used for sensing high temperatures because of their relatively low melting point and slower failure due to oxidation.
Type B thermocouples have a different Pt/Rh ratio than Type S and R. It has an upper temperature limit of +1750 oC in oxidizing atmospheres. Due to an increased amount of rhodium content, type B thermocouples are no quite so stable as either the Type R or Type S. we will look into some differences between different base-metal thermocouples.
Type E (Ni-Cr/Cu-Ni) thermocouples have an operating temperature range from -250 oC to +800 oC. Their use is less widespread than other base-metal thermocouples due to its low operating temperature. However, measurements made by a Type E have a smaller margin of error. 1000 hours of operation in air of a Type E thermocouple at +760 oC, having 3mm wires, shold not lead to a change in EMF equivalent to more than +1 oC.
Type J (Fe/Cu-Ni) thermocouples are widely used in industry due to their high thermopower and low cost. This type of thermocouple has an operating temperature range from 0 oC to +760 oC.
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Which Elgar piece is dedicated ‘ to my friends pictured within’? | Cyberphysics - thermometers
Thermometers
Click here for a diagram of a liquid in glass thermometer and the rules on using one
A Thermometer is an instrument that measures temperature. It can be used to measure the temperature of gases, liquids, and solids. It works by using the fact that certain measurable physical characteristics of substances change when the temperature changes e.g.
the volume of a fluid
the length of a solid
the resistance - the opposition to the flow of electricity - of an electrical conductor or semiconductor.
A wide variety of devices are employed as thermometers. The main requirement is that one of the above easily measured properties should change markedly and predictably with changes in temperature. The variation of the property should change fairly linearly with changes in temperature. In other words, a unit change in temperature should lead to a unit change in the property to be measured at all points of the scale.
There are many types of thermometers. They can be made as analogue or digital thermometers - ones that give a sliding scale reading as output or numeric output. They can be made to be used over and over again or as disposable thermometers.
The first known thermometer was invented in 1593 by the Italian astronomer Galileo. It was called a thermoscope and was only fairly accurate. An truly accurate thermometer using alcohol was first developed in 1641. In 1714, Gabriel D. Fahrenheit, a German physicist, built a mercury thermometer of the type used today.
Clinical (fever) thermometers.
Human body temperature is measured with a clinical, or fever, thermometer.
It is a specialized type of liquid-in-glass thermometer that only measures temperature within a very limited range.
Many clinical thermometers today are designed to display the output in a digital format to make temperature reading easier.
Non-invasive (those that are not inserted in the body) and highly accurate infrared thermometers, called tympanic thermometers, have also been developed. They can take readings of body temperature by measuring heat coming from the ear.
Liquid-in-glass thermometers are the best-known type of thermometers. They are the ones you will use in the laboratory. You should know how to use one accurately. They can be used to determine the temperature inside a room or outside a building, to measure the body temperature, and in cooking.
Mercury is the most common liquid in these thermometers. Alcohol is used in areas where the temperature frequently drops below the freezing point of mercury -39 °C or where mercury would be harmful if an accident occurred.
A large volume of the liquid fills a glass bulb, which is connected to a sealed narrow glass tube. Some of the liquid partially fills this tube - but its volume is negligible compared to that in the bulb. The bulb is immersed in whatever it to have its temperature measured and absorbs or emits heat energy until it is the same temperature as the surroundings. When the temperature goes up, the volume of the liquid expands and the liquid rises and vice versa. An increase in temperature makes some of the liquid from the bulb rise up the tube, a decrease makes the liquid in the bulb contract and the liquid in the tube contracts back down into the bulb.
The tube's thick, convex curved face acts as a magnifying lens that makes the thin thread of mercury clearly visible.
A temperature scale is marked on the outside of the thermometer. The narrower the bore of the fine tube, the further apart the scale markings can be placed and the more accurately the temperature can be read.
In making a liquid thermometer, the mercury is ordinarily driven to the top of the tube by heating. The glass is then sealed off, resulting in a vacuum when the mercury contracts during cooling. For high-temperature applications the tube is filled with a pressurized gas before sealing to prevent the mercury from boiling.
For very high or very low temperatures, or for very accurate measurements, liquid-in-glass thermometers are not suitable. Various types of electrical thermometers are used instead.
Maximum and Minimum Thermometers
Thermometers may also be designed to register the maximum or minimum temperature attained. A mercury-in-glass clinical thermometer, for example, is a maximum-reading instrument in which a trap in the capillary tube between the bulb and the bottom of the capillary permits the mercury to expand with increasing temperature, but prevents it from flowing back unless it is forced back by vigorous shaking. Maximum temperatures reached during the operation of tools and machines may also be estimated by special paint patches that change color when certain temperatures are reached and garden U-shaped thermometers allow the maximum and minimum temperatures reached in a greenhouse to be ascertained.
Deformation-type thermometers change shape as a result of an increase or decrease in temperature. There are two main kinds of deformation thermometers: bimetallic and Bourdon tube.
Bimetallic thermometers, the most common type, consist of two strips of different metals, such as iron and brass. The strips are fastened together from end to end, forming a composite bar. When the temperature rises, each metal expands a different amount, which causes the bar to bend . The greater expansion of brass compared to that of steel makes the brass curve round on the outside of the steel. This motion of the bar causes a pointer to move up or down a scale, indicating a temperature change. A thermograph includes a pen that makes a written record of temperature changes.
A bimetallic thermometer
Bourdon tube thermometers have a curved, flexible metal tube filled with a liquid, such as glycerol or xylene. A rise in temperature makes the liquid expand. The tube straightens out to accommodate the increased volume of liquid. A pen or pointer attached to the end of the tube indicates the temperature.
Electrical thermometers include thermocouples and resistance thermometers.
Thermocouples, the most widely used type, consist of two wires, each of a different metal. Both ends of the two wires are twisted together to form junctions. One of these junctions, called the reference junction, is kept at a constant temperature usually 0 °C. As the temperature of the other junction changes, a small voltage is generated between the two wires. The voltage is measured by a millivoltmeter. This can be calibrated to give a reading of the temperature. Most thermocouples that measure the temperature of the air have wires made of copper and an alloy called constantan. Thermocouples can be made with combinations of different wire to allow temperature measurement over a large range. They can be used to measure very high temperatures - up to 2800 °C.
Resistance thermometers are made of metals like copper, nickel, or platinum. A temperature change causes a variation in the electrical resistance of these metals. (Resistance of a metal increases with temperature increase). They are used in a circuit and an ammeter can be calibrated to give a read-out in temperature. Scientists use platinum resistance thermometers to check the accuracy of all other types of thermometers. Extremely reliable platinum resistance thermometers are used to measure temperatures from -259.35 °C to 961.78 °C on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). This scale provides a worldwide reference for temperature values.
Thermistors are electronic components that suffer a resistance change with change of temperature. For a thermistor of a given composition, the measurement of a specific temperature will result in a specific resistance across the thermistor.
With suitable circuitry, the current reading can be converted to a direct digital display of the temperature. Various thermistors made of oxides of nickel, manganese, or cobalt are used to sense temperatures between -46° and 150° C (between -50° and 300° F). Similarly, thermistors employing other metals or alloys are designed for use at higher temperatures; platinum, for example, can be used up to 930° C (1700° F).
Thermistors and thermocouples can often have probes of less than 1cm in length, which alllows them to respond rapidly to temperature changes and also makes them ideal for many biological and engineering applications.
The optical pyrometer can be used to measure temperatures of solid objects at temperatures above 700° C (about 1300° F), where most other thermometers would melt. At such high temperatures, solid objects radiate enough electromagnetic energy in the visual range (they glow!) to permit optical measurement. The color at which hot objects glow changes from dull red through yellow to nearly white at about 1300° C (about 2400° F). The pyrometer contains a light bulb type of filament controlled by a rheostat (dimmer switch) that is calibrated so that the temperature of the object can be compared to that of the bulb filament and the resistance of the filament can then be changed into a digital output of temperature. By viewing a very hot object - such as the interior of a furnace - through a pyrometer and by adjusting the filament until its color blends with that of the surroundings, the temperature of very hot surfaces can be estimated with fair accuracy
Digital thermometers use electronic circuits and devices to communicate temperature measurements to the user. These thermometers display the measurements as numbers - using an LCD (liquid crystal display - like on your calculator) or LED (light emitting diode - little glowing segments) display. Digital thermometers measure the temperature of an appendage that is inserted into whatever you wish to find the temperature of. It is usually a slender device, remote from the circuitry called a probe. The probe is made of either a metal, such as copper or platinum, or a semiconductor. Temperature changes can cause a large variation in the electrical resistance of these materials. Most semiconductors are more sensitive to temperature changes than are metals.
The probe is connected to an electronic circuit. The circuit receives temperature readings from the probe in the form of electrical signals. The signals are changed into numbers, which appear in a display window.
Disposable thermometers are sometimes used for measuring body temperature to avoid the passing of infection from patient to patient. They are cheaper than ordinary thermometers to manufacture and therefore to buy.
Some disposable thermometers are made of materials that melt at certain temperatures. Others use substances called liquid crystals, which change appearance (colour) at specific temperatures.
Accuracy of Measurement
Any thermometer indicates only its own temperature, which may not agree with the actual temperature of the object to be measured.
In measuring the air temperature outside a building, for example, if one thermometer is placed in the shade and one in the sun, only a few centimeters away from each other, the readings on the two instruments may be quite different, even thoughthe air temperature is the same. The thermometer placed in the sun will absorb the sun's radiant heat. As a result, the indicated temperature may be significantly above the true air temperature. To avoid such errors, accurate temperature determinations require the shielding of the thermometer from hot/cold sources to or from which heat might be transferred by radiation, conduction, or convection.
Accurate measurement of temperature depends on the 'establishment of thermal equilibrium between the thermometric device and its surroundings'. That means that the temperature of the thermometer must be exactly the same as the object it is meant to be measuring the temperature of.
Transfer of heat energy between the object and the thermometer takes time. The thermometer must be allowed time to reach the temperature of what it is measuring. A clinical thermometer, therefore, must be inserted long enough (more than one minute) to reach near-equilibrium with the human body to yield an accurate reading. It should also be inserted deeply enough into, and have sufficient contact with the body, to indicate temperature accurately. These conditions are almost impossible to achieve with an oral (into the mouth) thermometer, which generally indicates a body temperature lower than that given by a rectal (into the anus) thermometer. Insertion times can be significantly reduced with small, rapidly reacting thermometers such as thermistor devices.
If a thermometer is placed into a cold environment it will give out heat until it becomes the same temperature as its surroundings. If a thermometer is placed into a hot environment it will take inheat until it becomes the same temperature as its surroundings. Therfore the quantity of heat that is transferrred in this process should not be too large.... otherwise it will interfere too much with the temperature it is trying to measure and give a higher or lower reading because it has taken heat from (or given it to) the object and changed the temperature of the object it is measuring! Mercury is preferable in liquid in glass thermometers because it has a low specific heat capacity and therefore does not need to have much heat transferred to/from it when it changes temperature.
Temperature scales.
Gabriel Fahrenheit proposed the first widely adopted temperature scale, named after him, in which 32° F is the freezing point of water and 212° F is its boiling point at standard atmospheric pressure.
Various temperature scales have been proposed since his time; in the centigrade, or Celsius, scale, devised by the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius and used in most of the world, the freezing point is 0°C, the boiling point is 100°C
The kelvin (named after Lord Kelvin) scale is used for scientific measurement. On this scale, water freezes at 273 K and boils at 373 K - note that there is no ° sign in front of the K!
Some manufacturers produce thermometers with a temperature scale in Fahrenheit (especially in the USA). Most manufacturers produce thermometers with the Celsius scale. Scientific thermometers use the Kelvin scale.
All temperature scales are now based on the International Temperature Scale of 1990. On this scale, temperature is determined by means of a series of fixed points called equilibrium states, which have assigned values. Temperatures are expressed in Celsius and kelvin units, but may be converted to other scales.
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Who did Squeaky Fromme try to assassinate? | ‘Squeaky’ Fromme released from prison - US news - Crime & courts | NBC News
‘Squeaky’ Fromme released from prison
Manson follower spent decades in prison for trying to shoot President Ford
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FORT WORTH, Texas — Three decades after basking in the national spotlight as "Squeaky" the infamous Charles Manson disciple who tried to assassinate President Gerald Ford, the now 60-year-old woman slipped quietly out of a federal prison Friday after being released on parole.
Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme eluded the media as she left Fort Worth's Federal Medical Center Carswell in one of the many cars streaming in and out of the front gate Friday morning. She previously refused interview requests, and prison officials would not say where she planned to live or what she planned to do after more than 30 years behind bars.
It was a far cry from her antics that captivated the nation's attention in the 1970s: shaving her red hair and carving an "X" into her forehead after Manson was convicted of orchestrating a mass murder, wearing a red robe when she pulled a gun on Ford, and being carried into her trial courtroom by marshals when she refused to walk.
In September 1975, Fromme pushed through a crowd, drew a semiautomatic .45-caliber pistol from a thigh holster and pointed it at Ford, who was shaking hands with well-wishers while walking to the California State Capitol in Sacramento. Secret Service agents grabbed her and the gun, and Ford was unhurt.
Fromme was a college student before joining Manson's "family," where she reportedly got her nickname because of her voice. She was never implicated in the 1969 murders of actress Sharon Tate and eight others, for which Manson is serving a life term in Corcoran State Prison in California. By many accounts, Fromme took over the group after that because Manson had always relied on her.
During her own trial, Fromme either refused to attend or had outbursts. Her attorney John Virga argued that she simply wanted to call attention to environmental issues and Manson's case and never meant to kill Ford. A few bullets were in the gun but not in the chamber.
"She was very articulate and soft-spoken ... but you could see a noticeable change in her demeanor when you mentioned Manson," Virga told The Associated Press on Friday. "I think she was an example of a young woman who was led astray and got caught up in someone she shouldn't have."
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Video: Will You Kill for Me? Manson and followers Fromme was convicted and got a life term, becoming the first person sentenced under a special federal law covering assaults on U.S. presidents, a statute enacted after President John F. Kennedy's 1963 assassination.
She later was sentenced to 15 years in prison, which was tacked onto her life term for threats against the president, after escaping in 1987 from a women's prison in West Virginia. She was recaptured two days later a few miles away after a massive search. Fromme had said she escaped to be closer to Manson after hearing rumors that he was dying.
Fromme was granted parole in July 2008 for "good conduct time" but was not released until Friday because of the additional time for her escape, prison officials said.
She will be on supervised release for two years, where general conditions include reporting regularly to a parole officer, not associating with criminals or owning guns or leaving the area, said Tom Hutchison, a U.S. Parole Commission spokesman. He declined to say where Fromme will live or if she will have to meet additional conditions sometimes imposed on parolees, depending on their crimes.
Future unknown
It's unclear if Fromme will return to California. Some of her relatives who still live there did not immediately return calls to The AP on Friday. Virga, who has not communicated with Fromme since the trial, said relatives did not attend the trial but that Fromme always spoke highly of her mother and siblings.
Fromme had been at the Fort Worth prison since 1998. The facility specializes in providing medical and mental health services to female offenders and also has a maximum-security unit, a minimum-security camp and an area for low-security inmates, said Carswell spokeswoman Dr. Maria Douglas, declining to say where Fromme had been housed.
Prison officials previously said she was placed in the maximum-security unit for inmates who have escaped or been involved in assaults.
Fromme started out at the West Virginia prison, then was transferred to the prison at Pleasanton, California, in 1978 after officials said she had become a "model inmate." But she was sent back to West Virginia in 1979 as punishment for hitting another inmate with a hammer while the two tended a garden on the prison grounds. She later was moved to Lexington, Kentucky, and then to Marianna, Florida.
Fromme declined a recent interview request from The AP.
In 2005, Fromme responded to the Fort Worth Star-Telegram's interview request with a 35-line letter in elegant cursive handwriting, the newspaper reported. At the time she had not sought release, although she became eligible for parole in 1985.
"I stood up and waved a gun (at Ford) for a reason," she wrote. "I was so relieved not to have to shoot it, but, in truth, I came to get life. Not just my life but clean air, healthy water and respect for creatures and creation."
Copyright 2009 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
| Gerald Ford |
Who wrote The Quare Fellow and Borstal Boy? | Woman Who Tried to Kill Ford Set for Aug. 16 Release - ABC News
ABC News
Woman Who Tried to Kill Ford Set for Aug. 16 Release
By EILEEN MURPHY
Email
Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme , the Charles Manson cult follower who tried to kill President Ford, is scheduled to be released from prison next week.
Fromme, now 60, took aim at the president with a semi-automatic .45-caliber pistol Sept. 5, 1975. There were four bullets in the gun's magazine, but none in the chamber and an alert Secret Service agent grabbed the gun from Fromme.
Fromme was a devoted member of the demonic Manson "Family." At the time of the assassination attempt, Manson and several of his followers were serving life terms for killing nine people in his grisly Helter Skelter plot to start a race war.
Play
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She told her defense attorney that she targeted Ford because she wanted to garner attention for a new trial for Manson.
Seventeen days after Fromme's assassination attempt, another Manson "Family" member, Sara Jane Moore, also tried to kill the president. Moore was released from prison earlier this year.
Traci Billingsley, a spokeswoman for the Federal Bureau of Prisons, said Fromme had already completed her sentence for the Ford assassination attempt. That term was up in July 2008. But Fromme was ordered to serve additional time for a 1987 prison escape.
Fromme is scheduled for release Aug. 16, just a few days after the 40th anniversary of the murder of actress Sharon Tate and nine others during a bloody weekend of slaughter that was ordered by Manson. But because the 16th falls on a weekend, Fromme could be out as soon as Friday, Aug. 14, Billingslley said.
Fromme was one of Manson's earliest followers and remained devoted to him. During his murder trial, Fromme and other female followers camped outside the courthouse, and when Manson showed up in court with an X carved into his forehead, Fromme carved an X into her forehead.
During the trial, Fromme was convicted of trying to prevent other "Family" members from testifying and of contempt of court for refusing to testify herself. She was given short jail terms.
Fromme and other female followers later sent nude photos of themselves to imprisoned members of the Aryan Brotherhood to convince them to protect Manson in prison.
"Squeaky" Fromme Once Escaped in an Attempt to See Manson
During her own incarceration for the Ford assassination attempt, Fromme attacked another inmate in 1979 with a claw hammer and was transferred out of the women's prison in Dublin, Calif.
In 1987, Fromme became so upset at the news that Manson had testicular cancer that she broke out of the Alderson Federal Prison Camp in West Virginia in an attempt to reach Manson. She was captured two days later.
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Which king died in 1760 and was succeeded by his grandson? | King George II | Britroyals
Born: October 30, 1683 at Herrenhausen, Hanover
Parents: George I and Sophia Dorothea
Relation to Elizabeth II: 5th great-grandfather
House of: Hanover
Ascended to the throne: June 11, 1727 aged 43 years
Crowned: October 11, 1727 at Westminster Abbey
Married: Caroline, daughter of Margrave of Brandenburg
Children: Four sons and five daughters
Died: October 25, 1760 at Kensington Palace, aged 76 years, 11 months, and 25 days
Buried at: Westminster
Reigned for: 33 years, 4 months, and 15 days
Succeeded by: his grandson George III
George II was born in Hanover the son of George I and Sophia of Celle. He married Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach in 1705 an attractive and intelligent women, and they had 9 children. In 1708 he took part in the Battle of Oudenarde in Belgium against the French.
His father became King George I of England in 1714 and he became Prince of Wales. However his father�s treatment of his mother whom he had imprisoned left son George with a hatred of his father and they regularly quarrelled. He was even put under arrest by his father who excluded him from public ceremonies. When his father died in 1727 he became King George II and set about changing his father�s policies. Walpole was expected to be dismissed but survived on the intervention of Queen Caroline.
The death of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI in 1740 led to the European War of Austrian Succession in which the British and Dutch supported Marie Theresa�s claim to the Austrian throne against the Prussians and French. George II personally led his troops at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743, becoming the last British monarch to lead his troops into battle. The Jacobite Rebellion of 1745, in which Charles Edward Stuart (�Bonnie Prince Charlie�) landed in Scotland and marched with a Highland army into England, was defeated at Culloden in 1746 and Scottish opposition brutally suppressed by George�s second son Prince William, Duke of Cumberland. Like his father he quarrelled with his eldest son Frederick, Prince of Wales, over his marriage but Frederick died suddenly in 1751.
The final years of his reign saw George retiring from active politics; however it was a period in which British dominance overseas grew. William Pitt became Prime Minister during the Seven years war against France which spread to India and North America. Robert Clive secured the Indian continent for Britain at the Battle of Plassey, and General Wolfe captured Quebec in Canada. George II died in 1760 of an aneurysm while seated on his water closet. He was succeeded by his grandson also called George.
King George II's Signature
Quotes:
�No I shall have mistresses� � King George II (to his wife Caroline on her death bed when she suggested that he remarry)
�Mad, is he? Then I hope he will bite some of my other generals� � King George II (about General Wolfe)
�I hate all Boets and Bainters� � King George II on the arts (he spoke with a strong German accent).
He did however have a soft spot for music particularly George Frederick Handel who wrote Zadok the Priest for his coronation and Music for Royal Fireworks to celebrate the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.
Timeline for King George II
Year
| George II |
Sorted for Es and Whizz? | BBC - History - George II
z
George II © George was elector of Hanover and second Hanoverian king of Great Britain and Ireland.
George was born in Hanover, Germany on 10 November 1683, the only son of the elector of Hanover. In 1705 he married Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach, and they had nine children.
In 1714, George's father succeeded to the British throne, and created George prince of Wales. The relationship between father and son was already poor and the prince's London residence, Leicester House, became a rival court and focus for a dissident Whig group which included Robert Walpole. He encouraged a reconciliation between father and son. This led to Walpole's inclusion in George I's administration, whereupon he lost the prince's favour. Only Caroline's intervention kept Walpole in office when the prince succeeded to the throne in 1727. He cemented his position by securing George a Civil List (allowance) from parliament of £800,000, considerably more than previous monarchs had received. Walpole also won acknowledgement of George's legitimacy from many influential Tories who supported the exiled Stuart pretender to the English throne. As a result, no senior politician deserted George's cause during the Jacobite Rebellion of 1745. Charles Edward Stuart, the 'Young Pretender' landed in Scotland but, after some initial success, was defeated at the Battle of Culloden in 1746.
George seemed destined to imitate his father, quarrelling with his son Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales, who in turn became a leader of an anti-administration faction. War broke out with Spain in 1739. In 1742 Walpole, who had dominated government since 1721, resigned. George quickly found another mentor in John Carteret who, with George, brought England into the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748), prompting accusations that he was subordinating English interests to those of George's German possessions. In 1743, George led his troops into battle against the French at Dettingen, the last British king to fight in battle.
During the last decade of his life George took little interest in politics. Britain's involvement in the Seven Years' War (1756 - 1763) was largely overseen by William Pitt the Elder. This period also saw the expansion of British influence in India and Canada with the military successes of Robert Clive and James Wolfe respectively.
George died on 25 October 1760. Frederick had died in 1751, leaving George's grandson to inherit the throne.
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Which great historical warrior had a dog called Peritas? | Ten dogs that changed the world - CNN.com
Ten dogs that changed the world
Story Highlights
Several dogs have earned a spot in history
A Soviet dog named Laika rode into space history
A dog stood between Alexander the Great and a charging elephant
One puppy got final approval on a composer's music
VIDEO
By E. Bougerol
(LifeWire) -- Fifty years ago this Saturday, Laika -- a sweet-tempered stray plucked off the streets of Moscow -- was thrust into the global spotlight when she became the first living creature sent into space.
A Newfoundland, like this champion named Josh, saved the life of Napoleon Bonaparte.
When Sputnik 2's canine passenger (nicknamed "Muttnik" by the media) hit orbit, the Soviet Union grabbed the edge over the U.S. in the space race, a crux of competition during the Cold War.
Sadly, Laika's history-making voyage ended prematurely: In their rush to be first, Soviet scientists had made no provisions for her safe return.
"She died before reaching orbit, and before any real data was gleaned about sustaining life in that environment," says Dr. Stanley Coren, professor of psychology at the University of British Columbia and author of "The Pawprints of History: Dogs and the Course of Human Events."
But if little scientific knowledge was gleaned from Laika's journey, her mark on world events is undeniable. "We were behind the Russians," says Coren. "The U.S. quickly switched focus to putting a living being on the moon."
Laika is just one of the many canines to have left a furry legacy behind. Coren names 10 other dogs and the roles they played in history.
Nos. 1 and 2. Strelka and Belka's successful orbit
Laika was the first dog sent into space, but Strelka (Little Arrow) and Belka (Squirrel) -- launched on Sputnik 5 in 1960 for a one-day mission -- were the first to return alive. As a result, much more was learned from their mission. Strelka later gave birth to a litter of puppies, one of which, Pushinka, was given to President John F. Kennedy's daughter, Caroline.
No. 3. How Peritas saved civilization
Don't Miss
Mental Floss: Five famous felines
Without his dog, Peritas, Alexander the Great might have been Alexander the So-So. When the warrior was swarmed by the troops of Persia's Darius III, Peritas leapt and bit the lip of an elephant charging his master. Alexander lived to pursue his famed conquest, forging the empire underlying Western civilization as we know it.
No. 4. Charlie, Kennedy's Cuban Missile Crisis companion
At the height of 1962's Cuban missile crisis, President Kennedy had his son's Welsh terrier Charlie summoned to the chaotic War Room. The president held the terrier in his lap, petting him and appearing, by all accounts, to relax. Eventually he announced that he was ready to "make some decisions" -- those that de-escalated the conflict.
No. 5. Jofi, the first therapy dog
Sigmund Freud usually kept a chow named Jofi in his office during psychotherapy sessions, believing the dog comforted the patients. Freud's notes on these interactions, detailed in his diaries, form the basis of modern-day pet-assisted therapy.
Dog returned to fire victims »
No. 6. Urian bites Pope, separates church and state
Henry VIII sent Cardinal Wolsey to meet with Pope Clement VII, hoping the pontiff would grant the ruler an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. When the pope extended his bare toe to be kissed (as was the custom) by Wolsey, the Cardinal's dog, Urian, sprang forward and bit the pope. Clement flew into a rage, the divorce was off and Henry -- to ensure the annulment the Catholic Church refused to grant -- later established the Church of England.
No. 7. Newfoundland saves Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte owed his life to a nameless Newfoundland. As Bonaparte fled the island of Elba in 1815, where he was exiled, choppy seas pitched him overboard. A fisherman's dog jumped in after the drowning despot and kept him afloat. Napoleon lived to experience his own defeat at the Battle of Waterloo.
No. 8. Nixon professes love for Checkers
In his 1952 "Checkers speech," Richard Nixon -- then a candidate for vice president who was accused of pawing $18,000 in illegal campaign contributions -- admitted to accepting an American cocker spaniel, Checkers, as a gift.
"And you know, the kids, like all kids, loved the dog, and I just want to say this, right now, that regardless of what they say about it, we are going to keep it," Nixon said during his famous speech.
His heartfelt proclamation swayed public opinion and prolonged Nixon's political career.
No. 9. Peps, Wagner's harshest critic
Without Peps, composer Richard Wagner's Cavalier King Charles spaniel, that helicopter scene in the film "Apocalypse Now" (scored to "The Ride of the Valkyries") might sound very different. Wagner would have Peps sit on a special chair as he played his latest compositions and, based upon the dog's reactions, he'd keep or toss each passage.
No. 10. Donnchadh and the American Revolution
In 1306, when Edward I of England sought to bring down Robert the Bruce (and his ploy to rule Scotland), his men used Robert's own dog, Donnchadh, to find him.
Though the animal led them to their target, he then turned and defended his master, who lived to become king of Scotland and produce a daughter who married into the Stuart family. Many generations later, the irrational actions of Robert the Bruce's direct descendant, King George III, would cause the American colonists to rebel.
Modern medicine attributes King George's apparent madness to porphyria, a genetically transmitted disease that researchers trace back to the Scottish Stuarts. E-mail to a friend
LifeWire provides original and syndicated lifestyle content to Web publishers. E. Bougerol is a writer and editor who lives in New York City.
| Alexander the Great |
What is the name of the dog in Jerome K Jerome’s novel Three Men In A Boat? | Names of Dogs in Ancient Greece - Wonders & Marvels
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Names of Dogs in Ancient Greece
July 6, 2012
Adrienne Mayor (Wonders & Marvels Contributor)
Imagine you live in ancient Greece. You are about to choose a new puppy. What should you call it? There was a science to choosing and naming a dog in classical antiquity.
Which is the finest puppy in a litter? Like moderns, the ancients looked for an adventurous and friendly nature, but one test for selecting the pick of the litter seems rather heartless today. Let the mother choose for you, advises Nemesianus, a Roman expert on hunting dogs. Take away her puppies, surround them with an oil-soaked string and set it on fire. The mother will jump over the ring of flames and rescue each puppy, one by one, in order of their merit. Other signs of an excellent hound are large, soft ears, instead of small and stiff. Upright ears are fine, but the best ears flop over just a bit. A long, supple neck adapts well to a collar. The chest should be broad, shoulder blades wide apart, and hind legs slightly longer than the front, for chasing rabbits uphill. The dog’s coat, whether long or short, can be any color, but the fur ought to be shiny, dense, and soft.
Training a young dog begins at 20 months, but a puppy needs a good name right away. Xenophon, a Greek historian who wrote about hounds in the fourth century BC, maintained that the best names are short, one or two syllables, so they can be called easily. No Greek hounds were saddled with monikers like Thrasybulus or Thucydides! The meaning of the name was also important for the morale of both master and dog: names that express speed, courage, strength, appearance, and other qualities were favored. Xenophon named his favorite dog Horme (Eager).
Atalanta, the famous huntress of Greek myth, called her dog Aura (Breeze). An ancient Greek vase painting of 560 BC shows Atalanta and other heroes and their hounds killing the great Calydonian Boar. Seven dogs’ names are inscribed on the vase (some violate Xenophon’s brevity rule): Hormenos (Impulse), Methepon (Pursuer), Egertes (Vigilant), Korax (Raven), Marpsas, Labros (Fierce), and Eubolous (Shooter).
The Roman poet Ovid gives the Greek names of the 36 dogs that belonged to Actaeon, the unlucky hunter of Greek myth who was torn apart by his pack: among them were Tigris, Laelaps (Storm), Aello (Whirlwind), and Arcas (Bear). Pollux lists 15 dog names; another list is found in Columella. The longest list of suitable names for ancient Greek dogs—46 in all—was compiled by the dog whisperer Xenophon. Popular names for dogs in antiquity, translated from Greek, include Lurcher, Whitey, Blackie, Tawny, Blue, Blossom, Keeper, Fencer, Butcher, Spoiler, Hasty, Hurry, Stubborn, Yelp, Tracker, Dash, Happy, Jolly, Trooper, Rockdove, Growler, Fury, Riot, Lance, Pell-Mell, Plucky, Killer, Crafty, Swift, and Dagger.
Alexander the Great honored his faithful dog, Peritas (January), by naming a city after him. Greek and Roman writers remind their readers to praise their canine companions. Arrian, the biographer of Alexander the Great who also wrote a treatise on hunting, says one should pat one’s dog, caress its head, pulling gently on the ears, and speak its name along with a hearty word or two—“Well done!” “Good girl!”—by way of encouragement. After all, remarks Arrian, “dogs enjoy being praised, just as noble men do.”
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Which country is currently suspended from The Commonwealth? | BBC News - Fiji suspended from Commonwealth
Fiji suspended from Commonwealth
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Secretary General Kamalesh Sharma cited Fiji's lack of progress towards democracy as the reason behind the suspension
The Commonwealth has fully suspended Fiji after it refused to bow to demands to call elections by next year.
Secretary General Kamalesh Sharma cited the Pacific island country's lack of progress towards democracy.
Mr Sharma said he was taking the step - only the second full suspension in the organisation's history - "in sorrow".
Commodore Frank Bainimarama seized power in Fiji in a 2006 coup and has said elections can only be reinstated in 2014, as part of his "roadmap".
He says he needs time to institute reforms that will end the ethnic-based voting system tipped in favour of ethnic Fijians.
But his critics charge that under his rule, Fiji has suspended the constitution, detained opponents and suppressed freedom of speech.
'True democracy'
In a statement, the Commonwealth said it had demanded that Fiji commit, by 1 September, to rejoining negotiations with the opposition and to holding credible elections by October 2010.
ANALYSIS
Bridget Kendall, BBC News diplomatic correspondent
This is not the first time Fiji has been in trouble with the Commonwealth. It has twice faced the lesser sanction of being suspended from its meetings - after earlier uprisings in Fiji that also led to the suspension of democracy.
But this sanction goes a step further. In practical terms it means Fiji cannot attend any Commonwealth meetings, including taking part in the Commonwealth Games in 2010, or participate in training schemes and other technical aid.
A spokesman admitted that the Commonwealth was not a large donor to Fiji and the sanction is largely symbolic, and the Commonwealth was still prepared to remain engaged in any talks that might lead to a return to democracy.
Mr Sharma said that although Cmdr Bainimarama had reaffirmed "his commitment to the principles of the Commonwealth", he had not met the terms of the 1 September deadline.
He said Fiji's suspension was therefore "a step the Commonwealth is now obliged to take, and one that it takes in sorrow".
