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Who was the father of the apostles James and John? | James and John
(bo-an-erg-es'); sons of commotion. (uproar-agitation-disturbance)
Thunder-to roar (noisy display-discord-friction)
Mark 10:35-38 And James and John, the sons of Zebedee, come unto him, saying, Master, we would that thou shouldest do for us whatsoever we shall desire. And he said unto them, What would ye that I should do for you? They said unto him, Grant unto us that we may sit, one on thy right hand, and the other on thy left hand, in thy glory. But Jesus said unto them, Ye know not what ye ask: can ye drink of the cup that I drink of? and be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with?
Mark 10:41 And when the ten heard it, they began to be much displeased with James and John.
Jesus told these two nervy-rude-impolite apostles of His, "Ye know not what ye ask". You don't know what you're talking about".
Luke 9:52-55 And sent messengers before his face: and they went, and entered into a village of the Samaritans, to make ready for him. And they did not receive him, because his face was as though he would go to Jerusalem. And when his disciples James and John saw this, they said, Lord, wilt thou that we command fire to come down from heaven, and consume them, even as Elias did? But he turned, and rebuked them, and said, Ye know not what manner of spirit ye are of.
Face- A
rrival. Jesus sent messengers before he arrived at villages on the way to Jerusalem, to acquire provisions and maybe a place to stay the night .The Samaritans could tell his face (direction ) was Jerusalem, and Jews had no dealings with Samaritans.
John 4:9 Then saith the woman of Samaria unto him, How is it that thou, being a Jew, askest drink of me, which am a woman of Samaria? for the Jews have no dealings with the Samaritans.
Anyway-Jesus answers these hotheaded loudmouths, James & John. He says. "Ye know not what manner of spirit ye are of". You don't know what you're talking about.
When Jesus asked James and John,"can ye drink of the cup that I drink of? and be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with?", they answered and said "We can" and Jesus said indeed you will (Mark 10:39) . In Gethsemane, Jesus spoke of his death as a "cup"
Mark 14:36 And he said, Abba, Father, all things are possible unto thee; take away this cup from me: nevertheless not what I will, but what thou wilt.
The term "baptism" is a figure for suffering and death.
Luke 12:50 But I have a baptism to be baptized with; and how am I straitened (afflicted- constrained- endangered) till it be accomplished!
Acts 12:1-2 Now about that time Herod the king stretched forth his hands to vex certain of the church. And he killed James the brother of John with the sword.
The apostle James said he could drink of the cup and he was the first to die, as is recorded in the Bible.
The apostle John wrote the Gospel of John and three Epistles. I John, II John and III John, AND the book of Revelation. It is of John that the Bible says.
John 13:23 Now there was leaning on Jesus' bosom one of his disciples, whom Jesus loved.
John 20:2 Then she runneth, and cometh to Simon Peter, and to the other disciple, whom Jesus loved, and saith unto them, They have taken away the Lord out of the sepulchre, and we know not where they have laid him.
John 21:7 Therefore that disciple whom Jesus loved saith unto Peter, It is the Lord. Now when Simon Peter heard that it was the Lord, he girt his fisher's coat unto him, (for he was naked,) and did cast himself into the sea.
John 21:20 Then Peter, turning about, seeth the disciple whom Jesus loved following; which also leaned on his breast at supper, and said, Lord, which is he that betrayeth thee?
John 21:21-24 Peter seeing him saith to Jesus, Lord, and what shall this man do?
Jesus saith unto him, If I will that he tarry till I come, what is that to thee? follow thou me. Then went this saying abroad among the brethren, that that disciple should not die: yet Jesus said not unto him, He shall not die; but, If I will that he tarry till I come, what is that to thee? This is the disciple which testifieth of these things, and wrote these things: and we know that his testimony is true.
Christ's reply to this inquiry is "if I choose that he remain till I come, and do not suffer as you must, what is that to you. Mind thou thy own duty, or responsibility. As I told you in the beginning when I first chose you. "Follow Me".
This seems to be a reference of Christ's purpose concerning John. That he should not die a violent death, like Peter, (history has it that Peter died by crucifixion-head down) [maybe this was in part for denying Him three times] but should tarry till Christ himself come for him by a natural death.. Historians tell us that John was the only one of all the twelve that did not actually die a martyr. He was often in danger, in captivity and exile; but he died in his bed in a good old age. Christ calls out some of his disciples to resist unto blood, but not all. Though the crown of martyrdom is bright and glorious, yet the beloved disciple did not have to endure it.
Some understand that Jesus willed that John should not die till after Christ's coming to destroy Jerusalem in 70 A.D .All the other apostles died before that time; but John survived it by many years. It could be that God willed it that one of the apostles should live so long as to close up the canon (writing) of the New Testament, which John did by writing the last verse in Rev., 22:21.
What happened when Jesus was arrested in the garden?
Mark 14:50 And they all forsook him, and fled.
EXCEPT for Peter and John.
John 18:15-18 And Simon Peter followed Jesus, and so did another disciple: that disciple was known unto the high priest, and went in with Jesus into the palace of the high priest. But Peter stood at the door without. Then went out that other disciple, which was known unto the high priest, and spake unto her that kept the door, and brought in Peter. Then saith the damsel that kept the door unto Peter, Art not thou also one of this man's disciples? He saith, I am not. And the servants and officers stood there, who had made a fire of coals; for it was cold: and they warmed themselves: and Peter stood with them, and warmed himself.
Peter followed afar off, that is, WAY BEHIND.
Matt 26:58 But Peter followed him afar off unto the high priest's palace, and went in, and sat with the servants, to see the end.
Peter was watching from the outside and the apostle John had him brought inside.
Peter was afraid to go inside but John was not. The high priest knew who Jesus' followers were. He knew who John was. OR it could be that Peter tried to go inside but because the leaders didn't know him, he was not allowed in.
But at the cross
Luke 23:49 And all his acquaintance, and the women that followed him from Galilee, stood afar off, beholding these things.
Acquaintance
-Those well known to Christ, which surely would be the apostles, were not NEAR the cross, EXCEPT a few.
John 19:25-27 Now there stood by the cross of Jesus his mother, and his mother's sister, Mary the wife of Cleophas, and Mary Magdalene. When Jesus therefore saw his mother, and the disciple standing by, whom he loved, he saith unto his mother, Woman, behold thy son! Then saith he to the disciple, Behold thy mother! And from that hour that disciple took her unto his own home
Only five people are named that stood by, or near the cross. This is Jesus' mother Mary and His Aunt, and two other women named Mary, AND the apostle John.
Why did Jesus give the apostle John the charge of caring for His mother, and not his brothers, his mothers "real sons"? It could be that it was because His brothers did not believe in Him at the time.
John 7:5 For neither did his brethren believe in him.
You may say that John is bragging on himself as the only gospels mentioning these things about John IS the apostle John. But we can be sure God wants us to know these things because the Holy Spirit of God inspired these writings.
You will notice the name of John, as the Disciple that Jesus loved is not mentioned. He is writing about himself, but he doesn't name himself until the next to the last verse he wrote in the gospel of John
John 21:24 This is the disciple which testifieth of these things, and wrote these things: and we know that his testimony is true.
All these things written about John that are not included in the other three gospels is explained in the above verse.
This is the disciple, or I am the disciple that wrote these things concerning the apostle that Jesus loved. Even here he refers to himself as a third person. He doesnt say we know that my testimony is true, he says that his testimony is true.
| Zebedee |
Which ‘Surveyor of the Queen’s Pictures’ turned out to be the ‘fourth man’? | Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles (1871) Volume 2. pp.3-60. The History of John, the son of Zebedee, the Apostle and Evangelist
Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles (1871) Volume 2. pp.3-60. The History of John, the son of Zebedee, the Apostle and Evangelist
APOCRYPHAL ACTS OF THE APOSTLES
EDITED FROM SYRIAC MANUSCRIPTS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM AND OTHER LIBRARIES
BY
W. WRIGHT, LL.D., PH. D.;
PROFESSOR OF ARABIC IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, AND FELLOW OF
QUEEN'S COLLEGE; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE BERLIN
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, ETC., ETC., ETC.
VOL. II.
14, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON
AND 20, SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH.
1871
PRINTED BY GILBERT AND RIVINGTON,
WHITEFRIARS, CITY, E.C., AND ST. JOHN'S SQUARE, CLERKENWELL, E.C.
THE�� HISTORIES����
JOHN, THE�� SON�� OF ZEBEDEE
THE APOSTLE AND EVANGELIST.
�������
The history of John, the son of Zebedee, who lay upon the breast of our Lord Jesus at the supper, and said, "Lord, who betrayeth Thee?"�This history was composed by Eusebius of C�sarea concerning S. John, who found it in a Greek book, and it was translated into Syriac, when he had learned concerning his way of life and his birth and his dwelling in the city of Ephesus, after the ascension of our Lord to Heaven. 1
After the ascension of our Lord� to Heaven, when the days of Pentecost were fulfilled, and the Paraclete had come to the upper chamber, and all the Apostles were filled with the Spirit of holiness, and were speaking each one of them with a separate tongue �� then after (some) days there was the wish to each one of them� being full of the Spirit of holiness, that they should go forth to |4 proclaim and preach the truth of the Only-(begotten), the Word God,� for the great hearing of the faith, to all nations that are under the heavens. After, then, that Simon Peter had finished his words, they said� all of them one to another: " Now that our Lord Jesus has fulfilled all things that are necessary for our feeble race, it is necessary for us too that we should do with diligence all that He commanded us. For� He said to us, when He was going up unto Heaven from beside us, as He was blessing us: 'Go forth, teach, and baptize in the name of the Father and the Son and the Spirit of holiness ; every one that believes and is baptized shall live.'� For us too, then, my brethren, it is necessary to toil and labour throughout the whole world, and to go about in the countries, and to preach, and to teach all those who, in the worshipping of idols and with libations to devils, have kneeled before images, and fallen down (and) worshipped� the accursed demons, the children of the left hand;� and let us bestow our labour, and let light shine in the ear� which the evil one has blinded, and let the father of lying be crushed beneath the feet of us all."
When these words had been spoken among the blessed assembly of the Apostleship, they parted from one another in the body, each of them being full of the Spirit of holiness, who proceeded from the Father and came unto them, as the beloved Son had promised them. |5
Each of them then went to such country and region as he was charged by the grace (of God). And it happened that when this holy virgin, namely John, the son of Zebedee, went forth, the grace (of God) accompanied him,� through the Spirit��� of holiness,� that it might lead him to the country of the Ephesians, where the head and power of idolatry was dominant. And when he had parted and gone forth from Jerusalem, he set his face to go to Ephesus. And on the third day after he had set out to proceed upon the journey, he took a cross of wood, and put it up towards the east, and kneeled, and was praying and saying: " Lord Jesus, now that Thy promise is fulfilled, and we have all� received of Thy fullness, grant to the garland of Thy disciples, that wherever, Lord, they make mention of Thy birth from the Virgin, and Thy abiding among men, and Thy passion on the Cross, and Thy death and Thy entering within the grave, and Thy resurrection on the third day, and Thy ascension unto Thy Father to Heaven, the feeble race of mankind� may be strengthened, which in its infancy the evil one deceived, and took captive, and led them� astray to worship idols, and sacrifice to devils, and bow down to senseless stones. Yea, Lord ! hear and answer me. Let the devils and the legions of Satan wail, wherever one of us proclaims Thy Gospel; and let the whole assembly of the Apostleship be enriched with the sound of Thy praise thundering in every place. |6 Let the demons tremble at the voices that thunder� in the midst of Thy Church; and remember Thy Church, which Thou hast bought with Thy precious blood, which Thy Father hath given that through Her all creation might be atoned for. Thou,� Lord, art Light of Light; and because it seemed good unto Thee, in the love of Thy Father, Thou didst walk on earth, and didst humble Thy majesty, that Thou mightest raise us up from the degradation into which the slayer of man had cast us down through his envy. And Thou� hast said, and we have heard with our ears of flesh, 'I and My Father are one,'� and �'he that hath seen Me, hath seen the Father;' �and in this confidence, Lord, my youth beseeches Thee to hear my prayer. For I too trust that I have received the Spirit of holiness with my companions, and of it, lo, have obtained and am full. And whatsoever I ask of Thy Father in Thy name, He will give to me;� and nothing shall be too difficult for one of those who believe in Thee,� but whatsoever they ask, they shall receive. �Yea, Lord! grant me that I may abide in Thy Gospel, and may prosper in all the truth; because I speak the truth, that Thou art from the beginning, the Word that proceeded from the Father; and Thou didst appear to the world in the body (derived) from Adam, from the Virgin Mary,� who was preserved in her virginity; and there was not (a time) when the, Father was without Thee, |7 or Thou without Him ; and Thou before us hast laid the foundations of the earth; and Thy mercy made Thee bow, and Thou didst enter by the ear of the Virgin, and didst dwell in her nine months, and didst come forth from her, and wast in the world, in contempt and littleness; and Thou didst choose us from the world, that the world might live through our preaching. Now then, Lord, I will go� to that place to which Thy heavenly grace hath made me look; and may they be turned,� and become (my) disciples, and be baptized in Thy name and in the name of the Father who sent Thee, and receive Thy Spirit of holiness, which has proceeded from Thy Father, and, lo, dwells in us; and may the graven images of error be destroyed ; and do Thou build for Thyself in the city of priests churches for Thy glorification, and, in place of the house of altars for the libations of demons, altars for Thy dwelling-places; and may these, who through our means are to take the road and paths� to turn unto Thee, make praise ascend unto Thee at all times. Amen."
And when S. John had finished his prayer, our Lord Jesus spake with him. from heaven, and said unto him: " My peace I have given unto thee� and have not left thee bereaved. Lo, I am with you� unto the end of the world.� Be not afraid, son of Zebedee! Go and preach, and take no heed what thou shalt say or what |8 thou shalt speak.� But when thou hast converted this city and this country from error, another band too of the disciples, which is labouring in the Gospel, is destined to come and see all that I shall do by thy hands. Go, and tarry not."
And when He had done speaking with him, John arose, and was going on the way confidently, rejoicing in the joy of the Spirit of holiness.� He was clothed then after the fashion of the raiment of Palestine, and was walking barefooted, and was going along and preaching� in the cities and in the villages concerning our Lord Jesus the Messiah, forty-eight days. Some were saying, "He is a madman;" and others were saying, " No; �let him alone; for this (man) has come from a far country, and knows not our mighty gods. But�when he has entered in and learned, then he will love them and sacrifice unto them." But many people of Asia� heard him gladly, and believed, and thought his preaching true; and he baptized of them in three days about two hundred souls, and made them lay hold on the path of truth.
Then S. John went forth and journeyed to come to the city of the priesthood. And his sustenance was, from the ninth to the ninth hour once, when he had finished his prayer, bread and herbs with a mess of boiled lentils, which he bought for himself� (as he went) from town to town, eating, and drinking water only. And he kept |9 himself� aloof,� that� he might not associate� with� the heathens.
This great and chosen (man), then�as we have found in the books, which are written on paper, in the archives of Nero, the wicked emperor�S. John, then, came and arrived at the city of Ephesus; and he lifted up his eyes and saw, and, lo, a smoke was going up from the midst of the city of Ephesus, for it was a festival of the heathens, and they were sacrificing to the devils. And he stood still and was astonished, saying: "What is this conflagration, which, lo, veils the sun so that it does not shine upon the buildings of the city?" And with terror taking hold on him, he came and reached the southern gate, and lifted up his eyes and saw; and lo, the image of the idol Artemis was standing over the gate, painted by them with paints, with gold laid upon her lips, and a veil of fine linen hanging over her face, and a lamp burning before her. And when S. John looked and saw her, he contemplated her; and sighed, and wept over the city; and he left (the spot), and departed thence to another gate,� and saw there� the same thing; and� he went round and saw thus at all the gates.� And at last he came near to the eastern (gate),� and said to an old woman, who was standing and worshipping her � he spoke and said to her� in the language of the country: "Woman, I see thee, that thou art a woman advanced in years; what is this image that thou art worshipping?" |10
She then said to him: "Dost thou not know, my son, what thou seest?� This is our lady, and her image descended from heaven, and she nourishes all flesh." He then, a youth in his body, but exalted above the whole garland of his brethren, the holy virgin John, broke out into anger with her and said: "Hold thy peace, old woman! for thy mind has become enfeebled by sacrifices of unclean things.� Talk not to me of the daughter of Satan." But she stooped down, and filled her fists with dust and gravel, and scattered it in his eyes;� and he left (her) and departed thence. And he went a little (way) off, and knelt down, and was praying and supplicating. And he placed his face between his knees from the sixth hour to the ninth, and was weeping, groaning and saying: "Lord God, strong and mighty, longsuffering and abounding in grace, Thou art He who from the first didst show Thy longsuffering, for a hundred years, on those (who were) called to repentance of the generation of Noah; but they did not repent, until the flood came and swept away that whole generation. And Thou art He who didst send Thy only-(begotten and) dear Son, that the world might have life through Him; �and He came and did good deeds like Thee, because He proceeded from Thee. And Thou art He who, when the people of Israel worshipped the calf, didst find out a reason and didst say to Moses,�� 'Suffer me to destroy this people,' since it did not honour Thee;� for Thou didst wish that it should pray to Thee, because Thou |11 takest great pleasure in the life of men. So also Thy dear Son our Lord Jesus the Messiah, when the Jews took Him to slay Him, prayed and said, 'Forgive them, for they know not what they do.'�� This mercy, then, which is eternally in Thee, is also found in Thy Son, for Ye are one. Turn, Lord! the heart of these erring ones, who, lo, are shouting and crying out before devils. Thou didst come and slay the evil one; let not his head be lifted up �in the assembly of this city; let not be heard the sound of the roaring� of the falsehood of the devils.�� Thou didst die once, and didst raise us to life with Thyself. Dash down Satan, for, lo, he has cast down and brought low the image, that was created in Thy likeness, before the legions of his demons. Let the doomed images be brought into contempt, not of this place only, but� of every region through which our preaching runs. Yea, Lord! Thou hast� taught� us that we should walk in the world humbly and lowlily.��Hear the prayer of Thy servant John, and let me enter this city, bearing the sign of Thy Cross; and direct my path to the right hand; and where Thou pleasest, there let be found for me a place in which I can earn my living as a hireling,�until, Lord, this city follows (Thee) and confesses Thy� name."
And when he had entered by the gate of Ephesus, he looked� to�� the right hand, and saw there a bath, which was built for the washing of the body. And he turned |12 aside thither, and lo, (there was) the man who kept the bath, whose name was Secundus. And S. John spake with him, and said to him in the language of the country: "To thee I say, O man! art thou perchance willing that a stranger should work with thee?" And Secundus, the keeper of the bath, said to him: "How much dost thou require of me by the day ?" But S. John said to him : " Whatever thou art willing to give, give." And he fixed for him a hundred shamūnē by the day, and accepted him (as a servant); and he let� him� come� in to work at his trade with him, and he fetched �faggots� for those who kindled the bath; and he was with him forty days, receiving his wages day by day.
And Secundus the bath-keeper answered and said to the holy man: "I wish to know what thou dost with thy wages; for, lo, all these days thou hast not bought for thyself either shoe or coat. Tell me, if it be enough; and if not, deposit thy wages in my hands, and I will buy for thee whatsoever thou requirest; for� thou art a stranger, and hast no kindred here." But S. John said to Secundus the bath-keeper: "I have a Master, and He has ordered me and the disciples my fellows, that none (of us) should possess gold or silver or brass in a purse, or two coats;� and I cannot despise his command, otherwise He would be wroth with me." Secundus says to him: " Who is this master of |13 thine? and what is his name? It is fitting �that thou shouldst let me know, lest he come and assail me, and, it he be a hard man, give me up (to the magistrates) and put me to great losses; for it is an odious thing, and abominable in the eye of the law,�for a man to accept (one as) a servant without his master's consent." And S. John answered and said to Secundus the bath-keeper: "Fear not, Secundus, thou son of free parents! for my Master will not be angry with thee, because He sent me and directed me to thee." Secundus says: "But why didst thou not tell me until to-day that thou wast a slave and hadst a master?" And S. John said to him: "My Master is in Heaven, and all that He wills, He does, on earth and in the seas and in all the deeps; and at His beck everything was made, which is visible and which is invisible; and He established all created things, and made the lights in the firmament of heaven; and then He made man in His image. And when Satan came with his envy, and counselled� Eve,� and she hearkened to his words and made Adam sin�and he transgressed His command,�they went forth from Paradise, and became fugitives, and tilled the ground, and multiplied and increased and filled the earth. And Satan went about and plotted, and filled all mankind with the love of idols and (made them) sacrifice to devils, and bow down to the work of their hands, and caused them to forget |14 the Creator, and to reverence those who are not gods. But� the good Lord had patience with them until (the time of) his lover Noah; and He made him a preacher for Him for a hundred years, whilst he was making for himself the ark, that they might see and repent and be turned away from the wickedness of their deeds. And when they despised our Creator, His wrath went up, and He sent the waters of the flood and swept them all away. And after the waters of the flood were restrained, the world was established through Noah, and the generations came in succession, and the world was populated at the beck of the Creator; and the minds of men were inclined to do evil and wickedness, and to turn from the living God; but the mercy of the Creator of men was made manifest, and He had compassion upon all the degradation of this feeble race of ours, and He sent the prophets to proclaim His truth, but they did not choose to hear them, and some they beat and some they stoned. But in this time, which is the last, the one beloved Son, His only-(begotten), who was to Him from the time that He was,�Him He sent, and He entered by the ear of the woman, and dwelt in her nine months, without quitting Him who sent Him; and the heights and depths were full of Him, and were ruled by Him by the will of His Father. And when the nine months were fulfilled, He came forth from the woman, the Word that became flesh, and her virginity remained immaculate for ever. And He grew up in the body among men, and walked among men as a man, He the Word God, apart from sin. |15 And He grew up to the full age of thirty years, and chose for Himself disciples, and they clave unto Him whilst he sojourned� in the desert.��� And He made wine out of water at Cana� at the feast ; and bread was wanting, and he satisfied four thousand� men, besides women and children, with five loaves of barleymeal, and they ate and left� (some)�� over, and� carried� and� conveyed� to� their homes as much as they were able.��� And again, another time, He satisfied thousands in the desert, after He had healed their lame and sick, and opened (the eyes of) the blind, and some of them are abiding until now; and He made the deaf hear, and cleansed the lepers, and raised the daughter of Jairus, the chief of the synagogue, after she� was� dead, and,� lo,� she abideth, with her father, in Decapolis, and if thou choosest to go, thou mayest learn (it) from her. And (He delivered from death)� the son of the widow of Nain, as they were going to bury him, and Lazarus, after they had laid him in the grave four days. Many such things mayest thou hear, if thou wilt give me thine ear, and believe, and become His servant, Secundus. And after thirty-two years, after the thirty-third had commenced, the people of the Jews hated Him and detested His� good works,� as they had rejected His Father and made for themselves a calf at Horeb. And they delivered Him unto Pilate the hěgemon, and scourged Him, and stripped Him of His garments, and mocked Him, and spat in His face, and wove |16 a crown of thorns, and placed it on His head, and crucified Him upon the tree, and gave Him vinegar and gall to drink, and smote Him with a spear in His side� and He cried out with a loud voice on the Cross, ('My Father, forgive them'). �And when the preaching of the prophets was accomplished, the sun� was darkened from the sixth� to� the� ninth hour, and there was darkness over the whole earth on the Friday; and the veil of the temple was rent; and the boulders �and rocks, which blocked up the entrances of the tombs around Jerusalem, were split, and the dead came forth and entered into the city, crying out aloud;� and they came and worshipped Him as He hung on the tree, and many of them are (still) alive. And they took Him down from the tree, and a man full of the truth, Joseph the councillor, wrapped Him in a swathe of linen, �and laid Him in the tomb ; and on the third day He rose from the grave, and we saw Him, and He spake with us, and we ate bread with Him� and we felt Him, and believed and declared (it) true, that He is the "Word which became flesh and dwelt among us.� And He ascended into Heaven, and is seated at the right hand of His Father, and He has given us power to give life and blessings to every one who believes in His name. And He said to us :� 'Go forth, |17 and teach, and baptize them in the name of the Father and the Son and the Spirit of holiness ; everyone who believes and is baptized, shall live.'� And now I beseech thee, Secundus,� for I have proved thee during these days, that thou art not a blasphemer, but art full of good deeds and love of strangers� � receive what I have spoken before thee, and count me not a deceiver, but, if thou wilt, come with me to the country of Galilee, and I will show thee (some) of the dead and the blind and the hunch�backed and the palsied and the lepers, whom He cleansed and healed and raised, for they are alive. But if thou dost not choose to come and (yet) believest, thou art greater than I, who have seen Him and have been with Him, for thou wilt believe in Him that He is God who did these things, and He will convert thee and make thee white and pure from the stench of unclean sacrifices. Yea, my brother! set my mind at ease, and thy dwelling shall be blessed, and thou shalt be recognised before Him in the new world."
And Secundus the bath-keeper was sitting (still), and astonished and wondering at what he was hearing from John; and he began to say to him: "Wonderful is what thou hast spoken unto me and verging on marvel ; for even though He be not God and did not descend from Heaven, it is fitting that He should be believed in and should be called God, because He came forth from the womb and did not destroy (His mother's) virginity |18 when He came forth; and it is a very deplorable thing, if one does not hold it true that He is God, who raised the dead, and He is the Creator, who made wine out of water; and He has power over our frame, and because of this He opened and healed and cleansed. This one, then, is fitting to be called God, and not yon one, to whom, lo, for sixty years, more or less, I have been paying vows and libations, and she has not opened the eye of my son which was blind. But now, my son John, let this secret be kept which we have spoken, and let it not be revealed until the time that its Lord wishes to reveal it, especially as thou art a stranger, lest it be heard regarding thee that thou dost not worship Artemis, and they burn thee. Now, then, I have assented to, and believed,� and hold to be true, all that thou hast said; and do thou be persuaded by me, and take upon thee the management of this bath, and let thine eyes be upon the servants, and do thou have control over the income and over all the outlay." But John said to him: "It becometh me not to eat without working;" and Secundus said to him: "Thy labour is harder than that of him who works.'' Then the holy (man) yielded to him, and took upon him to receive the incomings of the bath and to give a reckoning from morning to morning.
Secundus, then, was amazed, he and his household, how much the receipts of the bath increased during these days, which were twenty-two days (in number); and he used to get up very early, and go down and speak to |19 the holy (man) and ask him: "How is it possible to make me thy associate?" But John said:� "After He has opened thy son's eye,� that he may be baptized."
And on the twenty-fifth day, (when) the time of an hour of the day (was past), a procurator's son, whose name was� Menelaus, and his father's Tyrannus,� came and constrained the holy (man) that the bath should be closed and got ready. But it was not known to the holy (man)� that� any� one� was going into the bath with him. And the holy (man) gave orders, and the bath was got ready; and this Menelaus came to bathe, and took with him into the bath a harlot, and was with her in the bath. And when he came out from his bath, John arose and said to him: "Hither come not thou again, because thou hast done a great disgrace to this person of thine,�which is created in the image of God, in that thou hast gone in with a harlot, and not been ashamed that thou hast seen her shame and she thine." And� Menelaus was enraged with the holy (man) and struck him.��� And S. John said to him: "If thou comest hither, thou shalt not depart hence."
And after two days, he sent two of his servants to get ready the bath. And when the bath was ready, he came to bathe, and brought the former harlot along with him. But S. John, by the agency of God our Lord, had gone out to look after those who kindled (the bath). And when he came, he asked: "Why is the door of the bath closed?" They say unto him: "Menelaus, the |20 procurator's son, is within." But when the holy (man) heard that he was within, and that the harlot was with him, he was grieved, and sighed, and was troubled. And he waited till both of them came out; and he did not look at them till they had put on their clothes. And when they were dressed after their bath, he turned and looked at them, and said to the youth: "To thee I say, may Jesus rebuke thee, whom the Jews crucified on the tree, and He died, and rose after three days, and He is God, and He ascended to Heaven, and is at the right hand of His Father; but thou shalt drop down and die on the spot." And straightway the Angel of the Lord smote him, and he died on the spot.� And he was lying (there), and S. John was sitting beside him; and straightway the harlot went forth with a great outcry, with her hands placed on her head. And when they heard it around the bath, they came and saw with fear that the young man was dead and lying (there), and the holy (man) sitting beside him. And they looked on his face and perceived that it was Menelaus, the procurator's son; and lamentation and wailing ran through that whole street. And it was dinner-time, and his father was seated (at table), and expecting him to come up and dine with him. And they came in and said to him: "Lo, thy only son is dead and lying in the bath."
And Tyrannus arose in haste, and cast ashes on his head, and rent his garments ; and he made great haste coming to the bath to his son, and a great multitude with him. And he came, and went in, and saw his son dead and lying (there), and S. John sitting beside him; and they |21 seized hold on John, and laid fetters on his hands and feet, and thick� collars on his neck. But the father of the youth was crying with a great outcry; and he commanded, and they stripped John, that they might see what he had on. And when they had taken off his coat and the worn-out shirt which he had on, they found on him a cross, which was suspended to his neck, and it was of wood. And the procurator, the father of the young man, commanded that they should take it away; and when they stretched out their hands to take it away, it had four tongues of fire, and they burned the hands of those who came near it. And the whole multitude cried out: "This man is a wizard; let this man be kept to-day in custody and be examined, (to see) how many companions he has." And the procurator commanded that S. John should be dragged away till he entered the prison house, whilst the youth his son was being buried. But S. John cried out, "The youth is� not dead;" and his father gave orders, and they lifted him up and turned him over, and he placed� his mouth� against his, and he was like a stone without sensation. But the holy (man) said, "He is not dead," solely that they might see that he was already dead. And the holy (man) said unto them: "If he be dead, I will bring him to life." And whilst they were dragging away S. John that he might go to prison, Secundus the bath-keeper was standing by and weeping passionately |22 with sobs among the crowd. And S. John was begging of Tyrannus that they might call Secundus the bath-keeper ; and the procurator ordered, and they laid hold of Secundus and brought him in� to him.� And Secundus was weeping for John's sake, for he imagined that John would be put to death; but the father of the youth thought that he was weeping for the youth. And the holy (man), being bound, answered and said to Secundus: "Fear not, Secundus! and be not grieved; to-day it is the will of the Spirit of holiness to make manifest the truth."
And the crowd was great and agitated. And S. John begged the procurator to order the crowd to be silent; and he ordered and the crowd was quiet. And S. John stood up, and cried with a loud voice and said:�� "To thee I say, (thou) youth Menelaus, in the name of Jesus the Messiah,� (who is)� God, whom the Jews crucified and killed in Jerusalem, and He died and was buried and rose after three days, and, lo, is above in Heaven at the right hand of His Father,�rise." And straightway he sprang up and arose; and the whole populace of the city marvelled. And the youth fell on his face before S. John, and saw the collars that were laid on his neck and the cord that bound his hands and feet; and the youth loosened them, and kissed S. John's toes.� And the youth drew nigh, and stood on a place that was elevated, and beckoned with his hand, and began to tell from the |23 commencement, how he had come to the bath, and all that had happened; and he told �with a loud voice before the people, how he had committed fornication with the harlot, and how the holy (man) had bidden him not to come (again). And they began to cry out, "What did he do to thee that thou didst die?" He says to them: "Thus he said to me: 'May the Lord Jesus rebuke thee, whom the Jews crucified in Jerusalem, and He died and was buried, and rose after three days, and ascended to Heaven, and sat down at the right hand of His Father;' and straightway the angel smote me and I fell down. And he took out and carried away my soul, and brought me nigh, and I saw the glory (of God) and a dreadful sight, which one of mankind is not able to narrate, such as I have seen; yet a little out of much, if this (man) who is standing before you bids me, will I tell."
And straightway the father of the youth fell upon his face before John, and said to him : "I beg of thee, sir, permit the youth to speak, and be not angry with him." And the holy (man) made a sign to the youth to speak; and the youth answered and said:
"I saw the chariot of the cherubim, (and) seraphim without number, who had wings, and they were covering their faces that they might not look upon the Creator, and were crying, �'Holy, holy, holy (is) the Lord Almighty, of whose praises Heaven and earth are full.' And I saw twelve men in one band, and in another seventy-two, and I counted them; and they were standing with their heads uplifted to heaven. And a right hand was stretched out from between the cherubim, like fire, and it commanded |24 them in a low and gentle voice: 'Go forth, teach, and baptize in the name of the Father and the Son and the Spirit� of holiness; every one who believes and is baptized, shall live.'� And I trembled; and being afraid, I drew near to the great troop of seventy-two, and was also� entreating them to tell me, who this is; and they answered and said to me: 'This is the Son of God, whom the Jews crucified in Jerusalem; all this, my son, whatever thou seest, is dependent upon and subsists by His nod,� and He upholds all the arrangements of the upper world, and by His power subsist all the creatures of the lower worlds; because He is the Power and the Wisdom of the Father, and He sent Him to deliver all those who cleave unto and take refuge with Him; and He draws and brings unto His Father all who believe in Him; and He it is who acknowledged,� whilst� walking� on� the� earth,� 'I am the living bread,� who am come down from Heaven, and every one who eats of my body, shall live.'� And when I had observed His true aspect, I looked upon the band of twelve, and saw this man there, who, lo, is standing before you, clad in glorious white robes,� and standing at the head of the band of twelve, beside an old man; and the eyes of those eleven were looking upon him lovingly, as if he were offering some petition on their behalf, but his eyes were raised aloft, and he was weeping. And the old man drew nearand asked him, 'My son, why weepest thou and prayest thus?'� |25 And I had learned, when I asked the band of seventy, that Simon was the name of the old man. And S. John complied with the wish of Simon and said to him: 'Because of the error of the city� of Ephesus I am weeping, for lo, it is bound down, and its children,�� and worships� the� devils� who� dwell in the doomed images.' And I saw a gentle voice, which made a sign to him with the finger, (saying:) 'Go; all that thou hast prayed before me, shall happen.' And whilst trembling, I noticed him, that it was this man against whom I rose up to kill him in the bath, because he hindered me from fornication. And whilst I was marvelling at these many evidences, my soul heard his voice and came and lived; and lo, I stand before you. And now therefore, lo, I beseech him to let me draw nigh to the living sign, and to make me his disciple. And ye who� have seen this wonder, do ye turn from error, and despise the images, and let us become disciples of His, and let us save our souls alive, and not destroy them with our own hands; and when He has consecrated us, then let us confess and worship Him, believing in the Father and the Son and the Spirit of holiness, now, and at all times, and for ever and ever, Amen."
And a great multitude had come and was assembled there; and they went forth unto them outside of the bath, the father of the youth holding (the hand of) the holy (man). And the youth was coming, with his hands |26 lifted up to Heaven. And they came and arrived at the great square in the midst of the city, and the whole city was assembled; and it was the ninth hour. And the whole city was agitated, men and women and children. And the priests, when they saw the sign that had taken place, and the youth standing up and become a preacher of the Gospel, said: "This is one of the race of our lady Artemis." But S. John was crying out: "I am a man subject to passions, and the Lord Jesus hath chosen me, the Son of God, who came down from Heaven, and entered by the ear of the Virgin, and dwelt in her womb nine months, and came forth from her without destroying her virginity, and lived in the world as a man, apart from sin, whilst He was God like His Father; and the Jews took Him, and crucified Him upon the tree in Jerusalem; and He died, and was buried, and rose after three days, and ascended to Heaven, and is seated at the right hand of His Father."
And when the procurator, the father of the youth, heard these things, he fell down on his face before the feet of the holy (man), and all the chief men of the city, from the ninth to the eleventh hour. And they were astonished, men and women, at these things; and the half� of� the crowd were crying out: "Verily, great is this mystery, and Jesus ought to be worshipped, for He is God." Others were saying, "Artemis ought to be worshipped." These, then, who were held worthy to believe, with their daughters and sons,� were about |27 36,706 souls, on that afternoon, who were numbered in the evening and their number was given to the procurator. And when there was a great crush and tumult, and the day was on the wane, John encouraged the procurator to stand up, saying to him: "Arise, thou pleasant tree, that yields early fruit, whose smell is sweet and its odour diffused by the Gospel. Arise, my brother ! and bid thy nobles arise with thee. Arise, and thy head shall be lifted up, and not sink again. Do not worship me, who am a slave, made and created; but worship and praise Him, who formed us and created us." And all the nobles lifted up their heads, kneeling upon their knees, and looked on the holy (man), and saw his face like light ; and they bowed down their faces to the ground, being afraid, for they thought that at that time their lives would perish from among the sons of men. And being afraid, they lifted up their voices, crying out: "Verily, great is this God, who is newly preached� in this our city; and these are (things) made and are not gods; and we are the servants of This (One), and will not again be perverted so as to bow down our head before idols which have not profited us and will not profit us We beg of thee, thou who art His servant, bring us near before Him, and let us know His ways, and make us look on His paths, for the good servant, who loves his master, knows to work his pleasure, and his master too hears him."
And the holy (man), when he heard these things, was |28 rejoicing in the Spirit of holiness. And he stretched out his hands to them, and made them rise, and said to them: "Peace be unto you, little flock, for� your Father� has willed to give unto you the kingdom which is reserved for His friends. Arise, new congregation, which has assembled to-day to hear the Gospel of Jesus, the Son of God. I beg of you, my brethren, salute one another with a holy kiss, because the time is short, and the sun has finished his course, which he was commanded by This (One), whom I preach unto you, to run; and especially too, because there are here persons, who have not yet tasted bread or water." But they were crying with a loud voice: " Sweeter far are Thy words to the roof of my palate than honey to the mouth;�for�verily we are hungry and thirsty, and we receive nourishment from thy pleasant word." But S. John besought the procurator that the crowd should be dismissed, praying in his heart with sighs and saying: "Lord Jesus, grant concord to our congregation; and let Satan be driven out, that he may not cast discord or sedition into this city, and people die (thereby)."
And the procurator arose and beckoned with his hand that they should be quiet. And when they were still, he began to speak with them, and answered and said: "My brethren and children and friends, if it be pleasing unto you, let us depart at this time from one another; and to-morrow morning I wish that you should assemble |29 at the theatre; and whatever is the will of the Spirit,�which we have heard from the mouth of this man, we will do. For this is fitting for us, that all night each man in his house should offer up prayer and entreaty before our Lord, who is in Heaven and brings us nigh unto His Father, on account of our sins, because we have let our feet go astray from His way. If He willeth to mingle us with the bands of those that praise Him, (it is well); and if not, he will (yet) deliver us from the fire that is laid up for the worshippers of idols."
And when the clerk had finished this proclamation, the whole multitude cried out with a loud voice: "Peace be unto thee, thou wise ruler! peace be unto thee, thou wise chief!� Peace be unto thee, thou goat, that hast entered (into the fold) and become a lamb! Thou hast shown to-day thy love to us; to-day thou hast become a true chief� unto� us,� and� hast� given us counsel that we might live and not die."
And when they had finished their outcry, after the nobles had quieted them, the multitude dispersed, and began to go away rejoicing. And the priests of Artemis assembled, and blew horns and lighted lamps; and the |30 gates of the temple were opened; and all the people of Ephesus ran to the temple, as was their custom. And the procurator was enraged, and wished, he and the nobles,�to send and massacre the priests, because they had made an assembly without their order. But S. John threw himself upon his face and besought them, (saying): "Whosoever keeps my word and loves our Lord Jesus, let him not go and injure them there, because they too, through your prayers, shall draw nigh unto the mystery of life, and become brethren of ours." And then they obeyed the holy (man).
And some of the nobles, whose names were Antoninus, Marcellus, Epiphanius, and Fortunatus, gave orders, and their slaves ran and brought a hundred and fifty lamps of papyrus to give light, and said by way of petition to the procurator: "It beseems us not to go away this whole night, lest the city be set on fire by the hands of the worshippers of idols, and they be saying, 'Because they forsook the fear of Artemis, fire has fallen in their houses,' and they blame Artemis, whilst she (really) can do nothing; and especially, that there may be no murders."
And when the multitude heard these things, they took S. John upon their shoulders, and ran; and from their joy they did not know what they were crying out. And the foremost ran (and) opened the doors of the theatre; and the procurator and his nobles went in with great pomp. And they ran to spread (carpets) and arrange |31 (a seat) for him, according to custom. And the procurator said: "It is not fitting for me any longer to sit upon the throne; take (it) away from here." And the whole multitude came into the theatre and there was a great tumult. And the sun was set about two hours. And some of the councillors of the procurator besought of him that a thousand men might go out, and perambulate the city, and keep watch till dawn, that no harm might happen, since S. John had begged that no one should be killed; " and if they catch any man, let them say to him:�'There are two watches in the city, one made by Satan in the temple of Artemis, and one made by our Lord Jesus in the theatre; to whichsoever thou choosest to go, go.'" And when the multitude heard these things, they were glad, and stretched out their hands to Heaven, saying: "Glory to Thee, Creator of Heaven and earth, and of night and day." And the procurator commanded, beckoning to them with his hand, that they should be quiet, and said to them: "Let not our assembly become uproarious and tumultuous, but let us be still, and hear the word of life, and see by what we live." And he commanded, and they brought S. John to the highest row (of seats), and the nobles sat beneath his feet. And the procurator was standing, and did not wish to sit down, saying: "I beg of you that I may stand, that, if there be a man who is weak in his body, I may go over and awaken him that he slumber not." And he could hardly be persuaded |32 to sit down. And when he had sat down, there was a great silence.
And when they were quiet, S. John sprang up, and stood, and beckoned to them with his� hand� to� keep silence; and brought� out� the cross that was� on neck, and looked upon it, and laid it on his eyes, and kissed it. And after he had wept, he stretched out hi right hand,� and� signed with� it� the whole� assembly, and placed it on the highest row (of seats), which was the most eastern of all, and had lamps placed before it And they cried with a loud voice and said:� "Thou servant of Jesus, declare unto us, what this is that thou hast done unto us." And the holy (man) beckoned unto them, and they were silent; and he began to speak and; said: "Beloved children, whom the Gospel hath won, this is the Cross of the Son of God, who was eternally with His Father, and He made these heavens and these stars that are arrayed in them, and on Him depend all His creatures. And I have made this Cross a bulwark for you, that Satan may not come, and assemble his demons, and make sleep enter into you or heedlessness of mind." And they cried out: "To us this night is day, for now life is come nigh unto us." And they quieted one another. And when they were quiet, all the people ran; and when they had run, they turned their� backs� to the west, and fell down on their faces before the cross� to the east, and were weeping and saying: " We worship Thee,� Son of God, who wast suspended on the tree." And the procurator was lying prostrate before the cross |33 and he went (and) stood in front, and said: " We worship Thee, Father and Son and Spirit of Holiness, for ever, Amen." And they all answered, "Amen."
And they were saying to John : "By our Lord Jesus (we conjure thee), inform us how the Son of God came, and let us know, if we are drawing nigh unto Him, and if He will forgive us all the sacrifices and libations with which we have polluted ourselves." And the holy (man) stood up on the highest row (of seats), and began to speak with them, being full of the Spirit of holiness, and he made known unto them all the ordering of creation, and that the Son of God was with the Father from the beginning, and was not parted nor far away from Him, and that without Him nothing came into being (of) all that is in heaven and in earth, (of) all things visible and invisible. And being full of the Spirit of holiness, he was narrating before them from the Torah and the Prophets, and how God had compassion upon the body of the human race, which was taken in sin, and sent His only Son and He came, and entered by the ear of the Virgin Mary, and dwelt in her womb nine months, and from her was clothed with the body,�whilst the height and depth were full of Him, and there was no place in which He was not; and whilst forming children in the wombs (of their mothers), He was with His Father;� and when the nine months were fulfilled, He came forth from the womb of the woman, whilst she remained a Virgin, and her virginity was not destroyed but remains |34 for ever; and He grew tip as a man, He the Great One, who became small because He willed (it so); and when thirty years were fulfilled, He came to the Jordan for baptism, and was baptized by John, the son of Zacharias, who was His servant; and when this "Jesus was baptized and multitudes surrounded Him, the Heavens were rent, and His Father cried out over Him, and pointed Him out with the finger, (saying:) ' This is my beloved Son, in whom I take pleasure; hear ye Him.'� And straightway He came up out of the water, and multitudes (were) around Him; and He, the Hidden One, who came into the world, began to perform those miracles, which He used to do secretly, so as to do them openly; for He was invited to a wedding-feast, and the wine ran short, and the bridegroom had none; and he commanded the groomsmen and the attendants to draw water and pour it into large jars, which were there. And when the attendants had filled out the water, He made a sign and looked upon the water, and it was blessed and transformed and became pleasant and sweet wine. And they all drank and were pleased; and I drank of it. And when He was teaching in the desert, and the day inclined to its close, after the sick had been healed, and the lepers cleansed, and the lamed walked, and (the eyes of) the blind were opened, those who had been healed were hungry; and the time was short, and there was no bread but three cakes of barleymeal. And |35 He commanded the multitude to sit down; and He gave orders, and they brought to Him these cakes; and He looked up to heaven, and blessed, and brake, and gave to them, and they ate, and left (some) over, and were satisfied.��� And those who ate and were satisfied, and carried (some) away,� and went to their homes, were four� thousand� (men),� besides� women and children. And He sent us away, that we might go into a ship and sail on the sea, and He stayed behind on the dry land. And when the sun had set and it was dark, the sea arose against us, and we were tossed about all night. And in the fourth watch of the night, this Jesus,� whom I preach unto you, came unto us walking on the sea, and we were afraid; and when one of the disciples, my companions, saw (this), he said to Him: 'Lord, if it be Thou, command me to come unto Thee upon the water.' And Jesus said unto him, 'Come.'� And he walked and came�unto Him. And our Lord Jesus came and entered into the ship, and there was a great calm. And these multitudes were astonished and said: 'Who is this, pray, that He commands the� winds and the sea and they obey Him?'�And when Jesus came to the land of the Gadarenes, they� brought unto Him all those who were grievously afflicted with various�diseases, and madmen, and paralytics, and lunatics, and the lame; and He healed them all. And now, |36 my brethren, there cannot be numbered or counted the cures and the miracles which this Jesus did, who is the Son of God. For just as He was seen bodily in this world He was doing these works also when He was concealed in His Father eternally. He appeared in the flesh from the Virgin, and wrought these signs openly that by them He might convict Satan, the father of falsehood and condemn him, and show the whole race of mankind, that every one who is drawn and comes unto Him He brings him near unto the Father who sent Him, and He does works like these. For He and His Father are one; and because the Father loved the world, He gave Him to the Cross, and He died for us and gave us life, and we live with Him,� and every one who believes in Him, abides in Him. And as to what ye have asked of me and said unto me, 'If our iniquity will be forgiven us, and our sacrifices and our libations, and our impurity and our uncleanness, if we draw nigh unto Him,'� lo, I say unto you, if ye believe in Jesus, and resolve in your minds that ye will not again be mixed up with libations and the impurity of idols, and no man of you change (his mind), and ye do not worship the work of men's hands, but believe in the Father and the Son and in the Spirit of holiness, I will do what He said unto us and commanded us, when He was ascending to Heaven to His Father; and I will cry unto Him, He will blot out your sins, and forgive your faults, and make white your stains;� and I will anoint and soften |37 with oil your knees, which you have bent, and the evil one, our enemy, has lacerated them, making them bend before his idols, which have been made by him a dwelling place for his devils; and I will sign for you�with His Cross, which is the sign of life, the head which He has bowed down to the ground, and (which) is glad that it is bowed down, because it is created in the likeness of Him who created it; and I will place a seal upon your foreheads,� that when he sees that ye are the asylum of this Lord, he may flee and say: 'These were my kids, and were joined unto me that they might become big he-goats, and might butt with their horns all armies; but now the Son of the Father, who bowed Himself down and became flesh� from the Virgin, has taken them and made white their colour, which was (the colour of) the darkness in which I am shut up; and He has made them new lambs, and lo, they dwell with Him.' And this mouth of yours, which was fed fat at the table of bitter herbs,� and lo, the deceiver is proud, because he thinks that he has made you food for the serpent, I will open it, and place in it the living bread,� which is the body of God, and gives life to every one who believes in Him; and I will make you swallow the blood of the Son of God, which was rent� on Golgotha with the spear, of this Jesus, whom, lo, I preach unto you, who, even when ye are dead, is buried with you, and His body and His blood remain in your flesh, and He will raise you up |38 and ye shall arise. Through this body ye shall come without corruption, and not to the fire or the torment, and ye shall not see the worm that dies not, because ye have believed in the name of the Only (-begotten), that He is the Son of God, and in truth He is the Life-giver of the world."
And after these things, the whole assembly in the theatre cried out and said: "We beg of Thee, servant of the living God, do what thou pleasest, and let us participate in the living Mystery, that we may live and not die; and this in haste."
And the holy (man) commanded the procurator that he should have a place (made) in one of the corners of the theatre; and the stone-cutters came, and set to work in that very hour, and made (a place) like a cistern, and turned the water-pipe, which went into the theatre, into the cistern, and the water came and the cistern was filled. And it was spacious on every side, twelve cubits in length and twelve cubits in breadth, and it was two and a half cubits deep.
And the holy (man) besought the procurator to command and let fine, scented oil come, seventy pints. And he commanded, and it came, and a vat was filled with it. And the holy (man) drew nigh, and kneeled down, and looked up to heaven, and cried out in the midst of the theatre: " Holy is the Father and the Son and the Spirit of holiness for ever, Amen." And the whole assembly answered,�"Amen." Then John made the sign of the |39 Cross over the oil, and said with a loud voice: "Glory be to the Father and to the Son and to the Spirit of holiness for ever, Amen." And again the third time he said: " Holy is the Father and the Son and the Spirit of holiness, Amen." And straightway fire blazed forth over the oil, and the oil did not take fire, for two angels had their wings spread over the oil and were crying, "Holy, holy, holy, Lord Almighty."
And the people, when they saw these things, were afraid with a great fear, and fell on their faces, and were worshipping to the east. And when the oil was consecrated, then the holy (man) drew near to the water, and signed it, and said: "In the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Spirit of holiness, for ever, Amen." And the whole people cried, "Amen." And straightway these two angels came and hovered over the water, and were crying, "Holy, holy, holy, Father and Son and Spirit of holiness," after him.� And S. John cried after them, "Amen."
And John answered and said to the whole assembly: "Arise in the power of God!" And they all arose with fear, and their hands were stretched out to Heaven, and they were crying out, saying: "Great is this mystery! We believe in the Father and in the Son and in the Spirit of holiness." And it was about the eighth hour of the night. Then the procurator drew near, and fell on his face before John, and said to him: "What is it |40 necessary for us to do?" And S. John said to him: "Strip off thy garments from thee." And when he had stripped, the holy (man) drew nigh, and took oil in his hand, and made him a cross on his forehead,� and anointed his whole body, and brought him nigh to the cistern, and said to him: "Descend, my brother!� who art become a new firstling, which enters in at the head of the flock into the fold of the owner of the sheep. Descend, my brother! for the lambs are looking at thee, and running that they may go down, and become white, and get a new fair fleece, instead of that which is rent by ravening wolves." The procurator says: "What must I say, and then descend?" John says to him: "According as thou hast seen, and found true, and believed." And the crowd was silent, as if there was not a man there, that they might see what the procurator and John would say. And the procurator stretched out his hands to Heaven, and cried out, weeping and saying: "I believe in the Father and in the Son and in the Spirit of holiness;" and he leapt down into the font. Then the holy man drew near, and placed his hand on the head of the procurator, and dipped him once, crying out, "In the name of the Father;" and the second time, "In the name of the Son;" and the third time, "In the name of the Spirit of holiness." And when he had come up out of the water, then he clothed him in white garments, and gave him the (kiss of) peace, and said to him: "Peace be unto thee, thou new bridegroom, |41 who hadst grown old and effete in sin, and, lo, to-day art become a youth, and thy name has been written in Heaven."
Then the whole multitude was agitated, and hastened eagerly (to try) which should run down into the font. And all the chiefs were standing around the font; and they signed to the crowd with their hands to be silent. And the whole crowd were crying out, saying with simplicity: "Brethren and fathers, let us run and anoint ourselves with this holy oil, and bathe in this water, and become white, lest perchance either the water become exhausted, or the oil run short."
Then the holy (man) cried out to them and said: "Be quiet, blessed flock, for your Father, who is in Heaven, has willed to give unto you His kingdom, because ye have believed in His beloved Son." They then straightway were quiet. Then the holy (man) drew near and said to the procurator: "Come, sit down on the fair upper row (of seats); for to-day it is fitting that thou shouldst be honoured, for there is joy in Heaven on thy account." And they spread cushions for him and he sat down.
Then he made a sign unto them with his hand to be silent. And when they were silent, then he began to speak with them, saying:��"Verily today life has come nigh unto us. Now then, if this holy (man) gives me leave, I will speak." Then the whole crowd cried out to John and said: "In the name of Jesus, bid him speak." And John said to him: "Speak, my lord, whatever thou pleasest." |42
Then the procurator said: "Hearken, my brethren! When I was (first) dipped, I opened my eyes and saw, not that I was going down, but that I was going up to Heaven. And the second time, I looked and opened my eyes, and saw a right hand holding a reed and writing. And the third time, I heard a voice saying: 'The sinner, the sheep which was lost, is found; let him come in.' "
And S. John straightway clasped his hands tightly behind him, and threw himself on his face before the cross, and cried out: "Glory be unto Thee, Maker of all creatures, who hast sent Thy beloved Son, and He walked upon earth, and gave us power to go forth (and) preach His gospel in the world, and turn the erring to repentance.'' Then he spoke to the nobles, and they took off their garments, and he drew nigh (and) anointed them, and baptized them� in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Spirit of holiness. And when they were baptized, then he baptized the whole crowd, from the eighth hour (of the night) until the sun rose. And a great multitude assembled and came; and when it was morning, they ran and brought their children, and the holy (man) was giving them baptism till the fifth hour. And those who received baptism were , souls. Then the whole multitude departed for that day.
And the procurator took the holy (man) to his house, and they were rejoicing and glad; and he was in his |43 house three days. But on the third day the holy (man) begged that they�would let him go (and) dwell in one of the mountains. And he sent and assembled all his free men, and they were beseeching John to remain in the palace; but he was unwilling to be persuaded, for he said: "I must wander about through all Asia, and also in the country of Phrygia." And when he saw that they were distressed and were weeping, he said to them: "If it were the will of the Spirit of holiness that I should go, ye should not be distressed; but now I will remain and abide with you. Let us go out then, and go about through the whole city, and I will look where it is fitting for me to dwell, for the Apostles my fellows are coming unto me.'' And these words seemed good unto them; and the procurator took his seat with pomp, and all his nobles were going before him. And whilst they were going round, the holy (man) said: "I beseech you, my brethren, to show me the temple of these erring ones." And the procurator came with his retinue to the temple of Artemis, and they were wishing to slay the priests and to burn her temple with fire. But John was beseeching (them) that no man should be slain, saying: "These will come and turn to the knowledge of the truth; let us not destroy them with the sword." And when the holy (man) came and saw them and the temple of folly, there was there a place which was elevated; and he saw that place, and said: "I wish to dwell here." And the procurator and the nobles commanded (them) to |44 make a palace for him there. But he said: "No, by the Lord Jesus; if ye build anything, I will not dwell in it and I wish for nothing but a hut alone." And, straightway they brought (materials)� and made for him a hut,�which was above the temple, and he was sitting under it. And when he had sat there a long, time, there were assembling unto him all those who believed in Jesus the Messiah our Lord, and were being baptized; and he was communicating unto them the body and blood of Jesus.�And there was a hut above, the temple of Artemis; and the holy (man) was sitting, and beholding the uncleanness which took place there.
And after three months and ten days, the priests were assembled, and went round (and) informed the congregation of the heathens, (saying): "We must celebrate a festival to our goddess; but let every man prepare whatever he can, both oxen and sheep, and let us sacrifice (them),� and see why our goddess is angry with us." Then the heathens were assembled, and prepared and made a feast, and sacrificed unclean sacrifices.� And when they were assembled, John was standing above in the hut and looking at everything that took place. And kneeling before her, they said to the priests: "Ask her for what reason, and learn of her why she has neglected and is angry with us men." And there was dissension in the city. Then came Legion,� the sister of her who fell into the sea, she and the swine,� and spoke in the |45 doomed image; and the priests listened and were hearing from the mouth of the image the sound of a humming like that of bees; and they made the heathens keep silence, and drew near, and laid their ear on the mouth of the image, and the devils gave forth a voice and said: "That hut will destroy this temple; fight not with him.� For as said that master of ours, he fought with the Master of this (man), and the Master of this (man) overcame him. See then and be ye also afraid of him. And we are afraid lest his Master come to the help of this (man), and be enraged, and cast us into the deep, and our master be deprived of two Legions. We then, lo, are fighting that we may not be conquered; and if he conquers us, we shall be reckoned as if his Master had conquered our master." And the priests were trembling (with fear), and answered and said: "We ask of you, my lords, who is this man's Master?" The devils say: "He is the Son of God, who came down from Heaven; and our master did not perceive when He came down. And He became man, and died on the Cross; and our master imagined that he was a mere (man). And He rose on the third day from the grave and, lo, He is in Heaven, and is assailing us." And the priests when they heard these things, were amazed and astonished. And the multitudes say unto them: "Why are ye amazed?" And the priests answered and say: "Artemis has said that this hut will destroy this temple, and all who are initiated into her mysteries are afraid |46 of this; and accordingly they are beseeching us to be afraid of this man, who dwells in this hut, who, if he will and command, will destroy us in the abyss."
And the multitudes were straightway crying out: "We renounce this Artemis, in whom there is no use; for if of this (man), who is a slave or a disciple, the strength is so great, (that of) his teacher or his master (must be) as much again." And they were beating their faces and saying: "Alas, what has befallen us? for our possessions have been consumed in libations, and we have gained loss for our souls." And the priests said: "Ye are men of sense; whatever is good in your eyes, do; but we will worship and honour Him who is able to make alive and to destroy." And they ran down from the altar, and with speed went up to the holy (man), and cast themselves upon their faces before the holy (man). And the whole crowd cast cords about the image of Artemis, and pulled it down, and dragged it along, whilst bands were crying out before it and behind it: "Thou destroyer of our lives, arise, deliver thyself! Not from heaven didst thou descend; artisans made thee in a furnace."
And S. John saw that the priests were lying on their faces, but he spoke not with them, nor they with him; and he kneeled down among them, and made them look to the east, and was praying and entreating. And whilst the crowd were crying out and dragging along the image of Artemis, the multitude, who had before received baptism within the theatre, were applauding them in stoles and robes, and were saying: |47 "Come in peace, our brethren and children; let us all have one spirit. Come in peace, O congregation that was estranged from its Master, and lo, to-day has repented and been united with the number (of the chosen). Come in peace, O flock, that was led captive by Satan, and which its Master has brought back that the ravening wolves might not rend it."
And when the procurator heard the tumult and great outcry of the whole city, he was afraid, and arose (and) came from his palace, and went up to S. John, and found him kneeling. And the procurator made a sign with his hand that they should desist from (their) outcry. And he commanded and strong men arose to restrain the crowd from going up to John. Then the procurator said to S. John: "Arise, my lord, and sign this new congregation; for if not, their lives will perish for crying out. For lo, I see aged men whose garments are wet with tears and sweat." Then the holy (man) lifted up his head from prayer, and said to the procurator: "I was interceding for them before our Lord Jesus the Messiah, that He would bring them in and bring them nigh before His Father, and pray on their behalf; for He is the door, and through Him a man goes in, and finds pasturage; and without Him, a man is not able to draw nigh unto the Father; and He gave the law from mount Sinai."
Then the holy (man) arose and looked on them from above, and signed them with the sign of the Cross; and |48 they all fell upon their faces before him, crying out with grief and sobbing: "We have sinned and done wrong and committed evil, and we knew it not until today. Have mercy on us, Lord! Lord of Heaven and earth! for henceforth we abjure all idols."
� Then the holy (man) cried unto them from above: "Arise in the might of our God!� Arise in the name of our Lord Jesus the Messiah, His beloved Son!" And straightway they arose, and were lifting up their hands to Heaven and crying out: "Glory unto Thee, God, the Maker of Heaven and of earth! Our Lord hath appeared unto us; and we know that Thou art the true God,�and that by Thee this youth was sent to the city of Ephesus." And a cloud was overshadowing the city; and straightway there was a low thundering. And the whole crowd fell upon their faces for fear and say: "We praise Thee, Thou hidden God, who art invisible, and lo, hast been revealed unto us because we sought Thee. We confess Thee,�and there is no other God�but Thee."
Then S. John spake with them, and was expounding unto them from the Law and from�the prophets, and was teaching them concerning our Lord Jesus,�proving and showing unto them concerning our Lord Jesus, that He is the Son of God. And they, after they had received the faith,� were beseeching that they might receive the sign of baptism, crying out and glorifying God. And the procurator besought the holy (man), |49 saying: "If thou pleasest, my lord, let criers go forth in the city and proclaim, 'Whosoever believes in the Son of God, let him come (and) bathe, and be cleansed of pollution;' and as for us, let us go to the place where the font is, and every one who comes, give him the sign, and let him live and not perish." S. John said to the procurator: "Well hast thou spoken, my lord; thus will we do, according to thy command." And straightway both of them arose, and the procurator made a sign with his hand that they should be quiet. And when they were quiet, he said to them: "To you we speak, ye new children, whom the Gospel of God hath won. Today, we being all assembled without tumult, go to the theatre, and there ye shall receive the sign of life." They then, being assembled, drew up bands in order, whilst they were crying out and saying to the procurator: "How must we chant and sing?" The procurator says unto them: "Thus say and sing, until ye enter in, 'Glory to the Father and to the Son and to the Spirit of holiness! Lord have mercy upon us.'"�And the sound of their outcry was going outside of the city more than five miles.
And they came and entered into the theatre. Then came the procurator and John, and entered into the theatre. Then the holy (man) answered and made a sign with his hand that the crowd should be quiet. And when they were quiet, the holy (man) stood up on the steps and |50 said: "Arise in prayer." And they looked to the east, and fell on their faces, and were saying: "Lord, have pity upon us." Then the priests, when the whole people were lying on their faces, came (and) entered last of all, and were walking barefooted and girded with sackcloth, with dust cast on their heads and their faces covered with soot, and were lamenting and crying out: "Thou God, who dwellest in Heaven, have pity upon us; we have sinned before Thee, and have caused many souls without number to sin; it is not hard for Thee to forgive us, if Thou wilt."
And when they had said these things, John arose from his prayer and said: "Arise in the might of God." And when they had arisen, he concluded the prayer, and they all answered "Amen." And he turned, and looked upon the seven priests, who were standing in vile attire, with their heads inclined to the east and their hands raised to Heaven,� and tears without end were running from their eyes and dripping down upon their blackened cheeks. And when the holy (man) saw (them), he was grieved and wept, and the procurator with him; and the whole crowd was weeping. And the holy (man) kneeled down, and prayed, and said: "Merciful God, the Father and Sender of our Lord Jesus the Messiah, Thou, Lord, hast said, 'If the dinner turns from his sin and does righteousness before me, through that righteousness, which he hath done, he shall live.'� I ask of thee, Lord, |51 have pity upon the work of thy hands, and be not disgusted with it. Let these be received, who were perishing like sheep which have no shepherd, and let them praise Thy great and terrible name and Thy dear Son our Lord Jesus the Messiah, for to Thee and to Him and to Thy holy Spirit is glory and honour for ever, Amen." And the whole congregation answered� "Amen."
Then he arose and called them, but they were not able to speak for weeping and sobbing. And he drew near unto them, holding the procurator by his hand, and spake with them, and they did not speak. And the holy (man) made the sign of the cross upon the forehead of each one of them. Then there was an outcry from the whole crowd, and the tears of S. John were running over. And he said unto them: "Take courage; there is no cutting off of hope. Hope was given to men by the birth of the Son of God from the Virgin. Open your mouths and speak with us. We are your members, and are formed of the same material of which ye are formed. We are created by one God, and are one soul. Fear not; He�will not cast you off; He will not reject you; He will not be disgusted with you. I have learned of Him, that if ye believe in Him, ye shall rejoice at the table of His kingdom." Then those priests answered and said before the crowd: "How can our deceitful mouth speak? What can we say? for the face of our heart is blackened more than our external face. We cannot open our mouth to speak. But this we know, and |52 believe, and declare true, that there is one God, who created the world by His grace, and His only (and) beloved Son, our Lord Jesus the Messiah, who put on the body� from the holy� Virgin; and whether we die, or whether we live, we know no other man. Woe to us then, if He has not mercy upon us and does not forgive us; because we have much property and gold that passeth away, and with these souls we have acquired it."
And the procurator had a wish that they should draw near to him, because they were far from the crowd and were standing alone. And when they went to bring them near and make them stand in the midst, the priests say: "We beg of you, do not defile your hands with our stench. "We will not draw nearer than here, until He wills it in whose name we have believed." And it was about the third hour of that day.
And the holy (man) answered and said to the procurator: "Command, sir, that water come into the font. We must baptize this assemblage, and speak to them the word of life. And command that tables be (laid out) through the whole city, and whosoever wants food, our Lord Jesus, who satisfied thousands in the desert, will prepare (a feast) before him." Then the procurator called Menelaus his son, who became alive, and said to him: "Take unto thee ten men, and let each of them go and provide for thee�a hundred men of those who have received the sign of baptism, and let them lay the tables, |53 and make ready a great banquet." And they went and did according to the command of the procurator.
And S. John arose from the bench on which he was sitting, and came to the priests, and took hold of the hand of their chief, whose name was Apollo, and of the hand of another, whose name was Dionysius, and drew them near to him, and was speaking� to them the word of God, and was interpreting (it),� �and exhorting them. And Apollo and Dionysius the priests were saying aloud: "Have pity upon us, Son of God, and bring us nigh unto Thy Father, we beg of Thee. If we are to� be� punished� for� our� wickedness,� let not these be punished, for we� have� led� them� astray� from Thy path. We beg of Thee, merciful Lord,�have mercy, Lord, upon our wickedness. If Thy righteousness judge us, let not these be judged, for ours, Lord,�is their corruption." And the whole people was weeping.
And when the font was prepared, the procurator commanded, and oil was brought. Then S. John arose, and prayed, and said: "Glory to Thee, Father�and Son and Spirit of holiness, for ever, Amen." And they answered after him, "Amen" And he said: "Lord God Almighty, let Thy Spirit of holiness come, and rest and dwell upon the oil and upon the water; and let them be bathed and purified from uncleanness; and let them receive the Spirit of holiness through baptism; and henceforth let them call Thee� 'Our Father who art in |54 Heaven.' Yea, Lord, sanctify this water with Thy voice, which resounded over the Jordan and pointed out our Lord Jesus (as) with the finger, (saying,) 'This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased, hear ye Him.'� Thou �art here who wast on the Jordan. Yea,� I beseech Thee, Lord, manifest Thyself here before this assemblage who have believed on Thee with simplicity, and let the nations of the earth hear that the city of Ephesus� was the first to receive Thy Gospel before all cities, and became a second sister to Urhāi (Edessa) of the Parthians." And in that hour fire blazed forth over the oil, and the wings of the angels were spread over the oil;�and the whole assemblage was crying out, men and women and children, "Holy, holy, holy, Lord Almighty, of whose praises Heaven and earth are full." And straightway the vision was taken away.
And the priests fell down on their faces and wept. And S. John drew nigh and raised them up, and they said: "We believe in the name of the Father and the Son and the Spirit of holiness, and we will never know aught else." And John drew near, and washed them (clean) of the soot, and anointed them with oil, and baptized them in the name of the Father and the Son and the Spirit of holiness, for the forgiveness of debts and the pardon of sins. And S. John said to the procurator: " Command that they go and fetch fine white bread and wine, whilst the whole multitude is being baptized." |55
And they went, (and) prepared, and made ready every thing. And when the whole multitude was baptized, the priests say: "Brothers and fathers� and sons, today we bear the Cross of our Lord Jesus the Messiah. Why stand over the gates of our city the images of the daughter of Satan? Let us go (and) pull them down and burn them, and place over all� the gates the Cross of our Lord Jesus the Messiah." And the whole multitude were crying out, "Where ought we to make a church?" And S. John was glad and rejoicing; and he said to the procurator: "Look, sir, where it pleaseth thee." And they chose a place which was fitting, and bore the cross and came� thither, and set up there the cross, and over the gates of the whole city crosses. And the holy (man) prayed, and offered the (eucharistic) sacrifice, and let them partake of the body and blood of the Messiah; and thither they were assembling every Sunday, and were breaking (bread) together, and were partaking of the body and blood of our Lifegiver.
After these things, when the Gospel was increasing by the hands of the Apostles, Nero, the unclean and impure and wicked king, heard all that had happened at Ephesus. And he sent (and) took all that the procurator had, and imprisoned him; and laid hold of S. John and drove him into exile; and passed sentence on the city that it should be laid waste.
And after three days, believing men of the city assembled, and counselled one another and said: |56 "Let us assemble at the church, and see what each man is willing to give, and take a bribe, and offer it to this wicked ruler, and he will give up to us this (man), who turned us away from error unto our Lord." And when they had taken counsel thus, they collected three hundred pounds of gold, and took ten men, and they went on board a ship to go to Nero, the wicked king, and give the bribe, and bring back the holy (man).
And when they had gone and entered into Rome, at midnight, when the impure Nero was asleep, the Lord sent to him an angel; and he appeared to him in a flame and bearing a sword, and awakened him. And when he had opened his eyes and looked upon him, he cried out and said: "I pray thee, what I have to do with thee?" The angel says to him: "Send back the man whom thou hast taken from Ephesus and cast into exile; and if not, this sword shall enter into thy unclean heart before the sun rises." And the angel smote him�and took away his speech, and he was howling like a dog. And his slaves came in when they heard his lamentation, and said to him:� "What is the matter with thee, my lord the king?" And he made a sign, and they brought him ink and a sheet of paper, and he wrote: "Straightway, � if it be possible, today,� let John, the son of Zebedee, the Galilean, whom I took away from Ephesus, pass the night in it." And he wrote also, and sent (word) to Ephesus quickly, that every one who was in prison, should come out and do as he pleased. |57
And there came sailors and men clad in arms, and took the letters written by the king's hand, and went on board ship, and went (and) found John at midday kneeling and praying. They say to him: "The king has commanded that we should convey thee to the place where thou wast." And they took him, and went on board ship, and sailed on the sea in peace, and brought him to the gate� of Ephesus, and returned to Rome.
And those men who had brought the bribe, when they heard that the holy (man) had returned to Ephesus, said: "We worship Thee, Father and Son and Spirit of holiness, who hast done what Thy fearers wished." And they went on board ship, and brought those three hundred pounds (of gold with them), and came. And when they had entered Ephesus, they showed� the gold and narrated all that had happened, and there was joy through the whole city; and they took counsel one with another, and deposited the gold in a house, and hired artificers, and built with it two churches for the worship of our Lord Jesus the Messiah.
And S. John went up (and) sat in the hut; and all the free men of the province of Asia gathered together unto him, and he was teaching and preaching concerning our Lord Jesus; and the word of Nero was established over his own place, but he did not dare again to give orders regarding the province of Asia. It was this wicked man, who slew Paul and Peter.
And after a long interval, when the Apostles |58 heard all that had happened in the whole country of the Ephesians, they were amazed, and said: "This thing is not great for our Lord Jesus, hut to us it is wondrous." And Paul was asking and inquiring of the Apostles, that he might hear the history of S. John; and every day and every hour he was supplicating before God, that he might be deemed worthy to see him.
And when the Gospel rose upon the world, the Spirit of holiness willed, and Matthew was moved and composed the Evangel; and after him, Mark; and after him, Luke. And they wrote, and sent (word) to the holy John that he too should write, and informed him concerning Paul, who had entered into the number of the Apostles. But the holy (man) did not wish to write (a Gospel), saying that they should not say "He is a youth," if Satan cast dissension into the world.
And when the Apostles had travelled about in the countries, and had planted the Cross, and it had spread abroad over the four quarters of the world, then Simon Cephas (Peter) arose, and took Paul with him, and they came to Ephesus unto John. And they rejoiced with a great joy, and were preaching concerning our Lord Jesus� without hindrance. And they went up to the holy (man),�and found him praying. And they saluted one another, and rejoiced with a great joy, |59 and narrated to one another all that our Lord Jesus had done, and appointed (as) priests believing men.
Peter and Paul entered Ephesus on a Monday, and for five days they were persuading him, whilst rejoicing, to compose an Evangel, but he was not willing, saying to them, "When the Spirit of holiness wills it, I will write." And on the Sunday, at night, at the time when our Lord arose from the grave, the Apostles slumbered and slept. And at that glorious time of the Resurrection, the Spirit of holiness descended, and the whole place, in which they were dwelling, was in a flame; and those men who were awake, awakened their fellows, and they were amazed. And John took paper, and wrote his Evangel in one hour, and gave it to Paul and to Peter.� And when the sun rose, they went down to the house of prayer, and read it before the whole city, and prayed, and partook of the body and blood of our Lord Jesus. And they came to the holy (man), and remained with him thirty days; and then they came to Jerusalem, to Jacob (James), the brother of our Lord, and thence they came to Antioch.
And the holy (man) sat in the hut summer and winter,� until he was a hundred and twenty years of age, and there his Master buried� him in that place, as Moses was buried on Mount Nebo.
Every one who believes, and gives credence to the signs, which our Lord did by the hands of the Apostles, shall find mercy at the day of judgement. And to the |60 Spirit of holiness, who is in the Father and the Son, everything is easy. And let the children of the Church, without division, offer up praise, without investigation, to the Father and to the Son and to the Spirit of holiness, for ever, Amen.
Here ends the Doctrine of John the son of Zebedee, who leaned on the breast of our Lord Jesus at the supper,� and instructed and taught and baptized in the city of Ephesus.
[Most footnotes omitted. Note that a complete reprint of this book with all notes, page divisions and Syriac text can be bought online by visiting Gorgias Press , (and search on Wright)]
1. b. In B. the title is : "The history of the holy and beloved Mar John the evangelist, who spoke and taught and baptised in the city of Ephesus."
This text was transcribed by Colin Tunnicliffe , UK, 2004. All material on this page is in the public domain - copy freely.
Greek text is rendered using the Scholars Press SPIonic font, free from here .
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Which relatively common affliction is known formally as ‘hemicrania’? | The clinical characteristics of headache in patients with pituitary tumours | Brain
The clinical characteristics of headache in patients with pituitary tumours
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M. J. Levy, M. S. Matharu, K. Meeran, M. Powell, P. J. Goadsby
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh525 1921-1930 First published online: 11 May 2005
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Summary
The clinical characteristics of 84 patients with pituitary tumour who had troublesome headache were investigated. The patients presented with chronic (46%) and episodic (30%) migraine, short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT; 5%), cluster headache (4%), hemicrania continua (1%) and primary stabbing headache (27%). It was not possible to classify the headache according to International Headache Society diagnostic criteria in six cases (7%). Cavernous sinus invasion was present in the minority of presentations (21%), but was present in two of three patients with cluster headache. SUNCT-like headache was only seen in patients with acromegaly and prolactinoma. Hypophysectomy improved headache in 49% and exacerbated headache in 15% of cases. Somatostatin analogues improved acromegaly-associated headache in 64% of cases, although rebound headache was described in three patients. Dopamine agonists improved headache in 25% and exacerbated headache in 21% of cases. In certain cases, severe exacerbations in headache were observed with dopamine agonists. Headache appears to be a significant problem in pituitary disease and is associated with a range of headache phenotypes. The presenting phenotype is likely to be governed by a combination of factors, including tumour activity, relationship to the cavernous sinus and patient predisposition to headache. A proposed modification of the current classification of pituitary-associated headache is given.
pituitary tumour
SUNCT = short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing
Introduction
The clinical presentation of pituitary adenomas is dependent upon both structural and functional properties of the tumour ( Adams, 2002 ). It is unclear whether headache, a common symptom of pituitary disease ( Abe et al., 1998 ), is a structural or functional consequence of pituitary disease. Although dural stretch and cavernous sinus invasion are widely considered the mechanisms of headache in pituitary disease ( Forsyth and Posner, 1993 ), the evidence suggests that this is not the case ( Abe et al., 1998 ; Levy et al., 2004 ). Headache is a recognized feature of small, non-invasive functional tumours, particularly prolactinomas ( Abe et al., 1998 ; Millan Guerrero and Isais Cardenas, 1999 ), and pituitary tumour size itself is unrelated to headache ( Levy et al., 2004 ), both of which suggest that tumour activity may be important in some forms of pituitary tumour-associated headache.
The presentation and mechanisms of headache in pituitary disease have not been widely investigated. Abe and colleagues (1998) described the headache characteristics in 19 patients with pituitary tumours, reporting generalized and predominantly bilateral frontal headache ( Abe et al., 1998 ). However, with the advent of a systematic classification of headache ( Headache Classification Committee of The International Headache Society, 1988 ) and its subsequent revision ( Headache Classification Committee of The International Headache Society, 2004 ), the opportunity exists to carefully phenotype the headache seen with pituitary tumours. This effort has the prospect of providing clinical information with which to manage such patients and may provide some insights into the primary headaches that are manifest with pituitary disease. The aim of this study was to describe prospectively the phenotypic characteristics of pituitary tumour related headache in a large series of patients. Moreover, we sought to correlate the headache presentations with the tumour biology. We have presented the data in preliminary form ( Levy et al., 2003c ), where we note the range of primary headache phenotypes that may be found in this patient group.
Subjects and methods
We studied 84 consecutive patients presenting with pituitary tumour and troublesome headache between February 2001 and August 2003. An interview was conducted by a physician trained in headache, during which a questionnaire was completed that required detailed documentation of headache characteristics and response to treatment. Probing beyond the questionnaire ensured detailed documentation of the clinical phenotype. Ongoing treatment responses were documented for the duration of the study. The information was entered prospectively onto an electronic database (Microsoft Access, 2003).
Headache
Headache characteristics collected were laterality, site, severity and quality of pain, attack duration, frequency and associated symptoms, and timing of headache, as well as triggers and alleviating factors. We recorded response of the headache to surgery, radiotherapy and medical treatment. In each case, an attempt was made to classify the headache in line with the International Headache Society Diagnostic Criteria ( Headache Classification Committee of The International Headache Society, 1988 ), taking account ultimately of the revised second edition ( Headache Classification Committee of The International Headache Society, 2004 ). We were mindful of the introductory remarks in the classification that acknowledge the issue of classification where some trigger activates an underlying primary headache type.
Tumour
Tumour size and the presence or absence of cavernous sinus invasion were also documented, using MRI with coronal and sagittal T1-weighted spin echo with maximum slice thickness of 3 mm before and after gadolinium-base contrast medium. Tumour size was classified according to maximum tumour diameter into the categories of microadenoma (≤10 mm) and macroadenoma (>10 mm). Cavernous sinus invasion was diagnosed on the basis of radiological appearance and treated as present or absent, and the laterality of cavernous sinus invasion was documented using standard radiological criteria ( Cottier et al., 2000 ).
Disability
Headache-related disability was assessed using a migraine disability assessment score (MIDAS) questionnaire ( Lipton et al., 2001 ).
Results
Patient demographics
Of the 84 subjects interviewed, 60 were female (71%) and 24 male (29%). The mean age was 44 ± 1.4 years ( Table 1 ). The commonest tumour associated with headache was prolactinoma (n = 31; 37%), followed by growth hormone-secreting pituitary tumour (n = 28; 33%), non-functioning adenoma (n = 20; 24%), adrenocorticotrophic hormone-secreting pituitary tumour (n = 4; 5%) and TSHoma (n = 1; 1%). Full details are shown in Table 1 .
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Facial flushing
2 (2)
Using the definition of chronic daily headache as 15 headache days or more per month ( Welch and Goadsby, 2002 ), the frequency of chronic daily headache was 53%. Twenty-five patients (30%) used paracetamol (acetaminophen)- or codeine-containing agents on more than 10 occasions per month, and were defined as having medication overuse.
Timing
No recordings of early morning or diurnal headache were made.
Associated symptoms
The frequency and distribution of associated symptoms are shown in Table 5 . The commonest associated symptoms were photophobia (71%) and nausea (58%). During an exacerbation, 64 patients (76%) preferred to lie still during an attack, 12 (14%) felt restless and preferred to move around, whilst eight (10%) had no preference ( Table 5 ).
Forty-two patients (50%) reported one or more cranial autonomic features in association with headache exacerbations ( Table 5 ), the commonest of which were lacrimation (35%) and conjunctival injection (26%).
Triggers
The frequency and distribution of headache triggers are shown in Table 6 .
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Family history of headache disorder
41 (49)
Alleviating factors
Non-pharmacological alleviating factors included fresh air (1%), the use of a warm bath (2%), caffeine ingestion (1%), sleep (1%) and acupuncture (1%).
Pharmacological alleviating factors that were recorded included the use of serotonin 5-hydroxytriptamine 1B/10 (5-HT1B/10) receptor agonists (13%) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (14%). Three patients (4%) found indomethacin more helpful than other anti-inflammatory agents.
Family history
International Headache Society (IHS) Classification ( Headache Classification Committee of The International Headache Society, 2004 )
There were broadly two groups of patient diagnoses: those with phenotypes that mapped well onto accepted IHS primary headache diagnoses (n = 73) and those that did not (n = 11). For the former we used the general principle that a trigger may activate a primary headache, and thus diagnosed the patients.
Of the former group, the commonest diagnosis was chronic migraine (n = 39), followed by episodic migraine (n = 25). Other headache diagnoses included short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT; n = 4), cluster headache (n = 3), hemicrania continua (n = 1) and isolated primary stabbing headache (n = 1). Twenty-two patients (26%) had primary stabbing headache as a second headache diagnosis ( Table 7 ). SUNCT syndrome was only seen in patients with prolactin- and growth hormone-secreting tumours, and primary stabbing headache was also more common in these two groups (87%).
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↵ † Lone diagnosis in one patient
↵ ‡ See Table 8
SUNCT = short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache, conjunctival injection and tearing.
Of the group that did not map well onto an accepted IHS primary headache diagnosis, three patients were compatible with the current criteria (7.4.4) for headache attributed to pituitary disease ( Table 8 ). Of the remaining eight patients, two experienced featureless headache, which did not fit with tension-type headache because the severity interfered with daily activities and the timing of headache was associated with the onset of pituitary disease, but the treatment of the tumour did not absolutely resolve the headache (Criterion D; Table 11). In six patients, it was not possible to classify the headache phenotype in accordance with the IHS criteria ( Table 8 ). These patients had a mixture of migrainous (throbbing, nausea, photophobia, phonophobia) or cranial autonomic symptoms. These patients stood out in our group's experience with the particular mixture of symptoms and may represent a unique headache type seen in association with pituitary tumours. The IHS headache diagnoses within each tumour subtype are shown in Table 9 .
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0
Radiotherapy
Sixteen patients underwent radiotherapy, of whom one experienced an improvement in headache, the remainder reporting no change in symptoms ( Table 10 ). The median time to follow up from radiotherapy was 5 years (range 2–13 years).
Somatostatin analogues
Octreotide
Twelve patients received octreotide 100 µg, of whom seven reported a reduction in headache frequency and severity ( Table 10 ). Of those that experienced improvement in headache, four had treated migraine, two reported an improvement in featureless headache, and one reported a reduction in the frequency and severity of SUNCT-like attacks. After several months of octreotide administration, three patients experienced rebound headache. One patient developed a dependency syndrome, requiring 12 injections per day. Four patients received both octreotide and lanreotide during treatment, three of whom reported a preferential response to octreotide in terms of headache.