Cmdr Bainimarama repeated his opposition to the 2010 election timetable when he spoke to commercial radio earlier on Tuesday, reported AFP news agency.
"The Fiji government believes the roadmap is the only path to ensuring sustainable and true democracy, which includes... to have elections in 2014," he said.
"We will remain with that."
Contact continues
Fiji has already been banned from Commonwealth ministerial meetings. With its full suspension, all Commonwealth aid will be cut off and Fiji will not be allowed to participate in the 2010 Commonwealth Games.
FIJI'S COMMONWEALTH HISTORY
Timeline: Fiji
However, not all Commonwealth contact with Fiji will cease. Its special representative to the country, Sir Paul Reeves, is set to visit Fiji from 9-11 September - a fact welcomed by Mr Sharma in his statement.
Fiji has already been suspended from the regional Pacific Islands Forum, and some European Union aid to the country has been put on hold.
Fiji has had a chequered relationship with the Commonwealth. It was expelled in 1987 after two military coups, but was readmitted 10 years later when democracy was restored. It was also suspended in 2000 for 18 months.
The only other country to be fully suspended in the Commonwealth's history is Nigeria, during the rule of Gen Sani Abacha in 1995.
Nigeria returned to the Commonwealth after democratic rule was restored.
Pakistan was twice suspended from council meetings, and Zimbabwe was on course to be suspended when President Robert Mugabe pre-empted the move by walking out himself.
The Commonwealth is a grouping of 53 former British colonies, dependencies and other territories.
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| Fiji |
Which country withdrew from the Commonwealth in 2003? | The Commonwealth of Nations - Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
The Commonwealth of Nations
Travel advice for countries and events
Passports
The Australian Passport Office and its agents are committed to providing a secure, efficient and responsive passport service for Australia.
Within Australia: 1300 555 135
Outside Australia: +61 2 6261 3305
SMS: +61 421 269 080
Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings (CHOGM)
About the Commonwealth
The Commonwealth is a unique grouping of 53 developed and developing nations spread over every continent and ocean in the world (with one member, Fiji, currently suspended). Its membership reflects many religions, races, languages and cultures and its 2 billion people account for approximately 30 per cent of the world's population.
As a general rule applicant countries should have had an historic constitutional association with an existing Commonwealth member. Membership also entails acceptance of Commonwealth practices and conventions, including the use of the English language as the medium of inter-Commonwealth relations.
The values and aspirations which unite the members of the Commonwealth – democracy, human rights and the rule of law – are reflected in the Charter of the Commonwealth , adopted in December 2012. The Charter expresses the commitment of Commonwealth members to the development of free and democratic societies and the promotion of peace and prosperity.
The Commonwealth is supported by a range of associated networks and interests which include civil society, professional and parliamentary groups covering issues ranging from democracy to youth affairs, labour issues, gender equity, human rights, health and education.
Governance arrangements
The work of the Commonwealth is administered by the Commonwealth Secretariat based in London. The Secretariat is headed by a Secretary-General, Mr Kamalesh Sharma, supported by three Deputy Secretaries-General, who are responsible for the Secretariat’s various programs.
The Secretariat’s Board of Governors meets annually in May to give direction to the Secretariat on major policy issues and to approve strategic plans, work programs and budgets. 2013/14 – 2016/17 Commonwealth Secretariat Strategic Plan
An Executive Committee of the Board of Governors meets every quarter to oversee budgets and audit functions and make policy recommendations to the annual meetings of the Board. Membership of the Executive Committee is geographically balanced and includes the major contributors to the Commonwealth budgets.
Australia and the Commonwealth
Australia is a founding member of the modern Commonwealth and has been an active participant in Commonwealth organisations, programs and meetings for over 60 years. It is the third-largest contributor to the Commonwealth budget.
As Commonwealth Chair-in-Office from 2011-2013, Australia played a leading role in the development of the Commonwealth Charter. It was also a member of the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group (CMAG) for the same period.
Australia is represented on the Commonwealth Secretariat’s Board of Governors, and its Executive Committee, by the Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom.
Australia supports the Commonwealth to promote human rights, democratic norms and good governance among member countries. The Commonwealth’s work in supporting inclusive growth and sustainable development also recognises the intrinsic connection between the security and stability of governments and economic development.
Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings
Every two years Commonwealth leaders meet at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) to discuss global and Commonwealth issues, and to agree on collective policies and initiatives.
CHOGMs also provide Commonwealth leaders with a forum for informal exchanges and bilateral contact. For Australia, it gives us a substantive link and point of commonality with many countries with whom we otherwise have limited bilateral contact.
Commonwealth ministers from a range of portfolios meet between CHOGMs to consider specific issues relating to democracy, economics and development, women's affairs, youth, legal issues, health and education.
CHOGM was last held in Malta in November 2015. The theme for the meeting was “The Commonwealth: Adding Global Value” (see CHOGM 2015 Leaders’ Statement ). The next meeting will be held in the UK in early 2018.
Last Updated: 6 September 2013
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What is the study of the meaning of words? | Study of language - definition of Study of language by The Free Dictionary
Study of language - definition of Study of language by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Study+of+language
(lĭng-gwĭs′tĭks)
n. (used with a sing. verb)
The study of the nature, structure, and variation of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, sociolinguistics, and pragmatics.
linguistics
(Linguistics) (functioning as singular) the scientific study of language. See also historical linguistics , descriptive linguistics
lin•guis•tics
(lɪŋˈgwɪs tɪks)
n.
(used with a sing. v.) the study of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
[1850–55]
1. excessive use of the sound b.
2. improper articulation of this sound. — betacist, n.
1. the study of dialects and dialect features.
2. the linguistic features of a dialect. — dialectician, dialectologist, n. — dialectologie, dialectological, adj.
echoism
1. the formation of sounds like those in nature; onomatopoesis.
2. the tendency of paired sounds to become more similar phonetically, as the d sound in iced tea which has become a t; assimilation. — echoic, adj.
folk etymology
the reanalysis of a word by native speakers into a new element or elements, e.g. hamburger (properly ‘from Hamburg’) being split into ham- and -burger; and the subsequent combination of -burger with a number of words in which it is used to mean ‘ground patty.’
1. a linguist; a philologist.
2. one who compiles glossaries.
1. the study of the formal system of a language, especially the aspects of sound, forms, and syntax.
2. a work detailing such an analysis. — grammarian, n. — grammatic, grammatical, adj.
1. a word formed from elements drawn from different languages.
2. the practice of coining such words. — hybrid, n., adj.
1. the replacement of l for r in speech.
2. the mispronunciation of l. Cf. lambdacism.
Phonetics.
the mispronunciation of double l, giving it the sound of y or ly.
2. Cf. rhotacism. substitution of the sound l for another sound, as that of r. Also labdacism. Cf. lallation.
1. a branch of linguistics that studies and describes patterns of word formation, including inflection, derivation, and compounding of a language.
2. such patterns of a particular language. — morphologist, n. — morphological, adj.
1. the study of the relations between morphemes and their phonetic realizations, components, or distribution contexts.
2. the body of data concerning these relations in a specific language. — morphophonemicist, n. — morphophonemic, adj.
1. the study of written records to determine their authenticity, original form, and meaning.
2. linguistics, especially historical linguistics. — philologist, philologer, n. — philologic, philological, adj.
1. the study and description of phonemes, i.e., the set of basic units of sound used in a language and phonemic systems.
2. the phonemic system of a given language. Also phonematics. — phonemicist, n.
phonetics
1. the science or study of speech sounds and their production, transmission, and perception, and their analysis, classification, and transcription.
2. the science or study of speech sounds with respect to their role in distinguishing meanings among words.
3. the phonetic system of a particular language. Cf. phonology. — phonetician, n. — phonetic, phonetical, adj.
phonology
1. the study of the history and theory of sound changes in a language or in two or more languages comparatively.
2. the phonetics and phonemics of a language at a stated time; synchronic phonology. — phonologist, n. — phonological, adj.
Phonetics.
1. a misarticulation of the sound r or the substitution of another sound for it.
2. Cf. lambdacism. substitution of the sound sound r for another sound, as that of l.
2. the excessive use of the sound r.
3. Phonology. replacement of the sound z or s by r in Indo-European languages, as German wesen, English were. — rhotacize, v. — rhotacistic, adj.
semantics
1. the study of the meaning of words.
2. the study of linguistic development by examining and classifying changes in meaning. Also called semasiology, sematology, semology. — semanticist, n. — semantic, adj.
transformationalist
an advocate or student of the theory of transformational grammar, a system of grammatical analysis that uses transformations of base sentences to explain the relations between thought and its syntactic manifestation and to express the relations between elements in a sentence, clause, or phrase, or between different forms of a word or phrase, as active or passive forms of a verb.
Phonetics. the system of vowels in a given language. — vocalic, adj.
linguistics
1. The study of the structure and uses of language.
2. The scientific study of language. It has produced many specialized fields of study such as phonetics, grammar, and semantics.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
1.
linguistics - the scientific study of language
linguistic performance - (linguistics) a speaker's actual use of language in real situations; what the speaker actually says, including grammatical errors and other non-linguistic features such as hesitations and other disfluencies (contrasted with linguistic competence)
tone - (linguistics) a pitch or change in pitch of the voice that serves to distinguish words in tonal languages; "the Beijing dialect uses four tones"
complementary distribution , complementation - (linguistics) a distribution of related speech sounds or forms in such a way that they only appear in different contexts
linguistic competence - (linguistics) a speaker's implicit, internalized knowledge of the rules of their language (contrasted with linguistic performance)
feature of speech , feature - (linguistics) a distinctive characteristic of a linguistic unit that serves to distinguish it from other units of the same kind
science , scientific discipline - a particular branch of scientific knowledge; "the science of genetics"
cognitive science - the field of science concerned with cognition; includes parts of cognitive psychology and linguistics and computer science and cognitive neuroscience and philosophy of mind
computational linguistics - the use of computers for linguistic research and applications
dialect geography , linguistic geography - the study of the geographical distribution of linguistic features
etymology - the study of the sources and development of words
diachronic linguistics , diachrony , historical linguistics - the study of linguistic change; "the synchrony and diachrony of language"
grammar - the branch of linguistics that deals with syntax and morphology (and sometimes also deals with semantics)
descriptive grammar - a grammar that is produced by descriptive linguistics
prescriptive grammar - a grammar that is produced by prescriptive linguistics
phrase structure , sentence structure , syntax - the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences
syntax - studies of the rules for forming admissible sentences
generative grammar - (linguistics) a type of grammar that describes syntax in terms of a set of logical rules that can generate all and only the infinite number of grammatical sentences in a language and assigns them all the correct structural description
phonemics , phonology - the study of the sound system of a given language and the analysis and classification of its phonemes
neurolinguistics - the branch of linguistics that studies the relation between language and the structure and function of the nervous system
pragmatics - the study of language use
semantics - the study of language meaning
sociolinguistics - the study of language in relation to its sociocultural context
structural linguistics , structuralism - linguistics defined as the analysis of formal structures in a text or discourse
synchronic linguistics - the study of a language without reference to its historical context
descriptive linguistics - a description (at a given point in time) of a language with respect to its phonology and morphology and syntax and semantics without value judgments
prescriptive linguistics - an account of how a language should be used instead of how it is actually used; a prescription for the `correct' phonology and morphology and syntax and semantics
descriptivism - (linguistics) a doctrine supporting or promoting descriptive linguistics
prescriptivism - (linguistics) a doctrine supporting or promoting prescriptive linguistics
derivative - (linguistics) a word that is derived from another word; "`electricity' is a derivative of `electric'"
descriptor , form , signifier , word form - the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something; "the inflected forms of a word can be represented by a stem and a list of inflections to be attached"
root word , stem , root , theme , radical , base - (linguistics) the form of a word after all affixes are removed; "thematic vowels are part of the stem"
participant role , semantic role - (linguistics) the underlying relation that a constituent has with the main verb in a clause
postposition - (linguistics) the placing of one linguistic element after another (as placing a modifier after the word that it modifies in a sentence or placing an affix after the base to which it is attached)
preposition - (linguistics) the placing of one linguistic element before another (as placing a modifier before the word it modifies in a sentence or placing an affix before the base to which it is attached)
topicalization - (linguistics) emphasis placed on the topic or focus of a sentence by preposing it to the beginning of the sentence; placing the topic at the beginning of the sentence is typical for English; "`Those girls, they giggle when they see me' and `Cigarettes, you couldn't pay me to smoke them' are examples of topicalization"
2.
| Semantics |
What kind of creatures are jacamars and barbets? | Study of language - definition of Study of language by The Free Dictionary
Study of language - definition of Study of language by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Study+of+language
(lĭng-gwĭs′tĭks)
n. (used with a sing. verb)
The study of the nature, structure, and variation of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, sociolinguistics, and pragmatics.
linguistics
(Linguistics) (functioning as singular) the scientific study of language. See also historical linguistics , descriptive linguistics
lin•guis•tics
(lɪŋˈgwɪs tɪks)
n.
(used with a sing. v.) the study of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
[1850–55]
1. excessive use of the sound b.
2. improper articulation of this sound. — betacist, n.
1. the study of dialects and dialect features.
2. the linguistic features of a dialect. — dialectician, dialectologist, n. — dialectologie, dialectological, adj.
echoism
1. the formation of sounds like those in nature; onomatopoesis.
2. the tendency of paired sounds to become more similar phonetically, as the d sound in iced tea which has become a t; assimilation. — echoic, adj.
folk etymology
the reanalysis of a word by native speakers into a new element or elements, e.g. hamburger (properly ‘from Hamburg’) being split into ham- and -burger; and the subsequent combination of -burger with a number of words in which it is used to mean ‘ground patty.’
1. a linguist; a philologist.
2. one who compiles glossaries.
1. the study of the formal system of a language, especially the aspects of sound, forms, and syntax.
2. a work detailing such an analysis. — grammarian, n. — grammatic, grammatical, adj.
1. a word formed from elements drawn from different languages.
2. the practice of coining such words. — hybrid, n., adj.
1. the replacement of l for r in speech.
2. the mispronunciation of l. Cf. lambdacism.
Phonetics.
the mispronunciation of double l, giving it the sound of y or ly.
2. Cf. rhotacism. substitution of the sound l for another sound, as that of r. Also labdacism. Cf. lallation.
1. a branch of linguistics that studies and describes patterns of word formation, including inflection, derivation, and compounding of a language.
2. such patterns of a particular language. — morphologist, n. — morphological, adj.
1. the study of the relations between morphemes and their phonetic realizations, components, or distribution contexts.
2. the body of data concerning these relations in a specific language. — morphophonemicist, n. — morphophonemic, adj.
1. the study of written records to determine their authenticity, original form, and meaning.
2. linguistics, especially historical linguistics. — philologist, philologer, n. — philologic, philological, adj.
1. the study and description of phonemes, i.e., the set of basic units of sound used in a language and phonemic systems.
2. the phonemic system of a given language. Also phonematics. — phonemicist, n.
phonetics
1. the science or study of speech sounds and their production, transmission, and perception, and their analysis, classification, and transcription.
2. the science or study of speech sounds with respect to their role in distinguishing meanings among words.
3. the phonetic system of a particular language. Cf. phonology. — phonetician, n. — phonetic, phonetical, adj.
phonology
1. the study of the history and theory of sound changes in a language or in two or more languages comparatively.
2. the phonetics and phonemics of a language at a stated time; synchronic phonology. — phonologist, n. — phonological, adj.
Phonetics.
1. a misarticulation of the sound r or the substitution of another sound for it.
2. Cf. lambdacism. substitution of the sound sound r for another sound, as that of l.
2. the excessive use of the sound r.
3. Phonology. replacement of the sound z or s by r in Indo-European languages, as German wesen, English were. — rhotacize, v. — rhotacistic, adj.
semantics
1. the study of the meaning of words.
2. the study of linguistic development by examining and classifying changes in meaning. Also called semasiology, sematology, semology. — semanticist, n. — semantic, adj.
transformationalist
an advocate or student of the theory of transformational grammar, a system of grammatical analysis that uses transformations of base sentences to explain the relations between thought and its syntactic manifestation and to express the relations between elements in a sentence, clause, or phrase, or between different forms of a word or phrase, as active or passive forms of a verb.
Phonetics. the system of vowels in a given language. — vocalic, adj.
linguistics
1. The study of the structure and uses of language.
2. The scientific study of language. It has produced many specialized fields of study such as phonetics, grammar, and semantics.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
1.
linguistics - the scientific study of language
linguistic performance - (linguistics) a speaker's actual use of language in real situations; what the speaker actually says, including grammatical errors and other non-linguistic features such as hesitations and other disfluencies (contrasted with linguistic competence)
tone - (linguistics) a pitch or change in pitch of the voice that serves to distinguish words in tonal languages; "the Beijing dialect uses four tones"
complementary distribution , complementation - (linguistics) a distribution of related speech sounds or forms in such a way that they only appear in different contexts
linguistic competence - (linguistics) a speaker's implicit, internalized knowledge of the rules of their language (contrasted with linguistic performance)
feature of speech , feature - (linguistics) a distinctive characteristic of a linguistic unit that serves to distinguish it from other units of the same kind
science , scientific discipline - a particular branch of scientific knowledge; "the science of genetics"
cognitive science - the field of science concerned with cognition; includes parts of cognitive psychology and linguistics and computer science and cognitive neuroscience and philosophy of mind
computational linguistics - the use of computers for linguistic research and applications
dialect geography , linguistic geography - the study of the geographical distribution of linguistic features
etymology - the study of the sources and development of words
diachronic linguistics , diachrony , historical linguistics - the study of linguistic change; "the synchrony and diachrony of language"
grammar - the branch of linguistics that deals with syntax and morphology (and sometimes also deals with semantics)
descriptive grammar - a grammar that is produced by descriptive linguistics
prescriptive grammar - a grammar that is produced by prescriptive linguistics
phrase structure , sentence structure , syntax - the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences
syntax - studies of the rules for forming admissible sentences
generative grammar - (linguistics) a type of grammar that describes syntax in terms of a set of logical rules that can generate all and only the infinite number of grammatical sentences in a language and assigns them all the correct structural description
phonemics , phonology - the study of the sound system of a given language and the analysis and classification of its phonemes
neurolinguistics - the branch of linguistics that studies the relation between language and the structure and function of the nervous system
pragmatics - the study of language use
semantics - the study of language meaning
sociolinguistics - the study of language in relation to its sociocultural context
structural linguistics , structuralism - linguistics defined as the analysis of formal structures in a text or discourse
synchronic linguistics - the study of a language without reference to its historical context
descriptive linguistics - a description (at a given point in time) of a language with respect to its phonology and morphology and syntax and semantics without value judgments
prescriptive linguistics - an account of how a language should be used instead of how it is actually used; a prescription for the `correct' phonology and morphology and syntax and semantics
descriptivism - (linguistics) a doctrine supporting or promoting descriptive linguistics
prescriptivism - (linguistics) a doctrine supporting or promoting prescriptive linguistics
derivative - (linguistics) a word that is derived from another word; "`electricity' is a derivative of `electric'"
descriptor , form , signifier , word form - the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something; "the inflected forms of a word can be represented by a stem and a list of inflections to be attached"
root word , stem , root , theme , radical , base - (linguistics) the form of a word after all affixes are removed; "thematic vowels are part of the stem"
participant role , semantic role - (linguistics) the underlying relation that a constituent has with the main verb in a clause
postposition - (linguistics) the placing of one linguistic element after another (as placing a modifier after the word that it modifies in a sentence or placing an affix after the base to which it is attached)
preposition - (linguistics) the placing of one linguistic element before another (as placing a modifier before the word it modifies in a sentence or placing an affix before the base to which it is attached)
topicalization - (linguistics) emphasis placed on the topic or focus of a sentence by preposing it to the beginning of the sentence; placing the topic at the beginning of the sentence is typical for English; "`Those girls, they giggle when they see me' and `Cigarettes, you couldn't pay me to smoke them' are examples of topicalization"
2.
| i don't know |
What is the study of the history and derivation of words? | History | Definition of History by Merriam-Webster
Examples of history in a sentence
I studied history in college.
a professor of medieval history
They were one of the greatest teams in history.
It was one of the most destructive storms in modern history.
It was a period in American history when most people lived and worked on farms.
The history of space exploration is a fascinating topic.
He wrote a well-known history of the British empire.
The book begins with a brief history of the Internet.
Origin and Etymology of history
Middle English histoire, historie, from Anglo-French estoire, histoire, from Latin historia, from Greek, inquiry, history, from histōr, istōr knowing, learned; akin to Greek eidenai to know — more at wit
First Known Use: 14th century
history Synonyms
| Etymology |
What kind of creatures are loggerheads and hawksbills? | Study | Define Study at Dictionary.com
study
application of the mind to the acquisition of knowledge, as by reading, investigation, or reflection:
long hours of study.
the cultivation of a particular branch of learning, science, or art:
the study of law.
Often, studies. a personal effort to gain knowledge:
to pursue one's studies.
something studied or to be studied:
Balzac's study was human nature.
5.
research or a detailed examination and analysis of a subject, phenomenon, etc.:
She made a study of the transistor market for her firm.
6.
a written account of such research, examination, or analysis:
He published a study of Milton's poetry.
7.
a well-defined, organized branch of learning or knowledge.
8.
zealous endeavor or assiduous effort.
9.
the object of such endeavor or effort.
10.
deep thought, reverie, or a state of abstraction:
He was lost in study and did not hear us come in.
11.
a room, in a house or other building, set apart for private study, reading, writing, or the like.
12.
Also called étude . Music. a composition that combines exercise in technique with a greater or lesser amount of artistic value.
13.
Literature.
a literary composition executed for exercise or as an experiment in a particular method of treatment.
such a composition dealing in detail with a particular subject, as a single main character.
14.
Art. something produced as an educational exercise, as a memorandum or record of observations or effects, or as a guide for a finished production:
She made a quick pencil sketch of his hands as a study for the full portrait in oils.
15.
a person, as an actor, considered in terms of his or her quickness or slowness in memorizing lines:
a quick study.
verb (used without object), studied, studying.
16.
to apply oneself to the acquisition of knowledge, as by reading, investigation, or practice.
17.
a room used for studying, reading, writing, etc
10.
(often pl) work relating to a particular discipline: environmental studies
11.
an investigation and analysis of a subject, situation, etc: a study of transport provision in rural districts
12.
a product of studying, such as a written paper or book
13.
a drawing, sculpture, etc, executed for practice or in preparation for another work
14.
a musical composition intended to develop one aspect of performing technique: a study in spiccato bowing
15.
(theatre) a person who memorizes a part in the manner specified: a quick study
16.
in a brown study, in a reverie or daydream
Word Origin
| i don't know |
Bryher is part of which island group? | The Islands | Isles of Scilly
Tresco Inclusive Travel
Tresco All year
Skybus fly all year round to St Mary’s from Land’s End and Newquay, and from Exeter between March and November. If you are staying on Tresco, we recommend that you book your journey through the Island Office as our fares include all island transfers. Read more »
Skybus
St. Mary's All year
Skybus fly all year round to the Isles of Scilly from Land’s End and Newquay airports, and from Exeter airport between March and November.
Isles of Scilly Steamship Group, Steamship House, Quay Street, Penzance, TR18 4BZ. Read more »
Scilly Parking
UK Mainland Mar-Nov
Make your daytrip easier, book your car in with Scilly Parking and have peace of mind. Scilly Parking take care of everything and provide secure car parking and a free park and ride service to Penzance Quay. Read more »
Prepco Island Vacations and Tours LLC
UK Mainland All year | From: 0.00
A US based travel company servicing the US and Canada for vacation packages to the Isles of Scilly, England.
Our one-price complete package includes return flights for all domestic and international travel needs plus internal travel in England and accommodation.
Options include travelling via Dublin or London. Read more »
St. Mary's All year | From: 0.00
The Personal Touch of Self Catering Holidays on the Isles of Scilly Read more »
Scillonian III Passenger Ferry
St. Mary's Mar-Nov
Just 28 miles of the Cornish coast you will discover 5 islands, surrounded by azure waters, white beaches and a wonderful climate where sub–tropical plants thrive.
Hop on board the Scillonian III, our recently refurbished ship and discover the Isles of Scilly. The Scillonian Passenger Ferry sets sail from Penzance harbour up to 7 days a week.
Isles of Scilly Steamship Group, Steamship House, Quay Street, Penzance, Cornwall, TR18 4BZ. Read more »
Classic Sailing Fleet - Tall Ships and Traditional Boats
UK Mainland Apr-Sep
Sail to Scilly from the mainland as ‘hands on’ crew on our fleet of pilot cutters, luggers, and historic sailing ships. Once in the archipelago, enjoy different anchorages, explore ashore and island hop under sail.
Classic Sailing offer 6 or 7 day sailing holidays with a skipper as your guide. We provide freshly cooked meals and accommodation on board characterful wooden vessels for a fantastic Scillies adventure. Read more »
Scilly Parking
UK Mainland Mar-Nov
For Scillonian passengers avoiding long walks with your luggage. We take you to the quay and meet you on your return. We also take dogs. Read more »
DJ Cabs
St. Mary's All year
Local, family run cab company operating around the islands for 5 years. Reliable, comfortable transport for short trips or late pick ups around St Mary's. Read more »
Calypso Boat Company
St. Mary's Apr-Oct
Boat trips from St Mary's with skipper Tim - visit 3 islands in one day, take a day trip to an off island or an unihabited island, or a trip to see seals and birds. Read more »
Falcon Boating
St. Mary's All year
Enjoy a special charter trip on the 'Falcon', an 11 metre Red Bay rib with twin engines and fully enclosed cabin to seat 12 passengers. Read more »
Toots Taxi
St. Mary's All year
We are a friendly and reliable taxi service based on St. Mary’s, working seven days a week, including evenings and weekends. We have two vehicles available for hire, one carrying four passengers and one carrying six passengers. The larger vehicle has two integrated baby/booster seats so children can be transported safely and comfortably. We are available for a quick taxi trip to get you from A to B, as well as more leisurely tours of the island.
We really look forward to being of service to you whilst you are on the islands. Read more »
Tresco Boat Services
Tresco All year
Tresco Boat Services, serving Tresco, Bryher and St Martin's, offer all the waterborne services you need to get the most from your visit to the Isles of Scilly. Read more »
Island Sea Safaris
St. Mary's Apr-Oct
Island Sea Safaris operate marine wildlife safaris in their 8m RIB FIREBRAND IV around and amongst the islands and rocks of Scilly to see Grey Atlantic seals, seabirds including Puffins, Razorbills and Guillemots,Shearwaters,Fulmars,Cormorants,Shags and Various Gulls from April to mid July. and visit some of the Islands shipwreck sites. We also visit many places of historical interest on our tours. The 8 meter rib seats 10 passengers. Read more »
St Mary's Bike Hire
St. Mary's All year
The place to hire your bicycle on St Mary’s. We provide a full range of bicycles and accessories to suit all ages and sizes. Pedal power for all the family. We provide a comprehensive service that lets you enjoy your stay here with peace of mind and all the time to follow the big yellow map and see St Mary’s at its best. Read more »
The Scilly Cart Co
St. Mary's
The Scilly Cart Co is a family owned and run business providing electric vehicles for use across St. Mary’s. With flexible hiring options and easy to use carts, it’s a great way to discover the many varied and beautiful places on the island. It is also ideal for people with reduced mobility who wish to explore. Read more »
Tregarthen's Hotel
St. Mary's Mar-Oct
Tregarthen's Hotel is the premier Isles of Scilly hotel, with the most stunning setting of any hotel on St Mary's. Right by the water's edge, Tregarthen's is just yards away from the quay.
Our restaurant is the epitome of fine dining and the hotel is also the ultimate venue for your wedding reception, renewal of vows or civil ceremony. Read more »
Dibble & Grub
St. Mary's Mar-Oct
Dibble & Grub is a Mediterranean style Restaurant & Bar situated on Porthcressa Beach. Our bright and cosy dining room offers beautiful views over the bay, and our alfresco seating area enjoys sheltered sunshine. We pride ourselves on a relaxed atmosphere with attentive, friendly service. We are passionate about the quality of our ingredients, the creation of our products and quality of our service. Read more »
Chris Hall Photography
St. Mary's All year
Widely regarded as a contemporary photographer, Chris is well known for his creativity and visual storytelling. From fashion to unique weddings to beautiful family images, Chris brings out the best in any situation creating images you can treasure. Read more »
Island Sea Safaris
St. Mary's Apr-Oct
Island Sea Safaris operate marine wildlife safaris in their RIB FIREBRAND IV around and amongst the islands and rocks of Scilly to see Grey Atlantic seals and numerous seabirds including Puffins, Razorbills, Guillemots, Shearwares, Fulmars, Cormorants,Shags,Gannets and various Gulls from April to mid July, and visit some the Islands shipwreck sites and places of historical interest.The 8m RIB seats 10 passengers. Mark and his wife Susie like to give you a full, friendly and informative commentary during the trip which also has lots of good photo opportunities. Read more »
Kaffeehaus Salbei
St. Mary's Mar-Oct
The Kaffeehaus is Isles of Scilly Country Guest House's own onsite and unique cafe. It was established in 2003 and specialises in Bavarian delicacies such as Apfelstrudel and fresh German Bread. As well as providing delicious homemade cakes and classic lunchtime dishes, we are licensed to sell alcohol. Read more »
Juliet's Garden Restaurant and Bar
St. Mary's Mar-Nov
Juliet's Garden is a well established, family run business which was created over 30 years ago on Seaways Farm, overlooking the harbour and seascape. Above Porthloo on St Mary's, its friendly atmosphere and fresh food have made it a great favourite with visitors and locals alike. Read more »
Adventure Scilly
St. Mary's All year
Bryony offers flowing, uplifting yoga sessions; Nick is an experienced swim guide. Both Nick & Bryony are from Scilly and have extensive knowledge of swim spots and trail running routes across the islands, and can advise you on the best way to take an active holiday that will leave you feeling fully immersed in the beauty and nature of the islands. Read more »
Veronica Farm Produce
Bryher All year
A farm stall selling fresh free range eggs, homemade jams, pickles and chutneys, dried and fresh herbs and a wide range of Scilly succulents. Read more »
Scilly Flowers
St. Martin's All year
Scilly Flowers based at Churchtown Farm on St Martin’s is Scilly’s postal flower service. We send gift boxes of scented flowers to any UK address all year round. In the winter we grow and send Scented Narcissi and in the summer, Scented Pinks. If you are on St Martin’s, pop into the farm and see what we do. Read more »
Self Catering
St. Mary's Sleeps 2 | All year | £375 - £625 per week
A cottage, built in excess of 150 years ago, one of a row of typical fishermen's cottages situated very close to Porthcressa beach and centrally situated for the town's amenities. The cottage has been very tastefully renovated, attractively furnished and well equipped to provide accommodation of a high standard. One double bedroom. Wednesday changeover. Read more »
Special offer
Self Catering
St. Mary's Sleeps 4 | All year | £600 - £2,600 per week
A former gun emplacement in a unique, secluded location on the Garrison, Steval is the perfect hideaway with a private garden and panoramic sea views. The beautiful interior is equipped to the highest standards. Read more »
Self Catering
St. Mary's Sleeps 6 | All year | £395 - £910 per week
Bounty Ledge is a first floor maisonette with sea views which overlooks St Mary’s harbour out towards Tresco, Bryher and Samson. It is centrally located in Hugh Town, just 20 metres from Town beach, and one minute from the shops. There are 3 bedrooms, providing family accommodation for up to 6 persons. It is also very popular with couples who appreciate the spaciousness. Read more »
Self Catering
St. Mary's Sleeps 2 | Apr-Oct | £400 - £575 per week
A light spacious flat for 2 people in a quiet position off the road, just a short level walk to the harbour and Porthcressa beach. Separate lounge, kitchen/diner, bathroom with electric shower. The bedroom has a double bed. Electricity, bed linen and towels are included. Friday changeover. Read more »
Self Catering
St. Martin's Sleeps 6 | Mar-Oct | £495 - £745 per week
Connemara Farmhouse is close to the beach and is within a few hundred yards of the post office, shop, and acclaimed bakery.
Self Catering
St. Mary's Sleeps 6 | Jan-Oct | £450 - £900 per week
This light and airy, purpose-built second floor flat is well-appointed throughout and is a popular choice with families although it is equally suited to friends sharing.
Sleeping up to six guests in one twin, one double and one bunk-bedded room. Read more »
Self Catering
St. Mary's Sleeps 2 | Apr-Oct | £385 - £540 per week
This modern, well appointed ground floor flat sits at the top of the three-star rating and offers every comfort for a break at any time of the year (although we recommend early booking owing to its popularity). Rosevean was once a large Victorian house, now converted to four self-catering units which retain many original features. Read more »
| Isles of Scilly |
Coprolite is the name given by archaeologists to fossilized ………..what? | St Marys, The Scilly Isles
St.Mary's
The largest island with a village community and a big heart, this island is a great base for exploring the others. St.Mary's is the largest geographically - 2½ miles by 1¾ miles and home to about three quarters of the population of Scilly. The outskirts of the island are marram grass fringed beaches and ancient heritage sites, and the inner hub of the island is the settlement of Hugh Town which is an assortment of shops , restaurants and pubs. As the main municipal centre of the island, St.Mary's also has two banks , three churches , council offices and a hospital . Other facilities include a launderette , chemist, newsagent and hairdressers. The museum on St.Mary's has a fascinating array of artifacts from Scilly's vivid history, including an old Scillonian kitchen. Holgate's Green on the strand in Hugh Town is a popular place to sit and watch the activity in the harbour on picnic benches.
Old Town is a smaller settlement 10 minutes overhill walk from Hugh Town and set around the stunning beach of Old Town Bay. Eponymously the original town settlement in the Middle Ages, the main population moved to Hugh Town when Star Castle was constructed in 1593 to take advantage of the protection by the garrison. Just a few boats bob in the water at Old Town Bay, a quieter setting than the hustle and bustle Hugh Town harbour where the freight boat and passenger ferry dock. There are a couple of cafes, galleries, a small store and a pub in Old Town. Perhaps the most picturesque church on Scilly is Old Town Church -with no electricity supply services are conducted by candlelight and the graveyard is the final resting place of both Augustus Smith, founder of Tresco Abbey Garden, and Harold Wilson, former Prime Minister, as well as many much loved Scillonian ancestors of residents.
There are nine miles of roads on St.Mary's, so you will find the most traffic on this island, including cars and also vintage buses that run tours . There is also great opportunity to explore by bicycle (on two wheels you can easily see the whole island in a day) as there are mostly hard surface roads as well as 30 miles of coastal and inland tracks. These paths include nature trails with bird hides, woodland areas, heaths and sand dunes decorated with Agapanthus flowers which bloom in July. The island is abundant with wildlife including butterflies and migrant birds and the pond on St.Mary's is a favourite spot for young and old to stop and feed the ducks. In central St.Mary's there is a subtropical garden called Carreg Dhu, it is maintained by volunteers and entry is free, another perfect spot for visitors to relax.
Beaches on St.Mary's can rival some of the off islands, all are characterised by shallow emerald water, its transparency inviting snorkelers and calmness enticing waders and swimmers. The usually deserted Pelistry Bay on the peaceful eastern side of St.Mary's is a favourite, with incredible views to the uninhabited Eastern Isles; two other tranquil coves on the rural area of the island are Watermill and Bar Point. Porthcressa Beach is at the back of Hugh Town and excellent place to escape the commotion and sit on the golden sand enjoying the view out to the open Atlantic. The bay itself is sheltered on both sides by rocky outcrops which make it ideal for yachts to moor, swimmers to indulge in a dip, and children to play in the shallows. There is a promenade above the beach which is established as an ideal picnic setting, whether it's a Scillonian pasty from a bakery in town at lunchtime or traditional fish and chips in paper in the evenings.
Town Beach on the opposite side of Hugh Town borders the harbour and makes a fantastic location for watching the vibrant boats jostling in and out from the quayside, and smaller vessels dawdling through the anchorage. The neighbouring bay is Porthmellon home to the sailing school , so here you will find windsurfers and small sailing boats around the cove, and then Porth Thomas, and Porthloo, which looks back on the harbour and is a perfect for rock pool exploration.
In terms of historical interest the most notable sites on St.Mary's are the megalithic village at Bant's Carn and the Civil War fortifications including the 16th Century Star Castle , now converted into a hotel. Bant's Carn itself is an entrance grave excavated in 1900 which uncovered the remains of four cremations as well as Neolithic and Bronze Age pottery. The tomb measures 8 metres in diameter and stands on a platform 12 metres wide. Halangy Village, an Iron Age settlement, is located on sloping field below Bant's Carn and overlooking the sea. Overlaying an earlier Bronze Age settlement, there is one courtyard house and other interconnected oval houses with a likely occupation period of 500 years. Innisidgen is another site of historical interest nearby, two separate chambered tombs from the early Bronze Age and overlooking the channel between St.Mary's and St.Martins .
Activities available on St.Mary's are varied. Sports include squash, tennis, cycling, horse-riding , sailing, windsurfing , scuba-diving and fishing . All the equipment is available for hire including wet-suits and dive equipment. For golf enthusiasts, a 6000 yard course of 9 holes and some of the most magnificent views across the panorama of the islands from the greens. The golf course also has clubhouse and bar. Or, if spectating is your sport, then don't miss the twice weekly gig racing, a six oared rowing race that involves a large proportion of the community in this traditional event.
Boats follow the ladies race on a Wednesday evening and the men's race on a Friday, if you prefer you can cheer from the end of the quay, and there is always much celebration in the pubs afterwards! The World Pilot Gig Championships take place each year over the May Bank Holiday, bringing over 120 crews to Scilly and now in its 23rd year. St.Mary's also has the smallest football league in the world- with only two teams, the Garrison Gunners and the Woolpack Wanderers, who play each other every Sunday.
Day trips to off islands are the accepted holiday format from St.Mary's, and tripper boats leave the harbour at 10.15am and 2.00pm daily. Other boat trips include a voyage to Bishop Rock Lighthouse via the Western Rocks to see seabirds, a trip to the Eastern Isles to spot seals playing in the water, and trips to the Norrard Rocks and Round Island Lighthouse where you may see puffins from May to July.
Evening activities include boating such as shearwater cruises where you can observe the sea birds at dusk, or you can sail to an off island for dinner. Visitors are welcome at the Scillonian club in Hugh Town which offers pool, snooker, quiz nights, open mic nights, bingo, bridge and whist. Slide shows are presented in the Methodist Hall on subjects such as archaeology , history and wildlife . In the summer months, visiting theatre companies from Cornwall stage al fresco productions of plays such as Shakespeare in local gardens. St.Mary's also has a well attended choral society who perform regularly in a variety of local venues and a theatre club who perform in the Town Hall.
For views of St.Mary's see our St.Mary's photo gallery
St.Mary's Directory
St.Mary's Boatmen's Association
10 independently owned tripper boats offering direct trips to other islands, circular trips and pelagic trips. Boats carry between 72 and 100 passengers. Tickets sold on the quay at the kiosk, at the Tourist Information Centre, Tideline, Sports Mode and Calico Jack shops in Hugh Town.
Telephone: 01720423999
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Which is the most malleable of all metals? | Malleability in Metallurgy Terms
Malleability in Metallurgy Terms
By Terence Bell
Updated September 02, 2016
Malleability is a physical property of metals that defines the ability to be hammered, pressed, or rolled into thin sheets without breaking. In other words, it is the property of a metal to deform under compression.
A metal's malleability can be measured by how much pressure (compressive stress) it can withstand without breaking. Differences in malleability amongst metals are due to variances in their crystal structures.
Compression stress forces atoms to roll over each other into new positions without breaking their metallic bond. When a large amount of stress is put on a malleable metal, the atoms roll over each other, permanently staying in their new position.
Examples of malleable metals are:
Examples of products demonstrating malleability include gold leaf, lithium foil, and indium shot.
Malleability and Hardness:
The crystal structure of harder metals, such as antimony and bismuth , makes it more difficult to press atoms into new positions without breaking. This is because the rows of atoms in the metal don't line-up, that is, more grain boundaries exist.
Metals tend to fracture at grain boundaries - areas where atoms are not as strongly connected. So the more grain boundaries a metal has, the harder, more brittle and, therefore, less malleable it will be.
Malleability vs. Ductility:
While malleability is the property of a metal deforming under compression, ductility is the property of a metal allowing it to stretch without damage.
Copper has both good ductility - it can be stretched into wires - and good malleability - it can also be rolled into sheets.
Most malleable metals are also ductile, but the two properties can be exclusive. Lead and tin, for example, are malleable and ductile while cold but become increasingly brittle as temperatures rise towards their melting points.
Most metals, however, become more malleable when heated. This is due to the effect of temperature on the crystal grains within metals.
Controlling Crystal Grains:
Temperature has a direct effect on the behavior of atoms, and in most metals heat results in atoms having a more regular arrangement. This reduces the number of grain boundaries, thereby, making the metal softer or more malleable.
An example of temperature's effect on metals can be seen with zinc , which is a brittle metal below 300°F (149°C). Yet when heated above this temperature, zinc can become so malleable that it can be rolled into sheets.
In contrast to the effect of heat treatment , cold working - a process that involves working (rolling, drawing or pressing causing plastic deformation) a cold metal - tends to result in smaller grains, making the metal harder.
Alloying is another common method of controlling grain sizes to make metals more workable. Brass , an alloy of copper and zinc, is harder than both individual metals because its grain structure is more resistant to compression stress attempting to forces the rows of atoms from shifting into new positions.
Sources:
| Gold |
Which world-famous song was originally entitled ‘Good Morning To All’? | (Solved) - Gold is the most ductile of all metals. For example, one gram of... - (1 Answer) | Transtutors
Calculate the current density (Solved) November 17, 2013
Calculate the current density in a gold wire at 20 ° C , if an electric field of 0.740 V/m exists in the wire .
A current-carrying gold wire has diameter 0.84 mm. The electric field in the wire is 0.49 V/m. What are? (a) The current carried by the wire ;...
Solution Preview :
a) I = JA where, p = E/J or, J = E/p Therefore, I = (E/p) * A p = 2.44 * 10^-8 A = pi * r^2 = pi*[(0.84 * 10^-2)/2]^2 therefore, I = [0.49 * pi *(0.84/2)^2 ]/ 2.44 * 10^-8 = 11
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Which legendary figure refused to bow to a hat in Burglen marketplace? | William Tell, Mythical Hero, Mythical Historical Figure, or Both? - Windows To World History
Windows To World History
William Tell - Mythical Hero, Mythical Historical Figure, or Both?
by Kathy Warnes
History needs to be written and taught with imgination and documentation, with a fascinating figure like William Tell included to add zest to the story. Miss Arylene Burr, our American elementary music teacher, taught us that Gioachino Rossini wrote an opera in four acts called William Tell. Although William Tell features four acts, the William Tell Overture is the most famous part of the opera and it gallops into the Twenty First Century as a major part of the concert and recording repertoire of performers around the world.
The Story of Swiss National Hero, William Tell, Evolves
When Mr. Magnus. Meyer, our history teacher, told us about William Tell, he stressed that the story was about a Swiss national hero who fought for freedom much like the American George Washington. I didn’t find out until later in my historical journey that there are several accounts of the William Tell legend, beginning with the late Fifteenth Century White Book of Sarnen by Hans Schriber.
The most durable version of the William Tell story comes from Aegidius or Giles Tschudi, of Glarus, Switzerland, who lived from February 5, 1505, to February 28, 1572. He recorded the story of William Tell, an expert crossbow shot, originally from Burglen, in the canton of Uri in Switzerland.
In William Tell’s time, the Austrian Habsburg emperors wanted to rule Uri and Hermann Gessler, the Austrian governor of Altdorf, raised a pole in Uri’s central square with his hat dangling from the top of it. He told the citizens of Uri that if they didn’t bow to his hat, they would be arrested. When William Tell passed the hat, he refused to bow and Gessler arrested him. To punish William Tell, Hermann Gessler threatened him and his son, Walter, with execution if he didn’t shoot an apple off Walter’s head. If Tell hit the apple, he and Walter would be free.
On November 18, 1307, William Tell took aim at the apple on his son Walter’s head. Before he shot, William Tell removed two crossbow bolts from his quiver, took aim, and split the apple on Walter’s head. Gessler asked why he had removed two crossbow bolts from his quiver and William Tell told him that if he had killed his son, he had been prepared to use the second bolt on Gessler.
Angrily, Gessler ordered William Tell arrested and taken across Lake Lucerne to his castle at Kussnacht. A storm brewed on Lake Lucerne, violently rocking the boat and the soldiers untied William Tell and begged him to steer the boat. William Tell escaped by jumping from the boat, swimming to shore, and making his way to Kussnacht by land. When Gessler arrived, William Tell shot him with his crossbow as he traveled down a narrow stretch of the road from Immensee to Kussnacht.
William Tell’s actions ignited a rebellion and eventually the Swiss rebels formed the Swiss Confederation, which, as a federation of independent small states called cantons, existed from the end of the Thirteenth or early Fourteenth century until 1798, when the French Republic invaded Switzerland. Tschudi also documented William Tell’s death in 1354, when he wrote that Tell died trying to save a child from drowning in the Schachenbach River in Uri.
Tschudi and WilliamTell Fade In and Out of FavorThrough centuries of historiography,
Tschudi as a historical source has been discredited and William Tell as the Swiss national hero has swung back and forth on a pendulum of approval and disapproval. According to an article in the American newspaper The Brooklyn Eagle, in the 1880s, the Swiss Canton of Schwyz decided to expunge William Tell from its textbooks, but later reinstated him. In 2006, a Swiss survey about William Tell revealed that 58 percent of the Swiss people believe that William Tell was a legend, yet many Swiss still consider him Switzerland’s national hero.
The historic existence of national heroes like King Arthur, Robin Hood, and William Tell is unverifiable and some historians seriously doubt their validity. Although he believes that William Tell is unverifiable, historian Roger Sablonier, a professor of Middle Age History at the University of Zurich and project manager of the Forum for Swiss history at Schwyz, doesn’t seem to be bothered by his continuing presence in the national psyche.
"In order to maintain its sense of togetherness, a nation needs such myths," he said. "You can criticize them, but they are still somehow alive." He welcomes their presence, but cautions that politicians appropriate them for their own purposes.
Beware or Be Aware of Myth in History?
Perhaps Joseph Campbell, the late American mythologist, writer, and lecturer, best illustrates the tangling of myth and history in human psyches in his ground breaking non-fiction book of comparative mythology,Hero with a Thousand Faces. In Hero with a Thousand Faces, Campbell presents his perception of the archetypal hero that can be found in world mythologies. Like William Tell, Campbell’s archetypal hero, follows a variations of a pattern of the mythical hero, including the hero’s adventures. The hero puts the knowledge, blessing or benefit that he acquired during his adventures to use in the everyday world, often a positive benefit that serves to define the hero’s role in society.
The evolution of William Tell illustrates that the dividing line between history and myth is often crossed, even with documentation. Historians need to document their work with the best resources possible, but impeccable documentation does not always inspire an interest in history. Sometimes teachers like Miss Burr and Mr. Meyer telling the story of William Tell ignite the curiosity of a child and encourage that child to look beyond the prosaic names and dates that some people call history to the enduring stories of people and nations. As interest in history grows so does documentation knowledge. Eventually, both produce people with a solid sense of history and myth and the intellectual tools to know the difference.
References
Birmingham, David. Switzerland: Village History. Swallow Press, 2004.
Campbell, Joseph. The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Princeton University Press, 1972.
Campbell, Joseph. The Power of Myth. Anchor, 1991.
Fisher, Leonard Everett. William Tell. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1996.
Wilson, John. The History of Switzerland. Cosimo Classics, 2007.
Copyright Notice
All of the material on this website is copyrighted. You are free to link to any of the articles and to download any of the PDF books to read and use as long as you credit me as the author. I fully hope and expect the classroom activities to be freely used. [email protected]
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| William Tell |
According to the old saying what is a ‘dish best eaten cold’? | William Tell – Exequy's Blog
Bio , History
William Tell was a legendary hero of disputed historical authenticity who is said to have lived in the Canton of Uri in Switzerland in the early fourteenth century. The myth symbolizes the struggle for political and individual freedom. The legend began seven hundred years ago when the Austrians controlled what is now Switzerland. The Austrian ruler, Landburgher Gessler, tyrannically demanded every passerby of the marketplace salute his hat, that hung on a pole. Tell, walking into the marketplace for the first time following the edict, refused to salute and was immediately arrested. Gessler, who knew of Tell’s skill as a bowman, ordered that Tell’s only hope of avoiding execution was to shoot an arrow into an apple placed on his son’s head from a distance of 20 paces (approximately 60 feet). According to the legend, Tell successfully split the apple on his son’s head and later killed Gessler and thus initiated the movement which secured Switzerland’s independence. However, like most folklore, the story as well as Tell’s own existence is open to dispute.
The legend
William Tell from Bürglen was known as an expert marksman with the crossbow. At the time, the Habsburg emperors were seeking to dominate Uri. Hermann Gessler, the newly appointed Austrian Vogt of Altdorf raised a pole in the village’s central square with his hat on top and demanded that all the local townsfolk bow before it. As Tell passed by without bowing, he was arrested. He received the punishment of being forced to shoot an apple off the head of his son, Walter, or else both would be executed.
Tell had been promised freedom if he shot the apple. On November 18, 1307, Tell split the fruit with a single bolt from his crossbow, without mishap. When Gessler queried him about the purpose of the second bolt in his quiver, Tell answered that if he had ended up killing his son in that trial, he would have turned the crossbow on Gessler himself. Gessler became enraged at that comment, and had Tell bound and brought to his ship to be taken to his castle at Küssnacht. In a storm on Lake Lucerne, Tell managed to escape. On land, he went to Küssnacht, and when Gessler arrived, Tell shot him with the crossbow.
This defiance of the Austrian, Gessler, sparked a rebellion, leading to the formation of the Swiss Confederation.
The history of the legend
The legend of William Tell appears first in the fifteenth century, in two different versions. One version, found in a popular ballad (Tellenlied) from around 1470, in the chronicles of Melchior Russ from Bern (written 1482 to 1488) and in the first theater adaptation of the story, the Tellenspiel from 1512, portrays Tell as the main actor of the independence struggles of the founding cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy; the other, found in the Weisse Buch von Sarnen of 1470, sees Tell as a minor character in a conspiracy against the Habsburgs led by others. Aegidius Tschudi, a Catholic conservative historian, merged these two earlier accounts in 1570 into the story summarized above.
All these early written accounts focus on Tell’s confrontation with Gessler. The different versions are not always consistent. The ballad mentions that Gessler had wanted to have Tell drowned in the lake, and Russ mentions that Tell shot Gessler immediately after having escaped instead of at Küssnacht. Similar variability exists concerning Tell’s later life, of which the classic tale does not tell. Tschudi’s version of the legend has it that he died in 1354 while trying to save a child from drowning in the Schächenbach, an alpine river in Uri. There is a fresco from 1582 in a chapel in Bürglen showing this scene.
The story of a great hero successfully shooting a small object from his child’s head and then killing the tyrant who forced him to do it, however, is an archetype present in several Germanic myths. The motif also appears in other stories from Norse mythology, in particular the story of Egil in the Thidreks saga, as well as in the stories of William of Cloudsley from England, Palnetoke from Denmark, and a story from Holstein.
There is also an entry in the Malleus Maleficarum regarding witch-archers that bears a surprising resemblance to the story of William Tell, telling of a wizard shooting a penny off the cap of his young son, including mention of a prince tempting the marksman to attempt the feat, and the second arrow intended for the prince in the event of failure.
Characters from the legend are featured in decks of playing cards popular in central Europe. The 48-card German deck was developed in the fifteenth century with various face-card designs, but the William Tell design became extremely popular after the Revolutions of 1848.
Historicity debate
François Guillimann, a statesman of Fribourg and later historian and advisor of the Habsburg emperor Rudolph II, wrote to Melchior Goldast in 1607: “I followed popular belief by reporting certain details in my Swiss antiquities [published in 1598], but when I examine them closely the whole story seems to me to be pure fable.” In 1760, Simeon Uriel Freudenberger from Luzern anonymously published a tract arguing that the legend of Tell in all likelihood was based on the Danish saga of Palnatoke. (A French edition of his book, written by Gottlieb Emmanuel von Haller, was burnt in Altdorf.)
This view remained very unpopular, however. Friedrich von Schiller used Tschudi’s version as the basis for his play Wilhelm Tell in 1804, interpreting Tell as a glorified patriot assassin. This interpretation became very popular especially in Switzerland, where the Tell figure was instrumentalized in the early nineteenth century as a “national hero” and identification figure in the new Helvetic Republic and also later on in the beginnings of the Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft, the modern democratic federal state that developed then. When the historian Joseph Eutych Kopp in the 1830s dared to question the reality of the legend, an effigy of him was burnt on the Rütli, the meadow above Lake Lucerne where—according to the legend—the oath was sworn that concluded the original alliance between the founding cantons of the Swiss confederacy.
Historians continued to argue over the saga until well into the twentieth century. Wilhelm Öchsli published in 1891 a scientific account of the founding of the confederacy (commissioned by the government for the celebration of the first National holiday of Switzerland on August 1, 1891), and clearly dismissed the story as a saga. Yet 50 years later, in 1941, a time where Tell again had become national identification figure, the historian Karl Meyer tried to connect the events of the saga with known places and events. Modern historians generally consider the saga just that, as neither Tell’s nor Gessler’s existence can be proven. The legend also tells of the Burgenbruch, a coordinated uprising including the slighting of many forts; however, archeological evidence shows that many of these forts were abandoned and destroyed already long before 1307/08.
A possible historical nucleus of the legend was suggested by Schärer (1986). He identified one Wilhelm Gorkeit of Tellikon (modern Dällikon in the Canton of Zurich). “Gorkeit” is explained as a version of the surname Armbruster (crossbow maker). Historians were not convinced by Schärer’s hypothesis, but it is still referred to by the nationalistic right sometimes, denouncing its rejection by academia as an “internationalist” conspiracy.
Legacy
Antoine-Marin Lemierre in 1766 wrote a play inspired by Tell. The success of this work established the association of Tell as a fighter against tyranny with the history of the French revolution.
The French revolutionary fascination with Tell found its reflection back in Switzerland with the establishment of the Helvetic Republic. Tell became, as it were, the mascot of the short-lived republic, his figure being featured in its official seal.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe learned of the Tell saga during his travels through Switzerland between 1775 and 1795. He got hold of a copy of Tschudi’s chronicles, and considered writing a play about Tell. Ultimately, he gave the idea to his friend Friedrich von Schiller, who in 1803-04 wrote the play Wilhelm Tell, which had its debut performance on March 17, 1804, in Weimar. Schiller’s Tell is heavily inspired by the political events in the late eighteenth century, the French revolution in particular. Schiller’s play was performed at Interlaken (the Tellspiele) in the summers of 1912 to 1914, 1931 to 1939 and every year since 1947. In 2004 it was first performed in Altdorf itself.
Gioacchino Rossini in turn used Schiller’s play as the basis for his 1829 opera William Tell; the William Tell Overture is one of his best-known pieces of music, and has become widely reused in popular culture.
John Wilkes Booth, the assassin of Abraham Lincoln was inspired by Tell. Lamenting the negative reaction to his deed, Booth wrote in his journal on April 21, 1865, “[W]ith every man’s hand against me, I am here in despair. And why; For doing what Brutus was honored for and what made Tell a Hero. And yet I for striking down a greater tyrant than they ever knew am looked upon as a common cutthroat.”
Following a national competition, won by the submission of Richard Kissling (1848-1919), Altdorf in 1895 erected the monument to its hero. Kissling casts Tell as a peasant and man of the mountains, with strong features and muscular limbs. His powerful hand rests lovingly on the shoulder of little Walter. The scene does not depict the apple. The depiction is in marked contrast with that used by the Helvetic Republic, where Tell is shown like a landsknecht rather than a peasant, with a sword at his belt and a feathered hat, bending down to pick up his son who is still holding the apple.
The new design of the Federal 5 francs coin issued from 1922 features the bust of a generic “mountain shepherd” designed by Paul Burkard, but due to a similarity of the bust with Kissling’s statue, in spite of the missing beard, it was immediately widely identified as Tell by the population
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Which city is the setting for the TV crime series Scott & Bailey? | Suranne Jones and Lesley Sharp in ‘Scott & Bailey’ - The New York Times
The New York Times
Television |A ‘Cagney & Lacey’ With Constables
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A ‘Cagney & Lacey’ With Constables
Suranne Jones and Lesley Sharp in ‘Scott & Bailey’
By MARGY ROCHLIN
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Suranne Jones, left, and Lesley Sharp restrain a rape victim (Nichola Burley) in an episode of “Scott & Bailey.” The series, a hit in Britain, was cocreated by Sally Wanwright. Credit Matt Squire/Red Production, via ITV
One of the more interesting crime dramas currently on either side of the Atlantic started with a concept that was only about three decades old.
Called “Scott & Bailey,” it’s a police procedural about two female crime-solvers. Or, in the words of Suranne Jones, who stars in the series and came up with the original idea with her fellow actress Sally Lindsay, it’s “a Manchester-based ‘Cagney & Lacey.’ ”
Set in that British city’s decaying landscape, “Scott & Bailey” views every dead body or sullen perp through the eyes of the detective constables Rachel Bailey (Ms. Jones) and Janet Scott (Lesley Sharp, who stepped into the role when Ms. Lindsay, who occasionally shows up as Bailey’s sister, became pregnant with twins).
Yet it’s not hard to spot the pages that have been torn from the “Cagney & Lacey” handbook: Both dramas have tough-minded, emotionally complicated odd couples at their center, female cops who are different in temperament but who share a deep understanding of each other’s lives and who endlessly hash things out in stolen ladies’ room moments. Cagney (Sharon Gless) was single and more glamorous than her partner, Lacey (Tyne Daly), the wife of a contractor. Bailey is an unmarried woman in her 30s who binge-drinks and has impulse-control issues; her partner is a levelheaded 40-something mother of two.
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Sally Wanwright
But the earlier show, which began in 1981, had been off the air for 23 years when Ms. Jones and Ms. Lindsay hatched their idea over a bottle of wine. Both were facing that strange age netherworld that most actresses are consigned to in their 30s and 40s: “the wife-of, sidekick-to, mother-of, mistress-to” marginal parts, as Ms. Jones put it. So the two sketched starring roles with heft for themselves.
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Sally Wainwright, who created “ Scott & Bailey ” with Diane Taylor, a former homicide detective, fleshed out their idea for the British network ITV in ways that make it feel modern. More often than not, the cases assigned to the Syndicate 9 homicide unit involve crimes affecting women — a serial rapist on a murder spree, the strangling of a pregnant teenage bride, an actress in X-rated films who kills her husband — or are told from a woman’s point of view.
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And in place of the barking white male in charge of seemingly every squad room in television, the team reports to a by-the-books detective chief inspector named Gill Murray (Amelia Bullmore). There have been other members of Gill Murray’s club: “Law & Order” had Lt. Anita Van Buren (S. Epatha Merkerson) at the top, and Chief Superintendent Jean Innocent (Rebecca Front) calls the shots on the British procedural “Inspector Lewis,” a spinoff of “Inspector Morse.” But what makes Murray — loosely inspired by Ms. Taylor — a dynamics-changer is that her authority is absolute: No male or female officer is keen on being called into her office.
When Ms. Wainwright first started working on “Scott & Bailey” she knew she wanted to create a universe a step beyond the woman-against-the-boys’-club construct that undergirded previous shows like “Prime Suspect” (starring Helen Mirren) or “The Closer” (starring Kyra Sedgwick). The idea was to dramatize a situation, she said, in which it was “perfectly acceptable to be a woman and high-powered in an interesting job and it goes uncommented upon because you’re surrounded by women who are doing a similar caliber of job.”
Reviewers in Britain applauded. “Who knew that letting your female leads behave as Actual Women when confronted with hideous crimes and disastrous relationships could prove so watchable?” The Guardian said of the series, which it called “genuinely gripping.”
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From right, Amelia Bullmore, Suranne Jones and Lesley Sharp play investigators in Manchester, England, in “Scott & Bailey.” Credit ITV/Red Productions
But there was grumbling that with such a female perspective (Ms. Wainwright and Ms. Taylor write the scripts, and Nicola Shindler is executive producer), the males came off as buffoonish.
“At home, at work, they’re either evil sexist pigs and homophobes, or dull brainless snoring twits,” The Guardian complained of the male portrayals, adding, “Couldn’t there be just one reasonable male character?”
“I kind of resent that,” Ms. Wainwright said, arguing that the criticism sprang from the fact that viewers are more accustomed to cop dramas that revolve around gun-brandishing, chokehold-happy guys with big personalities. “I don’t think the men on our show are weak. I think the point is that we’re not concentrating on the men; we’re concentrating on the women.”
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Though “Scott & Bailey” was the highest-rated new drama on British TV in its first season, in 2011, it isn’t widely available in the United States. It has reached a handful of PBS stations, but the easiest way to watch it is via the Web site of KPBS, the San Diego affiliate, which is streaming episodes after they appear on the air.
Ms. Wainwright hopes that as viewers become more immersed in the series (it rewards those who start from the beginning), they will forget which sex is in charge and accept it as a great detective drama.
“I find it surprising when people say, ‘Oh, ‘Scott & Bailey’ is all about women,’ ” said Ms. Wainwright. “Is that supposed to be a new thing in 2013?”
A version of this article appears in print on May 12, 2013, on Page AR26 of the New York edition with the headline: A ‘Cagney & Lacey’ With Constables. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe
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Which light spongy dish has a name stemming from the French meaning ‘blown’? | ITV commissions new episodes of Scott & Bailey
ITV commissions new episodes of Scott & Bailey
Published: Fri 31 Jul 2015
ITV commissions new episodes of Scott & Bailey from Red Production Company starring Suranne Jones and Lesley Sharp
ITV has commissioned a three-part special series of Scott & Bailey featuring a single crime story to be produced by award winning independent producers Red Production Company.
The three-part format will allow the story to unfold with scale and ambition as Scott & Bailey tackle one of the biggest and darkest cases they have ever had to face.
Both Suranne Jones and Lesley Sharp return to the roles of super cool Scott and her hotheaded partner DS Bailey; the crime-fighting partnership forged over four previous series following the drama’s successful critical and ratings launch on ITV in 2011.
With DCI Gill Murray in retirement, ever-ambitious Rachel (Suranne Jones) returns from her Vice secondment fired up and full of new ideas and initiatives. She’s gained valuable experience and really wants to make her mark as she returns to Syndicate 9’s Murder Squad.
Exhilarated to step up to the plate, Rachel is exactly who Janet (Lesley Sharp) and the Squad need to move forward with a terrifying and sinister Internet crime investigation of epic scale and unrelenting horror. Using her Vice authorisation, Rachel accesses a disturbing world where people brag about committing murder and lay down the gauntlet for the next victim. A game of ruthless life or death daring develops, as Scott & Bailey investigate multiple killers with horrifying and everlasting consequences. They will be changed forever and the investigation will take a devastating toll on their private, professional and personal lives.
The drama will be executive produced by Nicola Shindler (Happy Valley, Last Tango in Halifax, Banana, Cucumber) founder of the Red Production Company and produced by Michaela Eccleston, Red’s Head of Production.
Suranne Jones, who conceived the idea for the drama with fellow actress Sally Lindsay, will also executive produce alongside Nicola. Sally Lindsay also returns to the drama playing Rachel’s sister Alison.
“I’m very excited to be returning to the series as Rachel Bailey and this time to be working alongside Nicola Shindler as an Executive Producer,” said Suranne.
The characters of Scott & Bailey were created by BAFTA and RTS award winning writer and playwright Sally Wainwright (Happy Valley, Last Tango in Halifax, Unforgiven) and retired detective Diane Taylor who helped shape the series from her experiences of working within the Greater Manchester Police Force.
Writer Lee Warburton, who penned episodes for the last series of Scott & Bailey, has returned to write the new episodes. The drama will be filmed in Oldham, Manchester and surrounding areas from September 2015.
Two new police advisors, Samantha Manning and Lisa Farrand join the series, as consultants, and a director will be appointed shortly.
“We’re delighted to be returning to Scott & Bailey with an investigation that will have everlasting consequences for the characters,” said Nicola. “This series is more ambitious and sinister than ever before and the concept of a three part story allows us the opportunity to tackle a story of epic scale and ambition,” she added.
Scott & Bailey has been commissioned for ITV by Director of Drama Commissioning Steve November and Controller of Drama Victoria Fea.
“Scott & Bailey is a firm favourite with ITV viewers who relate to the characters’ busy professional and working lives,” said Steve. “We’re thrilled Red are reuniting Suranne and Lesley to play the iconic characters so deftly created by Sally Wainwright and Red’s production team,” said Steve.
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A babirusa is wild variety of which animal? | Babirusa :: Saint Louis Zoo
Saint Louis Zoo
swamps and forests around rivers and lakes
Scientific Name
Threatened
Setting the Standard for Bizarre
On the small tropical Indonesian island of Sulawesi (formerly Celebes) and at the Saint Louis Zoo, the babirusa sets the standard for bizarre. To see this small, sparsely-haired pig is to realize this immediately. The babirusa is not just another pretty face-but it is an unforgettable one!
In 1990, the Saint Louis Zoo acquired a pair of these elusive forest-dwellers through a complex cooperative loan program. A two-and-a-half year old male born at the Bronx Zoo was traded to the Los Angeles Zoo but flown to St. Louis on breeding loan. Los Angeles then sent a replacement male to the Bronx Zoo. An unrelated female babirusa was then selected from the Los Angeles Zoo herd to pair with the new St. Louis resident. The net result was a breeding pair of babirusa owned by the Los Angeles Zoo but managed by the Saint Louis Zoo. Since this time, the Saint Louis Zoo has raised five litters of nine piglets.
Little is known about the natural history of the babirusa due to the difficulty of observing it in its thick jungle habitat. This shy pig lives in groups of five to fifteen animals in swamps and forests along rivers and lakes. The babirusa's coloration, torpedo-shaped body and deer-like movements enable it to melt silently into surrounding cover at the slightest disturbance.
About That face
The most striking feature of a babirusa is its face. Besides being armed with a pair of slashing lower tusks, an impressive pair of upper tusks erupt through the top of the snout and curve back toward the eyes. These upper canines resemble antlers more than they do tusks. Not surprisingly, the translation of "babi-rusa" is "pig-deer."