Octreotide LAR
Six patients received octreotide long acting release (LAR) 20 mg per month, of whom four reported a reduction in headache frequency and severity ( Table 10 ). Two patients reported headache recurrence 1 week prior to the following injection. No patient on octreotide LAR developed tachyphylaxis or a dependency syndrome.
Lanreotide
Four patients received lanreotide 30 mg every 2 weeks. One patient experienced reduction in headache frequency and severity on lanreotide, the remaining three reporting no change in symptoms ( Table 10 ). The single patient who experienced improvement in headache on lanreotide did not experience benefit from octreotide.
Dopamine agonists
Cabergoline
Cabergoline (dose range 0.25–4 mg per week) was prescribed in 23 patients. Nine patients reported a reduction in headache severity and frequency on cabergoline, 11 experienced no change, and three reported an exacerbation in symptoms ( Table 10 ). Of the three patients who reported an exacerbation in symptoms, one experienced a change from episodic to chronic migraine, one underwent a change from episodic migraine to persistent unilateral indomethacin-responsive headache, classified as hemicrania continua, and one experienced a severe and reproducible exacerbation of SUNCT-like syndrome that lasted for 12 h and is reported in detail elsewhere ( Levy et al., 2003b ).
Bromocriptine
Twenty-two patients received bromocriptine (dose range 2.5–22.5 mg per day). Of these, three patients experienced a reduction in headache frequency and severity, 13 reported no change, and six reported headache exacerbation ( Table 10 ). Of the six patients who reported headache exacerbation, five experienced worsening migraine, and one experienced severe exacerbation of SUNCT lasting 12 h, which is reported in detail elsewhere ( Levy et al., 2003b ).
Quinagolide
Two patients received quinagolide therapy. One experienced worsening migraine whilst the other reported an exacerbation in SUNCT identical to the cabergoline and bromocriptine responses described above ( Table 10 ).
Disability
MIDAS questionnaires were completed in 69 patients. The highest MIDAS scores were seen in the acromegaly and prolactinoma groups ( Fig. 1 ). The mean MIDAS score for the whole group was 27 ± 24 days. Forty-eight per cent of patients with pituitary tumour-associated headache had severe levels of disability ( Fig. 2 ).
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Fig. 2
Distribution of MIDAS scores by conventional grading cut-offs in patients with pituitary tumour and headache. The distribution is right-shifted in comparison with primary headache populations sampled from the population.
Discussion
Headache is a common and disabling aspect of pituitary disease. Our cohort most often reported migraine, but we also saw cluster headache, SUNCT and hemicrania continua. Some patients had unclassifiable headaches which may be new forms of secondary headache specific to pituitary tumours that have not hitherto been recognized. No particular tumour type produced a specific headache syndrome. The observation that 48% of patients had MIDAS scores within the severe range suggests that disability due to pituitary headache is considerable ( Lipton et al., 2001 ). Pituitary tumour-related headache is an important, common issue that requires careful history to facilitate correct diagnosis and thus optimal management.
The improvement in headache following surgery in 49% of cases implies a causal link between the tumour and presence of headache, although it is difficult to control for the confounding variables of the anaesthetic, or indeed natural history. Furthermore, the abolition of headache in 64% of acromegalics who were prescribed somatostatin analogues suggests a link between tumour activity and headache. Octreotide appeared to be more beneficial than lanreotide for headache, although one patient responded preferentially to lanreotide. It is possible that the somatostatin receptor status of the tumour is important in predicting headache response ( Levy et al., 2003a ). Somatostatin analogues are known to interfere with the opioidergic system ( Connor et al., 2004 ), which may partly explain their analgesic action ( Otsuka et al., 1998 ). Alternatively, pharmacokinetic differences may explain the improved efficacy of octreotide because it has a quicker onset of action and is given subcutaneously as opposed to intramuscular lanreotide. Although some patients in our cohort who had migraine headache reported a useful therapeutic effect with octreotide we found in a double-blind placebo controlled trial that it was not useful in acute migraine in patients without pituitary disease ( Levy et al., 2005 ). In contrast, we have recently established that octreotide is useful in the acute treatment of cluster headache ( Matharu et al., 2004 ). In this regard, and mindful of the similar areas of the brain involved in both conditions, the posterior hypothalamus ( May et al., 1999 ; Goadsby, 2002 ), the fact that some of our SUNCT patients reported utility of octreotide deserves further study. Octreotide dependency has been reported previously ( May et al., 1994 ; Popovic et al., 1988 ) and we observed this in our cohort as a potential complication in the management of pituitary-related headache.
Dopamine agonists both alleviated and exacerbated headache, which has previously been observed ( Ferrari et al., 1988 ; Massiou et al., 2002 ; Levy et al., 2003b ). This paradoxical observation may be related to a complex interplay of the physical effects on the tumour and the central actions of dopamine agonists. The reduction of tumour size in large prolactinomas may improve headache via structural changes, although there is little evidence for the size of the tumour being generally important ( Levy et al., 2004 ). Alternatively, or in addition, the effects of dopamine agonists on the trigeminovascular system may have deleterious effects on headache. Dopamine agonists share properties with ergot alkaloids ( Trabucchi et al., 1978 ), and ergot alkaloids are known to alter the activity of the trigeminovascular system ( Hoskin et al., 1996 ). It has also been suggested that the dopamine–prolactin axis plays an important role in some primary headaches notably migraine ( Peroutka, 1997 ; Peroutka et al., 1997 ; Peres et al., 2001 ) and cluster headache ( Goadsby, 2002 ). This may, in part, explain the unpredictable headache responses observed with dopamine agonists. The exacerbation of headache was dramatic in certain cases, an observation that has been previously observed in association with SUNCT ( Ferrari et al., 1988 ; Massiou et al., 2002 ; Levy et al., 2003b ).
In addition to tumour-related factors, the type of headache in pituitary disease is likely to be a result of patient-dependent factors. The finding that 49% of the study group had a family history of headache suggests that they were more predisposed to the primary headaches than the general UK population ( Steiner et al., 2003 ). Migraine is known to have a familial aggregation ( Ferrari, 1998 ), and the development of pituitary tumour-associated migraine, accounting for 75% of presentations in this study, may have been a result of genetic predisposition to migraine in affected patients rather than specific tumour-related factors. As migraineurs have increased sensitivity to changes in the internal or external milieu ( Goadsby et al., 2002 ), the development of the pituitary tumour may have lowered the threshold for attacks in predisposed migraineurs. The presence of a higher proportion of migraine in prolactinomas and growth hormone-secreting tumours suggests that functional activity may be an important trigger.
Cluster headache and SUNCT are relatively rare headache syndromes and the observation of three cases of cluster headache and four cases of SUNCT in our relatively small cohort of 84 patients suggests that these syndromes may be over-represented in pituitary disease. While it is possible that this is in part referral bias with regard to our unit's headache interest, this was minimized by studying consecutive referrals to the neurosurgery unit, which is unlikely to have this headache-related bias. Cavernous sinus invasion was present in two of the three cluster cases, which may suggest that invasion of local structures is relevant. Although cavernous sinus invasion does not appear to be predictive of headache in pituitary tumours per se ( Abe et al., 1998 ; Levy et al., 2002 ), the sinus does contain pain-producing structures, such as the internal carotid artery and trigeminal nerve and ganglion, invasion of which might be expected to cause pain. There have been several reports of pituitary-associated cluster headache presenting with ipsilateral cavernous sinus tumour invasion ( Tfelt-Hansen et al., 1982 ; Greve and Mai, 1988 ; Milos et al., 1996 ; Porta-Etessam et al., 2001 ). The cavernous sinus has been previously implicated in the pathophysiology of cluster headache ( Moskowitz, 1988 ; Hardebo, 1994 ), although functional imaging data suggests that ipsilateral hypothalamic activation may be more important ( May et al., 1998 , 2000 ; Sprenger et al., 2004 ). Of the four SUNCT cases, two were prolactinomas and two were growth hormone-secreting tumours, suggesting that tumour activity may be important in pituitary-related SUNCT, although our sample size is small. The dramatic exacerbation of SUNCT with dopamine agonists observed in certain cases further suggests that perturbations in the dopamine–prolactin axis may be important in this headache syndrome. Ipsilateral hypothalamic activation has been demonstrated in primary SUNCT ( May et al., 1999 ) and it is conceivable that specific neuroendocrine pathways involving the dopamine-prolactin and growth hormone axis are capable of activating SUNCT pathophysiology.
The aim of this study was to document the clinical spectrum of pituitary tumour-associated headache. We did not attempt to determine the prevalence of headache in pituitary disease, which would have required recruitment of larger numbers of patients from both the surgical and non-surgical setting in a prospective and consecutive fashion. Because our study was based in a neurosurgical centre, the patient population is likely to have contained relatively larger numbers of macroadenomas compared with a non-surgical centre. This may have given a biased impression of the frequency and quality of headache found in our study, and further work is required to determine the validity of our findings in the generality of patients with pituitary tumours. We observed a significant number of patients who experienced residual headache after treatment of their pituitary tumour and found these patients to present a difficult management problem. Although treatment response was not formally part of the study design, we managed a large number of this cohort and continue to see such patients. We have observed that phenotype-driven medical management markedly improved disability in many patients. There are previous reports that pituitary tumour associated with headache may respond to serotonin-5-HT1B/1D receptor agonists, i.e. triptans ( Shah and Freij, 1999 ; Pascual, 2000 ). We found that both acute and preventive phenotype-driven treatment was helpful for many patients. We found that patients with residual ipsilateral cavernous sinus invasion were particularly refractory to medical therapy. Prospective blinded placebo-controlled studies are required to determine the optimum management of the pituitary tumour-associated headache, although in their absence placebo-controlled studies from the underlying primary headache types manifest by these patients seem a very useful guide to their management.
Lastly, based on our relatively large, prospective study with tissue verification of the diagnosis, we make some suggestions as to the classification of headache in patients with pituitary disease ( Table 11 ). Currently, the International Headache Society classifies pituitary and hypothalamic headaches together ( Headache Classification Committee of The International Headache Society, 2004 ). In principle we do not see this as a way forward for research or indeed clinical practice. The disorders are different, the structures distinct and, given the rich phenotypic variation we have seen in pituitary tumour-related headache, it seems reasonable to split these. Given the implications of local involvement of the cavernous sinus from both a local treatment and headache presentation, we feel this should be specified for research and characterization. We suggest that requirement C is insufficient to deal with non-functioning adenomas, which made up nearly one-quarter of the cohort, and could easily present with a manifestation of the tumour, such as visual impairment, that is non-endocrine; thus our suggested amendment. For requirement D we are convinced by our series that the requirement of complete resolution of headache after surgical or indeed endocrine management is not uniformly useful. We have established that for most tumours the headache problem is unrelated to tumour size ( Levy et al., 2004 ), and so it seems appropriate that amelioration of headache after tumour treatment rather than resolution more completely captures the outcome; thus, we have altered section D. We invite centres with substantial throughput to consider these proposals and test them prior to the next edition of the headache classification.
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Either a functioning or non-functioning pituitary tumour is identified by biochemical testing or appropriate brain imaging
(i) with cavernous sinus involvement
(ii) without cavernous sinus involvement
C
Headache develops in close temporal proximity to endocrine abnormality or with symptoms attributable to pituitary disease, such as visual loss
D
Headache resolves, or there is marked improvement, within 3 months after surgical resection, or specific and effective medical therapy
In summary, we have described the headache characteristics observed in 84 patients with pituitary tumour-associated headache. We did not find the presence of cavernous sinus invasion and large tumour size to be a prerequisite for headache. Functioning tumours presented with the most headache-related disability, and the dopamine–prolactin and growth hormone axes were exclusively associated with SUNCT. The majority of cases of pituitary-associated headache presented with migraine, although a wide spectrum of headache presentations was observed. We have found the current classification system good but provide suggestions based on our data for a revision. From a clinical perspective, pituitary-associated headache appears to be a management problem both before and after treatment of the pituitary tumour. From an academic perspective, this subject may represent an interesting opportunity to understand the relative roles of the cavernous sinus and the hypothalamo-pituitary axis in headache.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust.
© The Author (2005). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: [email protected]
References
↵
Abe T, Matsumoto K, Kuwazawa J, Toyoda I, Sasaki K. Headache associated with pituitary adenomas. Headache 1998; 38: 782–6.
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BCG is an inoculation against what? | Pituitary headache | ACNR | Online Neurology Journal
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The ready access to brain imaging has resulted in an increased detection of incidentally discovered pituitary lesions. Radiological and post mortem studies report the prevalence of pituitary incidentalomas to be as high as 10%.1 Exclusion of secondary headache is a frequent clinical indication for brain imaging. It is therefore not uncommon to be faced with a patient with both headache and a pituitary abnormality. The clinician must decide if the pituitary lesion is of any relevance to headache or a purely incidental finding. The aim of this article is to review the association between pituitary tumours and headache, and to suggest a pragmatic approach to investigation and management.
Mechanism of headache in pituitary tumours
Pituitary tumours come to clinical attention as a result of their endocrine activity, the physical consequences of the lesion, or both. Whilst visual loss and hypopituitarism are clearly a result of compression of local structures, it is not clear if headache is a purely physical phenomenon. The traditional explanation of headache in pituitary tumours is dural stretch, but there is little evidence of an association between tumour size and headache.2 Large pituitary lesions can present with no headache at all (Figure 1), whilst small secretory micro-adenomas (<1 cm) may cause debilitating headache (Figure 2). Therefore, whilst headache is undoubtedly common in pituitary tumours, with a prevalence of 30-70%,3,4 the mechanism is far from clear.
The cavernous sinus contains the first and second branches of the trigeminal nerve and the internal carotid artery, which are potentially significant structures as regards headache (Figure 3). Despite this, prospective studies have shown no relationship between ipsilateral cavernous sinus invasion and headache.2,5 This further suggests that physical mechanisms are not a satisfactory explanation for pituitary headache. Despite these negative studies, the cavernous sinus cannot be completely dismissed as some pituitary tumour patients have cavernous sinus disease with severe ipsilateral headache.6 Headache with ipsilateral cavernous sinus invasion may have pronounced cranial autonomic features, which can dramatically improve after medical or surgical treatment.7-9 There are several reports of patients with macroprolactinomas invading the cavernous sinus presenting with ipsilateral refractory headache, which resolves within days of dopamine agonist treatment.7-9 Pituitary apoplexy is a specific situation whereby an acute vascular event within a pre-existing pituitary tumour gives rise to severe headache and diplopia. The mechanism of pain and cranial nerve palsy in apoplexy is probably via irritation of the 5th nerve, and 3rd, 4th and 6th nerves respectively.
There is no doubt that endocrine activity of the tumour can be relevant to pituitary headache. Acromegaly commonly has headache as an early feature, and this can be a useful clinical marker of disease activity. Somatostatin analogues, commonly used in the medical management of acromegaly, can have an immediate analgesic effect on headache. Interestingly, the control of headache and growth hormone (GH) suppression do not always go hand in hand, suggesting that the mechanism of somatostatin analgesia is not directly related to GH per se.10 It is hypothesised that pituitary headache may be caused by the secretion of an un-measured pro-nociceptive peptide that is suppressed by somatostatin. Prolactinoma and TSHoma patients may be associated with headache that is reproducibly aborted by somatostatin, supporting the idea of a hitherto unidentified pain-producing peptide being actively secreted in pituitary tumours.11
The hypothalamo-pituitary axis is known to be an important anatomical area in the pathophysiology of primary Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalgias (TACs). Functional imaging studies (fMRI and PET) demonstrate ipsilateral hypothalamic and cavernous sinus activation.12 Pituitary tumours have a higher prevalence of TACs than the general population,6 re-enforcing the view that this part of the brain is important in headache.
The genetic susceptibility of patients to headache may be as significant as tumour properties per se. A family history of headache is a predictive associative factor for pituitary headache.6 Therefore pituitary headache is likely to be a heterogeneous phenomenon dependent on the biochemical and physical characteristics of the tumour, as well as the genetic susceptibility of the patient to headache.
Pituitary incidentaloma
When an incidental pituitary lesion is discovered, it is important to rule out clinical signs of endocrine disease. Women should be asked about hyperprolactinaemic symptoms, including menstrual irregularity, fertility problems and galactorrhoea. Clinical signs of acromegaly and Cushing’s syndrome should be looked for. In early acromegaly subtle soft tissue signs may be present including carpal tunnel syndrome, increased snoring due to palatal oedema, and mild facial changes. Old photographs or previous self-images on mobile phones are useful to look for changes in appearance that patients and their families may not have recognised. In suspected Cushing’s syndrome, the presence of bruising and thinning of skin are particularly useful discriminatory features.
Serum prolactin is the most cost effective single test for a pituitary incidentaloma, a level > 1000 miU/L usually signifying a prolactinoma if no other causes of hyperprolactinaemia are found.13 In suspected acromegaly, a random GH and IGF-1 level is useful, although a formal OGTT with failure to suppress GH confirms the diagnosis. Assessment of thyroid status with fT4 and TSH will exclude TSH deficiency (low T4 with low or normal TSH) and TSHoma (high T4 and non-suppressed TSH). Screening tests for Cushing’s syndrome include 24h Urine Free Cortisol, overnight Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST) or formal low dose DST, and are only needed if clinically indicated.
Clinical Features of Pituitary Headache
The International Headache Society (I.H.S) Headache Classification System allows the clinician to formally classify headache attributed to hypothalamic or pituitary hyper- or hypo-secretion (I.H.S 7.4.4). It is useful to biologically phenotype the headache, because appropriate headache treatment will often lead to clinical response without the need to treat the pituitary lesion per se. The commonest headache phenotype in patients with pituitary tumours is chronic migraine.6 It is likely that the endocrine changes caused by a pituitary lesion trigger migraine in a predisposed individual. This is particularly common in young women with micro-prolactinoma, the same demographic as those predisposed to migraine. Hyperprolactinaemia commonly causes exacerbation of migraine via alteration in female hormones, rather than as result of any mass effect. The full range of TACs has been described in association with pituitary tumours, including cluster headache, SUNA, paroxysmal hemicrania and hemicrania continua, at a higher prevalence than the general population.4,6 TACs occur with small and large, non-functioning and functioning pituitary tumours and the precise mechanism is unclear. A sub-group of patients have headache that can only classified under I.H.S 7.4.4 and we have suggested modification of this to include the presence or absence of cavernous sinus invasion.6 Future studies are required to determine which specific clinical features are exclusive to pituitary tumours.
Management Approach
The clinician must always consider that the pituitary lesion is incidental to headache. Standard pharmacological prophylactic or abortive headache treatment often leads to improvement in symptoms. If there are signs of endocrine excess, the pituitary lesion should be treated conventionally. Normalisation of endocrine status may lead to resolution of headache without the need for specific headache treatment. Dopamine agonist treatment of prolactinoma will usually lead to improvement of associated headaches. In acromegaly, surgical or medical treatment will often lead to abolition of headache, although somatostatin analogue over-use should be avoided.14 Surgical treatment of macro-adenoma will lead to improvement in headache in nearly 50% of patients.6 A difficult problem can be the patient with a pituitary macro-adenoma who presents with troublesome headache and ipsilateral cavernous sinus invasion. In this situation, headache should not be the sole indication for surgery, as there is no guarantee of resolution of symptoms. The usual indications for hypophysectomy are visual loss as well as endocrine control of the tumour. The American Endocrine Society lists unremitting headache as a relative indication for surgery,13 but it should be made clear to the patient that headache may not resolve post-operatively. Tumours that invade the cavernous sinus are relatively inaccessible surgically, even with the recent development of endoscopic surgery. Post-operative residual cavernous sinus disease should be managed in a multi-disciplinary setting both by the pituitary team and a dedicated pain or headache specialist. Potential therapeutic options include treatment of the tumour bulk itself with external beam or gamma knife radiotherapy, and specific management of the pain with the use of drugs or specific interventions to down-regulate trigemino-vascular pathway.
Summary
Pituitary tumours commonly present with headache and it is useful for the clinician to have a system for dealing with this problem. Full assessment of the headache phenotype as well as clinical and biochemical characterisation of the pituitary lesion are important to drive appropriate management. From an academic perspective, pituitary tumours may give interesting new insights into the pathophysiology of headache, and there is merit in studying this area more extensively.
Scangas GA, Laws ER Jr. Pituitary incidentalomas. Pituitary. 2014;17(5):486-91.
Levy MJ, Jäger HR, Powell M et al. Pituitary Volume and headache: size is not everything. Arch Neurol 2004;61:721-5.
Dimpoulou C, Athanasoulia AP, Hanisch E, et al. The clinical characteristics of pain in patients with pituitary adenomas. Eur J Endocrinol 2014;171:581-91.
Levy MJ. The Association of Pituitary Tumours and Headache. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2011; 11:164-170.
Abe T, Matsumoto K, Kuwazawa J et al. Headache associated with pituitary adenomas. Headache 1998;38:782-6.
Levy MJ, Matharu MS, Meeran K et al. The clinical characteristics of headache in patients with pituitary tumours. Brain 2005;128(8):1921-30.
Levy MJ, Robertson I, Howlett TA. Cluster headache secondary to macroprolactinoma with ispilateral cavernous sinus invasion. Case Rep Neurol Med 2012.
Matharu MS, Levy MJ, Merry RT, Goadsby PJ. SUNCT syndrome secondary to prolactinoma. Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74(11):1590-2.
Levy MJ, Matharu MS, Goadsby PJ. Prolactinomas, dopamine agonists and headache: two case reports. Eur J Neurol 2003;10(2):169-73.
Levy MJ, Bejon P, Barakat M, Goadsby PJ, Meeran K. Acromegaly: a unique human headache model. Headache 2003;43(7):794-7.
Williams G, Ball J,Lawson RA, Joplin GF, Bloom SR, Maskill MR. Analgesic effect of somatostatin analogue (octreotide) in headache associated with pituitary tumours. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987;295:247-8.
May A, Bahra A, Buchel C, Frackowiak RS, Goadsby PJ. Hypothalamic activation in cluster headache attacks. Lancet 1998;352(9124):275-8.
U.S Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline 2011. Pituitary Incidentaloma.
May A, Lederbogen S, Diener HC. Octreotide dependency and headache: a case report. Cephalalgia. 1994;14:303-4.
ACNR 2015;15(3):10-11. Online 02/09/2015
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Which creature is considered to be the natural host of the Ebola virus? | About Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever| Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever | CDC
Ebola Virus Ecology and Transmission
Ebola, previously known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a rare and deadly disease caused by infection with one of the Ebola virus species. Ebola can cause disease in humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees).
Ebola is caused by infection with a virus of the family Filoviridae , genus Ebolavirus. There are five identified Ebola virus species, four of which are known to cause disease in humans: Ebola virus (Zaire ebolavirus); Sudan virus (Sudan ebolavirus); Taï Forest virus (Taï Forest ebolavirus, formerly Côte d’Ivoire ebolavirus); and Bundibugyo virus (Bundibugyo ebolavirus). The fifth, Reston virus (Reston ebolavirus), has caused disease in nonhuman primates, but not in humans.
Ebola viruses are found in several African countries. Ebola was first discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Since then, outbreaks have appeared sporadically in Africa.
The natural reservoir host of Ebola virus remains unknown. However, on the basis of evidence and the nature of similar viruses, researchers believe that the virus is animal-borne and that bats are the most likely reservoir. Four of the five virus strains occur in an animal host native to Africa.
People get Ebola through direct contact (through broken skin or mucous membranes in, for example, the eyes, nose, or mouth) with
blood or body fluids (including but not limited to urine, saliva, sweat, feces, vomit, breast milk, and semen) of a person who is sick with or has died from Ebola,
objects (like needles and syringes) that have been contaminated with body fluids from a person who is sick with Ebola or the body of a person who has died from Ebola,
infected fruit bats or primates (apes and monkeys), and
possibly from contact with semen from a man who has recovered from Ebola (for example, by having oral, vaginal, or anal sex)
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The Gambia is entirely surrounded by which other African country? | All you need to know about Ebola
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All you need to know about Ebola
Ebola is one of the most contagious viral diseases known. The virus has currently spread in Guinea and Liberia in West Africa.
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All you need to know about Ebola
Ebola virus rapidly spreading through Guinea
Ebola, one of the world's most deadly viruses, has spread from a remote corner of southern Guinea to neighboring Liberia. Several suspected cases have also been reported in Mali.
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Janet Loehrke, Tory Hargro and Anne Carey, USA TODAY
USA Today Network Jessica Durando , USA TODAY Published 8:55 a.m. ET April 7, 2014 | Updated 1:07 p.m. ET April 7, 2014
Staff of the 'Doctors without Borders' medical aid organization carry the body of a person killed by fever, at a center for victims of the Ebola virus on April 1.
(Photo: Seyllou, AFP/Getty Images)
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Ebola is one of the most deadly viral diseases known. Cases have been confirmed in Guinea and Liberia in West Africa. Here is what you need to know about the disease:
1. What is the Ebola virus disease?
The Ebola virus causes Ebola virus disease in people. Up to 90% of people who contract Ebola die. Outbreaks primarily occur in remote villages in Central and West Africa near rainforests.
MORE: As Ebola spreads in Africa, how worried should West be?
2. How does it spread?
Ebola is passed through close contact with bodily fluids, such as blood, saliva and sweat, of an infected person or animal.
Fruit bats are considered to be the natural host of the Ebola virus. The disease can incubate in people for up to 21 days before they show symptoms, but the infected person cannot pass on the disease during that period. The disease can be transmitted through sex, as well.
3. What are the symptoms?
Ebola virus disease often is accompanied by a sudden fever, intense weakness, muscle pain, headache and sore throat. People also experience vomiting, diarrhea, rash, impaired kidney and liver function and in some cases internal and external bleeding.
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Several west African countries geared up on Friday to tackle killer haemorraghic fevers including Ebola, which has claimed more than 80 lives in Guinea and just seen suspect cases emerge in Mali, after Liberia and Sierra Leone. Duration: 01:14 Newslook
4. How can it be prevented?
The is no vaccine against it and there is no known cure. Several vaccines are being tested.
5. Who is most at risk?
Many who get infected are health workers caring for the sick.
6. What are the origins of Ebola virus?
The Ebola virus was first discovered in two outbreaks in Congo — then known as Zaire — and Nzara, Sudan, in 1976.
Sources: USA TODAY research; World Health Organization
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Which body of water represents the lowest point below sea level in Europe? | The World's Lowest Points by Continets | Mother Trip - Nature Pictures, Travel Destinations and Photos
Posted by admin in Featured Articles on 01 2nd, 2010 | 2 responses
The following list represent the seven continents with their lowest points on land, sorted in decreasing points.
7. Australia – Lake Eyre -15 m (-49 ft)
Lake Eyre is the lowest point in Australia, at approximately 15 m (49 ft) below sea level, and, on the rare occasions that it fills, it is the largest lake in Australia. It is the focal point of the vast Lake Eyre Basin and is found some 700 km (435 mi) north of Adelaide.
6. Europe – Caspian Sea -28 m (-92 ft)
The Caspian Sea is the lowest point in Europe, at approximately 28 m (?92 ft) below sea level , and the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the world’s largest lake or a full-fledged sea. The sea has a surface area of 371,000 square kilometres (143,244 sq mi) and a volume of 78,200 cubic kilometres (18,761 cu mi). It is in an endorheic basin (it has no outflows) and is bounded by northern Iran, southern Russia, western Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, and eastern Azerbaijan. It has a maximum depth of about 1,025 metres (3,363 ft).
5. South America – Laguna del Carbón 105 m (-344 ft)
Laguna del Carbón is an endorheic salt lake in the Gran Bajo de San Julián (Great San Julián Depression) of Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, 54 km from Puerto San Julián. At 105 metres (340 ft) below sea level, it is the lowest point of South America . As in several other locations in Patagonia, dinosaur fossils have been found in the area
4. Africa – Lake Assal -155 m (-509 ft)
Lake Assal is a crater lake in central Djibouti, located at the southern border of Tadjoura Region. It lies 155 m (509 ft) below sea level in the Afar Depression and its shores comprise the lowest point on land in Africa and the second lowest land depression on Earth after the Dead Sea. It measures 19 by 7 km (4.3 mi) and has an area of 54 km2 (21 sq mi). The maximum depth is 40 m (130 ft), whereas the mean depth is 7.4 m (24 ft), which makes for a water volume of 400 million cubic metres (320,000 acre·ft). The catchment area measures 900 km2 (350 sq mi), and there is just a residual runoff of fresh water into the lake
3. Asia – Dead Sea -422 m (?1,385 ft)
The Dead Sea also called the Salt Sea, is a salt lake in Jordan to the east and in the West Bank and Israel to the west. Its surface and shores are 422 metres (1,385 ft) below sea level, the lowest elevation on the Earth’s surface on dry land. The Dead Sea is 378 m (1,240 ft) deep, the deepest hypersaline lake in the world. It is also one of the world’s saltiest bodies of water, with 33.7% salinity. It have a higher salinity. It is 8.6 times more salty than the ocean. This salinity makes for a harsh environment where animals cannot flourish, hence its name. The Dead Sea is 67 kilometres (42 mi) long and 18 kilometres (11 mi) wide at its widest point. It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its main tributary is the Jordan River.
2. North America – Jakobshavn Isbræ -1,512m (-4.960 ft)
Jakobshavn Isbræ drains 6.5% of the Greenland ice sheet and produces around 10% of all Greenland icebergs. Some 35 billion tonnes of icebergs calve off and pass out of the fjord every year. Icebergs breaking from the glacier are often so large (up to a kilometer in height) that they are too tall to float down the fjord and lie stuck on the bottom of its shallower areas, sometimes for years, until they are broken up by the force of the glacier and icebergs further up the fjord. Studied for over 250 years, Jakobshavn Isbræ has helped develop our understanding of climate change and icecap glaciology.
1. Antarctica – Bentley Subglacial Trench -2,555 meters (-8,327 ft)
The Bentley Subglacial Trench is a vast trench in Antarctica. At 2,555 meters (8,327 ft) below sea level, it is the lowest point on the surface of the earth not covered by ocean, although it is covered by ice. Most people do not count it as the lowest point on land, since the ice makes it essentially subterranean. Also, if the ice melted, the area would be under water. The trench’s size is similar to that of Mexico.
The trench was named after Charles Bentley in 1961, who was the geophysicist and led the scientific expedition in Antarctica in 1957-58 that led to its discovery.
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In which state is the USA’s highest mountain? | World Physical Map | Physical map of the World
Physical Map of the World
Physical Map of World
World Physical Map
Physical map of the World is a graphic representation of the Earth's contours and the main features of the earth's surface, known as topography.
Description:Physical map of world for free download and use.
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World Time Zone Map
Landforms are the natural physical features on the Earth’s surface, including the continents and mountain ranges. Landforms are shaped by the movement of the earth, some are shaped by the actions of wind, water, ice, and fire and some are shaped by the actions of human beings and animals, like channels.
The sizes and shapes of landforms vary across the earth. The highest elevation in the world is the peak of Mount Everest (8,850 meters or 29,029 feet above sea level) in the Himalayan Range, and the lowest point is the Dead Sea (-424 meters or -1,391 feet below sea level). The lowest point on the Earth's surface including land and sea is thought to be in the Mariana trench in the Western Pacific Ocean, extending from southeast of Guam to the east side of the Mariana Islands, at about 10,971 meters or 35,994 feet below sea level.
Major topographical features of the world:
Mountains
Mountains are steep peaks and ridges, created by tremendous forces in the earth over a long period of time. Mountains are found more commonly in oceans than on land; some islands are the peaks of mountains under the water. Mountains are formed by volcanic activity, erosion, and disturbances in the Earth's crust. Mountains are one of the most prominent of the Earth's landforms. Some of the world's greatest mountain ranges are the Rockies and the Appalachians in North America, the Andes in South America, the Atlas Mountains and Drakensberge Mountain Range in Africa, the Alps and the Carpathian Mountains in Europe, the Urals and Caucasus in Eurasia, the Himalayas, Elburz, Altay, Kunlun and the Zagros mountain ranges in Asia, and the Great Dividing Range in Australia. Some of the most prominent highlands are Guiana Highlands and the Brazilian Highlands in South America, the Ethiopian Highlands in Africa, and the Western and Eastern Ghats in India.
Plateaus
A plateau, also known as a tableland, is a landform characterized by flat land at a higher elevation in comparison to surrounding lands. Folding and faulting of the Earth's crust, volcanic activity, extrusion of lava and erosion by wind, glaciers, and water form plateaus. Some of the most famous plateaus of the world are the Mexican Plateau, Tibetan Plateau, Central Siberian Plateau, and the Kimberley Plateau in Australia.
Plains
Plains are broad, level stretches of land that have no significant changes in elevation. Plains are generally lower than the land around them and may be found along a coast or inland. Some major plains and river valleys on the earth's surface include the Great Plains and the Coastal Plain of North America, the Northern European Plains, the West Siberian Plain, the Indus Valley, the Gangetic Plain and the Brahmaputra Valley in India, the North China Plain, and the Nullarbor Plain in Australia.
Deserts
A desert is a vast land area that is extremely dry with little or no vegetation. Some definitions of a desert also include areas that are too cold to support any vegetation such as frigid or polar areas. Deserts typically have a high amount of mineral resources. Some of the world's largest deserts include the Sahara, Kalahari and Namib deserts in Africa, the Arabian Desert, the Thar Desert, the Gobi Desert and the Takla Makan Desert in Asia, the Sonoran Desert in North America, the Atacama Desert in South America, and the Simpson Desert and the Great Sandy Desert in Australia. Beside the above mention landforms valleys, lowlands, hills etc. are also other major physical features of the world.
Bodies of Water
Oceans and Seas: The Earth's oceans and seas include the Pacific Ocean, encompassing the Bering Sea, the Sea of Okhotsk, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, and the South China Sea; the Atlantic Ocean, encompassing the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the Baffin Bay, the Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Black Sea; and the Indian Ocean encompassing the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Arabian Sea, the Andaman Sea, the Bay of Bengal, the Gulf of Aden, the Gulf of Oman, and the Great Australian Bight.
Rivers and Lakes: The main accessible sources of fresh water on the Earth's surface are the rivers and the lakes. Some of the most important rivers in the world include the Mississippi and the Missouri in North America, the Amazon and the Orinoco in South America, the Nile, Niger, Congo and the Zambezi in Africa, the Danube, Dniester, Dnieper, and the Volga in Europe, the Euphrates, Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra, Hwang Ho, Yangtse Kiang, Amur, and the Mekong in Asia, and the Murray and Darling Rivers in Australia.
The prominent lakes and inland seas featured on the physical map of the world include the Great Lakes of the USA and Canada like Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Superior, Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, Lake Titicaca in South America, Lake Chad, Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika and Lake Malawi in Africa, the Black Sea in Europe, the Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal in Asia and Lake Eyre in Australia.
ACOD~20120806
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Which English town/city did the Romans call Camulodonum? | BBC - History - Ancient History in depth: Roman Colchester: Britain's First City
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Pre-Roman Colchester
It is very difficult to represent pre-Roman Colchester, because the site was so nebulous. The best physical indications of it are the Gosbecks dykes, of which the most impressive is Grym's Dyke; but even these just look like big, overgrown ditches. There are some nice burial goods from the Lexden Tumulus (itself less than impressive), and it is possible to see the outline of Cunobelin's farmstead in crop marks.
...after a botched attempt in 55...Caesar returned to finish the job in 54 BC.
Colchester was called Camulodunum, which is a Romanisation of its Iron-Age name: the Fortress (-dunum) of Camulos, God of War. The original site of the Iron-Age settlement was some 3 miles south-west of the current city at Gosbecks. There, a sprawling Iron-Age farmstead was established, covering a roughly triangular area of approximately 10 miles which was surrounded by rivers on two sides and a complicated system of dykes on its open western end. It is these dykes which are the only real vestiges of the settlement today, forming great,sunken lanes in the flat Essex countryside.
The Trinovantes and Catuvellauni
Camulodunum was a hugely important site in pre-Roman times. It was most likely the royal stronghold of the Trinovantes, on whose behalf Julius Caesar invaded in 55 and 54 BC. At this time, the Catuvellauni under their king Cassivellaunus were spreading their authority as southern Britain's largest tribe across the south-eastern counties. It seems that Cassivellaunus invaded Trinovantian territory and murdered its king, whose son, Mandubracius, fled to Caesar for help.
This gave Caesar the excuse he was looking for to invade, and after a botched attempt in 55 (which even his own propaganda cannot quite disguise), Caesar returned to finish the job in 54 BC. He chased Cassivellaunus back to his stronghold, which he stormed from two sides, forcing Cassivellaunus to flee and come to terms.
A modern day Celtic couple © It is a moot point where this encampment was. Our best guess is Wheathamstead, Herts, but it is possible (though I do not think probable) that Cassivellaunus had transferred his capital to Camulodunum. Part of the problem is one of dating, since we do not know when Camulodunum came into Catuvellaunian hands. Our best dating criteria are by coins, but the earliest coins in the area are for the Catuvellaunian king, Tasciovanus, who ruled c.25-15 BC. By c.AD 10, Cunobelin the nephew of Cassivellaunus, had taken over the area and his coinage reflects this.
The last Trinovantian king was called Addedomaros. It is possible that his remains are buried in the Lexden Tumulus, close to Gosbecks. The king who was buried here had been ritually burned along with his goods, which were a mixture of Celtic and Roman ornaments. Among them were the fragments of a small casket, within which was a medallion bearing the head of the Emperor Augustus.
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The Claudian invasion
A gravestone commemorating a centurion of the 20th Legion, dating from before AD 60. © When Claudius became Roman emperor in AD 41, he understood that in order to survive he needed a triumph. He used the appeal of the British chieftain, Verica, as his excuse for action. Verica was a king of the Atrebates who had been driven out by Cunobelin's successor, Caratacus. The Roman legions under Aulus Plautius landed at Richborough, surprised the British army at the River Medway and pushed Caratacus back to his stronghold at Camulodunum (Colchester).
Camulodunum was of immense strategic importance...
There, Plautius waited for the Emperor Claudius to arrive from Rome, bringing additional troops including a force of elephants with him. Claudius himself led the final storming of the Catuvellauni stronghold, which went very like Caesar's earlier assault. Caratacus and his followers escaped in their chariots from the back of the fort and went on the run. He was eventually betrayed by Queen Cartimandua of the Brigantes and handed over to Rome, to be paraded in chains through Rome.
Gravestone of a centurion © As the royal stronghold of the major tribe in the south-east, Camulodunum was of immense strategic importance, which is why a legionary fortress was immediately begun on an spur of flat land nearby. Britain had never seen anything like it. Vast quantities of timber, sand, gravel and clay were brought from the surrounding area to create a huge, regimented settlement completely unlike the sprawling hill-forts the Britons were used to. For the first time, bricks and mortar were used in Britain to create buildings which we would not find unfamiliar today.
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Britain's first city
Gladiators on a vase from Colchester. The gladiator holding up his finger is asking for mercy. © Even before it was complete, the function of the fortress had been changed. The conquest of Britain had moved on and instead of a military base, what Rome needed now was a colony. The Roman word colonia was a specific term for a planned town inhabited by military veterans. They would be allocated plots of land within the bounds of the settlement in order to establish a Roman presence within the conquered area.
This is what the Roman fortress of Camulodunum was turned into. It became Britain's first-ever city. Doing this, the Romans quite literally brought civilisation to Britain, as the word derives from the Roman word civitas, meaning 'city'. The city of Colonia Victricensis (The City of Victory) was deliberately placed within the bounds of the Roman fortress, using its street plan and converting the barrack blocks into houses.
...a monumental arch was built, commemorating the Claudian conquest of Britain.
In place of the military gate at the western entrance to the fort, a monumental arch was built, commemorating the Claudian conquest of Britain. Later, when the city acquired walls, this was incorporated into the western gate of the city and though nothing of the actual arch now remains, what is left of the gate and its walls still stand at the Balkerne Gate.
Similar monuments were erected in Rome, Gaul and at Aphrodisias in Turkey. Some fragments of these survive and because the Romans used the same formula for their monuments all over the empire, it is possible to use these to reconstruct pretty accurately what this arch and gate would have looked like. The inscription will have read:
'To Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, son of Drusus, Pontifex Maximus, with Tribunician Power for the eleventh time, Consul 5 times, hailed as Imperator 22 times, Censor, Father of his Country, the senate and people of Rome grant this because he received the surrender of 11 kings of the Britons conquered without loss, and he first brought the barbarian peoples across the Ocean under the authority of the Roman people'.
A copy of the head of Claudius © The annexe of the old fortress was converted into the precinct for a monumental Temple to the imperial cult. Today the site is occupied by a Norman castle, built directly onto the foundations of the old temple out of re-used Roman stone. However, it is possible to see what the original temple precinct must have looked like by going to Nimes, where the Maison Carée still stands, surrounded by colonnades. Once again, nothing like it had ever been seen in Britain before. Within the temple stood a life-size bronze statue of the Emperor Claudius, of which the head still survives.
The local tribal magnates were recruited into the temple cult, but the financial burden of running the temple and the arrogant maltreatment of the locals by the colonists was to cause resentment which boiled into the Boudiccan revolt.
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Devastation
At the time of the revolt, the Romans were so sure of their hold on East Anglia that the only troops in the area were 200 members of the procurator's guard. Even joined by the veteran colonists, these were woefully inadequate to stop the tribal tide that descended upon an undefended Colchester. Tacitus says that: 'It seemed easy to destroy the settlement; for it had no walls. That was a matter which Roman commanders, thinking of amenities rather than needs, had neglected.' (Annals xiv.30), and the archaeological record confirms that the walls of the legionary fortress had been filled in to make way for the temple precinct and other amenities.
Terror in the temple
It was to this precinct that the survivors of the attack retreated, barricading themselves into the inner sanctuary of the temple, which was burned to the ground with them in it. It is possible today to huddle inside the foundations of that temple and envisage those last hours: men, women and children crammed within a dark space like this, waiting in terror for relief that never came, as they listened to thousands of bloodthirsty Britons destroying their town outside.
Eventually they could smell the choking smoke and feel the crackling flames that spelled the end. The temple was burned to the ground. Only the foundations survive. The cult statue of Claudius that stood within it was smashed to pieces, and its head was discovered a few years ago in the River Alde a few miles from the town.
Archaeological evidence
The entire town was burned to the ground, leaving a black destruction layer and rubble in the soil.
There is evidence of this destruction throughout the town, though it can only be accessed through rostrum pics from the archaeological excavations and a few remains. The entire town was burned to the ground, leaving a black destruction layer and rubble in the soil. In some places, like Lion Walk, more tangible evidence of this destruction has survived. From a house in this site, the burned remains of a couch was recovered, its carbonised upholstery still intact. In the same house, a bowl of carbonised dates (and one plum) were also recovered. Each of these is a remarkable preservation of organic materials which do not usually survive.
Interestingly, with the single exception of a charred skeleton from North Hill, no human remains unequivocally linked to the Boudiccan Revolt have been recovered. This may be because the townsfolk fled or were taken elsewhere to be massacred (Dio paints a chilling picture of mass sacrifices in sacred groves: Dio LXXII), though in my opinion nobody ever takes into account the clean-up operation that must have occurred afterwards.
On a more speculative note, the skulls and incomplete remains of six men were found in the legionary ditch at the Balkerne gate. Two of the skulls show evidence of wounds inflicted to the back of the head, one of which was hit a couple of times by poorly-aimed blows intended to sever the neck. These are invariably interpreted as executions, and I would not argue with that. However, since other evidence shows an arm chopped off above the elbow, I wonder whether these might be remains from the revolt, rather than the judicial executions they are usually thought to be?
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A new city
Roman artefacts found at Colchester © The ephemeral nature of the Boudiccan Revolt is evidenced by the speed with which the city rose from its ashes. By AD 65 it was surrounded by a newly built city wall. However, the Roman administration took this opportunity to move the capital south to the better-placed Londinium.
...the remains of Roman Colchester's buildings are completely hidden...
Since it is so built-up, the remains of Roman Colchester's buildings are completely hidden, though you can still see the shape of the Roman town in the lines of its walls and main streets. The best example of a Roman town is Wroxeter, where the undisturbed remains of the Roman city of Viriconium have been painstakingly excavated by Birmingham University. The foundations of its forum and bath-house now form an English Heritage monument, and it is possible to see the layout of the whole site from the air. The best Roman bath-house site is of course the Temple of Aquae-Sulis at Bath.
Comic figurines © For Roman villa life, we should go to Bignor, which is in my opinion the most impressive Roman villa site in Britain. Much of its walls survive, as well as an impressive collection of mosaics. From all of these sites there is a wealth of artefacts with which to illustrate the minutiae of Roman life. One of my favourites is the little set of comic figurines from a child's grave in Colchester. These depict a Roman dining party, with reclining figures, servants and even couches and chairs on which to put the figures.
By AD 200, Colchester itself was a modestly wealthy town. Its inhabitants could afford large, well-appointed town houses, whilst the wealthiest lived outside the towns in country villas. However, by the fourth century, most Roman towns were shrinking as those who could afford to do so shirked their civic responsibilities by living in ever more elaborate villa sites outside the city walls.
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After the Romans
Colchester Castle © Both the sub-Roman Britons and the invading Anglo-Saxons were desperate to maintain some semblance of Roman civilisation - after all, this is precisely what made the empire so attractive to the barbarians - but the former no longer had the power and the latter did not have the experience to make it work. If Gildas is to be believed, the sub-Roman aristocracy refused to co-operate with the barbarian invaders and withdrew into Wales, whilst the Anglo-Saxons occupied the old Roman sites. Without the infrastructure of the Roman imperial machine in place to run the show, Roman civilisation could not be maintained, and the safest place to be was behind the walls of re-used hill forts and the abandoned towns.
...it became impossible to maintain any semblance of civil life...
This is what happened to Colchester. Anglo-Saxon settlers moved in and established grubenhauser style huts on the remnants of the Roman city almost immediately. At Lion Walk, a fifth-century hut like those found at West Stow in Suffolk was built directly on top of an abandoned Romano-British house soon after its abandonment. We can imagine the old sub-Roman population gradually moving out as it became impossible to maintain any semblance of civil life; the uncared for buildings eroding and the new settlers moving within the protection of the city walls to set up house on top of the rubble - all within a generation.
They even used the same street plan, so that the High Street of modern Colchester still runs along the route of the Via Praetoria of the old Roman fort, with Head Street and North Hill forming a T-junction at one end along the line of the Via Principalis.
Yet just because civil life had to be abandoned, it does not mean that everyone moved out of the cities completely. There is not enough evidence to say anything much about Colchester but in Wroxeter, there is good evidence that the bath-house was still being used as a public space throughout the fifth century. Though it had ceased in its original function, its ceiling was deliberately dismantled and used to create a tiled square some time between 490 and 550. After that, a Roman-style winged building was erected inside the shell and remained in use for at least 75 years. This means that people were living a recognisably Roman style of life in Wroxeter well into the seventh century.
As the new settlers became more sophisticated in their building techniques, they began to erect public buildings out of the rubble that was lying all around them. Colchester has several outstanding examples of this practice, the most significant of which is Holy Trinity Church. Built fairly late, during the eleventh century, it is made entirely out of re-used Roman stone: the perfect example of an Anglicised Roman institution (the Church) built out of the rubble of Roman Britain.
Finally, Colchester Castle, founded by William the Conqueror himself, was built once again out of re-used Roman stone, and was deliberately placed around the base of the old Roman temple to give its foundations strength. This great monument to the last of Britain's conquerors was therefore placed directly on the spot where the first great monument to the conquest of Britain had been erected over 1,000 years before.
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Who had a 1985 UK hit with West End Girls? | Roman Britain
Roman Britain
Eburacum (or Eboracum) =York; Deva = Chester; Lindum = Lincoln; Camulodunum = Colchester; Londinium = London. [Lugdunum Batavorum = Leiden].
The Romans first invaded Britain in 55-54 BC.
The Roman Republic had been expanding
its territory by conquest for two centuries.
Military commanders and provincial governors amassed fortunes from the conquered peoples and then used their wealth and power to influence the political process back at Rome.
Julius Caesar acquired extraordinary resources by his conquest of Gaul; with these, he guaranteed the loyalty of his troops and bribed important Romans.
His actions were key to transforming the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire .
When some Gauls fled to Britain from Rome's armies, Caesar feared that they might use it as a base for a counterattack. He mounted two brief expeditions to Britain - in August 55BC and May 54BC. He defeated a small British army, and returned to Gaul.
Julius Caesar's great-nephew, the Emperor Augustus (27BC - 14AD) expanded Rome's boundaries in both Europe and Asia but then stopped for a period of consolidation [ See Map ].
Britain remained a possible target for conquest because of its wealth. An occasion arose when one of the candidates for the throne of the important Catuvellauni kingdom appealed to the Emperor Caligula (37-41 AD) for help.
Caligula was murdered in a military coup before the invasion could take place. His successor the Emperor Claudius (41-54 AD) - eager for military prestige - perhaps adopted Caligula's invasion plans as his own; he sent an army to Britain in 43 AD.
Claudius placed Aulus Plautius and Vespasian in charge of an army of c. 40,000 men. Claudius paid a brief visit to Britain (16 days), and - taking all the credit for the conquest - minted coins celebrating his victory, and named his son Britannicus.
Britain's part-time warriors were no match for the better trained and equipped Roman soldiers. British soldiers possessed no armor that was proof against the Roman pilum or javelin, nor had they an appropriate tactical response to the Roman legionaries' disciplined, close-order use of the short thrusting sword (gladius).
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Initially, Rome occupied only the South-East, but soon expanded North and West. Caratacus organized resistance in Wales, but this was suppressed by 60 AD.
In 61 AD, the western stronghold of Mona (today the Isle of Anglesey) was overcome.
"On the shore stood the opposing army with its dense array of armed warriors, while between the ranks dashed women, in black attire like the Furies, with hair dishevelled, waving brands. All around, the Druids, lifting up their hands to heaven, and pouring forth dreadful imprecations, scared our soldiers by the unfamiliar sight �"
[Cassius Dio, Roman History]
A major revolt broke out amongst the Iceni against Roman rule in 62. Led by the warrior-queen Boudica, the rebels destroyed the settlements at Londinium (London), Camulodunum (Colchester), and Verulamium (Saint Albans), before being defeated by the Roman Governor, Suetonius Paulinus.
About 70,000 civilians - mostly Britons - died in the revolt.
Boudica's revolt slowed the Romanization of Britain considerably.
Mosaic from Romano-British villa
Gnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93) became governor of Britain in 78. Under his rule, towns were expanded, fortresses built, and the road system started.
Roman expansion
Under Agricola, Roman influence was extended northwards. In 78 he defeated the Brigantes of Yorkshire -- who under their Queen Cartimandua had earlier been independent allies of Rome.
Agricola marched as far north as the Grampians in (what is today) northern Scotland, and somewhere near them defeated the Caledonians (who outnumbered the Romans 3 to 1) at the Battle of Mons Graupius (83 AD) (Much later, "Graupius" was mis-read as "Grampius" - erroneously giving rise to the term "Grampian mountains" or "Grampians").
Too successful for the tastes of the proud and suspicious Emperor Domitian (51-96), Agricola was suddenly recalled in 85.
Pari arrogantia, cum procuratorum suorum nomine formalem dictaret epistulam, sic coepit: "Dominus et deus noster hoc fieri iubet. Unde institutum posthac, ut ne scripto quidem ac sermone cuiusquam appellaretur aliter."
With no less arrogance he [the emperor Domitian] began as follows in dictating a circular letter in the name of his procurators, "Our Lord and God bids that this be done." And so the custom arose of henceforth addressing him in no other way, even in writing or in conversation.
[Suetonius: Lives of the Caesars]
Domitian (51-96)
The need to station troops in other parts of the Empire led to the abandonment of the far north, and the northern limit of Roman Britain was established roughly where England now borders Scotland.
In 122, the Emperor Hadrian visited Britain, and at about the same time the construction of Hadrian's Wall began.
Hadrian's Wall was about 15 feet high, 10 feet wide and stretched for 73 miles. Built mainly of stone, there were also deep ditches on both sides to make approach difficult.
Soldiers were positioned in turrets and castles along the length of the Wall,
Hadrian's Wall
Hadrian's policies aimed at consolidating the Empire within existing borders, but his successor, Antoninus Pius was more expansionist. Rome reoccupied the Scottish lowlands and a new wall was built in 140-143. It was constructed largely of turf and extended about 37 miles from the Firth of Forth to the Firth of Clyde.
The Romans soon retreated and within half a century, Hadrian's Wall once again marked the northern limit of Empire.
Not far from Hadrian's Wall was the fort of Vindolanda, where excavations have unearthed many important discoveries, including wooden leaf-tablets with writing by members of the Roman garrison, their families, and others. See index of the Vindolanda tablets.
Sources are poor, but evidence suggests that there was invasion from the North during the early 180's. In its aftermath, many Northern British cities built walls for their protection.
Clodius Albinus
In 195, civil war erupted between two candidates for the job of emperor, Clodius Albinus and Septimius Severus.
The British legions fought for Clodius Albinus, but were defeated in Gaul by Septimius Severus.
Septimius Severus
The Caledonii and Maeatae tribes gave so much trouble in the North that Septimius Severus came to Britain to direct their suppression.
Severus brought with him his wife, Julia Domna and his two refractory sons, Caracalla and Geta.
Severus died at York in 211, and his elder son, Caracalla, promptly set about trying to seize sole power. (Both returned to Rome, and Caracalla had Geta murdered there in December 211).
The written evidence for third century Britain is very poor, but archaeological evidence suggests that the country was prosperous and peaceful - for example, new villas were being built and elaborately decorated.
From 260 until 274, Britain was part of the breakaway "Gallic Empire" established by the usurper Postumus (?-269).
As well as Britain, the Gallic Empire included Spain and much of Gaul and Germany.
Britain under Rome
Rome invested considerable resources in the invasion and protection of Britain - its occupation required about 10% of the Roman army.
Permanent forts were linked by a network of level straight roads that allowed for easy redeployment of troops.
These roads also encouraged trade.
The substantial investment in garrisons and infrastructure was worthwhile because of Britain's agricultural and mineral wealth.
The Romans were mining silver in Britain as early as the 40s AD, and lead production was so plentiful that the Roman government limited British output to protect mines in Spain and Gaul. (Lead was used for plumbing fixtures and coffins).
Peace and trade led to the growth of cities:
Deva was founded in about 60 AD; it was a military base or castra and was later called Chester by the locals.
(Colchester and Gloucester carry the same reference to a camp/ castra in their names).
Eburacum (or Eboracum) was a fortress of the Ninth Legion; it was established about 78 AD. It later became the home of the Sixth Legion.
The Saxons corrupted the name to "Eoforwic", and the Vikings turned this into "Jorvik" which eventually became "York".
In the late 50s the Romans established another base at "Lindon," which they pronounced "Lindum." When a colony of veterans was established here, it became known as "Lindum Colonia," and eventually as Lincoln.
During the last quarter of the first century AD (75-100), cities expanded considerably - theatres, amphitheatres, public monuments, baths & market places were constructed. The Romans were efficient engineers who provided cities with good water supplies.
Urbanization went alongside Romanization. Public policy consciously aimed at persuading Britons to adopt the customs, dress and habits of Romans.
Another sign of wealth and Romanization was the construction of county villas. These comfortable, heated houses were usually within ten miles of a town.
The Second and Third Centuries AD were a time of general prosperity and the population of Roman Britain reached about 3.5 million by 400 AD.
The ocean protected Britain from the barbarian invasions that ravaged the Roman provinces of Gaul during the 3rd Century.
Governor of Britain,185-187, and Roman Emperor, 192-193.
The head of civil and military government in Britain was a legatus or governor, but his actions were monitored by a procurator, who collected taxes and managed the emperors' personal assets.
During the 3rd Century, Britain was divided into two provinces - Superior (Upper) and Inferior (Lower) Britannia.
The army was important as an engine of social mobility and often intervened in politics. Emperors had to be very careful to keep the army occupied and satisfied. (It is possible that Hadrian's Wall was partly constructed in order to keep the army from making mischief). However, during the 3rd Century the army came to dominate disputes about the imperial succession.
For more information about Roman Britain, try romans . An award-winning podcast on the History of Rome is here: thehistoryofrome.typepad.com
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Who had a 1985 UK hit with I’m Your Man? | Wham! - I'm Your Man (Live at Wembley) - YouTube
Wham! - I'm Your Man (Live at Wembley)
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Uploaded on Mar 31, 2010
Wham! performing "I'm Your Man", George Michael-written UK #1 and US #3 hit live at Wembley, their final concert at 1986. Song is featured on their hits collection album "The Final" as well as US-released studio album "Music from the Edge of Heaven".
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| Wham! |
Who played Thelma in the movie Thelma and Louise? | UK MUSIC CHARTS, No.1 Singles
1: Al Martino - Here In My Heart - 14/11/1952.
1953
2: Jo Stafford : You Belong To Me - 16/1/1953
3: Kay Starr : Comes A-Long A-Love - 23/1/1953.
4: Eddie Fisher: Outside Of Heaven - 30/1/1953.
Feb
5: Perry Como: Don't Let The Stars Get In Your Eyes - 6/2/1953
March
6: Guy Mitchell: She Wears Red Feathers - 13/3/1953
April
7: Stargazers: Broken Wings - 10/4/1953
8: Lita Roza: (How Much Is) That Doggie In The Window - 17/4/1953
9: Frankie Laine: I Believe - 24/4/1953
June
10: Eddie Fisher: I'm Walking Behind You - 26/6/1953
Aug
11: Mantovani Song: from 'The Moulin Rouge' - 14/8/1953
Sept
12: Guy Mitchell: Look At That Girl - 11/9/1953
Oct
13: Frankie Laine: Hey Joe - 23/10/1953
Nov
14: David Whitfield: Answer Me - 6/11/1953
15: Frankie Laine: Answer Me - 13/11/1953
1954
16: Eddie Calvert: Oh Mein Papa 8/1/1954
March
17: Stargazers: I See The Moon 12/3/1954.
April
18: Doris Day: Secret Love 16/4/1954
19: Johnnie Ray: Such A Night 30/4/1954
July
20: David Whitfield: Cara Mia 2/7/1954
Sept
21: Kitty Kallen: Little Things Mean A Lot 10/9/1954
22: Frank Sinatra: Three Coins In The Fountain 17/9/1954
Oct
23: Don Cornell: Hold My Hand 8/10/1954
Nov
24: Vera Lynn: My Son My Son 5/11/1954
25: Rosemary Clooney: This Ole House 26/11/1954
Dec
26: Winifred Atwell: Let's Have Another Party 3/12/1954
1955
27: Dickie Valentine: Finger Of Suspicion 7/1/1955.
28: Rosemary Clooney: Mambo Italiano 14/1/1955
Feb
29: Ruby Murray: Softly, Softly 18/2/1955
March
30: Tennessee Ernie Ford: Give Me Your Word, 11/3/1955
April
31: Perez Prez Prado & His Orchestra: Cherry Pink And Apple Blossom White 29/4/1955
May
32: Tony Bennett: Stranger In Paradise 13/5/1955
33: Eddie Calvert: Cherry Pink And Apple Blossom White 27/5/1955
June
34: Jimmy Young: Unchained Melody 24/6/1955
July
35: Alma Cogan: Dreamboat 15/7/1955
36: Slim Whitman: Rose Marie 29/7/1955
Oct
37: Jimmy Young: The Man From Laramie 14/10/1955
Nov
38: Johnston Brothers: Hernando's Hideaway 11/11/1955
39: Bill Haley & His Comets: Rock Around The Clock 25/11/1955
Dec
40: Dickie Valentine: Christmas Alphabet 16/12/1955
1956
41: Tennessee Ernie Ford: Sixteen Tons 20/1/1956.
Feb
42: Dean Martin: Memories Are Made Of This 17/2/1956
March
43: Dream Weavers: It's Almost Tomorrow 16/3/1956
44: Kay Starr: Rock And Roll Waltz 30/3/1956
April
45: Winifred Atwell: Poor People Of Paris 13/4/1956
May
46: Ronnie Hilton: No Other Love 4/5/1956
June
47: Pat Boone: I'll Be Home 15/6/1956
July
48: Frankie Lymon And The Teenagers - Why Do Fools Fall in Love 20/7/1956
Aug
49: Doris Day - Whatever Will Be Will Be (Que Sera, Sera) 10/8/1956
Sept
50: Anne Shelton - Lay Down Your Arms 21/9/1956
Oct
51: Frankie Laine - A Woman In Love 19/10/1956
Nov
52: Johnnie Ray - Just Walking In The Rain 16/11/1956
1957
53: Guy Mitchell.. Singing The Blues 4/1/1957
54: Tommy Steele.. Singing The Blues 11/1/1957
55: Frankie Vaughan.. The Garden Of Eden 25/1/1957
Feb
56: Tab Hunter.. Young Love 22/2/1957
April
57: Lonnie Donegan.. Cumberland Gap 12/4/1957
May
58: Guy Mitchell.. Rock-A-Billy 17/5/1957
59: Andy Williams.. Butterfly 24/5/1957
June
60: Johnnie Ray.. Yes Tonight Josephine 7/6/1957
61. Lonnie Donegan.. Puttin' On The Style / Gamblin' Man 28/6/1957
July
62. Elvis Presley.. All Shook Up 12/7/1957
Aug
63. Paul Anka.. Diana 30/8/1957
Nov
64. The Crickets.. That'll Be The Day 1/11/1957
65. Harry Belafonte.. Mary's Boy Child 22/11/1957
1958
66. Jerry Lee Lewis.. Great Balls Of Fire 10/1/1958
67. Elvis Presley.. Jailhouse Rock 24/1/1958
Feb
68. Michael Holliday.. The Story Of My Life 14/2/1958
69. Perry Como.. Magic Moments 28/2/1958
April
70. Marvin Rainwater.. Whole Lotta Woman 25/4/1958
May
71. Connie Francis.. Who's Sorry Now 16/5/1958
June
72. Vic Damone.. On The Street Where You Live 27/6/1958
July
73. Everly Brothers.. All I Have To Do Is Dream / Claudette 4/7/1958
Aug
74. Kalin Twins.. When 22/8/1958
Sept
75. Connie Francis.. Carolina Moon / Stupid Cupid 26/9/1958
Nov
76. Tommy Edwards.. All In The Game 7/11/1958
77. Lord Rockingham's XI.. Hoots Mon 28/11/1958
Dec
78. Conway Twitty.. It's Only Make Believe 19/12/1958
1959
79. Jane Morgan 'The Days The Rains Came' 23/1/1959
80. Elvis Presley 'I Got Stung / One Night' 30/1/1959
Feb
81. Shirley Bassey 'As I Love You' 20/2/1959
March
82. The Platters 'Smoke Gets In Your Eyes' 20/3/1959
83. Russ Conway 'Side Saddle' 27/3/1959
April
84. Buddy Holly 'It Doesn't Matter Anymore' 24/4/1959
May
85. Elvis Presley 'A Fool Such As I / I Need Your Love Tonight' 15/5/1959
June
86: Russ Conway 'Roulette' 19/6/1959
July
87: Bobby Darin 'Dream Lover' 3/7/1959
88: Cliff Richard 'Living Doll' 31/7/1959
Sept
89: Craig Douglas 'Only Sixteen' 11/9/1959
Oct
90: Jerry Keller 'Here Comes Summer' 9/10/1959
91: Bobby Darin 'Mack The Knife' 16/10/1959
92: Cliff Richard 'Travellin' Light' 30/10/1959
Dec
93: Adam Faith 'What Do You Want' 4/12/1959
94: Emile Ford & The Checkmates: What Do You Want To Make Those Eyes At Me For 18/12/1959
1960
95: Michael Holliday 'Starry Eyed' 29/1/1960
Feb
96: Anthony Newley 'Why' 5/2/1960
March
97: Adam Faith 'Poor Me' 10/3/1960
98: Johnny Preston 'Running Bear' 17/3/1960
99: Lonnie Donegan 'My Old Man's A Dustman' 31/3/1960
April
100: Anthony Newley 'Do You Mind' 28/4/1960
May
101: Everly Brothers 'Cathy's Clown' 5/5/1960
June
102: Eddie Cochran 'Three Steps To Heaven' 23/6/1960
July
103: Jimmy Jones 'Good Timin' 7/7/1960
104: Cliff Richard 'Please Don't Tease' 28/7/1960
Aug
105: Johnny Kidd & The Pirates 'Shakin' All Over' 4/8/1960
106: Shadows 'Apache' 25/8/1960
107: Ricky Valence 'Tell Laura I Love Her' 29/9/1960
Oct
108: Roy Orbison 'Only The Lonely' 20/10/1960
Nov
109: Elvis Presley 'It's Now Or Never' 3/11/1960
Dec
110: Cliff Richard 'I Love You' 29/12/1960
1961
111: Johnny Tillotson: Poetry In Motion, 12/1/1961
112: Elvis Presley: Are You Lonesome Tonight, 26/1/1961
Feb
113: Petula Clark: Sailor, 23/2/1961
March
114: Everly Brothers: Walk Right Back, 2/3/1961
115: Elvis Presley: Wooden Heart, 23/3/1961
May
116: The Marcels: Blue Moon, 4/5/1961
117: Floyd Cramer: On The Rebound, 18/5/1961
118: The Temperance Seven: You're Driving Me Crazy, 25/5/1961
June
119: Elvis Presley: Surrender, 1/6/1961
120: Del Shannon: Runaway, 29/6/1961
July
121: Everly Brothers: Temptation, 20/7/1961
Aug
122: Eden Kane: Well I Ask You, 3/8/1961
123: Helen Shapiro: You Don't Know, 10/8/1961
124: John Leyton: Johnny Remember Me, 31/8/196
Sept
125: Shirley Bassey: Reach For The Stars / Climb Ev'ry Mountain, 21/9/1961
Oct
126: Shadows: Kon Tiki - 5/10/1961
127: The Highwaymen: Michael - 12/10/1961
128: Helen Shapiro: Walkin' Back To Happiness - 19/10/1961
Nov
129: Elvis Presley: His Latest Flame - 9/11/1961
Dec
130: Frankie Vaughan: Tower Of Strength - 7/12/1961
131: Danny Williams: Moon River - 28/12/1961
1962
132. Cliff Richard 'The Young Ones' 11/1/1962
Feb
133. Elvis Presley 'Can't Help Falling In Love / Rock-A-Hula Baby' 22/2/1962
March
134. Shadows 'Wonderful Land' 22/3/1962
May
135. B.Bumble & The Stingers 'Nut Rocker' 17/5/1962
136. Elvis Presley 'Good Luck Charm' 24/5/1962
June
137. Mike Sarne with Wendy Richard 'Come Outside' 28/6/1962
jJuly
138. Ray Charles 'I Can't Stop Loving You' 12/7/1962
139. Frank Ifield 'I Remember You' 26/7/1962
Sept
140. Elvis Presley 'She's Not You' 13/9/1962
Oct
142. Frank Ifield 'Lovesick Blues' 8/11/1962
Dec
143. Elvis Presley 'Return To Sender' 13/12/1962
1963
144. Cliff Richard 'The Next Time / Bachelor Boy' 3/1/1963
145. Shadows 'Dance On' 24/1/1963
146. Jet Harris & Tony Meehan 'Diamonds' 31/1/1963
147. Frank Ifield 'Wayward Wind' 21/2/1963
March
148. Cliff Richard 'Summer Holiday' 14/3/1963
149. Shadows 'Foot Tapper' 29/3/1963
April
150. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'How Do You Do It?' 11/4/1963
May
151. Beatles' From Me To You' 2/5/1963
June
152. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'I Like It' 20/6/1963
July
153. Frank Ifield 'Confessin' (That I Love You)' 18/7/1963
Aug
154. Elvis Presley '(You're The) Devil In Disguise' 1/8/1963
155. Searchers 'Sweets For My Sweet' 8/8/1963
156. Billy J. Kramer & The Dakotas 'Bad To Me' 22/8/1963
Sept
157. Beatles 'She Loves You' 12/9/1963
Oct
158. Brian Poole & The Tremeloes 'Do You Love Me' 10/10/1963
159. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'You'll Never Walk Alone' 31/10/1963
Dec
160. Beatles 'I Want To Hold Your Hand' 12/12/1963
1964
161 Dave Clark Five.. Glad All Over 16/1/1964
162 Searchers.. Needles & Pins 30/1/1964
Feb
164 Cilla Black.. Anyone Who Had A Heart 27/2/1964
March
165 Billy J. Kramer & The Dakotas.. Little Children 19/3/1964
April
166. Beatles.. Can't Buy Me Love 2/4/1964
167. Peter & Gordon.. A World Without Love 23/4/1964
May
168. Searchers.. Don't Throw Your Love Away 7/5/1964
169. Four Pennies.. Juliet 21/5/1964
170. Cilla Black .. You're My World 28/5/1964
June
171. Roy Orbison.. It's Over 25/6/1964
July
172. Animals.. The House Of The Rising Sun 9/7/1964
173. Rolling Stones.. It's All Over now 16/7/1964
174. Beatles.. A Hard Day's Night 23/7/1964
Aug
175. Manfred Mann.. Do Wah Diddy Diddy 13/8/1964
176. Honeycombes.. Have I The Right 27/8/1964
Sept
177. Kinks.. You Really Got Me 10/9/1964
178. Herman's Hermits.. I'm Into Something Good 24/9/1964
Oct
179. Roy Orbison.. Oh Pretty Woman 8/10/1964
180. Sandie Shaw.. (There's) Always Something There To Remind Me 22/10/1964
Nov
181. Supremes.. Baby Love 19/11/1964
Dec
182. Rolling Stones.. Little Red Rooster 3/12/1964
183. Beatles.. I Feel Fine 10/12/1964
1965
184. Georgie Fame & The Blue Flames 'Yeh Yeh' 14/1/1965
185. Moody Blues 'Go Now!' 28/1/1965
Feb
186. Righteous Brothers 'You've Lost That Loving Feeling' 4/2/1965
187. Kinks 'Tired Of Waiting For You' 18/2/1965
188. Seekers 'I'll Never Find Another You' 25/2/1965
March
189. Tom Jones 'It's Not Unusual' 11/3/1965
190. Rolling Stones 'The Last Time' 18/3/1965
April
191. Unit Four Plus Two 'Concrete & Clay' 8/4/1965
192. Cliff Richard 'The Minute You're Gone' 15/4/1965
193. Beatles 'Ticket To Ride' 22/4/1965
May
194. Roger Miller 'King Of The Road' 13/5/1965
195. Jackie Trent 'Where Are You Now (My Love)' 20/5/1965
196. Sandie Shaw 'Long Live Love' 27/5/1965
197. Elvis Presley 'Crying In The Chapel' 17/6/1965
198. Hollies 'I'm Alive' 24/6/1965
July
199. Byrds 'Mr Tambourine Man' 22/7/1965
Aug
201. Sonny & Cher 'I Got You Babe' 26/8/1965
Sept
202. Rolling Stones '(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction' 9/9/1965
203. Walker Brothers 'Make It Easy On Yourself' 23/9/1965
204. Ken Dodd 'Tears' 30/9/1965
Nov
205. Rolling Stones 'Get Off Of My Cloud' 4/11/1965
206. Seekers 'The Carnival Is Over' 25/11/1965
Dec
207. Beatles 'Day Tripper / We Can Work It Out' 16/12/1965
1966
208. Spencer Davis Group 'Keep On Running' 20/1/1966
209. Overlanders 'Michelle' 27/1/1966
210. Nancy Sinatra 'These Boots Are Made For Walking' 17/2/1966
March
211. Walker Brothers 'The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine Anymore' 17/3/1966
April
212. Spencer Davis Group 'Somebody Help Me' 14/4/1966
213. Dusty Springfield You 'Don't Have To Say You Love Me' 28/4/1966
May
214. Manfred Mann 'Pretty Flamingo' 5/5/1966
215. Rolling Stones 'Paint It Black' 26/5/1966
June
216. Frank Sinatra 'Strangers In The Night' 2/6/1966
217. Beatles 'Paperback Writer' 23/6/1966
July
218. Kinks 'Sunny Afternoon' 7/7/1966
219. Georgie Fame & The Blue Flames 'Get Away' 21/7/1966
220. Chris Farlowe 'Out Of Time' 28/7/1966
Aug
221. Troggs 'With A Girl Like You' 4/8/1966
222. Beatles 'Yellow Submarine / Eleanor Rigby' 18/8/1966
Sept
223. Small Faces 'All Or Nothing' 15/9/1966
224. Jim Reeves 'Distant Drums' 22/9/1966
Oct
225. Four Tops 'Reach Out I'll Be There' 27/10/1966
Nov
226. Beach Boys 'Good Vibrations' 17/11/1966
Dec
227. Tom Jones 'Green Green Grass Of Home' 1/12/1966
1967
228. Monkees 'I'm A Believer' 19/1/1967
Feb
229. Petula Clark 'This Is My Song' 16/2/1967
March
230. Engelbert Humperdink 'Release Me (And Let Me Love Again)' 2/3/1967
April
231. Frank Sinatra & Nancy Sinatra 'Somethin' Stupid' 13/4/1967
232. Sandie Shaw 'Puppet On A String' 27/4/1967
May
233. Tremeloes 'Silence Is Golden' 18/5/1967
June
234. Procol Harum 'A Whiter Shade Of Pale' 8/6/1967
July
235. Beatles 'All You Need Is Love' 19/7/1967
Aug
236. Scott McKenzie 'San Francisco (Be Sure To Wear Some Flowers In Your Hair)' 9/8/1967
Sept
237. Engelbert Humperdink 'The Last Waltz' 6/9/1967
Oct
238. Bee Gees 'Massachusetts' 11/10/1967
Nov
239. Foundations - 'Baby Now That I've Found You' 8/11/1967
240. Long John Baldry - 'Let The Heartaches Begin' 22/11/1967
Dec
241. Beatles - 'Hello Goodbye' 6/12/1967
1968
242. Georgie Fame - 'The Ballad Of Bonnie & Clyde' 24/1/1968
243. Love Affair - 'Everlasting Love' 31/1/1968
Feb
244. Manfred Mann - 'The Mighty Quinn' 14/2/1968
245. Esther & Abi Ofarim - 'Cinderella Rockefella' 28/2/1968
March
246. Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich - 'Legend Of Xanadu' 20/3/1968
247. Beatles - ''Lady Madonna' 27/3/1968
April
248. Cliff Richard - 'Congratulations' 10/4/1968
249. Louis Armstrong -'What A Wonderful World / Cabaret' 24/4/1968
May
250. Union Gap featuring Gary Puckett -'Young Girl' 22/5/1968
June
251. Rolling Stones- 'Jumpin' Jack Flash' 19/6/1968
July
252. Equals - 'Baby Come Back' 3/7/1968
253. Des O'Connor - 'I Pretend' 24/7/1968
254. Tommy James & The Shondells - 'Mony Mony 31/7/1968
Aug
255. Crazy World of Arthur Brown - 'Fire' 14/8/1968
256. Beach Boys - ''Do It Again' 28/8/1968
Sept
257. Bee Gees - 'I've Gotta Get A Message To You' 4/9/1968
258. Beatles -'Hey Jude' 11/9/1968
259. Mary Hopkin - 'Those Were The Days' 25/9/1968
Nov
260. Joe Cocker - 'With A Little Help From My Friends' 6/11/1968
261. Hugo Montenegro Orchestra - 'The Good The Bad And The Ugly' 13/11/1968
262. Scaffold - 'Lily The Pink' 11/12/1968
1969
263. Marmalade - 'Ob-La-Di Ob-La-Da' 1/1/1969
264. Fleetwood Mac - Albatross 29/1/69
Feb
265. Move - Blackberry Way 05/2/69
266. Amen Corner '(If Paradise Is) Half As Nice' 12/2/1969
267. Peter Sarstedt 'Where Do You Go To My Lovely?' 26/2/1969
March
268. Marvin Gaye 'I Heard It Through The Grapevine' 26/3/1969
April
269. Desmond Dekker & The Aces 'Israelites' 16/4/1969
270. Beatles 'Get Back' 23/4/1969
June
271. Tommy Roe 'Dizzy' 4/6/1969
272. Beatles 'The Ballad Of John & Yoko' 11/6/1969
July
273. Thunderclap Newman 'Something In The Air' 2/7/1969
274. Rolling Stones 'Honky Tonk Women' 23/7/1969
Aug
275. Zager & Evans 'In The Year 2525' (Exorium & Terminus) 30/8/1969
Sept
276. Creedence Clearwater Revival 'Bad Moon Rising' 20/9/1969
Oct
277. Jane Birkin & Serge Gainsbourg 'Je T'Aime... Moi Non Plus' 11/10/1969
278. Bobby Gentry 'I'll Never Fall In Love Again' 18/10/1969
279. Archies 'Sugar Sugar' 25/10/1969
Dec
280. Rolf Harris 'Two Little Boys' 20/12/1969
1970
281. Edison Lighthouse 'Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)' 31/1/1970
March
282. Lee Marvin - 'Wandrin' Star' 7/3/1970
283. Simon & Garfunkel - 'Bridge Over Troubled Water' 28/3/1970
April
284. Dana .. 'All Kinds Of Everything' 18/4/1970
May
285. Norman Greenbaum - 'Spirit In The Sky' 2/5/1970
286. England World Cup Squad -'Back Home' 16/5/1970
June
287. Christie - 'Yellow River' 6/6/1970
288. Mungo Jerry - 'In The Summertime' 13/6/1970
Aug
289. Elvis Presley - 'The Wonder Of You' 1/8/1970
Sept
290. Smokey Robinson & The Miracles 'Tears Of A Clown' 12/9/1970
291. Freda Payne 'Band Of Gold' 19/9/1970
Oct
292. Matthew's Southern Comfort 'Woodstock' 31/10/1970
Nov
293. Jimi Hendrix 'Voodoo Chile' 21/11/1970
294. Dave Edmunds 'I Hear You Knockin' 28/11/1970
1971
295. Clive Dunn - Grandad 9/1/1971
296. George Harrison - 'My Sweet Lord' 30/1/1971
March
297. Mungo Jerry - 'Baby Jump' 6/3/1971
298. T Rex - 'Hot Love' 20/3/1971
May
299. Dave & Ansil Collins - 'Double Barrel' 1/5/1971
300. Dawn - 'Knock Three Times' 15/5/1971
June
301. Middle Of The Road 'Chirpy Chirpy Cheep Cheep' 19/6/1971
July
302. T Rex 'Get It On' 24/7/1971
Aug
303. Diana Ross 'I'm Still Waiting' 21/8/1971
Sept
304. Tams 'Hey Girl Don't Bother Me' 18/9/1971
Oct
305. Rod Stewart 'Maggie May' 9/10/1971
Nov
306. Slade 'Coz I Luv You' 13/11/1971
Dec
307. Benny Hill 'Ernie (The Fastest Milkman In The West)' 11/12/1971
1972
308. New Seekers - 'I'd Like To Teach The World To Sing' 8/1/1972
Feb
309. T Rex 'Telegram Sam' 5/2/1972
310. Chicory Tip 'Son Of My Father' 19/2/1972
March
311. Nilsson' Without You' 11/3/1972
April
312. The Pipes & Drums & Military Band of The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards 'Amazing Grace' 15/4/1972
May
313. T Rex 'Metal Guru' 20/5/1972
June
314. Don McLean 'Vincent' 17/6/1972
July
315. Slade 'Take Me Back 'Ome' 1/7/1972
316. Donny Osmond 'Puppy Love' 8/7/1972
Aug
317. Alice Cooper 'School's Out' 12/8/1972
Sept
318. Rod Stewart 'You Wear It Well' 2/9/1972
319. Slade 'Mama Weer All Crazee Now' 9/9/1972
320. David Cassidy 'How Can I Be Sure' 30/9/1972
Oct
321. Lieutenant Pigeon 'Mouldy Old Dough' 14/10/1972
Nov
322. Gilbert O'Sullivan 'Clair' 11/11/1972
323. Chuck Berry 'My Ding-A-Ling' 25/11/1972
Dec
324. Little Jimmy Osmond 'Long Haired Lover From Liverpool' 23/12/1972
1973
326. Slade 'Cum On Feel The Noize' 3/3/1973
327. Donny Osmond 'The Twelfth Of Never' 31/3/1973
April
328. Gilbert O'Sullivan 'Get Down' 7/4/1973
329. Dawn featuring Tony Orlando 'Tie A Yellow Ribbon Round The Old Oak Tree' 21/4/1973
May
330. Wizzard 'See My Baby Jive' 19/5/1973
June
331. Suzi Quatro 'Can The Can' 16/6/1973
332. 10 CC 'Rubber Bullets' 23/6/1973
333. Slade 'Skweeze Me Pleeze Me' 30/6/1973
July
334. Peters & Lee 'Welcome Home' 21/7/1973
335. Gary Glitter 'I'm The Leader Of The Gang (I Am)' 28/7/1973
Aug
336. Donny Osmond 'Young Love' 25/8/1973
Sept
337. Wizzard 'Angel Fingers (A Teen Ballad)' 22/9/1973
338. Simon Park Orchestra 'Eye Level' 29/9/1973
Oct
339. David Cassidy 'Daydreamer / The Puppy Song' 27/10/1973
Nov
340. Gary Glitter 'I Love You Love Me Love' 17/11/1973
Dec
341. Slade 'Merry Xmas Everybody' 15/12/1973
1974
342. New Seekers 'You Won't Find Another Fool Like Me' 19/1/1974
343. Mud 'Tiger Feet' 26/1/1974
Feb
344. Suzi Quatro 'Devil Gate Drive' 23/2/1974
March
345. Alvin Stardust 'Jealous Mind' 9/3/1974
346. Paper Lace 'Billy Don't Be A Hero' 16/3/1974
April
347. Terry Jacks 'Seasons In The Sun' 6/4/1974
May
349. Rubettes 'Sugar Baby Love' 18/5/1974
June
350. Ray Stevens 'The Streak 15/6/1974
351. Gary Glitter 'Always Yours' 22/6/1974
352. Charles Aznavour 'She' 29/6/1974
July
353. George McCrae 'Rock Your Baby' 27/7/1974
Aug
354. Three Degrees 'When Will I See You Again' 17/8/1974
355. Osmonds 'Love Me For A Reason' 31/8/1974
Sept
356. Carl Douglas 'Kung Fu Fighting' 21/9/1974
Oct
357. John Denver 'Annie's Song' 12/10/1974
358. Sweet Sentation 'Sad Sweet Dreamer' 19/10/1974
359. Ken Boothe 'Everything I Own' 26/10/1974
Nov
360. David Essex 'Gonna Make You A Star' 16/11/1974
Dec
361. Barry White 'You're The First, The Last, My Everything' 7/12/1974
362. Mud 'Lonely This Christmas' 21/12/1974
1975
363. Status Quo 'Down Down' 18/1/1975
364. Tymes 'Ms Grace' 25/1/1975
Feb
366. Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel 'Make Me Smile (Come Up And See Me)' 22/2/1975
March
367. Telly Savalas ''If'' 8/3/1975
368. Bay City Rollers 'Bye Bye Baby 22/3/1975
May
369. Mud 'Oh Boy 3/5/1975
370. Tammy Wynette 'Stand By Your Man 17/5/1975
June
371. Windsor Davies & Don Estelle 'Whispering Grass' 7/6/1975
372. 10 CC 'I'm Not In Love' 28/6/1975
July
373. Johnny Nash 'Tears On My Pillow' 12/7/1975
374. Bay City Rollers 'Give A Little Love' 19/7/1975
Aug
375. Typically Tropical 'Barbados' 9/8/1975
376. Stylistics 'Can't Give You Anything (But My Love)' 16/8/1975
Sept
377. Rod Stewart 'Sailing' 6/9/1975
Oct
378. David Essex 'Hold Me Close' 4/10/1975
379. Art Garfunkel 'I Only Have Eyes For You' 25/10/1975
Nov
380. David Bowie 'Space Oddity' 8/11/1975
381. Billy Connolly 'D.I.V.O.R.C.E'. 22/11/1975
382. Queen 'Bohemian Rhapsody' 29/11/1975
1976
383. Abba 'Mamma Mia' 31/1/1976
Feb
384. Slik 'Forever And Ever' 14/2/1976
385. Four Seasons 'December '63' 21/2/1976
March
386. Tina Charles 'I Love To Love (But My Baby Loves To Dance)' 6/3/1976
387. Brotherhood Of Man ''Save Your Kisses For Me' 27/3/1976
May
396. Chicago 'If You Leave Me Now' 13/11/1976
Dec
397. Showaddywaddy 'Under The Moon Of Love'' 4/12/1976
398. Johnny Mathis 'When A Child Is Born' (Soleado) 25/12/1976
1977
399. David Soul ''Don't Give Up On Us 15/1/1977
Feb
400. Julie Covington 'Don't Cry For Me Argentina 12/2/1977
401. Leo Sayer 'When I Need You 19/2/1977
March
402. Manhattan Transfer 'Chanson D'Amour 12/3/1977
April
403. Abba 'Knowing Me Knowing You 2/4/1977
May
404. Deniece Williams 'Free 7/5/1977
405. Rod Stewart 'I Don't Want To Talk About It / First Cut Is The Deepest 21/5/1977
June
406. Kenny Rogers 'Lucille 18/6/1977
407. Jacksons Show 'You The Way To Go 25/6/1977
July
408. Hot Chocolate 'So You Win Again 2/7/1977
409. Donna Summer 'I Feel Love 23/7/1977
Aug
410. Brotherhood Of Man 'Angelo 20/8/1977
411. Floaters 'Float On 27/8/1977
Sept
412. Elvis Presley 'Way Down 3/9/1977
Oct
413. David Soul 'Silver Lady 8/10/1977
414. Baccara 'Yes Sir I Can Boogie 29/10/1977
Nov
415. Abba 'The Name Of The Game 5/11/1977
Dec
416. Wings 'Mull Of Kintyre / Girls' School 3/12/1977
1978
417. Althia & Donna 'Up Town Top Ranking 4/2/1978
418. Brotherhood Of Man 'Figaro 11/2/1978
419. Abba 'Take A Chance On Me 18/2/1978
March
420. Kate Bush 'Wuthering Heights 11/3/1978
April
421. Brian & Michael 'Matchstalk Men And Matchstalk Cats And Dogs 8/4/1978
422. Bee Gees 'Night Fever 29/4/1978
423. Boney M - 'Rivers Of Babylon / Brown 'Girl In The Ring 13/5/1978
June
424. John Travolta & Olivia Newton John 'You're The One That I Want 17/6/1978
Aug
425. Commodores 'Three Times A Lady 19/8/1978
Oct
426. 10 CC 'Dreadlock Holiday 23/9/1978
427. John Travolta & Olivia Newton 'John Summer Nights 30/9/1978
Nov
428. Boomtown Rats .. 'Rat Trap 18/11/1978
Dec
429. Rod Stewart.. 'Da Ya Think I'm Sexy 2/12/1978
430. Boney M .. 'Mary's Boy Child - Oh My Lord 9/12/1978
1979
431. Village People , Y.M.C.A. 6/1/1979
432. Ian Dury & The Blockheads , Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick 27/1/1979
Feb
433. Blondie , Heart Of Glass 3/2/1979
March
434. Bee Gees , Tragedy 3/3/1979
435. Gloria Gaynor , I Will Survive 17/3/1979
April
436. Art Garfunkel , Bright Eyes 14/4/1979
May
437. Blondie, Sunday Girl 26/5/1979
June
438. Anita Ward , Ring My Bell 16/6/1979
439. Tubeway Army , Are 'Friends' Electric 30/6/1979
July
440. Boomtown Rats , I Don't Like Mondays 28/7/1979
Aug
441. Cliff Richard , We Don't Talk Anymore 25/8/1979
Sept
442. Gary Numan , Cars 22/9/1979
443. Police , Message In A Bottle 29/9/1979
Oct
444. Buggles - Video Killed The Radio Star 20/10/1979
445. Lena Martell , One Day At A Time 27/10/1979
Nov
446. Dr Hook , When You're In Love With A Beautiful Woman 17/11/1979
Dec
447. Police ,Walking On The Moon 8/12/1979
448. Pink Floyd , Another Brick In The Wall 15/12/1979
1980
449. Pretenders 'Brass In Pocket' 19/1/1980
Feb
450. The Special AKA (Specials) The Specials Live EP (main track: Too Much Too Young) 2/2/1980
451. Kenny Rogers 'Coward Of The County' 16/2/1980
March
453. Fern Kinney 'Together We Are Beautiful '15/3/1980
454. Jam 'Going Underground / Dreams Of Children' 22/3/1980
April
455. Detroit Spinners 'Working My Way Back To You - Forgive Me Girl' 12/4/1980
456. Blondie 'Call Me' 26/4/1980
May
457. Dexy's Midnight Runners 'Geno' 3/5/1980
458. Johnny Logan 'What's Another Year' 17/5/1980
459. Mash 'Suicide Is Painless (Theme from M*A*S*H)' 31/5/1980
June
460. Don McLean 'Crying' 21/6/1980
July
461. Olivia Newton John & Electric Light Orchestra 'Xanadu' 12/7/1980
462. Odyssey 'Use It Up And Wear It Out' 26/7/1980
Aug
463. Abba 'The Winner Takes It All' 9/8/1980
464. David Bowie 'Ashes To Ashes' 23/8/1980
Sept
466. Kelly Marie 'Feels Like I'm In Love' 13/9/1980
467. Police 'Don't Stand So Close To Me' 27/9/1980
Oct
468. Barbra Streisand 'Woman In Love' 25/10/1980
Nov
469. Blondie 'The Tide Is High' 15/11/1980
470. Abba 'Super Trouper' 29/11/1980
Dec
471. John Lennon '(Just Like) Starting Over' 20/12/1980
472. St Winifred's School Choir 'There's No One Quite Like Grandma' 27/12/1980
1981
473. John Lennon 'Imagine' 10/1/1981
Feb
474. John Lennon 'Woman' 7/2/1981
475. Joe Dolce Music Theatre 'Shaddup You Face' 21/2/1981
March
476. Roxy Music 'Jealous Guy' 14/3/1981
477. Shakin' Stevens 'This Ole House' 28/3/1981
April
478. Bucks Fizz 'Making Your Mind Up' 18/4/1981
May
479. Adam & The Ants 'Stand And Deliver' 9/5/1981
June
480. Smokey Robinson 'Being With You' 13/6/1981
481. Michael Jackson 'One Day In Your Life' 27/6/1981
July
482. Specials 'Ghost Town' 11/7/1981
Aug
483. Shakin' Stevens 'Green Door' 1/8/1981
484. Aneka 'Japanese Boy' 29/8/1981
Sept
485. Soft Cell 'Tainted Love' 5/9/1981
486. Adam & The Ants 'Prince Charming' 19/9/1981
Oct
487. Dave Stewart & Barbara Gaskin 'It's My Party' 17/10/1981
Nov
488. Police ''Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic' 14/11/1981
489. Queen & David Bowie ''Under Pressure' 21/11/1981
Dec
490. Julio Iglesias ''Begin The Beguine (Volver A Empezar) 5/12/1981
491. Human League ''Don't You Want Me' 12/12/1981
1982
492. Bucks Fizz - Land Of Make Believe 16/1/1982
493. Shakin' Stevens - Oh Julie 30/1/1982
Feb
494. Kraftwerk - The Model / Computer Love 6/2/1982
495. Jam - A Town Called Malice / Precious 13/2/1982
March
496. Tight Fit - The Lion Sleeps Tonight 6/3/1982
497. Goombay Dance Band Seven - Tears 27/3/1982
April
498. Bucks Fizz - My Camera Never Lies 17/4/1982
499. Paul McCartney & Stevie Wonder - Ebony And Ivory 24/4/1982
May
500. Nicole- A Little Peace 15/5/1982
501. Madness - House Of Fun 29/5/1982
June
502. Adam Ant - Goody Two Shoes 12/6/1982
503. Charlene - I 've Never Been To Me 26/6/1982
July
504. Captain Sensible - Happy Talk 3/7/1982
505. Irene Cara - Fame 17/7/1982
Aug
506. Dexy's Midnight Runners - Come On Eileen 7/8/1982
Sept
507. Survivor - Eye Of The Tiger 4/9/1982
Oct
508. Musical Youth - Pass The Dutchie 2/10/1982
509. Culture Club - Do You Really Want To Hurt Me 23/10/1982
Nov
510. Eddy Grant - I Don't Wanna Dance 13/11/1982
Dec
511. Jam - Beat Surrender 4/12/1982
512. Renee & Renato - Save Your Love 18/12/1982
1983
513. Phil Collins 'You Can't Hurry Love' 15/1/1983
514. Men At Work 'Down Under' 29/1/1983
Feb
515. Kajagoogoo 'Too Shy' 19/2/1983
March
516. Michael Jackson 'Billie Jean' 5/3/1983
517. Bonnie Tyler 'Total Eclipse Of The Heart' 12/3/1983
518. Duran Duran 'Is There Something I Should Know' 26/3/1983
April
519. David Bowie 'Let's Dance' 9/4/1983
520. Spandau Ballet 'True' 30/4/1983
May
521. New Edition 'Candy Girl' 28/5/1983
June
522. Police 'Every Breath You Take' 4/6/1983
July
523. Rod Stewart 'Baby Jane' 2/7/1983
524. Paul Young 'Wherever I Lay My Hat' 23/7/1983
Aug
525. K C & The Sunshine Band 'Give It Up' 13/8/1983
Sept
526. UB 40 'Red Red Wine' 3/9/1983
527. Culture Club 'Karma Chameleon' 24/9/1983
Nov
528 Billy Joel 'Uptown Girl 5/11/1983
Dec
529 Flying Pickets 'Only You 10/12/1983
1984
530. Paul McCartney - Pipes Of Peace 14/1/1984
531. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - Relax 28/1/1984
March
532. Nena - 99 Red Balloons 3/3/1984
533. Lionel Richie - Hello 24/3/1984
May
534. Duran Duran - The Reflex 5/5/1984
June
535. Wham! - Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go 2/6/1984
536. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - Two Tribes 16/6/1984
Aug
537. George Michael - Careless Whisper 18/8/1984
Sept
538. Stevie Wonder - I Just Called To Say I Love You 8/9/1984
Oct
540. Chaka Khan - I Feel For You 10/11/1984
Dec
541. Jim Diamond - I Should Have Known Better 1/12/1984
542. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - The Power Of Love 8/12/1984
543. Band Aid - Do They Know It's Christmas 15/12/1984
1985
544. Foreigner 'I Want To Know What Love Is 19/1/1985
Feb
545. Elaine Paige & Barbara Dickson 'I Know Him So Well 9/2/1985
March
546. Dead Or Alive 'You Spin Me Round (Like A Record) 9/3/1985
547. Philip Bailey & Phil Collins 'Easy Lover 23/3/1985
April
548. USA For Africa 'We Are The World 20/4/1985
May
549. Phyllis Nelson 'Move Closer 4/5/1985
550. Paul Hardcastle '19' 11/5/1985
June
551. Crowd ''You'll Never Walk Alone 15/6/1985
552. Sister Sledge ''Frankie 29/6/1985
July
553. Eurythmics 'There Must Be An Angel (Playing With My Heart) 27/7/1985
Aug
554. Madonna 'Into The Groove 3/8/1985
555. UB 40 & Chrissie Hynde 'I Got You Babe 31/8/1985
Sept
556. David Bowie & Mick Jagger 'Dancing in the Street 7/9/1985
Oct
557. Midge Ure 'If I Was 5/10/1985
558. Jennifer Rush 'The Power Of Love 12/10/1985
Nov
559. Feargal Sharkey 'A Good Heart 16/11/1985
560. Wham! 'I'm Your Man 30/11/1985
Dec
561. Whitney Houston 'Saving All My Love For You 14/12/1985
562. Shakin' Stevens 'Merry Christmas Everyone 28/12/1985
1986
563. Pet Shop Boys 'West End Girls 11/1/1986
564. A-Ha 'The Sun Always Shines On TV 25/1/1986
Feb
565. Billy Ocean 'When The Going Gets Tough, The Tough Get Going 8/2/1986
March
566. Diana Ross 'Chain Reaction 8/3/1986
567. Cliff Richard & The Young 'Ones Living Doll 29/3/1986 The first official Comic Relief single
April
568. George Michael 'A Different Corner 19/4/1986
May
569. Falco 'Rock Me Amadeus 10/5/1986
570. Spitting Image 'The Chicken Song 17/5/1986
June
571. Doctor & The Medics 'Spirit In The Sky 7/6/1986
572. Wham! 'The Edge Of Heaven 28/6/1986
July
573. Madonna 'Papa Don't Preach 12/7/1986
Aug
574. Chris de Burgh 'The Lady In Red 2/8/1986
575. Boris Gardiner 'I Want To Wake Up With You 23/8/1986
Sept
576. Communards 'Don't Leave Me This Way 13/9/1986
Oct
577. Madonna 'True Blue 11/10/1986
578. Nick Berry 'Every Loser Wins 18/10/1986
Nov
579. Berlin 'Take My Breath Away 8/11/1986
Dec
580. Europe 'The Final Countdown 6/12/1986
581. Housemartins 'Caravan Of Love 20/12/1986
582. Jackie Wilson 'Reet Petite 27/12/1986
1987
583. Steve 'Silk' Hurley 'Jack Your Body 24/1/1987
Feb
584. George Michael & Aretha Franklin 'I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me) 7/2/1987
585. Ben E King 'Stand By Me 21/2/1987
March
586. Boy George 'Everything I Own 14/3/1987
587. Mel & Kim 'Respectable 28/3/1987
April
588. Ferry Aid 'Let It Be 4/4/1987
589. Madonna 'La Isla Bonita 25/4/1987
May
590. Starship 'Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now 9/5/1987
June
591. Whitney Houston 'I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me) 6/6/1987
592. The Firm 'Star Trekkin' 20/6/1987
July
593. Pet Shop Boys' It's A Sin 4/7/1987
594. Madonna 'Who's That Girl 25/7/1987
Aug
595. Los Lobos 'La Bamba 1/8/1987
596. Michael Jackson ''I Just Can't Stop Loving You 15/8/1987
597. Rick Astley 'Never Gonna Give You Up 29/8/1987
Oct
598. M/A/R/R/S ''Pump Up The Volume / Anitina (The First Time I See She Dance) 3/10/1987
599. Bee Gees 'You Win Again 17/10/1987
Nov
600. T'Pau 'China In Your Hand 14/11/1987
Dec
601. Pet Shop Boys 'Always On My Mind 19/12/1987
1988
602. Belinda Carlisle 'Heaven Is A Place On Earth 16/1/1988
603. Tiffany 'I Think We're Alone Now 30/1/1988
Feb
604. Kylie Minogue 'I Should Be So Lucky 20/2/1988
March
605. Aswad 'Don't Turn Around 26/3/1988
April
606. Pet Shop Boys 'Heart 9/4/1988
607. S'Express 'Theme from S'Express 30/4/1988
May
608. Fairground 'Attraction Perfect 14/5/1988
609. Wet Wet Wet 'With A Little Help From My Friends 21/5/1988
June
610. Timelords 'Doctorin The Tardis 18/6/1988
611. Bros 'I Owe You Nothing 25/6/1988
July
612. Glenn Medeiros 'Nothing's Gonna Change My Love For You 9/7/1988
Aug
613. Yazz & The Plastic Population 'The Only Way Is Up 6/8/1988
Sept
614. Phil Collins 'A Groovy Kind Of Love 10/9/1988
615. Hollies 'He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother 24/9/1988
Oct
617. Whitney Houston 'One Moment In Time 15/10/1988
618. Enya 'Orinoco Flow (Sail Away) 29/10/1988
Nov
619. Robin Beck 'The First Time 19/11/1988
Dec
620. Cliff Richard 'Mistletoe & Wine 10/12/1988
1989
621. Kylie Minogue & Jason Donovan - Especially For You 7/1/1989
622. Marc Almond with Gene Pitney - Somethings Gotten Hold Of My Heart 28/1/1989
Feb
623. Simple Minds - Belfast Child 25/2/1989
March
624. Jason Donovan - Too Many Broken Hearts 11/3/1989
625. Madonna - Like A Prayer 25/3/1989
April
626. Bangles - Eternal Flame 15/4/1989
May
627. Kylie Minogue - Hand On Your Heart 13/5/1989
628. Gerry Marsden, Paul McCartney, Holly Johnson & Christians - Ferry 'Cross The Mersey 20/5/1989
June
629. Jason Donovan - Sealed With A Kiss 10/6/1989
630. Soul II Soul featuring Caron Wheeler - Back To Life 24/6/1989
July
631. Sonia - You'll Never Stop Me Loving You 22/7/1989
Aug
632. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers -Swing The Mood 5/8/1989
Sept
633. Black Box - Ride On Time 9/9/1989
Oct
634. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers - That's What I Like 21/10/1989
Nov
635. Lisa Stansfield - All Around The World 11/11/1989
636. New Kids On The Block - You Got It (The Right Stuff) 25/11/1989
Dec
637. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers - Let's Party 16/12/1989
638. Band Aid II - Do They Know It's Christmas 23/12/1989
1990
639. New Kids On The Block - Hangin' Tough 16/1/1990
640. Kylie Minogue - Tears On My Pillow 27/1/1990
Feb
641. Sinead O'Connor - Nothing Compares 2 U 3/2/1990
March
642. Beats International Dub Be Good To Me 3/3/1990
643. Snap - The Power 31/3/1990
April
646. England New Order - World In Motion 9/6/1990
647. Elton John - Sacrifice / Healing Hands 23/6/1990
July
648. Partners In Kryme Turtle Power 28/7/1990
Aug
649. Bombalurina - Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weeny Yellow Polka Dot Bikini 25/8/1990
Sept
650. Steve Miller - Band The Joker 15/9/1990
651. Maria McKee - Show Me Heaven 29/9/1990
Oct
652. Beautiful South - A Little Time 27/10/1990
Nov
653. Righteous Brothers - Unchained Melody 3/11/1990
Dec
654. Vanilla Ice - Ice Ice Baby 1/12/1990
655. Cliff Richard - Saviour's Day 22/12/1990
1991
656. Iron Maiden - Bring Your Daughter To The Slaughter 5/1/1991
657. Enigma - Sadness Part 1 19/1/1991
658. Queen - Innuendo 26/1/1991
659. KLF - 3 AM Eternal 2/2/1991
660. Simpsons - Do The Bartman 16/2/1991
March
661. Clash - Should I Stay Or Should I Go 9/3/1991
662. Hale & Pace - The Stonk 23/3/1991 The official Comic Relief single
663. Chesney Hawkes - The One And Only 30/3/1991 .
May
664. Cher - Shoop Shoop Song (It's In His Kiss) 4/5/1991
June
665. Color Me Badd - I Wanna Sex You Up 8/6/1991
666. Jason Donovan - Any Dream Will Do 29/6/1991 .
July
667 Bryan Adams - (Everything I Do) I Do It For You 13/7/1991
Nov
668. U2 - The Fly 2/11/1991
669. Vic Reeves & The Wonder Stuff - Dizzy 9/11/1991
670. Michael Jackson - Black Or White 23/11/1991
Dec
671. George Michael & Elton John - Don't Let The Sun Go Down On Me 7/12/1991
672. Queen - Bohemian Rhapsody / These Are The Days Of Our Lives 21/12/1991
1992
673. Wet Wet Wet.. Goodnight Girl 25/1/1992
Feb
674. Shakespears Sister.. Stay 22/2/1992
April
675. Right Said Fred.. Deeply Dippy 18/4/1992
May
676. KWS.. Please Don't Go / Game Boy 9/5/1992
June
677. Erasure Abba-esque EP 13/6/1992
July
678. Jimmy Nail.. Ain't No Doubt 18/7/1992
Aug
679. Snap.. Rhythm Is A Dancer 8/8/1992
Sept
680. Shamen.. Ebeneezer Goode 19/9/1992
Oct
681. Tasmin Archer.. Sleeping Satellite 17/10/1992
682. Boyz II Men .. End Of The Road 31/10/1992
Nov
683. Charles & Eddie.. Would I Lie To You 21/11/1992
Dec
684. Whitney Houston.. I Will Always Love You 5/12/1992 .
1993
685. 2 Unlimited.. No Limit 13/2/1993
March
686. Shaggy.. Oh Carolina 20/3/1993
April
687. Bluebells.. Young At Heart 3/4/1993
May
688. George Michael & Queen with Lisa Stansfield - Five Live (EP) 1/5/1993
689. Ace Of Base.... All That She Wants 22/5/1993
June
690. UB 40.. (I Can't Help) Falling In Love With You 12/6/1993 .
691. Gabrielle.. Dreams 26/6/1993 .
692. Take That.. Pray 17/7/1993
August
693. Freddie Mercury.. Living On My Own 14/8/1993
694. Culture Beat.. Mr Vain 28/8/1993
Sept
695. Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince (Will Smith).. Boom! Shake The Room 25/9/1993
Oct
696. Take That featuring Lulu.. Relight my Fire 9/10/1993
697. Meat Loaf.. I'd Do Anything For Love (But I Won't Do That) 23/10/1993 .
Dec
698. Mr Blobby.. Mr Blobby 11/12/1993
699. Take That.. Babe 18/12/1993
1994
700. Chaka Demus & Pliers - Twist & Shout 8/1/1994
701. D:Ream - Things Can Only Get Better 22/1/1994
Feb
702. Mariah Carey - Without You 19/2/1994
703. Doop - Doop 19/3/1994
704. Take That - Everything Changes 9/4/1994
705. Prince - The Most Beautiful Girl In The World 23/4/1994
May
706. Tony Di Bart - The Real Thing 7/5/1994
707. Stiltskin - Inside 14/5/1994
708. Manchester United 1994 Football Squad - Come On You Reds 21/5/1994
June
709. Wet Wet Wet - Love Is All Around 4/6/1994
Sept
710. Whigfield - Saturday Night 17/9/1994
Oct
711. Take That - Sure 15/10/1994
712. Pato Banton (with Robin & Ali Campbell) - Baby Come Back 29/10/1994
Nov
713. Baby D - Let Me Be Your Fantasy 26/11/1994
Dec
714. East 17 - Stay Another Day 10/12/1994
1995
715. Rednex.. Cotton Eye Joe 14/1/1995
Feb
716. Celine Dion.. Think Twice 4/2/1995
March
717. Cher,Chrissie Hynde,Neneh Cherry & Eric Clapton.. Love Can Build A Bridge 25/3/1995
April
718. Outhere Brothers.. Don't Stop (Wiggle Wiggle) 1/4/1995
719. Take That.. Back For Good 8/4/1995
May
720. Oasis Some.. Might Say 6/5/1995
721. Livin' Joy.. Dreamer 13/5/1995
722. Robson Green & Jerome Flynn.. Unchained Melody / White Cliffs Of Dover 20/5/1995
June
723. Outhere Brothers.. Boom Boom Boom 8/7/1995
Aug
724. Take That.. Never Forget 5/8/1995
725. Blur.. Country House 26/8/1995
Sept
726. Michael Jackson.. You Are Not Alone 9/9/1995
727. Shaggy - Boombastic 23/9/1995
728. Simply Red - Fairground 30/9/1995
Oct
729. Coolio featuring LV Gangsta's.. Paradise 28/10/1995
Nov
730. Robson & Jerome.. I Believe / Up On The Roof 11/11/1995
Dec
731. Michael Jackson.. Earth Song 9/12/1995
1996
732. George Michael - Jesus To A Child 20/1/1996
733. Babylon Zoo, Spaceman 27/1/1996
March
734. Oasis, Don't Look Back In Anger 2/3/1996
735. Take That, How Deep Is Your Love 9/3/1996 .
736. Prodigy, Firestarter 30/3/1996
737. Mark Morrison, Return Of The Mack 20/4/1996
May
738. George Michael, Fastlove 4/5/1996 .
739. Gina G Ooh Aah Just A Little Bit 25/5/1996
June
740. Baddiel, Skinner & Lightning Seeds.. Three Lions 1/6/1996 .
741. Fugees, Killing Me Softly 8/6/1996
July
742. Gary Barlow, Forever Love 20/7/1996 .
743. Spice Girls, Wannabe 27/7/1996
Sept
744. Peter Andre, Flava 14/9/1996
745. Fugees, Ready Or Not 21/9/1996
Oct
746. Deep Blue Something - Breakfast At Tiffany's 5/10/1996
747. Chemical Brothers, Setting Sun 12/10/1996
748. Boyzone, Words 19/10/1996
749. Spice Girls, Say You'll Be There 26/10/1996
Nov
750. Robson & Jerome, What Becomes Of The Broken Hearted / Saturday Night At The Movies / You'll Never Walk Alone 9/11/1996
751. Prodigy, Breathe 23/11/1996
752. Peter Andre, I Feel You 7/12/1996
753. Boyzone, A Different Beat 14/12/1996
754. Dunblane, Knockin' On Heaven's Door / Throw These Guns Away 21/12/1996
755. Spice Girls, 2 Become 1 28/12/1996
1997
756. Tori Amos, Professional Widow (It's Got To Be Big) 18/1/1997
757. White Town, Your Woman 25/1/1997
Feb
759. LL Cool J,, Ain't Nobody 8/2/1997
760. U2, Discotheque 15/2/1997
761. No Doubt, Don't Speak 22/2/1997
March
762. Spice Girls - Mama / Who Do You Think You Are 15/3/1997 "Who Do You Think You Are" was the official Comic Relief single and sold 672,577 copies.
April
763. Chemical Brothers - Block Rockin' Beats 5/4/1997
764. R Kelly - I Believe I Can Fly 12/4/1997
May
765. Michael Jackson, Blood On The Dance Floor 3/5/1997
766. Gary Barlow, Love Won't Wait 10/5/1997 .
767. Olive, You're Not Alone 17/5/1997
768. Eternal ft. Bebe Winans - I Wanna Be The One 31/5/1997 .
June
770. Puff Daddy & Faith Evans, I'll Be Missing You 28/6/1997
July
771. Oasis, D'you Know What I Mean 19/7/1997
Aug
772. Will Smith, Men In Black 16/8/1997
Sept
773. Verve, The Drugs Don't Work 13/9/1997
774. Elton John, Candle In The Wind 97 / Something About The Way You Look Tonight 20/9/1997
Oct
775. Spice Girls, Spice Up Your Life 25/10/1997
Nov
776. Aqua, Barbie Girl 1/11/1997
777. Various Artists, Perfect Day 29/11/1997
Dec
778. Teletubbies, Teletubbies Say Eh-oh! 13/12/1997
779. Spice Girls, Too Much 27/12/1997
1998
780. All Saints - Never Ever 17/1/1998
781. Oasis - All Around The World 24/1/1998
782. Usher - You Make Me Wanna... 31/1/1998
Feb
783. Aqua - Doctor Jones 7/2/1998
784. Celine Dion - My Heart Will Go On 21/2/1998
785. Cornershop - Brimful Of Asha 28/2/1998
March
787. Run DMC vs Jason Nevins- It's Like That 21/3/1998
May
788. Boyzone - All That I Need 2/5/1998
789. All Saints - Under The Bridge / Lady Marmalade 9/5/1998
790. Aqua - Turn Back Time 16/5/1998
791. Tamperer featuring Maya - Feel It 30/5/1998
June
792. B*Witched - C'est La Vie 6/6/1998
793. Baddiel, Skinner & Lightning Seeds - Three Lions '98 20/6/1998 .
July
794. Billie - Because We Want To 11/7/1998
795. Another Level - Freak Me 18/7/1998
796. Jamiroquai - Deeper Underground 25/7/1998
Aug
797. Spice Girls - Viva Forever 1/8/1998
798. Boyzone - No Matter What 15/8/1998
Sept
799. Manic Street Preachers - If You Tolerate This Your Children Will Be Next 5/9/1998
800. All Saints - Bootie Call 12/9/1998
801. Robbie Williams - Millennium 19/9/1998
802. Melanie B featuring Missy Elliott - I Want You Back 26/9/1998
Oct
803. B*Witched - Rollercoaster 3/10/1998
804. Billie - Girlfriend 17/10/1998
805. Spacedust - Gym & Tonic 24/10/1998
806. Cher - Believe 31/10/1998
807. B*Witched - To You I Belong 19/12/1998
808. Spice Girls - Goodbye 26/12/1998
1999
809. Chef - Chocolate Salty Balls (PS I Love You) 2/1/1999
810. Steps - Heartbeat / Tragedy 9/1/1999
811. Fatboy Slim - Praise You 16/1/1999
812. 911 - A Little Bit More 23/1/1999
813. Offspring Pretty Fly (For A White Guy) 30/1/1999
Feb
814. Armand Van Helden featuring Duane Haeden - You Don't Know Me 6/2/1999
815. Blondie - Maria 13/2/1999
816. Lenny Kravitz - Fly Away 20/2/1999
817. Britney Spears - Baby One More Time 27/2/1999 .
March
818. Boyzone - When The Going Gets Tough 13/3/1999 The official Comic Relief single
819. B*Witched - Blame It On The Weatherman 27/3/1999
April
820. Mr Oizo - Flat Beat 3/4/1999
821. Martine McCutcheon - Perfect Moment 17/4/1999
May
822. Westlife - Swear It Again 1/5/1999
823. Backstreet Boys - I Want It That Way 15/5/1999
824. Boyzone - You Needed Me 22/5/1999
825. Shanks & Bigfoot - Sweet Like Chocolate 29/5/1999
June
826. Baz Luhrmann - Everybody's Free (To Wear Sunscreen): The Sunscreen Song (Class of 99) 12/6/1999
827. S Club 7 - Bring It All Back 19/6/1999
828. Vengaboys - Boom Boom Boom Boom!! 26/6/1999
July
829. ATB - 9PM (Till I Come) 3/7/1999
830. Ricky Martin - Livin' La Vida Loca 17/7/1999
831. Ronan Keating - When You Say Nothing At All 7/8/1999
Aug
832. Westlife - If I Let You Go 21/8/1999
833. Geri Halliwell - Mi Chico Latino 28/8/1999
Sept
834. Lou Bega - Mambo No 5 4/9/1999
835. Vengaboys - We're Going To Ibiza 18/9/1999
836. Eiffel 65 Blue (Da Ba Dee) 25/9/1999
Oct
837. Christina Aguilera - Genie In A Bottle 16/10/1999
838. Westlife - Flying Without Wings 30/10/1999
Nov
839. Five - Keep On Movin' 6/11/1999
840. Geri Halliwell - Lift Me Up 13/11/1999
841. Robbie Williams - She's The One / It's Only Us 20/11/1999
842. Wamdue Project - King Of My Castle 27/11/1999
Dec
843. Cliff Richard - Millennium Prayer 4/12/1999
844. Westlife - I Have A Dream / Seasons In The Sun 25/12/1999
2000
845. Manic Street Preachers - The Masses Against The Classes 22/1/2000
846. Britney Spears - Born To Make You Happy 29/1/2000
Feb
848. Oasis - Go Let It Out 19/2/2000
849. All Saints - Pure Shores 26/2/2000
March
850. Madonna - American Pie 11/3/2000
851. Chicane featuring Bryan Adams - Don't Give Up 18/3/2000
852. Geri Halliwell - Bag It Up 25/3/2000
April
853. Melanie C with Lisa 'Left Eye' Lopes - Never Be The Same Again 1/4/2000
854. Westlife - Fool Again 8/4/2000
855. Craig David - Fill Me In 15/4/2000
856. Fragma Toca's Miracle 22/4/2000
May
857. Oxide & Neutrino - Bound 4 Da Reload (Casualty) 6/5/2000
858. Britney Spears - Oops!... I Did It Again 13/5/2000
859. Madison Avenue - Don't Call Me Baby 20/5/2000
860. Billie Piper - Day & Night 27/5/2000
June
861. Sonique - It Feels So Good 3/6/2000 (3 weeks)
862. Black Legend - You See The Trouble With Me 24/6/2000
July
863. Kylie Minogue - Spinning Around 1/7/2000
864. Eminem - Real Slim Shady 8/7/2000
865. Corrs - Breathless 15/7/2000
866. Ronan Keating - Life Is A Rollercoaster 22/7/2000
867. Five and Queen - We Will Rock You 29/7/2000
Aug
868. Craig David - 7 Days 5/8/2000
869. Robbie Williams - Rock DJ 12/8/2000
870. Melanie C- I Turn To You 19/8/2000
871. Spiller - Groovejet (If This Ain't Love) 26/8/2000
Sept
873. A1 - Take On Me 9/9/2000
874. Modjo - Lady (Hear Me Tonight) 16/9/2000
875. Mariah Carey & Westlife - Against All Odds 30/9/2000
Oct
876. All Saints - Black Coffee 14 Oct
877. U2 - Beautiful Day 21/10/2000
878. Steps - Stomp 28/10/2000
879. Spice Girls - Holler / Let Love Lead The Way 4/11/2000
880. Westlife - My Love 11/11/2000
881. A1 - Same Old Brand New You 18/11/2000
882. LeAnn Rimes - Can't Fight The Moonlight 25/11/2000
Dec
883. Destiny's Child - Independent Women Part 1 2/12/2000
884. S Club 7 - Never Had A Dream Come True 9/12/2000
885. Eminem Stan 16/12/2000
886. Bob The Builder - Can We Fix It 23/12/2000 (3 weeks)
2001
887. Rui Da Silva featuring Cassandra.. Touch Me 13/1/2001
888. Jennifer Lopez.. Love Don't Cost A Thing 20/1/2001
889. Limp Bizkit.. Rollin' 27/1/2001
Feb
890. Atomic Kitten.. Whole Again 10/2/2001 (4 weeks)
March
891. Shaggy featuring Rikrok.. It Wasn't Me 10/3/2001
892. Westlife.. Uptown Girl 17/3/2001
893. Hear'Say.. Pure And Simple 24/3/2001
April
894. Emma Bunton.. What Took You So Long 14/4/2001
895. Destiny's Child.. Survivor 28/4/2001
May
896. S Club 7.. Don't Stop Movin' 5/5/2001
897. Geri Halliwell.. It's Raining Men 12/5/2001
June
898. DJ Pied Piper Do You Really Like It 2/6/2001
899. Shaggy featuring Rayvon.. Angel 9/6/2001
900. Christina Aguilera / Lil' Kim, Mya & Pink.. Lady Marmalade 30/6/2001
July
901. Hear'Say.. The Way To Your Love 7/7/2001
902. Roger Sanchez .. Another Chance 14/7/2001
903. Robbie Williams.. Eternity/The Road To Mandalay 21/7/2001
Aug
904. Atomic Kitten.. Eternal Flame 4/8/2001
905. So Solid Crew.. 21 Seconds 18/8/2001
906. Five.. Let's Dance 25/8/2001
Sept
907. Blue.. Too Close 8/9/2001
908. Bob The Builder.. Mambo No 5 15/9/2001
909. DJ Otzi.. Hey Baby 22/9/2001
910. Kylie Minogue.. Can't Get You Out Of My Head 29/9/2001
Oct
911. Afroman.. Because I Got High 27/10/2001
Nov
912. Westlife.. Queen of My Heart 17/11/2001
913. Blue.. If You Come Back 24/11/2001
Dec
914. S Club 7.. Have You Ever 1/12/2001
915. Daniel Bedingfield.. Gotta Get Thru This 8/12/2001
916. Robbie Williams and Nicole Kidman.. Somethin' Stupid 22/12/2001
2002
917. Aaliyah.. More Than A Woman 19/1/2002
918. George Harrison.. My Sweet Lord 26/1/2002
Feb
919. Enrique Iglesias.. Hero 2/2/2002 (4 weeks)
March
920. Westlife.. World Of Our Own 2/3/2002
921. Will Young.. Anything Is Possible / Evergreen 9/3/2002
922. Gareth Gates.. Unchained Melody 30/3/2002 (4 weeks)
April
923. Oasis.. The Hindu Times 27/4/2002
May
924. Sugababes.. Freak Like Me 4/5/2002
925. Holly Valance.. Kiss Kiss 11/5/2002
926. Ronan Keating.. If Tomorrow Never Comes 18/5/2002
927. Liberty X.. Just a Little 25/5/2002
June
928. Eminem.. Without Me 1/6/2002
929. Will Young.. Light My Fire 8/6/2002
930. Elvis vs JXL.. A Little Less Conversation 22/6/2002 (4 weeks)
July
931. Gareth Gates.. Anyone Of Us (Stupid Mistake) 20/7/2002
Aug
933. Sugababes.. Round Round 24/8/2002
934. Blazin' Squad.. Crossroads 31/8/2002
Sept
935. Atomic Kitten.. The Tide Is High (Get The Feeling) 7/9/2002
936. Pink.. Just Like A Pill 28/9/2002
Oct
937. Will Young & Gareth Gates.. The Long And Winding Road / Suspicious Minds 5/10/2002
938. Las Ketchup.. The Ketchup Song (Asereje) 19/10/2002
939. Nelly feat. Kelly Rowland.. Dilemma 26/10/2002
Nov
940. DJ Sammy & Yanou feat. Do Heaven 9/11/2002
941. Westlife.. Unbreakable 16/11/2002
942. Christina Aguilera.. Dirty 23/11/2002
Dec
943. Daniel Bedingfield.. If You're Not The One 7/12/2002
944. Eminem.. Lose Yourself 14/12/2002
945. Blue feat. Elton John.. Sorry Seems To Be The Hardest Word 21/12/2002
946. Girls Aloud.. Sound Of The Underground 28/12/2002 (4 weeks)
2003
947: David Sneddon: Stop Living The Lie 25/1/2003
Feb
948: Tatu: All The Things She Said 8/2/2003
March
949: Christina Aguilera: Beautiful 8/3/2003
950: Gareth Gates: Spirit In The Sky 22/3/2003
April
951: Room 5 feat. Oliver Cheatham: Make Luv 5/4/2003
May
952: Busted: You Said No 3/5/2003
953: Tomcraft: Loneliness 10/5/2003
954: R Kelly: Ignition 17/5/2003
June
955: Evanescence: Bring Me To Life 14/6/2003
July
956: Beyonce: Crazy In Love 12/7/2003
Aug
957: Daniel Bedingfield: Never Gonna Leave Your Side 2/8/2003
958: Blu Cantrell Feat. Sean Paul: Breathe 9/8/2003
Sept
959: Elton John: Are You Ready For Love? 6/9/2003
960: Black Eyed Peas: Where Is The Love? 13/9/2003 (6 weeks)
Oct
961: Sugababes: Hole In The Head 25/10/2003
Nov
962: Fatman Scoop: Be Faithful 1/11/2003
963: Kylie Minogue: Slow 15/11/2003
964: Busted: Crashed The Wedding 22/11/2003
965: Westlife: Mandy 29/11/2003
966: Will Young: Leave Right Now 6/12/2003
967: Kelly & Ozzy Osbourne: Changes 20/12/2003
968: Michael Andrews feat. Gary Jules: Mad World 27/12/2003
2004
969: Michelle McManus: All This Time 17/1/2004
February
970: LMC V U2: Take Me To The Clouds Above 7/2/2004
971: Sam & Mark: With A Little Help From My Friends / Measure Of A Man 21/2/2004
972: Busted: Who's David 28/2/2004
March
973: Peter Andre: Mysterious Girl 6/3/2004
974: Britney Spears: Toxic 13/3/2004
975: DJ Casper Cha Cha Slide 20/3/2004
976: Usher: Yeah 27/3/2004
977: McFly: Five Colours In Her Hair 10/4/2004
978: Eamon: F**k It (I Don't Want You Back) 24/4/2004 (4 weeks)
May
979: Frankee: F.U.R.B (F U Right Back) 22/5/2004
June
980: Mario Winans feat. Enya & P.Diddy: I Don't Wanna Know 12/6/2004
981: Britney Spears: Everytime 26/6/2004
July
984: Shapeshifters: Lola's Theme 24/7/2004
985: The Streets: Dry Your Eyes 31/7/2004
August
986: Busted: Thunderbirds / 3AM 7/8/2004
987: 3 Of A Kind: Babycakes 21/8/2004
988: Natasha Bedingfield: These Words 28/8/2004
September
989: Nelly: My Place / Flap Your Wings 11/9/2004
990: Brian McFadden: Real To Me 18/9/2004
991: Eric Prydz: Call On Me 25/9/2004
October
992: Robbie Williams: Radio 16/10/2004
November
993: Ja Rule feat. R.Kelly & Ashanti: Wonderful 6/11/2004
994: Eminem: Just Lose It 13/11/2004
995: U2: Vertigo 20/11/2004
996: Girls Aloud: I'll Stand By You 27/11/2004
December
997: Band Aid 20: Do They Know It's Christmas 11/12/2004 (4 weeks)
2005
998: Steve Brookstein - Against All Odds ..8/1/2005 X Factor winner
999: Elvis Presley - Jailhouse Rock .. 15/1/2005 (No.1 Jan 24th 1958)
1000: Elvis Presley - One Night .. 22/1/2005 (No.1 Jan 30th 1959)
1001:Ciara feat. Petey Pablo - Goodies .. 29/1/2005
February
1002: Elvis Presley - It's Now Or Never .. 5/2/2005 (No.1 Nov 3rd 1960)
1003: Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers .. 12/2/2005
1004: U2 - Sometimes You Cant Make It On Your Own .. 19/2/2005
1005: Jennifer Lopez - Get Right .. 26/2/2005
March
1006: Nelly featuring Tim McGraw - Over and Over .. 5/3/2005
1007: Stereophonics - Dakota .. 12/3/2005
1008: McFly - All About You / You've Got A Friend 19/3/2005 Official Comic Relief single
1009: Tony Christie feat. Peter Kay (Is This The Way To) Amarillo .. 26/3/2005 (7) The 2nd Comic Relief single
May
1010: Akon - Lonely .. 14/5/05 (2)
1011: Oasis - Lyla .. 28/5/05 (1)
June
1012: Crazy Frog - Axel F .. 05/6/2005 (4) in@ No.1 (First RINGTONE to chart in UK)
July
1013: 2Pac feat. Elton John - Ghetto Gospel .. 2/7/2005
1014: James Blunt - You're Beautiful .. 23/7/2005
August
1015: McFly - I'll Be OK .. 27/8/2005
September
1016: Oasis - The Importance Of Being Idle .. 3/9/2005
1017: Gorillaz - Dare .. 10/9/2005
1018: Pussycat Dolls Ft Busta Rhymes - Don't Cha .. 17/9/2005
October
1019: Sugababes - Push The Button .. 8/10/2005 (3)
1020: Arctic Monkeys - I Bet You Look Good On The Dancefloor .. 29/10/2005 (1) ..
November
1021: Westlife - You Raise Me Up ..5/11/05 (2)
1022: Madonna - Hung Up .. 19/11/05 (3)
December
1023: Pussycat Dolls - Stickwitu ..10/12/05 (2)
1024: Nizlopi - JCB Song .. 24/12/05 (1)
1025: Shayne Ward - That's My Goal .. 31/12/05 (4) in@ No.1 X Factor winner
2006
1026: Arctic Monkeys - When The Sun Goes Down .. 28/1/06 (1) in@ No.1 ..
February
1027: Notorious BIG/ P Diddy/ Nelly - Nasty Girl .. 4/2/06 (2)
1028: Meck Ft Leo Sayer - Thunder In My Heart Again .. 18/2/06 (2) in@ No.1 ..
March
1029: Madonna - Sorry .. 4/3/06 (1) in@ No.1
1030: Chico - It's Chico Time .. 11/3/06 (2) in@ No.1
1031: Orson - No Tomorrow .. 25/3/06 (1) ..
April
1032: Ne*Yo - So Sick .. 1/4/06 (1)
1033: Gnarls Barkley - Crazy .. 8/4/06 (9) in@ No.1
June
1034: Sandi Thom - I Wish I A Punk Rocker .. 10/6/06 (1) ..
1035: Nelly Furtado - Maneater .. 17/6/06 (3)
July
1036: Shakira Ft Wyclef Jean - Hips Don't Lie .. 8/7/06 (1)
1037: Lily Allen - Smile .. 15/7/06 (2)
1038: McFly - Don't Stop Me Now/please Please .. 29/7/06 (1) in@ No.1 ..
August
r/e. : Shakira Ft Wyclef Jean - Hips Don't Lie .. 5/8/06 (4)
September
1039: Beyonce Ft Jay-z - Deja Vu .. 2/9/06 (1)
1040: Justin Timberlake - Sexyback .. 9/9/06 (1) in@ No.1..
1041: Scissor Sisters - I Don't Feel Like Dancin' .. 16/9/06 (4)
October
1042: Razorlight - America .. 14/10/06 (1)..
1043: My Chemical Romance - Welcome To The Black Parade .. 21/10/06 (2)..
November
1044: McFly - Star Girl .. 4/11/06 (1) in@ No.1 ..
1045: Fedde Le Grand - Put Your Hands Up For Detroit ..11/11/06 (1) ..
1046: Westlife - The Rose .. 18/11/06 (1) in@ No.1
1047: Akon Ft Eminem - Smack That .. 25/11/2006 (1)
December
1048: Take That - Patience .. 2/12/2006 (4)
1049: Leona Lewis - A Moment Like This .. 30/12/2006 (4) in@ No.1 .. X Factor winner
2007
1050: Mika - Grace Kelly .. 27/01/07 (5) ..
March
1051: Kaiser Chiefs - Ruby .. 03/03/07 (1) ..
1052: Take That - Shine .. 10/03/07 (2)
1053: Sugababes Vs Girls Aloud - Walk This Way .. 24/03/07 (2) The official Comic Relief single
1054: Proclaimers/B.Potter/A.Pipkin - I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles) .. 31/03/07 (3) in@ No.1 also released for the Comic Relief charity. Its sales were double that of the "official" Comic Relief single.
April
1055: Timbaland/Nelly Furtado/Justin Timberlake - Give It To Me .. 21/04/07 (1)
1056: Beyonce & Shakira - Beautiful Liar .. 28/04/07 (4) ..
May
1057: McFly - Baby's Coming Back/Transylvania .. 19/05/07 (1) in@ No.1
1058: Rihanna ft Jay.Z - Umbrella .. 26/05/07 (10) in@ No.1
August
1059: Timbaland Ft Keri Hilson - The Way I Are .. 4/08/07 (2)..
1060: Robyn With Kleerup - With Every Heartbeat .. 18/08/2007 (1)
1061: Kanye West - Stronger .. 25/08/2007 (2)
September
1062: Sean Kingston - Beautiful Girls .. 08/09/2007 (4)
October
1063: Sugababes - About You Now .. 06/10/2007 (4)
November
1064: Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love .. 03/11/2007 (7) in@ No.1 ..
December
1065: Eva Cassidy & Katie Melua - What A Wonderful World .. 22/12/2007 (1) in@ No.1 ..
1066: Leon Jackson - When You Believe .. 29/12/2007 (3) in@ No.1 X Factor winner
2008
1067: Basshunter Ft. Dj Mental Theo - Now You're Gone .. w/e 19/01/2008 (5)
February
1068: Duffy - Mercy .. w/e 23/02/2008 (5) in@ No.1
March
1069: Estelle Ft Kanye West - American Boy .. w/e 29/03/2008 (4) in@ No.1 ..
April
1070: Madonna Ft Justin Timberlake - 4 Minutes .. w/e 26/04/2008 (4)
May
1071: Ting Tings - That's Not My Name .. w/e 24/05/2008 (1) in@ No.1
1072: Rihanna - Take A Bow .. 31/05/2008 (2)
June
1073: Mint Royale - Singin' In The Rain .. 14/06/2008 (2) in@ No.1 ..
1074: Coldplay - Viva La Vida .. 28/06/2008 (1) in@ No.1
July
1075: Ne-Yo . - Closer .. 05/07/2008 (1)
1076: Dizzee Rascal /Calvin Harris /Chrome - Dance Wiv Me .. 12/07/2008 (4) in@ No.1
August
1077: Kid Rock - All Summer Long .. 09/08/2008 (1) ..
1078: Katy Perry - I Kissed A Girl .. 16/08/2008 (5)
September
1079: Kings Of Leon - Sex On Fire .. 20/09/2008 (3) in@ No.1 ..
October
1080: Pink - So What .. 11th Oct (3)
November
1081: Girls Aloud - The Promise .. 1st Nov (1) in@ No.1
1082: X Factor Finalists - Hero .. 7th Nov (3) in@ No.1
1083: Beyonce - If I Were A Boy .. 29 Nov (1)
December
1084: Take That - Greatest Day .. 06 Dec (1) in@ No.1 ..
1085: Leona Lewis - Run .. 13 Dec (2) in@ No.1
1086: Alexandra Burke - Hallelujah .. 27 Dec (3) [email protected] X Factor winner
2009
1087: Lady Gaga - Just Dance .. w/e Jan 17th (3)
February
1088: Lily Allen - The Fear.. w/e Feb 07th (4) in@ No.1
March
1089: Kelly Clarkson - My Life Would Suck Without You.. w/e March 07 (1) in@ No.1
1090: Flo Rida Ft Kesha - Right Round.. w/e March 14 (1) in@ No.1 ..
No.2 in the charts .. "Just Can't Get Enough" - The Saturdays .. the first official Comic Relief single not to reach No.1 in 14 years.
1091: Jenkins/West/Jones/Gibb - Islands In The Stream.. w/e March 21 (1) in@ No.1 ..The second Comic Relief 2009 single.
1092: Lady Gaga - Poker Face.. w/e March 28 (3)
April
1093: Calvin Harris - I'm Not Alone.. w/e April 18 (2) in@ No.1
May
1094: Tinchy Stryder Ft N-dubz - Number 1.. w/e May 02 (3) in@ No.1
1095: Black Eyed Peas - Boom Boom Pow.. w/e May 23 (1) in@ No.1
1096: Dizzee Rascal / Armand Van Helden - Bonkers.. w/e May 30 (2) in@ No.1
June
r/e.. : Black Eyed Peas - Boom Boom Pow.. w/e June 13 (1)
1097: Pixie Lott - Mama Do.. w/e June 20 (1) in@ No.1
1098: David Guetta Ft Kelly Rowland - When Love Takes Over.. w/e June 27 (1) ..
July
1099: La Roux - Bulletproof.. w/e July 4 (1) in@ No.1
1100: Cascada - Evacuate The Dancefloor.. w/e 11 July (2) in@ No.1
1101: JLS - Beat Again.. w/e 25 July (1) in@ No.1
August
1102: Black Eyed Peas - I Gotta Feeling.. w/e 08 Aug (1)
1103: Tinchy Stryder Ft Amelle - Never Leave You.. w/e 15 Aug (1) in@ No.1
r/e ..: Black Eyed Peas - I Gotta Feeling.. w/e 22 Aug (1)
1104: David Guetta Ft Akon - Sexy Chick.. w/e 29 Aug (1) in@ No.1 ..
September
1105: Dizzee Rascal - Holiday.. w/e 05 Sept (1) in@ No.1
1106: Jay-Z Ft Rihanna & Kanye West - Run This Town.. w/e 12 Sept (1) in@ No.1 ..
1107: Pixie Lott - Boys & Girls.. w/e 19 Sept (1)
1108: Taio Cruz - Break Your Heart.. w/e 26 Sept (3) in@ No.1
October
1109: Chipmunk - Oopsy Daisy.. w/e 17 Oct (1) in@ No.1 ..
1110: Alexandra Burke ft. Flo Rida - Bad Boys .. w/e 24 Oct (1) in@ No.1 ..
1111: Cheryl Cole - Fight For This Love.. w/e 31 Oct (2) in@ No.1 ..
November
1112: JLS - Everybody In Love.. w/e 14 Nov (1) in@ No.1 ..
1113: Black Eyed Peas - Meet Me Halfway.. w/e 21 Nov (1) ..
1114: X Factor Finalists 2009 - You Are Not Alone.. w/e 28 Nov (1) in@ No.1
December
1115: Peter Kay's Animated All Star Band - BBC Children In Need Medley.. w/e 05 Dec (2)
1116: Lady Gaga - Bad Romance.. w/e 19 Dec (1)
1117: Rage Against the Machine - Killing In The Name.. w/e 26 Dec (1) in@ No.1
2010
1118: Joe McElderry - The Climb.. w/e 02 Jan (1) X Factor winner
r/e....: Lady Gaga - Bad Romance.. w/e 09 Jan (1) ..
1119: Iyaz - Replay.. w/e 16 Jan (2) in@ No.1
1120: Owl City - Fireflies.. w/e 30 Jan (3) ..
February
1121: Helping Haiti - Everybody Hurts.. w/e 20 Feb (2) in@ No.1
March
1122: Jason Derulo - In My Head.. w/e 06 March (1) in@ No.1
1123: Tinie Tempah - Pass Out.. w/e 13 March (2) in@ No.1 ..
1124: Lady Gaga ft. Beyoncé - Telephone.. w/e 27 March (2)
April
1125: Scouting for Girls - This Ain't A Love Song.. w/e 10 April (2) in@ No.1 ..
1126: Usher ft. will.i.am - OMG.. w/e 24 April (1)
May
1127: Diana Vickers - Once.. w/e 01 May (1) in@ No.1
1128: Roll Deep - Good Times.. w/e 08 May (3) in@ No.1 ..
1129: B.o.B ft Bruno Mars - Nothin' On You.. w/e 29 May (1) in@ No.1
June
1130: Dizzee Rascal - Dirtee Disco.. w/e 05 June (1) in@ No.1 ..
1131: David Guetta ft. Chris Willis - Gettin' Over You.. w/e 12 June (1) in@ No.1 ..
1132: Shout ft. Dizzee & James Corden - Shout For England.. w/e 19 June (2) in@ No.1 ..
July
1133: Katy Perry ft.Snoop Dogg - California Gurls.. w/e 03 July (2) in@ No.1 ..
1134: JLS - The Club Is Alive.. w/e 17 July (1) in@ No.1 ..
1135: B.o.B ft. Hayley Williams - Airplanes.. w/e 24 July (1) ..
1136: Yolanda Be Cool Vs D Cup - We No Speak Americano.. w/e 31 July (1) ..
August
1137: Wanted - All Time Low.. w/e 07 Aug (1) in@ No.1 ..
1138: Ne-Yo - Beautiful Monster.. w/e 14 Aug (1) in@ No.1 ..
1139: Flo Rida Club ft. David Guetta - Can't Handle Me.. w/e 21 Aug (1)
1140: Roll Deep - Green Light.. w/e 28 Aug (1) in@ No.1 ..
September
1141: Taio Cruz - Dynamite.. w/e 04 Sept (1) in@ No.1
1142: Olly Murs - Please Don't Let Me Go.. w/e 11 Sept (1) in@ No.1
1143: Alexandra Burke ft. Laza Morgan - Start Without You.. w/e 18 Sept (2) in@ No.1 ..
October
1144: Bruno Mars - Just the Way You Are (Amazing).. w/e 02 Oct (1) in@ No.1 ..
1145: Tinie Tempah - Written In The Stars.. w/e 09 Oct (1) in@ No.1 ..
1146: Cee Lo Green - Forget You.. w/e 16 Oct (2) in@ No.1
r/e...: Bruno Mars - Just the Way You Are (Amazing).. w/e 30 Oct (1) ..
November
1147: Cheryl Cole - Promise This.. w/e 06 Nov (1) in@ No.1
1148: Rihanna - Only Girl (In The World).. w/e 13 Nov (2) ..
1149: JLS - Love You More.. w/e 27 Nov (1) in@ No.1 .
December
1150: The X Factor Finalists 2010 - Heroes.. w/e 04 Dec (2) in@ No.1 .
1151: The Black Eyed Peas - The Time (Dirty Bit).. w/e 18 Dec (1).
1152: Matt Cardle - When We Collide.. w/e 25 Dec (3) in@ No.1 X Factor winner
2011
1153: Rihanna ft. Drake - What's My Name.. w/e 15 Jan (1).
1154: Bruno Mars - Grenade.. w/e 22 Jan (2) in@ No.1.
February
1155: Kesha - We R Who We R.. w/e 05 Feb (1)
1156: Jessie J ft. B.o.B - Price Tag.. w/e 12 Feb (2) in@ No.1
1157: Adele - Someone Like You.. w/e 26 Feb (4)
March
1158: Nicole Scherzinger - Don't Hold Your Breath.. w/e 26 March (1) in@ No.1
April
r/e.,.: Adele - Someone Like You.. w/e 02 April (1)
1159: Jennifer Lopez ft. Pitbull - On The Floor.. w/e 09 April (2) in@ No.1
1160: LMFAO - Party Rock Anthem.. w/e 23 April (4).
May
1161: Bruno Mars - The Lazy Song.. w/e 21 May (1).
1162: Pitbull ft. Ne-Yo, Afrojack & Nayer - Give Me Everything.. w/e May 28 (3)
June
1163: Example - Changed The Way You Kiss Me.. w/e 18 June (2) in@ No.1.
July
1164: Jason Derulo - Don't Wanna Go Home.. w/e 02 July (2) in@ No.1.
1165: DJ Fresh ft. Sian Evans - Louder.. w/e 16 July (1) in@ No.1
1166: The Wanted - Glad You Came.. w/e 23 July (2) in@ No.1
August
1167: JLS ft. Dev - She Makes Me Wanna.. w/e 06 Aug (1) in@ No.1
1168: Cher Lloyd - Swagger Jagger.. w/e 13 Aug (1) in@ No.1
1169: Nero - Promises.. w/e 20 Aug (1) in@ No.1
1170: Wretch 32 ft.Josh Kumra - Don't Go.. w/e 27 Aug (1) in@ No.1
September
1171: Olly Murs ft. Rizzle Kicks - Heart Skips A Beat.. w/e 03 Sept (1) in@ No.1.
1172: Example - Stay Awake.. w/e 10 Sept (1) in@ No.1
1173: Pixie Lott - All About Tonight.. w/e 17 Sept (1) in@ No.1.
1174: One Direction - What Makes You Beautiful.. w/e 24 Sept (1) in@ No.1.
October
1175: Dappy - No Regrets.. w/e 01 Oct (1) in@ No.1
1176: Sak Noel - Loca People .. w/e 08 Oct (1) in@ No.1.
1177: Rihanna ft.Calvin Harris - We Found Love .. w/e 15 Oct (3) in@ No.1 .
November
1178: Professor Green ft.Emeli Sande - Read All About It .. w/e 05 Nov (2) [email protected] .
R / E: Rihanna ft.Calvin Harris - We Found Love .. w/e 26 Nov (3)
December
1179: The X Factor Finalists 2011 - Wishing On A Star .. w/e Dec 10 (1) [email protected]
1180: Olly Murs - Dance With Me Tonight .. w/e Dec 17 (1)
1181: Little Mix - Cannonball .. w/e Dec 24 (1) [email protected] X Factor winner
1182: Military Wives with Gareth Malone - Wherever You Are .. w/e Dec 31 (1) [email protected]
2012
1183: Coldplay - Paradise .. w/e Jan 7 (1)
1184: Flo Rida - Good Feeling .. w/e Jan 14 (1)
1185: Jessie J - Domino .. w/e Jan 21 (2)
February
1186: Cover Drive - Twilight .. Feb 04 (1) [email protected]
1187: David Guetta ft Sia - Titanium .. Feb 11 (1)
1188: Gotye Somebody ft Kimbra - That I Used To Know .. Feb 18 (1)
1189: DJ Fresh ft. Rita Ora - Hot Right Now .. Feb 25 (1)
March
R / E: Gotye ft Kimbra - SomebodyThat I Used To Know .. March 03 (4)
1190: Katy Perry - Part Of Me .. March 31 (1) in@ No.1
April
1191: Chris Brown - Turn Up The Music .. April 07 (1) [email protected]
1192: Carly Rae Jepsen - Call Me Maybe .. April 14 (4)
May
1193: Tulisa - Young .. w/e May 12 (1) [email protected]
1194: Rita Ora ft.Tinie Tempah - R.I.P .. w/e May 19 (2) [email protected]
June
1195: fun ft. Janelle Monae - We Are Young .. w/e June 2 (1)
1196: Rudimental ft. John Newman - Feel The Love .. w/e June 9 (1) [email protected]
1197: Gary Barlow & The Commonwealth Band - Sing .. w/e June 16 (1)
1198: Cheryl - Call My Name .. w/e June 23 (1) [email protected]
1199: Maroon 5 ft. Wiz Khalifa - Payphone .. w/e June 30 (1) [email protected]
July
1200: will.i.am ft. Eva Simons - This Is Love .. w/e July 7 (1) [email protected]
R / E: Maroon 5 ft.Wiz Khalifa - Payphone .. w/e July 14 (1)
1201: Florence + the Machine (Calvin Harris Mix) - Spectrum (Say My Name) .. w/e July 21 (3)
August
1202: Wiley ft. Rymez & Ms D - Heatwave .. w/e Aug 11 (2) [email protected]
1203: Rita Ora - How We Do (Party) .. w/e Aug 25 (1) [email protected]
September
1204: Sam and The Womp - Bom Bom .. w/e Sept 01 (1) [email protected]
1205: Little Mix - Wings .. w/e Sept 08 (1) [email protected]
1206: Ne-Yo - Let Me Love You (Until You Learn To Love Yourself) .. w/e Sept 15 (1) [email protected]
1207: The Script feat. will.i.am - Hall Of Fame .. w/e Sept 22 (2)
October
1208: PSY - Gangnam Style .. w/e Oct 06 (1)
1209: Rihanna - Diamonds .. w/e Oct 13 (1) [email protected]
1210: Swedish House Mafia ft.John Martin - Don't You Worry Child .. w/e Oct 20 (1) [email protected]
1211: Calvin Harris ft.Florence Welch - Sweet Nothing .. w/e Oct 27 (1) [email protected]
November
1212: Labrinth ft. Emeli Sande - Beneath Your Beautiful .. w/e Nov 03 (1)
1213: Robbie Williams - Candy .. w/e Nov 10 (2) [email protected]
1214: One Direction - Little Things .. Nov 24 (1) [email protected]
December
1215: Olly Murs ft. Flo Rida - Troublemaker .. Dec 01 (2) [email protected]
1216: Gabrielle Aplin - The Power Of Love .. Dec 15 (1)
1217: James Arthur - Impossible .. Dec 22 (1) [email protected] the fastest-selling X Factor single of all time (to date) reaching 255,000 downloads within 48 hours
1218: The Justice Collective - He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother .. Dec 29 (1) [email protected].
2013
R/E .: James Arthur - Impossible .. Jan 05 (2)
1219: will.i.am feat. Britney Spears - Scream & Shout .. Jan 19 (2)
February
1220: Bingo Players ft. Far East Movement - Get Up (Rattle) .. Feb 02 (2) [email protected]
1221: Macklemore - Thrift Shop .. w/e Feb 16 (1)
1222: Avicii vs Nicky Romero - I Could Be The One .. w/e Feb 23 (1) [email protected]
March
1223: One Way Or Another (Teenage Kicks) - One Direction .. w/e March 02 (1) [email protected] The official Comic Relief 2013 single.
1224: Justin Timberlake - Mirrors .. w/e March 09 (3)
1225: The Saturdays ft Sean Paul - What About Us .. March 30 (1) [email protected]
April
1226: PJ & Duncan - Let's Get Ready To Rhumble .. April 06 (1) first released July 11th 1994 peaking at No.9. ~ re-released in March 2013, with royalties from sales to be donated to the charity ChildLine.
1227: Duke Dumont ft. A*M*E - Need U (100%) .. April 13 (2) [email protected]
1228: Rudimental ft. Ella Eyre - Waiting All Night .. April 27 (1) [email protected]
May
1229: Daft Punk ft. Pharrell Williams - Get Lucky .. May 04 (4)
June
1230: Naughty Boy ft. Sam Smith - La La La .. June 01 (1) [email protected]
1231: Robin Thicke ft. Pharrell Williams & T.I. - Blurred Lines .. June 08 (4) [email protected]
July
1232: Icona Pop ft. Charli XCX - I Love It .. July 06 (1) [email protected]
1233: John Newman - Love Me Again .. July 13 (1) [email protected]
R/E .: Robin Thicke ft. Pharrell Williams & T.I. - Blurred Lines .. July 20 (1)
1234: Avicii - Wake Me Up .. July 27 (3) [email protected]
August
1235: Miley Cyrus - We Can't Stop .. Aug 17 (1) [email protected]
1236: Ellie Goulding - Burn .. Aug 24 (3) [email protected]
September
1237: Katy Perry - Roar .. Sept 14 (2) [email protected]
1238: Jason Derulo ft. 2 Chainz - Talk Dirty .. Sept 28 (2) [email protected]
October
1239: OneRepublic - Counting Stars .. Oct 12 (1)
1240: Miley Cyrus - Wrecking Ball .. Oct 19 (1) [email protected]
R/E .: OneRepublic - Counting Stars .. Oct 26 (1)
November
1241: Lorde - Royals .. Nov 02 (1) [email protected]
1242: Eminem ft Rihanna - The Monster .. Nov 09 (1) [email protected]
1243: Storm Queen - Look Right Through .. Nov 16 (1)
1244: Martin Garrix - Animals .. Nov 23 (1) [email protected]
1245: Lily Allen - Somewhere Only We Know .. Nov 30 (1)
December
1246: Calvin Harris/Alesso/Hurts - Under Control .. Dec 07 (1) [email protected]
R/E .:.Lily Allen - Somewhere Only We Know .. Dec 14 (2)
1247: Sam Bailey - Skyscaper .. Dec 28 (1) [email protected] Xmas No.1
2014
1248: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. Jan 04 (1).
1249: Pitbull ft Kesha - Timber .. Jan 11 (1) [email protected].
R/E .: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. Jan 18 (2).
February
1250: Clean Bandit ft. Jess Glynne - Rather Be .. Feb 01 (4) [email protected]
March
1251: Sam Smith - Money On My Mind .. March 01 (1) [email protected].
R/E .: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. March 08 (1).
1252: Route 94 ft. Jess Glynne - My Love .. March 15 (1) [email protected].
1253: DVBBS & Borgeous ft Tinie Tempah - Tsunami (Jump) .. March 22 (1) [email protected].
1254: Duke Dumont ft Jax Jones - I Got U .. March 29 (1) [email protected]
April
1255: 5 Seconds Of Summer - She Looks So Perfect .. April 05 (1) [email protected].
1256: Aloe Blacc - The Man .. April 12 (1) [email protected].
1257: Sigma - Nobody To Love .. April 19 (1) [email protected].
1258: Kiesza - Hidaway .. April 26 (1) [email protected]
May
1259: Mr Probz - Waves .. May 03 (1) [email protected].
1260: Calvin Harris - Summer .. May 10 (1) [email protected].
R/E .: Mr Probz - Waves .. May 17 (1).
1261: Rita Ora - I Will Never Let You Down .. May 24 (1) [email protected].
1262: Sam Smith - Stay With Me .. May 31 (1) [email protected]
June
1263: Secondcity - I Wanna Feel .. June 07 (1) [email protected]
1264: Ed Sheeran - Sing .. June 14 (1) [email protected]
1265: Ella Henderson - Ghost .. June 21 (2) [email protected]
July
1266: Oliver Heldens & Becky Hill - Gecko (Overdrive) .. July 05 (1) [email protected]
1267: Ariana Grande ft Iggy Azalea - Problem .. July 12 (1) [email protected]
1268: Will.i.am ft. Cody Wise - It's My Birthday .. July 19 (1) [email protected]
1269: Rixton - Me And My Broken Heart .. July 26 (1) [email protected]
August
1270: Cheryl Cole ft Tinie Tempah - Crazy Stupid Love .. Aug 02 (1) [email protected]
1271: Magic - Rude .. Aug 09 (1)
1272: Nico & Vinz - Am I Wrong .. Aug 16 (2)
1273: David Guetta ft. Sam Martin - Lovers On The Sun .. Aug 30 (1) [email protected]
September
1274: Lilly Wood & Robin Schulz - Prayer in C .. Sept 06 (2) .
1275: Calvin Harris ft. John Newman - Blame .. Sept 20 (1) [email protected]
1276: Sigma ft. Paloma Faith - Changing .. Sept 27 (1)
October
1277: Jesse J / Grande / Minaj - Bang Bang .. Oct 04 (1) [email protected] .
1278: Meghan Trainor - All About That Bass .. Oct 11 (4) .
November
1279: Ed Sheeran - Thinking Out Aloud .. Nov 08 (1)
1280: Cheryl - I Don't Care - Cheryl .. Nov 15 (1) [email protected]
1281: Gareth Malone's All Star Choir - Wake Me Up .. Nov 22 (1) [email protected]
1282: Band Aid 30 - Do They Know It's Christmas .. Nov 29 (1) [email protected]
December
1283: Take That - These Days .. Dec 06 (1) [email protected]
R/E:.: Ed Sheeran - Thinking Out Aloud .. Dec 13 (1)
1284: Mark Ronson ft. Bruno Mars - Uptown Funk .. Dec 20 (1) [email protected]
1285: Ben Haenow - Something I Need .. Dec 27 (1) [email protected]
2015
R/E:.: Mark Ronson ft. Bruno Mars - Uptown Funk .. Jan 03 (6)
February
1286: Ellie Goulding - Love Me Like You Do .. Feb 14 (4) [email protected]
March
1287: Years & Years - King .. March 14 (1) [email protected]
1288: Sam Smith ft.John Legend - Lay Me Down .. March 21 (2) [email protected]
April
1289: Jess Glynne - Hold My Hand .. April 04 (3) [email protected]
1290: Wiz Khalifa ft. Charlie Puth - See You Again .. April 25 (2)
May
1291: OMI - Cheerleader .. May 09 (4)
June
1292: Jason Derulo - Want To Want Me .. June 06 (4) [email protected]
July
1293: Tinie Tempah ft Jesse Glynne - Not Letting Go .. July 04 (1)
WEEK ENDING DATE CHANGES TO FRIDAYS
1294: Lost Frequences - Are You With Me .. July 09 (1)
1295: David Zowie - House Every Weekend .. July 16 (1)
1296: Little Mix - Black Magic .. July 23 (3) [email protected]
August
1297: One Direction - Drag Me Down .. Aug 13 (1) [email protected]
1298: Charlie Puth ft Meghan Trainor - Marvin Gaye .. Aug 20 (1)
1299: Jess Glynne - Don't Be So Hard on Yourself .. Aug 27 (1)
September
1300: Rachel Platten - Fight Song .. Sept 03 (1)
1301: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Sept 10 (1) [email protected]
1302: Sigala - Easy Love .. Sept 17 (1)
R/E:.: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Sept 24 (2)
October
1303: Sam Smith - Writing On The Wall .. Oct 08 (1) [email protected].
R/E:.: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Oct 15 (2)
1304: KDA ft Tinie Tempah & Katy B - Turn The Music Louder (Rumble) .. Oct 29 (1) [email protected]
November
1305: Adele - Hello .. Nov 05 (3) [email protected]
1306: Justin Bieber - Sorry .. Nov 26 (2)
December
1307: Justin Bieber - Love Yourself .. Dec 10 (3)
1308: Lewisham & Greenwich NHS Choir - A Bridge Over You .. Dec 31 (1) [email protected]
2016
January
R/E:.: Justin Bieber - Love Yourself .. Jan 07 (3)
Jan 8th - Jan 14th Justin Bieber holds the 1st, 2nd, 3rd position on the charts; a first in UK chart history
1309: Shawn Mendes - Stitches . . Jan 28 (2)
February
1310: Zayn - Pillowtalk . . Feb 11 (1) in@ No.1
1311: Lukas Graham - 7 Years . . Feb 18 (5)
March
1312: Mike Posner - I Tool A Pill In Ibiza .. March 24 (4)
April
1313: Drake ft. Wizkid & Kyla - One Dance .. April 21 (15)
August
1314: Major Lazer/Justin Beiber/Mo - Cold Water .. Aug 04 (5)
September
1315: Chainsmoker ft Halsey - Closer .. Sept 08 (4)
October
1316: James Arthur - Say You Won't Let Go .. Oct 06 (3)
1317: Little Mix - Shout Out To My Ex .. Oct 27 (3) [email protected]
November
1318: Clean Bandit - Rockabye .. Nov 17 (9) Christmas No.1
2017
January
1319: Ed Sheeran - Shape Of You .. w/e Jan 19 (1) [email protected] "Shape of You" and Ed Sheeran's "Castle on the Hill" debuted on UK Singles Chart at No1 & No.2, the first time in history an artist has taken the top two chart positions with new releases.
UPDATED: January 13th 2016.
A FEW FACTS (UK Singles charts)
Most Consecutive Weeks at No.1
16 weeks: Bryan Adams - (Everything I Do) I Do It For You .. 1991
Most Weeks at No.1
18 weeks: Frankie Laine's - I Believe
In 1953 it topped the chart on three separate occasions
Longest Time For A Track To Get To No.1
33 Years, 3 Months, and 27 Days.
Tony Christie "(Is This The Way To) Amarillo"
w/e November 27th 1971 - it reached No.18.
w/e March 26th 2005 - it reached No.1 with the re-release, after comedian Peter Kaye sung the song and made an amusing video with it, featuring many other celebrities. It was in aid of Comic Relief.
it beat the previous record of
29 Years, 1 Month, and 11 Days
Jackie Wilson -"Reet Petite (The Sweetest Girl in Town)" the original subtitle: (The Finest Girl You Ever Want To Meet)
w/e November 15th 1957 - it reached No.6 in the UK charts
w/e December 29th 1986 - it reached No.1 , two years after his death, when it was re-released after being used on an advert for Levi Jeans .
Until 1983, the chart was made available on Tuesdays.
Due to improved technology, from January 1983 it was released on the Sunday.
The convention of using Saturday as the 'week-ending' date
has remained constant throughout.
JULY 2015 .. WEEK-ENDING DATE CHANGES TO THURSDAYS AND RELEASED ON FRIDAYS
Information up to 2004 is from the
"Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums"
2004 onwards from BBC Radio 1
*****************************************
| i don't know |
Which island lies directly north of Malta? | Maltese Islands - The Three Islands of Malta, Gozo & Comino
Attractions
Islands
The Maltese archipelago lies virtually at the centre of the Mediterranean, 93 km south of Sicily and 288 km north of Africa.
The archipelago consists of three islands: Malta, Gozo and Comino with a total population of over 400,000 inhabitants occupying an area of 316 square kilometers.
Malta is the largest island and the cultural, commercial and administrative centre.
Gozo is the second largest island and is more rural, characterised by fishing, tourism, crafts and agriculture.
Comino , the smallest of the trio, has one hotel and is largely uninhabited.
| Sicily |
What kind of creature is a monitor? | About Malta | holiday-malta.com
About Malta
zurrieq
About Malta
Malta Tourist Attractions include history, culture, the arts, beautiful beaches , religion and many other activities . If you are spending your holidays in Malta this year, spend a few minutes getting to know some basic information on the Maltese Islands and its various Towns & Villages.
The MALTESE ISLANDS are Malta, Gozo, Comino, Filfla and Fungus Rock. Only the first three are inhabited, but the other two are well known for their flora and fauna. The main Islands however are MALTA and its sister island, GOZO. Malta is virtually at the centre of the Mediterranean 93km south of Sicily and 288km north of Africa. Population is approximately 412,000, with twice as many (and more) first and second generation Maltese having settled in several areas, notably in the UK, Australia, Canada, United States, Italy and elsewhere.
Malta is the third most densely populated country in the world. Its natural resources are nearly non existent, except for the famous golden limestone used for our buildings. We produce only 20% of our food requirements and have no domestic energy sources. The main industries of the Maltese Islands are Tourism, Construction, Agriculture and various small industries. with Information Technology and Telecommunications are becoming really active industry today.
Malta is a nation state, and these Islands are Members of the United Nations, European Union, the British Commonwealth of Nations, the Council of Europe, and several other important treaty organisations. Malta and Gozo have political, social and commercial relations with several countries and contributes people and know-how in many fields.
Malta and Gozo are famous for their ancient history, actually predating history due to the evidence of some colossal and well-preserved stone Temples from prehistoric times, some of these being dated older than the Pyramids of Egypt. But their fame is also due to the Two Great Sieges, one in 1565 when the Turkish Empire with all its might could not conquer little Malta, with its tall bastions, the brave Knights of St John and the local people whose support and determination were crucial; the other momentous event being the Second World war (1939 -1942) when Malta's successful stand-off against the aggressive and fearful airplane attacks, contributing in a massive way towards the final armistice, with Malta's people besieged, hungry but proudly helping the Allies to victory.
Malta was governed over the century by several powers including the Romans, the Byzantines, the Angevins, the Castillians, the Arabs, the Normans, the Kingdom of the two Sicilies, the Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem, the Napoleonic French, the British. Independence within the British Commonwealth came on 21st September 1964. Malta was declared a Republic on 13th December 1973, but British influence is still very evident. English is registered as an official language together with its native Maltese. In May 2004 Malta joined the European Union, another important date in its long and chequered history.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZfaaQdXGLdE&feature=player_embedded
| i don't know |
Which legendary Scottish town appears for just one day every 100 years? | Brigadoon (1954) - IMDb
IMDb
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| Fantasy , Musical , Romance | 8 September 1954 (USA)
Two Americans on a hunting trip in Scotland become lost. They encounter a small village, not on the map, called Brigadoon, in which people harbor a mysterious secret, and behave as if they were still living two hundred years in the past.
Director:
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Nominated for 3 Oscars. Another 1 win. See more awards »
Videos
A girl is engaged to the local richman, but meanwhile she has dreams about the legendary pirate Macoco. A traveling singer falls in love with her and to impress her he poses as the pirate.
Director: Vincente Minnelli
The Wolves baseball team gets steamed when they find they've been inherited by one K.C. Higgins, a suspected "fathead" who intends to take an active interest in running the team. But K.C. ... See full summary »
Director: Busby Berkeley
Three sailors on a day of shore leave in New York City look for fun and romance before their twenty-four hours are up.
Directors: Stanley Donen, Gene Kelly
Stars: Gene Kelly, Frank Sinatra, Betty Garrett
Two sailors, one naive, the other experienced in the ways of the world, on liberty in Los Angeles, is the setting for this movie musical.
Director: George Sidney
A small-town farmer, down on her luck, finds her homestead invaded by a theatrical troupe invited to stay by her ne'er-do-well sister.
Director: Charles Walters
Three soldiers meet 10 years after their last meeting in New York, and find out that they have little in common now.
Directors: Stanley Donen, Gene Kelly
Stars: Gene Kelly, Dan Dailey, Cyd Charisse
After writing a tell-all book about her days in the dance troupe "Barry Nichols and Les Girls", Sybil Wren (Kay Kendall) is sued for libeling her fellow dancer Angele (Taina Elg). A Rashomon ... See full summary »
Director: George Cukor
Two vaudeville performers fall in love, but find their relationship tested by the arrival of WWI.
Director: Busby Berkeley
Three friends struggle to find work in Paris. Things become more complicated when two of them fall in love with the same woman.
Director: Vincente Minnelli
In 1850 Oregon, when a backwoodsman brings a wife home to his farm, his six brothers decide that they want to get married too.
Director: Stanley Donen
A pretentiously artistic director is hired for a new Broadway musical and changes it beyond recognition.
Director: Vincente Minnelli
A musical remake of Ninotchka: After three bumbling Soviet agents fail in their mission to retrieve a straying Soviet composer from Paris, the beautiful, ultra-serious Ninotchka is sent to ... See full summary »
Director: Rouben Mamoulian
Edit
Storyline
Americans Tommy Albright and Jeff Douglas, on a hunting vacation in Scotland, discover a quaint and beautiful village, Brigadoon. Strangely, the village is not on any map, and soon Tommy and Jeff find out why: Brigadoon is an enchanted place. It appears once every hundred years for one day, then disappears back into the mists of time, to wake up to its next day a century hence. When Tommy falls in love with Fiona, a girl of the village, he realizes that she can never be part of his life back in America. Can he be part of hers in Brigadoon? Written by Jim Beaver <[email protected]>
The Musical Hit that Tops Them All! See more »
Genres:
8 September 1954 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
4-Track Stereo | Mono (Western Electric Sound System)
Color:
Did You Know?
Trivia
Gene Kelly wanted Moira Shearer to play the role of Fiona, however Shearer declined preferring to perform on the classical stage. See more »
Goofs
For only being enchanted for a period of less than two days (the day of the movie being only their second day awake since the enchantment), by their own time line, the villagers have developed a rather implausibly complex set of customs and beliefs related to their enchantment. See more »
Quotes
Charlie Chisholm Dalrymple : And may God bless me this evening as much as I would bless Him if I were He and He were Charles Dalrymple.
The Heather On the Hill
4 June 2006 | by theowinthrop
(United States) – See all my reviews
This Vincent Minelli musical is usually considered a flop, which is unfair. Gene Kelly wanted to shoot it on site in Scotland (where Brigadoon is set), but it was vetoed as too expensive. So Minelli had to create a magical, 18th Century Scottish village on a studio set. He also was using cinema scope for the first time, and felt it lacked the compositional unity and beauty of the regular film he had been using. It is apparent it's a set, but the story and music is so superior (despite the lack of two songs, including my favorite - "My Mother's Wedding Day") that one can actually forget the artificiality of the set. Moreover, the actual issue of artificial sets seems ridiculous when considering the story. If the set was actually realistic, the film would have had to be shot in one day, because the set would have vanished for a century at the end of the day (as the village does in the story)!!
Except for one five minute sequence at the end of the film, set in a noisy New York City nightspot, most of the film is set in the Scottish highlands. Tommy (Gene Kelly) and Jeff (Van Johnson) are vacationing in Scotland, when they stumble into a village that is not on their maps. The village is Brigadoon. It is later explained by the village elder, Mr Lundie (Barry Johns) that the village was granted a special wish of it's very religious minister to preserve it forever by having it only reappear once a century, so the people in it would never be hurt. There is, however, another side to the deal: the citizens have to remain (as well as their livestock) within the boundaries of the town by sundown, because they go to bed early, and awake one hundred years later the next day. If any decides to leave the town's boundaries, that person will cause the wish and blessing to dissipate, and the town will be destroyed and it's citizens destroyed.
BRIGADOON is a very colorful and tuneful show, and a nice blend of humor and tragedy. It also asks what people require for happiness: simplicity or sophisticated modern life. Jeff would opt for the latter (and he does quite strenuously up to the conclusion of the movie), but he is a confirmed alcoholic - some advertisement for modern civilization and it's benefits! Tommy is more inquisitive and easier - and he finds he is not so happy with modern life. But the search for happiness is not an easy one, and it takes a tragedy and much soul searching for Tommy to reach his conclusion.
And there is the music, especially Learner and Lowe's "The Heather On the Hill" (attractively sung and danced by Kelly and Charisse), and "It's Almost Like Being In Love." A failure by Minelli? Well it's not MEET ME IN ST. LOUIS, or GIGI, or THE PIRATE but it is far better than many other musicals.