There has been much debate over the purpose of the upper tusks on males. Sulawesi natives are convinced that these tusks hook over low-hanging branches to support the babirusa's head as it rests. A more plausible explanation was proposed by John McKinnon in 1981. His studies suggest that males developed this extraordinary set of upper tusks to protect the eyes and throat from the slashing lower tusks of competing males. This alternative use of the tusks was made possible by the fact that when the babirusa's ancestors arrived on Sulawesi they faced a predator-free environment. Without strong selection pressure to develop and maintain anti-predator mechanisms, the tusks were suddenly "free" to be modified for other uses. The greatest physical threat to the ancestral babirusa boars was no longer predation, but competition. Rival boars armed with dagger-like tusks and surly dispositions posed a serious hazard to the average babirusa boar come-a'courtin.
Like all other pig species, babirusa practice a social system in which males fight with other males over the right to breed several females. Violent struggles can occur involving the use of the sharp lower tusks. The frequency of these conflicts, and the inherent risk of serious injury, probably increased dramatically when the babirusa's ancestors first arrived from the mainland to this small, isolated island. This created a new selection measure that favored the development of mechanisms to reduce the risk of injury during the ritual combat between males.
The result of this selection pressure was the modification of the babirusa boars' upper tusks. Instead of curving down like other pigs' tusks, they grew straight up through the snout, curving into a spiral that is ideal for catching and deflecting potential blows. Their placement at the top of the snout gives them added protection to the vulnerable eyes. These tusks have evolved to such a degree that boars seem to sprout veritable arsenals!
It should be noted that babirusa females have remarkably reduced tusks relative to those of other suid females. This is probably a direct consequence of the lack of predators on the island, coupled with the fact that, in general, sows do not compete with each other in the way that boars do.
About Its Family Tree
While some paleontologic evidence suggests that babirusa may be more closely related to hippos and peccaries than to true pigs, the species is currently classified as a suid (a member of the pig family). It is different enough, however, to warrant its own sub-family: Babyrusinae. Most of these differences can be traced to the babirusa's ancient origins. A primitive European pig, extinct for about 35 million years, is its closest relative.
The babirusa is one of about a dozen species of wild pigs scattered across Africa, Europe, Asia and the surrounding islands. By introduction, wild boar and feral swine have been established in North and South America as well as Australia -- often with disastrous results. The snout, typical of wild pigs, allows these animals to rapidly turn over leaf litter and top soil, in search of dietary staples such as roots, grubs and tender new vegetation. Environmentalists in some of these regions refer to these introduced pests as "living rototillers" because of the damage they cause to fragile forest ecosystems unsuitable for sustaining wild pig populations.
The Case for Babirusa
As a rule, the pig family represents a unique evolutionary direction for the ungulates (hoofed mammals). Pigs are the only ungulates that build nests and give birth to litters. In general, offspring are striped at birth and are much more altricial (dependent on parental care) than other ungulate offspring. Suids have very simple gastro-intestinal tracts compared to other hoofed mammals, and therefore tend to select diets of low-fiber, nutrient-dense foods such as fruits, seeds, shoots, roots and even carrion.
Babirusa are the exception to many of these "pig rules." Their litter size is generally small; usually only numbering one to three unstriped offspring per litter. This reduced reproductive rate is thought to be a direct result of this species' predator-free environment. Babirusa piglets are somewhat more precocial than those of other suids: typically they wander from the nest and sample solid foods by ten days of age. Babirusa also have a more complex two-chambered stomach, an indication that a species is capable of digesting fiber through the use of microbial fermentation similar to cattle, goats and sheep. Further, unlike other pig species, they have little or no hair on their drab brown bodies.
These animals are declining in the wild due to habitat destruction and over-hunting. In 1978, a population survey estimated that fewer than 4,000 babirusa remained on Sulawesi, the nearby Togian Islands, Sula and Buru. In 1989, the Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), rated the babirusa as the Asian pig species in greatest need of immediate conservation measures. Part of that conservation program includes an ex situ propagation effort to sustain a safety-net population in zoos in case the wild population continues to decline or goes extinct. The Saint Louis Zoo feels it can make a meaningful contribution to this effort.
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Where in the British Isles can the Laxey Wheel aka Lady Isabella be seen? | VU - Sulawesi Babirusa - Wild Pig Specialist Group
Wild Pig Specialist Group
Pop. trend: decreasing
Taxonomy. Babyrousa celebensis Deniger, 1910, Sulawesi.
Phylogenetic studies suggest that babirusas diverged from other pigs in the Miocene, approximate between 10 and 19 million years ago, which could well be the time when they became first isolated on Sulawesi. Considering that the land connection between southern Sulawesi and Borneo was severed some 50 Mya, this suggests that a later land connection existed between Sundaland and Sulawesi, unless babirusas dispersed through rafting or swimming. The presence of two more genera of suids in Sulawesi (Celebochoerus and Sus), which must have split off from the main stock of Suidae at different times, is indicative of several invasions of ancestral suid types to Sulawesi over a great length of time.
The genus is monotypic within the subfamily Babyrousinae, or alternatively considered to form a tribe, Babyrousini, of the subfamily Suinae. All members of this genus were considered part of a single species, Babyrousa babyrussa, until recently, but following the split into several species, the nominate scientific name is now restricted to the Moluccan Babirusa from Buru and the Sula Islands. B. celebensis, the Sulawesi Babirusa, is the best-known babirusa, and the only species for which substantive ecological and behavioral information is available.
Distribution ( see map ). B. celebensis occurs on the island of Sulawesi. The name specifically refers to animals from the north of the island, and the taxonomic identity of the individuals from central, eastern and southeastern Sulawesi remains undecided. We here follow the IUCN Red List and treat all individuals occurring on Sulawesi, as well as those previously known from the Muna, Buton and Lembeh Islands as belonging to B. celebensis, pending resolution of the taxonomy.
B. celebensis has been much reduced on the northern peninsula of Sulawesi, primarily due to over-hunting, and their distribution may now be largely limited to the western end of the Bogani Nani-Wartabone National Park, the Nantu Wildlife Reserve and the Panua Nature Reserve; all in the western half of the northern peninsula. The species still occurs in central Sulawesi and the eastern and southeastern peninsula, although precise information regarding the current extent of occurrence and area of occupancy is lacking. The species is unlikely to still occur on the severely deforested southern island of Muna, where the species used to occur. On Buton the species was not found during recent mammal surveys, and its continued presence on the island of Lembeh is also uncertain.
Descriptive notes. Head-body 85–110 cm; shoulder height 65–60 cm; weight up to 100 kg. B. celebensis is characterized by its sparse or absent body hair, a nearly hairless tail tuft, and long, relatively thick upper canines that emerge vertically, converge slightly and curl dorsally in a circle. The upper canines of males are generally long and thick, with the upper canines merging vertically and not crossing the lower canines in lateral view. The skulls of B. celebensis are longer than the two other species. They are relatively narrowed than one specimen from central Sulawesi, for which the taxonomic status remains unresolved as pointed out above. The lower (M1 and M3) and upper (M2 and M3) molars in B. celebensis are longer than in the other two species.
Unlike most other pig species, babirusas do not have the typical adaptations for rooting. The nose of babirusas lacks the rostral bone that in other pigs provides support for the tough connective tissue plate of the rhinarium.
Re-analyses of the soft tissue anatomy of the limbs and digestive tract of B. celebensis have revealed mistakes of identification in earlier work and the results have reversed the earlier suggestion that the babirusa was constructed in a significantly different way from the pig (Sus spp.); in general the muscular anatomies of the two species are very similar and the stomach of the babirusa does not resemble that of the ruminant.
Habitat. B. celebensis inhabits tropical rain forest. Whereas previously the animal had been reported to occur in low lying areas near coasts, recent anecdotal and survey reports indicate that the species is now confined mostly to the interior, on higher and less accessible ground. Although often associated with swamp and riverine areas, there is still insufficient data to be conclusive on the aquatic affinities of the species. The species frequently uses mineral salt-licks.
Food and Feeding. Diet and feeding behavior in B. celebensis remain poorly studied in the wild, but observations on captive animals provide a useful picture of their potential diet. The anatomical structure of the stomach and digestive tract suggest that B. celebensis is omnivorous. In zoos, adults of this species have been observed to chase, catch and eat small mammals and birds implying that they may show similar behavior in the wild. Observations of both wild and captive individuals suggest that species consumes a wide variety of leaf, root, and fruit material, with fruit supposedly being specifically important. Their jaws and teeth are strong enough to crack very hard nuts with ease. Not unlike the Bornean Bearded Pig, Sus b. barbatus, B. celebensis' apparent requirement for fruit-bearing trees as a component part of their environment has been implied, because as soon as mature trees were cleared by forestry operations or conversion to food crop production, the babirusas were no longer to be found in the area. Whether this is a result of changes in food resources or increased hunting pressure and disturbance from logging crews has not yet been clarified.
S. celebensis forages for food items on the ground, under logs and stones, in wet areas and on bushes and trees. Animals will stand with their forelimbs against tree trunks to reach hanging leaves and fruit, and will even stand on their hind limbs to pluck leaves from the trees.
Activity patterns. Based on observations on captive animals, B. celebensis appears to be mostly diurnal. These animals slept at night, which is consistent with the general lack of activity at night recorded in North Sulawesi. About an hour before sunrise at 6.00 individuals began to wake up and move about. Voiding of faecal material and urine occurs at this time, and animals appeared to prefer to defecate under branches and fallen tree trunks. Foraging extended throughout the day, but occupied a larger proportion of the time in the morning. From about mid-morning onwards an increasing proportion of the time was taken up with non-foraging activities. The animals were either wallowing or lying down. Both in the wild and in captivity, males have been observed to wallow more often than females.
Movements, Home range and Social organization. The information available from field and captive studies indicates B. celebensis is a social species. Groups of up to 13 have been observed in the rainforest, especially around water, communal wallowing areas and salt licks. Rarely aggregations as large as 46 individuals comprising several distinct groups have congregated at salt licks. Most (i.e. 84%) of all sightings of solitary animals were of adult males. Single adult males were seen with single adult females, but never with two or more females unless young animals were present. Adult females were rarely seen without company; they were sometimes found together with other adult animals, but most often they were with young babirusa. Groups containing adult females and young numbered 84 (of the 226 groups studied), of which two thirds (56 groups) had no adult males present.
Very little is known about the ranging behavior of B. celebensis. Field observations suggest that the adult males have home ranges that overlap with those of a number of other adult males. Density estimates in two protected areas where the species still occurred in 2003 varied from 4.3–11.8 and 0.7–4.1 animals/km2.
Like other pigs, babirusas evidently swim well. A single adult male was reported approximately 500 m from the shore of a large lake in central Sulawesi, and even though it is not certain whether this is the same species as B. celebensis, it is likely that all babirusa species can swim and cover relatively large distances.
Breeding. In zoological collections, B. celebensis may become sexually mature as early as five to ten months of age. However, it is likely that the age of sexual maturity in the wild is influenced by a number of factors including the level of nutrition. Precise data do not yet exist, but animals are unlikely to breed in the wild before they are one year old. Estrus cycle lengths of 28–42 days have been recorded but recent endocrine studies suggest it may lie between 35 and 37 days. Captive females generally re-cycle within 3 months after the birth of their young. Estrus lasts 2–3 days, and the female is not receptive to males at other times.
Gestation length is usually 155–158 days, though up to 171 days has been reported. The body weight of the sow increases during gestation. The normal litter size in B. celebensis is one or two uniformly brown colored piglets, but a low incidence of triplet births has been recorded both in zoos and in the wild, and a litter of four fetuses has been reported in utero in a wild female. Neonatal B. celebensis are small in size and weigh less than 800g at birth. There are usually four mammary glands, but an additional pair has sometimes been reported. Although the female can have a life span of as long as 24 years in captivity, it is unlikely that the animals in the wild live as long, perhaps no more than 7–12 years.
In zoos, B. celebensis sows produce young at all times of the year, and may produce two litters within a 12 month period. However, since it seems likely that diet or seasonal factors would normally influence inter-birth intervals, litters may be produced less frequently in the wild. Observation in North Sulawesi revealed adult females accompanied by subadult animals as well as juveniles. However, there was no observable criterion with which to establish whether or not these youngsters of two different ages represented the progeny of consecutive litters from the same adult female.
Studies of the agonistic behavior of B. celebensis have so far revealed no evidence that the adult males normally use their teeth during male-male interactions. The ultimate form of agonistic behavior is described as “boxing”, and involves two males raising themselves off the ground until both are standing on their hind legs facing one another, leaning and paddling against the chest and shoulders of their opponent. Their snouts are held as high as possible. Females did not employ the same strategy.
Status and Conservation. The species is listed as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Adult B. celebensis appear to have few, if any, natural predators. There are no large native mammalian carnivores on Sulawesi, and the most likely predator are probably large snakes and crocodiles. The small numbers of young born suggest that the species is not adapted to a high rate of natural predation. Hunting by humans, however, with snares, nets, spears and dogs has undoubtedly been an important factor since prehistoric times, and widespread snare trapping constitutes the main threat to the remaining populations of B. celebensis in North Sulawesi and, more recently, elsewhere in Sulawesi. B. celebensis is apparently not hunted specifically for its own meat, but represents a by-catch to the hunting of the Sulawesi Warty Pig, Sus celebensis. Therefore, the population of B. celebensis in the wild is being placed under severe and increasing pressure by the market demand for wild pig meat.
The species is also increasingly threatened by commercial logging, and by the spread of other land-uses resulting in forest conversion and degradation. Total lowland forest loss on the island is estimated to be likely more than 75%.
The genus Babyrousa was accorded full protection under Indonesian law in 1931. Under its original taxonomic designation, B. babirussa, the species has been included on Appendix I of CITES since 1982, although international trade in this species is not thought to be have been an important issue.
B. celebensis occurs in several protected areas of various levels on Sulawesi (e.g. Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, Lore Lindu National Park, Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park, the Nantu Wildlife Reserve, the Panua Nature Reserve, Morowali Nature Reserve and others. As pointed out above, the taxonomic status of the central and southern Sulawesi animals remains unclear, and B. celebensis may therefore be much more restricted and highly endangered in northern Sulawesi.
Text adapted from: Meijaard, E., J. P. d'Huart, and W. L. R. Oliver. 2011. Family Suidae (Pigs). Pages 248-291 in D. E. Wilson, and R. A. Mittermeier, editors. Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol 2. Hoofed Mammals. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.
Bibliography
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Which town on the Isle of Mull was also the name of a Womble? | Tobermory, a Gem on the Isle of Mull, Scotland | Echoes of the Past
Echoes of the Past
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Tobermory, a Gem on the Isle of Mull, Scotland
Built as a fishing port in 1788 on a design by Thomas Telford, the town curves around the harbour and rises into the hillside beyond. Tobermory is the capital of, and the only burgh on, the Isle of Mull in the Scottish Inner Hebrides. It is located in the northeastern part of the island, near the northern entrance of the Sound of Mull.
When we arrived in the little town in 2013, the sun was shining and the skies a perfect blue, it felt like we were in a beautiful picturesque postcard. Best known for its connections with children’s TV, first it had a Womble named after it, while more recently it was used as the setting for the BBC children’s series Balamory.
Main street has a mix of shops, eateries, hotels and guest houses and has an excellent selection of locally produced arts and crafts. It surely must be one of the prettiest towns in Scotland and it was lovely, just pottering around the town and having something to eat on the harbour side, just perfect.
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What is the subject of Lorraine Pascale’s BBC2 programmes? | Wombles Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
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The Wombles are fictional pointy-nosed, rodent-like, furry creatures that live in burrows, where they aim to help the environment by collecting and recycling rubbish in creative ways. Wombles were created by author Elizabeth Beresford , and originally appeared in a series of children's novels from 1968. Although Wombles supposedly live in every country in the world, Beresford's stories are concerned with the lives of the inhabitants of the burrow on Wimbledon Common in London, England. The characters became nationally famous in the UK in the mid 1970s as a result of a very popular BBC children's television show using stop motion animation. A number of spin-off novelty songs also became major hits in the British music charts. The Wombles (band) was the brainchild of British music writer and composer, Mike Batt. The Womble motto is "Make Good Use of Bad Rubbish." This green message was a reflection of the growing ecology movement of the 1970s.
Background
Edit
Elisabeth Beresford was a freelance ghost writer and children's book author. She was born in Paris and travelled the world with her BBC sports commentator husband Max Robertson. One Christmas, Elisabeth Beresford took her young children for a Boxing Day walk on Wimbledon Common, where one referred to it as "Wombledon Common." On getting home, Elisabeth Beresford wrote down the idea and started developing the characters and storylines.
Characters
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Beresford developed the characters around members of her family, and named them after places the family had associations with. This is the list of young wombles:
Orinoco - a shirker who loved sleep and food, styled on Beresford's teenage son and named after the River Orinoco in South America.
Bungo - over-enthusiastic and bossy, named after Bungo Province in Japan.
Wellington - scientifically inclined, but very insecure and absent-minded. Named after her nephew's school: Wellington School, Somerset.
Tomsk - an athletic Womble with a rather low IQ, named after Tomsk in Russia.
Alderney - Madame Cholet's assistant, named after Alderney in the Channel Islands where Beresford lived towards the end of her life. She appeared in the early books, but did not make it into the first TV series . Her character was revived in the second TV series , when many viewers wrongly assumed she was a new character
Shansi - often paired with Alderney, as Bungo was with Orinoco, named after a Shanxi province in China. She was also not seen until the second TV series.
Stepney - East Ender with dreadlocks, who got his name from the Stepney area in London's East End where he came from. He was also not seen until the second TV series.
Obidos - named after Óbidos, Pará in Brazil.
Moosonee - Tomsk's penpal, named after a place in James Bay in Canada.
This is the list of old wombles:
Great Uncle Bulgaria - the Wombles' leader, based on Beresford's father-in-law and named after the country.
Tobermory - an engineer, based on Beresford's brother, a skilled inventor, and named after the capital of the Isle of Mull, in the Scottish Inner Hebrides islands.
Madame Cholet - a cook, styled on Beresford's mother and named after the town of Cholet in France.
Cairngorm MacWomble the Terrible - named after the Cairngorms, a mountain range in Scotland. He was introduced in the second book (The Wandering Wombles) as a Highland Womble clan chief. He appeared in the TV series when he visited the Wimbledon burrow.
Nanny Alexandria - Great Uncle Bulgaria's nanny, named after the ancient city in Egypt.
Livingstone - an explorer, named after the British explorer Dr Livingstone.
Hoboken - an American tourist, named after a place in Belgium.
In the first book, Bungo is the youngest and least experienced of the team, and the story is mostly viewed through his eyes. Later Wellington (who was not introduced until the second book) took over the role of "new boy". Alderney and Adelaide appeared in the earlier books but were not included in the original 1970s TV series. Alderney was re-introduced in the later TV shows produced in the 1990s (the Channel Island of Alderney was actually Elisabeth Beresford's home at the time), along with Stepney (who appeared in none of the earlier versions).
The Storyline
Edit
Though it is stated that Wombles live all around the world, the collection upon which Beresford's collection of stories, as well as the television series and the music, are based, is the group living in Wimbledon Common in London, England. Below a certain age, all Wombles are nameless. Upon coming of age, a Womble chooses his name by looking through Great Uncle Bulgaria's large atlas until they find a name that suits them. Some, like Bungo, "merely shut their eyes tight and point and hope for the best". They then leave Miss Adelaide's "Womblegarten" and join in the communal work of the burrow, which is mostly clearing up and recycling human refuse. The life expectancy of a Womble is over 200 years, with some reaching 300 (which would make them the longest-lived of all animal species).
Wombles are vegetarians (herbivores more precisely) and are very fond of mushrooms. They eat a variety of plants, fungi, and tree products that Human Beings cannot, or will not, eat. So daisy buns, acorn juice, fir-cone soufflé, elm bark casserole and grassbread sandwiches are part of the Womble menu - augmented by any food left behind on the Common by Human Beings.
Wombles are very careful to keep their existence secret from Human Beings - at least in the books and TV series. In the movie Wombling Free this is reversed as the Wombles seek to get Human Beings to listen to their "make good use of bad rubbish" pleas. Otherwise secrecy is the rule, though there have been a few exceptions, such as Mr. Smith, a lonely senior citizen who is invited inside the Wombles burrow on Christmas Eve. They generally have a low opinion of other animals, though kind to them. They especially have a poor opinion of Human Beings, with the exception of royalty, especially the Queen. They dislike lies and lying, though on occasion they are known to stretch the truth or omit important details.
There are other species and burrows of Wombles discovered throughout the series of books. The Loch Ness monster is revealed to be a clan of water Wombles and the yeti of the Himalayas are revealed to be giant snow-white Wombles. Wombles have a sixth sense which allows them to sense green spaces and wildlife, first mentioned in The Wandering Wombles, but developed to a keen long range telepathic sense by Dalai Gartok Womble in The Wombles Go Round The World. Wombles also apparently have retractable claws like cats, although they rarely use them.
In the original editions of the books the Wombles are pictured as bear-like and between 4 and 5 feet (about 1.5 metres) in height. Their size and appearance changed with the TV series, where they are portrayed as about knee high with pointy snouts, much like a raccoon's (although raccoons are not native to Britain). In the book and movie Wombling Free they are described as "short, fat, and furry", roughly between three or four feet (about 1 metre) in height.
Children's novels
The Wombles at Work (1973)
The Wombles to the Rescue (1974)
The Wombles Go Round the World (1976)
All of these were out of print for many years, but through 2010 and 2011 they were re-issued by Bloomsbury with all-new illustrations. The last two books are less well known than the original three, perhaps because they appeared after the successful television series began. In The Wandering Wombles, the setting moved from Wimbledon Common to Hyde Park in central London. However The Wombles to the Rescuesaw them return to Wimbledon Common. Four of the books were illustrated by Margaret Gordon. The Wombles at Work (1973) was illustrated by Barry Leith. The appearance of the Wombles in the books followed the design of the Ivor Wood TV puppets, with the exception of The Wombles(1968) which preceded the TV series and depicted the Wombles as teddy bear-like creatures. Wombles appearing in the books included:
Great Uncle Bulgaria
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What term is used for chains of repeated groups of atoms e.g. DNA, proteins? | In this group the side chain is an imine
. This amino acid is found in bends due to its structure.
Proline, Pro, P.
Now you will need to use your imagination a bit. Keep in mind that these are real molecules in the real world with a 3-dimensional shape, not the 2-dimensional shape as they are drawn on the page. Try to imagine a pyramid with the central carbon hidden from view at the center of this pyramid. But branching out from this central carbon producing the four corners of the pyramid are the four things attached to the central carbon. One corner of the pyramid is the amino group (NH2), another corner of this pyramid is the acid group (COOH), another corner is the single hydrogen atom (H), and the fourth corner is the variable side group (commonly designated 'R-group').
That is how the amino acids really look in your body. Since there are four different things attached to the central carbon, this molecule is asymmetric. Imagine looking at an amino acid in the mirror. There is the central carbon with a group attached to it to the right, to the left, to the top, and to the bottom. The original amino acid and its mirror image are chemically the same, all the same pieces, but 3-dimensionally they are different, they have a different 3-dimensional arrangement of all the same atoms. It would be the same as looking at your left hand in the mirror. That image is just like your left hand, but if it were real it would not fit into a left hand glove. It is 3-dimensionally the opposite, even though it consists of all the same components.
In nature, we will find both the 'right-hand' and 'left-hand' form of all these 20 amino acids. The term that is used to distinguish between whether we have the 'right-hand' form or the 'left-hand' form are the letters "D" and "L". For reasons that are not completely understood, all of the amino acids that are used by organisms to make proteins are of the "L" form. In other words, all the amino acids that you have making up all of your proteins are the "L" form, L-serine, L-proline, etc.
It is also of interest to mention that there are several biologically important amino acids not found in human proteins. For example, the amino acids L-homoserine, L-ornithine and sarcosine are never used as part of a protein, but are found in our bodies as intermediate amino acids when converting one kind into another. Another important amino acid used in the human body, but not used directly for proteins is the amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) which is used as a neurotransmitter between neurons.
You will notice that the amino acid cysteine has a sulfur containing side group. Commonly if one cysteine becomes arranged across from another cysteine amino acid, the two cysteines will each lose a hydrogen atom from the sulfur and use these open bonds to covalently bond the two sulfur atoms and so covalently link the two cysteines together. In this form the amino acid is called cystine. So as a free amino acid it will be called cysteine since the sulfur will contain its hydrogen atom. However, when part of a protein chain, most likely the cysteine will link to another cysteine and now be called cystine.
To be complete, we should also mention that there are four amino acids that can be found in proteins that are slightly modified from their original structure. These are phosphoserine (serine plus a phosphate group), hydroxyproline (proline plus a hydroxy group (OH)), hydroxylysine (lysine plus a hydroxy group), and carboxyglutamic acid (glutamic acid plus an additional acid group (COOH)).
Protein Structure:
Now that we have discussed in good detail amino acids, we can now start to talk about linking them together, one by one, into a linear chain, similiar to the cars of a train, as we mentioned at the very beginning of this page.
Joining Amino Acids Together:
Individual amino acids may be linked together, one after another, like cars of a train. The covalent bond that is used to attach one amino acid to the next is called a 'peptide bond'. All that is done is that an -OH group is removed from the first amino acid and a -H is removed from the second amino acid being linked to the first. What is removed is -OH plus -H which can combine into H-O-H, or a water molecule. The exposed, broken bonds left on the two amino acids are then attached together, thus linking these two amino acids together, creating this peptide bond. This can be repeated again to attach another amino acid to the chain. Since the by-product of this reaction is simple water, these types of reactions are also called 'dehydration reactions'. This is how our cells build proteins. In fact, for us to break apart a protein, to digest a protein in the meat we eat, the enzymes in our intestines break this very same 'peptide bond', then break apart a water molecule into a -OH and a -H, then add back the -OH onto the one exposed bond on the first amino acid and add back the -H onto the second exposed bond from the broken peptide bond. In other words, just the opposite direction as our creating the peptide bond. That's it.
3-D Structure of a Protein:
Keep in mind that all proteins in the body are simply a linear chain of amino acids. This long chain of one amino acid after another and another however is not loose like an unwound piece of string. Instead, this long, linear string of amino acids is looped and coiled around into a three dimensional ball. Because every protein has its unique three dimensional shape, and this three dimensional shape essentially determines what that protein will be and what it will do, we need a way to describe its three dimensional shape with all its loops and folds. In order to do this, so that you could talk to someone over the telephone 1000's of miles away and describe in exact detail what your protein looks like, a series of terms has been created to describe every protein's three dimensional shape.
| Polymer |
Which band was formed in 1981 by Roland Orzabal and Curt Smith? | Introduction to Biology - Molecules and Cells - Organic Molecules
Introduction to Biology
What makes a Molecule "Organic"?
As the science of chemistry was developing, there was an understandable fascination with chemistry that was unique to living things. As more and more was learned about the elements that could be found in living things, it was realized that carbon was a major component, found in any type of organism that was analyzed, and even in every compound that was extracted. Molecules with carbon in them were assumed to be associated with organisms, and so were called organic molecules. We know that carbon, with its ability to bond to four other atoms, can form very complex molecular structures, making it the perfect candidate for building such molecules around.
But this is science, and no terms or ideas seem to last without some modification. There did seem to be carbon compounds in minerals that were not derived from living things, so carbon alone wasn't enough; organic molecules came to need both carbon and hydrogen. We have since found methane, CH4, and other such materials, in the dust of space and on other planets and moons, but the old definition hasn't been changed. It is now thought that when the Earth first formed, the oceans were full of the small organic molecules of space dust, forming primordial soup, from which truly living systems formed.
More on organic molecules.
Major Types of Organic Molecules
The organic molecules found in living things fall into four major classes. Each class of molecule has features that determine its use in living systems.
The first class of molecules are called carbohydrates. The simplest type of these, monosaccharide simple sugars, have a basic formula: for every carbon atom, there are two hydrogens and one oxygen, or one water for each carbon. Carbo - hydrate. Glucose is a common carbohydrate that will show up again and again as we discuss cell chemistry: its formula is C6H12O6. Table sugar, sucrose, is two single sugars bound together: a disaccharide simple sugar. Sugars can be anything from a single sugar molecule up to several bound together.
When organic molecules are bound together, a bonding site must be freed up on each participant. This happens by clipping a single hydrogen from one participant, and an oxygen-hydrogen piece (hydroxide) off of the other. Where each bit used to be become the new bond, and the two freed pieces stick together as H2O. This building process where water comes out is called dehydration synthesis, and is used whenever we build molecule from components. When molecule chains need to be broken apart, such as happens in digestion, the opposite reaction happens: the bond breaks, and one spot gets a hydrogen while the other gets hydroxide. A water molecule breaks apart - in Latin, that's hydrolysis, and that's what this process is called.
Sugars can be bound together in long chains, which may form branches and even networks: these huge carbohydrates are called starches. Both sugars and starches are commonly used as sources of energy in cells: sugars are broken apart for the bond energy, and starches are a way to store lots of sugars in a fairly inactive form. Large, stiff starches can also be used as structural molecules: cellulose is what hold most plants up. That "-ose" ending is a giveaway that something is a carbohydrate, although they don't all end that way.
When the same type of molecule component is used over and over in a much bigger molecule, the bigger molecules are called polymers. Starches, proteins, and nucleic acids are all different types of polymers.
There are other uses for carbohydrates in living systems, but energy and structure are by far the most common ones.
The second class of organic molecules are called lipids. Fats and oils are included in this class of molecules. These have a fairly simple structure, starting with the 3-carbon glycerol molecule. Each carbon picks up a bit called a fatty acid, which can be short or fairly long, and then it's a lipid molecule. A pair of terms that can applied to other types of molecules often shows up in descriptions of lipids: a saturated molecule has all of the atoms its carbons could possibly hold, and has only single bonds in the fatty acid chains; an unsaturated molecule has at least one double bond between carbons, and so could hold at least one more hydrogen. Not surprisingly, this alters the chemistry of the molecules.
Lipid molecules are usually hydrophobic: they won't dissolve in water and tend to separate out from it (materials that will dissolve in water are hydrophilic). Vegetable oil is a lipid - what happens when you mix them? This makes them useful as water barriers, and they are found in cell membranes as well as such things as waxes and waterproofing oils. Not mixing with water also reduces their chemistry, and lipid molecules can be a nice, nonreactive place to store extra energy: the lipids in fat are constructed for longterm energy storage. When energy is really needed, the fat molecules are broken apart and "fed" into the middle of the same process that gets energy from sugar molecules.
Some lipid molecules can dissolve well enough in water to move around, but also can dissolve through other lipids like those in cell membranes; this makes lipids good signaling molecules. Included in this group are steroid hormones.
Lipids also has other, varied uses, including insulation in organisms that need to hold onto heat in unusual conditions, like deep underwater. Lipids are also commonly a holding point for lipid-soluble toxins, which can accumulate there to dangerous levels. Many manufactured toxins, like pesticides, are lipid soluble: it helps get them into the target organisms, but gets them into others as well.
Article on how pesticides may disrupt female reproductive function.
The last two classes of molecules are huge polymers. Proteins are long chains of components called amino acids and have three to four levels of structure. The first level of structure, called primary structure, is just the order of amino acids in each chain. At the secondary structure level, amino acids in a particular region connect to each other and produce local formations, like pleated sheets of coils. At the tertiary structure level, the entire molecule is pulled together into a particular three-dimensional shape, often through hydrogen bonds but sometimes through cross-connecting covalent bonds. Only some proteins have a quaternary structure, where the molecule has more than a single chain of amino acids, but again the overall three-dimensional structure is critical, because the function of proteins is connected to their shapes. When these shapes are changed, the functions may change or disappear; this can happen when other molecules attach to them, when the proportion of ions around them changes (such as in pH shifts), or when a change in temperature shakes or compresses the shape.
The possible shapes that proteins can take is virtually infinite, so they have a broad array of possible functions. What follows is just a partial list, some of the major things that proteins do in living systems.
Structure . Most cells have particular shapes, and those shapes are commonly held together by proteins that connect to the outer membrane and often to each other. Cells are often held together with protein-based structures. Protein is an important component to structure in fungi, in animals in exoskeletons, and in things like tendons, ligaments, and cartilage.
Movement. A single cell moves, or swims, using a protein-based movement system. Animal muscle depends upon two proteins, actin and myosin, contracting cells. Membranes have proteins that help move things through the barrier.
Communication. Cells often send signals to each other using various types of proteins. Many hormones are proteins, as well as pheromones (signals-by-scent) and alarmones (signals that alert other individuals). Protein neurotransmitters carry signals between nerve cells. Receptors may be at the target cell that will attach to the signal molecule, and there are receptors that pick up other things, such as the light receptors in visual systems. Antibodies are proteins made specifically to attach to "foreign" molecules (the foreign molecules are called antigens); once attached, the molecule changes to a shape that attaches to receptors on immune cells and activates them to attack whatever the antibody is attached to (in an autoimmune disease, a system makes antibodies to molecules on its own cells and calls attacks on them).