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| Brigadoon |
In which novel has Britain been re-named Airstrip One? | Vanishing Village - TV Tropes
Vanishing Village
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YMMV
A plot that features a location that only appears or is accessible for certain periods of time. Frequently the home to a Lost World or civilization, it is usually found accidentally by "outsider" characters. Common features of the subsequent plot include one of the outsiders falling in love with a native, and/or the outsiders being required to leave within a certain period of time, or be trapped there.
Many examples are in reference to the 1947 musical Brigadoon , about two American tourists who stumble upon the mysterious town of the same name.
Compare The Little Shop That Wasn't There Yesterday . Not to be confused with Hidden Elf Village , although the inhabitants of the Hidden Elf Village would like the idea of making their town into a Vanishing Village if they should have the phlebotinum to pull it off.
Examples
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Anime & Manga
The anime series Brigadoon: Marin and Melan has the same name as the play in the title and a world sort of similar to it. It also has robot gunsword-slingers from another dimension .
The second Read or Die manga (Read or Dream) featured a ghost library that appeared to the living once every ten years. Of course, you could visit it all you liked after you were dead, as long as you brought your books back on time.
Comic Books
Legion of Super-Heroes
One issue of DC's post-Zero Hour Legion of Super-Heroes features the planet Steeple, which is somehow only accessible for a limited period of time every ten years due to a black hole. Legionnaire Karate Kid ends up missing the window out of reluctance to leave an injured teammate, although they both ended up getting rescued anyhow.
Tyroc in the 1970's came from the island of Marzal, which had a similar problem. The story's title was The Brigadoon Syndrome.
Pre-Crisis Planet Rokyn had just such a relationship with the universe.
Captain Marvel Jr. visited the "City in the Mirage," which appeared once every thousand years, in a 1975 Shazam comic that also saw his older counterpart visiting a future where giant rats have taken over the world.
Done in Sonic CD and later the Sonic the Comic series about the mysterious planet that appears during a yearly eclipse and disappears when it ends, with the majority of the plots being focused on escaping the planet before it fades back into whatever dimension it came from. Averted by Robotnik in Sonic CD , who chains Little Planet to Earth.
The Usborne Puzzle Adventure
book The Vanishing Village has the protagonist searching for a village of this sort ( as the title may suggest ).
One of these makes an appearance in Black Moon Chronicles . Demons use the protagonists' unwitting stay there to stuff main character Wismerhill's first girlfriend into the fridge .
Loki's Manhattan apartment became one of these in the eight months they propel it forward when breaking the time stream in Loki: Agent of Asgard . Verity even checked the building plans — it was apparently never there. They also moved it magically several times, so probably many people managed to lose it in the course of the series.
Films — Live-Action
The film version of Brigadoon .
Pleasant Valley, in Herschell Gordon Lewis' "B" horror film Two Thousand Maniacs!
The Disney Channel Original Movie Halloweentown claims that the eponymous magical town is only accessible one night of the year (no points for guessing which night). At the end of the sequel, the heroes manage to use the Power of Love to force open the portal indefinitely.
In the 2009 horror movie Ghost Town, a gang of Satanic cultists wiped out an Old West town and then committed ritual suicide. The town then vanished into a pocket dimension. Every thirteen years, on Friday the 13th, the town reappears and traps any travelers who wander in, then the ghosts of the cultists terrorize and kill them For the Evulz . According to notes left by previous victims, if the travelers can't escape or break the curse by morning, the town will vanish, leaving them trapped for thirteen years and most likely killed by the ghosts long before the town reappears.
Folklore & Legends
Common in folk stories about The Fair Folk , regarding the way into Fairyland.
Literature
While it's never been relevent to the stories, The Discworld Companion claims the country of Chimeria (which gets referenced briefly in The Colour of Magic , and never gets mentioned again) is a brigadoon, as is the Lost City of Ee (which is why so many adventurers have discovered it, only to lose it again almost immediately). There's also the Lost City of Leshp, seen in Jingo , which is obviously a reference to Atlantis , but also overlaps with this trope: It's built on an island of hollow pumice which fills up with volcanic gas over decades until it floats to the surface, then sinks when all the gas dissipates.
Forever After , an anthology with Roger Zelazny 's name on front, features an assassin on a quest to take a magical artifact back to its resting place, after the Big Bad has been defeated. This city comes and goes, and no one is sure if he'll make it out. He doesn't. Also the Big Bad wasn't really dead, and it was his plan to send away the artifacts that could have defeated him—instead of being defeated, he had possessed the body of the hero and become King.
In The Secrets of Droon book City In The Clouds, the floating city of Ro only appears once in hundreds of years, and the heroes (and the villains) are in serious danger of getting stranded there.
In the Deverry series by Kathrine Kerr, the dwarven island of Haen Marn teleports away when its inhabitants are threatened, disappearing for years at a time until ithe island deems it safe to return
The Humanx Commonwealth novels apply this trope to an entire planet, Quofum.
Nils in the book Nils Holgersson visits Vineta
, a city sunk into the sea for its vanity, during the one hour each century that it reappears above the waves. In this telling, the curse will be lifted if during that hour any of Vineta's merchants can sell anything to a living creature. Too bad Nils has no money with him, and when he runs to fetch a rusty coin he remembers seeing on the beach, the hour ends and the city disappears.
Elric of Melnibone has several examples: One book is called the Vanishing Tower, and is named after a tower which is an example of this trope; there's also Myshella's citadel, which is similar to the other vanishing tower but not the same; and the legendary city of Tanelorn is a location sought by many but not accessible in the normal way.
Live-Action TV
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine : The planet Meridian appears only once every 60 years.
Farscape has an episode with a group of planets at the centre of a time anomaly where time passes much faster than in the wider universe and which only become accessible for an hour or so every fifty-five years. It is suggested that since the spaceship Moya is part-way into the anomaly, it may be experiencing a milder but still serious level of time displacement.
Played mostly straight (as straight as the series could muster, anyhow) in the second season episode "Brigadoom" of Lexx , which was also a Musical Episode .
The characters in Sliders are driven from one dimension to the next by the fact that each world is essentially one of these. Though this is only because of a malfunction with the device they use to go from world to world. If it worked right, they'd be able to come and go as they please.
Tabletop Games
Exalted has a spell specifically to produce the Brigadoon effect.
In the GURPS Infinite Worlds sourcebook, places like Brigadoon are referred to as 'shiftrealms', and range from the archetypal 'town from the mists' to a subway car that always knows where its passengers need to go.
Video Games
In the Castlevania games, Dracula's castle (and the man himself) return every 100 years... in theory. In practice, various cults are always resurrecting them sooner.
The city of Dawn in Ultima III . "Dawn lasts for but a brief moment." Minus the "must escape or be trapped" part... the city's got a really favorable timeflow differential.
Illusion Village in the first Robopon game.
Pokemon Ruby/Saphire/Emerald features Mirage Island, a mysterious island that has a roughly 1 in 10,000 chance of appearing in Route 130 every day. Emerald also features Marine Cave and Terra Cave, which periodically appear and disappear in random locations.
Remakes Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire feature instead the Mirage Spots, a series of small islands which can only be accessed by soaring to one on Latias or Latios. Every day the set of islands that will appear is randomized, with more islands appearing if you streetpass people that have them.
The Baten Kaitos series has Mira, an entire island that periodically fades in and out of existence and cannot be reached in Origins for this reason, and Sedna, a town that was completely turned to magnus and can be restored as a Side Quest .
The eponymous continent of Ys in the first two games, and the lost city of Kefin in V.
Dungeons & Dragons Online : The raid called "The Shroud" involves an devil invasion of the hero's world. It can occur because the devils' plane becomes "co-terminous" with the real world every few thousand years.
Western Animation
Spoofed in an episode of Beetlejuice , "Brinkadoom", where Beetlejuice and Lydia get stuck in such a place, a "sleepy little town" (pun intended) that vanishes for a millenium when all its inhabitants fall asleep.
There is an example of this in Adventures of the Gummi Bears called "Gummadoon".
101 Dalmatians: The Series has one of these. Not only does it only appear every thousand years or so, it brainwashes any who enter into thinking they always lived there.
The fortress-city Tambelon from My Little Pony 'n Friends appears for about a day or so every five centuries, during which the evil goat warlord there, Grogar, attempts to conquer the world. When he appears during the series' present, he loses his power (at least temporarily) and his army, meaning that the next time he reappears he will be a much lesser threat.
The season 3 premiere of My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic revolves around the Crystal Empire, an entire kingdom that vanished a thousand years ago, thanks to its evil ruler King Sombra casting a curse as he was overthrown and sealed away .
Castle Captor in The Smurfs is a Haunted Castle that appears every 500 years to capture those who are foolish enough to enter its gates, and tries very hard to keep its captives from ever escaping before it disappears.
Jem has this in one episode, in which they find shangri-la, and learn the curitive music, the city disappears after they leave, and the misfits cant' find it.
The Pink Panther : One episode of the series featuring a non-silent Pink features an Arabian kingdom cursed to only appear once every 500 years. The curse will only be broken if the Sultan marries an outsider.
:: Indexes ::
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Who was the minstrel in Robin Hood’s band of men? | Robin Hood's Merry Men
You are here: Robin Hood > Robin Hood Legend > The Merry Men
Robin Hood's Merry Men
Little John
Little John was Robin’s best friend right from the start. He appears in all of the six original tales. John and Robin were both yeomen, so they had lots in common. John is a steadying influence on Robin’s wild character. John has to have a lot of patience as Robin is moody, irritable and argumentative with him. They often fall out. Robin’s temper gets him into all sorts of trouble so John is constantly coming to the rescue. The famous story of their meeting on the bridge, and the idea of Little John’s name being a joke because he is so big, appear by the 18th century.
Will Scarlett
Will appears in a supporting role in a number of the original tales. Today we associate him with the colour, so he is depicted in film and books as wearing red instead of everyone else’s Lincoln Green. However originally his name appears in different forms, including Scadlock, Scalok, Scarlock, and Scathelok, before settling on Scarlett. You can see his grave in the churchyard at Blidworth.
Much, the miller’s son
The original tales suggest Much was just a boy. However he was as good an outlaw as a full grown man. Much comes into his own in Robin Hood and the Monk when he is called upon by Little John to help rescue Robin.
Maid Marian
By Tudor times Robin Hood, as a man in green and a spirit of spring, had entered English May Games - a celebration of fertility - so he needed a girlfriend. It appears that the character of Marian was borrowed from a separate French tradition to fill the role. In France she also had a boyfriend called Robin, and in these stories she played a sweet and innocent shepherdess. But in England, she became a bawdy wench, played by a boy in drag as part of a Morris dance. In a play in 1560 she is even identified as ‘a lady free’ who could be given as prize to Friar Tuck.
Two plays by Anthony Munday in 1597/8 restore her reputation as a virtuous maid of noble birth and it is this tradition with some added feminist strength we have inherited today.
Friar Tuck
The famous story of Robin meeting the friar and getting a soaking is one of the original tales. It's known as Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar. Around the same time Robin and Marian enter the May Games, along with another character ‘the jolly friar’. This ‘jolly friar’ becomes mixed with the ‘curtal friar’. All he needs is a name.
In 1560 the play ‘Robin Hood and the Friar’ shows that his character has become fixed by adopting the name of ‘Friar Tuck’. This was the alias of Robert Stafford, a chaplain and a leader of a gang of robbers in Sussex in 1417 – yes, a real outlaw!
Allan-a-Dale
We think of him today as the minstrel of the band. However he first appears in his own ballad of the 18th century as a forlorn lover, whose sweetheart is betrothed to an old knight against her will. Robin has to act as matchmaker; in fact it is Robin who is disguised as a musician, so that he can get into the church to put a stop to the wedding. He re-unites the lovers and the Merry Men preside over Allan’s wedding.
Do
From cosy log cabins in the heart of Sherwood Forest to luxurious hotels with spa facilities, Nottinghamshire has a great selection of accommodation. Take advantage of these special offers to make your stay even more enjoyable.
From: Thursday, 1st January 2015
To: Sunday, 31st December 2017
| Alan-a-Dale |
What is the nickname of his Symphony No.41 – considered to be his greatest? | Robin Hood, Prince of Thieves
Robin Hood, Prince of Thieves
HAS GOD PAINTED YOUR FACE?
The Movie
The movie starts in Jerusalem, where Robin is held prisoner by the Turks. He escapes together with Azeem, which now owes him his life and is determined to stay with Robin until he has returned the favour.
They leave for England, where they find Robin's father killed and his castle set to ruins. His lands are taken over by the Sheriff of Nottingham. He saves a young lad -who has killed a deer- from the Sherrif's men and next he goes to visit Marian.
Later, in Sherwood Forest, he meets a band of outlaws who have been driven from their homes by the Sherrif's taxes. After a stick-to-stick fight with Little John, he becomes their leader with a strong vote of distrust from Will Scarlett, who is -as we found out later- his halfbrother. He manages to pull the 'merry men' together to strike back at the Sheriff.
A lot of adventures follow and in the end the Sheriff has his mind set to marrying Marian, which, of course, does not suite Robin. He succeeds in rescueing her together with Azeem, who saves his life during the battle: Azeem has paid his debt and is free to return home.
Later, in Sherwood they have their own little wedding where, to their surprise, King Richard visits them and gives the bride away. Of course, he also pardons Robin.
The Legend
The Romantic Hero
One of the romantic heroes of the Middle Ages was the outlaw Robin Hood of England. Whether he was a living man or only a legend is uncertain. Old ballads relate that Robin Hood and his followers roamed the green depths of Sherwood Forest, near Nottingham, in the center of England. There they lived a carefree life, passing the time with hunting the king's deer, and robbing the rich. They shared their spoils with the poor and never injured women or children.
Robin Hood probably became an outlaw by killing a deer on a wager. Then he had slain one of the king's foresters who threatened his life. A price was set on Robin's head, and he went into hiding. Soon there gathered about him other bold men who had been outlawed or deprived of their inheritances. One day, when Robin was about to cross a narrow bridge, a stranger seven feet tall blocked the way. The two men fought with quarterstaves (long, stout sticks), and Robin Hood was knocked into the stream. As soon as he could scramble out of the water and catch his breath, Robin Hood praised this stranger and asked him to join his band. Thus Little John, so called because of his great size, became Robin Hood's right-hand man.
Will Scarlet also fought his way into the band. Others whose names often occur in the ballads are Will Stutely; Much, or Midge, a miller's son; and the romantic minstrel Alan-a-Dale. Robin Hood's chaplain and confessor was the fat and jovial Friar Tuck.
In later ballads Robin's sweetheart, Maid Marian, was introduced. When Robin Hood was outlawed, she dressed as a page and went to seek him in Sherwood Forest. At last they met. Both were disguised, and neither recognized the other. They fought until Robin, admiring her skill, invited Marian to join his band. Then she recognized his voice.
The Sherrif of Nottingham
Robin Hood's greatest enemy was the sheriff of Nottingham. The sheriff tried by force and trickery to bring the outlaw to justice. He was always outwitted. He even announced a shooting match, feeling sure that Robin Hood would appear to show his skill as an archer. The outlaw did appear, but in disguise. He won the prize, a golden arrow, which was handed to him by the sheriff himself. Not until Robin was once more safe in Sherwood Forest did the sheriff learn how he had been deceived.
Although Robin Hood lived on the king's deer, the ballads say that the outlaw "loved no man in the world so much as his king." According to one tale King Richard the Lion-Hearted went in disguise to Sherwood Forest and, having tested Robin Hood's loyalty, granted him a royal pardon.
Real person of myth
The Robin Hood legends may have grown up about some actual victim of the harsh forest laws of old England. Robin Hood is said to have lived from 1160 to 1247. Some accounts state that he was created earl of Huntingdon by Richard the Lion-Hearted. Most of the legends say that Robin Hood died at Kirklees Priory, in Yorkshire. Near the ruins of this priory is a grave supposed to be Robin's.
The epitaph (with the spelling modernized) reads:
Here underneath this little stone
Lies Robert, Earl of Huntingdon.
Ne'er archer was as he so good
And people called him Robin Hood.
Such outlaws as he and his men
Will England never see again.
So, this is a statement that Robin died in 1247. Some believe the inscription, which is in 18th-century lettering, is a copy from an earlier and genuine stone. Most scholars, however, doubt this. An argument against the hero's existence is the fact that he is mentioned by no historian of the time during which he is supposed to have lived. The events referred to in the stories could not all have occurred in his lifetime.
Robin Hood probably was a mythical character, first introduced into England in connection with the May-Day celebrations. The earliest record of a "Robin" associated with such festivities is in the rustic plays given at Whitsuntide in France in the 13th century. The hero was called Robin des Bois (Robin of the Woods). An old English spelling of "wood" was whode, which could easily have become hode, or hood. At any rate, in the 15th century and later the May-Day celebrations in England were called "Robin Hood's Festivals." Garlands of flowers, a Maypole, morris dances, archery contests, and bonfires were features of the celebrations. Robin Hood was king of May, and Maid Marian was his queen.
Robin Hood Candidates
We all know there is very little known about the 'real Robin Hood'. Did he ever exsist? Is he a compilation of several incidents and/or figures in medieval England? Are there a number of Robin Hood Candidates? Who's to tell? Alan W. Wright has a great homepage about Robin Hood, called: Robin Hood - Bold Outlaw of Barnsdale and Sherwood . I took some of his Robin Hood Candidates and pasted them here. You can read more about them at Alan's site. Here's a short version:
One of the earliest surviving ballads is A Gest of Robyn Hode. In the Gest, a "comely" king named Edward is travelling around the country. He meets Robin Hood, pardons him, and Robin goes to work in his court. 15 months later, Robin goes broke, gets bored, and returns to his outlaw life.
The most promising of the early real Robin Hoods was discovered by L.V.D. Owen in 1936. The Yorkshire assize roles for 1225-1226 mention that "Robert Hod, fugitive" had chattels worth 32s. 6d. (s is for shilling, d is for pence.) The same outlaw turns up in entries for later years, once under the nickname Hobbehod.
An anonymous manuscript (called the Sloane manuscript) from 1600 says Robin Hood was born in Locksley. This was probably meant to be the real village of Loxley in Yorkshire, although many later writers have moved "Locksley" to Nottinghamshire where most modern Robin Hood stories are set. But in J. R. Planch�'s 1864 paper, "A Ramble with Robin Hood", the spotlight was turned on another Loxley, a village in Warwickshire (not far from Shakespeare's home of Stratford-upon-Avon). One of the fictional names for Robin Hood is Robert Fitzooth. And in the reign of Henry II and Richard I, a knight named Robert Fitz Odo lived in Loxley, Warwickshire.
In the earliest tellings of the Robin Hood legend, the outlaw hero is a yeoman (roughly speaking, a member of the middle class). But with time the Robin Hood of legend moved up in the world. By the mid-1500s, he was said to be an earl. And in 1599, Anthony Munday wrote two plays that made Robin Hood the outlawed Earl of Huntingdon (or Huntington as Munday spelled it). No one is quite sure why Munday picked the earldom of Huntingdon for Robin Hood. Perhaps he just thought the "Hunting" part of the name seemed appropriate. Maybe it was propaganda for an earl which had lived earlier in the 16th century.
| i don't know |
A clutter or cluster is a collection of which creepy-crawlies? | Clutter - definition of clutter by The Free Dictionary
Clutter - definition of clutter by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/clutter
(klŭt′ər)
n.
1. A confused or disordered state or collection; a jumble: sorted through the clutter in the attic.
2. A confused noise; a clatter.
v. clut·tered, clut·ter·ing, clut·ters
v.tr.
1. To fill or spread over in a disorderly manner: Boxes cluttered the garage.
2. To make disorderly or hard to use by filling or covering with objects: I cluttered up my desk with old memos.
v.intr.
1. To run or move with bustle and confusion.
2. To make a clatter.
[Probably from Middle English cloteren, to clot, from clot, lump, from Old English clott.]
clutter
1. (often foll by: up) to strew or amass (objects) in a disorderly manner
2. (intr) to move about in a bustling manner
3. (intr) to chatter or babble
n
4. a disordered heap or mass of objects
5. a state of disorder
6. (Electronics) unwanted echoes that confuse the observation of signals on a radar screen
[C15 clotter, from clotteren to clot]
clut•ter
(ˈklʌt ər)
v.t.
1. to fill or litter with things in a disorderly manner: Newspapers cluttered the living room.
v.i.
3. a disorderly heap or assemblage; litter.
4. a confused state.
5. echoes on a radar screen that do not come from the target.
[1550–60; variant of clotter (now obsolete) = clot + -er 6]
clutter
Permanent echoes, cloud, or other atmospheric echo on radar scope; as contact has entered scope clutter. See also radar clutter.
Clowder, Cludder, Clutter
kendle or kindle of cats, 1801; a group of cats.
Example: clowder of cats.
Clutter
a confused collection; a clotted mass; a crowded and confused group; a collection. See also clowder .
Examples: clutter of bodies, 1674; of business, 1649; of cats; of citations, 1666; of consonants, 1791; of narrow crooked, dark, and dirty lanes, 1792; of drops against the glass, 1841; of spiders; of thick and deep grass, 1670.
clutter
I will have been cluttering
you will have been cluttering
he/she/it will have been cluttering
we will have been cluttering
you will have been cluttering
they will have been cluttering
Past Perfect Continuous
disorderliness , disorder - a condition in which things are not in their expected places; "the files are in complete disorder"
rummage - a jumble of things to be given away
2.
clutter - unwanted echoes that interfere with the observation of signals on a radar screen
radar echo - an electronic signal that has been reflected back to the radar antenna; contains information about the location and distance of the reflecting object
interference , noise , disturbance - electrical or acoustic activity that can disturb communication
Verb
fill , fill up , make full - make full, also in a metaphorical sense; "fill a container"; "fill the child with pride"
clear , unclutter - rid of obstructions; "Clear your desk"
clutter
noun
untidiness order , organization , neatness , tidiness
verb
1. litter , scatter , strew , mess up I don't want to clutter the room up with too much junk.
noun
A lack of order or regular arrangement:
تَراكُم، فَوْضى،عَدَم نِظام فَوْضَى
harampádínepořádek
bazar désordre fouillis d'échospouvoir de rejet
nered
to clutter up a room → amontonar cosas en un cuarto
to be cluttered up with sth → estar atestado de algo
clutter
There's too much clutter in here → Il y a trop de fouillis ici ., Il y a trop de fatras ici .
clutter
n (= confusion) → Durcheinander nt; (= disorderly articles) → Kram m (inf); the clutter of bottles and crockery in the kitchen → das Durcheinander von Flaschen und Geschirr in der Küche ; his desk was in a clutter → auf seinem Schreibtisch war ein fürchterliches Durcheinander ; his essay was a clutter of unrelated details → sein Aufsatz war ein Sammelsurium or Wirrwarr von zusammenhangslosen Einzelheiten
vt (also clutter up) → zu voll machen (inf) → /stellen; painting, photograph → überladen ; mind → vollstopfen ; to be cluttered with something (mind, room, drawer etc) → mit etw vollgestopft sein; (floor, desk etc) → mit etw übersät sein; (painting etc) → mit etw überladen sein; the floor was terribly cluttered → auf dem Fußboden lag alles verstreut ; his desk was dreadfully cluttered → sein Schreibtisch war ganz voll
clutter
in a clutter → in disordine
2. vt (also clutter up) → ingombrare
to be cluttered up with sth → essere pieno /a zeppo /a or ingombro /a di qc
clutter
(ˈklatə) noun
state of untidiness. The house is in a clutter. warboel تَراكُم، فَوْضى،عَدَم نِظام безпорядък bagunça nepořádek die Unordnung rod ακαταστασία desorden korralagedus بی نظمی؛ آشفتگی sekasotku désordre בלגן अव्यवस्थित nered zűrzavar berantakan óregla; hlutir á rúi og stúi disordine 乱雑 혼란 netvarka juceklis; nekārtība selerak rommel , warboel rot , virvar nieład ګدودی barafunda dezordine хаос neporiadok nered nered virrvarr, röra ความยุ่งเหยิง karışıklık , dağınıklık 雜亂 хаос; безладдя گندہ ہونا ، میلا ہونا sự lộn xộn 杂乱
ˈcluttered adjective
untidy; too full of furniture etc. Some people think it's a beautiful room but it's too cluttered for my taste. deurmekaar, rommelrig في حالَةِ فَوْضىوَعَدَم نِظام претрупана atravancado přecpaný vollgestopft rodet; tætpakket παραφορτωμένος abarrotado täis kuhjatud شلوغ؛ درهم و برهم sekainen encombré מבולגן बिखरा हुआ natrpan rendetlen penuh, sesak ofhlaðið, of fullt af e-u disordinato ; ingombro 雑然としている 어질러진 prigrūstas pārblīvēts; nekārtīgs berselerak rommelig rotet ; overlesset zagracony بی نظمه atravancado încărcat (cu mobilă) в беспорядке, загромождённый preplnený neurejen; natrpan pretrpan belamrad ที่ยุ่งเหยิง düzensiz , dağınık 雜亂的 захаращений بکھرا ہونا lộn xộn 杂乱的
clutter
| Spider |
Who played Cathy in Ken Loach’s ground-breaking drama Cathy Come Home? | PestWeb | Ask Mr. Pest Control | Creepy Crawlies Come In For the Winter
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Creepy Crawlies Come In For the Winter
Thursday November 9, 2006
Back
Question:
What is the best solution for controlling spiders in a warehouse that has huge cracks throughout the whole building, and throughout the day the entrances, front and back, are wide open? Thank you, Blair
Blair, LA
Answer:
Well, it sounds like exclusion is going to be pretty much a failure here, so we can skip part of my usual sermon on IPM, although not completely. Since this is a commercial account I still believe it is in your best interest, over the long haul, to provide a written report to them detailing the reasons for any pest problems they are having, and outlining the fixes needed. If they are made aware of the porous nature of their building and just shake their heads in amusement when you suggest closing off entry points......well, then at least you tried, and now can resign yourself to working with what you have left. Exclusion keeps out far more than just the annoying fall invasion of spiders. It also keeps out rodents, bats, and a host of other arthropod pests that could be annoying or destructive.
You also can take a good look around the exterior, and determine what conditions they are providing to the spiders that enables these critters to get close to the building. All this being said I have to admit that when I came into my own office this morning I had a couple of spiders running around on my desk, and a half dozen along the door right next to my desk that leads out to the asphalt parking lot. This just happens to be the time of year when the local sheet-web spiders are in abundance and looking for cozy places for the winter months, and they can squeeze through pretty narrow gaps under doors. However, around your account their ought to be a cleared area of 8 to 10 feet, with no vegetation or clutter that would provide refuge for bugs or beasts. This is another recommendation you should provide to this customer, and then hope for the best. However, their refusal to correct these kinds of problems does make pest management much more difficult for you, and creates a greater reliance on pesticides to do what is necessary.
Synthetic pyrethroids are dynamite for spider control, and tend to intercept the spiders pretty quickly. A treatment along the exterior perimeter of the building, perhaps using a wettable powder or microencapsulated formulation, should really reduce the numbers of spiders entering the structure. If you can identify areas further out that are harboring the spiders and feeding them to the structure you might consider treating these areas as well, to eliminate them even further away. I suppose I really ought to mention that spiders are highly beneficial, so allowing them to live their lives away from a structure is still what we prefer to have happen, and keeping them out of structures is our goal. You also can treat around the interior, focusing on the entry points so that spiders are exposed to the material and killed as soon as possible.
Non-chemical approaches include the use of glue pads placed adjacent to obvious entry points, and set against the walls where the spiders are liable to move. These could be placed under carboard lean-to's or boxes to keep them out of sight of occupants. If there are any employees here with strong feelings about "pesticides", keep in mind that we have a growing arsenal of natural alternatives that might be acceptable. I personally believe that the synthetic pyrethroids are far and away the superior spider control products, but botanical products also will have some efficiency here. With luck this will be a self-limiting problem, as the outdoor spider activity will cease once the weather really turns to winter, and you'll stop having the influx of these guys.
Mr. Pest Control
| i don't know |
Which long-running soap was originally intended to be titled Midland Road? | Soap opera
S
Soap opera
A soap opera, sometimes called "soap" for short, is an ongoing, episodic work of dramatic fiction presented in serial format on television or radio . The name "soap opera" stems from the original dramatic serials broadcast on radio that had soap manufacturers such as Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive, and Lever Brothers as sponsors and producers. These early radio serials were broadcast in weekday daytime slots when mostly housewives would be available to listen; thus the shows were aimed at and consumed by a predominantly female audience.
The term soap opera has at times been generally applied to any romantic serial, but it is also used to describe the more naturalistic, unglamorous UK primetime drama serials such as Coronation Street. A crucial element that defines soap opera is the open-ended nature of the narrative, with stories spanning several episodes. The defining feature that makes a program a soap opera, according to Albert Moran, is "that form of television that works with a continuous open narrative. Each episode ends with a promise that the storyline is to be continued in another episode".
Soap opera stories run concurrently, intersect and lead into further developments. An individual episode of a soap opera will generally switch between several different concurrent story threads that may at times interconnect and affect one another or may run entirely independent of each other. Each episode may feature some of the show's current storylines but not always all of them. Especially in daytime serials and those that are screened each weekday, there is some rotation of both storylines and actors so any given storyline or actor will appear in some but usually not all of a week's worth of episodes. Soap operas rarely "wrap things up" storywise and generally avoid bringing all the current storylines to a conclusion at the same time. When one storyline ends there are always several other story threads at differing stages of development. Soap opera episodes typically end on some sort of cliffhanger .
Evening soap operas and those that screen at a rate of one episode a week sometimes differ from this general format. They are more likely to feature the entire cast in each episode and to represent all current storylines in each episode. Evening soap operas and those serials that run for only part of the year tend to bring things to a dramatic end-of-season cliffhanger.
In 1976, Time magazine described American daytime television as "TV's richest market," noting the loyalty of the soap opera fan base and the expansion of several half-hour series to a full hour in order to maximize ad revenues. The article explained that at that time, many prime time series lost money, while daytime serials earned profits several times more than their production costs. The issue's cover notably featured its first daytime soap stars, Bill Hayes and Susan Seaforth Hayes of Days of our Lives, a couple whose onscreen and real-life romance was widely covered by both the soap opera magazines and the mainstream press. Though American soap opera ratings have declined over the last 30 years, the Latin American version of soap opera — called a telenovela — remains the most-watched genre of television program in the world, with at least two billion viewers worldwide.
Plots and storylines
The main characteristics that define soap operas are "an emphasis on family life, personal relationships, sexual dramas, emotional and moral conflicts; some coverage of topical issues; set in familiar domestic interiors with only occasional excursions into new locations". Fitting in with these characteristics, most soap operas follow the lives of a group of characters who live or work in a particular place, or focus on a large extended family. The storylines follow the day-to-day activities and personal relationships of these characters. "Soap narratives, like those of film melodramas, are marked by what Steve Neale has described as 'chance meetings, coincidences, missed meetings, sudden conversions, last-minute rescues and revelations, deus ex machina endings.'" These elements may be found across the gamut of soap operas, from EastEnders to Dallas.
In many soap operas in particular daytime serials in the United States , the characters are frequently attractive, seductive, glamorous and wealthy. Soap operas from Australia and the United Kingdom tend to focus on more everyday characters and situations, and are frequently set in working class environments. Many Australian and UK soap operas explore social realist storylines such as family discord, marriage breakdown, or financial problems. Both UK and Australian soap operas feature comedy elements, often by way of affectionate comic stereotypes such as the gossip or the grumpy old man, presented as a sort of comic foil to the emotional turmoil that surrounds them. This diverges from US soap operas where such comedy is rare. UK soap operas frequently make a claim to presenting "reality" or purport to have a "realistic" style. UK soap operas also frequently foreground their geographic location as a key defining feature of the show while depicting and capitalising on the exotic appeal of the stereotypes connected to the location. So EastEnders focuses on the tough and grim life in London's east end; Coronation Street invokes Manchester and its characters exhibit the stereotypical characteristic of "Northern straight talking".
Romance, secret relationships, extramarital affairs, and genuine love have been the basis for many soap opera storylines. In US daytime serials the most popular soap opera characters, and the most popular storylines, often involved a romance of the sort presented in paperback romance novels. Soap opera storylines sometimes weave intricate, convoluted, and sometimes confusing tales of characters who have affairs, meet mysterious strangers and fall in love, and who commit adultery, all of which keeps audiences hooked on the unfolding story twists. Crimes such as kidnapping, rape, and even murder may go unpunished if the perpetrator is to be retained in the ongoing story.
Australian and UK soap operas also feature a significant proportion of romance storylines. In Russia, most popular soap operas (though most of them are serialized) explore the "romantic quality" of criminal and/or oligarch life.
In soap opera storylines, previously-unknown children, siblings, and twins (including the evil variety) of established characters often emerge to upset and reinvigorate the set of relationships examined by the series. Unexpected calamities disrupt weddings , childbirths , and other major life events with unusual frequency. Much like comic books—another popular form of linear storytelling pioneered in the US during the 20th Century—a character's death is not guaranteed to be permanent without an on-camera corpse , and sometimes not even then. For example, the death of Dr. Taylor Forrester on The Bold and the Beautiful seemed permanent as she had flatlined on-camera and even had a funeral. But when actress Hunter Tylo returned in 2005, the show retconned the "flatlining" with the revelation that Taylor had actually gone into a coma .
Stunts and complex physical action are largely absent, especially from daytime serials. Such story events often take place offscreen and are referred to in dialogue instead of being shown. This is because stunts or action scenes (such as a car accident) are difficult to adequately depict visually without multiple takes and post production editing. In the times when episodes were broadcast live, post production work was impossible. Though shows have long switched to being taped, extensive post production work and multiple takes, while possible, are not feasible for the genre due to the tight taping schedules and low budgets. A convincing fight scene usually requires multiple takes, and multiple camera angles, and again the time and effort to adequately capture such a scene is not feasible for daytime soap operas.
United Kingdom
See List of longest-serving soap opera actors
In the United Kingdom, soap operas are one of the most popular genres, most being broadcast during prime time. Most UK soap operas focus on working-class communities. The most popular soaps are Coronation Street, EastEnders, Emmerdale, Hollyoaks, Doctors, Neighbours and Home and Away, the first three of which are consistently among the highest-rated shows on British television week-on-week. Coronation Street is generally the most watched show on British television. The 1986 Christmas Day episode of EastEnders was the highest-rated UK soap opera episode ever, with 30.15 million viewers (in 2007, the UK had approximately 54 million television sets). This episode was also the highest-rated program in UK television for the 1980s, comparable to the records set by the 1970 splashdown of Apollo 13 (28.6 million viewers), and Princess Diana 's funeral in 1997 (32.1 million viewers).
Coronation Street and EastEnders are popularly known as the "flagship" soaps, as they are the highest rating programmes for ITV and the BBC respectively. Poor ratings for a UK flagship serial sometimes brings with it questions about the associated channel. The soaps are so popular they are not routinely scheduled against each other. Episodes of serials have clashed only on isolated occasions when extended episodes are screened.
Origins and evolution
Soap operas began on radio and consequently were associated with the BBC. The BBC continues to broadcast the world's longest-running radio soap, The Archers, on BBC Radio 4, which has been running nationally since 1951. It continues to attract over five million listeners, or roughly 25% of the radio listening population of the UK at that time of the evening.
In the 1960s Coronation Street revolutionised UK television and quickly became a British institution. Other soap operas of the 1960s included Emergency Ward 10 (ITV), and on the BBC Compact (about the staff of a women's magazine) and The Newcomers (about the upheaval caused by a large firm setting up a plant in a small town). However none of these came close to making the same impact as Coronation Street. It is also known that most of the soap operas produced by the BBC during the 1950s and 1960s are almost entirely missing in the archives; all 147 episodes of United! and the only upper-class themed soap 199 Park Lane are missing, as well as almost all of the runs of The Grove Family, Compact, and The Newcomers; the number of surviving episodes in each of these soap operas does not exceed single figures.
During the 1960s Corrie's main rival was Crossroads, a daily serial that began in 1964 and was broadcast by ITV in the early evening. Crossroads was set in a Birmingham motel and while the series was popular, its purported low technical standard and bad acting was much mocked. By the 1980s its ratings had begun to decline and several attempts to revamp the series through cast changes and later, expanding the focus from the motel to the surrounding community, were unsuccessful, and Crossroads was cancelled in 1988.
A later rival to Corrie was ITV's Emmerdale Farm (later renamed Emmerdale) which began in 1972 in a daytime slot and had a rural Yorkshire setting. Increased viewing figures saw Emmerdale being moved to a prime-time slot in the 1980s. When Channel 4 began in 1982 it launched its own soap, the Liverpool based Brookside, which over the next decade re-defined soap. In 1985, the BBC's London based soap opera EastEnders debuted and was a near instant success with viewers and critics alike, with the first episode attracting over 17 million viewers. Critics talked about the downfall of Coronation Street, but this was put to rest in 1994 when the two serials were scheduled opposite each other, with Corrie winning handily. For the better part of ten years, the show has shared the number one position with Coronation Street, with varying degrees of difference between the two.
The 1980s
Daytime soap operas were non-existent until the 1970s because there was virtually no daytime television in the UK. ITV introduced General Hospital, which later transferred to a prime time slot, and Scottish Television had Take the High Road, which lasted for over twenty years. Later, daytime slots were filled with an influx of older Austalian soap operas such as The Young Doctors, The Sullivans, Sons and Daughters, A Country Practice, Richmond Hill and eventually, Neighbours and Home and Away. These achieved significant levels of popularity. Neighbours and Home and Away were moved to early-evening slots and the UK soap opera boom began in the late 1980s.
During the 1980s ITV acquired the long-running Australian soap Prisoner which was screened around the country, under the name Prisoner: Cell Block H, in differing slots usually around 11pm. The series was immensely successful and led to it being repeated after the series had reached its conclusion in the Midlands. Rival network Five also acquired repeat rights for a full rerun of the series, starting in 1997.
The 1990s
In 1992 the BBC launched Eldorado to alternate with EastEnders but it only lasted a year; however, this failure did not stop the ever-increasing prominence that soap operas would have in UK schedules. In 1995 Channel 4 introduced Hollyoaks, a soap with a youth focus. When Five began in March 1997 it came with its own soap opera, Family Affairs, which debuted as a five-days-a-week soap.
Throughout the 90s the long-running soap operas in Britain continued to flourish and all of them increased the number of weekly episodes transmitted by at least one, further defining soap opera as the leading genre in British television at the time.
The 2000s
Since 2000 new soap operas have continued to be developed. Daytime drama Doctors began in the spring of 2000, preceding Neighbours on BBC1. In 2002, as the ratings continued to fall for Scottish serial High Road, BBC Scotland launched River City. River City proved popular and effectively replaced High Road when it was cancelled in 2003. The long-running serial Brookside ended in November 2003 after 21 years on air, leaving Hollyoaks as Channel 4's flagship serial.
A new version of Crossroads featuring a mostly new cast was produced by Carlton Television for ITV in 2001. It did not achieve satisfactory ratings and was cancelled in 2003. In 2001 ITV also launched a new early-evening serial entitled Night and Day. This series too attracted low viewing figures and after being shifted to a late night time slot was cancelled in 2003. Family Affairs, which was broadcast opposite the racier Hollyoaks, and never achieved significantly high viewing figures leading to several dramatic revamps of the cast and marked changes in style and even location over its run. This eventually saw the show gain a larger fan base and by 2004 the series won its first awards, however Family Affairs was nevertheless cancelled in late 2005.
ITV launched the new soap opera The Royal Today in 2008. The Royal Today was a daily spin-off of popular sixties drama The Royal, which had been running in a primetime slot since 2002. Just days later soap opera parody series Echo Beach premiered alongside its sister series, the comedy Moving Wallpaper. Both Echo Beach and The Royal Today ended after their initial first season and due to poor viewing figures neither were picked up for a second run.
In 2004, BBC created a radio soap opera for the BBC Asian Network called Silver Street.
Format
UK soap operas for many years usually only aired two nights a week. The exception was the original Crossroads, which began as a five-days-a-week soap opera in the 1960s, but was later reduced. In 1989, things started to change when Coronation Street began airing three times a week (later expanding further to four in 1996), a trend which was soon followed by rival EastEnders in 1994 and Emmerdale in 1997. Family Affairs debuted as a five-days-a-week soap in 1997 and regularly ran five episodes a week its entire run. The imported Neighbours screens as five new episodes a week, which are shown once at 1:45 pm and repeated at 5:30 pm on Five each weekday.
Currently Coronation Street (which began screening two episodes on Monday nights in 2002) and Hollyoaks both produce five episodes a week, while EastEnders screens four. In 2004 Emmerdale began screening six episodes a week.
In January 2008 a radical overhaul of the ITV network meant that Sunday episodes of Coronation Street and Emmerdale were moved out of their familiar slots. Coronation Street now instead screens a second episode on Friday evenings at 8:30 pm, while Emmerdale's Tuesday edition has been extended to an hour, putting it in direct competition with rival EastEnders.
However, it was announced only 18 months later in July 2009 that further changes to the scheduling of the two ITV programmes are afoot. In a controversial move, from 23 July 2009, Coronation Street will move from the Wednesday slot it has held for 49 years to Thursdays. Emmerdale's hour long Tuesday edition will also be sliced by half with an extra episode now screening on Thursday evenings.
Today's UK soap operas are mainly shot on videotape in the studio using a multicamera setup. However UK soap operas feature a proportion of outdoors-shot footage in each episode—usually shot on a purpose-built outdoor set that represents the community the soap focuses on.
United States of America
Daytime serials
See List of longest-serving soap opera actors
The American soap opera Guiding Light started as a radio drama in January 1937 and subsequently transferred to television in June 1952. With the exception of several years in the late 1940s when Irna Phillips was in dispute with Procter & Gamble, Guiding Light has been heard or seen nearly every weekday since it started, making it the longest story ever told. With the cancellation of Guiding Light in 2009, the two oldest soaps on television are As the World Turns and General Hospital, which have been airing for 53 years and 46 years respectively.
Due to the longevity of these shows, it is not uncommon for multiple actors to play a single character over the span of many years. It is also not uncommon for a single actor to play several characters on other shows over the years. Actors such as Veleka Gray, Robin Mattson, Roscoe Born, Judith Chapman and Michael Sabatino have played no fewer than six soap roles.
On the other hand, a number of actors have remained in their roles for decades. Helen Wagner, who has played Hughes family matriarch Nancy Hughes on As the World Turns since its debut on April 2, 1956, is in the Guinness Book of World Records[http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20060330/us_nm/leisure_world_dc] as the actor with the longest uninterrupted performance in a single role. (Two of Wagner's ATWT cast-mates, Eileen Fulton and Don Hastings who play Lisa Grimaldi and Dr. Bob Hughes, respectively, have each been in their roles nearly as long, both having joined the show in 1960.)
In General Hospital, Rachel Ames has played Audrey Hardy from 1964 until 2007. In All My Children, Susan Lucci has played Erica Kane since the show's debut in January 1970. Ray MacDonnell who plays Dr. Joe Martin in that series has been in his role since the show's debut as well. In the 2000s it had become increasingly common for long-term regular cast members to be dropped from contract status to recurring status, a part of contract negotiations laregly restricted to U.S. soap operas. As recurring players they are paid only for those episodes in which they appear; this can be more cost effective for the series in the case of performers making few appearances each week.
In the U.S., the shows purely known in the vernacular as soap operas are broadcast during daytime. In the beginning, the serials were broadcast as fifteen-minute installments each weekday. In 1956, the first half-hour soap operas debuted, and all of the soap operas broadcast half-hour episodes by the end of the 1960s. When the soap opera hit a fever pitch in the 1970s, popular demand had most of the shows, one by one, expanded to an hour in length (one show, Another World, even expanded to ninety minutes for a short time). More than half of the serials (and all of the pre-'80s hour-long serials on the air today) expanded to the new time format by 1980. Today, six out of the seven American serials air sixty-minute episodes each weekday. Only The Bold and the Beautiful airs for 30 minutes.
Also in the early days, soap operas were broadcast live from the studio, creating what many at the time regarded as a feeling similar to that of a stage play. (As nearly all soap operas were filmed at that time in New York , a number of soap actors were also accomplished stage actors, who performed live theatre during breaks from their soap roles.) In the 1960s and 1970s, shows such as General Hospital, Days of our Lives, and The Young and the Restless began taping in Los Angeles , and made the West Coast a viable alternative to New York-produced soap operas, which were becoming more costly to perform. By the early 1970s, nearly all soap operas had transitioned to being taped, with As the World Turns and The Edge of Night being the last to make the switch in 1975.
Port Charles used the practice of running 13-week "story arcs", in which the main events of the arc are played out and wrapped up over the 13 weeks, although some storylines did continue over more than one arc. According to the 2006 Preview issue of Soap Opera Digest, it was briefly discussed that all ABC shows might do telenovela arcs, but this was rejected.
Currently, SOAPnet, first launched since January 20, 2000, currently airs three ABC daytime soaps, All My Children (since January 20, 2000), One Life to Live and General Hospital (since January 20, 2000). Days of our Lives, an NBC/Sony Pictures Television daytime soap, currently airs on SOAPnet since March 15, 2004, and The Young and the Restless, another CBS/Sony Pictures Television daytime soap, also currently airs on SOAPnet since April 24, 2006.
Traditional serials
Many US soap operas, in the beginning of television, found their niches in telling stories in certain environments. The Doctors and General Hospital, in the beginning, told stories almost exclusively from inside the confines of a hospital . As the World Turns dealt heavily with Chris Hughes' law practice and the travails of his wife Nancy who, tired of being "the loyal housewife" in the 1970s, became one of the first older women on the American serials to become a working woman. Guiding Light dealt with Bert Bauer (Charita Bauer) and her endless marital troubles. When her status moved to that of the caring mother and town matriarch, her children's marital troubles were then put on display. Search for Tomorrow told the story, for the most part, through the eyes of one woman only: the heroine, Joanne (Mary Stuart). Even when stories revolved around other characters, she was almost always a main fixture in their storylines. Days of our Lives first told the stories of Dr. Tom Horton and his steadfast wife Alice. In later years, the show branched out and told the stories of their five children. The Edge of Night featured as its central character Mike Karr, a police detective (who later became an attorney), and largely dealt with organized crime.
In contrast to these shows was Dark Shadows (1966-1971) which featured supernatural characters and dealt with fantasy and horror storylines. Its characters included the vampire Barnabas Collins, the witch Angelique, and various ghosts and goblins , both friendly and malevolent.
Evolution of the daytime serial
For several decades US daytime soap operas concentrated on family and marital upsets, legal dramas and romances. The action rarely left the interior settings within the fictional, medium-sized Midwestern towns in which the shows were set. Exterior shots, once a rarity, were slowly incorporated into the series Ryan's Hope. Unlike many earlier serials which were set in fictional towns, Ryan's Hope was set in real location, New York City , and outside shoots were used to give the series greater authenticity. The first exotic location shoot was made by All My Children, to St. Croix in 1978. Many other soap operas planned lavish storylines after seeing the success of the All My Children shoot. P&G-produced soaps Another World and Guiding Light both went to St. Croix in 1980, the former show culminated a long-running storyline between popular characters Mac, Rachel and Janice, and the latter to serve as an exotic setting for Alan Spaulding and Rita Bauer's torrid affair. Search for Tomorrow taped for two weeks in Hong Kong in 1981, and later that year some of the cast and crew ventured to Jamaica to tape a love consummation storyline between the characters of Garth and Kathy.
During the 1980s, perhaps as a reaction to the evening drama series that were gaining high ratings, daytime serials began to incorporate action and adventure storylines, more big-business intrigue, and featured an increased emphasis on youthful romance and began developing supercouples. One of the first and most popular supercouples was Luke Spencer and Laura Webber in General Hospital. Luke and Laura helped to attract both male and female fans. Even Elizabeth Taylor was a fan and at her own request was given a guest role in Luke and Laura's wedding episode. Luke and Laura's popularity led to other soap producers striving to reproduce this success by attempting to create supercouples of their own. With increasingly bizarre action storylines coming into vogue Luke and Laura saved the world from being frozen, brought a mobster down by finding his black book in a Left-Handed Boy Statue, and helped a Princess find her Aztec Treasure in Mexico. Other soap operas attempted similar adventure storylines, often featuring footage shot on location - frequently in exotic locales.
During the 1990s, the mob, action and adventure stories fell out of favor with producers due to overall lower ratings for daytime soap operas and the resultant budget cuts. In the 1990s soap operas were no longer able to go on expensive location shoots overseas as they had in the 1980s. In the 1990s soap operas increasingly focused on younger characters and social issues, such as Erica Kane's drug addiction on All My Children, the re-emergence of Viki Lord's Multiple Personality Disorder on One Life to Live, and Katherine Chancellor's alcoholism on The Young and the Restless. Other social issues included many forms of cancer, AIDS, homophobia, and racism.
Perhaps to fill the niche, some newer shows have incorporated supernatural and science fiction elements into their storylines. One of the main characters in US soap opera Passions is Tabitha Lenox, a 300-year-old witch. Port Charles has featured a vampire character. Frequently these characters are isolated in one of the ongoing story threads to allow a fan to ignore them if they do not like that element.
Current characteristics
Modern U.S. daytime soap operas largely stay true to the original soap opera format. The duration and format of storylines and the visual grammar employed by US daytime serials set them apart from soap operas in other countries and from evening soap operas. Stylistically, UK and Australian soap operas, which are usually produced for evening timeslots, fall somewhere in-between US daytime and evening soap operas. Similar to US daytime soap operas, UK and Australian serials are shot on videotape, and the cast and storylines are rotated across the week's episodes so that each cast member will appear in some but not all episodes. However, UK and Australian soap operas move through storylines at a faster rate than daytime serials, making them closer to US evening soap operas in this regard.
American soap operas since the 1980s have shared many common visual elements that set them apart dramatically from other shows:
Actors in the foreground are often back lit. Back lighting was always a formal component of film and television lighting. Back lighting can serve to lift actors out of the background, something that can be useful in programs generally shot on videotape in small interior sets as soap operas generally are. Backlighting is less necessary on filmed productions shot on location and in larger sets, and so is not commonly used on larger productions.
The rooms in a house often use deep stained wood wall panels and furniture, along with many elements of brown leather furniture. This creates an overall "brown" look which is intended to give a sumptuous and luxurious look to suggest the wealth of the characters portrayed. Daytime serials often foreground other sumptuous elements of set decoration; presenting a "mid-shot of characters viewed through a frame of lavish floral displays, glittering crystal decanters or gleaming antique furniture"
Most US daytime soap operas do not routinely feature location or exterior-shot footage (an exception to this was Guiding Light, which during its final two seasons, began shooting many of its scenes out of doors). Often they will recreate an outdoor locale in the studio. Australian and UK daily soap operas invariably feature a certain amount of exterior-shot footage in every episode. This is usually shot in the same location and often on a purpose-built set, although they do include new exterior locations for certain storylines.
The visual quality of a soap opera is usually lower than prime time television shows due to the lower budgets and quicker production times involved. This is also because soap operas are recorded on videotape using a multicamera setup, unlike primetime productions which are usually shot on film and frequently using the single camera shooting style. Because of the lower resolution of video images, and also because of the emotional situations portrayed in soap operas, daytime serials make heavy use of closeup shots. As of 2009, The Young and the Restless and General Hospital are the only US daytime serials shot in High Definition. All My Children and One Life to Live plan on transitioning to High Definition starting in 2010, upon moving to new studios (AMC to a new production facility in Los Angeles, and OLTL to All My Children's current Manhattan studios).
Soap operas have idiosyncratic blocking techniques. In one common situation, a romantically involved couple start a conversation face-to-face, then one character will turn 180° and face away from the other character while conversation continues. Both characters can appear together in the same shot, both directly facing the audience. This is unrealistic in real life and is not frequently seen in film or on television outside US daytime serials, but it is an accepted soap opera convention.
In US daytime soap operas, when a scene is about to reach a temporary conclusion and the episode is to cross to a new scene or take a commercial break, one character in the currently concluding scene will often be shown in extreme closeup and deliver a jarring announcement. No other character will respond and there will be no dialogue for several seconds while the music builds before cutting to a commercial or a new scene. This kind of segue is referred to in the industry as a "tag."
A construct unique to US daytime serials is the format where the action will cut between various conversations, returning to each at the precise moment it was left. This is the most significant distinction between US daytime soap operas and other forms of US television drama, which generally allow for narrative time to pass, off-screen, between the scenes depicted.
2009 developments
Ratings for US daytime serials have been falling drastically since the early 2000s. In 2007 NBC canceled Passions due to low ratings and then announced that Days of our Lives wouldn't make it past 2009. The future of Days of our Lives is uncertain; its contract expires in late 2009. In 2009, the longest running program in television history, Guiding Light, was cancelled. Guiding Light premiered in 1937 on NBC's Red radio network, moving to CBS Radio in 1946, where it ran until 1956, and moved to CBS TV in 1952; by 2009 the show barely reached 1.5 million viewers each day. Overall viewership is down and even the highest rated soap The Young and the Restless is losing viewers each week; the show nevertheless usually stays over 5 million viewers.
US daytime serials have been affected by the 2008 economic crisis, since they rely on automobile advertising. This has caused numerous shows to reduce their casts to fit within the reduced budgets to pay actor salaries.
The primetime serial
Primetime serials were just as popular as those in daytime. The first real prime time soap opera was ABC's Peyton Place (1964-1969), based in part on the original 1957 movie (which was itself taken from the 1956 novel). The popularity of Peyton Place prompted rival network CBS to spin off popular As the World Turns character Lisa Miller into her own evening soap opera entitled Our Private World (originally titled "The Woman Lisa" in its planning stages) in 1965. Our Private World ended in the fall and the character of Lisa returned to As The World Turns.
The structure of the Peyton Place with its episodic plots and long-running story arcs would set the mold for the prime time serials of the 1980s when the format reached its pinnacle.
The successful prime time serials of the 1980s included Dallas, Dynasty, Knots Landing, and Falcon Crest. These shows frequently dealt with wealthy families and their personal and big-business travails. Common characteristics were sumptuous sets and costumes, the presence of at least one glamorous bitch-figure in the cast of characters, and spectacular disaster cliffhanger situations. Unlike daytime serials which are shot on video in a studio using the multicamera setup, these evening series were shot on film using a single camera setup and featured much location-shot footage, often in picturesque locales. Dallas, its spin-off Knots Landing, and Falcon Crest all initially featured episodes with self-contained stories and specific guest stars who appeared in just that episode. Each story would be completely resolved by the end of the episode and there were no end-of-episode cliffhangers. After the first couple of seasons all three shows changed their story format to that of a pure soap opera with interwoven ongoing narratives that ran over several episodes. Dynasty featured this format throughout its run.
The soap opera's distinctive open plot structure and complex continuity also began to be increasingly incorporated into major American prime time television programs. The first significant drama series to do this was Hill Street Blues. This series, produced by Steven Bochco, featured many elements borrowed from soap operas such as an ensemble cast, multi-episode storylines and extensive character development over the course of the series. It and the later Cagney & Lacey overlaid the police series formula with ongoing narratives exploring the personal lives and interpersonal relationships of the regular characters. The success of these series prompted other drama series, such as St. Elsewhere, and situation comedy shows to incorporate soap opera style stories and story structure to varying degrees.
The prime time soap operas and drama series of the 1990s, such as Beverly Hills 90210, Melrose Place, and Dawson's Creek, focused more on younger characters. In the 2000s, ABC began to revitalize the primetime soap opera format by premiering shows such as Desperate Housewives, Grey's Anatomy, Brothers & Sisters, and Private Practice. These shows managed to appeal to wide audiences not only because of their high melodrama but also because of the humor injected into the scripts and plot lines.
Australia
See List of longest-serving soap opera actors
Australia has had quite a number of well known soap operas, some of which have gained cult followings in the UK and other countries. The majority of Australian television soap operas are produced for early evening or evening timeslots. They usually produce two or two-and-a-half hours of new material each week, either arranged as four or five half-hour episodes a week, or two one-hour episodes. Stylistically they most closely resemble UK soap operas in that they are nearly always shot on videotape, mainly in the studio using a multicamera setup. The original Australian serials were shot entirely in the studio. During the 1970s, occasional filmed inserts were used to incorporate outdoor-shot sequences in soap operas. Outdoor shooting later became commonplace and starting in the late 1970s it became standard practice that there will be some location-shot footage in each episode of any Australian soap opera, often to capitalise on the attractiveness and exotic nature of these locations for international audiences. Most Australian soap operas focus on a mixed age range of middle-class characters and will regularly feature a range of locations where the various, disparate, characters can meet and interact, such as the café, the surf club, the wine bar, or the school.
Early serials
The genre began in Australia, as in other countries, on radio. One such radio serial, Big Sister, featured actress Thelma Scott in the cast and aired nationally for five years from 1942. Probably the best known Australian radio serial was Blue Hills which ran from 1949 to 1976. With the advent of Australian television in 1956 daytime television serials followed. The first Australian television soap opera was Autumn Affair (1958). Each episode of this serial was fifteen minutes and it screened each weekday on the Seven Network. The series failed to secure a sponsor and ended in 1959 after a run of 156 episodes. This was followed by The Story of Peter Grey (1961). Again this was a Seven Network series screened weekdays in a daytime slot, with each episode fifteen minutes in duration. The Story of Peter Grey had a run of 164 episodes.
The first successful wave of Australian evening soap operas started in 1967 with Bellbird produced by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. This rural-based serial screened in an early evening slot in fifteen minute installments and was a moderate success but built-up a consistent and loyal viewer base, especially in rural areas, and enjoyed a ten-year run. Motel (1968) was Australia's first half-hour soap opera. Screened in a daytime slot the series had a short run of 132 episodes.
1970s hit soaps
The first big soap opera hit in Australia was the sex-melodrama Number 96 which began in March 1972, screening on Network Ten in a nighttime slot. Number 96 brought such rarely explored topics as homosexuality, adultery, drug use, rape-within-marriage and racism into Australian living rooms en masse. The series became famous for its sex scenes and nudity and for its comedy characters, many of whom became cult heroes in Australia. By 1973 Number 96 had become Australia's highest-rating show. In 1974 the sexed-up antics of Number 96 prompted the creation of The Box, which rivaled it in terms of nudity and sexual situations and screened in a nighttime slot. Produced by Crawford Productions, many critics considered The Box to be a more slickly produced and better written show than Number 96, and in its first year it was extremely popular. Meanwhile in 1974 the Reg Grundy Organisation created its first soap opera, and significantly Australia's first teen soap opera, Class of '74. Its attempts to hint at the sex and sin shown more openly on Number 96 and The Box along with its high school setting and early evening time slot meant it came under intense scrutiny of the Broadcasting Control Board who vetted scripts and altered whole storylines. By 1975 both Number 96 and The Box, perhaps as a reaction to declining ratings for both shows, de-emphasised the sex and nudity moving more in the direction of comedy. Class of '74 was renamed Class of '75 and also added more slapstick comedy for its second year, but the revamped show's ratings dwindled and it was cancelled in mid-1975.
A feature film version of Bellbird entitled Country Town was produced in 1971 not by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation but by two of the show's stars, Gary Gray and Terry McDermott. Number 96 and The Box also had feature film versions, both of which had the same title as the series, released in 1974 and 1975 respectively. As Australian television was in black and white until 1975 these theatrical releases all had the novelty of being in colour. The film versions of Number 96 and The Box also allowed more explicit nudity than could be shown on television at that time.
Launched on the Nine Network in late 1976 was The Sullivans, a series chronicling the affects of World War II on a Melbourne family. Produced by Crawford's this show was a ratings success and attracted many positive reviews. At around the same time Grundy's created a new teen-oriented soap, The Young Doctors, which also screened on Channel Nine starting late 1976. This show eschewed the sex and sin of Number 96 and The Box instead emphasising light-weight storylines and romance. It was also popular but unlike The Sullivans it was not a success with critics. Meanwhile in 1977 Number 96 would re-introduce nudity, with several much-publicised full-frontal nude scenes featured in an attempt to boost the show's plummeting ratings.
Rise of the Grundy Organisation serials
Bellbird, Number 96 and The Box were all cancelled in 1977; all had been experiencing declining ratings since 1975 and various attempts to revamp the shows with cast reshuffles or spectacular disaster storylines had proved only temporarily successful. Late that year they were replaced by such successful new shows as the Crawfords Produced Cop Shop (1977-1984) on Channel Seven, which was a meld of soap opera and police drama, and The Restless Years (1977-1981) on Channel Ten, which was another teen soap produced by the Reg Grundy Organisation. The Reg Grundy Organisation subsequently reached even higher levels of success with women's-prison drama Prisoner (1979-1986) on Network Ten, and melodramatic family saga Sons and Daughters (1981-1987) on the Seven Network. Both shows achieved high ratings in their first run, and unusually, found success in repeats after their original runs ended.
The Young Doctors and The Sullivans ran on Nine until 1982. Thereafter Channel Nine attempted many new soap operas, several produced by The Reg Grundy Organisation including Taurus Rising, Waterloo Station, Starting Out and Possession, along with Prime Time produced by Crawford's, but none were successful and most were cancelled after only a few months. The Reg Grundy Organisation also created Neighbours, a suburban-based daily serial devised as a sedate family drama with some comedy and lightweight situations, for the Seven Network in 1985.
Produced in Melbourne at the studios of HSV-7, Neighbours rated well in Melbourne, Brisbane and Adelaide, but not in Sydney. Sydney was the only city where it was shown in the earlier 5.30 p.m. timeslot which put it up against hit dating game show Perfect Match on Channel 10 so Neighbours had low ratings in Sydney, and Seven's Sydney station ATN-7 quickly lost interest in the show. HSV-7 in Melbourne lobbied heavily to keep Neighbours going but ATN-7 managed to convince the rest of the network to cancel the show and instead keep ATN-7's own Sydney-based dramas A Country Practice and Sons and Daughters. After the network cancelled Neighbours it was immediately picked-up by Channel Ten. They revamped the cast and scripts slightly and from January 20, 1986 aired the series in the 7.00 p.m. slot. It initially attracted low viewing figures however after a concerted publicity drive Ten managed to transform the series into a major success, turning several of its actors into major international stars. The show's popularity eventually declined and it was moved to the 6.30 p.m. slot in 1992, yet the series retains consistent viewing figures in Australia and is still running today, making it Australia's longest-running soap opera.
The success of Neighbours prompted the creation of somewhat similar suburban and family or teen-oriented soap operas such as Home and Away (1988-) on Channel Seven and Richmond Hill (1988) on Channel Ten. Both proved popular, however Richmond Hill emerged as only a moderate success and was cancelled after one year to be replaced on Ten by E Street (1989-1993).
Meanwhile Nine had still failed to find a successful new soap opera. After the failure of family drama Family and Friends in 1990 they launched the raunchier and more extreme Chances in 1991, a series that would resurrect the sex and melodrama of Number 96 and The Box in an attempt to improve the show's chances of ratings success. However, it too achieved only moderate ratings, although the increasingly bizarre storylines were much-discussed and the series continued into 1992 albeit in a late-night timeslot.
Australian Soaps Internationally
Several Australian soap operas have also found significant international success. In the UK starting in the mid 1980s daytime screenings of The Young Doctors, The Sullivans, Sons and Daughters and Neighbours achieved significant success. Neighbours was subsequently moved to an early-evening slot. Grundy's Prisoner began screening in the United States in 1979 and achieved high ratings in many regions there, however only the first three years of the series would be screened in that country. Prisoner was also screened in late-night timeslots in the UK beginning in the late 1980s, achieving enduring cult success there. The show became so popular in the UK that it prompted the creation of two stage plays and a stage musical based on the show, all of which toured the UK, among many other spin-offs. In the late 1990s Five repeated Prisoner in the UK. Between 1998 and 2005 Five ran late-night repeats of Sons and Daughters. During the 1980s the Australian attempts to emulate big-budget US soap operas such as Dallas and Dynasty had resulted in Taurus Rising and Return to Eden, two slick soap opera dramas with big budgets and shot entirely on film. Though their middling Australian ratings ensured they ran only a single season both programs were successfully sold internationally.
Other shows to achieve varying levels of international success include Richmond Hill, E Street, Paradise Beach (1993-1994), and Pacific Drive (1995-1997). Indeed these last two series were designed specifically for international sales. Channel Seven's Home and Away, a teen soap developed as a rival to Neighbours, has also achieved significant and enduring success on UK television.
Teen-oriented serials to the world
Since 1990 most new Australian serials have been based on the successful Neighbours formula of forgrounding youthful attractive casts in appealing locations. The main exception to this was the Australian Broadcasting Corporation produced Something in the Air, a rural-based serial examining a range of characters in a small country town. This series ran from 2000 until 2002.
Attempts to replicate the success of daily teen-oriented serials Neighbours and Home and Away saw the creation of Echo Point (1995) and Breakers (1999) on Network Ten. None of these programs emerged as long-running successes and Neighbours and Home and Away remained the most visible and consistently successful Australian soap operas in production. In their home country they both attract respectable although not spectacular ratings. By 2004 Neighbours was regularly attracting just under a million viewers per episode - low for Australian prime time television. By March 2007 Australian viewing figures for Neighbours had fallen to fewer than 700,000 a night, prompting a revamp of cast and graphics used on the show, and a deemphasis on the action oriented direction the series had moved in with a move to refocus the show on the family storylines it is traditionally known for. However, Neighbours and Home and Away both continue to achieve significant ratings in the UK. This and other lucrative overseas markets, along with Australian broadcasting laws that enforce a minimum amount of local drama production for commercial television networks, help ensure that both programs remain in production. Both shows get higher total ratings in the UK than in Australia (the UK has three times Australia's population) and the UK networks make a major contribution to the production costs.
It has been suggested that with their emphasis on the younger, attractive and charismatic characters, Neighbours and Home and Away have found success in the middle ground between glamorous, fantastic US soaps with their wealthy but tragic heroes and the more grim, naturalistic UK soap operas populated by older, unglamorous characters. The casts of Neighbours and Home and Away are predominantly younger and more attractive than the casts of UK soaps, and without excessive wealth and glamour of the US daytime serial, a middleground in which they have found their lucrative niche.
Neighbours, which is celebrated its 20th anniversary in 2005, was aired on the U.S. channel Oxygen in March 2004, however it attracted few viewers, perhaps in part because it was scheduled opposite well-established and highly-popular US soap operas such as All My Children and The Young and The Restless, and due to low ratings it was cancelled shortly afterwards.
New Australian serial headLand premiered on Channel Seven in November 2005. This new series rose from the ashes of a proposed Home and Away spinoff that was to have been produced in conjunction with the UK's Channel Five, which screens Home and Away. The spin-off idea was cancelled after Channel Five pulled out of the deal, which meant that the show could potentially screen on a rival UK channel, so Five requested that the new show developed as a stand-alone series and not feed off a series they own a stake in. The series premiered in Australia on November 15, 2005 but was not a ratings success and was cancelled January 23, 2006. The series broadcast on E4 and Channel 4 in the UK.
After losing the rights to screen Neighbours in the United Kingdom to channel five, the BBC commissioned new serial Out of the Blue which was produced in Australia, as its replacement. It began screening on BBC One on weekday afternoons on April 28, 2008 but after lower than desired ratings figures, it was shifted to BBC Two from May 19, 2008 and production on the series was not renewed beyond its first season.
Mexico
In Mexico Telenovelas, similar to soap operas, dominate. Televisa and TV Azteca are the main production houses.
Brazil
The Brazilian equivalent, telenovelas, have a broad range of themes and target audiences, with a budget greater than most soap operas. Rede Globo and SBT have a continued production scheme for telenovelas, with exclusive movie studios. Popular telenovelas have town-sized semi-permanent sets, and the most popular are exported to countries in the East Europe.
Canada
Due to the economics of television production in Canada, relatively few daily soap operas have been produced on English Canadian television. Notable daily soaps that did exist included Family Passions, Scarlett Hill, Strange Paradise, Metropia, Train 48 and the international coproduction Foreign Affairs. Family Passions was an hour long, as is typical of American daytime soaps; all of the others were half hour programs. Short-run soaps, including 49th & Main and North/South, have also aired.
Notable prime time soap operas in Canada have included Riverdale, House of Pride, Paradise Falls, He Shoots, He Scores, Loving Friends and Perfect Couples, North of 60, and The City. The Degrassi series of youth dramas also incorporated some elements of soap opera.
On French language television in Quebec , however, the téléroman has been a popular mainstay of network programming since the 1950s. Notable téléromans have included Rue des Pignons, Les Belles histoires des pays d'en haut, Diva, La famille Plouffe, and the soap opera parody Le Cœur a ses raisons.
India
Known as "serials" in India, Indian soap operas are made in a wide variety of languages, including Hindi, Punjabi, Marathi , Bengali, Tamil, Malayalam, and Kannada . These soap operas generally focus on familial relationships and Indian social norms. Also, the majority of indian soap focus on the same story line and are generally very simular to other soaps. However the indian channel is introducing reality tv shows such as BIG BOSS and PERFECT BRIDE mainly to appeal to a modern audience.
Indonesia
In Indonesia limited-run television soap dramas known as Sinetron are screened.
Pakistan
In Pakistan limited-run television soap operas called "Drama serials" in Urdu are quite popular. Drama serials usually comprise of 20 - 30 pre-written episodes. Popular novels and plays are often rendered into Drama serials for more widespread viewing. Although love stories are often the basic pretexts of these serials, they are notorious for touching on various controversial topics such as feudalism , women's rights , immigrants and refugees in Pakistan , emigrant Pakistani communities abroad, domestic violence , interracial and/or inter-religious marriage, patriarchy , cross-dressing and alcoholism among other things.
Europe
Australian serial The Restless Years was remade in the Netherlands as Goede tijden, slechte tijden (first broadcast 1990) and in Germany as Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten (since 1992): both titles translate to "the best of times and the worst of times". These remakes are still running although they have long since diverged from the original Australian storylines . They are the highest rated soap operas in their respective countries.
A later Australian serial, Sons and Daughters, has inspired five remakes produced under license from the original producers and based, initially, on original story and character outlines. These are Verbotene Liebe (Germany, 1995- ); Skilda världar (Sweden, 1996-2002); Apagorevmeni agapi (Greece, 1998); Cuori Rubati (Italy, 2002-2003) Zabranjena ljubav (Croatia, 2004-2008).
Both The Restless Years and Sons and Daughters were created and produced in Australia by the Reg Grundy Organisation.
Alongside Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten and Verbotene Liebe, other soap operas in Germany include Marienhof, Unter Uns.
Belgium
In Belgium the two major soap operas are Thuis (Home) and Familie (Family).
Ireland
In Ireland the two major soap operas are Fair City and the Irish language soap Ros na Run. Fair City is set in Dublin . Ros na Run is set in a tiny village near the city of Galway . Although Ireland has access to international soaps, such as the UK's Coronation Street, Emmerdale, Eastenders, Home and Away, Neighbours etc, Fair City continues to out perform them all, and is Ireland's most popular soap-opera, with the show peaking at over 700,000 viewers.
France
France had no real tradition of daytime series, until the creation of Plus belle la vie in 2004 for French public television channel France 3. It airs every weekday at 8.00 pm. After initial poor ratings, the show became a huge success and has been one of the most highly rated series on the network. Other attempts were made by competitors to create soaps (including Seconde Chance, Cinq soeurs and Paris 16ème) but have not achieved success.
Greece
In Greece there have been several soap operas.
ANT1
The longest running soap opera in Greece was Lampsi (the Shining) by Nicos Foskolos. It premiered on ANT1 on September 1991 but was canceled on June 2005 when its ratings became so disappointing that ANT1 tv decided to focus on a new soap that could be able to fight rival's MEGA CHANNEL Vera Sto Deksi and allow Nicos Foskolos to work on his other soap Kalimera Zoi.
Second longest running soap is "Kalimera Zoi" (Goodmorning Life). It was premiered on September 1993 and was eventually canceled on June 2006, after the ratings failed to rise up even with the total devotion of Nicos Foskolos after the cancellation of Lampsi a year earlier.
Lampsi was replaced by the soap Erotas (Love) which lasted for 3 years (2005-2008). After that ANT1 gave up on soap operas and focused on comedy series and weekly dramas.
Prior 1991 ANT1 showed 1 daily soap opera and that was ''Sti skia tou hrimatos" (Money Shadows) (1990-1991). After the success of "Lampsi", came the short-running "To galazio diamandi" (Blue diamond) and "Simphonia siopis" (Omerta).
MEGA
Mega Channel began its soap opera productions in 1990 with the prime time soap I Dipsa (The Thirst) which lasted for 102 episodes. Their daytime shows included " Paralliloi dromoi"(1992-1994) and by Haravgi (Daylight) (1994-1995). The ratings of both shows were rather low. In 1998-2006 Apagorevmeni Agapi (Forbidden Love) was broadcast, in 1998-2002 Gia mia thesi ston Ilio (A spot Under The Sun) began airing and in 2002-2006 Filodoxies(Expectations)did so. Their big hit, however, came in 2004 with Vera Sto Deksi (Ring On The Right Hand) which lasted for 3 seasons after completing with success its circle of storylines. This was the show that actually managed to overthrow rival ANT1's long soap opera 'Lampsi", as the latter's ratings declined rapidly and dramatically since "Vera sto Dexi" began airing. In 2008 its current soap premiered and that was Ta Mistika Tis Edem (Edem Secrets). This one, created by the producers of Vera sto Dexi too, has so far been even more successful than Vera Sto Dexi. Ta mystika tis Edem has been characterized as the most successful daily show in the history of Greek television and its ratings place it constantly on the top three daily programs.
ERT
IENED (which was later renamed to ERT2 in 1982) was responsible for the first Greek soap operas I Kravgi Ton Likon and Megistanes. ERT had also produced some interesting long lasting soaps like O Simvoleografos. After the 90s and with the introduction of private tv, ERT produced some daily soaps which failed to receive high ratings and were canceled shortly after their premiere. "Pathos" (Passion), "Erotika tis Edem" (Loving in Eden), "Ta ftera tou erota" (The wings of love...the only daytime of ERT that lasted 4 seasons)
ALPHA
Only one daytime show was produced on alpha. "Kato apo tin Acropoli" (Under the Acropolis). It lasted for 2,5 years...
Cyprus
Weekday shows
The first daytime soap opera made by a Cyprus channel was LOGOs TV Odos Den Ksehno ('Don't Forget' Street) which premiered on January 1996 but was canceled by December the same year. It was followed by To Serial which was also broadcast for one year from September 1997 to June 1998. CyBC created the third weekday soap which was Anemi Tou Pathous (Passion Winds) beginning January 2000 and finishing June 2004. It was followed on the CyBC daytime timeslot by I Platia (The Square) which premiered on September 2004 and finished on July 2006. On Sigma TV their first weekday show was the comedy Sto Para Pente which was shown from September 1998 until June 2004 and is the longest weekday show in Cyprus history. Other Sigma TV weekday shows include Akti Oniron (1999-2001), Vourate Geitonoi (2001-2005) (which is the most successful weekday show achieving ratings up to 70%), Oi Takkoi (2002-2005), S' Agapo (2001-2002), Vasiliki (2005-2006), Vendetta (September 2005 - December 2006), 30 kai Kati (2006-2007), Mila Mou (September 2007 - January 2009). Its current soap opera is Se Fonto Kokkino shown since September 2008. ANT1 Cyprus aired the soap I Goitia Tis Amartias in 2002 which was soon canceled. Dikse Mou To Filo Sou followed (2006-2009) and now they air Gia Tin Agapi Sou (premiered on September 2008 and expected to be completed by June 2009).
Weekly shows
The longest running weekly show on Cyprus television is Istories Tou Horkou (CyBC) which was premiered on March 1996 but was canceled on June 2006. Second is Manolis Ke Katina (1995-2004). Most controversial is To Kafenio which premiered on CyBC on 1993 as a weekly show, moved to MEGA Channel Cyprus 6 years later i(1999) as a weekday show and then to ANT1 Cyprus on 2000 where it was canceled a year later. Plans of moving back to CyBC again as a weekly show for a 8th season, in 2001, with the original cast never realised. Currently the most successful weekly show in Cyprus is Aigia Fuxia by ANT1 Cyprus (premiered in 2008) and Oi Genies Tis Siopis by CyBC (premiered in 2007).
Soap opera parodies
A few soap opera spoofs have been made. Two of the most famous U.S. spoofs were Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman and Soap. Fresno was a 1986 spoof of the primetime serials of the period. Australia also produced a spoof of glamorous beach-side soap operas in the form of Shark Bay, which featured many former Australian soap stars from Sons and Daughters, Prisoner, Home and Away and Neighbours. From 1990 to 1994, Australian medical dramas, such as A Country Practice and The Young Doctors as well as other soaps, were spoofed in Let The Blood Run Free set in St. Christopher's Hospital. During 2000-2001, Grosse Pointe ran on the now-defunct WB, self-spoofing creator Darren Star's behind the scenes experiences of producing nighttime soaps, notably Beverly Hills 90210.
South African comedian , Casper de Vries produced a soap opera parody Haak en Steek based on South African soaps like Egoli: Place of Gold. (Wikipedia)
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Clara, Lu, and Em was radio's first soap opera, beginning June 16, 1930 at WGN Chicago and continuing until 1945 on NBC, CBS and in syndication.
A soap opera, sometimes called "soap" for short, is an ongoing, episodic work of dramatic fiction presented in serial format on television or radio . The name soap opera stems from the original dramatic serials broadcast on radio that had soap manufacturers such as Procter & Gamble , Colgate-Palmolive , and Lever Brothers as sponsors [1] and producers. [2] These early radio serials were broadcast in weekday daytime slots when mostly housewives would be available to listen; thus the shows were aimed at and consumed by a predominantly female audience. [1]
The term soap opera has at times been generally applied to any romantic serial, [1] but it is also used to describe the more naturalistic, unglamorous UK primetime drama serials such as Coronation Street . [3] A crucial element that defines soap opera is the open-ended nature of the narrative, with stories spanning several episodes. The defining feature that makes a program a soap opera, according to Albert Moran, is "that form of television that works with a continuous open narrative. Each episode ends with a promise that the storyline is to be continued in another episode". [4]
Soap-opera stories run concurrently, intersect and lead into further developments. An individual episode of a soap opera will generally switch between several different concurrent story threads that may at times interconnect and affect one another or may run entirely independent of each other. Each episode may feature some of the show's current storylines but not always all of them. Especially in daytime serials and those that are screened each weekday, there is some rotation of both storylines and actors so any given storyline or actor will appear in some but usually not all of a week's worth of episodes. Soap operas rarely "wrap things up" storywise and generally avoid bringing all the current storylines to a conclusion at the same time. When one storyline ends there are always several other story threads at differing stages of development. Soap opera episodes typically end on some sort of cliffhanger .
Evening soap operas and those that screen at a rate of one episode a week sometimes differ from this general format. They are more likely to feature the entire cast in each episode and to represent all current storylines in each episode. Evening soap operas and those serials that run for only part of the year tend to bring things to a dramatic end-of-season cliffhanger.
In 1976, Time magazine described American daytime television as "TV's richest market," noting the loyalty of the soap opera fan base and the expansion of several half-hour series to a full hour in order to maximize ad revenues. [5] The article explained that at that time, many prime time series lost money, while daytime serials earned profits several times more than their production costs. [5] The issue's cover notably featured its first daytime soap stars, Bill Hayes and Susan Seaforth Hayes of Days of our Lives , [6] [7] a couple whose onscreen and real-life romance was widely covered by both the soap opera magazines and the mainstream press. [8]
Contents
11 External links
Plots and storylines
The main characteristics that define soap operas are "an emphasis on family life, personal relationships, sexual dramas, emotional and moral conflicts; some coverage of topical issues; set in familiar domestic interiors with only occasional excursions into new locations". [3] Fitting in with these characteristics, most soap operas follow the lives of a group of characters who live or work in a particular place, or focus on a large extended family. The storylines follow the day-to-day activities and personal relationships of these characters. "Soap narratives, like those of film melodramas, are marked by what Steve Neale has described as 'chance meetings, coincidences, missed meetings, sudden conversions, last-minute rescues and revelations, deus ex machina endings.'" These elements may be found across the gamut of soap operas, from EastEnders to Dallas . [9]
In many soap operas in particular daytime serials in the United States , the characters are frequently attractive, seductive, glamorous and wealthy. Soap operas from Australia and the United Kingdom tend to focus on more everyday characters and situations, and are frequently set in working class environments. [10] Many Australian and UK soap operas explore social realist storylines such as family discord, marriage breakdown, or financial problems. Both UK and Australian soap operas feature comedy elements, often by way of affectionate comic stereotypes such as the gossip or the grumpy old man, presented as a sort of comic foil to the emotional turmoil that surrounds them. This diverges from US soap operas where such comedy is rare. [4] UK soap operas frequently make a claim to presenting "reality" or purport to have a "realistic" style. [11] UK soap operas also frequently foreground their geographic location as a key defining feature of the show while depicting and capitalising on the exotic appeal of the stereotypes connected to the location. So EastEnders focuses on the tough and grim life in London's east end; Coronation Street invokes Manchester and its characters exhibit the stereotypical characteristic of "Northern straight talking". [12]
Romance , secret relationships, extramarital affairs, and genuine love have been the basis for many soap opera storylines. In US daytime serials the most popular soap opera characters, and the most popular storylines, often involved a romance of the sort presented in paperback romance novels . Soap opera storylines sometimes weave intricate, convoluted, and sometimes confusing tales of characters who have affairs, meet mysterious strangers and fall in love, and who commit adultery, all of which keeps audiences hooked on the unfolding story twists. Crimes such as kidnapping, rape, and even murder may go unpunished if the perpetrator is to be retained in the ongoing story.
Australian and UK soap operas also feature a significant proportion of romance storylines. In Russia, most popular soap operas (though most of them are serialized) explore the "romantic quality" of criminal and/or oligarch life.
In soap opera storylines, previously-unknown children, siblings, and twins (including the evil variety ) of established characters often emerge to upset and reinvigorate the set of relationships examined by the series. Unexpected calamities disrupt weddings , childbirths , and other major life events with unusual frequency.
Much like comic books —another popular form of linear storytelling pioneered in the US during the 20th Century—a character's death is not guaranteed to be permanent . On The Bold and the Beautiful , Taylor Forrester ( Hunter Tylo ) was shown to flatline and have a funeral. When Tylo reprised the character in 2005 a retcon explained that Hunter had actually gone into a coma .
Stunts and complex physical action are largely absent, especially from daytime serials. Such story events often take place offscreen and are referred to in dialogue instead of being shown. This is because stunts or action scenes (such as a car accident) are difficult to adequately depict visually without multiple takes and post production editing. In the times when episodes were broadcast live, post production work was impossible. Though shows have long switched to being taped, extensive post production work and multiple takes, while possible, are not feasible for the genre due to the tight taping schedules and low budgets. A convincing fight scene usually requires multiple takes, and multiple camera angles, and again the time and effort to adequately capture such a scene is not feasible for daytime soap operas.
United States
See List of longest-serving soap opera actors
Soap operas have been a staple of daytime television in the United States since the early 1950s, when networks began programming around the clock. Along with reruns , game shows and more recently talk shows , the soap opera is a fixture in the major networks' broadcast schedules. However, this has been slowly changing. Newer networks such as Fox and cable television networks have largely ignored the format in favor of reruns, while the older networks have been generally reducing their soap opera output.