Chemistry. The reactions that happen in cells often need a boost to get going, and that boost is supplied by enzymes, most of which are proteins. Enzymes are catalysts, chemicals that activate and speed along reactions. They typically are named to give some indication of the reaction they aid, and commonly have the ending -ase on their names. Almost every bit of chemistry done in cells is aided by enzymes.
How enzymes work.
The last class of organic molecules are the nucleic acids. There are two varieties: ribonucleic acid, or RNA, and deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. These polymers are long chains of components called bases, of which there are only five types. RNA is a single-strand molecule; DNA is a spiral of two cross-connected strands.
DNA carries information. Part of the DNA in a cell is genes, which code for protein molecules. Each type of receptor, or enzyme, or neurotransmitter, has a stretch of DNA in which its sequence of amino acids is coded. The code-to-primary-structure ratio is three-to-one: three bases (called a codon) per amino acid. The codes proteins can vary, and code variations for a single type of protein are called alleles. Different alleles can produce proteins that have the exact same amino acid sequence, have different sequences but no difference in activity, have different sequences that produce different levels of activity (including no activity at all), or produce a new type of activity. These will be returned to in the chapter on genetics.
DNA is the code from which living things are made, since the DNA codes for proteins and the proteins are the foundation of cellular chemistry. Carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids are made by enzyme-driven systems.
A huge proportion of the DNA on many chromosomes is not used for protein production. This non-coding DNA is made up of many different types of DNA stretches: some are critical to interacting with the proteins that hold chromosomes together; some are codes that aren't used, either old sequences or dangerously mutated sequences or foreign sequences (invaders from disease organisms); some are non-gene codes that work to get genes processed; some produce functional stretches of RNA (see below); some are short stretches that exists to propagate themselves, a kind of molecular parasite; and a lot of what's there, no one knows what the origin or possible purpose is. All of this used to be called junk DNA, but that term is going away as functions are discovered for these bits.
The other nucleic acid form, RNA, is used in getting DNA code to protein sequence. RNA moves the code from where it is stored to where it is executed. RNA is a critical component of the cell parts that takes the codes and makes the protein. Small RNA molecules do all sorts of things in and around the genes; some are ribozymes, having similar activity to enzymes.
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Which war ended with the treaty of Panmunjom? | SparkNotes: The Korean War (1950-1953): Eisenhower, War's End, and the Aftermath
Eisenhower, War's End, and the Aftermath
Eisenhower, War's End, and the Aftermath
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The Long Path of Negotiations
Eisenhower, War's End, and the Aftermath, page 2
page 1 of 2
Summary
After taking office, Eisenhower soon replaced General James Van Fleet, who had started arguing for an all-out invasion, with Lt. General Maxwell Taylor. No immediate progress was made in the negotiations other than the exchange of a few prisoners in March of 1953. In order to show strength, the Communists made an attack on Americans at "Pork Chop Hill" in April. Eisenhower was unfazed, and by the end of April talks were once again underway Panmunjom. On June 8, the two sides finally came to an agreement over the tricky POW (Prisoner of War) issue, outlining their solutions in a document call the "Terms of Reference." Under this agreement, those POWs that refused to return to Communist territory would be placed under the auspices of a neutral commission for a period of three months. If, after the end of those three months, the POWs still refused to be repatriated, they would be allowed to go free. With the POW issue solved, it seemed that a final peace treaty was in sight.
After the "Terms of Reference", however, the Communists pressed for some final negotiating leverage with a one-week offensive in June. And on a second front, the US had to deal with the problem of Syngman Rhee, who continued to spout promises about Korean reunification, and who promised to invade North Korea even if he only had the ROK army on his side. The US considered organizing a coup to remove Rhee from power, but never carried the action out. Instead, the US convinced Rhee to stop shouting for reunification by promising to intervene on South Korea's behalf if North Korea ever did invade, and by promising $1 billion in aid for South Korea's economic recovery after the war.
Despite these minor crises, agreement was finally reached at Panmunjom. On July 27, 1953, The UN, China, and North Korea signed an armistice. South Korea refused to sign, but with little effect. Under the terms of the treaty neither side would be allowed to increase the number of non-Korean military personnel stationed in Korea. The armistice also established a 2.5 mile wide buffer between North and South Korea along the 38th parallel, termed the "demilitarized zone." Within this zone, all troops and weapons were banished. In practice, however, the zone was heavily militarized, with over 1 million troops facing off. In fact, because South Korea never signed the armistice, the two countries remain technically at war even today.
After the war, North Korea and South Korea remained divided, a symbol of the effect of the Cold War similar to the division of Germany and Berlin. Families were broken up by the war and lived on opposite sides of the demilitarized zone, unable to visit or even communicate with each other.
Syngman Rhee's southern regime became even more dictatorial, and in 1960 he resigned after student riots. South Korea only became more unstable with his departure, and it is only in the last two decades that South Korea has really seen sustained economic growth. In North Korea, Kim Il-sung developed a full-scale personality cult, and ruled until his death in 1994. Tensions between the two countries remain to this day, perhaps seen best in North Korea's boycott of the 1988 Seoul Olympics, to which the USSR and PRC sent athletes. The legacy of the Korean War continues to haunt the United States, as the US worries about North Korea's possession of nuclear weapons.
Commentary
Along with his vast military experience and easy-going attitude, part of Eisenhower's confidence in the spring of 1953 stemmed from the fact that the US had successfully tested an which was vastly more powerful than an A- Bomb, and had thereby surged ahead in the arms race with the USSR (the Soviets shocked the US by testing their own H-bomb in late 1953). Eisenhower considered nuclear bombs to be just another weapon and was considering using small nuclear bombs in Korea, especially because, for their price, they packed more punch than conventional weaponry. He never actually authorized their use, however.
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| Korean War |
What is Rupert Murdoch’s real first name? | Panmunjom Cease Fire Agreement
Final Phase of the Korean War
The Panmunjom cease-fire agreement was signed on July 27, 1953. North Koreans celebrate the 27th day of July every year as the victory day. However, they were not the real winners. The winners are the American negotiators against their communist counterparts.
The other important winner was Dr. Syngman Rhee, the president of (south) Korea, against the Eisenhower administration of the United States.
Thanks to those winners, (south) Korea now is one of the most prosperous countries in the world, and is the most important ally of the United States in the Pacific area. Please read the following articles carefully.
Rhee releases Prisoners of War.
written (2005.4.21) coverted to webpage (2013.7.21)
Eisenhower came to Korea in January of 1963 two weeks before his inauguration. He told Rhee stopping the war was a better alternative than continuing the costly war. Dr. Rhee was not impressed.
Let us summarize what Americans wanted and what Koreans did not want during the Panmunjom cease-fire talks (1951-53). In 1953, the most pressing issue for the Eisenhower administration was to stop the war in Korea and bring American boys home. However, Koreans did not want an inconclusive end of the war with the country divided.
Rhee knew that he could not stop the cease-fire process. The best he could get from Eisenhower was a mutual military treaty which will commit the United States to the security guarantee of Korea. His position was that American troops could go home once the United States signed a paper guaranteeing the security of Korea.
From the American point of view, it is unthinkable to have a formal treaty with an inferior country like Korea. On the other hand, Eisenhower's Republican administration had enough hard-liners against the communist expansion in Asia. Thus, Rhee's insistence started gaining support among those hard-line anti-communist politicians.
Dr. Rhee liked this man.
On June 25, 1953, at a public meeting, President Rhee introduced Gen. Paik Sun-Yup as the man who would occupy Pyongyang again. He pledged to continue fighting, while Americans were getting ready to sign the cease-fire agreement. He sounded crazy to Americans, but they could not ignore him.
As for Gen. Paik, he was the commander of the First Division of the Korean army in 1950. In October of 1950, he led his Division to enter his home-town city of Pyongyang.
Click here for a very interesting story.
Korea's mutual defense treaty with the United States being signed in Seoul (September 1953). This was one of the biggest and sweetest packages Rhee obtained from the United States.
In order to make his point known to Americans, Rhee ordered Korean students to stage anti-cease-fire demonstrations throughout the country. This produced no effects on Americans.
On June 25 of 1953 (one month before the cease fire), there was a public meeting in Busan (capital city at that time) marking the third anniversary of the 6.25 day. President Rhee said there that Koreans would march northward after Americans left the country. He introduced General Paik Sun-Yup to the crowd as the man (yi-saram) who first reached Pyongyang (before Americans) with his Korean troops in October of 1950.
Still, the Eisenhower administration was silent about the mutual defense treaty. As a last resort, two weeks before the scheduled cease-fire day of July 27, Rhee ordered his Korean POW guards to release all anti-communist North Korean prisoners of war. There were approximately 120,000 POWs. About one half of them were anti-communists and were refusing to go back to the North. They had been separated from the die-hard communists and were kept in minimum security camps near Busan. It was an easy job for the Korean guards to let them go. About 28,000 POWs were released. Those POW guards relayed Rhee's message to them.
"I am your president. You are now free in your country."
Since Americans and the Communists had worked out an elaborate procedure for handling those POWs during the cease-fire talks, Rhee's action created a great shock to them. The Communists were accusing Americans of violating the agreement. As a consequence, the Eisenhower administration had to send a special envoy to to Busan (capital city of Korea at that time) to find out what Rhee really wanted.
Rhee set out three conditions:
to double the size of the Korean army equipped with U.S. arms,
financial commitment to construct an industrial base,
a written security guarantee in the form of mutual defense treaty.
Americans accepted Rhee's terms and Rhee's promise not to jeopardize the cease-fire process. The cease-fire was signed on July 27, 1953. Rhee's Korean government did not participate in the process and did not sign the cease-fire documents. In the South, the cease-fire was a national disgrace. Click here for the NLL issue.
Korean money looked like this in 1953. Korea's economy is infinitely stronger now.
In 1953, the population of Busan was about one million. The addition of 28,000 more Koreans meant a substantial population shift. Yet, Koreans in Busan did not complain, and those "new" citizens were accommodated comfortably in private houses. They were given jobs. Korean girls did not mind marrying them.
We all say that Korea is much stronger country now because of its industrial production. On the other hand, I would say Korea is much weaker country. Why? There are now more than ten million people in Seoul. There is a possibility of 28,000 North Korean refugees coming to Seoul in one day. The city of Seoul has more than enough economic power to accommodate them. But, do the citizens of Seoul have enough hearts and minds to absorb them?
Cease Fire Agreement of July 27, 1953
written (2005.5.17) webapged (2013.7.16)
American and North Korean soldiers are exchanging fun talks while tedious negotiations are taking place inside the conference hall, during the Panmunjom cease-fire talks.
The B-29 bomber (small) with four propellers and the B-36 bomber with six propellers.
Horace Underwood was the first American missionary in Korea. He had his villa at the Kumipo beach near Sorae on the southern coast of Hwanghae Province. As I said many times before, I spent the first eleven years my life there. What is so special about this place? Click here for the early history of Korean Christianity.
From the Island of Baeknyun, you can see Sorae's mountains. The North Korean side wanted this island for their fishing purposes, but it was occupied by Korean marines at that time. The island was the South's intelligence base during the war.
Americans, tired of negotiations, were ready to give up this island, but two of the Underwood grandsons intervened. Horace Underwood had a son known to Koreans as Dr. Won Han-Kyung who devoted his entire life to Yonsei University. He had four sons. The eldest son was Horace III (known as Won Il-Han), and the youngest son is Richard. These two sons spoke Korean fluently and worked as interpreters during the cease-fire negotiations.
These Underwood brothers wanted to keep the Baeknyun Island on our side. The reason was simple. They could see their house in Kumipo from this island.
Their logic was even correct. The cease-fire line was agreed to be the combat line. The Baeknyun Island was under our military control. The Underwood brothers persuaded the chief American negotiator and thus General Mark Clark (the commander of the U.N. Forces) not to give up the island. They presented this map. This then was the American position.
The cease-fire was signed on July 27 without an agreement on the line on the West Sea. From our point of view, there were no problems at that time. Americans maintained an absolute naval superiority over North Korea's bath-tub navy.
Even on this issue, Americans had their way. These days, we hear often about naval confrontations in that area, and North Koreans say different things about the cease-fire line in the sea.
I am giving my final exam to students today (2005.5.17), and I will be making frequent conference trips during the summer. While attending a conference in Sweden next month, I will be making an excursion to a Russian city of Kaliningrad.
This city used to be a German city called Koenigsburg before 1945. I am going there because I have a great respect for a philosopher named Immanuel Kant who spent his entire life there. After Stalin took over that place in 1945, as he did to Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, he kicked out all Germans and sent Russians into that city. I am curious about how effective Stalin was in his human engineering.
Stalin was interested in moving Koreans to Kazkhstan and Uzbechistan, and sending Russians into the Korean peninsula. Rhee Seungman and Kim Il-Sung, though sworn enemies, prevented this disaster.
I have many other stories to tell. I would love to talk about the following items. Please come again.
Who is responsible for starting the Panmunjom cease-fire talk?
When and how did the cease-fire talk begin?
Who really won in the talks.
Many other questions. I feel I have to clarify these issues before I die, because I am the only one who could answer some of the above questions.
copyright@2013 by Y. S. Kim.
Unless otherwise specified, all photos are from the public domain, the Wikipedia fair-use domain, the North Korean propaganda literature, or from my personal collection.
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By what name is Aragorn first known to the hobbits when they meet him in Bree? | Aragorn II Elessar | The One Wiki to Rule Them All | Fandom powered by Wikia
The Fellowship of the Ring , " The Prancing Pony "
Strider at The Prancing Pony in Bree
Aragorn joined Frodo Baggins , Bilbo's adopted heir, and three of his friends at the Inn of the Prancing Pony in Bree. [8] Though originally the hobbits were suspicious of Strider, they eventually trusted him and prepared to escape Bree and the Ringwraiths. [9] These four had set out from the Shire to bring the One Ring to Rivendell. Aragorn was aged 87 at that time, nearing the prime of life for one of royal Númenórean descent. With Aragorn's help, the Hobbits escaped the pursuing Nazgûl . [10] The elf-lord Glorfindel later arrived and led them to Rivendell. [11]
There, Aragorn chose to join Frodo, thus forming the Fellowship of the Ring that was formed to guard Frodo, tasked with destroying the Ring in the fires of Mount Doom in Mordor. Besides Aragorn, Gandalf, and Frodo, the company included Frodo's cousins Pippin and Merry , his best friend Samwise Gamgee , Legolas the elf , Gimli the Dwarf, and Boromir of Gondor. [7]
All that is gold does not glitter,
Not all those who wander are lost;
The old that is strong does not wither,
Deep roots are not reached by the frost.
From the ashes a fire shall be woken,
A light from the shadows shall spring;
Renewed shall be Blade that was Broken,
The crownless again shall be king.
— Bilbo's poem about Aragorn [9]
Before the group set out, the shards of Narsil were reforged, and the restored blade was named Andúril.
Aragorn accompanied the group through an attempt to cross the pass of Caradhras and through the mines of Moria. He helped protect Frodo from an Orc captain and became group leader after Gandalf was presumed lost in battle with a Balrog . [12] Aragorn led the company to Lórien , where Lady Galadriel gave him the Elessar . [13]
After Lórien, Aragorn and the Fellowship sailed down the river Anduin to the Falls of Rauros . Though his original plan was to set out for Gondor and aid its people in the War, he felt responsible for Frodo after the loss of Gandalf. [14]
"Fear not! he said. "Long have I desired to look upon the likenesses of Isildur and Anarion, my sires of old. Under their shadow Elessar, the Elfstone son of Arathorn of the House of Valandil Isildur's son heir of Elendil, has naught to dread!"
—
Aragorn proclaiming his lineage [14] "
Aragorn saying goodbye to Boromir after his death
After passing into the Argonath , the Fellowship camped in Amon Hen . Frodo saw that Boromir had been driven mad by the influence of the One Ring trying to take it. Frodo put the ring on, rendering him invisible, and ran away from Boromir. Frodo climbed to the high seat on Amon Hen; from there he could see Sauron 's eye looking for him. The Hobbit felt the eye but it was distracted by Gandalf the White later found in Fangorn Forest by (Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli looking for Merry and Pippin.) Frodo would struggle against the power of Sauron, finally taking the ring off. Then Frodo knew what had to be done: He was to go alone to Mordor to destroy the ring. On the way back to the river he meets Sam, who goes with him.
Aragorn at Amon Hen
At this same time, the others were attacked by Saruman's Uruk-hai and a battle ensued. During the ensuing battle, Boromir was killed defending Merry and Pippin and giving up his desire for the ring in a last attempt to resist the ring. After discovering that Frodo had left, Aragorn and the others decided that they would leave Frodo and Sam to continue their quest on their own. Legolas , Gimli , and Aragorn put Boromir's body and war gear in one of the elven boats as a funeral boat and tribute to Boromir for his bravery and courage. His body would be sent to the Falls of Rauros. [15]
While Frodo continued his quest with Samwise Gamgee, Aragorn, Legolas and Gimli went to Rohan to free Merry and Pippin, who had been captured by the Uruk-hai working for Saruman.
The Three Hunters
The Three Hunters, by Ted Nasmith
In the fields of Rohan , the Three Hunters Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli encountered Éomer , who had recently been pursuing rumours of an orc raid in the area. From Éomer, Aragorn learned that the Orcs who had kidnapped Merry and Pippin had been destroyed and that the Hobbits had not been found. Dejected, he led Legolas and Gimli to the site of the battle. Clues led Aragorn to believe that the Hobbits might still be alive, and he led the Three Hunters into Fangorn Forest . [16] They did not find the Hobbits, but they did find Gandalf the White, sent back from Valinor to continue his struggle against Sauron. Gandalf told the Three Hunters that the Hobbits were safe with the Ents of Fangorn. [17]
Where now are the Dunedain, Elessar, Elessar?
Where do thy kinsfolk wander afar?
Near is the hour when the lost should come forth,
And the Grey Company ride from the North.
But dark is the path appointed to thee:
The Dead watch the road that leads to the Sea.
- Galadriel's message to Aragorn [17]
Together, Gandalf and the Three Hunters travelled to Edoras , where Gandalf freed Théoden from Saruman's enchantment and helped him organize the Rohirrim against Saruman. [18] He allied with Théoden and led the refugees to Helm's Deep.
Night Battle on Helm's Deep, by Shin Lin
Aragorn, Legolas and Gimli then help the people of Rohan in the Battle of the Hornburg , in which they conclusively and victoriously defeated Saruman's army. [19] Afterward Aragorn went with Gandalf to Isengard only to find Isengard in ruins by the work of the Ents. Aragorn, being present with Gandalf, Theoden, Éomer, Legolas and Gimli, negotiate in a final parley with Saruman. Saruman at first tries to bend Theoden to his will and at first Theoden is almost swayed but then he masters his will and refuses to join with Saruman. Saruman then sneers at Theoden and turns his attention to Gandalf and tries to sway him, only to be laughed at. Then Gandalf offers him a chance of repentance without limits. Saruman turns white in his face at this, sadly in the end however Saruman refuses to repent out of pride and to leave Orthanc. Gandalf breaks Saruman's staff as he is no longer the head and is banished from the Order of Wizards and The White Council. After Saruman crawls away, Grima Wormtongue then throws the Palantír of Orthanc at Gandalf as he and the others are leaving the Orthanc tower. But misses not being able to decide who he hated more Gandalf or Saruman. Thus ending the Battle of the Hornburg and the Battle of Isengard. [20]
Return of the King
Aragorn and the Army of the Dead attacks the orcs
In order to defend the city, Aragorn travelled the Paths of the Dead , and summoned the Dead Men of Dunharrow who owed allegiance to the King of Gondor. It had been prophesied by Isildur and Malbeth the Seer that the Dead would be summoned once more to pay their debt for betraying Gondor a millennia before. With their aid the Corsairs of Umbar were defeated. [21]
Aragorn, a small force of Rangers, and a large contingent of men and soldiers from the southern regions then sailed up the Anduin to Minas Tirith. When they arrived at the Battle of the Pelennor Fields , Aragorn unfurled a standard that Arwen had made for him which showed both the White Tree of Gondor along with the jeweled crown and seven stars of the House of Elendil. With the help of the southern forces the armies of Gondor and Rohan rallied together and defeated Sauron's army. [22]
The Steward Denethor II declared that he would not bow to a descendant of Isildur (years before, he had seen "Thorongil" as a rival to his father's favor). Aragorn healed Faramir , Denethor's last heir, winning him the immediate recognition of Faramir as rightful heir to the throne; his humility and self-sacrifice gained him the hearts of the inhabitants of Gondor's capital city. Aragorn's healing abilities, moreover, were a sign to the people of Gondor of the identity of their true king; as Ioreth said, "The hands of the King are the hands of a healer, and so shall the rightful king be known." The people hailed him as King that same evening. [23]
Despite his immediate success and popularity, however, and despite his claim to the throne through raising the royal banner, Aragorn decided to lay aside his claim for the time being. He knew that if he aggressively promoted his claim, rival claimants or debates as to his legitimacy were not out of the question, and this could be a fatal distraction for Gondor at a time when the West needed to be united against Sauron. So, to avoid conflict, after he had healed people during the following nights of March 15–16, he left Minas Tirith and symbolically refused to enter it again until he was crowned King on May first.
As Reunited King of Gondor and Arnor
"Men of Gondor, hear now the Steward of this Realm! Behold! One has come to claim the kingship again at last. Here is Aragorn, son of Arathorn, chieftain of the Dúnedain of Arnor, Captain of the Host of the West, bearer of the Star of the North, wielder of the Sword Reforged, victorious in battle, whose hands bring healing, the Elfstone, Elessar of the line of Valandil, Isildur's son, Elendil's son of Numenor. Shall he be king and enter into the City and dwell there?" And all the host and all the people cried yea with one voice."
—
Faramir the Steward announces the coronation of King Elessar
Aragorn, son of Arathorn, King of Gondor.
Upon Sauron's defeat, Aragorn was crowned as King Elessar, a name given to him by Galadriel . He became the twenty-sixth King of Arnor , thirty-fifth King of Gondor and the first High King of the Reunited Kingdom , though it would be several years before his authority was firmly reestablished in Arnor. His line was referred to as the House of Telcontar (Telcontar being Quenya for "Strider"). Aragorn married Arwen shortly afterwards, and ruled the Kingdom of Gondor and Arnor until 120 of the Fourth Age . His reign was marked by great harmony and prosperity within Gondor and Arnor, and by a great renewal of cooperation and communication between Men, Elves, and Dwarves, fostered by his vigorous rebuilding campaign following the war. Aragorn led the forces of the Reunited Kingdom on military campaigns against some Easterlings and Haradrim, re-establishing rule over much territory that Gondor had lost in previous centuries.
During his coronation, Aragorn sang Elendil's Oath: "Et Eärello Endorenna utúlien. Sinome maruvan ar Hildinyar tenn' Ambar-metta!" ("Out of the Great Sea to Middle-earth I am come. In this place I will abide, and my heirs, unto the ending of the world.") [24]
Death and End of Reign
"Then a great beauty was revealed in him, so that all who after came there looked on him in wonder; for they saw that the grace of his youth, and the valour of his manhood, and the wisdom and majesty of his age were blended together. And long there he lay, an image of the Kings of Men in glory undimmed before the breaking of the world."
—
Description of Aragorn's death. [5]
Aragorn's death
When in the year 120 of the Fourth Age , King Elessar realised his days were at an end, he went to the House of the Kings in the Silent Street. He said farewell to his son Eldarion and his daughters and gave Eldarion his crown and sceptre. Arwen remained at Aragorn's side until he died. Shortly a year after Aragorn died, Arwen soon died of a broken heart. Eldarion began his reign as the Second King of the Reunited Kingdom after his father's and mother's death. [5]
Character
Peregrin Took on Aragorn [23]
Tolkien gives a brief but detailed description of him in The Lord of the Rings : lean, dark, tall, with "a shaggy head of dark hair flecked with grey, and in a pale stern face a pair of keen grey eyes." [8]
In The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen , he was said to be often grim and sad, with unexpected moments of levity. [5] Some time after the publications of the books, Tolkien wrote that he was six feet six inches tall.
Aragorn possessed Elven wisdom due to his childhood in Rivendell with Elrond and the foresight of the Dúnedain. He was also a skilled healer, notably with the plant Athelas (also known as Kingsfoil). He was also a mighty warrior and an unmatched commander; after the Battle of the Pelennor Fields , he, Éomer , and Imrahil were said to be left unscathed, even though they had been in the thick of the fighting.
Though there is no indication of his ever doubting his role and destiny as the future king of the Reunited Kingdom and one of the leaders of the war against Sauron (as he did in Peter Jackson's film), he was not immune to self-doubt, as he doubted the wisdom of his decisions while leading the Fellowship after the loss of Gandalf in Moria, and blamed himself for many of their subsequent misfortunes.
On one occasion, his pride (or reverence for his heritage) led to complications, as he refused to disarm and leave his sword Andúril (a priceless heirloom of Númenor and one of the weapons which slew Sauron) at the door of Edoras , as Théoden had required, and only did so after Gandalf left his own sword (also of high lineage) behind. Even so, he swore that death would come to anyone else who touched it (whether by his own hand or by some magic, it is left unsaid).
He also appeared to possess a nigh-indomidable will. At one point, he was able to psychically challenge Sauron for control of the Palantir of Orthanc, and proved victorious in that struggle. It should be noted that even Gandalf the White was reluctant to use the Palantir for fear of challenging Sauron directly and revealing himself to the Dark Lord. He was accounted as "the hardiest of living Men" during his lifetime.
Etymology
The name Aragorn means "Revered King", from the Sindarin ara ("king") and (n)gorn ("revered"). [25] . Aragorn was named after Aragorn I .
Other Names
Elessar - Aragorn's name as king ( Quenya ).
Edhelharn - Sindarin translation of Elessar.
Elfstone - Westron translation of Elessar.
Estel - Aragorn's nickname during his childhood in Rivendell . It means "Hope". [25]
Longshanks - Used by Samwise Gamgee and some of the Men of Bree. [10]
Stick-at-naught Strider - Used by the Men of Bree, particularly Bill Ferny [10]
Strider - Used by the Men of Bree .
Telcontar - Quenya translation of Strider and the name of his House.
Thorongil - Aragorn's alias during his travels to Rohan and Gondor . It means "Eagle of the Star." [6]
Wingfoot - Given by Éomer. [26]
Titles
As king, Aragorn has many titles:
The Dúnadan
High King of Gondor and Arnor
Lord of the House of Telcontar
Weapons
Main article: Andúril
Anduril, Flame of the West
As a Ranger , Aragorn was trained to be proficient with various weapons, such as bows, knives, spears and swords In battle he focused primarily on his sword play, preferring close combat to a long scale fight. He was a mighty warrior, and as such easily defeated many types of foes, ranging from large groups of orcs to far more powerful foes such as Trolls and Ringwraiths , evident throughout various battles like Helm's Deep and the Morannon. In each case, Aragorn's finesse in battle has served him greatly and earned him much recognition and respect from both the Fellowship of the Ring and the people of Rohan and Gondor. He was arguably the greatest swordsman of the Third Age , surpassing the likes of Faramir , Boromir and perhaps even Elrond .
Aragorn's sword is Andúril , Flame of the West, the reforged sword Narsil , Elendil's blade that Isildur used to cut the One Ring from Sauron's hand. Aragorn uses it with the same skill the Numenoreans had long ago.
Behind the Scenes
The restoration of the line of Elendil to the throne of Gondor is a subplot of The Lord of the Rings; Aragorn's adventures not only aid Frodo in his Quest, but also bring him closer to his own kingship which, though his by right and lineage, has been left open for centuries due to historical, legal, and military circumstances. The people of Gondor have been under the rule of the Stewards of Gondor for centuries, as it was widely doubted that any of the royal line still lived. Shortly after Isildur's departure, Meneldil , son of Anárion, had severed Gondor from Arnor politically, although the formal title of High King remained with the northern line (as Isildur was Elendil's eldest son). This arrangement had been reinforced by the Steward Pelendur in nearly 2,000 years before when he rejected Arvedui 's claim to the Throne of Gondor during a Gondorian succession crisis ( Eärnil , a member of the House of Anárion, was eventually chosen as King instead). It is worth noting, however, that Arvedui had also based his claim on the fact that he had married a descendant of Anárion: thus, Aragorn was technically a descendant of not only Elendil and Isildur but of Anárion as well.
Concept and creation
Identity
The "first term" of the character that later evolved into Aragorn or Strider was a peculiar hobbit met by Bingo Bolger-Baggins (precursor of Frodo Baggins) at the inn of The Prancing Pony . His description and behavior, however, was already quite close to the final story, with the difference that the hobbit wore wooden shoes, and was nicknamed Trotter for the "clitter-clap" sound that they produced. He was also accounted to be "one of the wild folk — rangers", and he played the same role in Frodo's journey to Rivendell as in The Lord of the Rings.
Later Tolkien hesitated about the true identity of "Trotter" for a long time. One of his notes suggested that the Rangers should not be hobbits as originally planned, and that this would mean that Trotter was either a Man, or a hobbit who associated himself with the Rangers and was "very well known" (within the story). The latter suggestion was linked to an early comment of Bingo: "I keep on feeling that I have seen him somewhere before". Tolkien made a proposal that Trotter might be Bilbo Baggins himself, but rejected that idea.
Another suggestion was that Trotter was "Fosco Took (Bilbo's first cousin), who vanished when a lad, owing to Gandalf". This story was further elaborated, making Trotter a nephew of Bilbo, named Peregrin Boffin, and an elder cousin of Frodo. He was said to have run away after he came of age, some twenty years before Bilbo's party, and had helped Gandalf in tracking Gollum later. A hint was also given as to why Trotter wore wooden shoes: he had been captured by the Dark Lord in Mordor and tortured, but saved by Gandalf; a note was added by Tolkien in the margin, saying that it would later be revealed that Trotter had wooden feet.
The conception of Trotter being a hobbit was discarded with the following recommencing of writing; another short-lived idea was to make Trotter "a disguised elf − friend of Bilbo's in Rivendell", and a scout from Rivendell who "pretends to be a ranger". [27]
Quite soon Tolkien finally settled on the Mannish identity of Trotter, from the beginning introducing him as a "descendant of the ancient men of the North, and one of Elrond's household", as well as the name Aragorn. While the history of Númenor and the descendants of Elros and Elendil were not fully developed, the terms of it were in existence, and would come to be connected with The Lord of the Rings as the character of Aragorn developed. Thus the evolution of the history of the Second and Third Ages was dependent on the bringing of Trotter to association with them.
Further character developments
The development of Aragorn's connection to Gondor was long and complex, as was his association with Boromir. Initially it is said that Aragorn's forefathers were the exiles of Númenor who ruled over the people of Ond (early name of Gondor), but were driven out by the Wizard King "when Sauron raised a rebellion". The story of the two branches of Elendil's descendants ruling over two kingdoms of Men through many generations only emerged gradually; at one time, Tolkien even seems to have conceived only three generations between Isildur and Aragorn.
One significant feature which was not established until late stages was Aragorn's relationship with Arwen. When Tolkien first introduced Éowyn, the interest which she showed towards Aragorn was not one-sided, with suggestions in notes that they would marry at the end of the story. Another proposal was done soon, that Éowyn would die to save or avenge Théoden, and Aragorn would never marry after her death.
The first mention of Elrond's daughter, named Arwen Undomiel, was in reference to the banner which she made for Aragorn, but Tolkien did not give any hint whether she had any further part to play. The references to her marriage with Aragorn were made later, but it was explicitly stated only near the completion of the book. It is only in his working on the appendices for The Lord of the Rings that Tolkien recorded the full tale of Aragorn and Arwen.
A passing idea was that Galadriel gave her Ring to Aragorn, and that he would accordingly be titled the "Lord of the Ring".
Rejected names
The original nickname Trotter was retained for a long while, and Tolkien decided to change it to Strider only after the story was completed. There were also several experimental translations of Trotter to Sindarin: Padathir, Du-finnion and Rimbedir, with Ecthelion possibly being equivalent to Peregrin (Boffin). Instead of the latter title "the Dúnadan", Quenya Tarkil ("Noble Man") was first used, synonym with Númenórean.
Tolkien hesitated for some time about Trotter's "real" name. Although Aragorn was the first suggestion when the Mannish descent was settled, it was changed a number of times. At one point Tolkien decided that an Elvish name does not suit a Man, and thus altered it from Aragorn via Elfstone to Ingold, where the last one is an Old English name with ing- representing "west". Later, however, a new plot element was introduced: Galadriel's gift of a green stone, and Tolkien reverted the usage to Elfstone in order to make an additional connection. This was retained into the final version of the legendarium as a side name and a translation of Elessar.
Among other names to be used instead of Elfstone Tolkien considered Elfstan, Elfmere, Elf-friend, Elfspear, Elfwold and Erkenbrand, with various Elvish forms: Eldamir, Eldavel, Eledon, and Qendemir. The name of Aragorn's father also passed through many transient forms: Tolkien intended Aramir or Celegorn to go in pair with Aragorn before settling upon Arathorn; Elfhelm and Eldakar with Elfstone and Eldamir; and Ingrim with Ingold . [28]
History and Mythology
Richard J. Finn presented a paper titled, Arthur and Aragorn - Arthurian Influence in LOTR at the Forty-First International Congress on Medieval Studies. The are additional similarities between Aragorn and Arthur beyond those pointed out by Finn. Arthur is descended from Kings of Goddodin - Coel Hen, Aragorn becomes King of Gondor. Kings of the period in Goddodin lived at both Traprain Law and Din Eidyn (Edinburgh, still known as Dùn Éideann in Scottish Gaelic) remarkably similar to Dúnadan. For "Men of the North", Goddodin was a far northern kingdom. Arthur was crowned by St. Dubriticus, who wore a long gray robe for which he was called "His Grey Eminence", Gandalf the White who also wore a gray robe to indicate he at one time was Gandalf the Grey and crowned Aragorn.
House of Telcontar
Portrayal in adaptations
Lord of the Rings film trilogy
"Sons of Gondor, of Rohan! My brothers! I see in your eyes the same fear that would take the heart of me! A day may come when the courage of men fails, when we forsake our friends and break all bonds of fellowship. But it is not this day! An hour of wolves and shattered shields when the Age of Men comes crashing down! But it is not this day! This day we fight! By all that you hold dear on this good earth, I BID YOU STAND, MEN OF THE WEST!!"
—
Viggo Mortensen as Aragorn II
In The Lord of the Rings movie trilogy ( 2001 – 2003 ) directed by Peter Jackson , Aragorn is played by Danish-American actor Viggo Mortensen , who took over the role from Stuart Townsend after a month of rehearsals. In these movies, Aragorn must overcome his self-doubt to claim the kingship. This specific element of self-doubt is not present in Tolkien's books, where Aragorn intends to claim the throne all along. Daniel Day-Lewis was offered the role, but declined.
In order to ensure safe passage across Mordor for Frodo to fulfill his quest, Aragorn then led the Army of the West out from Minas Tirith to make a diversionary feint on the Black Gate of Mordor itself in the Battle of the Morannon . Gandalf had been given supreme command of the war effort after the Pelennor Fields, and acted as chief spokesman in the parley with the Mouth of Sauron ; but Aragorn commanded the Allied troops during the battle and its aftermath.
The Hobbit film trillogy
While not appearing phyisically in Peter Jackson's The Hobbit trillogy, he is alluded to by Thranduil to Legolas in The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies . In a departure from the books, he is stated to already be a Ranger and well known among his people, rather than a ten year old child. Thranduil only told him that the Ranger's name was Strider and that he was the son of Arathon, telling him that he would have to find out Strider's true name for himself.
Given that Aragorn was 87 in The Two Towers, he would have been 27 during the Hobbit film series.
Non-Canonical weapons
Note: The following is from the movie adaptation.
In the film adaptation, Aragorn never carries the shards of Narsil as he did in the books, and only receives the reforged Andúril before entering the Paths of the Dead . Up until this time, Aragorn uses a different, more basic sword that is never given a name. Attached to the scabbard of this sword is a small utility knife that Aragorn uses in the wild country.
Dagger
Aragorn's dagger given by Celeborn
Aragorn also uses a long, curved dagger in battle, though a lot less frequently than his sword. This dagger is used for close combat and as a last resort if the sword is useless in a particular situation, such as when Aragorn is knocked down or assassinating Sauron's servants. He received a curved dagger from Celeborn in the movie, upon leaving Lorien. In The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game) , Aragorn uses his dagger as a finishing blow for his Final Judgment and Warrior Bane combos.
Bow and arrows
Aragorn with a bow in the Balin's Tomb sequence
Aragorn's next weapon in his arsenal is his bow. This bow is rarely used at all. Aragorn only uses it in Moria, shooting Goblins in the beginning of the Fight in Balin's Tomb and while fleeing the Bridge of Khazad-dûm . During these few scenes, Aragorn shows that, though he does not have the expert bow skill and speed that Legolas possesses, he is still an effective shooter when he successfully brings down two goblins through small cracks in the door.
In "The Two Towers" and "Return of the King" video games, Aragorn's missile weapon is his bow and arrows. In each case, Aragorn has 30 arrows.
The Black Stone
Aragorn with the Palantir
Aragorn's final weapon is the Black Stone. He uses it once in The Return of the King to summon the Oathbreakers and defeat the Corsairs of Umbar . He is not shown using it in the movie adaptation.
In LOTR: Conquest, Aragorn's special, heavy attack is to summon the Army of the Dead.
In The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II , Aragorn's most powerful ability is to summon the Army of the Dead, which appears as four abnormally large, invincible ghost units, who can kill infantry almost instantly, though they are weak against buildings. The only units capable of doing any sort of damage to the Dead are heroes, which even then get immediately wiped out.
Ralph Bakshi version
Aragorn was voiced by John Hurt in Ralph Bakshi 's 1978 animated film version of The Lord of the Rings . Bakshi's Aragorn, unlike all other portrayals that were to follow to date, has no beard. This actually conforms to a statement appearing in Unfinished Tales that implicitly says that Aragorn was not supposed to have one, due to his Elvish ancestry (Elves did not grow beards). In a note written in 1972 or later, among the last writings of my father's on the subject of Middle-earth, there is a discussion of the Elvish strain in Men, as to its being observable in the beardlessness of those who were so descended (it was a characteristic of all Elves to be beardless. However, Tolkien actually wrote elsewhere that Elves did have beards; in The Lord of the Rings itself Círdan is described as having a beard. Also, some viewers and critics have said that this version of Aragorn looks Native American though not necessarily to the detriment of the film.
Rankin/Bass' Return of the King
Aragorn was voiced by Theodore Bikel in the 1980 Rankin/Bass animated version of The Return of the King , made for television. He first appears at the Battle of the Pelennor Fields, leading the reinforcements from southern Gondor.
Stage
(See the stage article: The Lord of the Rings )
Aragorn was portrayed by Evan Buliung in the three-hour production of The Lord of the Rings, which opened in 2006 in Toronto , Canada .
In the United States, Aragorn was portrayed by Josh Beshears in the Cincinnati, Ohio production of The Return of the King (2003) for Clear Stage Cincinnati . At Chicago's Lifeline Theatre , Aragorn was played by Robert McLean in the 1999 production of The Two Towers.
Born of Hope
In the fan-film Born of Hope , Aragorn appears as a two-year-old toddler played by the child actor Luke Johnston .
Radio
Trivia
Lists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any relevant information into appropriate sections or articles.
Aragorn is also descended from the House of Finwë, since Idril is his ancestor Elros' grandmother, Turgon is his grandfather, and Fingolfin is his great-grandfather.
Near the end of the first movie The Fellowship of the Ring, in the scene where Aragorn fights the Uruk-hai Captain Lurtz , Aragorn uses his sword to deflect his Elvish dagger, which Lurtz threw at him after he stabbed him in the leg with it. This was not meant to happen as in the original script the knife was supposed to miss and hit the tree behind Aragorn, though the mask Lurtz's actor was wearing restricted his vision, causing him to miss his mark and throw the knife directly at Aragorn. Luckily he was able to use his sword to deflect the knife just in time. The director decided to keep that scene rather than the originally planned scene, as he did just barely manage to knock the dagger away.
At one point, Viggo Mortensen is approached by one of the prouducers of The Hobbit film, asking him if he would like to reprise his role as Aragorn. Viggo replies that, "You do know, don’t you, that Aragorn isn’t in The Hobbit? That there is a 60-year gap between the books?"
Although Aragorn does not appear in the The Hobbit trilogy, he is briefly mentioned by King Thranduil towards the end of the third installment, The Battle of the Five Armies. He is referred to as "Strider", a member of the Dúnedain Rangers, and a son of Arathorn.
Voice Dubbing actors
| Strider |
The fishing boat Orca appeared in which film? | Aragorn - Tolkien Gateway
Aragorn
This article is about the King of Gondor and Arnor . For the Chieftain of the Dúnedain , see Aragorn I .
Aragorn
King of the Reunited Kingdom
Position
Eldarion , at least two daughters
Physical Description
Dark, flecked with grey [2]
Eye color
High leather boots, dark-green cloak (As a Ranger ) [2]
Pure white mantle, black mail girt with silver (As a King) [3]
Weaponry
Images of Aragorn
"Tall as the sea-kings of old, he stood above all that were near; ancient of days he seemed and yet in the flower of manhood; and wisdom sat upon his brow, and strength and healing were in his hands, and a light was about him."
Aragorn II ( S , pron. [ˈaraɡorn]; 1 March Third Age 2931 – Fourth Age 120 , aged 210 years [4] ) was the son of Arathorn II and Gilraen . He was the last Chieftain of the Dúnedain and a direct descendant through many generations of Isildur , the last High King of both Arnor and Gondor . Aragorn would become the greatest Man of his time, leading the Men of the West against Sauron 's forces, helping to destroy the One Ring , and reuniting the Kingdoms of Arnor and Gondor .
Contents
[ edit ] Early Life
Aragorn was born in T.A. 2931 to the Chieftain Arathorn, and received the name Aragorn. But his grandmother, Ivorwen , noted with foresight that Aragorn would one day wear on his breast a green stone. [5]
A legend says that the Wizard Gandalf had brought such a stone from Valinor . He gave the Elessar to the Elven Lady Galadriel , and remarked prophetically that she would pass it to another, who will also be called Elessar. [6] From this would come his royal name Elessar ( Quenya for "Elfstone"), and he would be a healer and a renewer.
When Aragorn was two years old, his father was slain when an Orc arrow pierced his eye. As was the tradition of his people, Aragorn was fostered in Rivendell by Elrond as if he was his own son. By Elrond's order, his identity was kept secret, as he feared he would be slain like his father and grandfather. Aragorn was named Estel ( Sindarin for "Hope") instead. During his life in Rivendell he accompanied the sons of Elrond, Elrohir and Elladan , on their journeys. [7]
Stephen Hickman - Aragorn and Arwen
Elrond revealed to "Estel" his true name and ancestry when he returned from a journey with Elrohir and Elladan in T.A. 2952 , when Aragorn was twenty-one years old; as part of this revelation, he delivered to him the heirlooms of his House : the shards of Narsil and the Ring of Barahir . Later, Aragorn met and fell in love with Arwen , daughter of Elrond, who had newly returned from Lothlórien . [7]
[ edit ] Life as a Ranger
Estel took up his proper name as Aragorn, sixteenth of the Chieftains of the Dúnedain, and after he took leave of his mother and Elrond he went into The Wild . [7] In T.A. 2953 he was not present in Rivendell for the last meeting of the White Council . Aragorn met Gandalf the Grey in T.A. 2956 , and they became great friends. [8] At Gandalf's advice he started to become interested in the Shire and became known as Strider in this region.
Catherine Karina Chmiel - "Thorongil" with Ecthelion II
From T.A. 2957 to T.A. 2980 Aragorn took great journeys, serving in the armies of King Thengel of Rohan , and Steward Ecthelion II of Gondor. [8] Many of his tasks weakened Sauron and his allies, which during the War of the Ring helped the West survive. His name in Gondor and Rohan was Thorongil (Sindarin for "Eagle of the Star"), and became one of Ecthelion II's most important advisers. He warned Ecthelion of the Corsairs of Umbar , who threathened the Southern Fiefs and was eventually allowed by Ecthelion to attack Umbar . He led a Surprise Attack on the Havens of Umbar with a few Gondorian ships, destroying many of their ships and slaying its lord with only few casualties. After his return in Pelargir he crossed the Anduin and left Gondor to travel into the far East and South "exploring the hearts of men good and evil" and learning about the "plots and devices" of the servants of the Dark Lord. [9]
Later in 2980 on his return to Rivendell he entered Lothlórien , and there once again met Arwen in Caras Galadhon . For one season they lived together in Lothlórien. At midsummer he gave her the heirloom of his House, the Ring of Barahir , and Arwen pledged her hand to him in marriage. [7]
Elrond gave his foster-son permission to marry his daughter, on the condition that he must first become king of both Gondor and Arnor, for only a king would be worthy of Arwen's hand. This harsh condition had a precedent: King Thingol 's request that Beren obtain a Silmaril from Morgoth before marrying his daughter Lúthien . [7]
[ edit ] Hunt for Gollum
In the year 3001 , as a now revealed Sauron continued to regain power in Mordor , Aragorn began assisting Gandalf in his search for news of Gollum . Gandalf suspected that the ring Bilbo Baggins found near Gollum's lake was in fact the One Ring . In T.A. 3007 , he shortly returns to Eriador where he visits his mother for the last time, she dies before that year's spring.
In 3017 after searching intermittently over the years, [8] Aragorn finally overtakes Gollum in the Dead Marshes on 1 February . With Gollum he travelled through the northern Emyn Muil , to prevent being found by Sauron's spies, and crossed the Anduin at the Sarn Gebir . He travelled further north along the edges of Fangorn Forest and through Lothlórien, [10] where the Elves sent a message to Gandalf. [11] He travelled alongside the Anduin to the north until he arrived at the Carrock . With the aid of the Beornings he crossed the Anduin with Gollum and entered Mirkwood . He took Gollum to Thranduil in to be held captive. [10] He then returns west where he meets with Gandalf at Sarn Ford and learns of Frodo Baggins ' plan to leave the shire with the Ring late September and then went to his own journey. [12]
[ edit ] War of the Ring
When Aragorn returned to his area, the Elves who followed Gildor Inglorion told Aragorn the Black Riders had been seen, and Gandalf had been missing and there were no messages from him. Aragorn and his Rangers kept watch over the border of the Shire and the East Road waiting for sight of Frodo but there were no news of them leaving Buckland . [12]
While staying in Bree , Aragorn crossed the paths of four hobbits in The Prancing Pony . Aragorn watched as the hobbits clumsily hid their names and intentions. He watched as Frodo Baggins , the leader of the party, fell from a table and disappeared as he put the ring on. Aragorn, whose name was given as Strider, seemed to show no surprise, only annoyance at Frodo’s foolish vanishing act. He arranged for an interview that night, where he warned them of the Black Riders and Bill Ferny , then bluntly requested that they use him as a guide. After some consideration, and a note given them by the forgetful Barliman Butterbur from Gandalf condoning him, Frodo agreed.
Jef Murray - Amon Sûl
Aragorn’s plan to reach Rivendell was to first head toward Archet and bear right to Weathertop . After the ambush at Weathertop and the wounding of Frodo, Merry took over the position as leader of the Hobbits. After a while they met Glorfindel , a friend of Aragorn’s, and it was not much later that they arrived in Rivendell.
Darrell Sweet - The Reforging of the Sword
After the Council of Elrond Aragorn became a member of the Fellowship of the Ring . As a preparation for his travel, the ancient shards of Narsil , the heirloom of his House, were reforged after 3 millennia. Aragorn carried the Sword Reforged, and renamed it Andúril .
Aragorn's intentions were to travel with the company for a while before returning to Gondor with Boromir . Aragorn encouraged the taking of the Redhorn Pass , which ended in disaster. He reluctantly conceded to Gandalf’s choice to pass through Moria , though his sense of foresight warned him for Gandalf. Indeed, after Gandalf fell into the abyss with Durin's Bane , Aragorn was naturally elected leader of the company, despite some resentment by Boromir.
[ edit ] Leading the Fellowship of the Ring
Aragorn again amazed the rest of the Fellowship by his apparent closeness to the people of Lothlórien , and his friendship with Celeborn and Galadriel . At their departure, Galadriel offered him the Elfstone as a wedding gift from the family of the Elven bride to the groom, foretelling his marriage to Arwen. [13] . It was worn by Aragorn ever after and from that he later took the name Elessar.
Even at the Falls of Rauros he was undecided, leaving it to Frodo for the final decision. For though it was obvious he wished to go to Minas Tirith with Boromir, he yet felt that it was his duty to go where the Ring-bearer chose.
Inger Edelfeldt - Death of Boromir
After Frodo escaped him and Boromir perished, he with the remaining members of the Fellowship, namely Legolas and Gimli , chose to try and save Merry and Pippin from the Uruk-hai that had ambushed them, forming the group that would later be known as the Three Hunters .
He met Éomer in the fields of Rohan , and an instant friendship formed, both feeling the honesty and lordliness of the other. Éomer took a risk for his sake, giving him horses, with the promise that one day soon Aragorn would return to Edoras . Aragorn, tracking the Hobbits, followed into Fangorn Forest, where he met the resurrected Gandalf the White . After the restoration of Théoden , he rode to Helm's Deep to fight in the Battle of the Hornburg . There he, alongside his new-found “brother” Éomer, and King Théoden, marshaled the defense against Saruman ’s army. His revealed majesty upon the battlements of the Hornburg as he waited for the dawn caused some of the Wild men to pause and shudder, and he heralded the return of Gandalf with Erkenbrand .
After Pippin’s terrifying experience with the Orthanc-stone , Gandalf presented it in a formal manner to Aragorn, its rightful master, who hinted that it would be used by him eventually. After the departure of Gandalf and Pippin to Minas Tirith, he rode for a while longer with Théoden, meeting up with his friend Halbarad of the North, Elladan and Elrohir , and a company of staunch and fearless Rangers. Elladan and Elrohir gave him a message from Elrond: "The days are short. If thou art in haste, remember the Paths of the Dead ". Halbarad bore a gift from the Lady Arwen – the Standard of Elendil . Aragorn knew the path set before him.
[ edit ] Return of the King
A little while later Aragorn took his companions and his rangers and set out for Dunharrow , departing from the King’s company. His course was clear: to take the Paths of the Dead, to summon the Dead Men . In Dunharrow, he met the lady Éowyn , who had fallen in love with him. After making it clear that he could not accept her love, he turned towards the evil road with the dawn.
The Grey Company passed through the Dark Door and the Dwimorberg , the Dead following, and coming at last to the Stone of Erech , Aragorn summoned them to his aid. They drew their swords and blew their horns in answer, and swept down upon the Corsairs at Pelargir drove the mariners away. Aragorn released them, and took the Black Ships north to Minas Tirith, where the Battle of the Pelennor Fields raged. The Standard of Elendil broke forth, and his Dúnedain swept down, giving the final blow to the army of Gothmog . The counter-attacked army of Sauron crumbled utterly. But Aragorn did not enter the city.
Aragorn, furling his banner, appointed Imrahil the temporary lord of the City, as the law demanded. Eventually, however, Aragorn did come to the Houses of Healing , where he tended and restored Merry, Éowyn, and Faramir , in accordance with the prophecy “The hands of the king are the hands of a healer, and so shall the rightful king be known”. Aragorn then left the city, hooded and cloaked, and yet the people of Minas Tirith followed him, for they had heard rumours. Yet when in the morning they saw the banner of Dol Amroth , they wondered if the Return of the King had been but a dream.
Aragorn held council with his trusted companions, namely Gandalf, Éomer, Imrahil, and Elrond’s sons – Halbarad had fallen in battle. He agreed to draw forth the forces of Mordor for the benefit of the Quest of the Ring , and so arranged matters for the Battle of the Morannon . After the destruction of the Ring in Orodruin and victory at the Morannon , Aragorn returned at last in the triumphant manner that befitted his position. He was crowned at the gates of Minas Tirith, winning the hearts of the people of Gondor .
[ edit ] Reign as Elessar
Aragorn ruled the Reunited Kingdom of Gondor and Arnor until year 120 of the Fourth Age .
Some days after his coronation, Gandalf took Elessar up the slopes of Mount Mindolluin , and there he found the scion of Nimloth , the symbol of his mastery of the Reunited Kingdom . Elrond and Arwen came to Gondor and Elrond gave Elessar the Sceptre of Annúminas signifying the Kingship of Arnor. He wedded Arwen on Midsummer's day of 3019, and then was forced to bid his old friends farewell. He turned back to his new kingdom as the Fourth Age dawned and the Ringbearers left the shores of Middle-earth forever.
One of his first tasks in the re-ordering of his realm was the restoration of Orthanc and ordered the Orthanc-stone to be returned there. With this opportunity, many secrets and hoarded treasures were revealed including the Elendilmir which Saruman took from Isildur's body. Elessar received the Elemdilmir with reverence and took it with him as he established his full kingship of Arnor . [14]
Elessar gave his Steward Faramir the title Lord of Emyn Arnen and created him as Prince of Ithilien [15] . He declared the Drúadan Forest to belong to the Drúedain and a protected enclave of his Kingdom. [16] He also re-established the Great Council of Gondor whose chief councellor was the Steward [17] . He also renewed the Oath of Cirion with Éomer.
As for the Shire , he declared it a Free Land under the protection of the Northern Sceptre and forbid Men from entering it. He appointed the Thain , the Master of Buckland , and the Mayor of Michel Delving Counsellors of the North-kingdom. Also he offered to the Shire the lands up to the Emyn Beraid . [18]
He founded the royal House of Telcontar , he had a son and a number of daughters.
King Elessar died after 210 years of life and 122 years of rule and was succeeded by his son Eldarion . His wife Arwen, now mortal, gave up her life shortly afterwards in year 121, aged 2,901.
By Ardamir . ( Help ; more articles )
The name Aragorn is Sindarin , meaning "Revered King", from aran ("king") and (n)gorn ("dreaded, revered"). [19]
This clear etymology from Tolkien was not revealed until the publication in 2007 of "Words, Phrases & Passages in The Lord of the Rings", a late 1950s manuscript. Before that, several theories were proposed:
Ruth S. Noel and several others proposed "King of the Tree", [20] but Tolkien specifically said that this was not the case. [21]
David Salo deduces "Having Kingly Valor" [22] from Tolkien's cryptic "'Kingly Valour' (for so is that name interpreted)". [23] This is still the most often cited etymology; Robert Ireland's A Tolkien Dictionary gives the variation "Royal Zeal". [24]
Carl F. Hostetter proposed the meanings "King of the Globe" or "King of the Hill" in his analysis of the King's Letter . [25]
The Quenya form of Aragorn was Aracorno. [26]
[ edit ] Names and titles
2011: The Lord of the Rings: War in the North :
Aragorn is an important character of the game, and is mentioned as one of the much honored heroes of the War of the Ring in the introduction of the game. [29]
He is a friend of two of the game's main characters, Eradan and Andriel . Aragorn had met Andriel during his visits at Rivendell , [30] while he had met Eradan, when he served as Ranger at Sarn Ford. Aragorn was impressed by his skills and bravery, and taught him much about tracking. Eradan was a companion of Aragorn on many of his journeys. Aragorn trusted Eradan much, though he never told him what the reason was behind the protection of the Shire . [31]
Eradan, Andriel and Farin meet Aragorn in the Prancing Pony to warn him, on Halbarad's request, after the Nazgûl attacked and defeated the Rangers at Sarn Ford , and entered the Shire. They also tell him about an conservation between the Witch-king and Agandaûr , which the three heroes overheard shortly after the attack. Agandaûr summoned the Orcs of the Misty Mountains and assembled an army in Fornost , which plans to aid the Nazgûl in their search to the One Ring . Aragorn sends Eradan, Andriel and Farin to Fornost, to stop Agandaûr and his army. [29] While Eradan, Andriel, Farin, Elladan and Elrohir stopped Agandaûr's army, [32] Aragorn met with Frodo Baggins and left Bree. [33]
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Which cabinet member is heir to a wallpaper fortune? | Who's who in the coalition cabinet | Politics | The Guardian
Who's who in the coalition cabinet
Full list of Conservative and Liberal Democrat cabinet members, with mini-profiles of the key players
The cabinet table at 10 Downing Street. Photograph: Martin Argles for the Guardian
Staff
Wednesday 12 May 2010 19.30 EDT
First published on Wednesday 12 May 2010 19.30 EDT
This article is 6 years old
David Cameron – prime minister, first lord of Treasury, minister for civil service
Nick Clegg – deputy prime minister, lord president of the council (with special responsibility for political and constitutional reform)
Nick Clegg outside his home in south London Photograph: Peter Macdiarmid/Getty Images
The Blairite adviser who couldn't understand why Clegg was wasting his career by becoming a Lib Dem MEP knows better now. The young European idealist who helped Leon Brittan, the British EU commissioner, to negotiate Chinese entry to the World Trade Organisation, also found his Spanish lawyer wife in Brussels. Multilingual and well-connected, he won his Sheffield Hallam seat only in 2005 but leapfrogged older colleagues to succeed Menzies Campbell as party leader in 2007. Critics complain he is too far to the right of his own party, too pro-market and not sufficiently concerned for the poor. His deal with Cameron will reinforce those fears, but he has great self-confidence as his TV performances showed.
In-tray Persuading Lib Dem activists at Sunday's Birmingham conference that they can trust him not to sell out; avoiding the blame for painful cuts and tax rises which Tories have persuaded him to back; promoting core Lib Dem values such as Europe, civil liberties and the environment in the face of core Tory scepticism; not letting Cameron squash him in the battle of the Alpha males.
William Hague – secretary of state for foreign and Commonwealth affairs
William Hague. Photograph: Warren Allott/AFP/Getty Images
The Foreign Office has long been preparing for Hague's arrival: his relations with officials are already good, his diary and policy programme ready. The new National Security Council has already met. He walked in the door today to a department hopeful that its new Tory boss will have the clout in government to restore the status of the department. Under Labour, the FCO lost out: isolated from the invasion of Iraq, and overshadowed by the much richer Department for International Development, it felt neglected. Hague counts in Tory circles, and Cameron is likely to allow him more freedom – although Lib Dem ministers will watch for outbreaks of Euroscepticism.
In-tray Afghanistan is a priority, and the subject of Hague's first security briefing yesterday morning. David Cameron hopes to withdraw British troops within five years. Iran was the subject of Hague's second briefing, focusing on the standoff with the west over its suspected development of a nuclear weapon. Plus the relationship with the EU.
George Osborne – chancellor
George Osborne, chancellor of the exchequer. Photograph: Andrew Winning/Reuters
Osborne has a problem: the City and influential financial pundits at the FT do not respect him. "Ask Osborne an economic question and you get a political answer," one complained. That handicap is more than compensated for by the regard with which David Cameron holds him. They are the Blair and Brown of the new regime, without the destablising personal rivalry. Cameron resisted all pressure not to appoint Osborne as chancellor. He is 39 this month, which makes him the youngest chancellor since 1886. He is a child of privilege, heir to a 17th-century baronetcy and to the Osborne & Little wallpaper fortune made by his father.
In-tray Cutting the £163bn deficit and the debt mountain without hurting the economic recovery, the poor or British enterprise; sorting out bank regulation – both the rules and the structure; placating the City, which does not like his plan to abolish the Financial Services Authority. He is back-pedalling on the proposal; simplifying the tax system and cutting red tape; persuading voters to take him more seriously than Ken Clarke or Vince Cable.
Kenneth Clarke – lord chancellor, secretary of state for justice
Ken Clarke at the 2007 Conservative party conference. Photograph: Martin Argles
A former chancellor of the exchequer, Clarke, 70, led Britain out of its last recession and had expected to play a leading role in rebuilding the economy. Recalled to the Tory frontbench last year as shadow business secretary. He will now rank as fifth most senior cabinet member. His appointment as justice secretary signals that the Human Rights Act is probably safe.
In-tray Introducing radical plans to cut rate of re-offending by ex-prisoners; greater role for private and voluntary groups; key cabinet role in drawing up bill that will scrap ID cards and the next generation of biometric passports; review of libel laws.
Theresa May – home department; minister for women and equalities
Theresa May. Photograph: David Fisher
The second woman to hold the post of home secretary, after Jacqui Smith, faces the task of preserving her political reputation in one of Whitehall's "elephant trap" jobs. A former policy high-flier in the City, May is the first big winner of the coalition, having been promoted from shadow work and pensions spokeswoman. She was elected to the Commons in 1997 after lengthy experience in local politics on Merton council, south London, and was fast-tracked to the shadow cabinet. In 2002 Iain Duncan Smith made her the first woman Conservative party chair. As well as making an impact with her kitten-heeled shoes, she famously told party activists they were seen as "the nasty party".
In-tray Working out how the proposed cap on skilled migrants entering Britain from outside the EU will operate; scrapping ID cards and biometric passports, and other parts of the "great repeal bill/freedom bill", including curbs on the "surveillance state" and an end to collection of DNA profiles of innocent people; managing the way through a head-on clash on policing with chief constables over Conservative plans for directly elected police commissioners and Lib Dem plans for directly elected police authorities; reviewing the "preventing violent extremism" programme, plus a possible ban on Hizb-ut-Tahrir and consolidation of "reams" of security laws.
Liam Fox – defence
Liam Fox. Photograph: David Sillitoe
Regarded in some official circles as a neocon for his perceived hardline views. Fox worked as a GP in Buckinghamshire before winning his seat of Woodspring (now North Somerset) in 1992, having earlier failed to win a seat in Scotland in 1987. He attained the shadow defence role in 2005.
In-tray Coherent strategy needed in Afghanistan – the top foreign and defence priority facing the coalition; moves to improve forces' welfare; setting up policy-driven strategic defence review against background of huge Ministry of Defence budget deficit; replacing Trident nuclear system; defence co-operation in Europe.
Vincent Cable – business, innovation and skills
Vince Cable said he was concerned at the influence exerted by Piedmont in the M&B bidding. Photograph: Martin Argles
Cable's arrival is the culmination of a long march, from Whitehall in the 1970s as adviser to a future Labour leader, John Smith, into the arms of the Lib Dems during Labour's "looney left" phase, and now in charge of business, Smith's old department. "Head, not heart" was Cable's advice to Lib Dems wavering between Labour or Cameron – not quite the story of his life. A scholarship boy, the young Cambridge graduate married his first wife, now deceased, against their families' opposition. Sixty seven this week, he was at the Commonwealth secretariat and chief economist at Shell (1995-97), before winning a seat at Twickenham 27 years after he first tried to enter parliament for Labour. The gangling Cable acquired recognition and respect as acting Lib Dem leader when the banking crisis broke. He also makes good jokes and loves dancing.
In-tray How far to regulate banks; how to raise extra taxes without damaging wealth-creation; how much to reclaim powers taken from his department by the Treasury; how to rebalance economy toward manufacturing, away from high finance.
Iain Duncan Smith – work and pensions
Iain Duncan Smith Photograph: Robin Bell / Rex Features
Duncan Smith's place at the cabinet table as secretary of state for work and pensions is the culmination of a long trek back to power. Dumped as Tory leader because he was unable to convince enough backbench Tories that he was the right man for the job, his rightwing instincts have found popular appeal in combination with his almost evangelical approach to poverty. The tax break for married couples will be a cornerstone of Duncan Smith's policy push.
In-tray Implement substantial cuts in social security spending; tackle unemployment, focusing on making work or training compulsory after six month for jobless under-25s; disability benefits, which cost the taxpayer £16bn. Joint policy agreement says: "Receipt of benefits for those able to work should be conditional on the willingness to work."
Chris Huhne – energy and climate change
Chris Huhne. Photograph: Rex
After the City of London career and many posts as a financial journalist – including a time as the Guardian's economics leader writer – Huhne ran to be Lib Dem leader against Nick Clegg. After entering parliament in 2005, he went on to sway leftwards and it nearly secured him the job of party leader but most believe that was expediency and now he is in the centre. He was Lib Dem environment spokesman.
In-tray Nuclear power is a major point of disagreement between the parties, with Lib Dems vehemently opposed; green investment bank – all main parties are agreed, but details are sketchy; coalition has adopted the 10:10 campaign's commitment to cut central government carbon emissions by 10% in 12 months; increase renewables target and "huge increase" in energy from waste through anaerobic digestion.
Andrew Lansley – health
Andrew Lansley. Photograph: Richard Gardner
Shadow health secretary for seven years, Lansley is credited with neutralising the potentially vote-losing issue of the NHS for the Tories in the election.
In-tray NHS funding to increase in real terms every year; bureaucracy to be slashed and targets scrapped so doctors decide priorities; more use of private sector providers to ensure patients get prompt treatment; hospitals required to admit mistakes; decide what to do about social care – Conservative insurance premium or Lib Dems' independent commission.
Michael Gove – education
Shadow education secretary Michael Gove speaks at the 2009 Scottish Conservatives Conference in Perth, Scotland. Photograph: Murdo Macleod
The 42-year-old former journalist was born in Edinburgh, adopted at four months old and brought up in Aberdeen. Went to state and private schools, then Oxford where he was union president. Married to Sarah Vine, a leader writer at the Times, and has two children. Gove wants a return to traditional values in the classroom, stating that he expects pupils to wear ties.
In-tray Start making cuts to, or scrap education quangos to save more than £600m a year; specify the core knowledge children should have at each age, benchmarked across the world; identify "very worst" schools and have them taken over by a head with a track record of success; parents, teachers and charities to set up their own schools free of local authority control; resolve a mass boycott of national tests for 10 and 11-year-olds by teachers.
Eric Pickles – communities and local government
Eric Pickles: 'We still have a mountain to climb.' Photograph: Nils Jorgensen/Rex Features
No stranger to local politics, having led Bradford district council for three years up to 1991. As one tweet pointed out, his avowed mission then was to "wipe out municipal socialism forever". That was then and Pickles has long championed Conservative plans to reduce regional bureaucracy and backed plans to get local authorities to build more homes with cash incentives. This means upping the housing budget, which stands today at a little over £7bn, in a time of penury. In the Con-Lib government agreement the parties are committed to a "radical devolution of power and greater financial autonomy to local government and community groups. This will include a full review of local government finance."
Given previous governments' track records on implementing reviews of local government funding, substantial reforms are not expected. Pickles should expect to bat for local authorities, especially in any tussle with "community groups", which were key to David Cameron's Big Society. It looks likely that the project will be run from the Cabinet Office. Local authorities with an eye to the deteriorating public finances are already planning big cuts – and Pickles could see himself drawn into messy spats over a lack of cash in sensitive areas such as child protection and care homes for the elderly.