The American soap opera Guiding Light started as a radio drama in January 1937 and subsequently transferred to television in June 1952. With the exception of several years in the late 1940s when Irna Phillips was in dispute with Procter & Gamble , Guiding Light has been heard or seen nearly every weekday since it started, making it the longest story ever told. With the cancellation of Guiding Light in 2009, the current oldest soap on television is As the World Turns but will lose its title to General Hospital , when it ends its run in September 2010 after 54 years on television.
Due to the longevity of these shows, it is not uncommon for multiple actors to play a single character over the span of many years. It is also not uncommon for a single actor to play several characters on other shows over the years. Actors such as Veleka Gray , Robin Mattson , Roscoe Born , Judith Chapman and Michael Sabatino have played no fewer than six soap roles.
On the other hand, a number of actors have remained in their roles for decades. Helen Wagner , who has played Hughes family matriarch Nancy Hughes on As the World Turns since its debut on April 2, 1956, is in the Guinness Book of World Records [1] as the actor with the longest uninterrupted performance in a single role. (Two of Wagner's ATWT cast-mates, Eileen Fulton and Don Hastings who play Lisa Grimaldi and Dr. Bob Hughes, respectively, have each been in their roles nearly as long, both having joined the show in 1960.)
In General Hospital , Rachel Ames has played Audrey Hardy from 1964 until 2007, and returned in 2009. In All My Children , Susan Lucci has played Erica Kane since the show's debut in January 1970. Ray MacDonnell who plays Dr. Joe Martin in that series has been in his role since the show's debut as well. In the 2000s it had become increasingly common for long-term regular cast members to be dropped from contract status to recurring status , a part of contract negotiations largely restricted to U.S. soap operas. As recurring players they are paid only for those episodes in which they appear; this can be more cost effective for the series in the case of performers making few appearances each week.
In the U.S., the shows purely known in the vernacular as soap operas are broadcast during daytime. In the beginning, the serials were broadcast as fifteen-minute installments each weekday. In 1956, As the World Turns , the first half-hour soap opera debuted, and all of the soap operas broadcast half-hour episodes by the end of the 1960s. When the soap opera hit a fever pitch in the 1970s, popular demand had most of the shows, one by one, expanded to an hour (one show, Another World , even expanded to ninety minutes for a short time). More than half of the serials (and all of the pre-'80s hour-long serials on the air today) expanded to the new time format by 1980. Today, six out of the seven American serials air sixty-minute episodes each weekday. Only The Bold and the Beautiful airs for 30 minutes.
Also in the early days, soap operas were broadcast live from the studio, creating what many at the time regarded as a feeling similar to that of a stage play. (As nearly all soap operas were filmed at that time in New York , a number of soap actors were also accomplished stage actors, who performed live theatre during breaks from their soap roles.) In the 1960s and 1970s, shows such as General Hospital, Days of our Lives, and The Young and the Restless began taping in Los Angeles , and made the West Coast a viable alternative to New York–produced soap operas, which were becoming more costly to perform. By the early 1970s, nearly all soap operas had transitioned to being taped, with As the World Turns and The Edge of Night being the last to make the switch in 1975.
Port Charles used the practice of running 13-week " story arcs ", in which the main events of the arc are played out and wrapped up over the 13 weeks, although some storylines did continue over more than one arc. According to the 2006 Preview issue of Soap Opera Digest , it was briefly discussed that all ABC shows might do telenovela arcs, but this was rejected.
Currently, SOAPnet , first launched since January 20, 2000, currently airs three ABC daytime soaps, All My Children , One Life to Live and General Hospital (since January 20, 2000). Days of our Lives , an NBC / Sony Pictures Television daytime soap, currently airs on SOAPnet since March 15, 2004, and The Young and the Restless , another CBS / Sony Pictures Television daytime soap, also currently airs on SOAPnet since April 24, 2006. In the near future, Guiding Light , the canceled CBS/TeleNext Media, Inc. soap opera, will air in reruns on SOAPnet.
Traditional serials
Many US soap operas, in the beginning of television, found their niches in telling stories in certain environments. The Doctors and General Hospital , in the beginning, told stories almost exclusively from inside the confines of a hospital . As the World Turns dealt heavily with Chris Hughes' law practice and the travails of his wife Nancy who, tired of being "the loyal housewife" in the 1970s, became one of the first older women on the American serials to become a working woman. Guiding Light dealt with Bert Bauer ( Charita Bauer ) and her endless marital troubles. When her status moved to that of the caring mother and town matriarch, her children's marital troubles were then put on display. Search for Tomorrow told the story, for the most part, through the eyes of one woman only: the heroine, Joanne ( Mary Stuart ). Even when stories revolved around other characters, she was almost always a main fixture in their storylines. Days of our Lives first told the stories of Dr. Tom Horton and his steadfast wife Alice. In later years, the show branched out and told the stories of their five children. The Edge of Night featured as its central character Mike Karr, a police detective (who later became an attorney), and largely dealt with organized crime.
In contrast to these shows was Dark Shadows (1966–1971) which featured supernatural characters and dealt with fantasy and horror storylines. Its characters included the vampire Barnabas Collins , the witch Angelique, and various ghosts and goblins , both friendly and malevolent.
Evolution of the daytime serial
For several decades US daytime soap operas concentrated on family and marital upsets, legal dramas and romances. The action rarely left the interior settings within the fictional, medium-sized Midwestern towns in which the shows were set. Exterior shots, once a rarity, were slowly incorporated into the series Ryan's Hope . Unlike many earlier serials which were set in fictional towns, Ryan's Hope was set in real location, New York City , and outside shoots were used to give the series greater authenticity. The first exotic location shoot was made by All My Children , to St. Croix in 1978. Many other soap operas planned lavish storylines after seeing the success of the All My Children shoot. P&G-produced soaps Another World and Guiding Light both went to St. Croix in 1980, the former show culminated a long-running storyline between popular characters Mac, Rachel and Janice, and the latter to serve as an exotic setting for Alan Spaulding and Rita Bauer's torrid affair. Search for Tomorrow taped for two weeks in Hong Kong in 1981, and later that year some of the cast and crew ventured to Jamaica to tape a love consummation storyline between the characters of Garth and Kathy.
During the 1980s, perhaps as a reaction to the evening drama series that were gaining high ratings, daytime serials began to incorporate action and adventure storylines, more big-business intrigue, and an increased emphasis on youthful romance. Serials also focused on developing supercouples .
One of the first and most popular supercouples was Luke Spencer and Laura Webber in General Hospital . Luke and Laura helped to attract both male and female fans. Even Elizabeth Taylor was a fan and at her own request was given a guest role in Luke and Laura's wedding episode. Luke and Laura's popularity led to other soap producers striving to reproduce this success by attempting to create supercouples of their own. With increasingly bizarre action storylines coming into vogue Luke and Laura saved the world from being frozen, brought a mobster down by finding his black book in a Left-Handed Boy Statue, and helped a Princess find her Aztec Treasure in Mexico. Other soap operas attempted similar adventure storylines, often featuring footage shot on location - frequently in exotic locales.
During the 1990s, the mob, action, and adventure stories fell out of favor with producers due to generally declining ratings for daytime soap operas at the time, and the resultant budget cuts. In the 1990s soap operas were no longer able to go on expensive location shoots overseas as they had in the 1980s. In the 1990s soap operas increasingly focused on younger characters and social issues , such as Erica Kane 's drug addiction on All My Children, the re-emergence of Viki Lord's Multiple Personality Disorder on One Life to Live, Katherine Chancellor's alcoholism on The Young and the Restless and Stone and Robin dealing with AIDS and death on General Hospital. Other social issues included cancer, homophobia, and racism.
Some shows of the 2000s incorporated supernatural and science fiction elements into their storylines. One of the main characters in US soap opera Passions is Tabitha Lenox , a 300-year-old witch. Port Charles has featured vampires and an angel. Frequently these characters are isolated to one of the ongoing story threads to allow a fan to ignore them if they do not like that element.
Traditional grammar of daytime serials
Modern U.S. daytime soap operas largely stay true to the original soap opera format. The duration and format of storylines and the visual grammar employed by US daytime serials set them apart from soap operas in other countries and from evening soap operas. Stylistically, UK and Australian soap operas, which are usually produced for evening timeslots, fall somewhere in-between US daytime and evening soap operas. Similar to US daytime soap operas, UK and Australian serials are shot on videotape, and the cast and storylines are rotated across the week's episodes so that each cast member will appear in some but not all episodes. However, UK and Australian soap operas move through storylines at a faster rate than daytime serials, making them closer to US evening soap operas in this regard.
American soap operas since the 1980s have shared many common visual elements that set them apart dramatically from other shows:
Actors in the foreground are often noticeably back lit . The back light is a standard component of the traditional three-point lighting set-up routinely used in film and television. Accentuated back lighting can serve to lift actors out of the background, something that can be useful in programs generally shot on videotape in small interior sets as soap operas generally are. The backlight is frequently more subtle on filmed productions shot on location and in larger sets.
The rooms in a house often use deep stained wood wall panels and furniture, along with many elements of brown leather furniture. This creates an overall "brown" look which is intended to give a sumptuous and luxurious look to suggest the wealth of the characters portrayed. Daytime serials often foreground other sumptuous elements of set decoration; presenting a "mid-shot of characters viewed through a frame of lavish floral displays, glittering crystal decanters or gleaming antique furniture" [3]
Most US daytime soap operas do not routinely feature location or exterior-shot footage ( Guiding Light began shooting many of its scenes outdoors in its final two seasons). Often an outdoor locale is recreated in the studio. Australian and UK daily soap operas invariably feature a certain amount of exterior shot footage in every episode. This is usually shot in the same location and often on a purpose-built set, although they do include new exterior locations for certain storylines.
The visual quality of a soap opera is usually lower than prime time US television drama series due to the lower budgets and quicker production times involved. This is also because soap operas are recorded on videotape using a multicamera setup , unlike primetime productions which are usually shot on film and frequently using the single camera shooting style. Because of the lower resolution of video images, and also because of the emotional situations portrayed in soap operas, daytime serials make heavy use of closeup shots. As of 2009, The Young and the Restless and General Hospital are the only US daytime serials shot in High Definition. All My Children and One Life to Live plan on transitioning to High Definition starting in 2010, upon moving to new studios (AMC to a new production facility in Los Angeles, and OLTL to All My Children's current Manhattan studios).
Soap operas have idiosyncratic blocking techniques. In one common situation, a romantically involved couple start a conversation face-to-face, then one character will turn 180° and face away from the other character while conversation continues. Both characters can appear together in the same shot, both directly facing the audience. This is unrealistic in real life and is not frequently seen in film or on television outside US daytime serials, but it is an accepted soap opera convention.
In US daytime soap operas, when a scene is about to reach a temporary conclusion and the episode is to cross to a new scene or take a commercial break, one character in the currently concluding scene will often be shown in extreme closeup and deliver a jarring announcement. No other character will respond and there will be no dialogue for several seconds while the music builds before cutting to a commercial or a new scene. This kind of segue is referred to in the industry as a "tag."
A construct unique to US daytime serials is the format where the action will cut between various conversations, returning to each at the precise moment it was left. This is the most significant distinction between US daytime soap operas and other forms of US television drama, which generally allow for narrative time to pass, off-screen, between the scenes depicted. [4]
Decline
Ratings for US daytime serials have been falling drastically since the mid-2000s. In 2007, NBC canceled Passions due to low ratings. In 2009, the longest running program in television history, Guiding Light, was cancelled. Guiding Light premiered in 1937; by 2009 the show barely reached 1.5 million viewers each day. It was announced on December 8, 2009, that As the World Turns will air its last episode in September 2010.
Overall viewership is down and even the highest rated soap The Young and the Restless is losing viewers. No new daytime soap opera has been created since 1999. After As the World Turns ends, there will be 6 daytime soap operas on the three major networks , compared to 12 in 1990. US daytime serials have been affected by the 2008 economic crisis , since they rely on automobile advertising . This has caused numerous shows to reduce their casts to fit within the reduced budgets to pay actor salaries. [13]
The primetime serial
Primetime serials were just as popular as those in daytime. The first real prime time soap opera was ABC 's Peyton Place (1964–1969), based in part on the original 1957 movie (which was itself taken from the 1956 novel ). The popularity of Peyton Place prompted rival network CBS to spin off popular As the World Turns character Lisa Miller into her own evening soap opera entitled Our Private World (originally titled "The Woman Lisa" in its planning stages) in 1965. Our Private World ended in the fall and the character of Lisa returned to As The World Turns.
The structure of the Peyton Place with its episodic plots and long-running story arcs would set the mold for the prime time serials of the 1980s when the format reached its pinnacle.
The successful prime time serials of the 1980s included Dallas , Dynasty , Knots Landing , and Falcon Crest . These shows frequently dealt with wealthy families and their personal and big-business travails. Common characteristics were sumptuous sets and costumes, the presence of at least one glamorous bitch-figure in the cast of characters, and spectacular disaster cliffhanger situations. Unlike daytime serials which are shot on video in a studio using the multicamera setup , these evening series were shot on film using a single camera setup and featured much location-shot footage, often in picturesque locales. Dallas, its spin-off Knots Landing, and Falcon Crest all initially featured episodes with self-contained stories and specific guest stars who appeared in just that episode. Each story would be completely resolved by the end of the episode and there were no end-of-episode cliffhangers. After the first couple of seasons all three shows changed their story format to that of a pure soap opera with interwoven ongoing narratives that ran over several episodes. Dynasty featured this format throughout its run.
The soap opera's distinctive open plot structure and complex continuity also began to be increasingly incorporated into major American prime time television programs . The first significant drama series to do this was Hill Street Blues . This series, produced by Steven Bochco , featured many elements borrowed from soap operas such as an ensemble cast , multi-episode storylines and extensive character development over the course of the series. It and the later Cagney & Lacey overlaid the police series formula with ongoing narratives exploring the personal lives and interpersonal relationships of the regular characters. [14] The success of these series prompted other drama series, such as St. Elsewhere , and situation comedy shows to incorporate soap opera style stories and story structure to varying degrees.
The prime time soap operas and drama series of the 1990s, such as Beverly Hills 90210 , Melrose Place , and Dawson's Creek , focused more on younger characters. In the 2000s, ABC began to revitalize the primetime soap opera format by premiering shows such as Desperate Housewives , Grey's Anatomy , Brothers & Sisters , and Private Practice . These shows managed to appeal to wide audiences not only because of their high melodrama but also because of the humor injected into the scripts and plot lines. One of the most popular and talked-about serials, Lost , is also an ABC show. It also led to rival NBC picking up its own serials, including Heroes and Friday Night Lights .
United Kingdom
See List of longest-serving soap opera actors
In the United Kingdom , soap operas are one of the most popular genres, most being broadcast during prime time. Most UK soap operas focus on working-class communities. The most popular soaps are Coronation Street , EastEnders , Emmerdale , Hollyoaks , Doctors , and the Australian produced Neighbours and Home and Away . The first three of these are consistently among the highest-rated shows on British television. Coronation Street is generally the most watched show on British television.
The 1986 Christmas Day episode of EastEnders is often given as the highest-rated UK soap opera episode ever, with 30.15 million viewers (in 2007, the UK had approximately 54 million viewers). The figure of 30.15 million was actually a combination of the original broadcast which had just over 19 million viewers, and the Sunday omnibus edition with 10 million viewers. The combined 30.15 million audience figure often sees it attributed as the highest-rated program in UK television for the 1980s, comparable to the records set by the 1970 splashdown of Apollo 13 (28.6 million viewers), and Princess Diana 's funeral in 1997 (32.1 million viewers). [15]
Coronation Street and EastEnders are popularly known as the "flagship" soaps, as they are the highest rating programmes for ITV and the BBC respectively. Poor ratings for a UK flagship serial sometimes brings with it questions about the associated channel. The soaps are so popular they are not routinely scheduled against each other. Episodes of serials have clashed only on isolated occasions when extended episodes have been are screened.
Origins and evolution
Soap operas began on radio and consequently were associated with the BBC. The BBC continues to broadcast the world's longest-running radio soap, The Archers , on BBC Radio 4 , which has been running nationally since 1951. It continues to attract over five million listeners, or roughly 25% of the radio listening population of the UK at that time of the evening.
An early television serial was The Grove Family on the BBC. 148 episodes were produced between 1954 to 1957. The series was broadcast live and only a handful of recordings were retained in the archives.
In the 1960s Coronation Street revolutionised UK television and quickly became a British institution. Other soap operas of the 1960s included Emergency Ward 10 , on ITV. The BBC also produced several serials. Compact was about the staff of a women's magazine. The Newcomers was about the upheaval caused by a large firm setting up a plant in a small town. United! ran for 147 episodes and focused on a football team. 199 Park Lane was an upper class serial that ran for just 18 episodes in 1965. None of these serials came close to making the same impact as Coronation Street. Indeed most of the 1960s BBC serials were largely wiped .
During the 1960s Corrie's main rival was Crossroads , a daily serial that began in 1964 and was broadcast by ITV in the early evening. Crossroads was set in a Birmingham motel and while the series was popular, its purported low technical standard and bad acting was much mocked. By the 1980s its ratings had begun to decline and several attempts to revamp the series through cast changes and later, expanding the focus from the motel to the surrounding community, were unsuccessful, and Crossroads was cancelled in 1988. (A new version of Crossroads was later produced, running from 2001 until 2003.)
A later rival to Corrie was ITV's Emmerdale Farm (later renamed Emmerdale) which began in 1972 in a daytime slot and had a rural Yorkshire setting. Increased viewing figures saw Emmerdale being moved to a prime-time slot in the 1980s. When Channel 4 began in 1982 it launched its own soap, the Liverpool based Brookside , which over the next decade re-defined soap. In 1985, the BBC 's London based soap opera EastEnders debuted and was a near instant success with viewers and critics alike, with the first episode attracting over 17 million viewers. Critics talked about the downfall of Coronation Street[citation needed], but Coronation Street continued successfully. In 1994 when the two serials were scheduled opposite each other, and Corrie won the slot. For the better part of ten years, the show has shared the number one position with Coronation Street, with varying degrees of difference between the two.
A scene from EastEnders on Christmas Day 1986, watched by 30.15 million viewers. The story, where Den Watts served his wife Angie with divorce papers , was the highest-rated soap episode in British history, and the highest-rated program in the UK during the 1980s
Pobol y Cwm (People of the Valley) is a Welsh language serial produced by the BBC since October 1974. It is the longest-running television soap opera produced by the BBC. Pobol y Cwm was originally transmitted on BBC Wales television between 1974 and 1982. It then transferred to the Welsh language television station S4C when it opened in the November 1982. The series was occasionally shown on BBC1 in London during periods of regional optout in the mid-late 1970s. Pobol y Cwm was briefly shown in the rest of the UK in 1994 on BBC2 , with English subtitles . It is consistently the most watched programme of the week on S4C . [16]
The 1980s
Daytime soap operas were non-existent until the 1970s because there was virtually no daytime television in the UK. ITV introduced General Hospital , which later transferred to a prime time slot, and Scottish Television had Take the High Road , which lasted for over twenty years. Later, daytime slots were filled with an influx of older Australian soap operas such as The Young Doctors , The Sullivans , Sons and Daughters , A Country Practice , Richmond Hill and eventually, Neighbours and Home and Away . These achieved significant levels of popularity. Neighbours and Home and Away were moved to early-evening slots and the UK soap opera boom began in the late 1980s.
During the 1980s ITV acquired the long-running Australian soap Prisoner which was screened around the country, under the name Prisoner: Cell Block H, in differing slots usually around 11pm. The series was immensely successful and led to it being repeated after the series had reached its conclusion in the Midlands. Rival network Five also acquired repeat rights for a full rerun of the series, starting in 1997.
The 1990s
In 1992 the BBC launched Eldorado to alternate with EastEnders but it only lasted a year; however, this failure did not stop the ever-increasing prominence that soap operas would have in UK schedules. In 1995 Channel 4 introduced Hollyoaks , a soap with a youth focus. When Five began in March 1997 it came with its own soap opera, Family Affairs , which debuted as a five-days-a-week soap.
Throughout the 1990s the long-running soap operas in Britain continued to flourish. Each increased the number of weekly episodes transmitted by at least one, further defining soap opera as the leading genre in British television of the period.
The 2000s
Since 2000 new soap operas have continued to be developed. Daytime drama Doctors began in the spring of 2000, preceding Neighbours on BBC1. In 2002, as the ratings continued to fall for Scottish serial High Road, BBC Scotland launched River City . River City proved popular and effectively replaced High Road when it was cancelled in 2003. The long-running serial Brookside ended in November 2003 after 21 years on air, leaving Hollyoaks as Channel 4's flagship serial.
A new version of Crossroads featuring a mostly new cast was produced by Carlton Television for ITV in 2001. It did not achieve satisfactory ratings and was cancelled in 2003. In 2001 ITV also launched a new early-evening serial entitled Night and Day . This series too attracted low viewing figures and after being shifted to a late night time slot was cancelled in 2003. Family Affairs, which was broadcast opposite the racier Hollyoaks, and never achieved significantly high viewing figures leading to several dramatic revamps of the cast and marked changes in style and even location over its run. This eventually saw the show gain a larger fan base and by 2004 the series won its first awards, however Family Affairs was nevertheless cancelled in late 2005.
ITV launched the new soap opera The Royal Today in 2008. The Royal Today was a daily spin-off of popular sixties drama The Royal , which had been running in a primetime slot since 2002. Just days later soap opera parody series Echo Beach premiered alongside its sister series, the comedy Moving Wallpaper . Both Echo Beach and The Royal Today ended after their initial first season. Due to poor viewing figures neither were picked up for a second run.
In 2004, BBC created a radio soap opera for the BBC Asian Network called Silver Street , but poor ratings and criticism against the series led to its cancellation in 2010. [17]
Format
UK soap operas for many years usually only aired two nights a week. The exception was the original Crossroads, which began as a five-days-a-week soap opera in the 1960s, but was later reduced. In 1989, things started to change when Coronation Street began airing three times a week (later expanding further to four in 1996), a trend which was soon followed by rival EastEnders in 1994 and Emmerdale in 1997. Family Affairs debuted as a five-days-a-week soap in 1997 and regularly ran five episodes a week its entire run. The imported Neighbours screens as five new episodes a week, which are shown once at 1:45 pm and repeated at 5:30 pm on Five each weekday.
Currently Coronation Street (which began screening two episodes on Monday nights in 2002) and Hollyoaks both produce five episodes a week, while EastEnders screens four. In 2004 Emmerdale began screening six episodes a week. Doctors screens five episodes a week and is the only soap without an omnibus over the weekend.
In a January 2008 overhaul of the ITV network the Sunday episodes of Coronation Street and Emmerdale were moved out of their slots. Coronation Street added a second episode on Friday evenings at 8:30 pm. Emmerdale's Tuesday edition was extended to an hour, putting it in direct competition with rival EastEnders.
In July 2009 the schedules of these serials were changed again. Starting 23 July 2009 Coronation Street moved from the Wednesday slot it held for 49 years, to Thursday evenings. Emmerdale's reverted to screening just one thirty minute episode on Tuesday evenings and the other thirty minute installment was moved to Thursday evenings. [18]
Today's UK soap operas are mainly shot on videotape in the studio using a multicamera setup . UK soap operas uaually also feature a proportion of outdoors-shot footage in each episode. This is laregly shot on a purpose-built outdoor set that represents the community the soap focuses on.
Australia
See List of longest-serving soap opera actors
Australia has had quite a number of well known soap operas, some of which have gained cult followings in the UK and other countries. The majority of Australian television soap operas are produced for early evening or evening timeslots. They usually produce two or two-and-a-half hours of new material each week, either arranged as four or five half-hour episodes a week, or two one-hour episodes. Stylistically they most closely resemble UK soap operas in that they are nearly always shot on videotape, mainly in the studio using a multicamera setup . The original Australian serials were shot entirely in the studio. During the 1970s, occasional filmed inserts were used to incorporate outdoor-shot sequences in soap operas. Outdoor shooting later became commonplace and starting in the late 1970s it became standard practice that there will be some location-shot footage in each episode of any Australian soap opera, often to capitalise on the attractiveness and exotic nature of these locations for international audiences. [19] Most Australian soap operas focus on a mixed age range of middle-class characters and will regularly feature a range of locations where the various, disparate, characters can meet and interact, such as the café, the surf club, the wine bar, or the school. [19]
Early serials
The genre began in Australia, as in other countries, on radio. One such radio serial, Big Sister, featured actress Thelma Scott in the cast and aired nationally for five years from 1942. Probably the best known Australian radio serial was Blue Hills which ran from 1949 to 1976. With the advent of Australian television in 1956 daytime television serials followed. The first Australian television soap opera was Autumn Affair (1958). Each episode of this serial was fifteen minutes and it screened each weekday on the Seven Network . The series failed to secure a sponsor and ended in 1959 after a run of 156 episodes. This was followed by The Story of Peter Grey (1961). Again this was a Seven Network series screened weekdays in a daytime slot, with each episode fifteen minutes in duration. The Story of Peter Grey had a run of 164 episodes.
The first successful wave of Australian evening soap operas started in 1967 with Bellbird produced by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation . This rural-based serial screened in an early evening slot in fifteen minute installments and was a moderate success but built-up a consistent and loyal viewer base, especially in rural areas, and enjoyed a ten-year run. Motel (1968) was Australia's first half-hour soap opera. Screened in a daytime slot the series had a short run of 132 episodes.
1970s hit soaps
The first big soap opera hit in Australia was the sex-melodrama Number 96 which began in March 1972, screening on Network Ten in a nighttime slot. Number 96 brought such rarely explored topics as homosexuality, adultery, drug use, rape-within-marriage and racism into Australian living rooms en masse. The series became famous for its sex scenes and nudity and for its comedy characters, many of whom became cult heroes in Australia. By 1973 Number 96 had become Australia's highest-rating show. In 1974 the sexed-up antics of Number 96 prompted the creation of The Box , which rivaled it in terms of nudity and sexual situations and screened in a nighttime slot. Produced by Crawford Productions , many critics considered The Box to be a more slickly produced and better written show than Number 96, and in its first year it was extremely popular. Meanwhile in 1974 the Reg Grundy Organisation created its first soap opera, and significantly Australia's first teen soap opera, Class of '74 . Its attempts to hint at the sex and sin shown more openly on Number 96 and The Box along with its high school setting and early evening time slot meant it came under intense scrutiny of the Broadcasting Control Board who vetted scripts and altered whole storylines. By 1975 both Number 96 and The Box, perhaps as a reaction to declining ratings for both shows, de-emphasised the sex and nudity moving more in the direction of comedy. Class of '74 was renamed Class of '75 and also added more slapstick comedy for its second year, but the revamped show's ratings dwindled and it was cancelled in mid-1975.
A feature film version of Bellbird entitled Country Town was produced in 1971 not by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation but by two of the show's stars, Gary Gray and Terry McDermott. Number 96 and The Box also had feature film versions, both of which had the same title as the series, released in 1974 and 1975 respectively. As Australian television was in black and white until 1975 these theatrical releases all had the novelty of being in colour. The film versions of Number 96 and The Box also allowed more explicit nudity than could be shown on television at that time.
Launched on the Nine Network in late 1976 was The Sullivans , a series chronicling the affects of World War II on a Melbourne family. Produced by Crawford's this show was a ratings success and attracted many positive reviews. At around the same time Grundy's created a new teen-oriented soap, The Young Doctors , which also screened on Channel Nine starting late 1976. This show eschewed the sex and sin of Number 96 and The Box instead emphasising light-weight storylines and romance. It was also popular but unlike The Sullivans it was not a success with critics. Meanwhile in 1977 Number 96 would re-introduce nudity, with several much-publicised full-frontal nude scenes featured in an attempt to boost the show's plummeting ratings.
Rise of the Grundy Organisation serials
Bellbird, Number 96 and The Box were all cancelled in 1977; all had been experiencing declining ratings since 1975 and various attempts to revamp the shows with cast reshuffles or spectacular disaster storylines had proved only temporarily successful. Late that year they were replaced by such successful new shows as the Crawfords Produced Cop Shop (1977–1984) on Channel Seven, which was a meld of soap opera and police drama, and The Restless Years (1977–1981) on Channel Ten, which was another teen soap produced by the Reg Grundy Organisation. The Reg Grundy Organisation subsequently reached even higher levels of success with women's-prison drama Prisoner (1979–1986) on Network Ten, and melodramatic family saga Sons and Daughters (1981–1987) on the Seven Network. Both shows achieved high ratings in their first run, and unusually, found success in repeats after their original runs ended.
The Young Doctors and The Sullivans ran on Nine until 1982. Thereafter Channel Nine attempted many new soap operas, several produced by The Reg Grundy Organisation including Taurus Rising , Waterloo Station , Starting Out and Possession , along with Prime Time produced by Crawford's, but none were successful and most were cancelled after only a few months. The Reg Grundy Organisation also created Neighbours , a suburban-based daily serial devised as a sedate family drama with some comedy and lightweight situations, for the Seven Network in 1985.
Produced in Melbourne at the studios of HSV-7 , Neighbours rated well in Melbourne, Brisbane and Adelaide, but not in Sydney. Sydney was the only city where it was shown in the earlier 5.30 p.m. timeslot which put it up against hit dating game show Perfect Match on Channel 10 so Neighbours had low ratings in Sydney, and Seven's Sydney station ATN-7 quickly lost interest in the show. HSV-7 in Melbourne lobbied heavily to keep Neighbours going but ATN-7 managed to convince the rest of the network to cancel the show and instead keep ATN-7's own Sydney-based dramas A Country Practice and Sons and Daughters. After the network cancelled Neighbours it was immediately picked-up by Channel Ten. They revamped the cast and scripts slightly and from January 20, 1986 aired the series in the 7.00 p.m. slot. It initially attracted low viewing figures however after a concerted publicity drive Ten managed to transform the series into a major success, turning several of its actors into major international stars. The show's popularity eventually declined and it was moved to the 6.30 p.m. slot in 1992, yet the series retains consistent viewing figures in Australia and is still running today, making it Australia's longest-running soap opera.
The success of Neighbours prompted the creation of somewhat similar suburban and family or teen-oriented soap operas such as Home and Away (1988-) on Channel Seven and Richmond Hill (1988) on Channel Ten. Both proved popular, however Richmond Hill emerged as only a moderate success and was cancelled after one year to be replaced on Ten by E Street (1989–1993).
Meanwhile Nine had still failed to find a successful new soap opera. After the failure of family drama Family and Friends in 1990 they launched the raunchier and more extreme Chances in 1991, a series that would resurrect the sex and melodrama of Number 96 and The Box in an attempt to improve the show's chances of ratings success. However, it too achieved only moderate ratings, although the increasingly bizarre storylines were much-discussed and the series continued into 1992 albeit in a late-night timeslot.
Australian Soaps Internationally
Several Australian soap operas have also found significant international success. In the UK starting in the mid 1980s daytime screenings of The Young Doctors, The Sullivans, Sons and Daughters and Neighbours achieved significant success. Neighbours was subsequently moved to an early-evening slot. Grundy's Prisoner began screening in the United States in 1979 and achieved high ratings in many regions there, however only the first three years of the series would be screened in that country. Prisoner was also screened in late-night timeslots in the UK beginning in the late 1980s, achieving enduring cult success there. The show became so popular in the UK that it prompted the creation of two stage plays and a stage musical based on the show, all of which toured the UK, among many other spin-offs. In the late 1990s Five repeated Prisoner in the UK. Between 1998 and 2005 Five ran late-night repeats of Sons and Daughters. During the 1980s the Australian attempts to emulate big-budget US soap operas such as Dallas and Dynasty had resulted in Taurus Rising and Return to Eden , two slick soap opera dramas with big budgets and shot entirely on film. Though their middling Australian ratings ensured they ran only a single season both programs were successfully sold internationally.
Other shows to achieve varying levels of international success include Richmond Hill, E Street, Paradise Beach (1993–1994), and Pacific Drive (1995–1997). Indeed these last two series were designed specifically for international sales. Channel Seven's Home and Away, a teen soap developed as a rival to Neighbours, has also achieved significant and enduring success on UK television.
Teen-oriented serials to the world
Since 1990 most new Australian serials have been based on the successful Neighbours formula of forgrounding youthful attractive casts in appealing locations. The main exception to this was the Australian Broadcasting Corporation produced Something in the Air , a rural-based serial examining a range of characters in a small country town. This series ran from 2000 until 2002.
Attempts to replicate the success of daily teen-oriented serials Neighbours and Home and Away saw the creation of Echo Point (1995) and Breakers (1999) on Network Ten. None of these programs emerged as long-running successes and Neighbours and Home and Away remained the most visible and consistently successful Australian soap operas in production. In their home country they both attract respectable although not spectacular ratings. By 2004 Neighbours was regularly attracting just under a million viewers per episode [20] — low for Australian prime time television. By March 2007 Australian viewing figures for Neighbours had fallen to fewer than 700,000 a night, prompting a revamp of cast and graphics used on the show, and a deemphasis on the action oriented direction the series had moved in with a move to refocus the show on the family storylines it is traditionally known for. [21] However, Neighbours and Home and Away both continue to achieve significant ratings in the UK. This and other lucrative overseas markets, along with Australian broadcasting laws that enforce a minimum amount of local drama production for commercial television networks, help ensure that both programs remain in production. Both shows get higher total ratings in the UK than in Australia (the UK has three times Australia's population) and the UK networks make a major contribution to the production costs.
It has been suggested that with their emphasis on the younger, attractive and charismatic characters, Neighbours and Home and Away have found success in the middle ground between glamorous, fantastic US soaps with their wealthy but tragic heroes [3] and the more grim, naturalistic UK soap operas populated by older, unglamorous characters. [19] The casts of Neighbours and Home and Away are predominantly younger and more attractive than the casts of UK soaps, and without excessive wealth and glamour of the US daytime serial, [3] a middleground in which they have found their lucrative niche.
Neighbours, which is celebrated its 20th anniversary in 2005, was aired on the U.S. channel Oxygen in March 2004, however it attracted few viewers, perhaps in part because it was scheduled opposite well-established and highly-popular US soap operas such as All My Children and The Young and The Restless , and due to low ratings it was cancelled shortly afterwards.
New Australian serial headLand premiered on Channel Seven in November 2005. This new series rose from the ashes of a proposed Home and Away spinoff that was to have been produced in conjunction with the UK's Channel Five, which screens Home and Away. The spin-off idea was cancelled after Channel Five pulled out of the deal, which meant that the show could potentially screen on a rival UK channel, so Five requested that the new show developed as a stand-alone series and not feed off a series they own a stake in. The series premiered in Australia on November 15, 2005 but was not a ratings success and was cancelled January 23, 2006. The series broadcast on E4 and Channel 4 in the UK.
After losing the rights to screen Neighbours in the United Kingdom to channel five, the BBC commissioned new serial Out of the Blue as its replacement. Out of the Blue was produced in Australia. It began screening on BBC One on weekday afternoons on April 28, 2008 [22] but after lower than desired ratings figures it was shifted to BBC Two from May 19, 2008 [23] [24] . Production on the series was not renewed beyond its first season. [25]
Canada
Due to the economics of television production in Canada, relatively few daily soap operas have been produced on English Canadian television. Notable daily soaps that did exist included Family Passions , Scarlett Hill , Strange Paradise , Metropia , Train 48 and the international coproduction Foreign Affairs. Family Passions was an hour long, as is typical of American daytime soaps; all of the others were half hour programs. Short-run soaps, including 49th & Main and North/South , have also aired.
On French language television in Quebec , however, the téléroman has been a popular mainstay of network programming since the 1950s. Notable téléromans have included Rue des Pignons , Les Belles histoires des pays d'en haut, Diva , La famille Plouffe , and the soap opera parody Le Cœur a ses raisons .
Indonesia
In Indonesia limited-run television soap dramas known as Sinetron are screened.
Europe
The American soap As The World Turns has been broadcasted in the Netherlands for over ten years, is immensely popular and translated into Dutch . Australian serial The Restless Years was remade in the Netherlands as Goede tijden, slechte tijden (first broadcast 1990) and in Germany as Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten (since 1992): both titles translate to "the best of times and the worst of times". These remakes are still running although they have long since diverged from the original Australian storylines . They are the highest rated soap operas in their respective countries.
A later Australian serial, Sons and Daughters , has inspired five remakes produced under license from the original producers and based, initially, on original story and character outlines. These are Verbotene Liebe (Germany, 1995- ); Skilda världar (Sweden, 1996–2002); Apagorevmeni agapi (Greece, 1998); Cuori Rubati (Italy, 2002–2003) Zabranjena ljubav (Croatia, 2004–2008).
Both The Restless Years and Sons and Daughters were created and produced in Australia by the Reg Grundy Organisation .
Alongside Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten and Verbotene Liebe, other soap operas in Germany include Marienhof , Unter Uns .
Belgium
In Belgium the two major soap operas are Thuis (Home) and Familie (Family).
Ireland
Television
In the early years of RTÉ they produced several dramas but had not come close to a long running serial. Southside was a Cork based soap opera which ran for one season in the early 1960s and was soon replaced by another urban soap Tolka Row which was based in Dublin . For a number of years both Tolka Row and The Riordans were produced by RTÉ, soon however the urban soap was drop for the more popular rural soap opera The Riordans - which began in 1965 [26] . Executives from Yorkshire TV visited the on location filming of The Riordans in the early 1970s and in 1972 began broadcasting Emmerdale Farm based on the successful format of the Irish soap opera. In the late 1970s The Riordans was dropped with great controversy. The creator of the series would then go on to produce the second of his "Argi-soap" trilogy Bracken starring Gabriel Byrne who's character had appeared in the last number of season of The Riordans. Braken was soon replaced by the 3rd "Argi-soap" Glenroe which ran until 2001. RTÉ wanted a drama series for Sunday nights rather than a soap opera, On Home Ground and The Clinic (TV series) replace the agri-soaps of the previous decades.
In 1989 RTÉ decide to produce its first Dublin based soap opera since the 1960s. Fair City initially went out one night a week in the 1989/1990 season, and similar to its rural soaps much of the footage was filmed on location - in a suburb of Dublin City. In 1992 RTÉ made a major investment into the series by copying the on location houses for a on site set in RTÉ's Headquarters in Dublin 4. Carrickstown is the fictional setting of the series. By the early 1990s it was running two nights a week and it was broadcast for 35 weeks a year. With competition from the UK soap operas RTÉ choose to begin a 3 night week in 1996, with one night a week during summer, soon this became 4 nights a week and 2 nights during the summer. Until the early 2000s when RTÉ had the series produced 52 weeks of the year with 4 episodes a week. In 2009 Fair City celebrated 20 years on the air. Fair City airs Sundays, Tuesdays and Thursdays at 8pm GMT on RTÉ One and with the announcement of Coronation Streets - which broadcasts on rival network TV3 - move to Thursday nights the Wednesday night episode of Fair City broadcasts at 7:30pm each week.
TG4 is the only other Irish broadcaster to produce a soap opera. The Irish language soap Ros na Run . Ros na Run is set in a tiny village near the city of Galway called "Ros Na Run". It runs twice a week for 35 weeks of the year. "Ros na Run" translates as Headland of the Secrets or Headland of the Sweethearts. It was originally broadcast on RTÉ One in the early 1990s before the existence of TG4. Ros na Run airs Tuesday and Thursday nights at 8:30pm GMT on TG4 .
Although Ireland has access to international soaps, such as Coronation Street , Emmerdale , Eastenders , Home and Away , Neighbours etc, Fair City continues to out perform them all, and is Ireland's most popular soap-opera, with the show peaking at over 700,000 viewers.
Radio
On radio RTÉ Radio produced its first radio soap Kennedy's of Castleross which began broadcasting on April 13, 1955 and ran until 1975. [27] . In 1979 RTÉ long running TV soap The Riordan's moved to Radio until December 24, 1985 [28] . In the mid-1980s RTÉ began a new radio soap entitled Harbour Hotel until the mid-1990s. Riverrun was a short lived radio soap followed in 2004 by Driftwood [29] . RTÉ do not run any radio soaps, however during their night schedule on RTÉ Radio 1 they still broadcast radio dramas [30] .
France
France had no real tradition of daytime series, until the creation of Plus belle la vie in 2004 for French public television channel France 3 . It airs every weekday at 8.00 pm. After initial poor ratings, the show became a huge success and has been one of the most highly rated series on the network. Other attempts were made by competitors to create soaps (including Seconde Chance, Cinq soeurs and Paris 16ème) but have not achieved success.
Greece
In Greece there have been several soap operas.
ANT1
The longest running soap opera in Greece was Lampsi (the Shining) by Nicos Foskolos. It premiered on ANT1 on September 1991 but was canceled on June 2005 when its ratings became so disappointing that ANT1 tv decided to focus on a new soap that could be able to fight rival's MEGA CHANNEL Vera Sto Deksi and allow Nicos Foskolos to work on his other soap Kalimera Zoi.
Second longest running soap is "Kalimera Zoi" (Goodmorning Life). It was premiered on September 1993 and was eventually canceled on June 2006, after the ratings failed to rise up even with the total devotion of Nicos Foskolos after the cancellation of Lampsi a year earlier.
Lampsi was replaced by the soap Erotas (Love) which lasted for 3 years (2005–2008). After that ANT1 gave up on soap operas and focused on comedy series and weekly dramas.
Prior 1991 ANT1 showed 1 daily soap opera and that was Sti skia tou hrimatos" (Money Shadows) (1990–1991). After the success of "Lampsi", came the short-running "To galazio diamandi" (Blue diamond) and "Simphonia siopis" (Omertà).
MEGA
Mega Channel began its soap opera productions in 1990 with the prime time soap I Dipsa (The Thirst) which lasted for 102 episodes. Their daytime shows included " Paralliloi dromoi"(1992–1994) and by Haravgi (Daylight) (1994–1995). The ratings of both shows were rather low. In 1998–2006 Apagorevmeni Agapi (Forbidden Love) was broadcast, in 1998–2002 Gia mia thesi ston Ilio (A spot Under The Sun) began airing and in 2002–2006 Filodoxies(Expectations)did so. Their big hit, however, came in 2004 with Vera Sto Deksi (Ring On The Right Hand) which lasted for 3 seasons after completing with success its circle of storylines. This was the show that actually managed to overthrow rival ANT1's long soap opera 'Lampsi", as the latter's ratings declined rapidly and dramatically since "Vera sto Dexi" began airing. In 2008 its current soap premiered and that was Ta Mistika Tis Edem (Edem Secrets). This one, created by the producers of Vera sto Dexi too, has so far been even more successful than Vera Sto Dexi. Ta mystika tis Edem has been characterized as the most successful daily show in the history of Greek television and its ratings place it constantly on the top three daily programs.
ERT
IENED (which was later renamed to ERT2 in 1982) was responsible for the first Greek soap operas I Kravgi Ton Likon and Megistanes. ERT had also produced some interesting long lasting soaps like O Simvoleografos. After the 90s and with the introduction of private tv, ERT produced some daily soaps which failed to receive high ratings and were canceled shortly after their premiere. "Pathos" (Passion), "Erotika tis Edem" (Loving in Eden), "Ta ftera tou erota" (The wings of love...the only daytime of ERT that lasted 4 seasons)
ALPHA
Only one daytime show was produced on alpha. "Kato apo tin Acropoli" (Under the Acropolis). It lasted for 2,5 years...
Cyprus
Weekday shows
The first daytime soap opera made by a Cyprus channel was LOGOs TV Odos Den Ksehno ('Don't Forget' Street) which premiered on January 1996 but was canceled by December the same year. It was followed by To Serial which was also broadcast for one year from September 1997 to June 1998. CyBC created the third weekday soap which was Anemi Tou Pathous (Passion Winds) beginning January 2000 and finishing June 2004. It was followed on the CyBC daytime timeslot by I Platia (The Square) which premiered on September 2004 and finished on July 2006. On Sigma TV their first weekday show was the comedy Sto Para Pente which was shown from September 1998 until June 2004 and is the longest weekday show in Cyprus history. Other Sigma TV weekday shows include Akti Oniron (1999–2001), Vourate Geitonoi (2001–2005) (which is the most successful weekday show achieving ratings up to 70%), Oi Takkoi (2002–2005), S' Agapo (2001–2002), Vasiliki (2005–2006), Vendetta (September 2005 - December 2006), 30 kai Kati (2006–2007), Mila Mou (September 2007 - January 2009). Its current soap opera is Se Fonto Kokkino shown since September 2008. ANT1 Cyprus aired the soap I Goitia Tis Amartias in 2002 which was soon canceled. Dikse Mou To Filo Sou followed (2006–2009) and now they air Gia Tin Agapi Sou (premiered on September 2008 and expected to be completed by June 2009).
Weekly shows
The longest running weekly show on Cyprus television is Istories Tou Horkou ( CyBC ) which was premiered on March 1996 but was canceled on June 2006. Second is Manolis Ke Katina (1995–2004). Most controversial is To Kafenio which premiered on CyBC on 1993 as a weekly show, moved to MEGA Channel Cyprus 6 years later i(1999) as a weekday show and then to ANT1 Cyprus on 2000 where it was canceled a year later. Plans of moving back to CyBC again as a weekly show for a 8th season, in 2001, with the original cast never realised. Currently the most successful weekly show in Cyprus is Aigia Fuxia by ANT1 Cyprus (premiered in 2008) and Oi Genies Tis Siopis by CyBC (premiered in 2007).
Soap opera parodies
A few soap opera spoofs have been made. Two of the most famous U.S. spoofs were Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman and Soap . Fresno was a 1986 spoof of the primetime serials of the period. Australia also produced a spoof of glamorous beach-side soap operas in the form of Shark Bay, which featured many former Australian soap stars from Sons and Daughters, Prisoner, Home and Away and Neighbours. From 1990 to 1994, Australian medical dramas, such as A Country Practice and The Young Doctors as well as other soaps, were spoofed in Let The Blood Run Free set in St. Christopher's Hospital. During 2000–2001, Grosse Pointe ran on the now-defunct WB , self-spoofing creator Darren Star's behind the scenes experiences of producing nighttime soaps, notably Beverly Hills 90210 .
South African comedian , Casper de Vries produced a soap opera parody Haak en Steek based on South African soaps like Egoli: Place of Gold.
See also
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re exploiting the opportunities offered by a central government institution with all its economies of scale, and also the huge potential offered in the form of the knowledge held by municipalities and their mayors at local level.
In brief, we're building roads and bridges and, throughout the project's entire five-year life cycle, we're strengthening the capacity of the institutions involved.
www.giz.de
Wir nutzen hierbei die Möglichkeiten einer zentralen staatlichen Institution mit all ihren Skaleneffekten und das große Potential, welches das Wissen der Kommunen und ihrer Bürgermeister auf lokaler Ebene einbringt.
Kurz gefasst, wir bauen Straßen und Brücken und stärken dabei über die gesamte Projektlaufzeit von fünf Jahren die beteiligten Institutionen und ihre Leistungsfähigkeit.
Development workers and promoting democracy
Role of the Development Service as a bridge between the state and society
Demokratieförderung, currently only available in German (pdf, 0.75 MB, DE)
Rolle des Entwicklungsdienstes als Brücke zwischen Staat und Gesellschaft.
Demokratieförderung (pdf, 0.75 MB, DE)
www.giz.de
To ensure a stable and reliable long-term food supply we support the recovery of agricultural production.
This includes distributing agricultural inputs such as seeds, fertilisers and implements, and rehabilitating irrigation schemes, roads and bridges. It also includes post-harvest treatment and storage, and support for livestock farming.
Contact
www.giz.de
Für eine stabile, zuverlässige Dauerversorgung unterstützen wir den Wiederaufbau der landwirtschaftlichen Produktionsgrundlagen.
Dazu gehören die Verteilung landwirtschaftlicher Produktionsmittel wie Saatgut, Düngemittel und Werkzeug sowie die Wiederherstellung von Bewässerungssystemen, Straßen und Brücken, ferner die Aufbereitung und Lagerung der Ernteerträge sowie Unterstützung für die Viehhaltung.
Kontakt
www.giz.de
Mexico joined the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) in 1994 and is a member of the Group of Twenty ( G20 ), a forum for the world ’s leading industrial and emerging economies.
Mexico plays an important role in international negotiations on key issues and thus builds bridges between the North and South.
By hosting the first High-Level Meeting of the Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation in April 2014, Mexico underlined that it is a highly committed global player.
Außerdem ist Mexiko Mitglied der Gruppe der zwanzig wichtigsten Industrie- und Schwellenländer ( G20 ).
Das Land engagiert sich stark bei internationalen Verhandlungen und bildet damit eine Brücke zwischen Entwicklungs- und Industrieländern.
Als Ausrichter des ersten Spitzentreffens der Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation im April 2014 hat Mexiko seine Rolle als engagierter globaler Akteur unterstrichen.
www.giz.de
Before the film “ Sonnenallee, ” made after the fall of the Wall in November 1989, this border crossing was unknown outside Berlin.
Following Heidekampgraben south will take you across Forsthausallee to Britzer Allee and to the bridge across the Britzer Zweigkanal.
Chris Gueffroy, the last fugitive to be shot by GDR border guards in Berlin, died on the southern bank of this canal in February 1989.
www.berlin.de
Erst nach dem Fall der Berliner Mauer im November 1989 ist der Grenzübergang durch den Film „ Sonnenallee “ über Berlin hinaus bekannt geworden.
Wer dem Heidekampgraben in südlicher Richtung folgt kommt über die Forsthaus zur Britzer Allee und zur Brücke über den Britzer Zweigkanal.
Am südlichen Ufer des Kanals starb im Februar 1989 der letzte Flüchtling, auf den die Grenzsoldaten der DDR in Berlin das Feuer eröffneten.
www.berlin.de
Around 250,000 people had benefited from the programme ’ s measures by the end of 2009, including :
improvements in road infrastructure involving the laying of 93 kilometres of road and the construction of two bridges;
So profitierten bis Ende 2009 beispielsweise rund 250.000 Menschen von den Maßnahmen des Vorhabens :
93 Kilometer Straße und zwei Brücken für eine verbesserte Straßeninfrastruktur
www.giz.de
In Nieder Neuendorf, a neighborhood in Hennigsdorf, you can still see a watchtower and the small museum it has housed since the tenth anniversary of the fall of the Wall.
Crossing the bridge at the end of Uferpromenade will take you to the Oder-Havel-Kanal and the former Hennigsdorf border crossing, a waterway checkpoint.
From 1949 to 1990, it lay on the lake Nieder Neuendorfer See between the lake, the Havel River, and the canal that was dug later.
www.berlin.de
Im Hennigsdorfer Ortsteil Nieder Neuendorf steht noch ein Grenzturm, in dem sich seit dem zehnten Jahrestag des Mauerfalls ein kleines Museum befindet.
Vom Ende der Uferpromenade gelangen Sie über die Brücke an den Oder-Havel-Kanal und die ehemalige „ Grenzübergangsstelle Hennigsdorf “, eine Wasserkontrollstelle.
Sie lag von 1949 bis 1990 am Nieder Neuendorfer See zwischen See, Havel und dem später angelegten Kanal.
www.berlin.de
GIZ IS is now involved as a consultant in the new project.
Objective Up to 1,500 km of rural roads have been renewed in 89 municipalities of Costa Rica, including the construction of the necessary bridges.
The year-round usability of roads promotes economic development in the region.
www.giz.de
GIZ IS ist an dem aktuellen Projekt als Consultant beteiligt.
Ziel Bis zu 1.500 Kilometer ländlicher Verkehrswege in 89 Munizipien Costa Ricas sind erneuert und die hierfür notwendigen Brücken sind gebaut.
Die ganzjährige Nutzbarkeit der Straßen fördert die Wirtschaftsentwicklung in der Region.
www.giz.de
All of them have been destroyed in the same way as the Old Bridge in Mostar, for which Bogdanovic wrote an obituary in 1993 :
"The first and last words were wrested from the city born under the sign of the bridge, and its death, I fear, is irrevocable."
www.sixpackfilm.com
Die Brücken, meint das, sind abgebrochen : zur Vergangenheit, zwischen den Menschen, zu Europa ; zerstört wie die Alte Brücke in Mostar, der Bogdanovic 1993 nachgerufen hat :
"Der Stadt, geboren im Zeichen der Brücke, wurde ihr erstes und letztes Wort entrissen, und ihr Tod ist, so fürchte ich, unwiderruflich."
He might not be able to get chapatti in the canteen at Merck, but Steve Ngatia Maina still feels happy here in Germany.
Building bridges between Africa and Europe – during the lunch break too.
Steve Maina’s favourite word in German is ‘natürlich’ (naturally), which you can always use.
Auch wenn es in der Kantine bei Merck kein Chapati gibt, fühlt sich Steve Ngatia Maina in Deutschland wohl.
Brücken bauen zwischen Afrika und Europa – auch in der Mittagspause.
„Natürlich“ ist Steve Ngatia Maina Lieblingswort auf Deutsch, das könne man immer sagen.
www.giz.de
The road is now the 57.
You drive through a small village called Müllenbach and stay on that road until you reach a large junction (with bridge) in the middle of the forest.
There you turn left onto the B258 (not right to the Nürburgring) and drive for about 15 minutes towards Blankenheim.
www.viana.de
Nun heißt die Bundesstraße B257.
Sie durchfahren ein kleines Dorf namens Müllenbach und bleiben weiter auf dieser Straße, bis zu einer großen Kreuzung (mit Überführung) mitten im Wald.
Dort biegen Sie nach links ab auf die B258 (nicht nach rechts zum Nürburgring) und fahren für etwa 15 Minuten Richtung Blankenheim.
The drive to the fairway 4, par 4, is also fantastic in this central area.
It is set on a bridge high above the greens and ponds.
The golf course is a successful example of a green which blends into the valley landscapes of East Styria both in terms of aesthetics and ecology.
Herausragend in diesem Zentrum ist auch der Herrenabschlag zu Fairway 4, ein Par 4.
Er wurde auf eine Überführung hoch über den Grüns und den Teichen gesetzt.
In vorbildlicher Weise ist es gelungen in der typisch oststeirischen Tallandschaft eine landschafts-ästhetische und ökologisch gelungene Golfanlage zu verwirklichen.
tourismus-weiz.at
You will try one of the most exciting high wire adventure tracks.
The course consists of several elements with cable cars, suspension bridges and other challenges at high altitude and a lovely finish in our long cable car across the rocky bottom.
The package also includes a guided tour of one of the best preserved mining environments down to 60 m.
www.salasilvergruva.se
Sie können eine der spannendsten Hochseilgarten versuchen.
Der Kurs besteht aus mehreren Elementen mit Seilbahnen, Hängebrücken und anderen Herausforderungen in großer Höhe und ein schöner Abschluss unserer langen Seilbahn über den felsigen Boden, eine alte Mine Gruben zu 40 m hohen Felswänden.
Das Paket enthält außerdem eine Führung durch eine der am besten erhaltenen Bergbau-Umgebungen bis zu 60 m.
www.salasilvergruva.se
s play boat and discover new worlds.
Those who don t like sailing very much can also go for a ride in a hot-air balloon or ride on elephants, walk over suspension bridges, go climbing or build sand castles.
www.minimundus.at
Mit dem Kinderspielschiff kann man in See stechen und neue Welten entdecken.
Wer nicht so gerne segelt, kann auch mit dem Heißluftballon fahren oder auf Elefanten reiten, über Hängebrücken gehen, klettern oder Sandburgen bauen.
www.minimundus.at
Kitzloch and Bärenfalle are over 100 metres in length and an unbelievable 70 metres above Fimbabach.
The saying is about two suspension bridges, built exclusively for pedestrians, which have to be negotiated on the new Tyrolean adventure hiking trail from Ischgl to the Idalp located at 2320m.
For a year now these 100 metre long spellbinding bridges have spanned the ravines.
www.ischgl.com
Elfriede Hablé, Österreichische Aphoristikerin und Musikerin Kitzloch und Bärenfalle heißen sie, sind über 100 Meter lang und unglaubliche 70 Meter hoch über dem Fimbabach.
Die Rede ist von zwei Hängebrücken, gebaut ausschließlich für Fußgänger, die auf der neuen Tiroler Erlebniswanderung von Ischgl auf die 2320 m hohe Idalp überwunden werden müssen.
Jeweils über 100 Meter lange und fesselnde Brücken spannen sich über die Schluchten.
www.ischgl.com
Where is recommended for children a safety rope.
Even if the rope bridge was built across the gorge of Riesachfälle so stable and secure, but it does for the first time on a rope bridge (suspension bridge) are a challenge.
My tip:
www.biketours4you.at
Wobei für Kinder eine Seilsicherung empfohlen wird.
Auch wenn die Seilbrücke über die Klamm der Riesachfälle noch so stabil und sicher gebaut wurde, stellt sie doch für alljene die über zum ersten Mal über eine Seilbrücke ( Hängebrücke ) gehen eine Herausforderung dar.
Mein Tipp:
www.biketours4you.at
As early as in the 13th century, shepherds established the first settlement.
Today, the area is a popular meeting place for mountain and hiking lovers, as most tours and mountain hikes lead across the Rofenhöfe farms and the famous suspension bridge.
Stuibenfall Waterfall
www.camping-soelden.com
Bereits im 13. Jahrhundert gründeten Schafhirten die erste Ansiedlung.
Heute ist das Gebiet ein beliebter Treff für Berg- und Wanderfreunde, da die meisten Touren und Bergwanderungen über die Rofenhöfe und über die berühmte Hängebrücke führen.
Stuibenfall
Roebling Bridge over the Ohio River.
At its inauguration in 1866, this was the world’s longest suspension bridge, spanning 322 meters.
Roebling Bridge über den Ohio River.
Sie war bei der Eröffnung 1866 mit ihrer Spannweite von 322 Metern die längste Hängebrücke der Welt.
www.sika.com
Humber Bridge ( Kingston upon Hull, 1981 ) | Structurae
Humber Bridge is a ( n ) motorway bridge / freeway bridge and suspension bridge with diagonal hangers that was built from 1972 until 1981.
Humber-Brücke ( Kingston upon Hull, 1981 ) | Structurae
Humber-Brücke ist ein ( e ) Autobahnbrücke und Hängebrücke mit diagonalen Hängeseilen, erbaut von 1972 bis 1981.
de.structurae.de
Steinwasenpark in Oberried
The wildlife park with lynx, marmot, steinbock and many more animals, the beautiful park with suspension bridge and play area, as well as the rides in the Spacerunner, Gletscherblitz rollercoaster or on the toboggan ensure a visit to the Steinwasenpark is a diverse family day out.
www.steinwasen-park.de
www.todtmoos.de
Steinwasenpark in Oberried
Der Wildpark mit Lüchsen, Murmeltieren, Steinböcken und vielen weiteren Tieren, der schöne Park mit Hängebrücke und Erlebnisspielplatz sowie die Fahrten im Spacerunner, Gletscherblitz oder Rodelbahn machen einen Besuch im Steinwasenpark zu einem abwechslungsreichen Familienausflug.
www.steinwasen-park.de
www.todtmoos.de
Osijek, Croatia
New construction of a 2,485 m long bridge as part of the A5 motorway development in eastern Croatia, consisting of one suspension bridge and approach bridges in the flood area of the River Drava.
Two foreland bridges each approx. 1,000 m long, designed as beam bridges each with 35 m span widths
www.peri.com
Osijek, Kroatien
Neubau einer 2.485 m langen Brücke im Zuge der Autobahnerweiterung A5 im Osten Kroatiens, bestehend aus einer Hängebrücke und Zugangsbrücken im Überflutungsbereich des Flusses Drau
Vorlandbrücken mit jeweils etwa 1.000 m Länge, als Balkenbrücken mit je 35 m Spannweite
www.peri.com
The Art Deco Aquitania Bar overlooks the Chine and sea, with bar snacks and coffees served throughout the day.
Scenic Alum Chine features a Victorian suspension bridge and tree-lined slopes leading to the beach, with various scenic walking paths nearby.
Bournemouth Oceanarium is just 5 minutes’ drive away, while Bournemouth Harbour, where you can enjoy various watersports, is a 20-minute drive away.
riviera-holiday-apartments.bournemouth-hotels-uk.com
Die Art Deco Bar Aquitania mit Blick auf den Chine und Meer verwöhnt Sie den ganzen Tag über mit Snacks und Kaffee.
Das malerische Alum Chine bietet eine viktorianische Hängebrücke und von Bäumen gesäumte Hänge hinab zum Strand sowie verschiedene malerische Wanderwege in der Nähe.
Das Bournemouth Oceanarium erreichen Sie in nur 5 Autominuten, während der Bournemouth Harbour, wo Sie verschiedene Wassersportarten genießen können, eine 20-minütige Autofahrt entfernt ist.
| Humber Bridge |
Where in England could you cross the Mathematical Bridge? | List of longest suspension bridge spans - The Full Wiki
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Akashi-Kaikyō Bridge has the longest span of any bridge
The world's longest suspension bridges are listed according to the length of their main span (i.e., the length of suspended roadway between the bridge's towers). The most common method of comparing the sizes of suspension bridges , the length of main span often correlates with the height of the towers and the engineering complexity involved in designing and constructing the bridge.
Suspension bridges have the longest spans of any type of bridge. Cable-stayed bridges , the next longest design, are practical for spans up to around one kilometer . Thus, the 15 longest bridges on this list all are suspended-deck suspension bridges and currently are the 15 longest of all types of vehicular bridge.
Contents
7 External links
Completed suspension bridges
This list includes only completed suspension bridges that carry automobiles or trains. It does not include cable-stayed bridges, footbridges or pipeline bridges .
Note: Click on each bridge's rank to go to the bridge's official Web site. Ranks with a red asterisk (*) do not have official Web sites, nor do they have English-language versions and are linked instead to a reference entry.
Fort Lee , NJ - New York City NY (Manhattan), USA
1,067
Akinada Islands ( Hiroshima Pref.), Japan
750
San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge (Yerba Buena Island to anchorage)
San Francisco - Oakland , CA, USA
704
San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge (San Francisco to anchorage)
San Francisco - Oakland, CA, USA
704
New York, NY, ( The Bronx - Queens ) USA
701
New Castle, DE - Pennsville, NJ, USA
655
Chongqing , Sichuan Province, China (Yangtze River)
600
New York, NY, (The Bronx - Queens) USA
549
Williamsburg Bridge (The longest from 1903 until 1924)
New York, NY, (Brooklyn - Manhattan) USA
488
Brooklyn Bridge (The longest from 1883 until 1903)
New York, NY, (Brooklyn - Manhattan) USA
486
New York, NY, (Manhattan - Brooklyn) USA
448
New York, NY, (Manhattan - The Bronx - Queens) USA
421
Merlines and Messeix, France (Chavanon Valley)
300
1894
Bridges under construction
Most of the large suspension bridges built in recent years have been in the People's Republic of China . As the following list shows, most of the bridges under construction are also in China.
Name
Two 1,080 m (3,543 ft) spans connecting three towers. [121]
Ma'anshan Bridge
San Francisco – Oakland, California, USA
385 m (1,263 ft)
2013
This will be the largest self-anchored suspension bridge ever constructed. With one tower, it will have two asymmetric spans of 180 and 385 meters.
Construction start was in January 2009, and is estimated to be completed in 2013. [124]
Planned and proposed bridges
about 3,000 m (9,800 ft)
Preliminary work
This project has been approved by the Indonesian government. If completed, it will not only be the world's longest suspension bridge (26 km), but will also have a main span of about 3,000 m (9,800 ft)—roughly fifty percent longer than the current record. [125]
Unnamed
about 3,000 m (9,800 ft)
Preliminary work
A suspension bridge is being considered to cross the 22.5 kilometer wide Qiongzhou Strait . [126] One design consists of four bridges strung together with four main spans of 2,000 meters, two main-spans of 1,800 meters, five anchorages and 10 towers. [127] If completed this bridge will assume six of the top seven longest spans.
Unnamed
Aizhai Gorge in Hunan province, China
1,176 m (3,858 ft)
1,688 m (5,538 ft)
Planned
Bidding is expected to start in June 2009 [129] . The original design called for a long span, but recent images depict several shorter spans. [130]
1,100 m (3,600 ft)
On hold
This unusual design has two main spans of 1,055 meters and 1,100 meters without an anchorage between them. Construction was supposed to begin in 2007 and completed in 2012, but because of cost overruns, the project is now on hold.
3,300 m (10,800 ft)
Planned
The project was canceled on 11 October 2006 by the Romano Prodi -led government amid controversy concerning the bridge's cost and feared Mafia influence. [131] The new government from 2008 led by Silvio Berlusconi wants to pick up the project again. Preliminary works will begin in December 2009. The main construction is expected to begin before the end of 2010 and completed in 2016.
?
Proposed
Some designs have suspension spans of several kilometers . The suspension cables of a very long bridge might be suspended from the ends of cable-stayed struts extending diagonally from huge pylons. However, as of 2008, the feasibility of a tunnel is being considered instead.
Hålogaland Bridge
1,345 m (4,413 ft)
Plans under consideration
The bridge will reduce the distance between Narvik and Bjerkvik by 17 km. The government of Norway has declared that it wants to build it, with construction to start possibly in 2011, and an opening date in 2015. [132] See no:Hålogalandsbrua .
History of longest suspension spans
317 m (1,040 ft)
1851
The longest cable span from 1851 until it was destroyed by wind in 1864. However, the road deck span was only 258 m.
488 m (1,601 ft)
1903
It was the longest suspension span but not the longest span of all bridges. The Forth Railway Bridge with two spans of 521 m was longer.
497 m (1,631 ft)
1924
It was the longest suspension span but not the longest span of all bridges. The Quebec Bridge with a span of 549 m was longer. The first suspension bridge to have a concrete deck. The construction methods pioneered in building it would make possible several much larger projects to follow.
564 m (1,850 ft)
1929
Since this bridge was built, the record for longest bridge span has only been held by suspension bridges.
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Other record holding suspension bridges
Tacoma Narrows Bridge (USA) 853 m—1950 & 2007. The pair of suspension bridges with the longest spans in the world.
Royal Gorge Bridge (USA) 1929 The highest (384 m) suspension bridge in the world.
Tsing Ma Bridge ( Hong Kong ) 1,377 m—1997. The longest span carrying road and rail traffic.
George Washington Bridge (USA). Suspension bridge with the most lanes of traffic—fourteen.
See also
List of spans (list of remarkable permanent wire spans)
References
^ "Schuylkill River Bridge" . Bridgemeister.com. http://www.bridgemeister.com/bridge.php?bid=20 . Retrieved 2009-04-16.
^ Virola, Juhani. "World's Longest Bridge Spans" . Laboratory of Bridge Engineering (LBE), Helsinki University of Technology. http://www.tkk.fi/Units/Bridge/longspan.html . Retrieved 2009-04-16.
Note: Some of the information posted on the following sites may differ from that above. As of February 21 2006, the sites were out of date or inaccurate as noted in parenthesis
Denenberg, David, Bridgemeister.com (an extensive inventory of roughly 2,000 suspension bridges)
Janberg, Nicolas, Suspension bridges , Structurae.de (an extensive database of structures including many suspension bridges)
Durkee, Jackson, "World's Longest Bridge Spans" , National Steel Bridge Alliance, May 24, 1999 (out of date)
The World's Greatest Bridges , Archive.org copy of The Bridge over the Strait of Messina website (out of date and other errors)
List of longest spans , Pub Quiz Help (includes bridges that have not yet been completed)
Steel bridges in the world, and other bridge statistics , The Swedish Institute of Steel Construction, March, 2003 (out of date)
Virola, Eur Ing Juhani, Two Millennia - Two Long-Span Suspension Bridges , Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, ATSE Focus No 124, November/December 2002 (revised information up to date as of 2005)
Virola, Eur Ing Juhani, World's Longest Bridge Spans Laboratory of Bridge Engineering (LBE), Helsinki University of Technology (includes bridges that have not yet been completed)
External links
Bridge -related articles
Types of bridges
Moveable bridge · Beam bridge · Cantilever bridge · Arch bridge · Suspension bridge · Cable-stayed bridge · Truss bridge · Visual index to various types
Lists of bridges
Up to date as of November 16, 2009
List of longest spans - Longest Bridges in the World | Miscellaneous | Pub Quiz Help
Storebælt | The Bridge - Storebælt | The Bridge
The Humber Bridge - The Humber Bridge Board - Official Website of The Humber Bridge
The Tsing Ma Bridge - The Tsing Ma Bridge
Mckinac Bridge Authority - Mackinac Bridge Authority
Two Millennia - Two Long-Span Suspension Bridges
The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey - Bridges - The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey - Bridges
Forth Bridges Visitor Centre Trust - FORTH BRIDGES VISITOR CENTRE TRUST
WSDOT - Tacoma Narrows Bridge: Extreme History - WSDOT - Tacoma Narrows Bridge: Extreme History
Deleware Memorial Bridge - Delaware Memorial Bridge
New York State Bridge Authority Bear Mountain Bridge Page - New York State Bridge Authority Bear Mountain Bridge Page
New York State Bridge Authority Mid Hudson Bridge Page - New York State Bridge Authority Mid Hudson Bridge Page
District 4 | The New Carquinez Bridge - District 4 | The New Carquinez Bridge
Robert F. Kennedy Bridge - Robert F. Kennedy Bridge
Ambassador Bridge
Tamar Bridge & Torpoint Ferry : Welcome to Tamar Crossings - The website for the Tamar Bridge and Torpoint Ferries - Tamar Bridge & Torpoint Ferry : Welcome to Tamar Crossings - The website for the Tamar Bridge and Torpoint Ferries
Bridgemeister.com - Bridgemeister - Mostly Suspension Bridges
NYCDOT - Page Not Found
Longer than the Golden Gate - Aftenposten - News in English - Longer than the Golden Gate - Aftenposten - News in English - Aftenposten.no
Structurae [en]: Jiangyin Yangtze River Bridge (1999) - Structurae [en]: Jiangyin Yangtze River Bridge (1999)
Structurae [en]: Tagus River Bridge (1966) - Structurae [en]: Tagus River Bridge (1966)
Structurae [en]: Gjemnessundbrua (1992) - Structurae [en]: Gjemnessundbrua (1992)
Structurae [en]: Little Belt Bridge (1970) - Structurae [en]: Little Belt Bridge (1970)
Structurae [en]: Tancarville Bridge (1959) - Structurae [en]: Tancarville Bridge (1959)
Structurae [en]: Pierre Laporte Bridge (1970) - Structurae [en]: Pierre Laporte Bridge (1970)
2000 E'gongyan - Chongqing, Sichuan Province, China - Bridgemeister - 2000 E'gongyan - Chongqing, Sichuan Province, China
Structurae [en]: Skjomen Bridge (1972) - Structurae [en]: Skjomen Bridge (1972)
1997 Fengdu - Fengdu County, Chongqing, China - Bridgemeister - 1997 Fengdu - Fengdu County, Chongqing, China
Structurae [en]: Haicang Bridge (1999) - Structurae [en]: Haicang Bridge (1999)
Structurae [en]: Kwang Ahn Great Suspension Bridge (2002) - Structurae [en]: Kwang Ahn Great Suspension Bridge (2002)
Structurae [en]: Rainbow Bridge (1993) - Structurae [en]: Rainbow Bridge (1993)
Structurae [en]: Rheinbrücke Emmerich (1965) - Structurae [en]: Rheinbrücke Emmerich (1965)
Structurae [en]: Matadi Suspension Bridge (1983) - Structurae [en]: Matadi Suspension Bridge (1983)
Structurae [en]: Amu-Daria River Bridge (1964) - Structurae [en]: Amu-Daria River Bridge (1964)
Structurae [en]: Hadong-Namhae Bridge (1973) - Structurae [en]: Hadong-Namhae Bridge (1973)
Structurae [en]: Aquitaine Bridge (1967) - Structurae [en]: Aquitaine Bridge (1967)
Structurae [en]: Hirado Bridge (1976) - Structurae [en]: Hirado Bridge (1976)
Structurae [en]: Rombaksbrua (1964) - Structurae [en]: Rombaksbrua (1964)
Structurae [en]: Wakato Bridge (1962) - Structurae [en]: Wakato Bridge (1962)
John A. Roebling Cincinnati Suspension Bridge - John A. Roebling Cincinnati Suspension Bridge
Structurae [en]: Orleans Island Bridge (1935) - Structurae [en]: Orleans Island Bridge (1935)
Structurae [en]: Dent Bridge (1971) - Structurae [en]: Dent Bridge (1971)
Structurae [en]: Konohana Bridge (1987) - Structurae [en]: Konohana Bridge (1987)
Structurae [en]: Lysefjord Suspension Bridge (1997) - Structurae [en]: Lysefjord Suspension Bridge (1997)
| i don't know |
Vanessa Redgrave plays a sexually repressed nun who causes big trouble for a priest? | Depraved Delights: 20 Grindhouse Cinema Shockers - The Grindhouse Cinema Database
Depraved Delights: 20 Grindhouse Cinema Shockers
From The Grindhouse Cinema Database
The world of Grindhouse cinema encapsulated many genres and storylines but one thing it was best known for was the kinds of movies that completely shocked and offended audiences with their no holds barred subject matter. Beyond the more standard action and horror exploitation fare there were productions that featured some of the most vile and repulsive content ever created for the silver screen. To celebrate the classic Grindhouse films that made us feel appalled, apprehensive and sick to our stomachs, we've picked 20 of our favorite freak out flicks from the dingy depths of the database. Warning: These movies contain sights and sounds that may be too disturbing for the casual movie watcher. Please be aware that they are not for everyone.
Cannibal Holocaust (1980)
This film became one of the most controversial works of genre cinema to ever come out of Italy. Director Ruggero Deodato made it as a response to the violence he saw on TV and also as a way to take a closer look at the sensationalism behind the reporting. A group of four award winning documentary filmmakers that had gone on an expedition to record tribal environments of South America months earlier were never heard from again. An Anthropology Professor named Harold Monroe (Robert Kerman) travels with a guide deep into the jungle to track them down and find out what had happened. What he finds in the process is two warring jungle tribes. When Monroe is invited to eat the raw guts of an animal with one of the tribes, he finds some of the belongings of the four documentary filmmakers including the actual cannisters of film they shot, which the natives saved. Monroe returns to New York City to look at the contents of the film and see what the filmmakers were up to, but what is revealed are some of the most savage and brutal occurrences ever seen by man. Cannibal Holocaust is both extremely disturbing and vile, but also a brilliant piece of daring filmmaking.
Bloodsucking Freaks (1976)
A peculilar stage-show is making it's runs in Soho, New York. The master of ceremonies, Sardu (Seamus O'Brien) speaks before the crowd prior to showtime: "Now those of you who are weak-willed or cowards would have fled by now. Or regurgitated over the seats in front of you. But why? Really? This is just a theatrical presentation. A show which offers no reality, not a fraction, of reality. And just allows us, you and me, to delve into our grossest fantasies far beyond erotica. I am Sardu, master of the theater of the macabre. Tonight, we begin with torture..." On the surface, it's very easy for some to dismiss Bloodsucking Freaks (Or "The Incredible Torture Show", one of the more earlier and faithful titles the film went by in it's initial run) but, as many defenders of the film have pointed out, there's a bit more going on than one would expect underneath all the nude, bloody flesh that appears in the film. What director Joel Reed did is reinterpret A Bucket of Blood for the no-holds-barred 1970s. The movie also benefits greatly from a mostly one-note look. In fact, it almost goes panel-for-panel in being a naughty, underground comic book. As it stands, there was nothing else out there made quite like this film before or since.
The Last House on the Left (1972)
The Last House On The Left was inspired in large part by the Swedish film "The Virgin Spring" directed by Ingmar Bergman. It was director Wes Craven 's ( A Nightmare On Elm Street ) debut and was produced by Sean S. Cunningham who would later become famous for directing the first Friday The 13th . Mari Collingwood is 17, it's her birthday and she's going out with some friends for a wild time. Mari and her friend soon get involved in some sick mind games being played on them by some lunatics. David Hess plays Krug the leader of the gang of maniacs. His cohorts, Fred aka "Weasel" and the girl Sadie are just as sadistic as him. Junior, Krug's son is a lovable idiot who tries to make his father happy, but always seems to fail. The group decide to kidnap Mari and her friend which leads to scenes of violence that remain as shocking today as they were in the early 70s. The film underwent many name changes, including Sex Crime of the Century, Krug and Company and The Men's Room. Someone then came up with the title The Last House on the Left, along with the infamous "To avoid fainting, keep repeating 'It's only a movie'..." advertising campaign. (In actuality, it had been used twice before: first for gore-meister H.G. Lewis's 1964 splatter film Color Me Blood Red , and then for William Castle 's Strait Jacket the following year.)
Ilsa: She Wolf of the S.S. (1974)
1974's Ilsa is a gross out exploitation shocker set in a Nazi Concentration camp during World War II. Dyanne Thorne with a Marlene Dietrich styled accent, stars as Ilsa and she has convinced the camp commandant to allow her to do her research and medical experiments to conclusively prove women can take more pain then men and therefore should be allowed to fight the war on the frontlines. It also allows our nympho Ilsa to have lots of sex with lots of men and torture lots of folks. Although it was shot in only nine days with very very little money it at times is very well lit and photographed (and at other times there is no doubt you are watching a very cheap movie). The acting is extremely un-even, ranging from pretty good to mediocre to very wooden. The old Hogan's Heroes TV Series set was used for all of the exterior shots of the camp. Dyanne Thorne forever was identified as Ilsa after this film. She's not unlike a female Vincent Price , taking not just pleasure but pride in inflicting torture and death to her prisoners in the name of the greater good of science (or something like that). Ilsa is patterned after real-life murderous female Nazi camp personnel Ilse Koch and Irma Grese.
The Gore Gore Girls (1972)
The Gore Gore Girls was Director Herschell Gordon Lewis ' final film for the next 30 years, and is one of his most infamous films due to its gore and violence. It was shot in two weeks and received an X from the MPAA (the only one of Lewis' films he submitted to the organization). The story concerns Nancy Weston (Amy Farrell), a reporter for The Globe, approaches Abraham Gentry (Frank Kress), an obnoxious private investigator, and offers him $25,000 on behalf of The Globe to investigate the brutal murder of stripper Suzie Cream Puff (Jackie Kroeger). She sweetens the deal with a $25,000 bonus for solving the case. Of course this comes contingent that The Globe gets the exclusive story. Gentry takes the case and begins the investigation of the murder with Weston in tow. When at the club, Gentry encounters a waitress, Marlene (Hedda Lubin), whose obnoxiousness rivals his. He gets through her to speak to another stripper and gets his first suspect, Joseph Carter. Soon, another stripper, Candy Cane, gets murdered and Gentry expands his suspect list to Grout (Ray Sager), an unstable veteran who takes pride in crushing the heads of corpses he found when on the battlefields of Vietnam. He relieves tension by drawing faces on squashes and tomatoes and then crushing them with his bare hands. (Wikipedia)
The Devils (1971)
The Devils is a 1971 British historical drama horror film directed by Ken Russell and starring Oliver Reed and Vanessa Redgrave. Russell's screenplay is based partly on the 1952 book The Devils of Loudun by Aldous Huxley, and partly on the 1960 play The Devils by John Whiting, also based on Huxley's book. The film is a dramatised historical account of the rise and fall of Urbain Grandier, a 17th-century Roman Catholic priest executed for witchcraft following the supposed possessions in Loudun, France. Reed plays Grandier in the film and Vanessa Redgrave plays a hunchbacked sexually repressed nun who finds herself inadvertently responsible for the accusations. The film faced harsh reaction from national film rating systems due to its disturbingly violent, sexual, and religious content, and originally received an X rating in both Britain and the United States. It was banned in several countries, and eventually heavily edited for release in others. The film has never received a release in its original, uncut form in various countries, and is largely unavailable in the home video market. The film's extraordinary sets in which Loudon was depicted as a modernistic white-tiled city were devised by Derek Jarman. (Wikipedia)
Poor Pretty Eddie (1976)
A black pop-star, Liz Wetherly (Leslie Uggams) has plans to settle down in a quiet, remote place before she sets off for her upcoming tour. Even though this movie is far from a conventional horror film, a familiar horror device is put into use when Liz's car breaks down somewhere deep in the south. "Bertha's Oasis" (an Inn/Hotel) is the nearest place that Liz will have to stay while her car gets repaired. What you'll find in "Bertha's Oasis" is the owner herself, Bertha (Shelley Winters), a washed-up chorus girl. There's also Keno (Ted Cassidy) the trashman, mechanic, janitor...You name it--He seems to do it. And last, but certainly not least, is bartender/clerk, Eddie Collins (Michael Christian) Eddie has dreams of becoming a famous music star and when Liz shows up, he feels he can have Liz help his rise to stardom. Not to mention, he's got the hots for her. This doesn't sit well with Bertha who becomes jealous of the whole situation. Redneck County Rape aka Poor Pretty Eddie turned out to be the definitive, Drive-In/Grindhouse version of the movie. This film is as draining as an experience as the hard-hitting shocksploitation genre can offer.
I Drink Your Blood (1970)
After being hired by Producer Jerry Gross to come up with an idea for a horror film that wasn't just another monster movie like Dracula or Frankenstein, Director David Durston used two real life inspirations for his new project. The first was a town in Iraq that had been overrun by hydrophobia due to people being bitten by rabid wolves. The other was the Charles Manson murders which had just made the headlines of the news. Instead of just being a run of the mill horror film, Durston managed to make everything work so well that it exceeded being a simple genre film and became something more important. You have to realize that this was made in 1970 and things in the cinematic landscape were changing. Filmmakers were free to break rules and go as far they preferred to go. This allowed Durston to up the ante in the fresh new world of gory effects and shock value. At the same time, a good old fashioned monster/paranoia movie from the 1950's is evident within the film's storyline. Even the mannerisms and skill of some of the actors is a throwback to the old days. So if you combine this with hippies, satan, sex and drugs, how can you go wrong?
Caligula (1979)
Arguably one of the costliest and most well-known exploitation pictures, Penthouse's epic retelling of the life of Rome's most notorious emperor is also one of Grindhouse cinemas most garish; boldly displaying its violent and sexual flights of fancy under the guise of literate historical drama. Yet, this condescension to "high art" is actually the film's strongest suit; playing up the lurid elements of Roman society brings a train-wreck quality to the proceedings. Although you're ashamed to stare at its perverted sex and demented violence, you just can't pull yourself away. And boy is there a lot to stare at. Disembowelment, fellatio, decapitation, intercourse, castration, child birth, urination and fisting are just a portion of the many splendored things displayed on screen, often to the point where it seems like a plot is sparing for screen time with obscenity. This transgression to "respectable cinema" was the biggest issue the critical mass had upon the film's 1979 release, most of whom saw it as little more than a big-budgeted geek show parading as entertainment. Yet, they seemed to miss the point. Caligula is a paean of gratitude and admiration to an ancient pervert from a contemporary one; a sort of spectacle dedicated to the unfettered libido and blood lust of a man who may have involuntarily inspired some of our modern sexual landscape.
The Intruder (1962)
The Intruder is a 1962 American film directed by Roger Corman , after a 1959 novel by Charles Beaumont, starring William Shatner . The story depicts the machinations of a racist named Adam Cramer (portrayed by Shatner), who arrives in the fictitious small southern town of Caxton in order to incite townspeople to racial violence against the town's black minority and court-ordered school integration. The film is also known under its US reissue titles as I Hate Your Guts! and Shame, and The Stranger in the UK release. The novel was published in 1958 and film rights were optioned by Seven Arts. They were unable to get the project off the ground and Corman bought the rights in 1960. He tried to get the film made with producer Edward Small for United Artists but Small pulled out. Corman managed to raise some funds from Pathé Labs with Corman and his brother Gene putting in the balance. (Wikipedia)
The Baby (1973)
Ann Gentry is a social worker who takes a personal interest in the case of ‘Baby’ Wadsworth, an adult man with the apparent mental age and physical capabilities of an infant. Baby lives with his mother and 2 sisters, Germaine & Alba, who dress him in baby clothes, spoon-feed him, scold him and do everything they can to maintain his infancy. Mrs Wadsworth is a domineering matriarch whose children were all fathered by different men who subsequently disappeared. The ‘sisters’ are a freaky pair too; Alba takes great pleasure in disciplining Baby with an electric cattle prod and brunette Germaine thinks nothing of stripping off and crawling into the crib beside the boy for some late-night brotherly loving. David Manzy (aka David Mooney) too deserves special praise for his performance as the title toddler as he’s never less than 100% committed to the role. His ill co-ordinated mannerisms and facial contortions, although often hilarious, are completely convincing and the eye-rolling look of infantile pleasure that crosses his face when the babysitter is changing his diaper and powdering his ass is one of the film’s most amusing (and yucky) moments. Creepy, sleazy, unpredictable and just plain wrong ‘The Baby’ is an absolute must-see for all grindhouse movie lovers however those viewers not entertained by the psychological, physical and sexual abuse of the mentally disabled might wanna take the night off.
Open Season (1974)
Ken, Gregg and Artie are old army buddies and fun loving family men, all with pretty wives and cute kids, who take an annual boys only trip out to a cabin they’ve built in the wilderness for a long weekend of boozing and shooting. Trouble is the 3 pals are not content with popping buck shot at a few ducks and squirrels. On a remote country road the 3 men force a car to stop and soon eloping lovers Nancy and Martin find themselves involuntary ‘guests’ of the hunting party. As the film’s pre-credits prologue has already warned us these 3 respectable all American husbands are capable of rape with no fear of reprisal and in the remote reaches of the forest no-one’s around to hear the screams of their prey. Symbolically chaining Nancy to the kitchen sink the 3 chauvinist charmers act as if it’s all just a big joke to hold the terrified couple hostage. ‘Open Season’ is a superbly tense and twisted thriller that rises above its admittedly derivative denouement by virtue of some superb performances and the confident direction Peter Collinson. ‘The Most Dangerous Game’, Deliverance and ‘Straw Dogs’ are the film’s most obvious points of reference. The film practically oozes menace and in his manipulation of audience anxiety over the inevitable violence to come director Peter Collinson shows himself to be as much a master of building tension as was Peckinpah.
I Spit On Your Grave (1978)
Jennifer Hills ( Camille Keaton ) is a writer and needs some peace and quiet so she can work on her new novel. Jennifer is a beautiful, sophisticated woman. As she makes her way out of the city, we can see she's headed for Connecticut. When she arrives in the town she's staying at, she stops at a gas station to stretch her legs and fill the gas tank. The attendant Johnny (Eron Tabor) is polite and tells her to enjoy her summer and she leaves. Meanwhile, him and his pals Stan (Anthony Nichols), Andy (Gunter Kleeman) and Matthew are on the lake fishing. While they fish they begin talking about Jennifer and how sexy she is. They also talk about how Matthew needs to get laid and that they are going to help him out by visiting Jennifer. Soon the group decide to attack Jennifer and chase her through the woods like wild animals. This leads to not one but two brutal rape sequences. When Jennifer finally recuperates from this physical and psychological violence she decides to take bloody revenge on Johnny and his pals. NOTE: We highly recommend watching this film with the DVD commentary track by Joe Bob Briggs. He explains very clearly the misinterpretations many people and critics have had regarding the movie's controversial content.
The Toolbox Murders (1978)
A man dressed in black drives through Los Angeles, and flashes back to a girl dying in a car accident. The man arrives at an apartment complex, and kills a female tenant (who recognizes him) with a drill. Afterward, the man dons a ski mask, and murders two other women, the first with a hammer, and the second with a screwdriver. The police are called, and they interview the people who found the bodies, as well as Vance Kingsley ( Cameron Mitchell ), the owner of the building. The next night, the killer strikes again, breaking into the apartment of a woman who is masturbating in her bathtub, and shoots her in the stomach and head with a nail gun. The murderer then abducts Laurie Ballard (Pamelyn Ferdin), a fifteen-year-old who lives in the above apartment with her family. Laurie's brother Joey (Nicholas Beauvy) is questioned by Detective Jamison (Tim Donnelly), and frustrated by the detective's seemingly lax attitude towards Laurie's disappearance, decides to search for his sister on his own. While looking through the homes of the murdered women, Joey meets up with Kent (Wesley Eure), Vance's nephew, who has been hired to clean up the apartments of the deceased tenants. While Joey is helping Kent, Kathy Kingsley, Kent's cousin and Vance's daughter, is brought up, with Kent mentioning that Vance has not been the same since Kathy died in a car accident...(Wikipedia)
Tenement (1985)
After a fairly warm introduction thanks to a Sugarhill Gang-esque title song which opens and closes the movie, we're thrust into the lair of a den of violent, drug abusers who are gettin' their high on in the basement of a tenement in the South Bronx. Almost unbeknownest to these sickos, two cop squad cars are closing in on their location. The tenent's super, Rojas (Larry Lara) gleefully leads the cops to the front door of this drugged-out gang. And as soon as this mob-slime is thrust into the backseats of the police cars, you can see the smiles of the local tenants in the higher floors open with joy. It comes as no surprise that a planned celebration will take place in one of the tenent's respected rooms. But as the party is going on, one of the residents doesn't feel sure that things will be alright, but she's quietly silenced. Sure enough, the gang is out on the streets faster than you can see "Get-out-of-jail-free card." Yet, surprisingly, the gang decides to get their drug-induced enjoyments elsewhere, but (perhaps absorbing a bit too much) the gang's leader, Chaco (Enrique Sandino), who was earlier acting like a mute, wooden Indian-type, suddenly yells out the dream that he's been having. "My dream...is filled of blood." And with that simple conviction, the gang is off to put on one of the worse terror sprees in Grindhouse-cinema history.
Salo, 120 Days of Sodom (1975)
Set in Nazi-occupied Italy of the 1940’s, Salo, or the 120 Days of Sodom, takes the Marquis de Sade’s classic work of sadistic sleaze and updates it to WWII Europe, hoping to mirror the excesses of the Marquis to the sexual escapades of a sick band of wealthy nihilists. For the most part, it works, paralleling brutal images of rape, coprophagia and torture to the oppression caused by a fascist society. Opening with black and white title cards and one-of-a-kind bibliographic citations, Salo initially seems like a stuffy, pensive Euro-art flick. However, this feeling fades fast, as it turns into an endless barrage of sexual perversion and squirm-inducing torture within its first twenty minutes. The story basically revolves around four “libertines” (a duke, bishop, magistrate, and president) who’ve realized that their time as social and political leaders in Italy is coming to a close. As a last hurrah, they've devised a plan to kidnap local teens, integrate them into their masquerade of perversion, and brutally murder them for pleasure. Even if this flick lacks the campy attitude and leisurely pacing of its Nazisploitation brethren, its naturalistic acting and brave social stance are thought-provoking and shamelessly transgressive. This is the only film, in my knowledge, to truly look at the brutality and dehumanization of the Nazi regime with an unwavering eye.
10 to Midnight (1983)
Directed by Peter Lee-Thompson (his fourth collaboration with Charles Bronson ), 10 to Midnight stands out as a gem of Reagan-era sleaze. From the dialogue to the ample amount of nudity and violence, the film attempts to salvage a conservative viewpoint by ending with a succinct pro-death penalty message. Shot between Bronson's Death Wish 2 and Death Wish 3 , a cursory view of Bronson's Kessler character would display many facets of Death Wish's Paul Kersey's persona however on closer view, Bronson does show at least some range. Where Death Wish's Kersey is continually satiating his vengeance for his family being murdered, Kessler is somewhat more jaded. Gene Davis' Warren Stacy provides one of the most perverted, violent characters to be portrayed onscreen in the early 1980s (from an "average person" standpoint not counting Jason Voorhees, Micheal Meyers, et al). Perhaps only parallelled by Joe Spinell's Frank Zito in Maniac (1980). While the viewer is shown that Warren Stacy is obviously troubled from early in the film, his genius in providing himself with alibis combined with his obsession to strip nude for each of his kills gives the character an edge that was unexplored prior to 10 to Midnight. Additionally, while most of the supporting characters find Stacy to be "creepy," his good looks help him to blend in well and add a certain level of suspense to his behavior, which is compounded by the character's wide swings in mental state throughout the film.
Fight For Your Life (1977)
This film is known to cult film buffs as a shock classic of the 70s Grindhouse era. It shares the same kind of infamy as films like I Spit On Your Grave and The Last House On The Left . It was a regional independent Exploitation film made in New York and released under a variety of different titles (a common practice of the distribution business in the grindhouse days) including: Bloodbath at 1313 Fury Road, Stayin Alive and I Hate Your Guts. It helped bring in audiences who were attracted by the enticing promotional campaigns. The story follows a trio of escaped multi-racial convicts led by the super redneck bigot Jessie Lee Kane (Blade Runner's William Sanderson) who steal a car from a pimp and drive to upstate New York where they hold up a liquor store. While there, a local girl named Corrie Turner (Yvonne Ross) gets caught in the crossfire and the convicts kidnap her and they go back to her house to hideout. When they arrive at the Turner home, they find her family is there including her mother (Catherine Peppers), handicapped grandmother (Lela Small) and her younger brother Floyd (Reggie Blythewood). When her father Ted (Robert Judd) arrives home, the craziness begins. Fight For Your Life is a highly charged, extremely offensive Exploitation film.
Goodbye Uncle Tom (1971)
If one film ever literally showed what hell on earth would look/feel like, Jacopetti & Prosperi's super mondo extravaganza Goodbye Uncle Tom would be that film. The movie is an extreme shockumentary about slavery in the 1800s, shot with a feverishly perverse eye. It could be seen as a cinematic Dante's Inferno as it moves from one stage of slavery to another, from the actual transport ships to showing the house slaves that the owners basically raped and had children with. When the slaves are first captured and thrown onto the ships, the white traders talk about them as if they are cattle. An incredibly stomach churning film scene if there ever was one. After the slaves are brought to America they are put through some very harsh, inhumane delousing treatments. They are washed and bathed in disinfectant to get rid of any lice on their bodies, then they are shaven clean. As much as the movie is sickening and shocking, the fact it was made in such an outrageous, unflinching way is impressive. The cinematography is gorgeous and the set pieces are very well done, even though many of them are so base and horrid. The score by Riz Ortolani , is much like his work in Cannibal Holocaust , a beautifully lush, majestic overture that counteracts and somehow manages to add an odd tongue in cheek aspect to the depraved atrocities that are shown throughout the film.
The Rape Squad (1974)
If youve seen Jack Hill 's classic blaxploitation film Foxy Brown , you'll recognize some of the names associated with this films production (Buzz Feitshans, Brick Marquard). Another Foxy Brown alum, Peter Brown plays the main villain, a flamboyant rapist who wears a hockey mask (pre-Jason) and forces his victims to sing Jingle Bells as hes having sex with them. We see two graphic rapes to witness how he operates (the first one almost looks like a sequence out of Friday The 13th ). We then meet several other women who have all been the victims of this same sicko. When the police give some of the victims a hard time (accusing several of "asking for it") and dont come through in arresting the rapist (who is given the nickname "Jingle Bells"), the women decide to start their own vigilante group and begin handing out flyers and fighting back against all men who prey on women. The movie mixes a girl gang theme (seen in Jack Hill's cult classic Switchblade Sisters ) with the rape-revenge storyline. Peter Brown's portrayal of the rapist is one of the boldest of its kind Ive seen in exploitation cinema. He not only rapes the women, he records what hes thinking about doing, he spies on and takes nude pictures of them, breaks into their apartments. The girls use karate and they love to smash up cars and/or furniture when they are in rape squad mode. This one almost seemed like a Jack Hill film that he didnt direct. Classic AIP exploitation. Recommended!!
| The Devils |
The first Garden City was established in 1903 – which was it? | I Never Knew Her – Balloon Juice
April 26, 2012 at 4:23 pm
Breaking News!
Romney now TIED with Obambi in the latest Fox News poll, and he’s up plus three in the Rasmussen tracking poll.
Remember, folks, Rasmussen tracks “likely voters” and Fox News “registered voters”, so the Rasmussen poll is likely to be more accurate of who will actually show up in November (especially so thanks to the election integrity laws).
Romney’s favorability ratings also continue to climb and climb, soon he’s going to be above water on that count, too, and then his polls will fucking SKYROCKET. This should be helped along by Karl Rove, no doubt.
Come January, 2013, President Romney should send a big “Thank You” card to the Supreme Court…
BTW, word is if that Obambi tries to play the Mormon card, Jeremiah Wright is fair game.
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@ Villago Delenda Est :
What a vile lying sack of shit Ryan is. He is utter opportunistic scum.
Republicans were loudly masturbating to Ayn Rand just two years ago when they decided to march back into office waving the flag of Small Government and Free Enterprise.
I know a number of conservative folks – coworkers and friends-of-friends – who picked up Rand for the first time in the run up to the ’10 election. If Ryan wants to give everyone whiplash by disavowing Rand, more power to him. If this drives a deeper wedge between the Libertarians and the Republican, double more power. I’m quite eager to see the Fundies and the Libertarians finally start stabbing at each other, as God-who-may-not-exist intended.
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April 26, 2012 at 4:32 pm
Congressman Ryan’s complete statement:
It is a complete slander and fabrication to suggest that I ever subscribed to what I now am told is the atheist philosophy of Ayn Rand. The liberal tactic of relying on statements I’ve made, sadistic hazing rituals that I’ve put my interns through, shitty gifts I’ve gotten for people, this Ayn Rand sex doll I’ve had since I was 15, the Ayn Rand mask I make my wife wear when we play “Galtian Man and Submissive Bitch,” and the various shrines I’ve erected to Ayn Rand around the country, in order to assign some sort of philosophical position to me is just another example of the depths of dishonesty they will go to in order to attack their opponents.
__
No, I, Paul Ryan, totally agree with, um, oh man, need a Catholic thinker, come on Paulie, think back to high school…oh yeah, with Thomas Aquinas, so suck on that liberal scum! Thomas Aquinas taught us all to, um, Jesus something something, and he also hated poor people and health care, I’m going to assume. I also am very fond of Jesus, too, because, um, he, uh, always warned people about raising taxes on job creators and wanted to privatize Medicare.
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April 26, 2012 at 4:37 pm
So it finally dawned on him that if he wants the Veep slot this time around or intends to run for the nomination in 2016, his creepy obsession with an outspoken atheist likely won’t play so well with a party at war with the vast secularist conspiracy . I’m actually surprised. I had him pegged as so drunk on the Rand kool-aid that he’d be willing to martyr himself for the cause. His plans for the country haven’t changed, but his willingness to lie about his objectives doesn’t strike me as Galtian heroism.
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@ Villago Delenda Est :
Romney foreign policy aid Pierre Prosper (can’t make that name up) said,
PROSPER: The United States has become a spectator on issues of national security. We’ve also been embarrassed by North Korea where again it continues to be a conciliatory leaning forward approach and yet the North Koreans will launch a missile surprising the United States by violating their agreement.
You know Russia is another example where we give and Russia gets and we get nothing in return. The United States abandoned its missile defense sites in Poland and Czechoslovakia, yet Russia does nothing but obstruct us, or efforts in Iran and Syria.
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@ rikryah :
All three of you have to be conspiring to make this up. It’s too great a mistake for anyone with the slightest pretension of understanding the world beyond the borders of the United States to every make. I mean, it’s not even the level of difficulty of correctly prouncing the name of the current strong man of Pakistan would be, or naming the capital of Uzbekistan.
I mean, it takes like oh, I don’t know, 10 seconds to look this shit up on Wikipedia?
These guys demonstrate, before some media guys eaget to make them look like total idiots, what total idiots they are?
If this is the best these sad excuses for foreign policy advisers can do, Obama needs to start planning on writing his memoirs in 2017, right now. Tell the publishers he’ll have four more years of content for them. Start preparing Michelle’s campaign for 2016.
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April 26, 2012 at 5:03 pm
@Richard
Christianity isn’t exactly monolithic. There are several protestant schools that hold various beliefs. Some examples: We are all damned or saved before we are born so what happens doesn’t really matter. The poor and needy are brought closer to god through their suffering so they are the ones that are truly blessed. God rewards the righteous and pious and punishes the wicked and the lazy so if you are rich it means you did something right and if you are poor you did something wrong thus punish the beggar. Or none of this shit matters at all since god is coming so get your ass praying and don’t worry about worldly matters. It’s really all over the fucking map.
However the Catholic Church is largely on the side of helping the poor and promoting social welfare as Papal decree and religious duty. Eliminating poverty and hunger is one of the highest goals of the church. And among some sects, like the jesuits, it’s far more important that idiotic fights over contraception.
The OLD Republican party was traditionally well educated, rich, socially progressive, protestants. And they certainly were fully of the “god rewards the righteous and punishes the wicked” brand of Christianity. And Catholics were certainly OLD Democrats of the socially conservative yet “god says help the poor and being rich is bad” mantra as well.
The current Republican party still hawks around god rewarding the righteous when it comes to the morality of creating economic programs for the poor. Along with a side dose of truly believing that free market capitalism is the best way to lift people out of poverty, provided they aren’t lazy bums in which case oh well.
Ryan, like most Republican Christians, is just picking and choosing which sect of Christianity’s mantras he wants to go off of based on who backs his economic arguments. He’s certainly inline with the Protestants.
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April 26, 2012 at 5:06 pm
@ Steve in DC : As I recall, Paul Ryan self-identifies as Catholic. The Catholic Church * is * in fact a largely monolithic institution. Some might argue that’s their very raison d’être. Even some catholics might argue that. Particularly the bishops and the pope (though the nuns may disagree ;)
)
ALSO: nearly if not every version of Christianity states emphatically that you cannot serve two masters. Furthermore, Ayn Rand argued for sanctity-of-self over sanctity-of-others, argued against religion in general, and Christianity in particular, and was a committed atheist.
Kind of hard to square all this ideologically, or spiritually, no matter how you slice it.
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@ Villago Delenda Est : I have a new theory!
What if the 27% isn’t insane, rather they just all started losing their memory during St Ronnie’s term and have no ability to store new memories from the last 30 years? To them, the top marginal rate is still 50%, unions are rampant, oil crises are still recurring issues, Iran is taking hostages, and the Soviets are still out to nuke us. And then they see this black guy on TV behind the Presidential seal and completely lose their shit – as if one of us turned on the news and saw Morbo sitting there.
Maybe the GOP is just reinforcing the only reality their base can still remember?
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April 26, 2012 at 5:17 pm
@ Villago Delenda Est : I’ll be the first to admit that, being a child of the Cold War, I slip up myself, especially with “Czechoslovakia.” But I always catch myself right away and correct myself, and feel silly about it. And I’m not purporting to direct the foreign policy wing of the GOP campaign for POTUS. Cripes.
Jeebus, what a boatload of fail this afternoon — Prosper with his Cold War leftovers, Boehner with his “blah blah,” Ryan with his Ayn-under-the-bus, Karl Rove with his “THE math” II Electric Boogaloo, and, even though I have him pied, Cato with his…Jeremiah Wright??? Seriously?!
Is it late enough in the day to start drinking?
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April 26, 2012 at 5:19 pm
The reason I got involved in public service, by and large, if I had to credit one thinker, one person, it would be Ayn Rand
A person who goes into public service because he’s read Ayn Rand has missed the entire point of her philosophy.
On the other hand, if he’d said “Ayn Rand inspired me to reach for a job where I could gain as much money, power and attention as possible by completely abolishing any concept of ethics and living entirely at the expense and over the corpses of others,” I’d have believed him. Maybe that’s what the little fucker meant.
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Did they ever shout “GODDAMN AMERICA!” or blame white people for all the worlds problems?
Rev Wright never did any of this either. So, what’s your point?
On the other hand, Ayn Rand did say this:
“I am against God for the reason that I don’t want to destroy reason.”
__
“My morality is based on man’s life as the standard of value…that his highest moral purpose is the achievement of his own habits…that each man must live as an end in himself.”
Let’s see, godless, self-centered. Why does the GOP run away from their atheist hero?
Why is Paul Ryan such a coward?
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April 26, 2012 at 5:40 pm
If Ryan was correct four years ago, that he got into public service because of Ayn Rand’s philosophy, then he got into public service either to 1) destroy it, or 2) get himself a lot of money and other goodies, or both.
So, maybe that plan did not work out?
Or his new line is the next stage in the plan? I don’t think being totally honest and charitable towards the rubes who work for the great eminences of the world is a big point in the Randian philosophy.
So, Ryan needs to do more explaining of his conversion.
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@ BGinCHI :
Some flagellate others and some flagellate themselves.
Makes me nostalgic for the Ken Russell film, The Devils. So outrageous, it was banned for a while, and has never been seen uncut.
The Devils is a 1971 British historical drama and horror film directed by Ken Russell and starring Oliver Reed and Vanessa Redgrave. It is based partially on the 1952 book The Devils of Loudun by Aldous Huxley, and partially on the 1960 play The Devils by John Whiting, also based on Huxley’s book. The film is a dramatised historical account of the rise and fall of Urbain Grandier, a 17th-century Roman Catholic priest executed for witchcraft following the supposed possessions in Loudun, France. Reed plays Grandier in the film and Vanessa Redgrave plays a sexually-repressed nun who finds herself inadvertently responsible for the accusations.
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The film faced harsh reaction from national film rating systems due to its disturbingly violent, sexual, and religious content, and originally received an X rating in both Britain and the United States. It was banned in several countries, and eventually heavily edited for release in others. The film has never received a release in its original, uncut form in various countries, and is largely unavailable in the home video market.
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They sure did :
“And, I know that I’ll hear from them for this. But, throwing God out successfully with the help of the federal court system, throwing God out of the public square, out of the schools. The abortionists have got to bear some burden for this because God will not be mocked. And when we destroy 40 million little innocent babies, we make God mad. I really believe that the pagans, and the abortionists, and the feminists, and the gays and the lesbians who are actively trying to make that an alternative lifestyle, the ACLU, People for the American Way — all of them who have tried to secularize America — I point the finger in their face and say “you helped this happen.”
Remarks to Pat Robertson after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on The 700 Club (13 September 2001)
Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson blamed America first after 9/11. They’ve been blaming America for pretty much everything for 40 years now — read a few more of the quotes on that page.
Why did your hero Jerry Falwell hate America, Cato?
Though I have to admit, I’m really looking forward to hearing the grandson of a guy who actually fled the United States to live in Mexico accuse Barack Obama of hating America. That will be Teh Awesome.
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@ Mnemosyne :
Even in the “cut” version, it’s pretty rough to watch. They used to show it at the various repertory houses while I was in college, so I liked to take friends to see it and watch them walk out looking like they’d taken a 2×4 to the head.
Saw it at a college film school showing. My favorite scene involved interesting uses for crucifixes. And the scene of Oliver Reed being burnt at the stake was an amazing visual.
My favorite “watch them walk out” film was Pasolini’s Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom.
Both these films really deserve to be screened at the GOP convention. They would really “energize” the base. And would be a lot less hypocritical than the chum the Republican leaders are tossing to the faithful.
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@ WereBear : I really don’t think Rush Limbaugh is actually “blaming Spanx for his troubles”.
It’s pretty clearly an attempt at humor.
Really misogynistic, awkward and unfunny humor, but in all honesty I don’t think he was trying to be serious.
And I can’t stand the pig. Probably more than many here, considering I took the time to read one of his books. Time I’ll never get back, mind you. That’s how much I loathe the guy though. I went and waded through several hundred pages of poorly written sewage just to make sure he was every bit as much the scumbag I thought he was. And since I did, I can tell you, you’re not missing anything.
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April 26, 2012 at 7:13 pm
Telling that he performed this public rejection in National Review, where Whittaker Chambers famously eviscerated Rand from a conservative perspective over 50 years ago, concluding that her Galtian elite “can only head into a dictatorship, however benign, living and acting beyond good and evil, a law unto itself.” Not sure the word “benign” works for me there, but that’s pretty strong stuff, coming from the Right.
Ryan made his allegiance very, very clear when he felt free to speak his mind, such as it is. This is a totally transparent back-pedal, because…you know…being Mitt’s Vice President would be a Big Fucking Deal.
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@ jake the snake :
Actually, it’s not really true that Rand and Marx share similiar views on religion, beyond superficial materialism. Their critiques of religion itself are almost diametrically opposite.
Marx wrote: “Religious suffering is, at one and the same time, the expression of real suffering and a protest against real suffering. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people…The criticism of religion is, therefore, in embryo, the criticism of that vale of tears of which religion is the halo.”
The notions of communism derived from Marx were a totally secularized attempt to fully realize via political action the virtues celebrated in Christianity, such as selflessness, love of one’s neighbor, concern for the poor – this to be achieved in some relatively idyllic future that mirrors Christian “paradise” and “end times.” Marx’s world-view was shot through with beliefs that originate in Judeo-Christian thought and required, among other things, faith in some ordained outcome – i.e. the notion of, essentially, an “end of history” when communism might be achieved. There are useful interpretations of Marx and his critique of early capitalism was prescient in many ways, but some of his writing has the aura of prophecy and his heirs in the realm of post-Leninist Commmunism essentially formed neo-religious cults. They gave medieval Catholicism a run for it’s money as a tyrannical empire built on a carefully constructed, rigidly enforced credo, complete with persecuted heretics and committees “defending the faith.”
As complicated as Marx’s relationship to religion is IMHO, Rand simply celebrated heartlessness. Ironically, in the name of extreme individualism she also oversaw a cult of personality and had all of the psychological traits of a tyrant.
227
April 26, 2012 at 8:45 pm
Paul Ryan, Thomistic disciple?! Please. Were talking about Paul Ryan who voted to wage war on Iraq? The same war that violates all the just war principles put forth by his supposed mentor nearly eight centuries ago. I don’t think Ryan subscribes to the Dominican’s ethical or economic theory either.
I think Ryan has read a bit of Aquinas and I think he is cynical enough and smart enough to know that people aren’t going to know/seek Aquinas’ positions on things and instead they will think to themselves, “hey, Aquinas is an important Catholic dude. Ryan influenced by Aquinas. Therefore Ryan good.”
232
April 27, 2012 at 1:49 am
I actually read “Atlas Shrugged” a couple months ago because I wanted to see what all the hype was about. I consider myself a flaming liberal, and everything I read about it seemed to laud or condemn it as the bible of self-interest, but to my utter surprise I actually a) really liked the book and b) found myself agreeing with most of it.
(I did skip the last 200 pages of the John Galt speech at the end. The first 100 were boring enough and that’s where Rand really went off the rails with her moocher/looter theme.)
The thing I found most surprising was that Rand draws a clear distinction between people who produce and people who enrich themselves off that production. It’s not a “business = good, government = bad” or a “rich = good, poor = bad” division. In fact, some of the most contemptuous characters in the book ARE the rich people (Hank Rearden’s family, James Taggart) and some of the most admirable characters ARE the poor people (the people who actually perform the vital tasks that keep the railroads and mills running). Even John Galt’s day job is as a railroad maintenance worker.
Rand’s biggest contempt is reserved for the people who siphon off other people’s hard work and then use government as a hammer to prevent those hard workers from advancing or profiting off their own labor. Well, who the hell does that sound like? Sounds like Wall Street to me, sounds like the banking industry, sounds like Wal-mart. Sounds like every Republican out there who wants tax cuts for the rich while cutting education, health care access and other social programs for everyone else. Sounds like every idiot out there who thinks that a CEO making $4M a year is ‘fair’ but that a union worker with a pension is ripping off society.
But if there could be an absolutely perfect Randian scenario, it would be the bailout of the investment banks—they profited hugely from scams that were deliberately meant to force people into foreclosure, they destroyed our economy as a result, and then they demanded more of our country’s wealth because otherwise they wouldn’t survive and that somehow “wasn’t fair”. Call me crazy but I see that as practically being lifted straight out of the pages of “Atlas Shrugged” as though the banks used the book as an instruction manual.
So, maybe I’m not as good of a liberal as I thought I was, but I think Rand has quite a point, actually, but I also think that the “bad guys” Rand was writing about are not the ones conservatives like to think. I see a LOT of that very principle of economic destruction at the heart of our current corporatist system, and it sure as hell is NOT driven by the lazy poor. It’s driven by the same people who drove it in Atlas Shrugged: the people who think they deserve to get the most out of their least effort, and who consider it vital economic policy to crush anyone else’s success, even when one can demonstrate clear evidence that doing so is harmful. The people who want 15% capital gains taxes but don’t want to raise the minimum wage, even knowing that the tax cuts will cost trillions that won’t be made up in additional revenue. The ones who cut hundreds or thousands out of their workforce, offshore those jobs to China and then are stunned when fewer people buy stuff. How about the morons who made it illegal to discharge student debt via bankruptcy while tripling the cost of college tuition, and then are faced with an entire generation of college graduates who can’t pay back the loans? And what do they do? They turn to government. They spend billions of dollars on lobbies to cut MORE jobs, loosen regulations even more, drive worker protections even farther down, cut the social safety net to the bone. They use SuperPACs to fill government positions with their own politicians. Hell, they even take over the Supreme Court! Now corporations are people and can vote, but people can’t sue corporations anymore. And yet somehow, despite all the tax cuts and all the wage suppression and all the off-shoring and all the deregulation, the people just aren’t producing enough to make them rich and they just can’t fucking figure out why.
If that isn’t Ayn Rand to the fucking letter, I don’t know what is. Like I said…she had a point.
248
April 27, 2012 at 11:02 am
Yes, there is a point to be made about rent seeking. But since the Randoids just about never make that point in real life, meh. There are a few thoughtful libertarians out there who do make that argument, and while I’m not one of ’em I’m glad they’re out there. But there are like 10 of them. Liberals can also make the critique, without the dubious benifits of the rest of Rand’s ideology of ME! ME! Memememememe!
I liked that book too when I was 16. But it’s really, really simplistic. I’m an atheist, so it pushed that button for me. But as I grew up, I realized how ridiculously flawed the ideology was.
Shorter me: broken clock is right twice a day.
249
| i don't know |
Who has ‘terrible tusks and terrible claws and terrible teeth in his terrible jaws’? | The Gruffalo - Official Trailer - YouTube
The Gruffalo - Official Trailer
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| The Gruffalo |
Which common flavouring is obtained primarily from a Mexican variety of orchid? | "THAT'S TERRIBLE! MUM TOLD TO PAY Pounds 14 FOR HER BABY AT GRUFFALO SHOW ; Bridgewater Hall Bosses Say Three-Month-Old Must Have Own Seat for 'Health and Safety'. " by Kirby, Dean - Manchester Evening News, October 18, 2014 | Online Research Library: Questia
Article excerpt
HE has terrible tusks, and terrible claws, and terrible teeth in his terrible jaws.
But one toddler will not be going into the deep dark wood to see The Gruffalo... after bosses at the Bridgewater Hall tried to charge Pounds 14 for a seat for his three-month old baby sister.
Mum Lucy Spellman, 34, was hoping to take son Frank, aged two, to see the family show based on a classic children's book and was planning to share the cost of a Pounds 54 family ticket with a friend.
But she was shocked to be told by box office staff that she would have to pay an extra Pounds 14 if she also wanted to take her baby daughter, Phoebe, into the concert venue.
Phoebe is just threemonths-old and can't crawl or walk or even sit up on her own. And Lucy, who is breastfeeding the tot, says she'd be unable to take Frank without taking his younger sister too.
The married mum-oftwo, a primary school teacher from Urmston, blasted: "I was completely flabbergasted when they said it would cost me Pounds 14 to take Phoebe.
"She's just threemonths-old and she can't even sit up, so she couldn't take up a seat on her own and she won't even be watching the performance. She will probably be asleep. …
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| i don't know |
Some children suffer from ADD – what is this? | WHY DOES GOD ALLOW PEOPLE TO SUFFER?
Why Does God Allow People To Suffer?
The Bible tells us in Revelation 21:4 that there is coming a time when all sorrow, tears, pain and death will pass away. There's coming a wonderful day when God will wipe away all tears from the eyes of His children, and our sorrow will end forever. Dear reader, I hope you are a Christian, so you too may claim this blessed promise that God has made to those who have come to know Him through His beloved Son, the Lord Jesus Christ. There's a great day coming for those who have been saved by grace through faith in the Lord Jesus Christ.
However, for this present time, we must face the undeniable fact that people do suffer. That's a fact of life. You can find sickness, sorrow, and suffering in all walks of life. It's everywhere you look. This very moment you can probably think of someone very close to you who is suffering greatly, and it just doesn't seem fair. Why does God allow it to happen? Does God even care? If God is so good and holy, then why doesn't He put an end to all suffering and pain? Keep reading, for there is a reason.
The Beginning of Suffering and Sorrow
There was a time on this earth when suffering and sorrow did not exist. When God first created man upon the earth, everything was perfect. There was no sickness, no pain, no sorrow of any kind. It was God's plan for man to live in peace and harmony never having to experience sorrow. According to Genesis chapter three, it wasn't until man chose the way of Satan, rather than the way of God, that sorrow entered the world. Man sins against God in Genesis 3:6-7, and God reveals to Adam and Eve the consequences of sin in Genesis 3:16-19. God told Adam and Eve that they would now experience SORROW and DEATH. Therefore, the suffering and sorrow that you and I face today is not the work of an unjust God; it's the consequences of sin. We suffer because we are sinners. Romans 6:23 says, "For the wages of sin is death; but the gift of God is eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord."
Friend, we suffer and die because of SIN.
You say, "I didn't do anything wrong. Why am I a sinner?" We are all born with a sin nature. We inherited our fallen sin nature from Adam and Eve. Romans 5:12 says, "Wherefore, as by one man sin entered into the world, and death by sin; and so death passed upon all men, for that all have sinned:" We read in Romans 3:23 that ALL HAVE SINNED and come short of the glory of God. Why do we suffer? We suffer because we are sinners by nature.
Some People Suffer for the Salvation of Lost Souls
Perhaps you are thinking, "Well, what's the point? What does God accomplish by allowing us to suffer?" Very simple: He's trying to tell us something. By allowing people to suffer, God is showing us that SOMETHING IS WRONG. If everything were alright between man and God, then there would be no sorrow and death, because in the beginning there was none. God is showing you every day of your life that man has been SEPARATED from Him because of sin, and that man is destined to an eternity in Hell Fire unless he comes to God for help. The fact that God allows suffering and agony today proves that He will allow it in eternity as well.
God doesn't ENJOY seeing anyone suffer, but He does ALLOW people to suffer for various reasons. If you've never received the Lord Jesus Christ as your Savior, then God wants you to see your need to do so. Sometimes God has to allow tragedy to enter a life in order to get someone to look to Him for Salvation. As someone has said, "Some people won't look up to God until He puts them on their back." This is sad, but true. There are many people who would still be lost in their sins if God had not brought some tragedy into their life to get their attention.
Do you suppose the leper of Matthew 8:2 would have came to Jesus if he'd been in perfect health? What about the blind man of Luke 18:35? II Kings chapter five tells the story of Naman, the Syrian captain who had leprosy. Had this man not had leprosy, he would never have turned to God. The Bible is filled with cases where God reaches people through suffering. Nebuchadnezzar didn't fear God until God humbled him by making his spend seven years of his life on his hands and knees like an animal (Dan. 4:30-37).
Sometimes He will even use the tragedy of one to bring OTHERS to Christ. Such is the case with Lazarus in John chapter eleven. Lazarus was very sick, but before he ever died Jesus said that his sickness was "for the glory of God" (Jn. 11:2-4). Later, in John 11:45, we read that ". . . . many of the Jews which came to Mary, and had seen the things which Jesus did, believed on him." We also read in John 12:11 that many believed on the Lord Jesus Christ BECAUSE OF LAZARUS. Had Lazarus not suffered and died, these people may never have come to know the Lord Jesus Christ. You see, God was in complete control. Jesus KNEW that Lazarus was sick, but He chose not to go and heal him (Jn. 11:6). He had a REASON for the sorrow and death in the family of Lazarus. No one suffers in vain. God always has a reason, and sometimes He is trying to show someone their need to receive the Lord Jesus Christ. Could this be true in your own life? Think about it. Could the Lord be convicting you of the fact that you are a sinner, and you need to be saved?
Some Christians Suffer Because of the Chastisement of God
As a Christian, it is my duty to live a Christ-honoring and obedient life before God. If I become disobedient, the Bible says that my Heavenly Father will rebuke and chasten me (To "chasten" is to punish or correct for moral improvement.) Revelation 3:19 says, "As many as I love, I rebuke and chasten: be zealous therefore, and repent." Notice these important words from Hebrews 12:6-8: "For whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth, and scourgeth every son whom he receiveth. If ye endure chastening, God dealeth with you as with sons; for what son is he whom the father chasteneth not? But if ye be without chastisement, whereof all are partakers, then are ye bastards, and not sons." Just as any responsible father disciplines his children when they become disobedient, God disciplines His children. Paul says in I Corinthians 11:31-32 that we can often avoid God's chastisement by JUDGING OURSELVES instead of ignoring our sins, thus forcing God to judge us. Addressing Christians, John tells us that, "If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just to forgive us our sins, and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness." (I Jn. 1:9) It is my Christian responsibility to do my very best to live a sinless life, but when I do sin I must repent and CONFESS my sins to God. If I choose not to do so, then I am being a disobedient child, and my Heavenly Father will rebuke and chasten me. Sad as it may be, many Christians are going through tragedy today because they refuse to confess their sins to the Lord and repent.
Some Christians Suffer for the Lord Jesus Christ
II Timothy 3:12 says, "Yea, and all that will live godly in Christ Jesus shall suffer persecution." Then II Timothy 2:12 says, "If we suffer, we shall also reign with him..." Jesus said, ". . . . If any man will come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross daily, and follow me." (Lk. 9:23) When a Christian chooses to deny himself and follow Christ, he (or she) chooses to suffer for the Lord. The world has always found a way to persecute God's people, and we should not be surprised when persecution arises. Jesus suffered for us, and we should count it an honor to suffer for Him. In Acts 5:41 the Apostles REJOICED that they were counted worthy to suffer for the Lord Jesus Christ! Jesus said that we SHOULD rejoice when we suffer for His sake, because GREAT is our reward in Heaven (Mt. 5:12). I Peter 2:19-21 tells us that it is our duty to follow our Lord's example in suffering, and I Peter 4:12-16 tells us to be happy when we suffer for Christ, and it tells us not to be ashamed. Some people are going through hard times today because, like Moses, they CHOSE to suffer affliction with the people of God, instead of enjoying the pleasures of sin (Heb. 11:25). Such people may appear to have gotten an unfair deal from God, but the Bible says they are truly blessed, for they have many treasures laid up for them in heaven (Mt. 6:19-21; I Cor. 3:11-15). Romans 8:18 says, "For I recon that the sufferings of this present time are not worthy to be compared with the glory which shall be revealed in us." We read in I Peter 5:10 that our suffering in this present world is only for "a while." Are you willing to bear your cross for the Lord Jesus Christ? Do you have any treasures in Heaven? Are you willing to suffer for the Lord?
God Teaches Us Vauable Lessons Through Suffering
Not all suffering Christians are disobedient Christians. There are many very dear Christians who go through great agony every day, yet they are some of sweetest and most God-fearing saints you'll ever meet. Why does God allow them to suffer? There are many reasons.
One reason is humility. If we believed some of the popular "Faith Healers" of our day, we'd believe that people suffer because they lack faith in God, but this isn't necessarily true. The Apostle Paul didn't live in sin and he didn't lack faith in God, but he DID have to suffer. Why? He tells us why in II Corinthians 12:7: "And lest I should be exalted above measure through the abundance of the revelations, there was given to me a thorn in the flesh, the messenger of Satan to buffet me, lest I should be exalted above measure." Whatever this thorn in the flesh was, verses eight and nine tell us that God chose NOT to take it from Paul. Instead, He chose to give Paul the GRACE to bear the burden. God used this problem in Paul's life to help keep him humble, to keep him from being exalted above measure.
Sometimes God sees the need to put us through some things for the purpose of making us stronger. Paul tells us in II Timothy 2:3 to, ". . . . endure hardness as a good soldier of Jesus Christ." You know, many times a drill sergeant will put a soldier through some things just to make him tough, just to see how much he's willing to take--how dedicated he is. There may not seem to be any logical reason for the trouble that we often face, but God always has a reason. Sometimes He's just trying to make us tougher. According to Galatians 5:22, a Spirit-filled Christian is supposed to be LONGSUFFERING. Are you longsuffering? Are you willing to "tough it out" for the Lord?
God will also use suffering to teach us patience. Romans 5:3 tells us that, ". . . . tribulation worketh patience. . . " Remember Job? God allowed Satan to take Job's oxen, his asses, his sheep, his camels, his servants, his children, and even his health. Yet, the Bible says, ". . . . In all this did not Job sin with his lips." (Job 2:10) In the latter end God restored to Job TWICE as much as he originally had (Job 42:10). Are you willing to trust God and patiently wait for His deliverance when trouble comes your way?
Some people suffer so that they will be better equipped to comfort others in their suffering (II Cor. 1:3-4). It's always a blessing to know someone who has gone through the same troubles that you are going through, for they usually have some helpful words of comfort and wisdom. Are you going through some pretty tough times? Maybe the Lord is giving you the experience that you'll need to help someone else later.
Friend, as you can see, there are a number of reasons why God allows people to suffer. He always knows what is best, and He never makes a mistake. David said, "It is good for me that I have been afflicted; that I might learn thy statutes." (Psa. 119:71) The Apostle Paul, one who suffered greatly, said these words in Romans 8:28: "And we know that all things work together for good to them that love God, to them who are the called according to his purpose." He also said, "I can do all things through Christ which strengtheneth me." (Philip. 4:13)
The Lord Jesus Christ suffered for us all, that we might have eternal life. The curse of suffering and death entered this world because of sin, but we can escape the curse through the Lord Jesus Christ. Jesus said, ". . . . I am the way, the truth, and the life: no man cometh unto the Father, but by me." (Jn. 14:6) There is coming a day when all suffering will end for those who know the Lord Jesus Christ as Savior. Revelation 21:4 says, "And God shall wipe away all tears from their eyes; and there shall be no more death, neither sorrow, nor crying, neither shall there be any more pain: for the former things are passed away."
Have you received Jesus Christ as your Savior?
The Bible says that you can receive Christ by BELIEVING on His name (Jn. 1:12). He paid for your sins, and by CLAIMING Him as your Savior--resting in His finished Blood Atonement for your sins--you can be saved! Romans 4:5 says, "But to him that worketh not, but believeth on him that justifieth the ungodly, his faith is counted for righteousness." Ephesians 2:8-9 says that you are saved by GRACE THROUGH FAITH, not by your works. God is not wanting you to do good works to get to Heaven, for there is none that doeth good (Rom. 3:10). "For all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God." (Rom. 3:23) You do not need God to judge your good deeds and your evil deeds; you need a SAVIOR to save you from your sins. Jesus Christ is the Savior. If you'll call upon Him for Salvation, trusting Him Alone to save you, He'll save you and give you eternal life. It's that simple. "For if thou shalt confess with thy mouth the Lord Jesus, and shalt believe in thine heart that God hath raised him from the dead, thou shalt be saved." (Rom. 10:9) Romans 10:13 says, "For whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord shall be saved." Why not call upon Him right now? Tomorrow may be too late.
If you need more information about Salvation through Christ, please send for a free copy of Understanding God's Salvation Plan.
| Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder |
Which football team ended Glasgow Celtic’s 10-month unbeaten league run? | ADHD or ADD in Children: Signs and Symptoms of Attention Deficit Disorder in Kids
ADHD or ADD in Children
Signs and Symptoms of Attention Deficit Disorder in Kids
It’s normal for children to occasionally forget their homework, daydream during class, act without thinking, or get fidgety at the dinner table. But inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity are also signs of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD or ADD). ADHD can lead to problems at home and school and affect your child’s ability to learn and get along with others. The first step to addressing the problem and getting your child the help he or she needs is to learn to recognize the signs and symptoms of ADHD.
What you can do
Don’t wait for a diagnosis—start addressing your child’s symptoms today
Regularly get up and get moving with your child
Establish structure and consistent daily routines at home
Learn how your child’s diet can affect ADHD symptoms
Ensure your child gets enough restful sleep
Talk to your child’s teachers about managing symptoms at school
Seek face-to-face support from family and friends
What is ADHD or ADD?
We all know kids who can’t sit still, who never seem to listen, who don’t follow instructions no matter how clearly you present them, or who blurt out inappropriate comments at inappropriate times. Sometimes these children are labeled as troublemakers, or criticized for being lazy and undisciplined. However, they may have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), formerly known as attention deficit disorder, or ADD. ADHD makes it difficult for people to inhibit their spontaneous responses—responses that can involve everything from movement to speech to attentiveness.
Is it normal kid behavior or is it ADHD?
The signs and symptoms of ADHD typically appear before the age of seven. However, it can be difficult to distinguish between attention deficit disorder and normal “kid behavior.”
If you spot just a few signs, or the symptoms appear only in some situations, it’s probably not ADHD. On the other hand, if your child shows a number of ADHD signs and symptoms that are present across all situations—at home, at school, and at play—it’s time to take a closer look.
Once you understand the issues your child is struggling with, such as forgetfulness or difficulty paying attention in school, you can work together to find creative solutions and capitalize on strengths.
Myths & Facts about Attention Deficit Disorder
Myth: All kids with ADHD are hyperactive.
Fact: Some children with ADHD are hyperactive, but many others with attention problems are not. Children with ADHD who are inattentive, but not overly active, may appear to be spacey and unmotivated.
Myth: Kids with ADHD can never pay attention.
Fact: Children with ADHD are often able to concentrate on activities they enjoy. But no matter how hard they try, they have trouble maintaining focus when the task at hand is boring or repetitive.
Myth: Kids with ADHD could behave better if they wanted to.
Fact: Children with ADHD may do their best to be good, but still be unable to sit still, stay quiet, or pay attention. They may appear disobedient, but that doesn’t mean they’re acting out on purpose.
Myth: Kids will eventually grow out of ADHD.
Fact: ADHD often continues into adulthood, so don’t wait for your child to outgrow the problem. Treatment can help your child learn to manage and minimize the symptoms.
Myth: Medication is the best treatment option for ADHD.
Fact: Medication is often prescribed for attention deficit disorder, but it might not be the best option for your child. Effective treatment for ADHD also includes education, behavior therapy, support at home and school, exercise, and proper nutrition.
The primary characteristics of ADHD
When many people think of attention deficit disorder, they picture an out-of-control kid in constant motion, bouncing off the walls and disrupting everyone around. But this is not the only possible picture.
Some children with ADHD are hyperactive, while others sit quietly—with their attention miles away. Some put too much focus on a task and have trouble shifting it to something else. Others are only mildly inattentive, but overly impulsive.
The three primary characteristics of ADHD
The three primary characteristics of ADHD are inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The signs and symptoms a child with attention deficit disorder has depends on which characteristics predominate.
Which one of these children may have ADHD?
The hyperactive boy who talks nonstop and can’t sit still.
The quiet dreamer who sits at her desk and stares off into space.
Both A and B
The correct answer is “C.”
Children with ADHD may be:
Inattentive, but not hyperactive or impulsive.
Hyperactive and impulsive, but able to pay attention.
Inattentive, hyperactive, and impulsive (the most common form of ADHD).
Children who only have inattentive symptoms of ADHD are often overlooked, since they’re not disruptive. However, the symptoms of inattention have consequences: getting in hot water with parents and teachers for not following directions; underperforming in school; or clashing with other kids over not playing by the rules.
Spotting ADHD at different ages
Because we expect very young children to be easily distractible and hyperactive, it’s the impulsive behaviors—the dangerous climb, the blurted insult—that often stand out in preschoolers with ADHD.
By age four or five, though, most children have learned how to pay attention to others, to sit quietly when instructed to, and not to say everything that pops into their heads. So by the time children reach school age, those with ADHD stand out in all three behaviors: inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
Inattentiveness signs and symptoms of ADHD
It isn’t that children with ADHD can’t pay attention: when they’re doing things they enjoy or hearing about topics in which they’re interested, they have no trouble focusing and staying on task. But when the task is repetitive or boring, they quickly tune out.
Staying on track is another common problem. Children with ADHD often bounce from task to task without completing any of them, or skip necessary steps in procedures. Organizing their schoolwork and their time is harder for them than it is for most children.
Kids with ADHD also have trouble concentrating if there are things going on around them; they usually need a calm, quiet environment in order to stay focused.
Symptoms of inattention in children:
Has trouble staying focused; is easily distracted or gets bored with a task before it’s completed
Appears not to listen when spoken to
Has difficulty remembering things and following instructions; doesn’t pay attention to details or makes careless mistakes
Has trouble staying organized, planning ahead, and finishing projects
Frequently loses or misplaces homework, books, toys, or other items
Hyperactivity signs and symptoms of ADHD
The most obvious sign of ADHD is hyperactivity. While many children are naturally quite active, kids with hyperactive symptoms of attention deficit disorder are always moving.
They may try to do several things at once, bouncing around from one activity to the next. Even when forced to sit still which can be very difficult for them their foot is tapping, their leg is shaking, or their fingers are drumming.
Symptoms of hyperactivity in children:
Constantly fidgets and squirms
Has difficulty sitting still, playing quietly, or relaxing
Moves around constantly, often runs or climbs inappropriately
Talks excessively
May have a quick temper or “short fuse”
Impulsive signs and symptoms of ADHD
The impulsivity of children with ADHD can cause problems with self-control. Because they censor themselves less than other kids do, they’ll interrupt conversations, invade other people’s space, ask irrelevant questions in class, make tactless observations, and ask overly personal questions.
Instructions like “Be patient” and “Just wait a little while” are twice as hard for children with ADHD to follow as they are for other youngsters.
Children with impulsive signs and symptoms of ADHD also tend to be moody and to overreact emotionally. As a result, others may start to view the child as disrespectful, weird, or needy.
Symptoms of impulsivity in children:
Acts without thinking
Guesses, rather than taking time to solve a problem or blurts out answers in class without waiting to be called on or hear the whole question
Intrudes on other people’s conversations or games
Often interrupts others; says the wrong thing at the wrong time
Inability to keep powerful emotions in check, resulting in angry outbursts or temper tantrums
Is it really ADHD?
Just because a child has symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, or hyperactivity does not mean that he or she has ADHD. Certain medical conditions, psychological disorders, and stressful life events can cause symptoms that look like ADHD.
Before an accurate diagnosis of ADHD can be made, it is important that you see a mental health professional to explore and rule out the following possibilities:
Learning disabilities or problems with reading, writing, motor skills, or language.
Major life events or traumatic experiences (e.g. a recent move, death of a loved one, bullying, divorce).
Psychological disorders including anxiety , depression , and bipolar disorder .
Behavioral disorders such as conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder.
Medical conditions, including thyroid problems, neurological conditions, epilepsy, and sleep disorders.
A learning disability may be mistaken for ADHD
Think your child has attention deficit disorder? Sometimes, kids who are having trouble in school are incorrectly diagnosed with ADHD, when what they really have is a learning disability. Furthermore, many kids struggle with both ADHD and a learning disability. See: Learning Disabilities and Disorders
Positive effects of ADHD in children
In addition to the challenges, there are also positive traits associated with people who have attention deficit disorder:
Creativity – Children who have ADHD can be marvelously creative and imaginative. The child who daydreams and has ten different thoughts at once can become a master problem-solver, a fountain of ideas, or an inventive artist. Children with ADHD may be easily distracted, but sometimes they notice what others don’t see.
Flexibility – Because children with ADHD consider a lot of options at once, they don’t become set on one alternative early on and are more open to different ideas.
Enthusiasm and spontaneity – Children with ADHD are rarely boring! They’re interested in a lot of different things and have lively personalities. In short, if they’re not exasperating you (and sometimes even when they are), they’re a lot of fun to be with.
Energy and drive – When kids with ADHD are motivated, they work or play hard and strive to succeed. It actually may be difficult to distract them from a task that interests them, especially if the activity is interactive or hands-on.
Keep in mind, too, that ADHD has nothing to do with intelligence or talent. Many children with ADHD are intellectually or artistically gifted.
Helping a child with ADHD
Whether or not your child’s symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are due to ADHD, they can cause many problems if left untreated. Children who can’t focus and control themselves may struggle in school, get into frequent trouble, and find it hard to get along with others or make friends. These frustrations and difficulties can lead to low self-esteem as well as friction and stress for the whole family.
But treatment can make a dramatic difference in your child’s symptoms. With the right support, your child can get on track for success in all areas of life.
Don’t wait to get help for your child
If your child struggles with symptoms that look like ADHD, don’t wait to seek professional help. You can treat your child’s symptoms of hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity without having a diagnosis of attention deficit disorder.
Options to start with include getting your child into therapy, implementing a better diet and exercise plan, and modifying the home environment to minimize distractions.
If you do receive a diagnosis of ADHD, you can then work with your child’s doctor, therapist, and school to make a personalized treatment plan that meets his or her specific needs. Effective treatment for childhood ADHD involves behavioral therapy, parent education and training, social support, and assistance at school. Medication may also be used, however, it should never be the sole attention deficit disorder treatment.
Parenting tips for children with ADHD
If your child is hyperactive, inattentive, or impulsive, it may take a lot of energy to get him or her to listen, finish a task, or sit still. The constant monitoring can be frustrating and exhausting. Sometimes you may feel like your child is running the show. But there are steps you can take to regain control of the situation, while simultaneously helping your child make the most of his or her abilities.
While attention deficit disorder is not caused by bad parenting, there are effective parenting strategies that can go a long way to correct problem behaviors.
Children with ADHD need structure, consistency, clear communication, and rewards and consequences for their behavior. They also need lots of love, support, and encouragement.
| i don't know |
Active since 1977, Which unit is the only official US Army Counter-Terrorism force? | How Delta Force Works | HowStuffWorks
How Delta Force Works
A Delta Force operator prepares for a HALO (High Altitude Low Opening) Exercise.
Photo Greg Matheison/Mai/ Time LifePictures/ Getty Images
Consider a special operations force that's trained to the highest level in the United States military . The force is armed with cutting-edge weaponry, well-funded and answers only to one man. How can a group -- trained as professional assassins and approaching the status of mercenaries -- be reeled in if the U.S. government won't even confirm that the group exists? Does such a force make the United States safer or more vulnerable? It's questions like these that swirl around the United States' most elite tactical combat group, the Delta Force.
Delta Force is often referred to as Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta. It's also known as the Combat Applications Group (CAG). While it often draws its ranks from the Army Special Forces (the Army Green Berets ) and shares Fort Bragg, N.C. , headquarters with them, it isn't an Army Special Forces detachment. Delta Force is a unit unto itself, composed of members from all branches of the military.
Up Next
The U.S. Armed Forces Quiz
They're not called soldiers, but operators and are said to shun the traditional philosophies of military life. They wear civilian clothes. They work for whomever needs them -- for the Army, the FBI and the CIA . Mark Bowden, author of the book "Blackhawk Down" -- for which he interviewed several Delta Force members -- famously said of the operators, "They are professional soldiers who hate the Army" [source: Military.com ].
It must be said that neither the United States government nor the military officially acknowledges the existence of Delta Force. To this end, almost all of the information contained in this article is unsupported by any official reports from the United States. It's only in recent years that vague references by the government to the group's existence have been allowed to go uncensored. These references have turned up in transcripts from Congressional hearings and biographies of high-ranking military leaders.
But it's nearly impossible to keep a force so deadly and made up of the stuff of legends entirely under wraps. Since its inception in 1977, stories of the Delta Force's exploits and missions have leaked out, little by little, eventually forming a brief sketch of the unit. In 1993, Delta Force came under the microscope when its operators were among those who fought and died in a failed operation to remove a Somali warlord. And in Operation Urgent Fury in Grenada in 1983, reports of two missions by Delta Force -- one failed and one successful -- have become common knowledge [source: SOC ].
But the group has been criticized for undertaking missions that are on the fringe of regular laws governing the military. This causes some to worry that Delta Force has more power and less accountability than any military organization in a free democracy should. Delta Force is funded out of secret government accounts, away from the public eye, and is believed to answer only to the president.
But others claim that its purpose -- maintaining the United States' role as a leading power and as the world's police force -- necessitates the lack of restrictions and accountability surrounding its activities.
In the next section, we'll look at how the Delta Force is structured.
1
| Delta Force |
Which is the only New York borough on the US mainland? | How Delta Force Works | HowStuffWorks
How Delta Force Works
A Delta Force operator prepares for a HALO (High Altitude Low Opening) Exercise.
Photo Greg Matheison/Mai/ Time LifePictures/ Getty Images
Consider a special operations force that's trained to the highest level in the United States military . The force is armed with cutting-edge weaponry, well-funded and answers only to one man. How can a group -- trained as professional assassins and approaching the status of mercenaries -- be reeled in if the U.S. government won't even confirm that the group exists? Does such a force make the United States safer or more vulnerable? It's questions like these that swirl around the United States' most elite tactical combat group, the Delta Force.
Delta Force is often referred to as Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta. It's also known as the Combat Applications Group (CAG). While it often draws its ranks from the Army Special Forces (the Army Green Berets ) and shares Fort Bragg, N.C. , headquarters with them, it isn't an Army Special Forces detachment. Delta Force is a unit unto itself, composed of members from all branches of the military.
Up Next
The U.S. Armed Forces Quiz
They're not called soldiers, but operators and are said to shun the traditional philosophies of military life. They wear civilian clothes. They work for whomever needs them -- for the Army, the FBI and the CIA . Mark Bowden, author of the book "Blackhawk Down" -- for which he interviewed several Delta Force members -- famously said of the operators, "They are professional soldiers who hate the Army" [source: Military.com ].
It must be said that neither the United States government nor the military officially acknowledges the existence of Delta Force. To this end, almost all of the information contained in this article is unsupported by any official reports from the United States. It's only in recent years that vague references by the government to the group's existence have been allowed to go uncensored. These references have turned up in transcripts from Congressional hearings and biographies of high-ranking military leaders.
But it's nearly impossible to keep a force so deadly and made up of the stuff of legends entirely under wraps. Since its inception in 1977, stories of the Delta Force's exploits and missions have leaked out, little by little, eventually forming a brief sketch of the unit. In 1993, Delta Force came under the microscope when its operators were among those who fought and died in a failed operation to remove a Somali warlord. And in Operation Urgent Fury in Grenada in 1983, reports of two missions by Delta Force -- one failed and one successful -- have become common knowledge [source: SOC ].
But the group has been criticized for undertaking missions that are on the fringe of regular laws governing the military. This causes some to worry that Delta Force has more power and less accountability than any military organization in a free democracy should. Delta Force is funded out of secret government accounts, away from the public eye, and is believed to answer only to the president.
But others claim that its purpose -- maintaining the United States' role as a leading power and as the world's police force -- necessitates the lack of restrictions and accountability surrounding its activities.
In the next section, we'll look at how the Delta Force is structured.
1
| i don't know |
Central Park is in which borough? | Central Park, the 6th Borough of New York City - Review of Central Park, New York City, NY - TripAdvisor
“Central Park, the 6th Borough of New York City”
Reviewed June 5, 2012
There are books written about Central Park, and books where Central Park is one of the main characters, and there are innumerable facts and thoughts this amazing place would inspire of those who have experienced it for the first time and those who make it a part of their daily life. The place has transformed over the years into one of the most brilliant gems the City has to offer. There are immense green open spaces, lots of old gnarled trees and woodsy areas, ponds and lakes, one large enough for casual boating, a skating rink, not too many but strategically placed roadways that are heaven for runners, in-line skaters, or strollers, especially on weekend days when there is no vehicular traffic allowed, a zoo, some amazing restaurants, and the almost surreal vista of Manhattan high rises that are circling the park on all sides like guardians. If you are a visitor of New York City, you muat set at least a few good hours aside to enter this fairy land in the middle of the metropolis and get a map to explore it.
Visited May 2012
| Manhattan |
In Lancashire someone is ‘skrikin’ – what are they doing? | Central Park (New York City): Top Tips Before You Go - TripAdvisor
Description:
For more than 150 years, visitors have flocked to Central Park's 843 green...
For more than 150 years, visitors have flocked to Central Park's 843 green acres in the heart of Manhattan. Since 1980, the Park has been managed by the Central Park Conservancy, in partnership with the public. Central Park is open 6 am to 1 am daily. Visit the official website of Central Park to learn more about Park happenings and activities and to learn how you to help Central Park!
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On which river does Norwich stand? | Norwich City Football Club - Carrow Road, Canary Way, Norwich, Norfolk, England, NR1 1JE :: FanZone
Norwich City Football Club - Carrow Road
Carrow Road, Canary Way, Norwich, Norfolk, England, NR1 1JE
Tickets:
Show All
Our Impressions of Carrow Road
Carrow road now holds around 27,000 fans following the addition of some 1700 seats for the start of the 2010/2011 campaign. Visiting supporters are usually allocated around 2,500 seats in the Jarrold stand (South stand), which is the newest stand.
The facilities available to away fans are good, with unrestricted views, good food, snacks and refreshments, and a friendly atmosphere. The other three stands were all built during the late eighties & early nineties when Norwich were in the old division one and the inaugural premier league. The Barclay and the Snake Pit, seen to the far left on the picture, house the vocal home fans, and their close proximity to the away fans creates a good atmosphere.
At the opposite end to the Barclay stand is the Norwich and Peterborough stand (river end). This stand is home fans only, and contains executive boxes, and conference facilities, and a disabled viewing gallery. At the corner of the River end, and main stand (bottom right of the photo) you will find the club shop, and a restaurant called 'Yellows' (see Pubs).
Directions to Carrow Road
By Road
Official Route
Travel around the Norwich South bypass (A47), to the A146 Trowse exit and ground is well signposted from here.
Alternative Route
If you arrive early, and fancy seeing some of the City, then travel to the east side of Norwich, the exit the A47 at the A1042, Norwich North /East Exit (Broadland Business Park). Following the signs for Norwich, go straight over the next two roundabouts, past The Griffin public house. At the next roundabout, take the first exit into Yarmouth Road, past the Thorpe Fish & Chip shop, and through two sets of traffic lights. At this point you will be travelling alongside the River Wensum, and past several pubs, but you are still a distance from the ground. Once you get to the Harvey Lane traffic lights, there is some none resident parking available, and there is also a large car park in the Breckland Council building. From here the ground is about a 20 minute walk. Continue straight on into the city, past the The Mustard Pot, and over the railway bridge. You will be able to see the ground now, and the away fans are located in the first corner of the ground you come to, behind the Holiday Inn Hotel.
From the Train Station
The ground is approximately a ten minute walk from the station. When you arrive at the train station, you are fortunate for two reasons... One you are not far from the ground, and two, the walk will take you through a recently redeveloped part of Norwich which contains bars, fast food etc...Enjoy! On exiting the train station, walk along 'Riverside Road' (this is hard to miss as it's by the river!). The ground is at the end of this road, You can't miss it (really!).
Local Area around Carrow Road
Car Parking
There is a large car park at the ground, but this is for season ticket holders only. The closest pay & display is located in Rouen Road, and holds about 500 cars. The town centre is only about a 15 minute walk from the ground, and there are numerous well signposted car parks. If you follow the official directions (via the Trowse exit on the A47 Southern bypass) then you are probably best parking in the County Hall car park. This is well signposted, holds approx. 2000 cars, and will cost you £3. That said, it is a bit of a nightmare to get out of after the game. If you follow the directions on this site, then there is some non- restricted back street parking near the Mustard Pot, but be careful to avoid the 'residents only' signs! To park in these back streets, you really need to be parking about an hour and a half before kickoff.
Pubs Near Carrow Road
The Compleat Angler
This is a popular choice with away fans, if you're travelling by train you can't miss it as it's directly in front of the train station (just over the river). This is a big pub featuring a large balcony overlooking the river, and it's usually full of away support on match days (since the Clarence Harbour closed). There's a good selection of beers and good food, and it's about a fifteen minute walk (at most) to the ground.
Please note: There is a KFC just a few doors down, so you can easily grab something to eat and walk to the ground.
West Coast Grill and Bar
This is large pub, which has been newly refurbished for the start of the 2010 season. This was formerly a 'Old Orleans' pub. The ale is quite good, and it's certainly less crowded than Squares and Queen of the Iceni. The food is also much better, with the usually cajun chicken, burgers, and chips served. Recommended for families looking for a quieter drink
Squares
This is a great football pub, but is mainly used by home fans. There are two large screen TV, that show 'memorable' Norwich games, and several smaller TV's with Sky Sports on. The ale is good, but expect to wait to get served, due to the sheer size and popularity of this pub. You may find the service is quicker upstairs, at one on the smaller bars. There is also a large riverside balcony, which we are told hosts barbecue's during the fair weather games. This pub is well worth a look, but if you are in a large group, then the doormen may not be too welcoming!
Queen of the Iceni
This pub is part of the JD Wetherspoon chain of pubs, and is a Lloyd's No 1 Bar. It's located next door to Squares, and is reported to hold 2000 people. Whenever we have visited the bar area has been absolutely heaving. Being a Wetherspoons pub the beer is competitively priced, and the food is best describer as 'OK'. That said, there is a very large outside patio area for those early season (warm weather) games
Yellows
This pub is located at the ground within the Riverend, and lets in a 'limited number' of away fans. It includes a large screen TV & a 'McDonalds' style burger bar, but obviously gets rather crowded on match days. For away fans the location is also a bit of a pain, as it's located in the opposite corner to the away end!
The Coach And Horses
The Coach and Horses is located on Thorpe Road, which is very near to the railway station, 10 minutes from the city centre, and 15 minutes from Carrow Road. This pub boasts it’s own brewery (Chalk Hill Brewery) and hence serves many real ale beverages. A word of warning, this pub gets very busy, so arrive early!
The Mustard Pot
Located on Thorpe Road, this pub contains mainly home supporters, but the occasional group of away fans are treated with respects, and occasionally a little banter. The beer available is best described as 'OK', and it's about a 15 /20 minute walk to the ground from here. There is also good, 'down-to-earth' food served, although to eat in this pub you really need to be early, as it does get busy.
Fast Food Near Carrow Road
KFC
If you have travelled by train, then this is probably the easiest place to get something to eat. On exiting the station, go straight over the traffic lights, (over the bridge) into 'Prince of Wales Road'. The Kentucky is about 150 yards down on the right.
Pizza Hut
The usual Pizza hut stuff (restaurant and take-away), but very handily located in the riverside complex near Squares and Queen of the Iceni
Morrisons Supermarket
Morrisons Supermarket is located just across the road from Carrow Road, and is very popular for pre-match grub.
Hotels Near Carrow Road
Holiday Inn Norwich City
Holiday Inn Norwich City is located within one of the corners of the football ground, with some rooms offering views of the pitch. There is a large bar, good food, and an excellent location as it's very close to the train station, and Riverside Complex.
| River Wensum |
In the expression ‘By Jove’ – who is Jove? | Norwich City Football Club - Carrow Road, Canary Way, Norwich, Norfolk, England, NR1 1JE :: FanZone
Norwich City Football Club - Carrow Road
Carrow Road, Canary Way, Norwich, Norfolk, England, NR1 1JE
Tickets:
Show All
Our Impressions of Carrow Road
Carrow road now holds around 27,000 fans following the addition of some 1700 seats for the start of the 2010/2011 campaign. Visiting supporters are usually allocated around 2,500 seats in the Jarrold stand (South stand), which is the newest stand.
The facilities available to away fans are good, with unrestricted views, good food, snacks and refreshments, and a friendly atmosphere. The other three stands were all built during the late eighties & early nineties when Norwich were in the old division one and the inaugural premier league. The Barclay and the Snake Pit, seen to the far left on the picture, house the vocal home fans, and their close proximity to the away fans creates a good atmosphere.
At the opposite end to the Barclay stand is the Norwich and Peterborough stand (river end). This stand is home fans only, and contains executive boxes, and conference facilities, and a disabled viewing gallery. At the corner of the River end, and main stand (bottom right of the photo) you will find the club shop, and a restaurant called 'Yellows' (see Pubs).
Directions to Carrow Road
By Road
Official Route
Travel around the Norwich South bypass (A47), to the A146 Trowse exit and ground is well signposted from here.
Alternative Route
If you arrive early, and fancy seeing some of the City, then travel to the east side of Norwich, the exit the A47 at the A1042, Norwich North /East Exit (Broadland Business Park). Following the signs for Norwich, go straight over the next two roundabouts, past The Griffin public house. At the next roundabout, take the first exit into Yarmouth Road, past the Thorpe Fish & Chip shop, and through two sets of traffic lights. At this point you will be travelling alongside the River Wensum, and past several pubs, but you are still a distance from the ground. Once you get to the Harvey Lane traffic lights, there is some none resident parking available, and there is also a large car park in the Breckland Council building. From here the ground is about a 20 minute walk. Continue straight on into the city, past the The Mustard Pot, and over the railway bridge. You will be able to see the ground now, and the away fans are located in the first corner of the ground you come to, behind the Holiday Inn Hotel.
From the Train Station
The ground is approximately a ten minute walk from the station. When you arrive at the train station, you are fortunate for two reasons... One you are not far from the ground, and two, the walk will take you through a recently redeveloped part of Norwich which contains bars, fast food etc...Enjoy! On exiting the train station, walk along 'Riverside Road' (this is hard to miss as it's by the river!). The ground is at the end of this road, You can't miss it (really!).
Local Area around Carrow Road
Car Parking
There is a large car park at the ground, but this is for season ticket holders only. The closest pay & display is located in Rouen Road, and holds about 500 cars. The town centre is only about a 15 minute walk from the ground, and there are numerous well signposted car parks. If you follow the official directions (via the Trowse exit on the A47 Southern bypass) then you are probably best parking in the County Hall car park. This is well signposted, holds approx. 2000 cars, and will cost you £3. That said, it is a bit of a nightmare to get out of after the game. If you follow the directions on this site, then there is some non- restricted back street parking near the Mustard Pot, but be careful to avoid the 'residents only' signs! To park in these back streets, you really need to be parking about an hour and a half before kickoff.
Pubs Near Carrow Road
The Compleat Angler
This is a popular choice with away fans, if you're travelling by train you can't miss it as it's directly in front of the train station (just over the river). This is a big pub featuring a large balcony overlooking the river, and it's usually full of away support on match days (since the Clarence Harbour closed). There's a good selection of beers and good food, and it's about a fifteen minute walk (at most) to the ground.
Please note: There is a KFC just a few doors down, so you can easily grab something to eat and walk to the ground.
West Coast Grill and Bar
This is large pub, which has been newly refurbished for the start of the 2010 season. This was formerly a 'Old Orleans' pub. The ale is quite good, and it's certainly less crowded than Squares and Queen of the Iceni. The food is also much better, with the usually cajun chicken, burgers, and chips served. Recommended for families looking for a quieter drink
Squares
This is a great football pub, but is mainly used by home fans. There are two large screen TV, that show 'memorable' Norwich games, and several smaller TV's with Sky Sports on. The ale is good, but expect to wait to get served, due to the sheer size and popularity of this pub. You may find the service is quicker upstairs, at one on the smaller bars. There is also a large riverside balcony, which we are told hosts barbecue's during the fair weather games. This pub is well worth a look, but if you are in a large group, then the doormen may not be too welcoming!
Queen of the Iceni
This pub is part of the JD Wetherspoon chain of pubs, and is a Lloyd's No 1 Bar. It's located next door to Squares, and is reported to hold 2000 people. Whenever we have visited the bar area has been absolutely heaving. Being a Wetherspoons pub the beer is competitively priced, and the food is best describer as 'OK'. That said, there is a very large outside patio area for those early season (warm weather) games
Yellows
This pub is located at the ground within the Riverend, and lets in a 'limited number' of away fans. It includes a large screen TV & a 'McDonalds' style burger bar, but obviously gets rather crowded on match days. For away fans the location is also a bit of a pain, as it's located in the opposite corner to the away end!
The Coach And Horses
The Coach and Horses is located on Thorpe Road, which is very near to the railway station, 10 minutes from the city centre, and 15 minutes from Carrow Road. This pub boasts it’s own brewery (Chalk Hill Brewery) and hence serves many real ale beverages. A word of warning, this pub gets very busy, so arrive early!
The Mustard Pot
Located on Thorpe Road, this pub contains mainly home supporters, but the occasional group of away fans are treated with respects, and occasionally a little banter. The beer available is best described as 'OK', and it's about a 15 /20 minute walk to the ground from here. There is also good, 'down-to-earth' food served, although to eat in this pub you really need to be early, as it does get busy.
Fast Food Near Carrow Road
KFC
If you have travelled by train, then this is probably the easiest place to get something to eat. On exiting the station, go straight over the traffic lights, (over the bridge) into 'Prince of Wales Road'. The Kentucky is about 150 yards down on the right.
Pizza Hut
The usual Pizza hut stuff (restaurant and take-away), but very handily located in the riverside complex near Squares and Queen of the Iceni
Morrisons Supermarket
Morrisons Supermarket is located just across the road from Carrow Road, and is very popular for pre-match grub.
Hotels Near Carrow Road
Holiday Inn Norwich City
Holiday Inn Norwich City is located within one of the corners of the football ground, with some rooms offering views of the pitch. There is a large bar, good food, and an excellent location as it's very close to the train station, and Riverside Complex.
| i don't know |
What is the every-day name for the condition Daltonism? | Daltonism – Named after John Dalton | Colblindor
Daltonism – Named after John Dalton
People
John Dalton was the first scientist to take academic interest in the subject of color blindness. He was born September 6, 1766 in Eaglesfield, England and died July 27, 1844 of paralysis. One of the first scientific papers John Dalton published was titled “Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours” and released in 1793.
John Dalton
Starting his career as a teacher he got interested in meteorology and mathematics. As Jonathan, his seven years older brother and John himself both were affected by red-green color blindness he also started some observations and researches about color vision.
“That part of the image which others call red appears to me little more than a shade or defect of light. After that the orange, yellow and green seem one colour which descends pretty uniformly from an intense to a rare yellow, making what I should call different shades of yellow”
He postulated that shortage in color perception was caused by discoloration of the liquid medium of the eyeball called aqueous humour. According to his research he believed that the aqueous humour was bluish and therefore filtered out all the colors. His observations and writings formed the expression Daltonism as a common wording for color blindness.
Through his lifetime John Dalton became a well known and respectable chemist and physicist and was one of the early proponents of the Atomic Theory. One of his last wills was to get an autopsy of his eyes after death. Unfortunately there wasn’t any bluish liquid found. It was his final experiment and proved that the condition called Daltonism is not caused by the eye itself, but some deficient sensory power.
Further readings:
| Color blindness |
Gertrude Ederle in August 1926 was the first woman to do what? | Tritanopia – Blue-Yellow Color Blindness | Colblindor
Contact
Tritanopia – Blue-Yellow Color Blindness
Actually the wording blue-yellow color blindness is misleading. People affected by tritan color blindness confuse blue with green and yellow with violet. So the term blue-green color blindness would be more accurate because the colors blue and yellow are usually not mixed up by tritanopes.
Tritan defects affect the short-wavelength cone (S-cone). There are two different types which can be observed:
Tritanopia: People affected by tritanopia are dichromats. This means the S-cones are completely missing and only long- and medium-wavelength cones are present.
Tritanomaly: This is an alleviated form of blue-yellow color blindness, where the S-cones are present but do have some kind of mutation.
Blue-yellow color blindness can be observed only very rarely. Different studies diverge a lot in the numbers but as a rule of thumb you could say one out of 10’000 persons is affected at most. In contrary to red-green color blindness tritan defects are autosomal and encoded on chromosome 7. This means tritanopia and tritanomaly are not sex-linked traits and therefore women and men are equally affected.
Normal and Tritanopia Color Spectrum
It can be observed that tritanopes usually have fewer problems in performing everyday tasks than do those with red-green dichromacy. Maybe this is because our society associates green with good/go and red with bad/stop, a pair of colors which accompanies us every day but a clear reason isn’t found yet by the researchers.
Tritan defects can not only be inherited but also acquired during one’s lifetime. In this case it even may be reversible and not permanent like an inherited color blindness. In the case of an acquired defect this is either evolving slowly for example simply through aging or coming instantly caused by a hard hit on your head.
Because the eye lens becomes less transparent with age, this can cause very light tritanomalous symptoms. Usually they are not serious enough for a positive diagnosis on color blindness.
Among alcoholics a higher incidence rate of tritanopia could be counted. Large quantities of alcohol resulted in poorer color discrimination in all spectra but with significantly more errors in the blue-yellow versus the red-green color range.
Mixtures of organic solvents even at low concentrations may also impair color vision. Errors were measured mainly in the blue-yellow color spectrum.
An injury through a hard hit to the front of back of your head may also cause blue-yellow color blindness. An example story can be found at Tritanopic after Heas Injury .
The two photographs below give you some impression what tritanopes see. On the left side the actual photograph is shown as it is seen by people with normal color vision. On the right side you see the tritan counterpart where you can spot how blue-yellow color blindness influences the view of colors.
Read more about Deuteranopia and Protanopia —the other two types of color blindness.
Further readings:
| i don't know |
What calls MPs in the House of Commons to vote? | Voting (Commons)
Voting (Commons)
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Compared to other legislatures, voting in the Commons is perhaps the most archaic of its traditions. The chair puts a question to the House. If the chair cannot easily discern the opinion of the House ('on a general Aye'), then a vote is held.
When a vote - or 'division' - is called MPs literally divide into two groups, those in favour (the Ayes) and those against (the Noes), by proceeding through one of two corridors (lobbies), where they are counted. When the chair calls a division (by saying 'clear the lobbies'), the division bells signalling a vote are sounded around the Palace of Westminster, in Whitehall and elsewhere. MPs have eight minutes to arrive in one of the two lobbies before the entrances are locked. They are counted as they exit. The quorum for a vote is 40.
The outcome of the vote is then reported to the chair by one of the four MPs (two for each lobby) appointed to count the votes (teller). The chair then confirms the result to the House. The whole process takes between 12 and 15 minutes. Because of the length of time it takes to vote, calling for a division can occasionally be used effectively as a delaying tactic in the House.
There is no formal way to abstain in a Commons division, as there is no way to record attendance in the chamber during a vote other than by voting with Ayes or the Noes. One way is to vote in both lobbies, but this is not always recognised as an abstention and requires swift movement from the MP in question.
| Division bell (disambiguation) |
Who went ‘Beyond Breaking Point’ in a Sport Relief challenge in March? | Voting (Commons)
Voting (Commons)
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Compared to other legislatures, voting in the Commons is perhaps the most archaic of its traditions. The chair puts a question to the House. If the chair cannot easily discern the opinion of the House ('on a general Aye'), then a vote is held.
When a vote - or 'division' - is called MPs literally divide into two groups, those in favour (the Ayes) and those against (the Noes), by proceeding through one of two corridors (lobbies), where they are counted. When the chair calls a division (by saying 'clear the lobbies'), the division bells signalling a vote are sounded around the Palace of Westminster, in Whitehall and elsewhere. MPs have eight minutes to arrive in one of the two lobbies before the entrances are locked. They are counted as they exit. The quorum for a vote is 40.
The outcome of the vote is then reported to the chair by one of the four MPs (two for each lobby) appointed to count the votes (teller). The chair then confirms the result to the House. The whole process takes between 12 and 15 minutes. Because of the length of time it takes to vote, calling for a division can occasionally be used effectively as a delaying tactic in the House.
There is no formal way to abstain in a Commons division, as there is no way to record attendance in the chamber during a vote other than by voting with Ayes or the Noes. One way is to vote in both lobbies, but this is not always recognised as an abstention and requires swift movement from the MP in question.
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Mariachi bands originated in which country? | excerpts from --- Mexico, The Meeting of Two Cultures
1991 Higgins and Associates, New York, NY
for The 7-Eleven Hispanic Arts Festival (Arts for Business)
The Wedding of Musical Traditions
Prior to the arrival of Cortes the music of Mexico, played with rattles, drums, reed and clay flutes, and conch-shell horns, was an integral part of religious celebrations. Quickly, however, as Christianity spread, in many areas these instruments gave way to instruments imported by the Spanish: violins, guitars and harps, brass horns, and woodwinds. The Indian and mestizo musicians not only learned to play European instruments, but also to build their own, sometimes giving them shapes and tunings of their own invention.
Music and dance were important elements of Spanish theatrical productions, enormously popular throughout the Spanish speaking world during the colonial period. The typical Spanish theatrical orchestra of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries was comprised of violins (usually two), harp and guitars (or guitar variants). It was from this group that several of the most distinctive regional ensembles of Mexico developed, including the Mariachi.
Mariachi - What Does It Mean?
Musicologists and folklorists have argued for years over the origin of the word - Mariachi.
The explanation that appears most frequently - especially on record jackets and in travel brochures - is that it is a variation of the French word mariage, meaning wedding or marriage, and comes from the time in the nineteenth century when Maximillian, a Frenchman, was Emperor of Mexico. According to this myth the Mariachi was named by the French after the celebration with which it was most commonly associated. But this explanation, always regarded as highly doubtful by linguists, was totally discredited recently when a use of the word was found that predated the time when the French arrived in Mexico.
Currently, however, the best scholarly opinion is that the word mariachi has native roots. One theory is that it comes from the name of the wood used to make the platform on which the performers danced to the music of the village musicians. But whatever its true source - and the truth may never be discovered with absolute certainty - the word today has one meaning that is crystal clear: Mariachi means on of the most exciting and enchanting musical ensembles found anywhere in the world.
The Unique Make-Up of the Mariachi Ensemble
In the complete Mariachi group today there are as many as six to eight violins, two trumpets, and a guitar - all standard European instruments. Then there is a high-itched, round-backed guitar called the vihuela, which when strummed in the traditional manner gives the Mariachi its typical rhythmic vitality; a deep-voiced guitar called the guitarró n which serves as the bass of the ensemble; and a Mexican folk harp, which usually doubles the base line, but also ornaments the melody. While these three instruments have European origins, in their present form they are strictly Mexican.
The sound that these instruments combine to make is unique. Like the sarape, which often used widely contrasting colors side by side - green and orange, yellow and blue - the Mariachi used sharply contrasting sounds: the sweet sounds of the violins against the brilliance of the trumpets, and the deep sound of the guitarró n against the crisp, high voice of the vihuela; and the frequent shifting between syncopation and on-beat rhythm. The resulting sound is the heart and soul of Mexico.
The Beginning of the Mariachi We Know Today
Although the origins of Mariachi music go back hundreds of years, in the form we know it the Mariachi began in the nineteenth century in the Mexican state of Jalisco - according to popular legend, in the town of Cocula. The Mariachi was the distinctive version of the Spanish theatrical orchestra of violins, harp and guitars which developed in and around Jalisco. In other areas such as Veracruz and the Huasteca region in the northeast, the ensemble evolved differently. By the end of the nineteenth century, in Cocula the vihuela, two violins, and the guitarró n (which had replaced the harp) were the instruments of the Mariachi.
The principal music played by these early Mariachis was the SON, the popular music of the day. A mixture of folk traditions from Spain, Mexico, and Africa, the son was found in many regions of the country. The son from Jalisco is called the son jalisciense. La Negra is the best-known example.