Danny Alexander – Scotland
Danny Alexander, the Scottish secretary. Photograph: Oli Scarff/Getty Images
Immersed in Lib Dem politics since working for the party as a Scottish press officer in 1993, soon after leaving Oxford University. An MP for five years, with several frontbench roles in work and pensions and social exclusion, he sprang to prominence as Clegg's chief of staff, taking charge of the party's general election manifesto in 2007.
In-tray Enhanced tax-raising and legal powers for the Scottish parliament; easing in deep cuts in Treasury funding for Scotland; tackling the Scottish National party's plans for a referendum on Scottish independence.
David Laws – chief secretary to Treasury
David Laws arriving to negotiate with the Tories on 10 May 2010. Photograph: Sang Tan/AP
Seen as clear-thinking, controlled, totally at ease with numbers. In the City, he was vice-president of JP Morgan from 1987 to 1992 then managing director. He has been asked to bring the £168bn deficit under control over the next three years. Laws has argued that Brown's tax credit system, especially child tax credits, had created a dependency culture. He called for cuts in the cost of public-sector pensions, incapacity benefit, major reform of the property market, the EU subsidy system and housing benefit.
In-tray Needs to get cabinet agreement within 50 days on a budget with £6bn of cuts then set out a three-year spending programme for 2011-2014; Treasury options could include a VAT rise; committed to keep health spending rising year on year, and to tackle the deficit more by spending cuts than tax rises.
Lady Warsi – minister without portfolio (and Conservative party chairman)
Baroness Sayeeda Warsi at home. Photograph: David Sillitoe/Guardian
Best known for appearing alongside the BNP leader, Nick Griffin, on the BBC's Question Time programme last year. As the first Muslim woman to be a cabinet member she has been useful to a Tory party trying to show that it is less white, Christian and male than before. She is also a single mother and was shadow communities secretary before her elevation to the highest ranks of government.
In-tray As party chairman, keeping the Tories onside with the coalition; trying to maintain membership and fundraising, especially if the coalition falls apart before five years and an early election has to be held.
Also in the cabinet
Caroline Spelman Environment, food and rural affairs
Andrew Mitchell International development
Jeremy Hunt Culture, Olympics, media and sport
Lord Strathclyde Leader of the Lords, chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Also attending cabinet meetings
Francis Maude Minister for the Cabinet Office, paymaster general
Oliver Letwin Minister of state, Cabinet Office
David Willetts Minister of state (universities and science)
Sir George Young Leader of the Commons, lord privy seal
Patrick McLoughlin Parliamentary secretary to the Treasury and chief whip
Also to attend cabinet when required
Dominic Grieve Attorney general
Nine from the Tories' 32-strong shadow team who have not made it to the cabinet
Chris Grayling, Greg Clark, Nick Herbert, Theresa Villiers, Mark Francois, Grant Shapps, Baroness Neville-Jones, David Mundell, Baroness Anelay.
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Who was the target of Operation Neptune Spear? | BBC NEWS | UK | UK Politics | Shadow Cabinet: Who's Who
Shadow Cabinet: Who's Who
Policy - Oliver Letwin
Leader - David Cameron
David Cameron was virtually unknown outside Westminster when he was elected Tory leader in December 2005 at the age of 39.
The Old Etonian had dazzled that year's party conference with his youthful dynamism and charisma, reportedly telling journalists he was the "heir to Blair".
He has sought to plant the Conservative flag firmly in the centre ground of British politics, but his assault on traditional Tory touchstones, such as grammar schools, has brought him into conflict with the party's grassroots.
Before becoming leader, he was the Conservatives' campaign co-ordinator at the 2005 general election and shadow education secretary.
He was special adviser to Home Secretary Michael Howard and Chancellor Norman Lamont in the 1990s before spending seven years as a public relations executive with commercial broadcaster Carlton.
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Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer - George Osborne
One of David Cameron's closest friends and political allies - the pair have been dubbed the "Blair and Brown" of the Conservative Party - George Osborne has enjoyed a rapid rise through the ranks since becoming MP for Tatton in 2001.
Michael Howard promoted him from shadow chief secretary to the Treasury to shadow chancellor in May 2005, at the age of 34. It is a post he has kept under Mr Cameron.
Before entering Parliament, he was a special adviser in the agriculture department when the Tories were in government and later served as political secretary to William Hague.
He is also heir to the Osborne and Little wallpaper fortune.
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Party chairman - Eric Pickles
Eric Pickles was first elected to the Commons in 1992, representing an Essex seat far from his Yorkshire roots.
He has extensive local government experience, having led Bradford District Council for three years up to 1991.
He has also served in a variety of shadow ministerial roles, including transport, local government and social security spokesman, earning a reputation for loyalty and good humour.
He boosted his reputation and profile in the party by masterminding its landmark victory over Labour in the Crewe and Nantwich by-election and was appointed party chairman in David Cameron's January 2009 reshuffle.
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Shadow Secretary of State for Justice - Dominic Grieve
A Conservative activist from an early age - and the son of a former Tory MP - Dominic Grieve was elected to the Commons in 1997 as the MP for Beaconsfield in South Buckinghamshire.
He is a barrister and was the shadow attorney general for four and a half years until June 2008, when he was appointed shadow home secretary.
He filled the vacancy created when David Davis quit as an MP to fight by-election on civil liberties and plans for a 42-day terror detention limit.
Mr Grieve is an ex-member of the London Diocesan Synod with an interest in constitutional issues and an opposition to devolution - he is a past shadow Scottish affairs spokesman.
Regarded as a skilled and assiduous Commons performer, he was made shadow justice secretary in January 2009.
Chief Whip - Patrick McLoughlin
The former miner has been MP for West Derbyshire since 1986.
When the Conservatives were in power, he was a minister at the departments of transport, employment, trade and industry, and in the whips' office. In opposition, he became deputy chief whip in 1998.
Mr McLoughlin has an unusual background for a Tory MP. His mother was a factory worker and he worked as a farm labourer before following his father and grandfather into the pits.
He spoke out against Arthur Scargill in the miners' strike, when he was a strike-breaker.
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Shadow Leader of the House of Commons - Sir George Young
The North West Hampshire MP, 68, was appointed to the job after the demotion of Alan Duncan in September 2009. It marked a return to the shadow cabinet after a gap of nine years.
Sir George, an old Etonian known as the "bicycling baronet" after his election to the old Ealing Acton seat in 1974, had been chairman of the committee on standards and privileges since 2001.
A widely respected figure in Parliament, who has twice stood unsuccessfully for the post of Speaker, he held the shadow Commons leader's job under William Hague's leadership.
He served as a health, environment and housing minister before becoming Financial Secretary to the Treasury in 1994 under then prime minister John Major. He served as transport secretary from 1995-97.
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Shadow Culture, Media and Sport Secretary - Jeremy Hunt
MP for South West Surrey since 2005, Jeremy Hunt became the Conservatives' culture spokesman at the age of 40, in recognition of his work on disability issues.
He was previously the party's spokesman on disabilities and welfare reform.
He replaced Hugo Swire, who was sacked as culture spokesman shortly after suggesting free museum entry might be scrapped.
Mr Hunt, a fluent Japanese speaker, founded a company called Hotcourses, offering guides to help students find the right course before entering Parliament.
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Shadow Secretary of State for Defence - Liam Fox
The former GP came third in the 2005 party leadership contest, presenting himself as a candidate of the right.
A popular figure with the party's grassroots, he was co-chairman during the 2005 general election but was moved to the shadow foreign secretary portfolio in May.
Under both William Hague and Iain Duncan Smith, he served as shadow health secretary.
And when the Conservatives were in government in the 1990s, Dr Fox was a whip and later a Foreign Office minister.
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Shadow International Development Secretary - Andrew Mitchell
Mr Mitchell ran David Davis' leadership campaign in 2005 and kept his shadow-cabinet job under the new regime.
A former social security minister and whip, Mr Mitchell has also served as shadow minister for police.
He first became an MP in 1987 and lost his Gelding seat a decade later, only to return as MP for Sutton Coldfield in 2001.
Before going to university, Mr Mitchell served in the Royal Tank Regiment and later worked for investment bank Lazard, where he remains a director.
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Shadow Energy and Climate Change - Greg Clark
One of a new generation of more liberal-minded Conservative MPs, Mr Clark is close to David Cameron and, as the Tories' former director of policy, a key influence on his thinking on social issues.
Within a year of being elected MP for Tunbridge Wells in 2005, he was made the Conservative spokesman on charities. He raised eyebrows in the party when he said the politics of left-wing columnist Polly Toynbee were more relevant to the modern Conservative Party than those of Winston Churchill.
He was promoted to the newly created and more high profile role of shadow secretary for energy and climate change in response to Gordon Brown's creation of the department, headed by Ed Miliband.
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Shadow Education: Children, Schools and Families - Michael Gove
Seen as one of the brightest talents in the 2005 intake, the former Times journalist is a key member of David Cameron's inner circle and helps write many of his speeches.
As the Tories' housing spokesman, Mr Gove made a name for himself as an effective Commons performer in attacks on the government's home information packs.
He was drafted into the shadow cabinet, as children, schools and families spokesman, at the age of 39 when his leader split the education brief in two to reflect Gordon Brown's Whitehall changes.
Mr Gove headed the Policy Exchange think tank for three years before landing the safe seat of Surrey Heath.
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Shadow Education: Innovation, Universities and Skills - David Willetts
Known as one of the party's big thinkers, former shadow education secretary David "Two Brains" Willetts was shunted sideways in the July 2007 reshuffle after a bitter row over the party's policy on grammar schools.
A former Treasury civil servant and graduate of the Number 10 policy unit at the height of Margaret Thatcher's time in office, he subsequently became director of research for the Centre for Policy Studies.
After his eleciton to the Commons in 1992, he enjoyed a rapid rise through the ranks before being criticised for his role as a whip during the Neil Hamilton cash-for-questions investigation.
In opposition, he served as shadow education and employment secretary under William Hague before taking on the work and pensions job. He briefly dallied with a party leadership bid in 2005 before throwing his weight behind David Davis.
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Shadow Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Secretary - Nick Herbert
Seen as one of the Conservatives' fastest-rising stars, Nick Herbert is a longstanding supporter of shadow home secretary David Davis, backing his leadership bids in 2001 and 2005.
He became an MP in 2005, taking over as candidate in Arundel in South Downs after MP Howard Flight was sacked by Michael Howard for hinting the party's plans for spending cuts went further than it had admitted.
The party's second openly gay frontbencher, after Alan Duncan, Mr Herbert was instrumental in setting up the Countryside Alliance and is a former head of right leaning think tank Reform, where he advocated radical policies on schools and hospitals.
He was drafted into the shadow cabinet as Justice spokesman, after impressing David Cameron as Tory spokesman on police reform. He moved to the environment brief in January 2009 at the age of 45.
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Shadow Community Cohesion Minister - Sayeeda Warsi
Sayeeda Warsi became the first Muslim woman to sit on the front bench of a British political party in July 2007 at the age of 36.
Straight-talking and combative - she describes herself as a "northern, working-class-roots mum" - she gave up her job as a solicitor in 2004 to stand for Parliament in her home town of Dewsbury, West Yorkshire, losing out to Labour's Shahid Malik.
She was also a special adviser on community relations to then Tory leader Michael Howard before becoming the party's vice-chairman.
Ms Warsi - who is married with a daughter - says her admiration for Conservative principles is inspired by her father, who went from working in a mill to running a £2m-a-year bed-manufacturing firm.
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Shadow Cabinet Office Minister - Francis Maude
The high priest of Tory modernisers, as party chairman Francis Maude was at the forefront of David Cameron's efforts to move the Conservatives to the centre ground - a role that won him few friends among party traditionalists.
He was demoted to shadow Cabinet Office minister in July 2007, with responsibility for implementing policy.
The son of Tory MP Angus Maude, he has enjoyed a rollercoaster career since his election to the Commons in 1983, serving in the Whips' office, the Foreign Office and the Treasury.
He lost his seat at the 1992 election but returned to the Commons five years later, serving as shadow chancellor and shadow foreign secretary.
He managed Michael Portillo's 2001 leadership bid, returning to the backbenches to argue the case for reform when Mr Portillo withdrew from the race.
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Shadow Foreign Secretary - William Hague
A witty and engaging Commons performer who is popular with grassroots Tory members, Mr Hague scaled back his lucrative career as an author and after-dinner speaker to return to the frontbench in 2005.
He had been the youngest Tory leader since William Pitt when he took over the party in 1997 at the tender age of 36, but resigned after gaining just one seat at the 2001 general election.
Mr Hague entered Parliament in 1989 having been special adviser to Chancellor Sir Geoffrey Howe. He was soon promoted to be a social security minister and in 1995 entered the Cabinet as Wales secretary.
In addition to his duties as shadow foreign secretary, David Cameron has put Mr Hague in charge of rebuilding the party in the North of England, as chairman of its Northern Board.
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Shadow Secretary of State for Health - Andrew Lansley
The former civil servant became an active Conservative in the 1980s after a spell as private secretary to Norman Tebbit.
In 1990 he became head of the Conservative Research Department and was one of the architects of the Tories' surprise 1992 election victory. However, he later faced criticism for his central role in the disastrous 2001 poll campaign.
He returned to the shadow cabinet in 2003 under Michael Howard as shadow health secretary, the role he continues to hold under David Cameron.
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Shadow Home Secretary - Chris Grayling
A former television producer and management consultant, Chris Grayling has gained a reputation as one of the Conservatives' most effective front-bench performers with his bruising attacks on Labour figures such as John Prescott.
He has held a string of shadow ministerial positions since becoming MP for Epsom and Ewell in 2001, at the age of 38, including shadow leader of the house and shadow transport spokesman.
He has written several books including a history of the Bridgwater Canal and life in England after the First World War.
He moved into the key role of shadow home secretary in January 2009 after being widely seen to have performed well in the work and pensions brief.
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Security - Dame Pauline Neville-Jones
Dame Pauline was the first woman to chair the Joint Intelligence Committee, the body that scrutinises intelligence reports from MI5 and MI6.
She was also John Major's foreign affairs adviser and the former Director of Political Affairs at the Foreign Office, as well as being a former governor of the BBC.
She was a foreign office diplomat for more than 30 years, rising to be political director and deputy under-secretary, acting as senior UK negotiator at the Dayton peace talks which brought the Bosnian war to an end in 1995.
Dame Pauline was born in 1939 and attended school in Leeds before taking an arts degree at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. She was brought into the shadow cabinet by Tory leader David Cameron as shadow security minister. She also acts as Mr Cameron's national security adviser.
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Shadow Secretary of State for Business and Enterprise - Ken Clarke
The 68-year-old returned to the Conservative front bench as shadow business secretary in David Cameron's January 2009 reshuffle amid continuing economic crisis.
Mr Cameron said that Mr Clarke was a "big figure" with "great experience" and had been the last chancellor to lead the UK out of recession - during the John Major government of the 1990s.
His return has been seen as somewhat of a gamble for Mr Cameron given that Mr Clarke - who held a host of ministerial jobs in the Thatcher and Major governments - has staunchly pro-European views.
These views are widely seen to be the reason for his failure to win the three party leadership contests he entered - but Mr Cameron decided that Mr Clarke's experience was worth the risk of reopening party splits.
Mr Clarke was president of the union at Cambridge, became a QC in 1980 and after a succession of junior ministerial jobs he served as health, education and home secretaries before becoming chancellor from 1993 to 1997.
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Shadow Leader of the Lords - Lord Strathclyde
Lord (Tom) Strathclyde has been in the shadow cabinet since 1997 after being promoted to Lords leader following a term as opposition chief whip.
During that time, he has led the Tory charge in an upper house which has often given the Labour government more problems than the House of Commons.
A former insurance broker, Lord Strathclyde has wide experience from the Tories' time in government.
He was a minister of state at the Department of Trade and Industry during the 1990s and his various junior ministerial jobs covered tourism, Scotland, environment and consumer affairs.
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Shadow Communities and Local Government Secretary - Caroline Spelman
Caroline Spelman became the second woman, after Theresa May, to be Conservative Party chairman in 2007, at the age of 49.
She entered Parliament in 1997 and was tipped for a shadow cabinet post when Michael Howard became Tory leader in 2003. But she was first appointed spokesman for the environment and shadow minister for women - both non-frontbench positions.
She served as shadow secretary of state for international development and more recently as shadow secretary for local and devolved government.
Before entering Parliament, she worked in agriculture, including a spell as deputy director of the International Confederation of European Beetgrowers, in Paris.
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Shadow Northern Ireland Secretary - Owen Paterson
Owen Paterson entered the shadow cabinet for the first time, at the age of 50, in David Cameron's July 2007 reshuffle.
A former managing director of the British Leather company, he entered Parliament as MP for Shropshire North in 1997, concentrating on rural issues as a junior agriculture spokesman and chairman of the Conservative Rural Action Group.
A Eurosceptic and member of the right wing Cornerstone Group, which campaigns for traditional Tory values, he helped Iain Duncan Smith during his 2001 leadership bid and was briefly parliamentary private secretary to Ann Widdecombe. He has also served in the Opposition whips office.
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Shadow Transport Secretary - Theresa Villiers
A member of the 2005 Commons intake, Theresa Villiers became Transport Secretary in the July 2007 reshuffle, at the age of 39.
She is no novice in the world of politics having served as an MEP from 1999 to 2005, including a stint as the party's deputy leader in the European Parliament.
A Eurosceptic, she is a former barrister and lecturer at King's College, London.
The MP for Chipping Barnet was promoted to the shadow Cabinet after just seven months, becoming Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury.
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Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury - Philip Hammond
Philip Hammond has build up a reputation as an articulate and effective Commons performer since being elected MP for Runnymede and Weybridge in 1997.
A former director of companies supplying medical equipment, he was initially a member of the shadow health team before going on to serve as trade and industry spokesman. He also backed Michael Portillo's 2001 leadership bid.
In summer 2002, he went to shadow the now defunct Office of the Deputy Prime Minister and local government department before being made shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury, at the age of 51, in the July 2007 reshuffle.
Work and Pensions Secretary - Theresa May
Theresa May was the first woman to become party chairman, under the leadership of Iain Duncan Smith.
She then took up the culture and family portfolios before being made shadow Commons leader by David Cameron.
She has been a keen advocate of positive action to recruit more women Tories to winnable seats and was a key architect of the "A list" of preferred candidates.
A passionate moderniser with an exotic taste in shoes, she is famous for telling Tory activists they were seen as members of the "nasty party".
After 18 months of weekly battles with Commons leader Harriet Harman Mrs May moved to work and pensions in the January 2009 reshuffle.
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Shadow Welsh Secretary - Cheryl Gillan
MP for Chesham and Amersham since 1992, Cheryl Gilllan was a junior education minister in John Major's government.
In opposition, her front-bench jobs have covered trade and industry, the Foreign Office and a period as a party whip.
Born in Cardiff, she became a member of the shadow cabinet in 2005, at the age of 53, replacing Bill Wiggin as Welsh spokesman, which became a shadow cabinet post under David Cameron.
Her jobs before entering Parliament include marketing consultant and director of British Film Year. In her spare time, she keeps rare Buff Orpington and Black Rock hybrid hens.
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Shadow Scottish Secretary - David Mundell
The only Tory MP in Scotland at the time, Mr Mundell quickly landed a shadow cabinet job after entering Parliament in May 2005.
But his political experience goes back further.
He was elected as a member of the Scottish Parliament for the south of Scotland in 1999, and re-elected in 2003.
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Policy review - Oliver Letwin
A former shadow home secretary and shadow chancellor, Oliver Letwin is one of the most experienced and erudite members of David Cameron's top team, playing a key role in the formulation of the policies with which the Conservatives will fight the next general election.
An Old Etonian and former merchant banker, he has been MP for West Dorset since 1997.
In the 2001 election, he famously went into "hiding" after suggesting to a newspaper that the party wanted to cut public spending by £20bn.
After the 2005 general election, at the age of 50, he decided to take the environment, food and rural affairs brief before being handed the job of reviewing policy across the board and made chairman of the Conservative research department.
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At Westminster what is a spad? | The role of a special adviser (Spad) in Westminster - BBC News
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The role of a special adviser (Spad) in Westminster
19 March 2012 Last updated at 13:47 GMT
David Cameron criticised the number of political appointees known as special advisers (Spads) under Labour and promised to scale them back - but the number has gone up under the coalition.
Giles Dilnot looks into the role and finds out why the public only hears about those in trouble.
| Special adviser |
Which member of Take That announced that he is to leave the group last month? | Special Advisers – Westminster Racket Fleecing the Taxpayer- Lubricating Party Political Activities | caltonjock
Home Special Advisers – Westminster Racket Fleecing the Taxpayer- Lubricating Party Political Activities
Special Advisers – Westminster Racket Fleecing the Taxpayer- Lubricating Party Political Activities
Massive increase in the number of SPAD’s and Spin Doctors in the employ of the government at taxpayers expense
16 July 2009: there were 74 Special Advisers in post at Westminster providing advice to government ministers at a cost of £5.9million to the taxpayer. By 18 December 2015: the number of SPAD’s has risen to 97 . at a cost of £11.1million.
In addition to SPAD’s the government employs “spin doctors” whose role is to put a positive face to anything the government might do regardless of truth or probity. There are now in excess of 100 in employment, an increase of 30 since the Tory government came to power in 2010.
Ed Milliband & SpAd Katie Myler
Roles and responsiblities of the SpAd (Special Adviser)
SpAd’s are paid employees of the State and are – subject to specified exceptions – required to conduct themselves in accordance with the Civil Service Code.” which states that the highest standards of conduct are expected of special advisers.
i. “Specifically, the preparation or dissemination of inappropriate material or personal attacks has no part to play in the job of being a special adviser as it has no part to play in the conduct of public life.
ii. “Any special adviser ever found to be disseminating inappropriate material will automatically be dismissed by their appointing minister.
iii. “Special advisers…must observe discretion and express comment with moderation, avoiding personal attacks.”
iv “All contacts with news media should be authorized, in advance by the appointing minister.”
But the world of the SpAd is murky. They are accountable only to the Minister that appointed them. There is no formal recruitment process or interview. How does it work? Nepotism. A minster decides he needs a SpAd. He gets in touch with David Cameron’s office and obtains permission to appoint one. Approval granted the minister contacts an old friend from University who might be between jobs and offers him the post. The person accepts. The following Monday the new SpAd reports for duty on a salary of between £60 -£155,000K. Nice if you know the right people.
Norman Lamont and his young SpAd
Sir Jeremy (Cover-up) Heywood at it again
Sir Jeremy Heywood, Cabinet Office Supremo and Head of the Civil Service,( nicknamed Sir Cover Up after preventing Chilcott Iraq War inquiry from seeing letters and records of phone calls between Mr Blair and Mr Bush) has been caught up in a row over bending the rules of the Civil Service by permitting Cabinet Office, “special advisers” (pseudo civil servants) to campaign in the recent Rochester by-election.
Labour’s Cabinet Office spokesman Jon Ashworth said: ‘There are serious question marks here which Cabinet Secretary Jeremy Heywood needs to clear up. I will be asking him to provide answers about what guidance has been given.’
Sir Jeremy is a powerful force at No10. David Cameron once joked: ‘Remind me, Jeremy, do you work for me or do I work for you?’ Critics claim he was complicit in the culture of ‘sofa government’ when Tony Blair was PM. He was nicknamed Sir Cover-up after preventing the Iraq War inquiry from seeing letters and records of phone calls between Mr Blair and George W Bush in the run-up to the conflict.
Wielding Power in the Sewers of Westminster
Clare Short disparagingly dubbed them the “people who live in the dark”. They can often be spotted darting through the television studios of Westminster with their minister, briefing papers under arm and Blackberry in hand. Young, sharp and driven, they are often politicians-in-waiting – among former “spads” are Prime Minister David Cameron, Chancellor George Osborne and Labour’s Miliband brothers, David and Ed.
Employed as temporary civil servants, they do not have to be politically impartial like their civil service colleagues. They link together the minister, the party and the department. They are also the bridge between the neutral civil service and politicians. They help write speeches, some are policy wonks, while others focus on the media. If a journalist wants to know what a cabinet minister thinks or understand what a policy is about, a call to the special adviser is one of the first ones to make. But they are sometimes sneered at by some journalists.
Michael Jacobs, a former special adviser to Gordon Brown, told the BBC that “while ministers needed civil servants for impartial advice, they needed special advisers to help them to make political judgements and consider different options: “They are a sort of lubricant in the machine.”
Special advisers first became a permanent fixture in Whitehall in the 1970s. But their number ballooned under Labour. In 1996 there were 38 working in government, costing the taxpayer £1.8m. In 2004 the number peaked at 84 and in 2008/9 there were 74, at a cost of £5.9m.
But their expanded ranks prompted concern about their role. Critics voiced concern that a more American, politically driven civil service was sneaking in via the special advisers and lines of accountability were being blurred.
An e-mail sent by special adviser Jo Moore after the terror attacks in the US on 11 September 2001 saying it would be a good time “to bury” bad news triggered a number of reviews into their role and power.
Another “spad”-related scandal – the discovery that Damian McBride was smearing senior Conservatives in e-mails – prompted Gordon Brown to ask the cabinet secretary to review the rules governing their behaviour.
Political advisers are said to be as powerful as cabinet ministers for the influence they wield on government policy.
2015/2016: 97
*Con/LibDem coalition 20 SpAd’s appointed to support Lib Dem’s
So under the tory government, special advisers continue to roam the corridors of Whitehall. Their close relationships to cabinet ministers and lobby correspondents give them influence – an influence that can hatch into a political career later on. A successful stint as a “SpAd” can be a crucial political apprenticeship – as many of the current crop of professional politicians can testify – so long as they stay in the dark. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-11165381
Brown and his SpAd Damian McBride
The Government’s special advisers are too well protected for the power they wield. They need be accountable –
They are among the most shadowy figures in government. They sit at the right hand of Cabinet ministers and some wield more influence than the most senior civil servants, yet their names are rarely known outside Whitehall.
They are unelected and unaccountable to either the public or Parliament. They are the chosen few, though how they come to be chosen is something of a mystery. Their privileged positions are never advertised, but increasingly the posts they hold lead to the very top of politics.
They are government special advisers – or “Spads” – and right now they are under the spotlight.
One of their number, Adam Smith, Spad to Jeremy Hunt, the Culture Secretary, was found to have been far too close to the Murdoch empire. Not only did Mr Smith have to resign but Labour MPs now want the head of his former boss.
This week the Prime Minister, clearly angry, was forced to go to the Commons to defend Mr Hunt. The ongoing row raises serious questions about the role of Spads, who they are, how they are appointed and what should be done to stop them causing havoc.
Mr Smith is far from being the first Spad to embarrass his political masters. Under Labour, bad Spads included Damian “McPoison” McBride, who ran smear campaigns, and Jo Moore, who declared 9/11 a “good day to bury bad news”. Then there was Alastair Campbell, Tony Blair’s press secretary, whose duties included sexing up intelligence dossiers.
The Coalition’s dubious Spads have included the No 10 press secretary and former News of the World editor Andy Coulson – ties to the Murdoch empire again – and Adam Werritty.
Mr Werritty’s problem was that he wasn’t a Spad to the then defense secretary, Liam Fox, but he acted like one. This caused outrage – proof perhaps of the muddle there is over Spads.
Spads are meant to help senior ministers with the kind of political matters that civil servants cannot touch, whether briefing the media or injecting a party line into policy. Nearly everyone agrees that, as such, they play a crucial role. So what goes wrong?
One problem is that they are… well, cronies. To become a Spad you need to know someone in the party of your choice who will take you on. A survey by the magazine Civil Service World found that 89 per cent of the current crop of Spads had worked for their party HQ or for an MP.
Most Spads are young with little experience of anything much. They tend to have been in marketing, lobbying or media relations before joining the Westminster bubble.
Once in government, they are thrown in at the deep end: they have no training, they are not accountable to anyone except their ministers and the jobs they do vary enormously from one department to another.
The really scary thing is that so many Spads go on to hold the highest offices: David Cameron, George Osborne, Nick Clegg, Ed Miliband and Ed Balls all started as Spads, and all are still young.
A trend for people of proven ability in government would be welcome. In the past, Labour chancellor Denis Healey had been the beach-master at Anzio. Today, Labour leaders are more likely to be asked whose side they were on in the war between Tony Blair and Gordon Brown.
If Spads are the leaders of the future, a rethink is needed urgently, particularly given the public’s distrust of the political elite. For a start, it may be time for Spads to come out of the dark – and not just when they are at the centre of a scandal.
The Commons’ Public Administration Select Committee is embarking on an inquiry into Spads. One of the questions it will ask is whether they should be subject to pre-appointment scrutiny by MPs.
This might enable those of a more dubious character to be weeded out early on. Had Andy Coulson faced the prospect of being cross-examined by MPs, Mr Cameron might have thought better of appointing him.
Public scrutiny could also encourage the idea that Spads should have some experience and achievements to their name in other fields besides politics, before they are given jobs in the heart of government. Once appointed, they could appear regularly before MPs.
Spads have to command the confidence of their ministers and they need to share their political views. Yet why should the jobs not be advertised? This would widen the pool and be far fairer. The parties could reject those deemed unsuitable.
As it is, the likes of Nick Clegg are always complaining about the wicked middle classes giving internships to the sons and daughters of people they know. Let them follow the same even-handed principles with jobs that are in their gift.
We could even look at Spads being picked from the ranks of elected backbench MPs. We have far too many junior ministers. Indeed, civil servants often have to spend time inventing things for this lowly form of ministerial life to do.
Cut the number of junior ministers – in line with the planned cut in the number of MPs – and give promising backbenchers Spad jobs. It would at least close the democratic deficit.
Appraisals for Spads, by civil servants reporting to ministers, might also help to regulate this increasingly important cadre. The Coalition started by promising to restrict the number of Spads but the numbers are now well in excess of where they were when Labour left office. The Tory government should not wait for the next scandal. Spads should be brought out of the shadows now.
Osborne and his SpAd Rupert Harrison
Pay and Other Forms of Remuneration
David Cameron and Nick Clegg broke their promise to curb the numbers of highly-paid special advisers. In opposition Cameron promised to ‘cut the cost of politics’ and the coalition agreement said there would be a ‘limit’ on the number of special advisers. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-30541478 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-17433458
In opposition Nick Clegg said. “special advisers shouldn’t be paid for by the public”. But as soon as he got his feet under the Cabinet table, he broke his word.’
George Osborne froze the wages of six million public sector workers at the time the Coalition came to power, plunging many into poverty under his cruel austerity drive. Yet the heartless Chancellor handed one of the chief architects of the public sector pay freeze, fellow Old Etonian, friend and special adviser Rupert Harrison, a 19% inflation-busting increase boosting the Chief of Staff’s £80,000 salary by £15,000 to £95,000. http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/george-osborne-gives-mate-19-4836747
Not to be outdone, Alexander bumped up the pay of his own adviser Will de Peyer by 16 per cent to £75,000 – while bringing in another special adviser earning £95,000.
The Cabinet Office list showed the employ of 26 special advisers in Downing Street of which six are paid £100,000 or more, topped by Cameron’s:
Chief of staff, Ed Llewellyn £140K
Director of Communications, Craig Oliver £140K
Deputy Head of the No 10 Policy Unit, Christopher Lockwood £ 134K
Prime Minister’s Press Secretary, Graeme Wilson £110K
Deputy Chief of Staff, Kate Fall £100K
Director of Communications (Mr Clegg), Steve Lotinga £105K. Plus another 3 SpAd’s. Plus 16 special advisers for Lib/Dem ministers Total 20.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2879483/Cameron-Clegg-break-pledge-cut-cost-politics-number-special-advisers-soars-50-2010.html?ITO=1490&ns_mchannel=rss&ns_campaign=1490
Political creatures: Adam Smith (left), Jeremy Hunt’s special adviser, resigned following allegations that he held inappropriate discussions with News Corporation while it was bidding to take over BSkyB
Is There Any Way Out of This Mess?
A senior (retired) civil servant asked to comment said “When I was a civil servant I was expected to keep my political opinions to myself. It was also expected, having signed the Official Secrets Act, that I would not reveal information to which I was privy because of my job. It seems to me that there is a basic conflict of interest here. Should SPADs be paid for put of the public purse? If so, is it compatible with public interest for them to stand for a political interest anyway? The employment of SpAd’s at the expense of the taxpayer should be discontinued and replaced with civil servants entrants with specialist expertise.”
If you want to get to the top in politics regardless of talent !! Get a job as a SpAd to a minister
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Australian National Anthem
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This is the Australian National Anthem with lyrics.
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| Advance Australia Fair |
Which Cape is at the northernmost tip of the country in Queensland? | Australia's National Anthem
[ Countries and Cultures ] [ Australia ]
I'm just a crazy Canadian trying to guess what other people's holidays might be like. I've started receiving some notes from "real Australians" and I've been tweaking the section here and there to reflect their comments.
Alexandra emailed in that although seeing the entire song is interesting, it's just the first verse that is the actual National Anthem. John says that the third verse is also sung occasionally but the second, fourth and fifth verses are rarely sung. I've bolded verses one and three, but left the rest in for interest's sake.
Australia's National Anthem:
Australians all let us rejoice,
For we are young and free;
We've golden soil and wealth for toil,
Our home is girt by sea;
Our land abounds in Nature's gifts
Of beauty rich and rare;
In history's page, let every stage
Advance Australia fair!
In joyful strains then let us sing,
"Advance Australia fair!"
When gallant Cook from Albion sail'd,
To trace wide oceans o'er,
True British courage bore him on,
Till he landed on our shore.
Then here he raised Old England's flag,
The standard of the brave;
With all her faults we love her still,
"Brittannia rules the wave!"
In joyful strains then let us sing
"Advance Australia fair!"
Beneath our radiant southern Cross,
We'll toil with hearts and hands;
To make this Commonwealth of ours
Renowned of all the lands;
For those who've come across the seas
We've boundless plains to share;
With courage let us all combine
To advance Australia fair.
In joyful strains then let us sing
"Advance Australia fair!"
While other nations of the globe
Behold us from afar,
We'll rise to high renown and shine
Like our glorious southern star;
From England, Scotia, Erin's Isle,
Who come our lot to share,
Let all combine with heart and hand
To advance Australia fair!
In joyful strains then let us sing
"Advance Australia fair!"
Shou'd foreign foe e'er sight our coast,
Or dare a foot to land,
We'll rouse to arms like sires of yore
To guard our native strand;
Brittannia then shall surely know,
Beyond wide ocean's roll,
Her sons in fair Australia's land
Still keep a British soul.
In joyful strains then let us sing
"Advance Australia fair!"
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Which creature features on the flag of Western Australia? | Western Australia State Identity, Flag, Coat of Arms, Floral & Animal Emblems - Aussie-Info.com
State Identity
Current flag adopted: circa 1953
All State flags, except the Northern Territory and Australian Capital Territory, use the Australian flag, based on the Blue Ensign, but have the particular badge of that State on the right hand side where the Southern Cross would be.
The flag of Western Australia is the Blue Ensign with the State badge. The badge consists of the native Black Swan within a yellow circle. The choice of the black swan was suggested in 1870 by Governor Weld for the badge for the colony.
Western Australia's present Coat of Arms was granted by Queen Elizabeth on 17 March 1969. Before then the Black Swan had long been adopted by early settlers as their unofficial emblem. The earlier unofficial Coat of Arms had a latin motto "Cygnis Insignis" meaning "distinguished by its swans" but this was not used on the official Coat of Arms.
The WA Coat of Arms has two Red Kangaroos, each holding a boomerang, supporting a shield which features the black swan on a base of rippled blue and silver. Above the shield is an Imperial Crown on a black and gold wreath between two Kangaroo Paw flowers.
| Black swan |
Who founded and conducted The London Symphony Orchestra? | Western Australia State Identity, Flag, Coat of Arms, Floral & Animal Emblems - Aussie-Info.com
State Identity
Current flag adopted: circa 1953
All State flags, except the Northern Territory and Australian Capital Territory, use the Australian flag, based on the Blue Ensign, but have the particular badge of that State on the right hand side where the Southern Cross would be.
The flag of Western Australia is the Blue Ensign with the State badge. The badge consists of the native Black Swan within a yellow circle. The choice of the black swan was suggested in 1870 by Governor Weld for the badge for the colony.
Western Australia's present Coat of Arms was granted by Queen Elizabeth on 17 March 1969. Before then the Black Swan had long been adopted by early settlers as their unofficial emblem. The earlier unofficial Coat of Arms had a latin motto "Cygnis Insignis" meaning "distinguished by its swans" but this was not used on the official Coat of Arms.
The WA Coat of Arms has two Red Kangaroos, each holding a boomerang, supporting a shield which features the black swan on a base of rippled blue and silver. Above the shield is an Imperial Crown on a black and gold wreath between two Kangaroo Paw flowers.
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Peter Pears was the life-long partner of which composer? | Peter Pears — Free listening, videos, concerts, stats and photos at Last.fm
male vocalist
Sir Peter Neville Luard Pears (Farnham, 22 June 1910 – Aldeburgh, 3 April 1986) was an English tenor and life-long partner of the composer Benjamin Britten.
He was educated at Lancing College and went on to study music at Keble College, Oxford, serving as organist at Hertford College, but left without taking his degree. He later studied voice for two terms at the Royal College of Music.
He met Britten in 1936, when he was a member of the BBC Singers… read more
| Benjamin Britten |
Which Italian violinist was believed to be in league with the devil? | Britten Archives | TSO | Live It Live TSO | Live It Live
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Britten
When the curtain fell at the conclusion of the first performance of the opera Peter Grimes in 1945, Benjamin Britten (1913-1976) had proven decisively what many had suspected – that he was unquestionably England’s finest living composer. Britten had enjoyed success prior to Grimes (notably with the Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge and Piano Concerto), but the tremendous ovation that greeted the opera not only confirmed his reputation, it raised his profile immeasurably and heralded the start of a long career as a composer of opera. Later successes in the theatre included Billy Budd, The Turn of the Screw and Death in Venice. As befitting an English composer, Britten was drawn to choral music and with the War Requiem (1962) he composed one of the great 20th-century works for choir and orchestra. But Britten was not only interested in large-scale music. He arranged British folksongs for voice and piano, wrote music for musical amateurs and was interested in music education (his most famous work in this respect is The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra). Britten was openly homosexual, which is notable given that sexual acts between consenting adult males were punishable by law for most of his lifetime. Britten’s life-long partner was the tenor Peter Pears, who sang the title role in Peter Grimes and many other works. Britten accepted a life peerage in June 1976 (he died later that year). Pears was knighted in 1978. Britten and Pears founded the Aldeburgh Festival in 1948. Held every June, it continues to this day.
© Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra
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Which flag was nicknamed The Stars and Bars? | USFlag.org: A website dedicated to the Flag of the United States of America - Confederate Stars and Bars
Confederate Stars and Bars
Civil War Era Flags pictured on this page are available for purchase from my friends at U.S. Flag Depot, Inc.
The First Official Flag of the Confederacy. Although less well known than the "Confederate Battle Flags",the Stars and Bars was used as the official flag of the Confederacy from March 1861 to May of 1863. The pattern and colors of this flag did not distinguish it sharply fom the Stars and Stripes of the Union. Consequently, considerable confusion was caused on the battlefield.
The seven stars represent the original Confederate States; South Carolina (December 20, 1860), Mississippi(January 9, 1861), Florida (January 10,1861), Alabama (January 11, 1861), Georgia (January 19, 1861), Louisiana (January 26, 1861), and Texas (February 1, 1861).
The Confederate Battle Flag. The best-known Confederate flag, however, was the Battle Flag, the familiar "Southern Cross". It was carried by Confederate troops in the field which were the vast majority of forces under the confederacy.
The Stars represented the 11 states actually in the Confederacy plus Kentucky and Missouri.
The second Official Flag of the Confederacy. On May 1st,1863, a second design was adopted, placing the Battle Flag (also known as the "Southern Cross") as the canton on a white field. This flag was easily mistaken for a white flag of surrender especially when the air was calm and the flag hung limply.
The flag now had 13 stars having been joined officially by four more states, Virginia (April 17, 1861), Arkansas (May 6, 1861), Tennessee (May 7, 1861), North Carolina (May 21, 1861). Efforts to secede failed in Kentucky and Missouri though those states were represented by two of the stars.
The third Official Flag of the Confederacy.On March 4th,1865, a short time before the collapse of the Confederacy, a third pattern was adapted; a broad bar of red was placed on the fly end of the white field.
Confederate Navy Jack: Used as a navy jack at sea from 1863 onward. This flag has become the generally recognized symbol of the South.
Note: It is necessary to disclaim any connection of these flags to neo-nazis, red-necks, skin-heads and the like. These groups have adopted this flag and desecrated it by their acts. They have no right to use this flag - it is a flag of honor, designed by the confederacy as a banner representing state's rights and still revered by the South. In fact, under attack, it still flies over the South Carolina capitol building. The South denies any relation to these hate groups and denies them the right to use the flags of the confederacy for any purpose. The crimes committed by these groups under the stolen banner of the conderacy only exacerbate the lies which link the seccesion to slavery interests when, from a Southerner's view, the cause was state's rights.
Note contributed by BJ Meksikatsi.
Farewell to the Army of Northern Virginia
by Robert E. Lee
After four years of arduous service, marked by unsurpassed courage and fortitude, the Army of Northern Virginia has been compelled to yield to overwhelming numbers and resources.
I need not tell the survivors of so many hard-fought battles who have remained steadfast to the last that I have consented to this result from no distrust of them; but feeling that valor and devotion could accomplish nothing that could compensate for the loss that would have attended the continuance of the contest, I determined to avoid the useless sacrifice of those whose past services have endeared them to their countrymen. By the terms of the agreement, officers and men can return to their homes and remain until exchanged.
You may take with you the satisfaction that proceeds from the consciousness of duty faithfully performed, and I earnestly pray that a merciful God will extend to you his blessing and protection.
With an unceasing admiration of your constancy and devotion to your country, and a grateful remembrance of your kind and generous consideration of myself, I bid you all an affectionate farewell.
The Character of Lee
by John Williams Jones
He possessed every virtue of the great commanders, without their vices. He was a foe without hate; a friend without treachery; a private citizen without wrong; a neighbor without reproach; a Christian without hypocrisy, and a man without guilt. He was a Caesar without his ambition; a Frederick without his tyranny; a Napoleon without his selfishness; and a Washington without his reward. He was obedient to authority as a servant, and loyal in authority as a true king. He was gentle as a woman in life; modest and pure as a virgin in thought; watchful as a Roman vestal in duty; submissive to law as Socrates, and grand in battle as Achilles.
He Lost a War and Won Immortality
by Louis Redmond
Even among the free, it is not always easy to live together. There came a time, less than a hundred years ago, when the people of this country disagreed so bitterly among themselves that some of them felt they could not go on living with the rest.
A test of arms was made to decide whether Americans should remain one nation or become two. The armies of those who believed in two nations were led by a man named Robert E. Lee.
What about Lee? What kind of man was he who nearly split the history of the United States down the middle and made two separate books of it?
They say you had to see him to believe that a man so fine could e,xist. He was handsome. He was clever. He was brave. He was gentle. He was generous and charming, noble and modst, admired and beloved. He had never failed at anything in his upright soldier's life. He was a born winner, this Robert E. Lee. Except for once. In the greatest contest of his life, in the war beween the South and the North, Robert E. Lee lost.
Now there were men who came with smouldering eyes to Lee and said: "Let's not accept this result as final. Let's keep our anger alive. Let's be grim and unconvinced, and wear our bitterness like a medal. You can be our leader in this."
But Lee shook his head at those men. "Abandon your animosities," he said, "and make your sons Americans."
And what did he do himself when his war was lost? He took a job as president of a tiny college, with forty students and four profes- sors, at a salary of $1500 a year. He had commanded thousands of young men in battle. Now he wanted to prepare a few hun- dred of them for the duties of peace. So the countrymen of Robert E. Lee saw how a born winner loses, and it seemed to them that in defeat he won his most lasting victory.
There is an art of losing, and Robert E. Lee is its finest teacher. In a democracy, where opposing viewpoints regularly meet for a test of ballots, it is good for all of us to know how to lose occasionally, how to yield peacefully, for the sake of freedom. Lee is our master in this. The man who fought against the Union showed us what unity means.
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| Flags of the Confederate States of America |
Which political retreat began as Shangri-La? | White supremacy’s gross symbol: What the “the stars and bars” really represent — and why - Salon.com
Friday, Mar 27, 2015 12:00 PM UTC
White supremacy’s gross symbol: What the “the stars and bars” really represent — and why
It didn't take long before the Confederate flag became a symbol of racism, expert James McPherson tells Salon
(Credit: PhotosbyAndy via Shutterstock )
As my colleague Paul Campos noted earlier this week , the Supreme Court will hand down a ruling later this year on whether a state can stop its citizens from purchasing specialty license plates featuring the Confederate flag. The case is a complex and interesting one that raises all sorts of questions about free speech. But while the court has been grappling with the limits and mandates of the First Amendment, the outside world has been engaged in a different, less esoteric discussion.
It’s one that’s popped up time and again throughout American history, and will undoubtedly continue to rears its head — at least so long as “Sweet Home Alabama” is a staple of classic rock radio. What, really, is the meaning of the Confederate flag? Is it simply a sign of Southern heritage, as former Rep. Ben Jones argued recently? Or is it a symbol of “treason in the defense of slavery,” as Campos writes?
Seeking answers, Salon recently spoke over the phone with James McPherson, the celebrated historian of American history and author of the classic “ Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era ” and this year’s “ The War That Forged a Nation: Why the Civil War Still Matters .” We discussed the creation of the flag, the way its meaning changed throughout U.S. history, and how Confederate leaders might feel about its continued prevalence today. Our conversation has been edited for clarity and length and can be found below.
Most schoolchildren are taught the story (or myth) of Betsy Ross and the creation of the U.S. flag. Is there a story behind the Confederate flag, too?
Well, we know who designed the Confederate battle flag, which is the one you’re talking about; the St. Andrew’s Cross, red background and blue cross with the white stars on it. That’s actually not the Confederate national flag, although it appeared as part of the third and fourth Confederate national flags.
The original Confederate national flag had three broad bars, a red bar, a white bar and red bar, and then the blue field with initially seven stars on it to represent the first seven confederate states that seceded. And then when four more went out after the firing on Fort Sumter, there were 11 stars on it, and eventually 13 because both Kentucky and Missouri had “rump” confederate governments and were admitted to the Confederate Congress.
So why did they create a separate battle flag?
At the first battle of Bull Run or Manassas that Confederate national flag, which is the one that gets called the “Stars and Bars,” on a calm day with no wind to stretch it out, looked very much like the American flag. The American flag, of course, had 13 red and white strips and a blue field with stars in it. The Confederate flag had three bars, red, white, red and a blue field with stars on it. So Gen. Pierre G. T. Beauregard decided that he needed to design a different national flag so that it would be distinguished from the American flag. There was so much confusion about which flag was which at the first battle of Bull Run.
So he came up with a design for the Confederate battle flag, the red background and the blue St. Andrew’s cross with the stars in it. That’s documented. There’s no mythology about the creation of the Confederate battle flag. Subsequently the Confederate national flag was changed into first a white background with a blue and red field in the upper left hand corner, with the stars on it. It went through a couple more evolutions, but the flag that has come down to us as the Confederate flag is really the battle flag, and it was carried as the battle flag in the Army of Northern Virginia but not necessarily in the other Confederate armies. There were a variety of battle flags in other Confederate armies.
Did the Stars and Bars’ transformation from being the flag for the Army of Northern Virginia to a symbol intended to represent the entire Confederacy happen quickly, once Reconstruction ended? Or was it a gradual process from then to now?
It gradually took on a representative quality. I would say by the 1890s, maybe even in the 1880s, when Confederate monuments started going up … that battle flag took on this representative character. I think ever since the 1890s it has represented the Confederacy.
And did people back then see it as representing something apart from slavery, as the flag’s defenders do today? Or were they more comfortable asserting that it was a symbol of white supremacy?
Initially, it was associated with Confederate heritage. But it’s come to be associated in the last 60 or 70 years as much with white supremacy and resistance to the civil rights movement.
In the 1940s … that Confederate flag came to represent white supremacy as a form of defense against the beginnings of the civil rights movement. It became the symbol of the Dixiecrat Party in 1948 — which, as you know, seceded from the Democratic Party because of the civil rights plank that Hubert Humphrey got inserted in the Democratic Party’s platform in 1948. I think ever since then it’s become a symbol of white supremacy.
In the minds of many it continues to be associated with Confederate heritage — but as Confederate heritage itself has become increasingly associated with slavery (which was the essential reason for the Confederacy in the first place) the Confederate flag is now symbolic of both slavery and white supremacy and of the relationship between the two of them.
Would Jefferson Davis be surprised by the symbolic power the flag’s come to hold? I would imagine that, at the time, he had bigger things on his mind.
I don’t think Jefferson Davis would have been surprised. I think some other prominent Confederates, maybe Robert E. Lee, would be surprised by the important symbolism it’s taken on.
Davis himself was unreconstructed, never took the oath of allegiance to the United States. He said he didn’t want a pardon because he hadn’t done anything wrong. He continued to be a spokesman for the Confederacy having been right even though [it was] defeated. To the extent that the Confederate flag has not become a symbol for much of what the Confederacy stood for, I don’t think he would be surprised and I don’t think he would be concerned about it.
Elias Isquith is a former Salon staff writer.
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Which action painter was Jack the Dripper? | Action painting (Jackson Pollock) - YouTube
Action painting (Jackson Pollock)
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Uploaded on May 29, 2009
Paul Jackson Pollock (1912- 1956)
American abstract expressionist
(Jack the Dripper)
Paul Jackson Pollock was an influential American painter and a major figure in the abstract expressionist movement.
During his lifetime, Pollock enjoyed considerable fame and notoriety.
He was regarded as a mostly reclusive artist.
He had a volatile personality and struggled with alcoholism all of his life.
(He died at the age of 44 in an alcohol related single- car crash)
Pollock painted with his canvases laid out on the studio floor, and developed what was later called his "Drip" technique.
He used hardened brushes, sticks, and even basting syringes as paint applicators.
Pollock's technique of pouring and dripping paint is thought to be one of the origins of the term action painting.
By defying the convention of painting on an upright surface, he added a new dimension, literally, by being able to vieuw and apply paint to his canvases from all directions.
Quote by Jackson Pollock:
| Jackson Pollock |
On a computer keyboard the character that resembles an inverted V is called what? | Jackson Pollock - Biography, Paintings of Jackson Pollock
Jackson Pollock
of Jackson Pollock
Jackson Pollock and his paintings
Jackson Pollock was an influential American painter, and the leading force behind the abstract expressionist movement in the art world. During his lifetime, Pollock enjoyed considerable fame and notoriety. Jackson Pollock's greatness lies in developing one of the most radical abstract styles in the history of modern art, detaching line from color, redefining the categories of drawing and painting, and finding new means to describe pictorial space.
Jackson Pollock was born in Cody, Wyoming in 1912. His father, LeRoy Pollock was a farmer and later a land surveyor for the government. Jackson Pollock grew up in Arizona and Chico, California. During his early life, Pollock experienced Native American culture while on surveying trips with his father. Although he never admitted an intentional imitation or following of Native American art, Jackson Pollock did concede that any similarities were probably a result of his "early memories and enthusiasms."
In 1929, Jackson Pollock studied at the Students' League in New York under regionalist painter, Thomas Hart Benton. During early 1930s, he worked in the Regionalist style, and was also influenced by Mexican muralist painter such as Digo Rivera , as well as by certain aspects of Surrealism - a 20th-century literary and artistic movement that attempts to express the workings of the subconscious by fantastic imagery and incongruous juxtaposition of subject matter.
In November 1939, The Museum of Modern Art in New York City mounted an important Picasso exhibition entitled: Picasso: 40 Years of His Art, which contained 344 works of Pablo Picasso and his famous anti-war mural, Guernica . The exhibit led Pollock to recognize the expressive power of European modernism, which he had previously rejected in favor of American art. He began to forge a new style of semi-abstract totemic compositions, refined through obsessive reworking.
In the decades following World War II, a new artistic vanguard emerged, particularly in New York, that introduced radical new directions in art. The war and its aftermath were at the underpinnings of the movement that became known as Abstract Expressionism. Jackson Pollock, among other Abstract Expressionists, anxiously aware of human irrationality and vulnerability, expressed their concerns in an abstract art that chronicled the ardor and exigencies of modern life. By the mid 1940s, Jackson Pollock introduced his famous 'drip paintings', which represent one of the most original bodies of work of the century, and forever altered the course of American art. At times the new art forms could suggest the life-force in nature itself, at others they could evoke man's entrapment - in the body, in the anxious mind, and in the newly frightening modern world. To produce in Jackson Pollock's 'action painting', most of his canvases were either set on the floor, or laid out against a wall, rather than being fixed to an easel. From there, Jackson Pollock used a style where he would allow the paint to drip from the paint can. Instead of using the traditional paint brush, he would add depth to his images using knives, trowels, or sticks. This form of painting, had similar ties to the Surreal movement, in that it had a direct relation to the artist's emotions, expression, and mood, and showcased their feeling behind the pieces they designed.
There was a reviewer a while back who wrote that my pictures didn't have any beginning or any end. He didn't mean it as a compliment, but it was."
- Jackson Pollock
In addition to the 'drip and splash' style, the All-over method of painting, is also one which is tied to Jackson Pollock, and many of the artworks he created. This art form avoids any clear and distinct points of emphasis, or any identifiable parts within the canvas being used to create the piece. The designs and images which were created using this style of painting, really had no relation to the size of the canvas that was worked on; the lack of dimensions, and disregard for size of the drawings, were some unique features which this form of art captured. Many of the pieces which Jackson Pollock created following this style, required him to trim or crop the canvas, in order for the image to fit in, and to work with the overall features of the art.
Pollock's radical methods and growing reputation quickly caught the attention of the mass media. In August 1949, Life magazine ran a feature story posing the question: "Jackson Pollock: Is he the greatest living painter in the United States?" The text was alternately mocking and respectful. In 1951, at the height of the artist's career, Vogue magazine published fashion photographs by Cecil Beaton of models posing in front of Pollock's drip paintings. Although this commercial recognition signaled public acceptance - and was symptomatic of mass culture's inevitable expropriation of the avant-garde - Pollock continuously questioned the direction and reception of his art. At the peak of his fame, Pollock abruptly abandoned the drip style. Pollock's work after 1951 was darker in color, including a collection painted in black on unprimed canvases. These paintings have been referred to as his 'Black pourings' and when he exhibited them at the Betty Parsons Gallery in New York, none of them sold. But later Pollock moved to a more commercial gallery by returning to using color and figurative elements.
Jackson Pollock at Work
In 1960s, Jackson Pollock was viewed as one of the most important figures in the art world, and one of the innovators of the avant-garde styles that were beginning to emerge. Like many other famous figures, the issues which Jackson Pollock suffered from in his personal life, such as his strife with alcoholism, added to his "superstar" status. And, his premature death, which took place when he was killed in a car crash, also added to the legendary status which he is still known from in the art world today.
To this day Jackson Pollock is known as a leader in the most important 20th century American art movements. The risks and the creative approaches he took, led future artists to create with passion, as opposed to trying to follow set boundaries or guidelines. In addition, Pollock's radical paintings and dramatic persona helped draw attention to the broader group of Abstract Expressionists, including Willem de Kooning , Arshile Gorky, Robert Motherwell, Barnett Newman, and Mark Rothko .
The only people for me are the mad ones, the ones who are mad to live, mad to talk, mad to be saved, desirous of everything at the same time, the ones who never yawn or say a commonplace thing, but burn, burn, burn like fabulous roman candles exploding like spiders across the stars and in the middle you see the blue centerlight pop and everybody goes 'Awww!'"
- Jackson Pollock
Just like William Shakespeare on play, and Sigmund Freud on psychology, Jackson Pollock's influence on American art is tremendous. Jackson Pollock made it possible for American painting to compete with European modernism by applying modernism's logic to new problem. He created a new scale, a new definition of surface and touch, a new syntax of relationships among space, pigment, edge, and drawing, displacing hierarchies with an unprecedented and powerful and fabulously intricate self-generating structure. Although actively engaged throughout his life in a serious dialogue with the history of world art which ranged from Paleolithic and Indian art to Renaissance art masters Michelangelo , Leonardo da Vinci ; from Mexican muralists to the Surrealists Salvador Dali , Joan Miro , and Max Ernst - Pollock's aspirations always remained courageously and even chauvinistically of this continent. Pollock's defiant refusal to stay within traditional bounds, violence, exasperation and stridency, all were paradigmatically New World. At a time - and in a guise that absolutely nobody expected - these were the unlikely characteristics that finally came together to produce an American Prometheus.
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The Gasworks Gang were which comic paper character’s sworn enemies? | Lord Snooty : definition of Lord Snooty and synonyms of Lord Snooty (English)
This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .
(March 2010)
Lord Snooty (or Lord Snooty and his Pals) was a fictional character in a comic strip in the UK comic The Beano , first appearing in issue 1, dated 30 July 1938, and was the longest running strip in the comic until Dennis the Menace and Gnasher overtook it. The central character was Lord Marmaduke of Bunkerton, known to his friends as Snooty, a very ordinary boy who just happens to be an Earl .
The strip was mostly drawn by Dudley D. Watkins until his death in 1969, though Leo Baxendale and Albert Holroyd occasionally filled in for Watkins. The strip had an 18 month hiatus from the comic between June 1949 and December 1950. It was at this point that Snooty's original pals (from Ash Can Alley) were replaced with his new pals who lived in the castle. Some of these had previously appeared in other Beano strips. Robert Nixon then drew it for the next few years, before being succeeded by Jimmy Glen in 1973. Ken H. Harrison took over in 1988, and continued to draw it until the strip disappeared from The Beano in 1990. Lord Snooty was the only remaining strip left from the first issue when it was cancelled.
In 2000, Lord Snooty made a special appearance in the Bash Street Kids Book 2001, along with Snitch and Snatch.
In 2005 Snooty was revived, briefly, in the Beano serial Are We There Yet? by writer-artist Kev F Sutherland, in which he goes hip-hop as Snoot Doggy-Dogg.
Over the years, the strip featured the following characters:
Snooty
Snooty's original pals (who appeared to live with him in Bunkerton Castle):
Skinny Lizzie - thin girl, part of Ash Can Alley gang (1938–1950)
Hairpin Huggins - tall thin boy, part of Ash Can Alley gang (1938–1950)
Happy Hutton - unhappy boy, part of Ash Can Alley gang (1938–1950)
Gertie the Goat - a goat, member of Ash Can Alley gang (1938–1950)
Scrapper Smith - loves to fight, originally member of Ash Can Alley gang, stayed on to live in castle. The character gained his own strip in 1955 which lasted until 1959. (1938–1990)
Rosie - short blonde girl loves to cook, originally part of Ash Can Alley gang, and stayed on to live in castle (1938–1990)
Snitch and Snatch - identical twins who cause mischief and mayhem. They did not appear in the first issue but joined Snooty's pals later on in 1938. (1938–1990)
Snooty's later pals (who became his pals in the strip's second series):
Joe - very fat and greedy. (a.k.a. Big Fat Joe ) First appeared in Beano no 1, had his own strip, joined Snooty in 1950 (1938,1950–1990)
Liz - a very tall girl. (a.k.a. Swanky Lanky Liz) Joined Snooty in 1950. Previously had her own strip from 1948 to 1949. In this strip the character was shown as a swanky stuck up (with a nose which literally stuck up) snob these traits were lessened when she became one of Lordy Snooty's pals.(1948–1990)
Thomas - an indecisive boy, whose hair was shaped like a question mark, he originally had his own strip entitled Doubting Thomas (1949–1990)
Polly - a black girl. (1950s-1985)
Other characters:
Professor Screwtop, inventor who appears sometimes to help out the gang. He occasionally appeared in other Beano strips such as the Bash Street Kids .
Angus, Snooty's pet stag .
Pongo, a dog originally from the strip Polly Wolly Doodle and her Great Big Poodle. [1]
Cyril, The Castle Jackdaw .
Mary, A mule originally had her own strip called Contrary Mary which was in the Beano's first issue, she joined Snooty's gang in 1950. [2]
The Gasworks Gang, sworn enemies of Snooty and his pals.
He and his friends have featured in the comic every now and again since the strip was retired, usually in minor cameos. Major appearances include issue 3093 (dated 27 October 2001) where a one off strip called 'Lord Snooty's Day Out' appeared (drawn again by Ken H. Harrison), and in issue 3185 (dated 2 August 2003) where as part of the 65th anniversary issue he made a guest appearance alongside The Bash Street Kids . Big Fat Joe also guest appeared in that issue, alongside Billy Whizz .
On 9 September 1998, a book entitled The Legend of Lord Snooty and his Pals ( ISBN 0-85116-691-1 ) was released. This contained a history and reprints from the first 30 years of the strip's life.
The strip inspired Dave Snooty and his Pals, a Private Eye strip which mocks David Cameron and the alleged " Eton Mafia".
Lord Snooty is most likely deceased, as his grandson Lord Snooty the Third has inherited his fortune.
Lord Snooty the Third
The 5 July 2008 issue of The Beano, number 3439, included a new version of the strip drawn by Nigel Parkinson. It is about a mischievous boy who lives in a castle, the first strip showing Snooty jetskiing on Lake Snooty. Although it was originally entered as part of the New Bash Street Kid competition, the following issue, number 3440, establishes that this character is indeed Marmaduke's grandson, showing a distinctive and recognisable "Grandad" in the family portrait gallery. Later on, Snooty the Third became a spy, parodying James Bond .
Snooty III also has a long-suffering and sarcastic butler named Parkinson. He has also formed his own gang, consisting of an adolescent named Naz, a young Black girl named Frankie, Emo , and One and Three the triplets (who claim that two does not 'hang out' with them much).
References
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(February 2008)
Lord Snooty (or Lord Snooty and his Pals) was a fictional character in a comic strip in the UK comic The Beano , first appearing in issue 1, dated 30 July 1938, and was the longest running strip in the comic until Dennis the Menace and Gnasher overtook it. The central character was Lord Marmaduke of Bunkerton, known to his friends as Snooty, a very ordinary boy who just happens to be an Earl .
The strip was mostly drawn by Dudley D. Watkins until his death in 1969 , though Leo Baxendale and Bill Holroyd occasionally filled in for Watkins. The strip had an 18 month hiatus from the comic between June 1949 and December 1950 . It was at this point that Snooty's original pals (from Trash Can Alley) were replaced with his new pals who lived in the castle. Some of these had previously appeared in other Beano strips. Robert Nixon then drew it for the next few years, before being succeeded by Jimmy Glen in 1973 . Ken H. Harrison took over in 1988 , and continued to draw it until the strip disappeared from The Beano in 1990 . Lord Snooty was the only remaining strip left from the first issue when it was cancelled.
In 2000, Lord Snooty made a special appearance in the Bash Street Kids Book 2001, along with Snitch and Snatch.
In 2005 Snooty was revived, briefly, in the Beano serial Are We There Yet? by writer-artist Kev F Sutherland, in which he goes hip-hop as Snoot Doggy-Dogg.
Over the years, the strip featured the following characters:
Snooty
Snooty's pals (who appeared to live with him in Bunkerton Castle):
Skinny Lizzie - thin girl, part of Trash Can Alley gang (1938-1950)
Hairpin Huggins - tall thin boy, part of Trash Can Alley gang (1938-1950)
Happy Hutton - unhappy boy, part of Trash Can Alley gang (1938-1950)
Gertie the Goat - a goat, member of Trash Can Alley gang (1938-1950)
Scrapper Smith - loves to fight, originally member of Trash Can Alley gang, stayed on to live in castle (1938-1990)
Rosie - short blonde girl loves to cook, originally part of TCA gang, and stayed on to live in castle (1938-1990)
Snitch and Snatch - identical twins who cause mischief and mayhem. First appeared in (1947-1990)
Joe - very fat and greedy. (a.k.a. Big Fat Joe ) First appeared in beano no 1, had own strip, joined Snooty in 1950 (1938,1950-1990)
Liz - a very tall girl. (a.k.a. Swanky Lanky Liz) Joined Snooty in 1950. Previously had own strip in 1949 (1949-1990)
Thomas - an indecisive boy, whose hair was shaped like a question mark (cf. Doubting Thomas ) Similar story to Liz (1949-1990)
Polly - a black girl. (1960s-1985)
Other characters:
Professor Screwtop, inventor who appears sometimes to help out the gang, particularly in 1940s. He occasionally appeared in other Beano strips such as the Bash Street Kids .
Angus, Snooty's pet stag .
Cyril, The Castle Jackdaw .
The Gasworks Gang, sworn enemies of Snooty and his pals.
He and his friends have featured in the comic every now and again since the strip was retired, usually in minor cameos. Major appearances include issue 3093 (dated 27 October 2001) where a one off strip called 'Lord Snooty's Day Out' appeared (drawn again by Ken H. Harrison), and in issue 3185 (dated 2 August 2003) where as part of the 65th anniversary issue he made a guest appearance alongside The Bash Street Kids . Big Fat Joe also guest appeared in that issue, alongside Billy Whizz .
On 9 September 1998, a book entitled The Legend of Lord Snooty and his Pals (ISBN 0-85116-691-1) was released. This contained a history and reprints from the first 30 years of the strip's life.
The strip inspired Dave Snooty and his Pals, a Private Eye strip which mocks David Cameron and the alleged " Eton Mafia".
Lord Snooty the Third
The 5th July 2008 issue of The Beano, number 3439, included a new version of the strip drawn by Nigel Parkinson. It is about a mischievous boy who lives in a castle, the first strip showed Snooty jetskiing on Lake Snooty. The following issue, number 3440, establishes that this character is indeed Marmaduke's grandson, showing a distinctive and recognisable "Grandad" in the family portrait gallery. Later on, Snooty the Third became a spy, parodying James Bond .
Snooty III also has a long-suffering and sarcastic butler named Parkinson. He has also formed his own gang, consisting of a young man named Naz, a young woman named Frankie, Emo (despite Emos usually being depicted as antisocial, and One and Three the triplets (who claim that two does not 'hang out' with them much).
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