Sones from other regions include the son jarocho or veracruzano, from the region around the Gulf port of Veracruz; and the son huasteco, from northeastern Mexico. The most famous example of the son jarocho is La Bamba . A typical son huasteco, also known as the huapango, is La Malagueñ a. It is interesting to note that there are some sones, such as El Gusto, which are common in all three regions and clearly date back to a common ancestor.
Mariachi and Dance
It is important to remember the son-and other types of Mariachi music- is not just music to be played and sung. From the very start it was music to be danced.
The traditional dance technique associated with both the son jalisciense and son jarocho is the zapateado, a distinctive type of footwork that originated in Spain. When dancing the zapateado the performers skillfully drive the heels of their boots or shoes into the dance-floor, pounding out swift, often syncopated rhythms which complement the different rhythm of the musical instruments. The zapateado can literally reduce even the most resistant dance floor to splinters because of the force with which it is danced.
Each of the regional variations of the son has its traditional style of dance. The huapango or son huasteco, for instance, like the son jalisciense and son jarocho, was originally danced on wooden platforms, in some areas mounted on earthen jugs. To dance the huapango the couples line up in opposing columns. The upper part of the body is held perfectly erect as the feet perform rapid, intricate, shuffling maneuvers. Today it is sometimes performed with a glass of water on the head to show off the dancer's incredible muscular control.
The lyrics of the sones frequently describe country life: in particular, the plants, animals and people of the region. These lyrics are highly suggestive, often using imagery of the courtship of farm animals to describe the relations of men and women. In the dance the movements of the performers often represent the farm-yard courtship described in the verses of the sones.
Another kind of music related to the son and intimately connected with a particular dance is the jarabe. The jarabe, which has many regional variations, is really a medley of dance pieces, including sones, danzas, jotas, and polkas. No discussion of Mariachi dance would be complete without mentioning the famous Jarabe Tapatio - the Mexican Hat Dance. Associated with Guadalajara in the state of Jalisco, it has become the national dance of Mexico. It is highly stylized, with prescribed movements and costumes. The male wears the classic outfit the Jalisco horsemen or charro, while the female the China, wears a hand-woven shawl and a bright sequined skirt.
By the 1930's Mariachi musicians had begun wearing the same traje de charro, consisting of a waist-length jacket and tightly fitted wool pants which open slightly at the ankle to fit over a short riding boot. Both pants and jacket are often ornamented with embroidery, intricately cut leather designs, or silver buttons in a variety of shapes. Prior to the 1930's, photographs show early Mariachis dressed in calzones de manta, and huaraches, homespun white cotton pants and shirts and leather sandals, the clothes worn by most peasants in Jalisco.
Coming of Age: Mariachi Vargas
Although the roots of the Mariachi go back hundreds of years, there are no Bachs or Beethovens in its early history because Mariachi music was the music of country people. Until the 1930's Mariachi groups were local and semi-professional. They were almost entirely unknown outside their own region.
This began to change about 60 years ago, when the Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlán n, founded by Gaspar Vargas in 1898, went from Jalisco to Mexico City. They were invited to play at the inauguration in 1934 of populist President Lá zaro Cá rdenas, one of whose great interests was to foster the native culture of Mexico. Catching the Presidents enthusiasm, urban sophisticates took the folk arts to their hearts, and the Mariachi Vargas instantly became the toast of the town. The initial success was only the beginning. Silvestre Vargas, who had taken over from his father as leader of the Mariachi Vargas in 1928, soon hired a trained musician, Rubí n Fuentes, as musical director.
Fuentes, still actively involved with the Mariachi Vargas more than fifty years later, is one of the towering figures in the development of the Mariachi. With the help of Silvestre Vargas, he standardized the arrangements of many of the traditional sones composed many exceptional new huapangos, and wrote arrangements for many of the legendary song writers and singers of his generation, including Pedro Infante , Miguel Aceves Mejía , Lola Beltrán , and José Alfredo Jiménez. By the 1950's he insisted that all his musicians read music. These innovations changed the way Mariachi music moved from one group to another. Gone was the total reliance of the musicians on their ears to pick up new songs, and techniques.
With this giant step toward professionalism coinciding with the development of recordings, radio and film, the Mariachi Vargas was able to become the ideal that all other groups would emulate. With the addition of two trumpets, a classical guitar and more violins, by the 1950's the Mariachi ensemble had become a complete, adaptable orchestra, with the ability to retain its traditional base while it was assimilating new musical ideas and styles. The importance of Mariachi Vargas cannot be overestimated. Its arrangements have become the definitive statements of what the Mariachi should be.
The Mariachi at Special Occasions
Mariachis often help celebrate the great moments in the lives of the Mexican people. With the serenata (serenade), the Mariachi participates in the rite of courtship. In a society where the young members of opposite sexes were kept apart, the serenata was a means of communication by which a young man could send a message of love to the woman of his heart. In many areas of Mexico, it is not unusual to be awakened by the sound of Las Mañ anitas, the traditional song for saints days, or birthdays. The Mariachi is usually positioned strategically on the street beneath the window of the festejada, but the sound of its music echoes through the whole neighborhood. Mariachis are also commonly hired for baptisms, weddings, patriotic holidays, and even funerals. It is not unusual for the deceased to leave a list of favorite songs to be sung beside the grave at burial.
Mariachi music has been incorporated into the Roman Catholic Church's most sacred ritual: the Mass. The Misa Panamericana is a Mariachi folk mass, sung in Spanish, that uses traditional instruments to create vivid new interpretations of the traditional elements of the service: Angelus, Kyrie eleison, Gloria, Alleluia, Offertory, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei.
The first Mariachi Mass was the concept of a Canadian priest, Father Juan Marco Leclerc, and has been celebrated in Cuernavaca since 1966. It originally took place in a small chapel, but news of it spread so rapidly, and the crowds grew so large, that the regular Sunday Mariachi Mass had be moved to the Cathedral of Cuernavaca. It is now frequently performed throughout Mexico, and In many areas in the United States where people of Mexican origin live.
Webjefa: The Albuequerque Mariachi festival has a wonderful write-up on their inductees to their Mariachi Hall of Fame
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What were the V-1 rockets nicknamed by the man in the street during the Blitz? | 'Mariachi has changed my life': Mexican music grabs US students - U.S. News
U.S. News
'Mariachi has changed my life': Mexican music grabs US students
By U.S. News
Email
Courtesy of Ramon Rivera
Members of the Wenatchee High School mariachi band get ready to perform at the Washington Apple Blossom Festival in Yakima, Wash., on April 28.
Mariachi is resounding in hundreds of U.S. public schools offering the festive Mexican folk music as part of their band classes, music experts say. Many student musicians will get a chance to show their passion for it at events surrounding Cinco de Mayo on Saturday.
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“Its popularity has exploded, and music programs all around the country are bursting with enthusiasm,” said Ramon Rivera, the mariachi program director for the Wenatchee School District in Wenatchee, Wash. His mariachi program boasts 300 students, he says, and draws more young players every year from the community of 30,000 residents in north-central Washington.
Mariachi bands are no longer confined to states along the U.S. border or American cities with growing Hispanic populations, said Daniel Sheehy, a mariachi expert and director of the Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage in Washington, D.C.
At least 500 U.S. public schools now offer mariachi as part of their music curricula and there are local and state competitions, Sheeny said. He said members at the Music Educators National Conference have created a task force to see how many mariachi programs had taken root in the last five years.
"Mariachi has all the ingredients to make it a powerful movement," Sheeny said. "It’s infectious and honest music and a touchstone of identity." Sheehy has studied the genre for nearly three decades and is the author of "Mariachi Music in America: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture."
Many school bands are gearing up for Cinco de Mayo celebrations. “There is a saying that we live and breathe mariachi in Texas, and that’s no joke,” said Robert Rodriguez, a mariachi director for the Victor Independent School District in Victoria, Texas. “Cinco de Mayo is one of the biggest days for us. We’ll be playing all day long, from 11 a.m. to 10 p.m.” He said he teaches mariachi to 50 students from the district’s two high schools.
In the Las Vegas area, the Clark County School District's mariachi program has experienced a boom. "We started with four schools and about 250 students in the first year," said Javier Trujillo, who was recruited to help develop the program in southern Nevada in 2002. He said within a decade, the program blossomed to include 15 schools, 16 instructors and 2,500 students. He said he doesn't teach in the schools anymore, but plays in a mariachi band.
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Marcia Neel, who retired this year as coordinator of secondary fine arts for Clark County schools, said Trujillo was being modest about the mariachi program's growth in Las Vegas.
"I would say the numbers of students involved in mariachi is somewhere near 3,000 students," she said. "Mariachi is so popular that I have made it my own personal business, and I have been busy."
She said school districts in Iowa, Tennessee and northern Nevada have invited her to help start mariachi programs at their middle and high schools.
"It is folk music of a country that engages not only the child, but the parent and the entire family," she said. "What is not to love about it?"
The growing number of Mexican-Americans has helped bump up the number of youths interested in the music from their homeland, music instructors say.
But students say it's the beat and the joy of the music that drew them.
"It's my passion, I love it," said Monica Moreno, 14, from Wenatchee High School.
She said she grew up listening to mariachi in her home, where her parents often danced to the music.
"I couldn't stand it," Moreno said. "I hated listening to it while I was growing up. Then everything changed when I watched a performance of mariachi performers at high school. They had passion. They had smiles. They were having fun and that's when I knew I wanted to play in a mariachi band."
Moreno plays the violin in Wenatchee High School's ninth-grade program.
"I will never stop doing it," she said.
The music of mariachi originated in the state of Jalisco, in Mexico, sometime during the 19th century. While no one knows for sure how mariachi started, the style is certain. Musicians wear elaborate traditional suits of the horseman, traje de charro. Love, betrayal, revolutionary heroes, even animals are common themes of mariachi songs. Common instruments are violins, trumpets, guitars, vihuelas (a five-stringed relative of the guitar), and the guitarrón (a large-bodied acoustic bass).
Megan Howard, a 12-year-old seventh-grader at Pioneer Middle School in Wenatchee, says she had always wanted to play guitar but wasn’t interested in classical instruction.
Howard said she first learned how to play mariachi music in fifth grade and now wants to try out for a spot on the high school's mariachi team.
“The music is beautiful, upbeat and fun to play,” said Howard. She said her heart beats along to mariachi.
“Through the music and the musicians I learned about how Mexicans care [about] their land,” she said. “I’ve learned not only to play, but learned to appreciate things that are important in life. Mariachi has changed my life.”
Does your school have a mariachi band? Let us know on the msnbc.com US News Facebook page .
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Who produced the V12 powered Miura – the fastest production car around in the 1970s? | 1971 - 1972 Lamborghini Miura SV | car review @ Top Speed
1971 - 1972 Lamborghini Miura SV
review
by Ciprian Florea +
The Lamborghini Miura SV, also known as the P400SV, was introduced in 1971. Essentially an updated Miura S, the SV was the last and most famous Miura.
Produced in significantly smaller numbers than the previous versions, the SV is also the rarest Miura as well. Although visual updates were mostly subtle, the Miura SV featured extensive drivetrain and chassis upgrades that enhanced both the output and the handling of the car.
The oil crisis and the lack of demand prompted Lamborghini
to halt Miura production in 1973, the same year it launched the Urraco,
its first of only two sports cars
powered by V-8 engines. The Miura was replaced by the Countach
in 1974, a vehicle the company had been working on since 1970.
Shortly before the Miura was discontinued, Ferruccio sold off his controlling shares of the Lamborghini company. Word has it he retired because he achieved everything he had set out to do with the Miura.
Updated 08/24/2016: A very cool Lamborghini Miura P400 SV by Bertone was brought by RM Sotheby’s at the 2016 Monterey Car Week, where unfortunately it failed to sell. The car was estimated to go down for $1,900,000 - $2,200,000. Check the "Pictures" tab for some images taken at the event.
Continue reading to learn more about the Lamborghini Miura SV.
continue reading
Exterior
The most important things Lamborghini changed on the Miura SV on the outside were the rear fenders, which were significantly wider than the Miura S’. Bertone
’s Marcello Gandini had to redesign the rear bodywork to accommodate the new rear suspension with longer wishbones, which added 1.5 inches of length.
The SV was also recognizable for the lack of "eyelashes" around the headlamps.
The modification also allowed Lamborghini to add wider tires at the rear. The wheels were also new; magnesium rims wrapped in Pirelli Cinturato rubber.
Wider fenders and new wheels aside, the SV’s rear fascia also received a pair of taillights sourced from the Fiat
Dino Spyder, which had three distinct clusters, including reverse lights, all separated by chrome surrounds. The previous lamps were smaller and split horizontally.
The front end received better integrated fog lamps and turn signals and a slightly reshaped bumper grille. The SV was also recognizable for the lack of "eyelashes" around the headlamps.
Exterior Dimensions
1100 MM (43.3 Inches)
Interior
The interior of the Miura S, with its locking glovebox lid, single release handles for front and rear body sections and power windows, carried over unchanged into the Miura SV.
The lowered seating position also gave the Miura's cockpit a race-like feeling.
There were two important updates, however: real leather for the seats (replacing the leather-looking vinyl in the previous models) and a Borletti air conditioning system, an option for European cars and standard for vehicles sold in the United States. Only 30 vehicles — 15 percent of total SV production — received this feature.
Despite the lack of updates, the SV’s interior was among the sportier and more luxurious of the early 1970s. Although not as spartan and motorsport-based
as Ferrari
cabins of the era, the Miura’s did come with various racy bits, such as the big center stack with six gauges, the "floating" rev counter and speedo, the bucket seats, and the drilled spokes of the steering wheel.
The lowered seating position also gave the Miura’s cockpit a race-like feeling. On the other hand, the soft carpet covering the floor and the center console, as well as the leather adorning the door panels, set the Miura SV apart from other sports cars
of the era.
Drivetrain
The Miura SV made use of the same 4.0-liter V-12 engine introduced in 1966, but the unit now featured different cam timing and new carburetors. Later on, Miura SV engines included a limited-slip differential, which required a split sump.
Its 0-to-60 mph sprint of 5.7 seconds and quarter-mile time of around 14.3 ticks were among the quickest of the era.
The five-speed manual gearbox now had its own lubrication system, which allowed the use of the appropriate types of oil for both the gearbox and the engine, enhancing the car’s reliability and eliminating some concerns that metal shavings from the gearbox could travel into and damage the engine.
The updated engine generated 380 horsepower and 295 pound-feet of torque, according to Lamborghini, a 15-horsepower improvement over the Miura S and 35 horses more than the original Miura. The Italians also claimed a top speed of 180 mph, but actual tests revealed the SV’s top speed was slower than the Miura S’ due to the larger rear tires at around 170 mph.
Still, the SV was quite the performer, and was the fastest production car in the world at launch. Its 0-to-60 mph sprint of 5.7 seconds and quarter-mile time of around 14.3 ticks were among the quickest of the era.
Much like its predecessors, the Miura SV is widely considered as the first production supercar to employ a mid-mounted engine, a trend later adopted by rival Ferrari.
Drivetrain Specifications
5.75 seconds
Prices
At launch, the Miura SV had a sticker of $13,000, which made it one of the most expensive cars on sale in 1971. In today’s dollars, it would cost nearly $110,000, or as much as a range-topping Dodge Viper
or a Porsche 911 Carrera 4S.
Only 150 units of the Miura SV were built between 1971 and 1973, significantly fewer than the Miura
(275 units) and the Miura S (338 units). The low production numbers and the improved performance made the SV the second-most sought-after Miura after the SV/J,
a special spec model built in only six examples.
Nowadays, Miura SVs can easily fetch more than $800,000 at auction, with mint-condition models changing owners for at least $2 million. In 2014, a beautifully restored Miura SV was sold for $2,090,000 at an RM Auctions event in Monterey, California.
Competition
Maserati Ghibli
Finding a proper competitor for the Miura is next to impossible given it was the car that started the mid-engined supercar craze, but there are a few front-engined vehicles that gave Lambo’s finest effort a run for its money. One of them is the Maserati Ghibli,
a grand tourer introduced in 1967 and produced until 1973.
Although it had its engine under a long hood in front of the windshield, the Ghibli was also a stunning presence on the road. Designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro himself while working for Ghia, the Ghibli was characterized by a low, shark-shaped nose, a sleek roof, and pop-up headlamps. Built as a grand tourer that could seat four, the Ghibli had a more upscale interior than the Miura, with leather seats, better fit and finish, a wood-rimmed steering wheel, and more soft-touch surfaces.
Under the hood, the Ghibli initially came with a 4.7-liter V-8 rated at 310 horsepower. The quad-cam, dry sump mill mated to either a five-speed manual or a three-speed automatic. A more powerful Ghibli SS model was released with a 4.9-liter V-8 and 330 horsepower. This model needed 6.8 seconds to hit 60 mph and had a top speed of 155 mph. Unlike the Miura, the Ghibli was also offered as a convertible.
Although discontinued in 1973, the Ghibli returned in 1992 as a two-door coupe based on the Maserati Biturbo. In 2014, the Italians revived the nameplate once again for a compact, four-door sedan.
Read more about the Maserati Ghibli here.
Ferrari Daytona
Launched less than five years after Enzo Ferrari allegedly told Ferruccio Lamborghini to focus on his tractors and stop complaining about Ferraris, the Miura arrived as a big blow for Maranello. Two years later, Ferrari introduced the 365 GTB/4, unofficially known as "Daytona" after Ferrari’s 1-2-3 finish at the 1967 24 Hours of Daytona with the 330 P3/4. Although the Daytona wasn’t developed to specifically compete against the Miura, but rather as a successor to the 275 GTB/4,
it was widely regarded as Ferrari’s main weapon against Lambo’s supercar.
The Daytona was very similar to the Ghibli, employing the same 2+2 seating configuration and a front-mounted engine. Designed by Pininfarinta, the Daytona also featured a long hood and a raked roofline. Early Daytonas featured fixed headlights behind an acrylic glass cover, but pop-up headlamps were added in 1971 due to new safety regulations in the U.S.. Its interior rivaled the Ghibli’s in terms of luxury, and sported racing seats, a thin dash with horizontally positioned gauges, leather surfaces and a wooden center console.
Motivation was provided by a 4.4-liter V-12 featuring six Weber twin carburetors and a five-speed manual transmission. The engine cranked out 352 horsepower, enabling the Daytona to hit 60 mph in just 5.4 seconds and a top speed of 174 mph.
Unlike both the Miura and the Ghibli, the Daytona was also a successful race car,
obtaining GT class wins in the 1972, 1973 and 1974 24 Hours of Le Mans. In 1979, a car built in 1973 achieved a class victory (and 2nd overall) in the 24 Hours of Daytona.
Find out more about the Ferrari Daytona here.
Conclusion
While most enthusiasts will agree that all classic Lamborghinis are special, the Miura holds a special place in automotive history due to the fact that it was the first-ever production car to sport a two-seat, mid-engine configuration. Without the Miura, the supercar craze would’ve probably started later than it did. It’s not exactly the best comparison, but think of the Miura as the Dodge Caravan.
Its configuration was revolutionary, but unlike the Caravan, its styling was — and still is — downright gorgeous. The Miura is included in just about any Top 10 most beautiful cars ever built (except this one),
and that says a lot about its impact on the automotive industry.
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Villa Park in 1999 was the scene of the very last ….what? | The Birth Of The Supercar: The 1970s - Speedhunters
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The Birth Of The Supercar: The 1970s
SPECIAL FEATURE
25th April 2013 0 Comments
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To kick off our supercar mini theme, let’s go back to the origins of the genre and the decade where the first generation of supercars emerged: the 1970s. It might be the period that time wants to forget in terms of fashion, but it’s the place to go for the exotics that set the scene for pretty much everything we have today.
Right from the birth of the automobile there had always been cars that pushed the limits. If you take the idea that a supercar is one that transcends the norm in terms of speed, performance and their relevance to regular traffic regulations, then you could argue that even the earliest cars deserve that epithet. But the 1960s had led to an explosion of fast cars hitting the roads and the emergence of a new breed of performance brands, as highway networks spread their tendrils further across Europe and America, the global economy picked up and the car became the de facto form of transport. Racing had again gripped the public imagination, but the highest performance cars were mostly limited to the track.
Towards the end of the decade things had begun to change though, with cars like the Lamborghini Miura and Ford GT40 (cars with very different origins) launched. The scene was set for the glorious supercar revolution of the ’70s.
The ’70s was when a new breed of cars, distinct from anything else on the road, began to emerge. Rather than one-offs or race-derived specials that had been seen before, these were proper production cars aimed at a new wealthy and aspirational section of the population. It was a new market that everyone wanted a slice of. Extreme design, extreme performance – extreme exposure.
There was a definable change in the design language as the ’70s arrived, where hand-crafted curves and old-school organic style of the ’60s gave way to a chiselled, machine-code look of hard lines and brute force. Softness be damned: make it sharp, make it look anti-nature. These are the halo cars that looked, sounded and performed like nothing else on the road; the pin-ups of a generation. And most would still happily grace the walls of any car fan today – even the ones that were just concepts, like the 1970 Porsche Tapiro.
But what actually defines a supercar? What makes us look at a car and automatically place it on a pedestal above others, and why was it the ’70s that saw that automotive evolution? It’s not necessarily just cost – though an astronomical price tag did usually come hand in hand. It’s not always about being derived from a racing car – in fact, often the racing car came about after the road-going version at the beginning of the decade. But limited edition? Almost certainly. Mid-mounted engines and two seats? Pretty much always. Exclusive, edgy, dedicated driving machines? Definitely.
Like fine art, supercars transcend their genre – they are a level above grand tourers or tuned sportscars and they take the whole driving and ownership experience to a new level. But that the genre survived the ’70s at all is a testament to their popularity. The oil crises and regulations of mid-decade almost killed off any kind of performance car, but these groundbreaking cars pay testament to the start of something unstoppable.
Lamborghini Countach
1974
Lamborghini’s Miura of the late ’60s is still rightly regarded as one of the most beautiful performance cars ever designed. That car had been a revolution in many ways, and is seen as the father of the mid-engined supercar genre. But in 1974 the Countach took the mould, smashed it and remade it with knives and hammers.
Gone were soft, flowing lines; in came the futuristic spaceship wedge that looked like nothing anyone had seen before on an actual production car. Concepts had dared to explore this territory, but no one had really carried the extreme style through to the road. The cockpit was mounted towards the front of the car to allow better positioning of the huge V12 behind, the doors used a space-age scissor movement and the overall shape was incredibly wide and low, covered in racing-style NACA ducts and intakes. It’s strange to think that the Miura and Countach shared one designer: Bertone’s Marcello Gandini.
The LP400’s 174mph top speed came courtesy of a 3.9-litre, mid-mounted banshee V12 producing 375hp, fitted transversely and in reverse to improve weight distribution and to tick every ‘let’s be different’ box. Underneath the aluminium skin was just as cutting edge, with a spaceframe chassis and fibreglass underbody.
The LP400S was introduced in 1978, and although the engine actually slightly lost power in this version the whole car muscled up, with extended wheel arches to enclose much wider rubber and the option of the iconic flying-V rear wing. It actually slowed the car down, but still – who wouldn’t want the wing? Most customers went for it.
The car is surprisingly compact in the flesh, and with a weight of just 1,000kg (2,200lb) you can see why it went as fast as it looked. Trying to see anything behind you was pointless. The rear view mirror just showed a big engine, and the side mirrors flapped around aimlessly. But then, who or what was ever possibly going to be coming up to overtake a Countach? Who would be reckless enough?! You reverse parked one by opening the door and sitting on the sill. Or you just went nose-first all the time…
The Countach kept on coming: it was in production for 16 years, and was simply the poster child for the new supercar generation – quite literally. When teenagers (and adults) of the time weren’t buying posters of tennis players scratching their posteriors, they were sticking up a big image of a Countach on the wall. Even now people are still transfixed by the car, and it’s not surprising. The Countach is still an utterly captivating object.
Lamborghini Jarama
1970
The Countach had been preceded by the Jarama (a redesigned Islero coupé, made necessary by US standards criteria) and starkly illustrates where supercars had evolved from and the enormous impact of the Countach. It’s a quirky car to include in this company, but demonstrates that tipping point between the old world and the new supercar horizon. The FR Jarama mounted a big 3.9-litre V12 up front, which made for a handy amount of power: 350hp from the first version, and then 365hp from the S version made for the final two years of production.
The aerodynamic body was designed by Gandini at Bertone again, and just 328 were built. Influences from the Jarama can be seen in Japanese cars of the following decade, particularly in the rear three-quarter shaping.
Ferrari 365 GT4 Berlinetta Boxer
1973
Ferrari and Porsche had been locked in a battle for supremacy both on the track and on the road for decades. They both had their own singular approaches – Porsche’s unswerving dedication to small-step evolution in both the shape and concept of the RR 911 (which would meant they wouldn’t join the supercar club until the following decade) and Ferrari’s more boisterous, Latin emotional attachment to the colour red and inserting screaming V12s wherever possible, sensible or not.
The Ferrari 365 GT4 Berlinetta Boxer was designed by styling house Pininfarina, and was first shown at the Turin Motor Show in 1971: the car finally went on sale in limited numbers in 1973 – fewer than 400 were crafted. Pop-up headlights and wedge-shapes were all the rage, allowing for more aero-friendly designs, but that didn’t stop the 365 GT4 BB from being a beautiful car. It might have screamed performance, but it also also tastefully exhibited classically Ferrari sculptural curves to counter that obligatory raked ’70s wedge. Triple rear lights help distinguish it from its similar but less rare descendants.
The concept for the howling 4.4-litre flat 12 was taken from the team’s Formula 1 programme, and sung away from its longitudinal, mid-mounted position – a first for Ferrari, and something that had taken a while for the engineering department at Maranello to convince ‘il Commendatore’, company founder Enzo Ferrari, to accept. Being roundly beaten in racing by mid-mounted opposition helped swing that one.
Faster even than the Countach (this was one car that Lambo drivers had to look out for), it sprinted to 60mph in 5.4 seconds, and had a wafer-thin 1mph top speed differential over the Countach. It also set the template for a whole host of Ferrari supercars to come, starting with its own descendent, the fearsome 512 BB. A 4.9-litre flat 12 now pushed the car to almost 190mph – that magical 200mph mark was getting closer and closer…
De Tomaso Pantera
1971
The Pantera was the upstart in the new supercar era, built by specialist firm De Tomaso in Modena, that area of Italy awash with niche sportscar atelier. Its shaping wasn’t a million miles away from what would come with the Countach a couple of years later, but was more subtle in the execution of its wedge design, carrying over some softer, more ’60s curves. In a way the original design seems like it could sit halfway in design terms between the svelte style of the Miura and the brute angularity of the Countach, just as it does in age.
The Pantera was aimed squarely across the Atlantic, and came full of trick tech that was de rigeur in the States but rare in Europe, like electric windows and air conditioning. That US link was further strengthened by a De Tomaso’s deal with Ford, both for the motivation for the Pantera and dealership forecourt space. The former was the reason for the very different sound to the Pantera compared to the majority of Italian exotica: a deep rumbling V8 rather than barking V6 or howling V12. The initial Panteras used big-on-torque Ford 351ci 5.8-litre V8s mounted amidships and a ZF transaxle, with disk brakes and rack and pinion steering also part of the spec.
Poor build quality meant the first cars sold badly, and the performance wasn’t groundbreaking for such an exotic car. Still, particularly in the States, driving a GTS certainly made you stand out from the crowd. A new V8 was sourced and the cars were constantly played with over the – incredibly – 20 years of the Pantera’s production.
The original lines of the Pantera, which brought together Italian coachbuilder curves and bluff US muscle car presence, gradually became more extreme as the ’80s arrived, hulking-out with wheelarch extensions, wider bodywork and a Countach-like rear wing. All this followed the breakdown of the deal with Ford, after which the cars became largely hand built in far smaller numbers, with hundreds every year rather than the thousands of the Pantera’s glorious beginnings.
Maserati Bora
1971
French firm Citroën had taken a controlling interest in the Italian exotic brand back in 1968, and were quick off the blocks in designing a new-age two-seater supercar. The Bora was shown off at Geneva in 1971, with cars in customers’ hands by the end of that year. Designed by Giugiaro, the Bora used a monocoque chassis with subframes front and rear; suspension was modern double wishbones and coils all round in combination with anti-roll bars.
The shape of the Bora combined that ubiquitous wedge with something far more refined: a large, grand tourer-style rear deck that used plenty of glass to show off both the engine and accentuate the general fastback beauty of the tail. Citroën’s influence was clear in the underlying technology: hydraulics controlled the vented disk brakes, as well as the pedal box, driver’s seat and pop-up headlights. It’s a gorgeous car which oozes style.
The Bora was a solid performer rather than a screamer and Maserati’s classic all-aluminium V8 was initially bored out to 4.7-litres, making for a handy 310hp. Like the Pantera it used a ZF transaxle. Top speed was 170mph, though the 0-60mph was a relatively relaxed 6.5 seconds. There’s another Pantera link: Maserati were sold on again in 1975, and were bought by De Tomaso (of all people). With the Pantera still in production the Bora was naturally sidelined, and just 524 had been built by the time production ceased in 1978.
Aston Martin V8 Vantage
1977
Who says the Brits couldn’t do supercars? Whilst the Germans and Italians slugged it out, Aston Martin came in from the leftfield in 1977 with something that looked like it would be more at home howling down an interstate in America rather than gliding gracefully through London’s classier streets: the V8 Vantage.
US muscle car influence wasn’t just skin-deep: Camaro design cues were clear front and rear, but under the long hood was a thug of a V8: a 5.3-litre block for this gentleman’s brawler.
Big it might have been, but the Vantage hustled along at a fine crack – definitely supercar territory. It was as fast to 60mph as the Porsche Turbo, and could go toe-to-toe with the best around all the way to 170mph, with vented disks helping bring everything to a halt should the need arise.
I still think this is a surprising car to have come from Aston, following on from the shapely DB6 but eschewing the modernist look of so many other cars here. Vive la difference!
Lotus Esprit
1976
From blunt force trauma back to Italian styling sensibilities for our second British supercar of the ’70s: the Lotus Esprit. A Giugiaro design, the compact 1975 Series 1 Esprit continued the ’70s propensity for wedge shapes, combining striking looks with Lotus’ traditional target of light weight. It was devolved from the M70 concept that Lotus had showed off at the Turin Motor Show in 1972 – one of the first wave of angular concepts.
Like the Bora, the S1 was admittedly no performance beast – this was a handling car rather than something you went after outright numbers in. The weight of the steel backbone chassis Esprit was under 1,000kg (2,200lb), but the longitudinal, mid-mounted two-litre engine only produced 160hp.
Less than 900 S1 Esprit rolled off the Lotus lines in the first three years of production before the introduction of the Series 2 in 1978 when small improvements were made on both performance an aesthetic fronts. Aerodynamic efficiency was further improved with changes to the integrated front spoiler, and speed was marginally up to 138mph.
One of the most recognisable road-going S2s was the special edition car made to commemorate Lotus’ multiple Formula 1 World Championships. The JPS used the iconic black and gold livery of the F1 cars, and added gold-coloured alloys and a racing steering wheel.
Lancia Stratos
1972
Like the M1 that follows, the Stratos Stradale was a pure homologation special. With the out-there Stratos, Lancia smashed the outmoded opposition in the World Rally Championship for three years running between ’74 and ’76, winning 17 rounds in the process.
The Stratos Zero concept car had been shown off by Lancia back in 1970, a fully sci-fi wedge designed by Bertone that morphed into the Stratos HF of ’71. The production version retained the wraparound windscreen and wedge shape, and although the new HF toned down the more extreme aspects of the Zero (also design by Miura and Countach maesto Marcello Gandini) it still made everything around it look a decade out of date.
Power for this exotic car came from the Ferrari Dino’s 2.4-litre V6, and with front coilovers, rear MacPhersons and a weight of less than 1,000kg (2,200lb), the Stratos was an exceptional performer. With ‘only’ 190hp, the 60mph sprint still took less than five seconds, and 140mph in top gear pushed it along just fine.
This was a car built primarily to compete, which meant that the Stradale road versions are few and far between: they’re the exception rather than the rule of the 492-odd Stratos that were constructed in period.
BMW M1
1978
The ’70s were drawing to a close as BMW got in on the supercar act with the short-lived and brutal M1. This car is another exception to the rule: the M1 was a deliberate homologation special, made expressly to allow BMW to take on Porsche in sportscar racing.
Lamborghini was originally commissioned by BMW to build the car, though BMW would supply the motor: a fuel-injected, 3.5 litre six-cylinder that featured six throttle bodies and produced 273hp – good for 160mph. However, Lamborghini in ’70s was a less than viable proposition, despite its epic cars, and the Giugiaro-designed supercar was brought in-house for the main production run. Giugiaro would construct the bodies, and BMW would then add mechanicals and finalise the build; less than 500 were built between ’78 and ’81 (only 400 were actually required for homologation).
The M1 used a state of the art spaceframe chassis with a fibreglass body, with the mid-mounted straight-six M88 engine based on the company’s successful M49 unit that had been used in its 3.0 CSL racers.
The M1 spawned not only the fire-breathing, 850hp Group 4 and 5 Le Mans cars, but also the legendary Procar series that pitted contemporary Formula 1 drivers against each other as part of the build-up to the main race. The five fastest F1 drivers from Friday practice (politics and endorsement allowing) would line up against a grid of sportscar and touring car drivers, which made for some amazing racing.
’70s supercars and their concept cousins still play an enormous part in influencing current designs, so it’s not a surprise that manufacturers often hark back to models from that decade with recent concepts – they still look modern. There was a purity and freedom introduced to sportscars that opened up what was acceptable on the road. And the result was pretty much anything goes: as long as it’s fast. We’ll continue to develop that theme in the stories to follow over the next two days. Make sure you join us for exotic drives, a look at the one of the most iconic supercars of all time, the McLaren F1 LM, and looks at the process involved to make a modern supercar.
Jonathan Moore
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Which river has the world’s largest delta? | TOP TEN OF THE WORLD: Top 10 largest deltas in the world
Top 10 largest deltas in the world
The top 10 largest deltas in the world
Ganges-Brahmaputra delta
| Ganges |
In which North American river are the Thousand Islands? | Largest Delta in India - Largest Delta of World - Sunderban Delta
Colors of India : Interesting Facts : Geography : Largest Delta in India
Largest Delta in India
Sundarban is the largest delta in India. The Sundarbans are a part of the world's largest delta formed by the rivers Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna. They are vast tract of forest and saltwater swamp forming the lower part of the Ganges Delta, extending about 260 km along the Bay of Bengal from the Hooghly River Estuary in India to the Meghna River Estuary in Bangladesh. Sunderban covers an area of 4262 sq. km in India.
Sunderban is a unique ecosystem dominated by mangrove forests and gets its name from the Sundari trees. Sunderban is spread over 54 islands and two countries. It is one of the last preserves of the Bengal tiger and the site of a tiger preservation project.
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At which city do the Blue and White Niles meet? | Two Niles Meet : Image of the Day
acquired April 26, 2013 download large image (4 MB, JPEG, 2929x4000)
acquired April 26, 2013 download GeoTIFF file (22 MB, TIFF)
Though it moves just a tiny fraction of the water carried by the Amazon, Congo, or Niger rivers, the Nile is the world’s longest river. Its main tributaries—the White Nile and the Blue Nile—meet in Khartoum, Sudan, a rain-poor city of nearly 2 million residents that relies on the Nile for irrigation. Well-watered crops line the river banks, and patchworks of croplands (including center-pivot irrigated fields) dot the city’s outskirts.
The Advanced Land Imager (ALI) on NASA’s Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) satellite acquired this natural-color image on April 26, 2013, near the end of the region’s dry season. Compared to the White Nile, the Blue Nile is skinny and its highly variable flow is near its lowest point at this time of year. Harsh dry seasons and droughts can periodically dry out the Blue Nile completely.
The White Nile and Blue Nile derive their colors from the sediments they carry. Originating in the Equatorial Lakes region, the White Nile is rich in light gray sediments. As this long river meanders over flat terrain, it loses over half of its water to evaporation.
Shorter than the White Nile, the Blue Nile starts in the highlands of Ethiopia and Eritrea, picking up black sediment en route to Khartoum. The Blue Nile is fed by monsoon rains, and when rains are abundant, the Blue Nile can actually flow backward near its confluence with the White Nile.
Upstream from both rivers, residents rely largely on precipitation for farming. Most of the water extraction along the Nile occurs in Sudan and Egypt, where rainfall is too sparse to support crops. More than 120 millio people rely upon Nile waters for irrigation and other uses.
References
UNESCO (2008, January) Sediment in the Nile River System. Accessed May 9, 2013.
NASA Earth Observatory image by Jesse Allen and Robert Simmon, using EO-1 ALI data from the NASA EO-1 team. Caption by Michon Scott.
Instrument(s):
| Khartoum |
Which recent ITV three-part drama was based on real-life wife killer Malcolm Webster? | Where two Niles meet: a view of life in Sudan – in pictures | Global development | The Guardian
Where two Niles meet: a view of life in Sudan – in pictures
Where two Niles meet: a view of life in Sudan – in pictures
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In Sudan’s bustling capital, Khartoum, which sits at the confluence of the Blue and White Niles, traders sell sim cards on the busy streets while herdsmen tend their sheep and goats nearby. Further south in Kosti, fishermen haul in their catches on the water hyacinth-choked banks of the river
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The BBC satire W1A starring Hugh Bonneville is a follow-up to which show? | BBC Two - W1A, Series 1, Trail: W1A
BBC Two
Interviews
Trail: W1A
From the makers of Twenty Twelve, a brand new comedy starring Hugh Bonneville and Jessica Hynes. W1A - only on BBC Two.
Release date:
| Twenty Twelve |
What is the study of reptiles called? | Hugh Bonneville returns to set of BBC's W1A as he joins cast to film second series | Daily Mail Online
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The cast of W1A have started filming the second series of the BAFTA-winning comedy.
Hugh Bonneville looked unusually cheerful as he shot new episodes outside the BBC studios in London, on Friday morning.
Dressed in a sharp two-piece suit, the Downton Abbey star appeared to be in great spirits while rehearsing some of his lines.
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Hard at work: Hugh Bonneville has started filming the second series of BBC comedy W1A
The 51-year-old actor – who plays Ian Fletcher, the head of the fictional BBC's Head of Values – was also joined on set by co-star Monica Dolan and newbie Samuel West.
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Hugh looked suitably smart playing his corporate character, dressed in a blue trouser suit and a pale pink shirt.
In between takes, he was seen trying to memorise his lines while keeping warm in a padded fur-trimmed jacket and woollen gloves.
Out in the cold: The British star shot new episodes outside the BBC studios in London, on Friday morning
Doing his thing: Dressed in a sharp two-piece suit, the Downton Abbey star appeared to be in great spirits while shooting scenes
Star-studded: He was also joined on set by co-star Monica Dolan and newbie Samuel West
Updating his fans: Samuel, 48, recently took to Twitter to write, 'Doing a few days on #W1A. Excellent costume fitting this morning trying to find a tie which makes no statement at all'
The comedy series is named after the postcode of the BBC Broadcasting offices and is a follow-up to Twenty Twelve, a mockumentary about the organisation of the Olympic Games.
The show sees Hugh’s character reprise his role as the BBC’s Head of Values, which requires him to ‘clarify, define, or re-define the core purpose of the BBC’ as the 2016 Charter Renewal grows close.
Written by John Morton, the four-part drama will open with an hour-long episode, which will then be followed by three 30-minute shows.
In between takes: Hugh was seen trying to memorise his lines while keeping warm in a padded fur-trimmed jacket and woollen gloves
His role: The star plays Ian Fletcher, the head of the fictional BBC's Head of Values
Back to work: The show sees Hugh’s character reprise his role as the BBC’s Head of Values, which requires him to ‘clarify, define, or re-define the core purpose of the BBC’ as the 2016 Charter Renewal grows close
‘Until the cameras roll, it won't be known exactly what crisis will be averted or indeed where Ian's desk will be,’ the BBC confirmed in a statement last year.
‘With charter renewal in 2016 getting ever closer, Ian's job as Chair of the Way Ahead Task Force will be even more important than ever.’
Jessica Hynes and Sarah Parish are set to reprise their roles in the series.
Coming soon: Written by John Morton, the four-part drama will open with an hour-long episode, which will then be followed by three 30-minute shows
The plot: The comedy series is named after the postcode of the BBC Broadcasting offices and is a follow-up to Twenty Twelve, a mockumentary about the organisation of the Olympic Games
Chilly climes: The stars were seen trying to keep warm and sip on hot beverages
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USAF Boeing VC-25 is also known as what when Barack Obama is on board? | VC-25 - Air Force One > U.S. Air Force > Fact Sheet Display
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Mission
The mission of the VC-25 aircraft -- Air Force One -- is to provide air transport for the president of the United States.
Features
The presidential air transport fleet consists of two specially configured Boeing 747-200B's -- tail numbers 28000 and 29000 -- with the Air Force designation VC-25. When the president is aboard either aircraft, or any Air Force aircraft, the radio call sign is "Air Force One."
Principal differences between the VC-25 and the standard Boeing 747, other than the number of passengers carried, are the electronic and communications equipment, self-contained baggage loader, front and aft air-stairs, and the capability for in-flight refueling.
Accommodations for the president include an executive suite consisting of a stateroom (with dressing room, lavatory and shower) and the president's office. A conference/dining room is also available for the president, his family and staff. Other separate accommodations are provided for guests, senior staff, Secret Service and security personnel and the news media.
Two galleys provide up to 100 meals at one sitting. Six passenger lavatories, including disabled access facilities, are provided as well as a rest area and mini-galley for the aircrew. The VC-25 also has a compartment outfitted with medical equipment and supplies for minor medical emergencies.
Background
Presidential air transport began in 1944 when a VC-54, nicknamed the "Sacred Cow," was put into service for Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt. President Roosevelt’s successor, President Harry S. Truman, used the aircraft extensively during the first 27 months of his administration. On July 26, 1947, President Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947 on board the Sacred Cow. This act established the US Air Force as an independent service, making the Sacred Cow the “birthplace” of the US Air Force. Then came a VC-118, nicknamed the "Independence,” which transported President Harry S. Truman during the period 1947 to 1953. It was nicknamed “Independence” after President Truman’s hometown, Independence, Missouri. President Dwight D. Eisenhower traveled aboard a VC-121A and VC-121E, both nicknamed "Columbine II" and "Columbine III", from 1953 to 1961. These two aircraft were named after the official state flower of Colorado in honor of Mrs. Eisenhower’s home state. While the call sign "Air Force One" was first used in the 50s, President Kennedy's VC-137 was the first aircraft to be popularly known as "Air Force One."
In 1962, a VC-137C specifically purchased for use as Air Force One, entered into service with the tail number 26000. It is perhaps the most widely known and most historically significant presidential aircraft. Tail number 26000 is the aircraft that carried President Kennedy to Dallas, Nov. 22, 1963, and returned the body to Washington, D.C., following his assassination. Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn into office as the 36th president on board the aircraft at Love Field in Dallas. In 1972 President Richard M. Nixon made historic visits aboard 26000 to the People's Republic of China and to the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
Tail number 27000 replaced 26000 and carved its own history when it was used to fly Presidents Nixon, Ford and Carter to Cairo, Egypt, Oct. 19, 1981, to represent the United States at the funeral of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat.
The first VC-25A -- tail number 28000 -- flew as "Air Force One" on Sept. 6, 1990, when it transported President George Bush to Kansas, Florida and back to Washington, D.C. A second VC-25A, tail number 29000 transported Presidents Clinton, Carter and Bush to Israel for the funeral of Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin. Tail number 29000 also carved its name in history on September 11, 2001, when President George W. Bush was interrupted as he attended an event at Emma E. Booker Elementary School in Sarasota, Florida, after the attack on the World Trade Center South Tower in New York City. The aircrew safely returned the President and staff members back to Washington, D.C. despite increased threats.
On March 23, 2016, tail number 28000 had the honor of transporting President Barrack H. Obama on a historic trip to Cuba. It was the first visit by a sitting U.S. president since President Calvin Coolidge in 1928.
Today, these aircraft are operated and maintained by the Presidential Airlift Group, and are assigned to Air Mobility Command's 89th Airlift Wing located at Joint Base Andrews, Maryland. The VC-25A continues the unique mission of presidential travel, upholding the proud tradition and distinction of being known as "Air Force One."
General Characteristics
Primary Function: Presidential air transport
Contractor: Boeing Airplane Co.
Power Plant: Four General Electric CF6-80C2B1 jet engines
Thrust: 56,700 pounds, each engine
Length: 231 feet, 10 inches (70.7 meters)
Height: 63 feet, 5 inches (19.3 meters)
Wingspan: 195 feet, 8 inches (59.6 meters)
Speed: 630 miles per hour (Mach 0.92)
Ceiling: 45,100 feet (13,746 meters)
Maximum Takeoff Weight: 833,000 pounds (374,850 kilograms)
Range: 7,800 statute miles (6,800 nautical miles) (12,550 kilometers)
Crew: 30
Introduction Date: Dec. 8, 1990 (No. 28000); Dec. 23, 1990 (No. 29000)
Date Deployed: Sept. 6, 1990 (No. 28000); Mar. 26, 1991 (No. 29000)
Inventory: Active force, 2; ANG, 0; Reserve, 0
(Current as of June 2016)
| Air Force One |
What region did Khrushchev gift to Ukraine in 1954? | Air Force One (VC-25) in Detroit - YouTube
Air Force One (VC-25) in Detroit
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Published on Dec 13, 2012
This video is of VC-25- Air Force One and the Presidential motorcade. President Barack Obama visited Detroit Metro Airport on December 10, 2012. During his visit he spent time at one of the local engine assembly plants, and gave a speech on "Right to Work".
Mission
The mission of the VC-25 aircraft -- Air Force One -- is to provide air transport for the president of the United States.
Features
The presidential air transport fleet consists of two specially configured Boeing 747-200B's -- tail numbers 28000 and 29000 -- with the Air Force designation VC-25. When the president is aboard either aircraft, or any Air Force aircraft, the radio call sign is "Air Force One."
Principal differences between the VC-25 and the standard Boeing 747, other than the number of passengers carried, are the state of the art navigation, electronic and communications equipment, its interior configuration and furnishings, self-contained baggage loader, front and aft air-stairs, and the capability for in-flight refueling.
Accommodations for the president include an executive suite consisting of a stateroom (with dressing room, lavatory and shower) and the president's office. A conference/dining room is also available for the president, his family and staff. Other separate accommodations are provided for guests, senior staff, Secret Service and security personnel, and the news media.
Two galleys provide up to 100 meals at one sitting. Six passenger lavatories, including disabled access facilities, are provided as well as a rest area and mini-galley for the aircrew. The VC-25 also has a compartment outfitted with medical equipment and supplies for minor medical emergencies. The aircraft is one of a kind.
General Information
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In alchemy what was Aqua Fortis? | Alchemical Symbols - Acids
Alchemical Symbols - Acids
Back to alchemical symbols page .
Aqua Fortis Geber made this 'strong water', Nitric acid, by distilling green vitriol, with saltpetre and alum. When pure it is a colourless liquid, but it is often tinged brown by dissolved nitrogen oxides, which also give it a peculiar smell. It reacts vigorously with most metals, but Gold will withstand its action. It is also a powerful oxidising agent, and will react with most substances.
Aqua Regia A mixture of one part nitric acid (aqua fortis) and three or four parts hydrochloric acid (spirit of salt). It was called the 'King's water' because it was able to corrode and dissolve the king of metals, gold.
Spirit of Salt. Made by distilling common salt and Green Vitriol. This is the strong acid now known as Hydrochloric acid, and is very reactive with most substances.
Oil of Vitriol. Made by distilling Green Vitriol (Iron Sulphate). This is now known as Sulphuric acid and is one of the strongest of mineral acids.
Vinegar.. Made by distilling wine that has been allowed to go sour. A medium strong acid which reacts with most organic substances, and forms salts with some metals, for example Lead acetate, or 'sweet lead'.
Distilled vinegar
| Nitric acid |
Halophytes are plants adapted to growing in which conditions? | Medusa's Kitchen: Silver Into Aqua Fortis
Silver Into Aqua Fortis
Alchemical Preparation of Silver Nitrate
—De re metallica, 1556
A BEAT DREAMS OF ST. FRANCIS
On the second hand
of a third note laughter
by the fourth estate
of the sixth day of media
reading aloud
crossing by the ninth circle
of the lyrical tenth kiss
washing the beggar's feet
drawn by a musical heaven
at the crossing of a twelfth abyss
from a Beat poet's alchemy
of silver into aqua fortis
born on November thirteenth
as of creation in awe
at the miracles of St. Francis
meeting at the Fourteenth station
at the fifteenth prophetic sound
from the sixteenth lost poet
who composes madrigals
of wonder in the underground.
[Ed. Note: In alchemy, aqua fortis (Latin for "strong water") is nitric acid (HNO3). Being highly corrosive, the solution was used in alchemy for dissolving silver and most other metals with the notable exception of gold, which can be dissolved using aqua regia or "regal water".]
Fish (Poisson), 1926
of fish and terrestrial mammals
at my daydream
set on the cold shore
in the harbor seal silhouette
features pedestals of birds
in a motif of your sculpture
on a blanket canvas
by wishing an on-sight schemata
from the sensual culture
of these ardor of creatures
by the color of my words.
—Anonymous
a poem is finely drawn
in his armchair
feet flat on the floor
spies at a Hartford window
with a glare
when flakes of snow fall
awaking children's laughter
that labor in the veneer
of war being benign,
in an age of fear,
is not lost;
you who made us aware
to love our neighbors,
for a witness to care
about every holocaust.
over the stage of the ballet hall
here at my tender age
dressed in a tux
asked to play first violin
glancing at the audience
with the harp of consciousness
of an utterance in a visionary
trance at tumultuous throbbing dance
with masked costumes of Bakst
as tentative lovers at last word
in their own witness of calling
on Stravinsky's moment
desire in memory of romance
to discover a luminary's world.
—Picture Poem by Kenneth Patchen
of an interior stubble of spaces
in five-o’clock shadows
as we survey our arguments
of a dripping midnight ink
sounding out what we alarms
shutter our adolescent exposure
and a venture of brave appearances
thinking out loud at the Louvre
unraveled in our nourishment
where living down of daydreams
from the posture of a Paris love
these much-too traveled voices
of canvas at the art of words
fairly wander over a continuous
alcove serving nomenclature
in repast of our culture
of double concave worlds.
—Painting by René Magritte, 1950
MAGRITTE'S TIME
Etches of red unravel prose
bathed in a revolutionary art
to a time of invention
covered in your pulse
the sky, grass and palm trees
in a yearning for daylight hours
to form the coiled tongues
of figs, clouds, oranges
departing with a new creation
grafted as bardic images
in the markets and alleys
fleeing the Occupation.
—Painting by René Magritte, 1952
SAMUEL JOHNSON AT 75
or his own wise history
in business of a tell-all
he is melancholy
White Cliffs of Dover, Kent, England
—Anonymous Photo
here is an exiled time for
silence in the dawn
to reach out for pardon
among the shells and rocks
even to view the night squalls
in the home harbor's sun
at a park in an English garden
going over to Dover
watching the last white swan
over the waves appear
as a sea-voice bird motions
in perfect harmony and pitch
away from the ditch water
and I've done taking out the boat
into the Atlantic Ocean.
The Marriage of Heaven and Hell
—William Blake, 1908
Like threads in the sunlight
of tapestries
unwinding on a visionary loom
a faint sunlight has shone
over an artist of skills
as we wander for hours
in the breezy poet's room
by the church's stained windowsills
over Blake's statue of dominion
in shadows of Westminster Abbey
as a mystic hears chants in the rain
by shadows of the twelve Apostles
who is continuously pencil-sketching
even through the last night vapors
leave us to search for your statue
on a summer's seasoned hour,
remembering his bold "relief etching"
from some papers floating in mind
imagining him in a dream vision
stretching his cosmic powerful words
hearing by blinds
from the raucous thunder fog
listening to the wondrous chorus
on a branch of sea-bird wings
picturing him customarily awakening
hearing all of nature sing
imaging a potter's wheel
one by one on the high shelf
reddened by words of a cosmic rust
and weeping tears myself
William cannot forsake his task
to be done
revealed in his Songs of Innocence
this Blake, an idiomatic artist poet
and solo visionary
splashes as his anointed oils glow
in appointed watercolor patterns
as a dynamo overtaking Romantic art
deposits his frescoes stretching
for his all-knowing eye gates
of his own inventive Inferno
in illuminated manuscripts
to illustrate a historic glorious verse
as in a luminary's dynamic break
with the shaky dust of the past
he blurbs in faint highlights
among angels which rose and fell
as a nature poet and an artist
in a loving second illustrious career
from proverbs of Heaven and Hell
who toils to be reviewed and outlasted
as he illustrates Chaucer
and Dante from tempera paint
with inundated different chalks
on a snow-white boned china
or an angelic saucer will not shock
as he traces a new sainted art
and talks like a renewed artist
going past us as a lone eccentric
to show us to walk a kindly peace
how a clever genius unleashes poetry
for he is still with us to sum up, to ask
our secret anthropomorphic wishes
never to depart in stone masks
as he will have vetted to fulfill
an increase of our own creativity.
_____________________
—Medusa, thanking BZ Niditch for today’s fine culinary fare and inspiration!
Emily Dickinson
I HAD no time to hate, because
The grave would hinder me,
And life was not so ample I
Could finish enmity.
Nor had I time to love; but since
Some industry must be,
The little toil of love, I thought,
Was large enough for me.
______________________
Celebrate poetry with Emily tonight by heading
down to Poetry Unplugged at Luna’s Café at 8pm,
or over to Poetry in Davis to hear Will Greene and
Jamil Kochai, also 8pm. Scroll down to the blue box
(under the green box at the right) for info about this
and other upcoming readings in our area—and note
that other readings may be added at the last minute.
Photos in this column can be enlarged by clicking on them once,
then click on the X in the top right corner to come back
to Medusa.
OUR BULLETIN BOARD ON THE KITCHEN WALL: Get Stoned on Medusa and Her Bad-Hair Days
Medusa: That moody Gorgon from whose head so many Snakes do sproingggg...
CARPE VIPERIDAE—Seize the Snake!
Snake Drawings are by
POETRY NOOZ— Local & Otherwise—
Indigo Moor Chosen Sac. Poet Laureate
Sacramento County is proud to name Indigo Moor as its new Poet Laureate, succeeding Jeff Knorr (and many thanks to Jeff for his service!). For more about Moor, go to www.indigomoor.org/bio /. For his comments upon being selected, go to www.facebook.com/sacpoetry.center and scroll down to his photo. Congratulations, Indigo!
Poetry on Buses!
"Five poems by local students will be featured on 225 city buses this fall in an effort by the Sacramento Poetry Center, the Sacramento Metropolitan Arts Commission and 916 Ink to highlight the talent of youth in our city." This information is from a Sacramento Press article written recently by Bethany Harris; see sacramentopress.com/2016/10/17/keeping-poetry-alive-local-youth-poetry-featured-on-buses-this-fall for the complete article.
FOR YOUR READING PLEASURE—
•••Ginosko; see GinoskoLiteraryJournal.com
For more area journals, scroll down past this green box to the blue box below it, then keep scrolling past the calendar info to "Hot, Hot Journals Full of Hot, Hot Poetry!".
Other publishing notes:
•••Laverne Frith has a new review of Phillip Levine's The Last Shift in New York Journal of Books. See www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/last-shift-poems
•••And for your listening pleasure: The Soft Offs featuring Laura Martin: www.youtube.com/user/TheSoftOffs/videos
SEED OF THE WEEK—
...is The Watchers.
Click on Placating the Gorgon or Calliope's Closet (in the FUCHSIA LINKS at the top of Medusa) for info on our Seeds of the Week (SOWs), and keep scrolling down this green board for different types of SOWs. But don't be shy: send poems/photos/art about other subjects, too, to [email protected]/. No deadline on SOWS, and no need to be just a lurker...!
Need more SOWS?
For previous Seeds of the Week and Forms to Fiddle With, plus other cool stuff, scroll back up to the FUCHSIA LINKS and click on Calliope's Closet. (Wow! What a list of SOWS we have there!—several years' worth!)
•••Go to Writer's Digest and find the poetry prompts at "Poetic Asides": www.writersdigest.com/editor-blogs/poetic-asides
•••The biannual online The Prompt, by the way, publishes only poems written from prompts: promptlitmag.org /. See their Editor's Challenge, too!
FORMS WTH WHICH TO FIDDLE
For those of us who love pain...
[Scroll back up to the FUCHSIA LINKS and click on Medusa Mulls for where we stand on poetry forms. And go to Calliope's Closet for a complete list of forms we've done in the past.]
MORE FOOD for the BRAIN
This is your brain on poetry...
Here are some items of note to get your brain a-stewin'. Or scroll back up to the FUCHSIA LINKS at the top of the blog for even more in On-Going Workshops/Retreats—not to mention spoons and ladles like Calliope's Closet and Publishing— all designed to stir up those poetry brain juices of yours!
•••On-going:
—SPC Tues. night workshop at Hart Sr. Ctr. in Sac. (call Danyen Powell at 530-756-6228 for info).
—SPC Thurs. night workshop, Valley Hi N. Laguna Library, 7400 Imagination Pkwy, Sac. Facilitated by Rhony Bhopla. ring 15 c. of your one-pg. (or less) poem, 12-size font, your name on the bottom of the page.
—Shut Up & Write! national writing group for all genres: www.meetup.com/shutupandwritesacto/#past
—Tuesday at Two informal poetry workshop every Tuesday, 2-3pm at El Dorado Arts Council's Fausel House Gallery, 772 Pacific St. (behind Buttercup Pantry on Main St.), Placerville. All are welcome; free.
•••And watch these sources for more workshops:
—Alexa Mergen ( yogastanza.org )
—Trina Drotar for classes in poetry and visual arts such as bookbinding (www.trinaldrotar.blogspot.com ). What poet can't use a really cool bound book?
SUBMIT, I SAY— SUBMIT!
Get your poetry out into the world—
Hint: Our FUCHSIA LINK on Publishing at the top of Medusa might help you get started with your submissions journey, and here are some other journals and contests that may be looking for YOU (you won't know unless you try).
•••Jan. 28: Contest deadline for 91st Annual Poets' Dinner/Contest: sites.google.com/site/poetsdinner /. Must be present at the April 1 dinner to win.
On-going:
•••James Lee Jobe has a new blog, "paz", to feature anti-war poems, peace poems, poems that encourage non-violence, and poems for social justice and social change. Email poems to [email protected].
•••SF's Rattle: Every "even" issue (e.g. 48, 50) is open, no deadline. See www.rattle.com/poetry/submissions /guidelines
•••Rattle is also looking for a poem written within a week of a public event that occurred within the last week. The chosen poems will appear every Sunday on their website.
Selected poets will receive $25. To have your own poem
considered for next week’s posting, submit it before midnight Friday PST. See
www.rattle.com/poetry/submissions/guidelines (Scroll down to "Poets Respond".)
•••See also Rattle's monthly ekphrastic challenges at www.rattle.com/ekphrastic
•••Manzanita Writers Press's new online anthology/blog accepts poetry/art/photography/prose: www.manzapress.com/2Guidelines%20for%20Submission%20Out%20of%20the%20Fire%208-4-16%20(2).pdf
•••Songs of Eretz Poetry Review: eretzsongs.blogspot.com/p/e-zine.html
•••The Bleeding Lion: emphasis on anatomy, the macabre, cross-cultural, visual arts: thebleedinglion.com/submissions
•••Sinister Wisdom poetry and artwork (now for 40th anniversary issue, otherwise on-going) publishes only work by Lesbians, particularly reflecting a diversity of experiences: www.sinisterwisdom.org/submit
•••HEArt Online seeks outstanding writing and art that speaks to our mission: promoting the role of artists as
human rights activists through public recognition of art as
a vehicle for social reform. Please submit only unpublished
work (except music & videos) that deals artistically with
fighting discrimination and promoting social justice,
addressing issues of sexuality, race, class, etc. See heartjournalonline.com
•••Hour of Writes Weekly Writing Competition: new titles every week, only one hour to write your entry. See hourofwrites.com/index/welcome
•••The Blue Shift Journal has two online issues and one print issue per year. See theblueshiftjournal.com
•••Circe's Lament: An Anthology of Wild Women (Accents Publishing) looks for poems about goddesses, gunslingers, shape-shifters, blues singers, oracles, and scandalous divorcees—or any wild women you know, including yourself. Send 1-3 poems to [email protected]
•••Allpoetry Community Anthology (world's largest poetry community?) seeks poems for its annual anthology. Also monthly free contests. On-going deadline: see allpoetry.com
Other possibilities:
•••Sac. Poetry Center's Tule Review invites submissions for its next issue at spcsacramentopoetrycenter.submittable.com/submit
or for the quarterly Poetry Now at poetrynowblog.wordpress.com
•••convergence: see www.convergence-journal.com/submit.html Deadlines are Jan. 5, June 5
•••Song of the San Joaquin Quarterly has deadlines of Feb. 1, May 3, Aug. 2 and Nov. 1. [Note change in reading periods.] See www.chaparralpoets.org/SSJ.html ; email [email protected]
•••Cal. Federation of Chaparral Poets, Inc. has a monthly contest open to all. Cash prizes! See www.chaparralpoets.org/monthly.html
•••The Prompt online literary magazine seeks year-'round submissions based on prompts or exercises. See promptlitmag.org
•••Looking for a second place to publish poems that have already been published once? Try Little Eagle's RE / VERSE at littleeaglereverse.blogspot.com or yourdailypoem.com
•••Poet/publisher J.D. Hart encourages on-going submissions to several of his sites, including
•••Here's a link to Poets & Writers' dandy list of lit-mag possibilities: www.pw.org/literary_magazines?&perpage=*
plus their list of small presses: www.pw.org/small_presses
plus their lists of up-coming contest deadlines: www.pw.org/grants
WEBILICIOUS!
Click on the red web above to ride Medusa at Six Flags!
Got a website or an article about poetry and/or writing, local or otherwise, that interests you? Pass it on to [email protected]/. Meanwhile, click the pic to see what's on Webilicious this week!
SEE MEDUSA'S SCRAPBOOK on FACEBOOK—More pix!
If you're "on" Facebook, click/pic or type in Medusa's Kitchen for lots more photos and other poetic adventures! Our latest albums:
•••AUTUMN IN THE FOOTHILLS by Katy Brown
•••REUTLINGER MANSION IN SF by Michelle Kunert
FOR THE POETRY GOURMET—
ON THE AIR
Radio programs featuring poetry and more—
••• www.poetrytechnology.com : "Dr. Andy's Poetry and Technology Hour" with Dr. Andy Jones (Weds. from 5-6pm on KDVS 90.3 FM)
••• jp-dancingbear.squarespace.com : "Out of Our Minds" with JP Dancingbear (Weds. from 8-9pm on KKUP 91.5 FM)
•••The Moore Time for Poetry series on Channel 17 Comcast/Surewest cable, AT&T U-verse Channel 99, or view online at www.accesssacramento.org and click on the "Watch Channel 17" button. First and Third Tuesdays at 10 p.m., First and Third Wednesdays at 2 p.m., First and Third Thursdays at 6 a.m. Hosted by Terry Moore. Call 916-208-7638 for more info.
•••Poetry Foundation’s Poetry Off the Shelf, a weekly podcast at www.poetryfoundation.org/features/audio?show=Poetry%20Off%20the%20Shelf /.
•••Naked Lounge's Coffee and Poets, occasional podcasts of poet interviews: etrigg.com/location/the-naked-lounge-1111-h-street-95814-sacramento-ca/289332
FEELIN' FRISKY?
Click the dawg for some poetry terminology quizzes!
LITTLE TIPS FROM THE GRAMMAR GIRL
QuickAndDirty!
Click on Mignon for some fun tips about those tricky-snake, swampy confusions that pop up in grammar as we write.
AND TODAY'S WORD IS...
Click/pic to find out!
THE REST OF THE B-BOARD! Enter at your own risk; NorCal poetry is SMOKIN'!
Watch this spot on a daily basis for what cooks in NorCal poetry! (Like everything else, it keeps on changing...)
Scroll back up to the top of Medusa and go to On-Going Reading Series or Workshops/Retreats in the FUCHSIA LINKS for a more comprehensive list of regular offerings in our area.
Other sites to check for poetry news and area events include:
••• sacramento365.com (go to Poetry & Literature under Performance)
•••Bay Area events: poetryflash.org/calendar
Don't see your reading event listed on Medusa? That's probably because you didn't send it to us! We try to find every event in our area, but sometimes we miss, or even though we see an event listed as "on-going", we might not list it because we're not sure—maybe you've taken a week off. So keep us in the know, and we'll do our best to advertise for you. It's such a shame to invite poets to read for you, and then to fail to advertise them.
Want to learn about some Bay Area events? Debralee Pagan (debralee@astoundnet) publishes an e-newsletter called "Strictly East" (Poetry Past the Caldecott Tunnel)—email her for a free subscription. See also www.poetryflash.org .
THIRD THURSDAYS AT THE CENTRAL LIBRARY Thurs. (1/19), 12 noon
Thurs. (1/19), 12noon: Third Thursdays at the Central Library (read-around), 801 I St., Sacramento. Hosts: Mary Zeppa, Lawrence Dinkins.
STRAIGHT OUT SCRIBES at Luna's Thurs. (1/19)
Thurs. (1/19), 8pm: Poetry Unplugged at Luna’s Cafe presents Straight Out Scribes plus open mic. 1414 16th St., Sac. Host: frank andrick. Free, but please partake of Art Luna’s fine food and libations.
WRITERS RESIST in Davis Thurs. (1/19)
Thurs. (1/19), 8pm: Writers Resist in Davis: A Poetry Night of Protest at the John Natsoulas Gallery, 521 1st St., Davis. Bring short examples of poetry/prose showing resistance against censorship, discrimination, injustice, prejudice, sexism, racism, homophobia, ageism, scapegoating, religious intolerance, and various forms of corruption. Click pic for more info about the event and the national organization, Writers Resist.
JONES & FRITH in Sac. Sat. (1/21)
Carol Frith (photo by Katy Brown)
Sat. (1/21), 4:30pm: Sacramento Voices presents Carol Frith, Aeisha Jones plus open mic. 25th & R Sts., Sac. Host: Phillip Larrea.
MORE THAN A WEEK AWAY—
•••Weds. (1/23), 6-7pm: Poetry in Motion, Placerville Sr. Ctr., 937 Spring St. (off Tunnel St.), Placerville. Bring your own poems, or those of a favorite poet; or just come to listen. Free; all ages welcome.
•••Fri. (1/27), 7:30pm: Unitarian Universalist Church of Davis presents Susan Kelly-DeWitt, Carlena Wike plus open mic. Church library, 27074 Patwin Rd., Davis. Host: Allegra Silberstein. (4th Friday instead of 3rd, this month only)
•••Sat. (1/28), 2-4pm: Poetic License, Placerville Sr. Ctr., 937 Spring St. (off Tunnel St.), Placerville. Suggested topic for January is "berserk". Bring your own poems, or those of a favorite poet; or just come to listen. Free; all ages welcome.
•••Sun. (1/29), 10am-12noon: Capturing Wakamatsu: A Poetry Workshop with Taylor Graham and Katy Brown at the historic Japanese colony and farm in Placerville. See www.arconservancy.org/event/capturing-wakamatsu-poetry-workshop for information and registration. (Moved from 1/8)
•••Sat. (2/4), 2-4pm: Crossroads Reading Series presents four Poets Laureate, past and present, at Poet Laureate Park in Sac.: Andy Jones, Allegra Silberstein, Viola Weinberg, Indigo Moor. Poet Laureate Park is located at 2901 Truxel Rd., Sac. Surprises for those who arrive early! Info: www.facebook.com/events/1211845048852627
•••Sat. (2/4), 2pm: Jennifer O’Neill Pickering discusses her process of publishing an Indie book, plus a short reading. Avid Reader at Tower, 1600 Broadway, Sac.
•••Tues. (2/7), 7-9pm: El Dorado County Poetry Out Loud Poetry (Recitation) Competition for high school finalists. Imagination Theater, 100 Placerville Dr. (inside ED County Fairgrounds), Placerville. Free. Info: eldoradoartscouncil.org/poetry-out-loud ; for info about Nationals (held Apr. 25-26 in Washington D.C.), go to www.poetryoutloud.org/competition/national-finals
•••Sat. (3/11), 3-5pm: Book release for Caledonia’s Daughters, an Afro-futuristic Anthology by Staajabu, ed. by Dr. V.S. Chochezi. GOS” Art Gallery Studio, 1825 Del Paso Blvd., Ste. 2, Sac. Free.
•••Sun. (5/21), 3pm: Lincoln Library presents Jennifer O’Neill Pickering plus open mic. 485 Twelve Bridges Dr., Lincoln.
And there's always Luna's...
Every Thurs. night, 8pm: Be sure to check out Poetry Unplugged at Luna's Cafe (1414 16th St., Sacramento) at least once in your life! 20 years of wild/crazy poetry, with featured readers and plenty of open mic—not to mention Art Luna's wonderful food and dandy libations! Readings are free, but a one-drink minimum purchase is appreciated. Click/pic for more about Luna's Cafe, or see www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZEIRBEEqNtw for more about Poetry Unplugged. And get there early!
WHAT'S COOKIN' at SAC POETRY CTR?
Click/pic for info
See also www.facebook.com/sacpoetry.center for SPC events and other news.
POETRY CENTER GALLERY PRESENTS:
January: Sable & Quill: Exhibit & Reading of Writers & Their Visual Art, curated by Jennifer O’Neill Pickering.
(Poetry Center Gallery is open MWF 10-3, and is curated by Bethanie Humphreys)
OTHER EVENTS:
•••Mon. (1/16), 7:30pm: Straight Out Scribes, NSAA, and others plus open mic. 25th & R Sts., Sac. Host: Emmanuel Sigauke.
•••Thurs. (1/19), 12noon: Third Thursdays at the Central Library (read-around), 801 I St., Sacramento. Hosts: Mary Zeppa, Lawrence Dinkins.
•••Sat. (1/21), 4:30pm: Sacramento Voices presents Carol Frith, Aeisha Jones plus open mic. 25th & R Sts., Sac. Host: Phillip Larrea.
•••Mon. (1/23), 7:30pm: Marcelo Hernandez Castillo, Rose Martinez plus open mic. 25th & R Sts., Sac. Host: Tim Kahl.
•••Mon. (1/30), 7:30pm: Forrest Gander plus open mic. 1000 Mariposa Hall, Cal. State University, 6000 J St., Sac.
If you are an Amazon shopper, don't forget to make your purchase through smile.amazon.com . Designate the Sac. Poetry Center so that they may receive a 0.5% donations. (This doesn't change the price of the items.) A win for your non-profit!
AND NOW FOR MORE FUN—
HOT, HOT JOURNALS FULL OF HOT, HOT POETRY!
Online and otherwise—
Here are some journals and other publications that are local-ish (okay, there are some Bay Area ones in here, too). If we've left anybody out, let us know!
Plus, keep an eye on the college scene. Some of those journals accept submissions from non-students, though they usually have more limited (mostly annual) deadlines. Go to Medusa's Hot Links for Calaveras Station, Penumbra, Suisun Valley Review, Cosumnes River Journal, but be aware that college journals come and go in this time of tight funding.
...keep scrolling down this skinny blue box for NorCal online journals, publishers, more than 100 Hot Links and much, much more!
POETRY NOW
Poetry Now is the quarterly journal from Sacramento Poetry Center. Click/pic for submissions guidelines.
TULE REVIEW
Click/pic for guidelines to submit to Sac. Poetry Center's Tule Review (print).
OccuPoetry
The online OccuPoetry collects and publishes poetry about economic justice/injustice, greed, protest, activism, and opportunity. Click pic for editions and submission info.
SACRAMENTO POETRY, ART and MUSIC
Eskimo Pie Girl!
Run by Eskimo Pie Girl (from Alaska) Rebecca Morrison, this long-standing website has much on-going poetry and art. Click/pic for SPAM.
CONVERGENCE
Cover Photo: Pike Place Clown Band by Viola Weinberg
Click/pic to enter the latest issue! convergence (online) has new editorial choices every month, too, at www.convergence-journal.com/editors Or check them out on Facebook at www.facebook.com/#!/pages/Convergence-An-online-journal-of-poetry-and-art/128353453912079
EKPHRASIS
Ekphrastic writing done right—
Ekphrastic writing ain't easy, but this semi-annual journal, edited by Sacramento's Carol and Laverne Frith, shows us how it's done. (Art is supposed to be a springboard for ekphrastic poems, not just a description of the scene.) Click/pic to order your copies. The Friths also offer the Ekphrasis Prize every year.
DADs DESK
Little Journal w/the Big Letters!
Sacramento's Carol Louise Moon edits this small, action-packed poetry journal that is printed in large type. Copies are available at The Book Collector. Submissions are by invitation only.
BREVITIES
Another Wee Wonder!
Joyce Odam's half-sized Brevities packs a wallop with its monthly collection of poets from around the country. E-mail Joyce about submissions at [email protected].
MUNYORI LITERARY JOURNAL
Joanne Hillhouse (photo by Andy Williams)
Click/pic to go to Munyori Literary Journal (online), edited by Sacramento's Emmanuel Sigauke and featuring writers from around the world.
SONG OF THE SAN JOAQUIN
Song of the San Joaquin (print), edited by Salida's Cleo Griffith, is a quarterly journal of the San Joaquin chapter of Calif. Fed. of Chaparral Poets, Inc. Subject matter is the Central Valley, whether you live there or not. There is a reading in Modesto to premier each issue. Click/pic for more.
BLUE MOON
Sacramento artist and writer Jennifer O'Neill Pickering is the featured artist in the latest issue (#8) of Blue Moon Literary and Art Review (print). Click/pic for more info. Available at Avid Reader in Sac. and Davis, and in Davis at Newsbeat, Konditorei Austrian Pastry Cafe, John Natsoulas Ctr. for the Arts, Rominger West Winery.
MANZANITA WRITERS PRESS
Manzanita Writers sponsors publications, workshops and readings in Calaveras County under the guiding hand of Monika Rose, including their weekly radio program for writers ( manzapress.com/radiotv ). Click/pic for more.
GINOSKO
Click pic to download the Bay Area's online Ginosko Literary Journal, edited with a deft hand by Ron Cesaretti in Fairfax.
POETRY FLASH
Literary Review and Calendar
The venerable Poetry Flash (online, print), edited and published for a very long time by Joyce Jenkins, is the go-to publication for the Bay Area and much of NorCal. Click/pic for a look-see.
TEA PARTY (OAKLAND)
No, not THAT tea party...
Here's a lively print publication out of Oakland... Click/pic for more.
LATEST CANARY!
Click/pic for the latest issue of Canary, an online literary/poetry journal of the environmental crisis, pub. by Hip Pocket Press. The Entrekins live in Orinda now, but they used to live in Grass Valley. HP Press also publishes books and the online Sisyphus.
See also literaryfolk.wordpress.com/recommended-northern-california-journals-and-presses or
www.metroactive.com/papers/sfmetro/12.07.98/litmags-9847.html for more Bay Area publications, such as Syndic Literary Journal ( syndicjournal.us ), SF Peace and Hope ( sfpeaceandhope.com ), Haight Ashbury Literary Journal ( www.facebook.com/pages/Haight-Ashbury-Literary-Journal/365542018331 ) and ZYZZYVA (www.zyzzyva.org) .
____________________
OTHER PUBLISHER-FRIENDS
For the bookworm—or is that booksnake?
Here are some more publishers (local and friends of locals) to watch for. Most of their books are available at The Book Collector, 1008 24th St., Sac., or you can order directly.
Other local presses of note which are less active include Geoffrey Neill's little m press ( littlempress.com ) and Robert Grossklaus's Polymer Grove ( dphunkt6.xanga.com ).
POEMS-FOR-ALL
The wee-est of books with plenty of punch!
Richard Hansen's tiny Poems-for-All are published out of San Diego now. Click/pic for more.
ABOUT THE SWAN
Click pic for what's new from Swan Scythe Press.
FOLLOW THE ROAN
CSUS Professor Brad Buchanan's Roan Press publishes books occasionally. Click/pic for more.
R.L. CROW
Bill Gainer's R.L. Crow Publications has a distinguished history of publishing distinguished poets. Click/pic to check them out. R.L. Crow also sponsors The Magnet Project—beautiful square magnets with poems from local poets (art design by Richard Hansen). These are free; look for them at The Book Collector or from Bill or Richard.
SIX FT. SWELLS
Todd Cirillo, Julie Valin and Matt Amott publish After Hours Poetry of their own and others in occasional anthologies and other books. Click/pic for more.
KOOL STUFF FROM KAMINI
Kamini is a long way away, but they do publish locals like Annie Menebroker and other Snake Pals. Click/pic for their latest.
PRESA PRESS
Presa Press publishes books and magazines, including Presa Magazine, focusing on the lively small press poets—including many Snake Pals from around the country. Click/pic for more.
LATEST FROM LUMMOX
Click/pic for what's new from R.D. Armstrong's Lummox!
______________________
Send us your "classifieds" (these are whatever YOU think they are...)!
•••Go to thepoetrybox.com for custom poetry, and more goodies to come!
•••Order Jennifer Pickering's artwork on cups, magnets, prints, tiles and T-shirts from shop.cafepress.com/jennifer-pickering or order cards and prints of her work at fineartamerica.com/art/all/jennifer+pickering/all
______________________
Danyen Powell, Shawn Pittard (photo by Sandy Thomas)
Poetic Connections
______________________
WANT TO FIND PAST POEMS THAT APPEARED ON MK?
Once posted, our poems remain in the cybersphere forever and ever. (Scary!—Medusa's past lives after her.) To find them, go to the white search bar at the tippy-top left-hand corner of MK, next to the red letter (is that an "e" or a "b"?), and type in the poet's name (be sure you have the correct spelling, initials, etc.). Voilà!—every post in which that name appears will show up right there on the blog! Or, if you know the date the poem was posted, we also have —> —>
MEDUSA'S RAP-SHEET! Archives: Finding Past Posts
Check out the Bad Girl Gorgon's past—What has gone before...
| i don't know |
Who is the current Secretary of State for Transport? | Rt Hon Sir Patrick McLoughlin MP - UK Parliament
Rt Hon Sir Patrick McLoughlin MP
Rt Hon Sir Patrick McLoughlin MP
Constituency
House of Commons, London, SW1A 0AA
Tel: 020 7219 3511
Cabinet Office, 9 Downing Street, London, SW1A 2AG
Tel: 020 7276 1234
Contested for Wolverhampton South East
Jun 1983
Parliamentary career* Current Government Post
Post
* Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Jul 2016 -
Secretary of State for Transport
Sep 2012 - Jul 2016
Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury and Chief Whip
May 2010 - Sep 2012
Opposition Deputy Chief Whip (Commons)
Jul 1998 - Dec 2005
Lord Commissioner (HM Treasury) (Whip)
Jul 1996 - May 1997
Parliamentary Under-Secretary (Department of Trade and Industry)
May 1993 - Jul 1994
Parliamentary Under-Secretary (Department of Employment)
Apr 1992 - May 1993
Parliamentary Under-Secretary (Department for Transport) (Roads and Motoring)
Jul 1989 - Apr 1992
| Patrick McLoughlin |
Which English king is buried in Worcester Cathedral? | BBC News - Cameron's government: A guide to who's who
Cameron's government: A guide to who's who
Click on the faces for profiles
Click on the pictures to read profiles of David Cameron's Conservative-Lib Dem coalition cabinet:
PRIME MINISTER - DAVID CAMERON
Conservative David Cameron was virtually unknown outside Westminster when he was elected Tory leader in December 2005 at the age of 39.
The Old Etonian had dazzled that year's party conference with his youthful dynamism and charisma, reportedly telling journalists he was the "heir to Blair".
He has sought to match the former PM by putting the Conservatives at the centre ground of British politics.
Before becoming leader, he was the Conservatives' campaign co-ordinator at the 2005 general election and shadow education secretary.
He was special adviser to Home Secretary Michael Howard and Chancellor Norman Lamont in the 1990s before spending seven years as a public relations executive with commercial broadcaster Carlton.
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DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER - NICK CLEGG
In just five years, Liberal Democrat Nick Clegg, at 43 the same age as Mr Cameron, has gone from political obscurity to the absolute front line of British politics.
After becoming MP for Sheffield Hallam at the 2005 election, he was promoted to Europe spokesman, before moving on to the home affairs role.
When Sir Menzies Campbell resigned as leader in 2007, he entered the race to succeed him, in the end narrowly beating Chris Huhne.
He has campaigned against the government over civil liberties and opposed the Conservatives' spending cuts plans, attempting to create a distance between the Lib Dems and what he calls the "old parties".
But he really came to prominence during the televised debates ahead of the general elections, being judged in polls to have been the big winner of the first one.
However, this appeared to do little to help the Lib Dems when they actually lost seats on 6 May. The party, though, retained enough MPs to become the vital players in the hung parliament.
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FOREIGN SECRETARY - WILLIAM HAGUE
Since he returned to the shadow cabinet in 2005, Conservative William Hague has become a key adviser to David Cameron, and was seen as de facto deputy party leader.
The new foreign secretary has plenty of experience to call upon, having been Tory leader himself from 1997 to 2001 and shadow foreign secretary until the election.
A witty and engaging Commons performer who is popular with grassroots Tory members, Mr Hague entered Parliament in 1989 having been special adviser to Chancellor Sir Geoffrey Howe. He was soon promoted to be a social security minister and in 1995 entered the Cabinet as Secretary of State for Wales.
In addition to his duties as shadow foreign secretary, Mr Cameron put Mr Hague in charge of rebuilding the party in the North of England, as chairman of its Northern Board.
Mr Hague has said that as foreign secretary, he is determined to put in place a "distinctive British foreign policy" and the situation in Afghanistan is a priority.
Minister of State (Europe) - David Lidington (Conservative) Once a special adviser to Foreign Secretary Douglas Hurd and a parliamentary aide to William Hague, he is regarded as being less eurosceptic than those who occupied this important role when the Tories were in opposition
Minister of State - Jeremy Browne (Liberal Democrat) A former Lib Dem press chief, he has been MP for Taunton since 2005. Was the party's deputy Treasury spokesman before the election.
Minister of State - Lord Howell (Conservative)
Junior Foreign Office minister - Henry Bellingham (Conservative)
Junior Foreign Office minister - Alistair Burt (Conservative)
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CHANCELLOR - GEORGE OSBORNE
One of David Cameron's closest friends and Conservative allies, George Osborne rose rapidly after becoming MP for Tatton in 2001.
Michael Howard promoted him from shadow chief secretary to the Treasury to shadow chancellor in May 2005, at the age of 34.
Mr Osborne took a key role in the election campaign and has been at the forefront of the debate on how to deal with the recession and the UK's spending deficit.
Even before Mr Cameron became leader the two were being likened to Labour's Blair/Brown duo. The two have emulated them by becoming prime minister and chancellor, but will want to avoid the spats.
Before entering Parliament, he was a special adviser in the agriculture department when the Tories were in government and later served as political secretary to William Hague.
The BBC understands that as chancellor, Mr Osborne, along with the Treasury will retain responsibility for overseeing banks and financial regulation.
Mr Osborne said the coalition government was planning to change the tax system "to make it fairer for people on low and middle incomes", and undertake "long-term structural reform" of the banking sector, education and the welfare state.
Financial Secretary - Mark Hoban (Conservative) A chartered accountant, he first stood for Parliament in 1997 before being elected in 2001.
Exchequer Secretary - David Gauke (Conservative)
Commercial Secretary - Sir James Sassoon (Conservative) Not an MP. To be given peerage
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HOME SECRETARY AND MINISTER FOR WOMEN AND EQUALITY - THERESA MAY
Theresa May is the biggest winner so far in jobs allocated in the new cabinet, becoming only the second woman to hold the post of Home Secretary.
She was the first woman to become Conservative Party chairman, under the leadership of Iain Duncan Smith.
She then took up the culture and family portfolios before being made shadow Commons leader by David Cameron.
She has been a keen advocate of positive action to recruit more women Tories to winnable seats and was a key architect of the "A list" of preferred candidates.
A passionate moderniser she famously ruffled feathers when she told Tory activists they were seen as members of the "nasty party".
Ms May was the shadow work and pensions minister ahead of the election.
Immigration Minister - Damian Green (Conservative)
The 54-year-old rattled the previous government over immigration and sparked a cause celebre after being arrested by police investigating leaks - from his new government department.
Security Minister - Baroness Pauline Neville-Jones (Conservative)
The baroness, 70, is a former governor of the BBC and was the first woman to chair the UK's Joint Intelligence Committee. She has extensive experience in foreign affairs and security.
Police Minister - Nick Herbert (Conservative)
The 47-year-old is a previous shadow justice minister. More recently, the MP for Arundel and South Downs held a shadow environmental brief. The role of police minister is held jointly with the Ministry of Justice.
Minister For Equalities - Lynne Featherstone (Liberal Democrat) First elected to Parliament in 2005, the former Haringey councillor and London Assembly member served as youth and equalities spokesperson for her party before the election.
Parliamentary Under Secretary of State - James Brokenshire (Conservative) Was a shadow Home Office minister when the Conservatives were in opposition. MP for Bexley.
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DEFENCE SECRETARY - PHILIP HAMMOND
Philip Hammond has built up a reputation as an articulate and effective Commons performer since being elected MP for Runnymede and Weybridge in 1997.
A former director of companies supplying medical equipment, he was initially a member of the Conservative shadow health team before going on to serve as trade and industry spokesman. He also backed Michael Portillo's 2001 leadership bid.
In summer 2002, he went to shadow the now defunct Office of the Deputy Prime Minister and local government department before being made shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury, at the age of 51, in the July 2007 reshuffle.
He became Transport Secretary after David Cameron's coalition took power after the 2010 election, building on his reputation there as an effective performer before being shifted into the defence brief after the resignation of Liam Fox from the job in October 2011.
Armed Forces Minister - Nick Harvey (Liberal Democrat)
The 48-year-old MP for North Devon was his party's shadow defence secretary from 2006.
Junior Defence Minister - Gerald Howarth (Conservative)
Gerald Howarth was the shadow defence minister from 2002, with responsibility for procurement and the air force.
Junior Defence Minister - Andrew Robathan (Conservative)
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LORD CHANCELLOR AND SECRETARY OF STATE FOR JUSTICE - KEN CLARKE
Mr Cameron has previously said that Mr Clarke was a "big figure" with "great experience". He was the last chancellor to lead the UK out of recession - during the John Major government of the 1990s.
His return to the Tory frontbench last year was seen as somewhat of a gamble for Mr Cameron given that Mr Clarke - who held a host of ministerial jobs in the Thatcher and Major governments - had staunchly pro-European views.
These views were widely seen to be the reason for his failure to win the three party leadership contests he entered - but Mr Cameron decided that Mr Clarke's experience was worth the risk of reopening party splits.
Mr Clarke was president of the union at Cambridge, became a QC in 1980 and after a succession of junior ministerial jobs he served as health, education and home secretaries before becoming chancellor from 1993 to 1997.
Minister of State - Lord McNally (Liberal Democrat)
Tom McNally is the Lib Dem Leader in the House of Lords. A former senior Downing Street adviser, MP and founding member of the SDP, he entered the House of Lords in 1995.
Junior Justice Minister - Crispin Blunt (Conservative)
Junior Justice Minister - Jonathan Djanogly (Conservative)
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HEALTH SECRETARY - ANDREW LANSLEY
Andrew Lansley, a former civil servant, became an active Conservative in the 1980s after a spell as private secretary to Norman Tebbit.
In 1990 he became head of the Conservative Research Department and was one of the architects of the Tories' surprise 1992 election victory. However, he later faced criticism for his central role in the disastrous 2001 poll campaign.
He returned to the shadow cabinet in 2003 under Michael Howard as shadow health secretary, the role he continues to hold under David Cameron.
Mr Cameron had long guaranteed Mr Lansley - who has played a key role in convincing people that the NHS is a high priority for the Conservatives - the role of health secretary in a government led by him.
Minister of State - Paul Burstow (Liberal Democrat) Former Liberal Democrat chief whip, he is regarded as an expert on care for the elderly
Minister of State - Simon Burns (Conservative)
Junior Health Minister - Anne Milton (Conservative)
Junior Health Minister - Earl Howe (Conservative) One of about ninety remaining hereditary peers in the House of Lords, the former banker held a number of ministerial positions in the Major government. He has been a shadow health spokesman since 1997
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EDUCATION SECRETARY - MICHAEL GOVE
Tory Michael Gove was seen as one of the brightest talents in the 2005 intake. The former Times journalist is a key member of David Cameron's inner circle who helps write many of his speeches.
As the Tories' housing spokesman, Mr Gove made a name for himself as an effective Commons performer in attacks on the government's home information packs.
He was drafted into the shadow cabinet, as children, schools and families spokesman, at the age of 39 when his leader split the education brief in two to reflect Gordon Brown's Whitehall changes.
Mr Gove headed the Policy Exchange think tank for three years before landing the safe seat of Surrey Heath.
He had previously said he was prepared to give up a post in the new Cabinet to ensure the deal with the Lib Dems went ahead, but he sticks with the education brief in government.
Schools Minister - Nick Gibb (Conservative)
Born in 1960, Nick Gibb was a shadow education and skills minister under Michael Howard in 2001, and then from May 2005 was shadow education minister and shadow schools minister. He also has frontbench trade and treasury experience.
Minister of State - Sarah Teather (Liberal Democrat)
Sarah Teather was Britain's youngest MP when she was elected to Parliament in a by-election in Brent East in September 2003. She was the Liberal Democrats' shadow housing minister before the election.
Junior minister - Tim Loughton (Conservative)
Born in 1962, the former fund manager was most recently the shadow minister of children. He also has experience of environment and health policy. Recently lived with families on a council estate for a reality TV show.
Parliamentary Under Secretary of State - Jonathan Hill (Conservative)
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BUSINESS SECRETARY - VINCE CABLE
Vince Cable has had a long journey to reach the front rank of politics, having been a Labour and then an SDP supporter before its merger with the Liberals to become the Liberal Democrats.
An economist by profession, he entered Parliament as MP for Twickenham in 1997 and has gradually built up his powerbase among the Lib Dems.
As the party's deputy leader and Treasury spokesman he saw his stock rising during the credit crunch because of his earlier warnings.
When he stood in as temporary leader after the resignation of Sir Menzies Campbell, he memorably described Gordon Brown as going from "Stalin to Mr Bean".
He is also expected to be a member of a new ministerial committee which is dedicated to creating banking policy, and chaired by the chancellor.
Minister of State - Mark Prisk (Conservative)
Minister of State - John Hayes (Conservative)
Junior Minister - Edward Davey (Liberal Democrat) Was the party's foreign affairs spokesman in opposition
Junior Minister - Ed Vaizey (Conservative)
Junior Minister - Baroness Wilcox (Conservative)
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WORK AND PENSIONS - IAIN DUNCAN SMITH
This is a return to the front line for former Conservative leader Iain Duncan Smith, the MP for Chingford and Woodford Green.
A former army officer, who saw active service in Northern Ireland, Mr Duncan Smith entered Parliament in 1992 and rapidly established himself as one of the Maastricht rebels that life so difficult for then Tory leader John Major.
He was seen as a rising star of the Eurosceptic right and, after a spell as shadow defence secretary under William Hague, was the surprise victor in the September 2001 leadership contest, beating better-known and more experienced, Europhile candidate Ken Clarke.
He had a torrid time as the Tory leader, failing to land any real blows on then PM Tony Blair and enduring a relentless barrage of criticism from the press and, in some cases, his own MPs.
In November 2002, he urged his party to "unite or die" in response to persistent whisperings of a challenge to his leadership, but a year later he was ousted after narrowly failing to win the backing of enough MPs in a vote of confidence.
After losing the Tory leadership, he has successfully reinvented himself as a social reform champion who, with his centre-right think tank Centre for Social Justice, has played an influential role in developing Conservative policy on welfare and the "broken society".
Minister of State - Chris Grayling (Conservative) The former shadow home secretary and MP for Epsom and Ewell, 48, was denied a Cabinet role. Earlier this year he was secretly recorded suggesting people who run B&Bs in their homes should have the right to reject homosexual guests.
Minister of State - Steve Webb (Liberal Democrat) Elected to Parliament in 1997, the former professor of social policy at Bath University has held a number of frontbench positions. An expert on pensions, he is regarded as being on the left of the party.
Minister for Welfare Reform - Lord Freud (Conservative) Welfare expert who advised Labour on reform of the benefits system but them switched sides and start working with the Conservatives. Was ennobled in 2009.
Junior Minister - Maria Miller (Conservative) Was shadow families minister in opposition
Junior Minister - Lord Freud
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ENERGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE - CHRIS HUHNE
Chris Huhne has become Energy and Climate Change Secretary. Like Nick Clegg, Mr Huhne entered Parliament in 2005. He also attended the same school - the exclusive Westminster public school - and served as a Member of the European Parliament.
They have much in common, but they fought a close - and sometimes angry - campaign for the leadership in 2007.
Afterwards Mr Huhne, who had been environment spokesman, was promoted to the home affairs brief. He made a fortune in the City before entering politics, and is seen as being on the left of the party.
He was a key member of the Lib Dem team which held talks about a coalition with both Labour and the Conservatives.
Minister of State - Charles Hendry (Conservative)
Minister of State - Gregory Barker (Conservative)
Parliamentary Under Secretary of State - Lord Marland (Conservative)
CHIEF SECRETARY TO THE TREASURY - DANNY ALEXANDER
Danny Alexander was Nick Clegg's chief of staff and the Liberal Democrats' campaign co-ordinator throughout the election.
He was also the former media chief of pro-euro campaign group Britain in Europe, which brought together leading Labour and Lib Dem voices with business groups.
First elected to Parliament in 2005, he rose to prominence when Mr Clegg became party leader in 2007.
The 38-year-old was the author of the party's 2010 election manifesto, becoming the Scottish Secretary in David Cameron's initial coalition cabinet.
He was promoted to chief secretary - a crucial role overseeing spending cuts - to succeed David Laws after was forced to quit over his expenses after less than three weeks in the job.
The Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey MP won one of 11 seats for the Lib Dems in Scotland.
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SCOTTISH SECRETARY - MICHAEL MOORE
Michael Moore - the MP for Berwickshire, Roxburgh and Selkirk - was named Secretary of State for Scotland at the age 44 years.
The Lib Dem MP took over from Danny Alexander, who was promoted to Chief Secretary to the Treasury after David Law's resignation less than three weeks after the May 2010 election.
Michael Moore was elected MP for Tweeddale, Ettrick and Lauderdale at the 1997 general election, succeeding David Steel, for whom he had previously worked as a researcher.
He was elected to the new constituency in 2005, following boundary changes. Before the 2010 election he held a number of front bench spokesman jobs, including defence, foreign affairs and international development.
Advocate General for Scotland - Lord Wallace (Liberal Democrat) One of his party's most senior figures, he was deputy first minister for Scotland and acting first minister after the death of Donald Dewar and the resignation of Henry McLeish. He was an MP between 1983 and 2001 and an MSP between 1999 and 2007.
Junior Minister - David Mundell (Conservative) The only Conservative MP in Scotland, he was shadow Scottish secretary in opposition
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CHIEF WHIP - PATRICK MCLOUGHLIN
Patrick McLoughlin - the Tory chief whip while the party was in opposition, will carry on as the Government Chief Whip.
The former miner is the MP for Derbyshire Dales.
When the Conservatives were in power, he was a minister at the departments of transport, employment, trade and industry, and in the whips' office. In opposition, he became deputy chief whip in 1998.
Mr McLoughlin's mother was a factory worker and he worked as a farm labourer before following his father and grandfather into the pits.
He spoke out against Arthur Scargill in the miners' strike.
Deputy Chief Whip - Alistair Carmichael (Liberal Democrat) MP for Orkney and Shetland since 2001.
Deputy Chief Whip - John Randall (Conservative)
Government Whip - Mark Francois (Conservative)
Whip - Michael Fabricant (Conservative)
Assistant Whip - Philip Dunne (Conservative)
Assistant Whip - Stephen Crabb (Conservative)
Assistant Whip - Robert Goodwill (Conservative)
Assistant Whip - Shailesh Vara (Conservative)
Assistant Whip - Bill Wiggin (Conservative)
Assistant Whip - Chloe Smith (Conservative)
Assistant Whip - Norman Lamb (Lib Dem) Also chief parliamentary adviser to the deputy prime minister
Assistant Whip - Mark Hunter (Lib Dem)
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COMMUNITIES AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT SECRETARY - ERIC PICKLES
Eric Pickles was first elected to the Commons in 1992, representing an Essex seat far from his Yorkshire roots.
He has extensive local government experience, having led Bradford District Council for three years up to 1991.
He has also served in a variety of shadow ministerial roles, including transport, local government and social security spokesman, earning a reputation for loyalty and good humour.
He boosted his reputation and profile in the party by masterminding its landmark victory over Labour in the Crewe and Nantwich by-election and was appointed party chairman in 2009.
And he became a regular and confident media performer in the months leading up to the 2010 general election.
Minister for Decentralisation - Greg Clark (Conservative) Before becoming at MP in 2005, Greg Clark was director of policy for the Conservative Party from March 2001 for three Tory leaders - William Hague, Iain Duncan Smith and Michael Howard.
Minister for Housing - Grant Shapps (Conservative) An MP since 2005, Grant Shapps was one of the most media-friendly shadow ministers. Has held the housing brief for some years and says his proudest political achievement was founding the Conservative Homelessness Foundation.
Junior Minister - Andrew Stunell (Liberal Democrat) A former Baptist preacher, he was deputy chief whip of the Liberal Democrats. One of the party's four-strong team which negotiated the landmark coalition deal with the Conservatives
Junior Minister - Bob Neill (Conservative) A former barrister, he served on the Greater London Council and London Assembly before becoming an MP. Was shadow minister for local government and planning in opposition
Junior Minister - Baroness Hanham (Conservative) Since being made a life peer in 1999, she has held a number of shadow briefs in the House of Lords
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ATTORNEY GENERAL- DOMINIC GRIEVE
A Conservative activist from an early age - and the son of a former Tory MP - Dominic Grieve was elected to the Commons in 1997 as the MP for Beaconsfield in South Buckinghamshire.
He is a barrister and was the shadow attorney general for four and a half years until June 2008, when he was appointed shadow home secretary.
He filled the vacancy created when David Davis quit as an MP to fight a by-election on civil liberties and plans for a 42-day terror detention limit.
Mr Grieve is an ex-member of the London Diocesan Synod with an interest in constitutional issues and an opposition to devolution - he is a past shadow Scottish affairs spokesman.
Regarded as a skilled and assiduous Commons performer, he was the Tories' shadow justice secretary ahead of the election. The attorney general is not a full cabinet position under David Cameron.
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CULTURE, OLYMPICS, MEDIA AND SPORT - JEREMY HUNT
Jeremy Hunt, 43, retains his existing brief in the new cabinet but gets specific responsibility for the smooth running of the 2012 London Olympics.
The MP for South West Surrey since 2005, he became the Conservatives' culture spokesman. He was previously the party's spokesman on disabilities and welfare reform.
He replaced Hugo Swire, who was sacked as culture spokesman shortly after suggesting free museum entry might be scrapped.
Mr Hunt, a fluent Japanese speaker, founded a company called Hotcourses, offering guides to help students find the right course before entering University.
Sports Minister- Hugh Robertson (Conservative) A former army officer who saw active service in Northern Ireland, Kuwait and Bosnia. After working in the City, he was elected to Parliament in 2001. A keen cricketer, he was shadow sports minister in opposition
Arts Minister - Ed Vaizey (Conservative) A former PR executive and speech writer for Michael Howard, he was first elected to Parliament in 2005. Was shadow arts and broadcasting minister in opposition
Junior Minister - John Penrose (Conservative)
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CONSERVATIVE CO-CHAIRMAN - BARONESS WARSI
Baroness Sayeeda Warsi is the first Muslim woman to serve in a British cabinet. She is the Conservative Party's co-chairman and minister without portfolio (party fundraiser and close friend of David Cameron, Andrew Feldman, is the other co-chairman but he will not be attending cabinet).
Baroness Warsi was also the first Muslim woman to sit on the front bench of a British political party in July 2007 at the age of 36.
Straight-talking and combative - she describes herself as a "northern, working-class-roots mum" - she gave up her job as a solicitor in 2004 to stand for Parliament in her home town of Dewsbury, West Yorkshire, losing out to Labour's Shahid Malik.
She was also a special adviser on community relations to then Tory leader Michael Howard before becoming the party's vice-chairman. She succeeds Eric Pickles in her new role.
Baroness Warsi says her admiration for Conservative principles is inspired by her father, who went from working in a mill to running a £2m-a-year bed-manufacturing firm.
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ENVIRONMENT - CAROLINE SPELMAN
Caroline Spelman was the second woman, after Theresa May, to be Conservative Party chairman in 2007, at the age of 49.
She entered Parliament in 1997 and was tipped for a shadow cabinet post when Michael Howard became Tory leader in 2003. But she was first appointed spokesman for the environment and shadow minister for women - both non-frontbench positions.
She served as shadow secretary of state for international development, shadow secretary for local and devolved government and most recently shadow communities and local government.
Before entering Parliament, she worked in agriculture, including a spell as deputy director of the International Confederation of European Beetgrowers, in Paris. She now takes on the environment brief in the Lib Dem Conservative coalition government.
Minister of State - James Paice (Conservative)
Junior Minister - Richard Benyon (Conservative)
Junior Minister - Lord Henley (Conservative)
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT - ANDREW MITCHELL
Conservative MP Andrew Mitchell keeps his existing brief of international development.
He ran David Davis' leadership campaign in 2005 and kept his shadow-cabinet job under David Cameron's regime.
A former social security minister and whip, Mr Mitchell has also served as shadow minister for police.
He first became an MP in 1987 and lost his Gedling seat a decade later, only to return as MP for Sutton Coldfield in 2001.
Before going to university, Mr Mitchell served in the Royal Tank Regiment and later worked for investment bank Lazard.
Minister of State - Alan Duncan (Conservative) The former shadow business secretary was demoted from the shadow cabinet last year after saying MPs would be forced to live "on rations" after the expenses scandal. Was most recently shadow prisons minister
Junior Minister - Stephen O'Brien (Conservative)
TRANSPORT - JUSTINE GREENING
Justine Greening was promoted to the cabinet in October 2011 at the age of 42.
Miss Greening, the MP for Putney since 2005, became economic secretary to the Treasury after the 2010 election, succeeding Philip Hammond as transport secretary after he was promoted to defence secretary.
Born and educated in Yorkshire, Miss Greening studied economics at Southampton University, before getting an MBA from London Business School and worked as a finance manager at British Gas owner Centrica before joining the Commons.
Minister of State - Theresa Villiers (Conservative) A former barrister and MEP, she was elected to Parliament in 2005. Was shadow transport secretary in the run-up to the election but is now number two at the department.
Junior Minister - Norman Baker (Liberal Democrat) A railway enthusiast who was formerly Lib Dem transport spokesman
Junior Minister - Mike Penning (Conservative) Former army officer first elected to Parliament in 2005
NORTHERN IRELAND - OWEN PATERSON
Conservative MP Owen Paterson retains his Northern Ireland portfolio.
He entered the shadow cabinet for the first time, at the age of 50, in David Cameron's July 2007 reshuffle.
A former managing director of the British Leather company, he entered Parliament as MP for Shropshire North in 1997, concentrating on rural issues as a junior agriculture spokesman and chairman of the Conservative Rural Action Group.
A Eurosceptic and member of the right wing Cornerstone Group, which campaigns for traditional Tory values, he helped Iain Duncan Smith during his 2001 leadership bid and was briefly parliamentary private secretary to Ann Widdecombe. He has also served in the Opposition whips office.
Minister of State - Hugo Swire (Conservative) Worked at auction house Sotheby's before going into politics. Was shadow culture secretary but replaced after questioning free museum entry. Now back on the frontbench
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WALES - CHERYL GILLAN
Conservative MP for Chesham and Amersham since 1992, Cheryl Gillan was a junior education minister in John Major's government.
In opposition, her front-bench jobs have covered trade and industry, the Foreign Office and a period as a party whip.
Born in Cardiff, she became a member of the shadow cabinet in 2005, at the age of 53, replacing Bill Wiggin as Welsh spokesman, which became a shadow cabinet post under David Cameron. She retains it in his cabinet.
Her jobs before entering Parliament include marketing consultant and director of British Film Year.
Junior Minister - David Jones (Conservative)
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LEADER OF HOUSE OF LORDS - LORD STRATHCLYDE
Lord (Tom) Strathclyde has been in the shadow cabinet since 1997 after being promoted to Lords leader following a term as opposition chief whip.
During that time, he has led the Conservative charge in an upper house which often gave the Labour government more problems than the House of Commons.
A former insurance broker, Lord Strathclyde has wide experience from the Conservatives' previous spell in government.
He was a minister of state at the Department of Trade and Industry during the 1990s and his various junior ministerial jobs covered tourism, Scotland, environment and consumer affairs.
• Lords Chief Whip (Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms) - Baroness Anelay (Conservative)
• Deputy Chief Whip - Lord Shutt (Liberal Democrat)
• Baroness in Waiting - Baroness Northover (Liberal Democrat)
• Baroness in Waiting - Baroness Rawlings (Conservative)
• Baroness in Waiting - Baroness Verma (Conservative)
• Lord in Waiting - Earl Attlee (Conservative)
• Lord in Waiting - Lord Astor (Conservative)
• Lord in Waiting - Lord De Mauley (Conservative)
• Lord In Waiting - Lord Taylor of Holbeach (Conservative)
• Lord in Waiting - Lord Wallace of Saltaire (Liberal Democrat)
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LEADER OF THE COMMONS - SIR GEORGE YOUNG
The North West Hampshire Tory MP, 68, was appointed shadow leader of the Commons after the demotion of Alan Duncan in September 2009. It marked a return to the shadow cabinet after a gap of nine years, and he has now retained the role in government, although he will not be a full cabinet member.
Sir George, an old Etonian known as the "bicycling baronet" after his election to the old Ealing Acton seat in 1974, had been chairman of the committee on standards and privileges since 2001.
A widely respected figure in Parliament, who has twice stood unsuccessfully for the post of Speaker, he held the shadow Commons leader's job under William Hague's leadership.
He served as a health, environment and housing minister before becoming Financial Secretary to the Treasury in 1994 under then prime minister John Major. He served as transport secretary from 1995-97.
Deputy Leader of the House - David Heath (Liberal Democrat) The Somerset MP was the Lib Dems Commons business manager in opposition
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CABINET OFFICE MINISTER - FRANCIS MAUDE
The high priest of Tory modernisers, as party chairman Francis Maude was at the forefront of David Cameron's efforts to move the Conservatives to the centre ground - a role that won him few friends among party traditionalists.
He was demoted to shadow Cabinet Office minister in July 2007, with responsibility for implementing policy. He and his team have been in months of talks with civil servants to ensure as smooth as possible a transition in the event of a new government - and to avoid wasting a first term as Mr Cameron's team believe Tony Blair did in 1997. He has also been working on detailed plans to shake-up the civil service and make them more accountable to ministers.
He will carry on with a similar policy implementation role in government, but he will not be full cabinet member.
The son of Tory MP Angus Maude, he has enjoyed a rollercoaster career since his election to the Commons in 1983, serving in the Whips' office, the Foreign Office and the Treasury.
He lost his seat at the 1992 election but returned to the Commons five years later, serving as shadow chancellor and shadow foreign secretary.
He managed Michael Portillo's 2001 leadership bid, returning to the backbenches to argue the case for reform when Mr Portillo withdrew from the race.
Minister of State - Oliver Letwin (Conservative) Providing policy advice to the prime minister
Minister for Civil Society - Nick Hurd (Conservative) Son of former Conservative Foreign Secretary Lord Hurd
Junior Minister - Mark Harper (Conservative)
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MINISTER OF STATE AT CABINET OFFICE, POLICY - OLIVER LETWIN
A former shadow home secretary and shadow chancellor, Oliver Letwin is one of the most experienced and erudite members of David Cameron's top team responsible for writing the Conservatives' general election manifesto. He will continue with the policy formation role he played in opposition as a minster of state, although he will not be a full member of cabinet.
An Old Etonian and former merchant banker, he has been MP for West Dorset since 1997.
In the 2001 election, he famously went into "hiding" after suggesting to a newspaper that the party wanted to cut public spending by £20bn.
After the 2005 general election, at the age of 50, he decided to take the environment, food and rural affairs brief before being handed the job of reviewing policy across the board and made chairman of the Conservative research department.
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UNIVERSITIES AND SCIENCE - DAVID WILLETTS
David Willetts is the minister of state for universities and science, within the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, attending cabinet rather than a full member.
Known as one of the Conservative Party's big thinkers, former shadow education secretary David "Two Brains" Willetts was shunted sideways in the July 2007 reshuffle after a bitter row over the party's policy on grammar schools.
A former Treasury civil servant and graduate of the Number 10 policy unit at the height of Margaret Thatcher's time in office, he subsequently became director of research for the Centre for Policy Studies.
After his election to the Commons in 1992, he enjoyed a rapid rise through the ranks before being criticised for his role as a whip during the Neil Hamilton cash-for-questions investigation.
In opposition, he served as shadow education and employment secretary under William Hague before taking on the work and pensions job. He briefly dallied with a party leadership bid in 2005 before throwing his weight behind David Davis.
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SOLICITOR GENERAL - EDWARD GARNIER
Edward Garnier became an MP in 1992 at the age of 40. Appointed Queen's Counsel in 1995, he served under Michael Howard in 2001. He was appointed to David Cameron's shadow frontbench team with responsibilities for justice in the July 2007 reshuffle. In September 2009, he became shadow attorney general.
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St Mungo’s Cathedral is situated in which British city? | The Impressive Glasgow Cathedral
You are here: Home / Attractions / The Impressive Glasgow Cathedral
The Impressive Glasgow Cathedral
3 June, 2013
By John
One of the few churches in Scotland to survive the Protestant Reformation without being destroyed, is the impressive Glasgow Cathedral.
In Scotland, round about AD550, St Mungo, the first Bishop of the British Kingdom of Strathclyde, founded a religious community around a small church, in an area that was to become known as the city of Glasgow.
The present stone building was built in the 13th century, on the site where He is believed to have been buried in AD612. St Mungo’s tomb is located in the present building and there are also fragments of an old 13th century shrine to the Saint. Today it is Scotland’s most important thirteenth-century building and one of the most impressive structures. As recent as the 20th century the area surrounding it was improved with the construction of a new visitor centre.
Located about a mile to the east of George Square, the Cathedral has one of the finest post-war collections of stained-glass windows in Britain.
Anyone visiting Glasgow Cathedral will be impressed with the stunning architecture and history. Just behind the Cathedral is the city’s graveyard, known as the Necropolis, and to the west side is the oldest house in Glasgow, “Provand’s Lordship”.
The title deeds of the house dates from 1562 when Mary Queen of Scots granted the lands of Provand to William Baillie, a canon of the Cathedral.
It’s referred to as a Cathedral, but there’s no bishop, in keeping with the presbyterian constitution of the Church of Scotland. It has a regular, active congregation, and if you are in Glasgow, you should not leave without visiting this magnificent building. It received a huge compliment in 1451, when the Pope declared that a pilgrimage to Glasgow Cathedral would carry the same standing as a pilgrimage to Rome.
The Cathedral is perhaps not as well known as it should be, and that’s a great pity. Maybe it fades into the background somewhat, in the shadows of some of Glasgow’s many other great attractions, but it’s certainly worth visiting if you’re in the city.
Check Opening Times – Admission is free at the time of writing, but Historic Scotland are considering introducing an admission charge.
See the Scotland Travel Information page for all the info you need for travelling to and within Scotland. Advice on passports and visas, currency, weather, holiday extras, useful travel links and much more.
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Ninevah was the capital of which ancient empire? | Glasgow, Glasgow Cathedral, 70 Cathedral Square, Cathedral Of St Mungo | Canmore
Glasgow, Glasgow Cathedral, 70 Cathedral Square, Cathedral Of St Mungo
Cathedral (Period Unassigned), Human Remains (Period Unassigned), War Memorial(S) (Period Unassigned)
Site Name Glasgow, Glasgow Cathedral, 70 Cathedral Square, Cathedral Of St Mungo
Alternative Name(s) Barony Kirk; Glasgow Cathedral; High Church; Metropolitan Kirk; St Mungo's; War Memorials & Rolls Of Honour
Canmore ID 45002
Ordnance Survey licence number 100057073. All rights reserved.
© Copyright and database right 2017.
Digital Images
DP 234660
Oblique aerial view of Cathedral of St Mungo Burial Ground, Glasgow Cathedral and the Royal Infirmary, looking E.
© RCAHMS (Dick Peddie and McKay Collection)
SC 1321215
© Crown Copyright: HES
DP 091484
Page 19/4 General interior view of choirof Glasgow Cathedral. Titled: 'Choir, Cathedral' PHOTOGRAPH ALBUM NO 146: THE THOMAS ANNAN ALBUM
RAF National Survey (Air Photographs), 1944-1950
28/3/1948
© Crown Copyright: HES
DP 234657
Oblique aerial view of Cathedral of St Mungo Burial Ground, Glasgow Cathedral and the Royal Infirmary, looking SE.
© RCAHMS
DP 073879
View of Glasgow Cathedral and Necropolis Titled: 'Glasgow - looking East - Cathedral & Necropolis - Burn's Monument on top of hill'
First 100 images shown. See the Collections panel (below) for a link to all digital images.
Collections
Parish Glasgow (City Of Glasgow)
Former Region Strathclyde
Former District City Of Glasgow
Former County Lanarkshire
NS66NW 17.01 60255 65657 Burial Ground (New Burial Ground)
(NS 6025 6557) Cath (NAT)
OS 6" map (1967)
Glasgow Cathedral (which is still in use) stands on the site of a monastery founded by St Kentigern in the 6th - 7th century. It was rebuilt, probably as a small cruciform church, and consecrated in 1136. Numerous extensions and rebuildings took place until the 15th century, when it assumed its present form.
C A R Radford 1970
A watching brief was carried out during excavation of a floodlighting track around the cathedral. Two sets of reburied skeletal fragments were found between the treasury and the sacristy. A small feature consisting of three stones mortared together and set on a clay soil was found on the N side of the building, opposite the stair tower of the N door. Most of the trench passed through disturbed levels, except at the E end of the cathedral, where it revealed the natural orange clay subsoil below topsoil.
Some slabs were lifted within the W doorway, and revealed a layer of rubble above some larger blocks. Part of the foundations of the butresses to the N and S of the door was also revealed. That on the S appears to be original, the N was rebuilt in the last century.
Sponsor: Friends of Glasgow Cathedral.
A Bailey 1992.
During the autumn and winter of 1992-3, extensive archaeological excavations were conducted in advance of the installation of a new heating and electrical system for the cathedral. Trenches were located where new ducts were to be installed below the floor in the Nave, the Choir, the Crypt and the Session Room. These trenches produced evidence for the construction of both the 12th-century cathedrals which preceded the present building. The early cathedrals were represented by in situ masonry and decorated fragments of masonry which had been reused in the 13th-century works. Traces of activity pre-dating the 13th-century were discovered in the W end of the Nave and important evidence was also recovered for the internal divisions of the post-Reformation use of the Nave.
Burials and stray human bones were found in the trenches dug in the Lower Church and the Nave. In total 77 burials were excavated, most of which can be reasonably well dated as well as hundreds of losse bones, which may be of any age. In the Lower Church no features relating to the site of St Mungo's tomb were found and most of the burials date to the early 19th century. In the Nave, burials were found which pre-date the 12th century structures and continued at irregular intervals to the 19th century.
Apart from the architectural fragments and coffin fittings, finds were scarce. The most significant artefactual discovery consisted of two massive medieval bronze martars and an iron pestle which had been deposited in a pit in the Lower Church.
Sponsor: Historic Scotland
S T Driscoll 1993
A small-scale excavation was carried out by GUARD in the NW corner of the Session Room in Glasgow Cathedral in October of 1993 in advance of the installation of a new electrical control board, consisting of three small trenches. The main trench was effectively an extension of the one which was opened in the 1992/93 season of work in Glasgow Cathedral (supra), and ran the length of the Session Room. Human remains were uncovered comprising five interments, four of which were excavated, which appeared to be contemporary with most of those recovered during the previous excavation i.e. early 19th century. Two additional trenches were dug in the kitchen area and the corridor which runs from the rear Session Room door to the door leading to the exterior of the Cathedral on the N. No features were visible in these trenches or the main trench other than the burials.
Sponsor: Historic Scotland
M [J] Richmond 1994
NS 602 655 A number of trenches were excavated to the N and E of the cathedral for the installation of CCTV cables and phone lines. Due to the sensitivity of the area a watching brief was undertaken and the following information was recorded.
Trench 1 was within the graveyard towards the NE corner. The soil was mixed and contained a number of fragments of disarticulated human bone. Two sandstone plot dividers were also found.
Trench 2 was outwith the graveyard and ran parallel to the E wall. A number of disarticulated human bones were unearthed. An articulated human skeleton (aligned W-E), an infant's skull and a fragmented adult skull were all recovered. Iron fittings were also located, possibly the remains of coffin fittings.
Sponsor: Glasgow City Council.
Scheduled as Glasgow Cathedral, precinct and graveyard.
Information from Historic Scotland, scheduling document dated 20 November 2002.
NS 602 655 A watching brief was undertaken in May 2004 during the excavation of four test pits within the western graveyard, in an area previously disturbed during earlier phases of work along the northern elevation (DES 1993, 82).
The purpose of the test pits was to track the main gas pipe from the cathedral to the junction box on the boundary wall. Although this area had already been greatly disturbed, it was thought likely that human remains would be uncovered. Although not clearly identifiable as human, bone fragments were frequently encountered.
Archive to be deposited in the NMRS.
Sponsor: HS.
C Shaw 2004
NS 6020 6556; NS 6024 6555 Two small trenches were excavated at Glasgow Cathedral in February 2005 in advance of
works to install lift machinery, the first situated at the eastern end of the S transept and the second at the western end of the nave, at the base of the main entrance. Both trenches reached a maximum depth of 0.4m.
The trench in the S transept revealed human remains, the distribution of which suggested they had been redeposited in an unceremonial manner. The origin of these remains is unknown, but it is thought likely they would originally have been buried within the cathedral grounds. In the trench at the main entrance, two possible graves with in situ human remains were partially revealed.
Archive to be deposited in NMRS.
Sponsor: HS.
S Hogg and C Shaw 2005
NS 602 655 Four periods of work required monitoring and recording at Glasgow Cathedral between February and September 2006. As part of a staged survey of the external elevations, the E elevation was drawn, photographed and recorded. The work was intended to complete existing survey data and to identify significant archaeological features. To this end, all relevant alterations and repairs to the monument, both historical and recent, as well as records of original architectural details, were completed.
Flooring slabs were removed in three separate areas on the northern and southern side of the lower church. The slabs were lifted to assess the thickness of the slabs and the underlying ground conditions and also to allow cables to be laid to provide power to the lights on the handrails. At the base of each of three sets of stairs, secure fixing points were required to bed the handrails and where possible small foundation pads were to be excavated to accommodate these.
The first trench was on the northern side of the lower church at the foot of the steps from leading from the treasury. This area was of particular interest as most of the area concerned had not been disturbed. In this trench a possible grave marker with an E-W alignment was seen. The slabs in the other two trenches (at the NE corner of the lower church at the base of the stairs near the chapter house, and at the SE corner of the lower church) clearly had been lifted and re-set during the excavation and installation of the heating system in the 1990s.
We recorded a gargoyle and its setting after its removal from the SE corner of the cathedral. The gargoyle was carved from blond sandstone, now so heavily weathered that its form was unrecognisable.
Finally, paving slabs and cobbles outside the W and S doors were removed. A subsequent, shallow excavation in the area beneath the cobbles near the S door was monitored. Nothing of archaeological significance was noted and no finds were retained.
Archive to be deposited in NMRS.
Sponsor: Historic Scotland.
Angus Mackintosh and Claire Shaw, 2006.
Further Details
NS66NW 17.01 60255 65657 Burial Ground (New Burial Ground)
Crypt - 1250, Choir - 1250, Nave - 1300, Chapter House - 1420, Fergus Aisle - 1500.
David Hamilton 1812 - opened West window and repaired tracery
Edward Blore - restoration of crypts 1835 (executed by Nixon)
James G Graham, A W N Pugin, Robert Matheson, 1850, C H Wilson - stained glass
William Stark - choir of Inner High Church
NMRS REFERENCE:
I G Lindsay Collection W/293
Plans by J Collie, 1836
Proposed restoration
Drawings by Glasgow Royal Technical College done for the National Art Survey
Inglis Photograph Collection Acc No 1994/90
'Glasgow Cathedral from the Necropolis. 474. AI.'
Scomberg Scott Plans
New chair and desk in the Sanctuary as a memorial to the RAF Glasgow Squadron and new table in St Nicholas Chapel
Acc No 1993/69
Three pages from a dismembered photograph album including one page containing four views of the cathedral - one exterior and three interiors
Ross Sketchbook MS 28/463/14/1 (unlocated at time of upgrade 3.9.1999)
Chapter House details
- pencil and wash sketch of West tower
Glasgow and Lanarkshire Illustrated p8 - article and photograph
Courtauld Institute: Sculpture Neg:
Sir John Steel Monument to William Graham B77/4192
R Jackson Monument to Robert B Anderson B77/4193; 888/72(3)
J Mossman Monument to Major W Middleton B77/4165; 888/72(6); (5); 889/1(7); (8)
P MacGillivray Monument to James Hedderwick B77/4194; 889/1(9)
Sir John Steell Monument to 93rd Sutherland Highlanders 877/4164; 888/72(2); (1)
Scottish Record Office
Painted window in Glasgow Cathedral
Payment of £24.5.5 (pounds) to C Heath Wilson [1809 - 1882]
Cash book
Records of Crown Estate Commissioners
CR4/143, 144
Reports on the state of the building in 1829 - 1838
RIBA Drawings Collection
J D Crace Sketch Book p36 - Sketch of interior, detail at Cross, details Blackadder crypt
Glasgow Architectural Association Sketch Book 1887, Vol 2 - Porch at South entrance to Crypt, Lady Chapel, North Transept, Chapter House
The Builder's Journal
May 27th and June 3rd 1896
Elevation and details of Chapter House doorway measured and drawn by Charles J Menart
The Builder's Reporter and Engineering Times
December 6th 1893
Drawing by John Honeyman of reredos
The British Architect
Two drawings of rood screen drawn by A Hemstock Hodge
Further Details
Further Details
Watching Brief (20 August 1996 - 22 August 1996)
NS 6025 6557 The excavation of service tracks for temporary office accommodation to the N of the cathedral was monitored by Kirkdale Archaeology. No finds were recovered from the site.
Sponsor: Historic Scotland.
Further Details
Watching Brief (9 October 1997)
NS 6025 6557 A watching brief was maintained in October 1997 during digging of new foundations for kerbing and other works. The material removed was modern in character, and no finds were revealed.
Sponsor: Historic Scotland
Further Details
Standing Building Recording (December 2006 - January 2007)
NS 6024 6557 As part of ongoing maintenance work to the fabric of Glasgow Cathedral a standing building survey of the Chapter House took place in December 2006 and January 2007. The recent repairs to this part of the Cathedral were identified and recorded, as were historic repairs from the 19th century. The Chapter House was originally constructed during the mid-13th century but was partially demolished and rebuilt in the early 15th century. Evidence for the rebuild can be traced in the external stonework and this was recorded during the survey. Also noted were the early 17th-century gables and the 19th-century rebuild of the parapet. A significant amount of religious graffiti of unknown date has been carved into the buttresses and bays of the Chapter House. This was recorded and drawn to scale during the survey.
Archive to be deposited with RCAHMS.
Funder: Historic Scotland.
Further Details
Excavation (February 2006 - September 2006)
NS 602 655 Four periods of work required monitoring and recording at Glasgow Cathedral between February and September 2006. As part of a staged survey of the external elevations, the E elevation was drawn, photographed and recorded. The work was intended to complete existing survey data and to identify significant archaeological features. To this end, all relevant alterations and repairs to the monument, both historical and recent, as well as records of original architectural details, were completed.
Flooring slabs were removed in three separate areas on the northern and southern side of the lower church. The slabs were lifted to assess the thickness of the slabs and the underlying ground conditions and also to allow cables to be laid to provide power to the lights on the handrails. At the base of each of three sets of stairs, secure fixing points were required to bed the handrails and where possible small foundation pads were to be excavated to accommodate these.
The first trench was on the northern side of the lower church at the foot of the steps from leading from the treasury. This area was of particular interest as most of the area concerned had not been disturbed. In this trench a possible grave marker with an E-W alignment was seen. The slabs in the other two trenches (at the NE corner of the lower church at the base of the stairs near the chapter house, and at the SE corner of the lower church) clearly had been lifted and re-set during the excavation and installation of the heating system in the 1990s.
We recorded a gargoyle and its setting after its removal from the SE corner of the cathedral. The gargoyle was carved from blond sandstone, now so heavily weathered that its form was unrecognisable.
Finally, paving slabs and cobbles outside the W and S doors were removed. A subsequent, shallow excavation in the area beneath the cobbles near the S door was monitored. Nothing of archaeological significance was noted and no finds were retained.
Archive to be deposited in NMRS.
Sponsor: Historic Scotland.
A Mackintosh and C Shaw 2006
Further Details
Watching Brief (13 February 2008)
NS 6020 6557 A watching brief was maintained just to the N of the NW corner of Glasgow Cathedral during the
excavation of three small trenches on 13 February 2008. The trenches were required for the insertion of three new folding bollards. Below c0.3m of road surfacing, deposits were seen which were thought to be possible graveyard infill.
Archive: RCAHMS (intended)
Sarah Hogg (Kirkdale Archaeology), 2008
Further Details
Standing Building Recording (March 2008 - May 2008)
NS 6024 6557 As part of an ongoing project to record the exterior fabric of Glasgow Cathedral, a standing building survey of the Sacristy/Treasury, the N and S doors to the Lower Church, and the West Façade of the Cathedral, and measured drawing of carvings on the Blackadder Aisle, took place between March and May 2008.
The Sacristy/Treasury on the N side of Glasgow Cathedral originally dates to the mid-13th century. However, the
structure was almost completely demolished in the mid-19th century and rebuilt to approximately half its original height. Detailed recording of the building has identified residual parts of the mid-13th-century structure which survive in the base courses of the buttresses on the N and W sides.
The West Façade of the Cathedral was also substantially re-built in the mid-19th century following the demolition of two towers at the N and S ends of the façade. Surviving parts of the 13th-century base course were identified within the mid-19th-century rebuild.
In addition to this systematic survey the stonework of the S and N doors of the Lower Church and the carvings on the exterior of the Blackadder Aisle were recorded.
Archive: RCAHMS (intended)
Paul Fox and Tom Whalley (Kirkdale Archaeology), 2008
Further Details
Watching Brief (10 August 2010 - 13 August 2010)
NS 6027 6560 A watching brief was maintained 10–13 August 2010 during the excavation of a trench to locate a blockage in a waste pipe serving toilets in the Treasury/Sacristy. Two discrete burials (one previously disturbed) and other human remains were identified in the heavily disturbed ground. There was evidence to suggest that when these burials were interred a path that runs E–W round the N side of the Cathedral was in its present position and that landscaping, possibly carried out during the establishment of the new burial ground had altered parts of the old burial ground.
Archive: RCAHMS (intended)
Further Details
Watching Brief (25 January 2010 - 1 April 2010)
NS 602 656 A watching brief was carried out intermittently, 25 January–1 April 2010, during Historic Scotland’s ongoing consolidation work on elements of the W and S elevations. The consolidation and recording work focused on the eroded gargoyle sequence at clerestory level, the windows and the modification of the demolished SW tower.
Archive: RCAHMS (intended)
J Godbert and P Fox – Kirkdale Archaeology
Further Details
Field Visit (29 July 2011)
NS 6022 6557 An inspection was made on 29 July 2011 of an area of flood damage on the N side of the nave of St Mungo’s Cathedral. Heavy rain had dislodged a significant amount of material around two of the exterior window bays. The material consisted of a mixture of small sub-rounded quartz pebbles (used as a decorative surface spread) and a mixed backfill containing modern glass, iron nails, scaffolding bolts and a single disarticulated human bone.
Archive: RCAHMS (intended)
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Who defeated the Spartans and their allies at Thermopylae in 480 BC? | First Battle of Thermopylae (480 BC)
Last Stand - The First Battle of Thermopylae (480 BC)
Fast and Easy Rules
By Lifestar
Historical Background: In the Battle of Thermopylae of 480 BC, an alliance of Greek city-states fought the invading Persian Empire at the pass of Thermopylae in central Greece. Vastly outnumbered, the Greeks held back the Persians for three days in one of history's most famous last stands. A small force led by King Leonidas of Sparta blocked the only road through which the massive army of Xerxes I of Persia (Xerxes the Great) could pass. After three days of battle, a local resident named Ephialtes betrayed the Greeks by revealing a mountain path that led behind the Greek lines. Dismissing the rest of the army, King Leonidas stayed behind with 300 Spartans and 700 Thespian volunteers. The Persians succeeded in taking the pass but sustained heavy losses, extremely disproportionate to those of the Greeks. The fierce resistance of the Spartan-led army offered Athens the invaluable time to prepare for a decisive naval battle that would come to determine the outcome of the war. The subsequent Greek victory at the Battle of Salamis left much of the Persian Empire's navy destroyed and Xerxes was forced to retreat back to Asia, leaving his army in Greece under Mardonius, who was to meet the Greeks in battle one last time. The Spartans assembled at full strength and led a pan-Greek army that defeated the Persians decisively at the Battle of Plataea, ending the Greco-Persian War and with it the expansion of the Persian Empire into Europe.
The performance of the defenders at the battle of Thermopylae is often used as an example of the advantages of training, equipment, and good use of terrain to maximize an army's potential, and has become a symbol of courage against overwhelming odds. Even more, both ancient and modern writers used the Battle of Thermopylae as an example of the superior power of a well trained army defending native soil.
There is also a large political significance of the Battle of Thermopylae, in that it was the first defining moment in which the disunified Greek city states came together to form a significant alliance. It also possibly signified the beginning of the end for the Persian empire - drawing strength from the Battle, the Greeks began forming assaults against the Persian Empire, as a national body rather than small city states.
Battle 1: Not yet tested.
Rules
The Armies: The battle can be played with plastic 1/72 scale figures. There are many sets of Greek and Persian figures available. Check out the Plastic Soldier Review to see all the possibilities. Figures should be mounted two per base, bases are .75" x 1.5". All units with six bases in size were 3 bases in the front rank, 3 in the rear rank. All units with three bases were deployed in a single rank. Here are some paper soldiers you can print and use.
Greek
Commander: King Leonidas (Overall Commander)
2 units Spartan Hoplites (6 bases each)
Thespians
4 units Hoplites (6 bases each)
2 units Javelin Skirmishers (3 bases each)
Other Greek Allies
4 units Hoplites (6 bases each)
2 units Archer Skirmishers (3 bases each)
3 units Javelin Skirmishers (3 bases each)
Persians
Overall Commander: Xerxes (not present in battle)
Medes and Cissians (Persian Vanguard)
Commander: Artapanus
4 units Regular Infantry (6 bases each)
4 units Javelin Skirmishers (3 bases each)
4 units Sling Skirmishers (3 bases each)
Persian Immortals (Elite)
4 units Immortals (6 bases each)
Persian Main Army
10 units Regular Infantry (6 bases each)
4 units Heavy Infantry (6 bases each)
4 units Archer Skirmishers (3 bases each)
4 units Sling Skirmishers (3 bases each)
The Board: The terrain narrows to the side of the Greek player between the Gulf of Malia and the Kallindromos Mountains. At the narrowest location the open terrain should be no further than 10". At this point stands an ancient Phoican wall renewed for the fight against the Persians. A 7.5' X 5' foot table should provide enough space for the setting.
Deployment: The armies deploy as shown on the map. The armies begin at least 18" inches apart. The Greek Army may deploy on either side of the wall as their commanders wish. The Persian Immortals start the battle in the main Persian deployment area and move to their encirclement position only later in battle.
Sequence of Play:
5. Charge into Melee
6. Melee
The days of the battle: A day consists of four consecutive turns. After each day all units retreat into their deployment areas for the night and reform. During day #1, only the Persian vanguard and the Immortals may leave the Persian deployment area to fight the Greek as Xerxes wants to keep the main force of his army intact for the conquering of the Peloponnese. After day #1, all Persian units may join the battle.
Movement: All infantry and Hoplite units move 6" and are limited to wheels and obliques of up to 45 degrees per turn. Skirmishers move 8" and may move in any direction. Commanders move 12" in every direction unless attached to an Infantry or Hoplite unit. A unit can not move closer than 1" from the enemy except during charges. Any unit that passes the Phoican wall during movement must stop immediately after having crossed the wall. Units may charge into melee over the wall if they can reach an enemy unit with this restrictions. No unit's way of movement may pass through the Kallindromos Mountains or the Gulf of Malia.
Shooting: Only skirmishers and Persian infantry are allowed to shoot. Eligible units may only fire at targets in the front 45 degree arc of them, they can not fire to the side or rear. Roll 1D6 for each base that shoots. Every 6 rolled is a hit and one base is removed from the targeted unit. Exception: it takes two hits on the same turn to remove a Hoplite or Immortal unit because of their armor and large shields. If any part of a unit is in range the entire unit may fire. Units that are engaged in melee may not fire, and may not be targeted. The Phoican Wall blocks shooting except for a shooting unit standing in contact with the wall.
Charge into Melee: Both sides may charge into melee. This is the only way to get into melee. Units may charge up to their usual movement range. Units may only charge if they can reach an enemy unit.
Melee: Each side rolls 1D6 for each base in the fight. The Melee table shows the number needed to score hits. Remove one enemy base for every hit (it takes two hits on the same turn to remove an Hoplite or Immortal stand). Both sides roll simultaneously. If both units still have bases left they remain engaged and fight again next turn. If a unit is attacked on the flank or rear it may only fight with two bases during the first turn of melee. On the subsequent round of melee the unit may turn so all the bases may fight.
Last Stand: If a unit is reduced to one base (not including any commanders) this last base is removed immediately. This rule does not apply to Spartan Hoplites. Commanders are never removed because of this rule..
Commanders: Commanders may not be targeted individually (though may be charged while moving independent). If they are attached to a unit they count as an extra base in melee (but not shooting). Leonidas counts as two extra bases in melee. If the unit they are attached to fights in melee or is completely eliminated by shooting roll 1D6. If the roll is a 6 the commander is eliminated.
Greek Main Force Withdrawal: When getting word of the Immortals advancing in their rear, Leonidas gave every tribe of his army the opportunity to withdraw to reinforce the Greek main forces rallying at the Isthmus of Corinth and preparing for the Battle of Salamis. He himself would stay with his personal bodyguard of 300 Spartans to cover their retreat against the Persian cavalry. He was joined by the Thespians who feared that their lands, being located right behind Thermopylae, would be devastated first by the Persians and thus decided to defend the Pass as long as possible.
After Turn 8 all remaining units of the Greek Allies are removed from the game.
Persian Immortals Encirclement: At dusk of the second day a Malian traitor named Ephialtes told Xerxes about a hidden path around Thermopylae and offered to lead the Persians through the mountains. As soon as the sun went down, Xerxes sent Hyadernes with his Immortals and a number of other forces to encircle the Greek army. This force may consist of all Immortal units not engaged in melee at the time of the Persian movement phase of turn 8, regardless of whether they are present on the table or already dead. Furthermore up to 4 units of skirmishers not engaged in melee at the moment may join the Immortals. The Force may deploy within 12" of the Greek player's side of the table before the Greek movement phase of Turn 9.
Move & Charge
| Persians |
Steve Martin and Martin Short were two of The Three Amigos – who was the other? | This is Sparta? The history behind the movie '300' - USATODAY.com
This is Sparta? The history behind the movie '300'
Updated
What's this?
By Dan Vergano, USA TODAY
Go tell the Spartans, passerby. That here, by Spartan law, we lie, read the ancient elegy on stone at Thermopylae, the ancient battle site where the Greeks, 300 Spartans and their allies, held off masses of invading Persians in 480 BC. Hollywood, our modern Mount Olympus that churns out fresh myths along with popcorn and soda pop, is taking on this historical battle that defined ancient Greece long ago.
Thermopylae was a narrow mountain pass, wide enough for one chariot, with cliffs on one side and the sea on the other, according to the historian Herodotus. There, a small force led by King Leonidas of Sparta met an invading army of hundreds of thousands of soldiers — perhaps 800,000, according to accounts from the time. After two days of the lightly-armored invaders being slaughtered by the spear-wielding and heavily armored Greeks, treachery enabled the forces of Persia's emperor, Xeres, to outflank the Greeks guarding the pass. Leonidas dismissed the bulk of his army, again according to legend, and his remaining force of 300 Spartans and allies fought a suicidal holding action against the invaders.
The battle ended up a costly victory for the Persians, sort of the Alamo of their invasion, giving the Greeks time, and inspiration, to regroup and defeat them later in the war. The example of the Spartans and their allies has lived on, inspiring military codes still alive today, as well as some of the best quotes in history, such as Leonidas' "Come take them," his reply to a Persian request to lay down his arms.
In 300, which opens Friday and is based on a graphic novel by Frank Miller, filmmakers add fantastical elements to the story of the fight, one whose drama would seem to call for little embellishment. USA TODAY asked Paul Cartledge, author of Thermopylae: The Battle that Changed the World, who has seen a preview of the movie, to give his take on how Hollywood stacks up against Herodotus, whose writings give the best account of the fight:
Q. When the movie Troy came out in 2003, a number of classicists said they were pleased to at least see their field getting some silver-screen time. Others worried they would have to spend class time "deprogramming" students who had seen the movie. How do you view the 300's release?
A: I too am very pleased, if only because it gives us a chance to show why what we classicists/ancient historians do still really matters today (and not only in terms of entertainment). Troy the movie was based on (distantly!) a work of Tfiction — or if you like, a national epic — actually two epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey. But 300 is squarely based on a work of history, the Histories of Herodotus, which was indeed the first work of proper history ever written! So the evidence base of the two movies is quite different (not that we can be sure Herodotus got all his facts right, of course — he was only age 4 or so at the time of the Thermopylae defense, and he had his biases and hobbyhorses like any of us.)
Q. So how does the movie's version of the battle stack up to the historical record, in your view?
A: The historical record is (pretty much) Book 7 of Herodotus' Histories. What the movie leaves out is that Sparta didn't fight the Persians alone but as the head of a Greek alliance that included, most importantly, Athens. Sparta was the greatest Greek military power on land, Athens by sea. The resistance to the massive Persian invasion had to be an amphibious one, both by land and by sea, to counter the Persians' amphibious invasion. So the filmmakers missed out that Leonidas and his Spartans were attempting to hold the Thermopylae pass by land in conjunction with the allied Greek fleet led by Athens just up the coast.
However, there are two points about this Greek alliance: 1. It was tiny — only about 30 Greek cities out of 700 or so who might have joined in the resistance; 2. Far more Greeks fought on the Persian side than on the loyal Greek side!
What the movie adds in is a slew of fantasy fiction, including scary monsters. This is partly to take full advantage of the latest computer techno-wizardry (only one small scene was actually filmed out of doors — the rest in the studio against a blue screen with the background — mountains, sea, etc. — all digitally added on.)
What the movie gets dead right is the Spartans' heroic code (not least the gallows-humor one-liners) and the key role played by women in backing up, indeed reinforcing, the male martial code of heroic honor.
Q. Do you think the Greek world view, and particularly the Spartan ethos, comes across in the movie?
A: There was no single Greek world view, in the sense that there were about 1,000 separate Greek communities, all politically separate — though they had many customs, especially religious, in common, and some common ideological features (e.g., a passion for competition — survival of the fittest in every sense). By general consensus, the Spartans were different — strange, odd — compared to normal Greeks, especially in their single-minded devotion to war (or preparing for it), in the relative freedom and empowerment of their women, and in the men's willingness to die heroically for their country and its ideals.
Q. Can you say anything about your contact with the filmmakers? Can you say how much interest they had in recreating the time period?
A: The filmmakers seem to have read my extensive published work — for example, The Spartans (2004) — and made good use of it. But I was consulted formally only over the question of how to pronounce ancient Greek names — for example, should 'Leonidas' be LeonEYEdas, LeONNidas, or LeonEEdas?
I advised LeonEEdas, but they went for LeonEYEdas, so you can see how influential I was (not).
Q. Are there any other key points about the movie or the battle you think are worth making to our readers?
A: Nothing to add — except a caveat about black and white, 'West' (goodies) vs 'East' (baddies) polarization (taken directly from Miller's original cartoon series — he was the movie's principal consultant). It's never a good thing to do that, I think, and least of all now!
In his 2005 book, A War Like No Other: How the Athenians and Spartans Fought the Peloponnesian War, the classicist Victor Davis Hanson writes about how a civil war in Greece, decades after the repulse of the Persians that started at Thermopylae, upended the Greeks' view of themselves as honorable and brave, a product of that fateful battle. In some ways, the battle set the Spartans up for failure later, setting a bar for fearlessness higher than mere mortals could sustain. But it is remarkable that a relatively small fight about 2,500 years ago could still have renown today.
Each week, USA TODAY's Dan Vergano combs scholarly journals to present the Science Snapshot, a brief summary of some of the latest findings in scientific research. For past articles, visit this index page .
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A Shot In The Dark was the follow-up to which successful 1963 comedy? | Blake Edwards obituary | Film | The Guardian
Blake Edwards obituary
Film director best known for the Pink Panther, Breakfast at Tiffany's and 10
Blake Edwards with Julie Andrews in 2000. His maverick spirit and ego made him an uneasy partner with Hollywood studios. Photograph: Uppa
Thursday 16 December 2010 14.36 EST
First published on Thursday 16 December 2010 14.36 EST
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The film-maker Blake Edwards , who has died aged 88, will be best remembered as the creator of the Pink Panther films, and as the husband of the entertainer Julie Andrews. But Edwards was a third-generation show-business figure whose complex and controversial career spanned more than 50 years, initially as an actor and writer and subsequently as one of America's most prolific producer-directors, primarily concerned with the popular genres of comedy and musicals and with creating television series.
Despite working in mainstream cinema, his maverick spirit and ego made him an uneasy partner with Hollywood studios. He famously savaged the hand that had fed him so well with S.O.B. (1981), a raucous, vitriolic attack on Tinseltown. His sophisticated work drew strongly on his love of early cinema (his stepgrandfather had directed silent films), and on his own life and psychological problems (he wrote two movies with his psychoanalyst, Milton Wexler). He also reworked his own films and remade those of other directors.
Edwards was born William Blake Crump in Tulsa, Oklahoma. His parents divorced when he was young and he moved to Los Angeles with his mother. He began work as an extra, partly thanks to his stepfather, Jack McEdward, a film production manager. During his early 20s he appeared in some decent movies, including A Guy Named Joe (1943), which gave him income and time to write.
He created a radio series, Richard Diamond: Private Detective, for Dick Powell in 1948, and that year also wrote and starred in a modest western, Panhandle. He followed this with the screenplay for another western, Stampede (1949), and then concentrated on screenplays for the actor-turned-director Richard Quine, including All Ashore (1953) and the racing drama Drive a Crooked Road (1954), which starred Mickey Rooney. Edwards then devised a sitcom for Rooney, called Hey, Mulligan (1955).
Also in 1955, he cleverly updated My Sister Eileen for Quine, who had starred in the 1942 version. This bright musical introduced him to Jack Lemmon, one of many actors to feature regularly in Edwards's later films. Edwards then wrote and directed two films for the popular singer Frankie Laine, Bring Your Smile Along (1955) and He Laughed Last (1956).
By the age of 35, Edwards had served a successful Hollywood apprenticeship. In 1957 he joined forces with Tony Curtis on their first movie together, Mister Cory, starring Curtis as a guy who uses the path of a crooked gambler to escape the Chicago slums.
Edwards enjoyed his first real commercial hit with the second world war comedy Operation Petticoat (1959), cleverly uniting Curtis with the actor's hero Cary Grant. This and two successful TV series, Peter Gunn (1958-61) and Mr Lucky (1959-60), led him into the most successful decade of his career. The 1960 Bing Crosby vehicle High Time (in which Crosby dresses as a woman – an early example of one of Edwards's fixations) was followed by the sparkling Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961), an adaptation of Truman Capote's novel, starring Audrey Hepburn, George Peppard and Rooney. It compounded his longterm relationship with Henry Mancini, whose score and theme song, Moon River, both won Oscars. They collaborated from High Time onwards, not least in the Panther movies, on a total of more than 20 movies.
Until 1962, Edwards had mainly worked on comedies and musicals, so he seemed an unlikely choice to direct Days of Wine and Roses, in which Lee Remick and Lemmon played a married couple whose descent into alcoholism is depicted in harrowing detail. Often recalled as his best feature, it contains performances of great intensity and probes darker corners than any of his other films.
He hit the jackpot with The Pink Panther (1963) and its first sequel, A Shot in the Dark (1964), with Peter Sellers as the bungling Inspector Clouseau. As the writer, producer and director of such hits, he could subsequently do as he wanted. The result was Hollywood's most expensive comedy to that date, The Great Race (1965), starring Curtis and Lemmon. This sprawling homage to silent cinema was dedicated to Laurel and Hardy. Although popular, it was not the box-office success its cost demanded.
In 1967, Edwards revived the private eye character from his earlier TV series and directed the feature film Gunn (1967), a quirky thriller in which Craig Stevens reprised his role. The clever but protracted comedy The Party (1968) revealed Edwards's disillusionment with the movie world, and starred Sellers as a famous Indian actor who, when invited to a swish Hollywood soiree, totally wrecks it.
Apart from Edwards's marriage (after a divorce from the actor Patricia Walker) to Andrews in 1969, the decade had ended less auspiciously than it began. He devised an elaborate wedding present for Andrews in the form of a lyrical love/spy story, Darling Lili (1970), set during the first world war. Time has been kinder to it than contemporary critics and audiences. It was the first of his films to suffer studio interference. When both his western Wild Rovers (1971) and a thriller, The Carey Treatment (1972), were also re-edited, he and Andrews set up home in Switzerland and began to work in England.
Another romantic spy drama, The Tamarind Seed (1974), enjoyed only modest success, so Edwards revived the Clouseau series with The Return of the Pink Panther (1975), The Pink Panther Strikes Again (1976) and Revenge of the Pink Panther (1978). The first was highly successful, but the last suffered from Sellers's increasingly mannered performance. Nevertheless, the director's rehabilitation seemed complete enough for the US to welcome him back, and he made the riotously successful 10 (1979), with Dudley Moore as a randy, middle-aged composer who grades his girlfriends numerically. Andrews co-starred, but it was Bo Derek who took the attention and the project was his greatest non-Panther hit.
It allowed him extraordinary licence resulting in S.O.B., in which a suicidal director, played by one of his stalwarts, Richard Mulligan, is so dismayed by the response to a film that he revamps it as a porn flick. Edwards surrounded himself with other regular collaborators, headed by Andrews, who famously appeared topless, bringing an end to her wholesome Mary Poppins image. S.O.B. was described as tasteless. It was also a virulent and comic attack on the idiocies of showbusiness and a complex referral to both Edwards's past work and Hollywood itself.
Edwards once more returned to movie history with Victor Victoria (1982), a triumphant revamping of a 1933 German film. Andrews played a destitute singer who, with the connivance of a gay friend, poses as a man, impersonating a female singer. The film challenged the audience's notions of sexuality, not least through the hero (James Garner), who finds himself attracted to the (supposedly) male singer. It was an archetypal Edwards film with a glittering, stylish surface and a dark undertone.
Trail of the Pink Panther (1982) and Curse of the Pink Panther (1983) enjoyed less acclaim, especially the former, which dredged up material from earlier films, after the death of Sellers in 1980, and constructed a movie around them. Edwards was now co-writing with his son Geoffrey, and they were joined by Wexler for The Man Who Loved Women, a reworking of a 1977 François Truffaut film. The project gave full rein to the director's concerns with death, psychoanalysis and sex.
He resorted to his writing pseudonym, Sam O Brown, after an extremely unhappy period of work on the crime comedy City Heat, starring Clint Eastwood and Burt Reynolds, which he had been slated to direct. He went on to direct Micki and Maude (1984) after the collapse of yet another project, then settled to reworking a Laurel and Hardy masterpiece, The Music Box (1932). The resulting film, A Fine Mess (1986), was to feature a version of the duo's great piano-moving sequence from the original film, but it was removed by the studio and the film stands as one indebted to silent cinema as a whole, not to a specific film.
For a modest $1.5m, Edwards made the apparently autobiographical That's Life (1986), again co-written with Wexler. He described it as a belated follow-up to 10, with Lemmon playing a 60-year-old character. The film was shot at Edwards's Malibu home and starred Andrews as well as his daughter Jennifer (a regular performer in his films) and many other friends and collaborators.
He enjoyed popular success by directing Blind Date (1987), in which Bruce Willis played an executive who arranges a business date, only to discover that she is dangerously incapable of holding her drink. He then returned to television, directing Justin Case (1988) and a remake of Peter Gunn (1989). Of his final features, among the best was Sunset (1988), in which Willis played the silent movies western star Tom Mix opposite Garner's ageing Wyatt Earp. A delightful portrait of a lost Hollywood, combined with a factually based thriller, the film failed commercially.
It was followed by the comedies Skin Deep (1989), infamous for its luminous condoms, and Switch (1991), starring Ellen Barkin, in which a chauvinist male is returned to earth as a woman. This complex, very funny movie showed that Edwards had retained his stylish, ironic and adult view of sexuality and relationships – a sophisticated attitude increasingly at odds with mainstream audiences.
Once again aiming at popular appeal, he returned to Clouseau, directing Son of the Pink Panther (1993), which starred Roberto Benigni as the illegitimate son of the legendary inspector. Aged 73, Edwards then directed Andrews in a Broadway production of Victor/Victoria, which opened in 1995 and ran for more than 700 performances.
He was awarded an honorary Oscar in 2004 and had been preparing a stage musical based on the Pink Panther films. Andrews survives him, along with their children Amy and Jo, his stepdaughter Emma, and the children from his first marriage, Jennifer and Geoffrey.
• Blake Edwards (William Blake Crump), film director, screenwriter and producer, born 26 July 1922; died 15 December 2010
Blake Edwards, director of the Pink Panther films, has died aged 88. We look back over his career in clips
Published: 16 Dec 2010
| The Pink Panther |
What type of cat can be Classic, Mackerel, Spotted or Ticked? | The Official Site of Peter Sellers
biography
Master impressionist Peter Sellers was born Richard Henry Sellers on September 8, 1925 in Southsea, Hampshire, England. His parents, Agnes (Peg) and Bill Sellers, called him Peter in memory of his stillborn older brother. Sellers' parents were vaudeville entertainers, and at two days old, Sellers was carried onto the stage at King's Theatre. He spent his childhood traveling the vaudeville circuit, where he gained a fondness for entertaining and a desire to succeed beyond the realm of vaudeville.
As a youth, Sellers attended Miss Whitney's School of Dancing in Southsea and Madame Vacani's Dancing Classes in London before enrolling in St Aloysius' Boarding and Day School for Boys. In the early 1940s, Sellers played the drums with touring jazz bands and also learned to play the banjo and ukulele. Just after his 18th birthday, Sellers was drafted into the British Royal Air Force. He became an official RAF concert entertainer, and between 1943 and 1946, Sellers spent his free time performing comedy sketches and playing the drums for the other servicemen.
After returning home from the war, Sellers pursued a position with the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). By 1948 he had taken part in a few moderately successful auditions, none of which had resulted in an invitation to join the BBC. Having grown impatient for stardom, Sellers chose to take matters into his own hands. The comic made a telephone call to Roy Speer, producer of the BBC radio program, "Show Time." Sellers posed as a popular radio star and recommended himself to Speer. The producer, impressed with Sellers' "acting," gave him a spot on the air. Following his initial appearances on "Show Time," Sellers became a sought-after radio personality.
On the long-running BBC radio show, "Crazy People" (later called "The Goon Show"), Sellers established himself as a master impressionist. The show's zany collection of skits and Sellers' outrageous characters, including Major Bloodnok, Bluebottle and Henry Crun, have been recognized as the predecessors to Monty Python's Flying Circus. "The Goon Show" provided Sellers with a showcase for his improvisational skills as well as an outlet for life's frustrations.
By the time "The Goon Show" was canceled in January 1960, Sellers had earned the exposure necessary to begin a career in film. After appearing in several British pictures, Sellers achieved success in the U.S. with "The Mouse That Roared" (1959). In 1960 he received international attention for his role in the film "The Millionairess," in which he co-starred with Sophia Loren.
The incredibly versatile Sellers could slip in and out of characters with surprising speed. His genius was displayed through his depiction of multiple characters in "Mouse" as well as in several other films throughout his career. "Dr. Strangelove" (1964), considered Sellers' best film, earned him his first Oscar nomination in 1965. In 1963, Sellers introduced the world to his best-known character, Inspector Clouseau, The Pink Panther's bumbling master of disguise. There were four sequels to this successful comedic film: A Shot in the Dark (1964), The Return of the Pink Panther (1974), The Pink Panther Strikes Again (1976), and Revenge of the Pink Panther (1978). 1982's Trail of the Pink Panther is a posthumous collection of outtakes from the previous Panther films combined with new footage of other cast members.
Sellers garnered his second Oscar nomination for the critically acclaimed film, Being There (1979), in which he played the child-like Chance, a gardener mistaken for an economic guru. Sellers' controlled performance was key to the success of this subtle comedy. The comedian's film career ended just before his death in 1980, with The Fiendish Plot of Fu Manchu.
Though Sellers was a great success professionally, he did not fare as well in the personal realm. The son of an overprotective, controlling mother, Sellers often behaved like a child, throwing tantrums and demanding his wives' undivided attention. Sellers married four times, to Anne Howe (Sept. 15, 1951), Britt Ekland (Feb. 19, 1964), Miranda Quarry (Aug. 24, 1970) and Lynne Frederick (Feb. 18, 1977). He also sired three children: Michael (April 2, 1954), Sarah (Oct. 16, 1957) and Victoria (Jan. 20, 1965). Sellers' wives and children were forced to suffer the effects of living with an obsessive perfectionist whose attentions focused mainly on himself and his career.
After appearing in over 60 films as well as on numerous radio and television shows throughout his career, Sellers died of a heart attack on July 24, 1980. Displaying his unending sense of humor, the comic said good-bye with one last joke. At Sellers' request, the song "In The Mood" was played at his funeral, a tune that he hated. According to biographer Roger Lewis, Sellers had told his son Michael that the song was "wonderfully inappropriate - hence, wonderfully appropriate - for solemn occasions."
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What do we call the lake that the Germans call Bodensee? | Lake Constance Resorts: Spa & Resort Deals in Lake Constance, Germany | Expedia
Lake Constance Resorts & Spa Travel Guide
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The US city of Milwaukee stands on which lake? | Passenger and Vehicle Ferries, Meersburg - Transportation - VirtualTourist
Passenger and Vehicle Ferries
view of Lake Constance from the new palace
photo_library 6/6
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The Zurich Trolley Experience
"Choose a start time to suit your schedule and hop aboard Zurich’s old-fashioned trolley at the Sihlquai Bus Terminal in central Zurich to begin your tour. The trolley is designed and built like a streetcar from a bygone era but with all the comforts that today's discerning traveler would expect. Take a window seat or perhaps sit at the rear to enjoy open-air views. The rear windows can also be closed with a plastic cover in case of rain or cold weather.While listening to fun facts and entertaining commentary from your audio guide take in top city attractions including Church of Our Lady (Fraumunster) with its beautiful stained-glass windows pretty Limmatquai the university district
Private Tour: Zurich City Highlights
"You’ll be picked up from your Zurich hotel at your selected departure time for your choice of a 2-hour or 4-hour private sightseeing tour by minivan. Before your tour begins your expert local guide will give an overview of what you'll see giving you the chance to amend the itinerary according to your preferences. Below is a sample itinerary. Throughout your tour your guide will offer interesting commentary about the sights you see making for a more meaningful immersive experience. By the time your tour ends back at your hotel you’ll discover why Zurich is ranked one of the world’s top 25 cities with the highest quality of life!"
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The Folketing is which country’s parliament? | Folketinget - Chapter 3 - The Government
Previous | Next
Chapter 3 - The Government
Part three deals with the King and the Ministers. It establishes that the power of the King is restricted. The country is governed by a Government accepted by Parliament.
Section 12
Subject to the limitations laid down in this Constitutional Act, the King shall have supreme authority in all the affairs of the Realm, and shall exercise such supreme authority through the Ministers.
Section 12
It may almost seem as if the Queen decides everything. However, in reality this is not the case as the Constitutional Act contains major restrictions on which decisions she can make. The Queen exercises power via her Ministers in a Government: she has no independent power. This is described in Sections 13 and 14.
Section 13
The King shall not be answerable for his actions; his person shall be sacrosanct. The Ministers shall be responsible for the conduct of government; their responsibility shall be defined by statute.
Section 13
The Queen has a very special legal status. She is not answerable for her actions. She must observe the laws of Denmark, but she cannot be indicted and sentenced by the Courts. On the other hand, the Queen has no power. The Ministers are responsible for what the Government does. Ministers’ responsibility is explicitly established in a special Act called the Danish Ministerial Responsibility Act. It was passed in 1964.
Section 14
The King shall appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister and the other Ministers. He shall decide upon the number of Ministers and upon the distribution of the duties of government among them. The signature of the King to resolutions relating to legislation and government shall make such resolutions valid, provided that the signature of the King is accompanied by the signature or signatures of one or more Ministers. A Minister who has signed a resolution shall be responsible for the resolution.
Section 14
The Constitutional Act gives the Queen the power to appoint the Prime Minister and the other Ministers. She also decides how many Ministers there are to be and what they are to do. In addition, she can dismiss them again. However, this is no longer how things work. The Queen has no real influence on who will be a Minister or who will be dismissed. The Queen appoints the Ministers recommended by the Prime Minister. When a new Prime Minister is to be appointed, the current Prime Minister and the Queen decide which politician will be able to put together a majority of the Members of Parliament. The person in question may never have a majority against him or her. The Queen then appoints that person to be the new Prime Minister.
The Queen must sign all Acts and important resolutions passed by the Government. However, the Acts and resolutions are valid only when one or more Ministers have also signed them. The Queen is not responsible for the Acts and resolutions she signs. It is the Ministers who are responsible for them.
Section 15
Subsection 1. A Minister shall not remain in office after the Folketing has passed a vote of no confidence in him.
Subsection 2. When the Folketing passes a vote of no confidence in the Prime Minister, he shall ask for the dismissal of the Ministry unless writs are to be issued for a general election. When a vote of no confidence has been passed on a Ministry, or it has asked for its dismissal, it shall continue in office until a new Cabinet has been appointed. Ministers who remain in office as aforesaid shall perform only what may be necessary to ensure the uninterrupted conduct of official business.
Section 15
Subsection 1. If a majority in Parliament no longer has confidence in a Minister, the Minister must resign. This is done by the Members of Parliament voting on a what is known as a no-confidence motion.
Subsection 2. If Parliament expresses a lack of confidence in the Prime Minister, the Government must resign or call an election. The "old" Government remains as the acting Government until a new one has been elected. However, during this period, the Ministers may only carry out practical measures that are required to ensure that the Ministries and public administration can continue. Nothing else.
Section 16
Ministers may be impeached by the King or the Folketing for maladministration of office. The Court of Impeachment shall try cases of impeachment brought against Ministers for maladministration of office.
Section 16
A Minister is responsible for the manner in which he or she manages his or her Ministry. If, for example, he or she neglects his or her work or is suspected of doing something illegal, Parliament can demand that he or she be brought before a special Court.This is called the Court of Impeachment and is described in Section 59. The Court of Impeachment decides whether the Minister is guilty. According to the wording of the Constitutional Act, the Queen can also demand that Ministers be impeached and brought before the Court of Impeachment. However, in practice, the Government has this right.
Since the Court of Impeachment was instituted in 1849, five cases have been brought before the Court, but only two Ministers have been found guilty. In 1910, the former Minister for the Interior, Sigurd Berg, was ordered to pay a fine for negligence in his supervision of Den Sjællandske Bondestands Sparekasse (The Zealand Farmers’ Savings Bank) (the Alberti case). In 1995, the former Minister for Justice, Erik Ninn-Hansen, was given a suspended sentence of four months’ imprisonment for having prevented Tamil refugees from bringing their families to Denmark (the Tamil case).
Section 17
Subsection 1. The body of Ministers shall form the Council of State, in which the Heir to the Throne shall have a seat when of age. The Council of State shall be presided over by the King except in the instance mentioned in Section 8, and in instances in which the legislature in pursuance of Section 9 may have delegated the conduct of government to the Council of State.
Subsection 2. All Bills and important government measures shall be discussed in the Council of State.
Section 17
Subsection 1. The Council of State consists of all the Ministers, the Queen and the successor to the throne, if he or she is legally competent. The Queen chairs the meetings of the Council of State. If, for example, she is travelling, the meetings are chairedby her deputy, who is known as a Regent. These rules can be seen in Section 9.
Subsection 2. All Acts and important resolutions passed by the Government must be discussed in the Council of State. However, in practice, the resolutions are passed by the Government, not by the Council of State.
Section 18
Should the King be prevented from holding a Council of State he may entrust the discussion of any matter to a Council of Ministers. Such a Council of Ministers shall consist of all the Ministers, and shall be presided over by the Prime Minister. The vote of each Minister shall be entered in a minute book, and any question shall be decided by a majority of votes. The Prime Minister shall submit the minutes, signed by the Ministers present, to the King, who shall decide whether he will immediately consent to the recommendations of the Council of Ministers, or have the matter brought before him in a Council of State.
Section 18
If the Queen is prevented from attending a Council of State, she can demand that the Ministers hold a meeting without her. This is called a Council of Ministers and consists of all Ministers. The Prime Minister chairs the meeting. The Queen can subsequently sign the Council of Ministers’ resolutions. This Section is no longer of any great importance. In fact, no monarch has made use of this opportunity since 1869. On the other hand, the Government holds meetings of Ministers once a week. The meetings are of great practical importance, but are not mentioned in the Constitutional Act.
Section 19
Subsection 1. The King shall act on behalf of the Realm in international affairs, but, except with the consent of the Folketing, the King shall not undertake any act whereby the territory of the Realm shall be increased or reduced, nor shall he enter into any obligation the fulfilment of which requires the concurrence of the Folketing or which is otherwise of major importance; nor shall the King,except with the consent of the Folketing, denounce any international treaty entered into with the consent of the Folketing.
Subsection 2. Except for purposes of defence against an armed attack upon the Realm or Danish forces the King shall not use military force against any foreign state without the consent of the Folketing. Any measure which the King may take in pursuance of this provision shall forthwith be submitted to the Folketing. If the Folketing is not in session it shall be convened immediately.
Subsection 3. The Folketing shall appoint from among its Members a Foreign Policy Committee, which the government shall consult before making any decision of major importance to foreign policy. Rules applying to the Foreign Policy Committee shall be laid down by statute.
Section 19
The Queen exercises her power via her Ministers. She cannot be held responsible for what the Government does (Sections 12, 13 and 14). Therefore, the word "King" must be read as "the Government".
Subsection 1. Parliament establishes the main direction of Denmark’s foreign policy. By far the majority of foreign policy decisions regarding agreements with other countries must be approved by Parliament. The Government cannot simply make a decision on its own initiative. This applies when Denmark enters into agreements with other countries on cooperation in NATO and the UN, for instance.
Subsection 2. Nor can the Government simply decide that Danish military forces must attack other countries. Parliament must be consulted first. However, there is one exception. The Government can use Danish forces for defence if Denmark is attacked by another country. However, the military measure must be submitted to Parliament immediately afterwards. If Parliament is not sitting because of a holiday, for instance, a sitting must be convened immediately.
Subsection 3. Parliament must appoint a committee with which the Government must discuss major foreign policy decisions before the decisions are made. This committee is called the Foreign Policy Committee. The members of the Committee have a duty of confidentiality. They must not talk publicly about what they learn at the meetings.
Section 20
Subsection 1. Powers vested in the authorities of the Realm under this Constitutional Act may, to such an extent as shall be provided by statute, be delegated to international authorities set up by mutual agreement with other states for the promotion of international rules of law and cooperation.
Subsection 2. For the enactment of a Bill dealing with the above, a majority of five sixths of the Members of the Folketing shall be required. If this majority is not obtained, whereas the majority required for the passing of ordinary Bills is obtained, and if the Government maintains it, the Bill shall be submitted to the electorate for approval or rejection in accordance with the rules for referenda laid down in Section 42.
Section 20
Subsection 1. Denmark cooperates with other countries in organisations such as the EU. Situations may arise in which it is necessary for the international organisation to make decisions that the citizens of all Member States must observe.This Section of the Constitutional Act makes this possible. It is called "surrendering sovereignty". However, a number of conditions must be met. First and foremost, an Act must be passed. This must state how much power Denmark is surrendering.
Subsection 2. It is not sufficient for the Act to be passed by a simple majority in Parliament. At least 150 of the 179 members of Parliament must vote for the Bill. This is equivalent to five-sixths of the Members of Parliament. When normal Bills are to be passed, it is sufficient that there are more votes in favour than against. However, if the majority for a Bill on the surrender of sovereignty is less than five-sixths, the Bill must be submitted to a referendum before it can become an Act. The rules for referendums are stated in Section 42.
It was necessary to hold a referendum in accordance with Section 20 before Denmark became a member of the EC/EU in 1973. A large majority in Parliament was in favour of membership; 141 Members voted for and 34 voted against. But this was not a five-sixths majority. The referendum was held on 2 October 1972. Since then, there have been several referendums on amendments to the EC/EU Treaties in accordance with the rule in Section 20. An Act passed under Section 20 does not remain in force for ever. If a majority of Parliament so wishes, a treaty adopted in accordance with Section 20 can be revoked. This means that a majority in Parliament can decide that Danish membership of the EU should be terminated.
Section 21
The King may take the initiative to introduce Bills and other measures in the Folketing.
Section 21
The Government can have Bills and proposals for other resolutions submitted to Parliament. In fact, all Members of Parliament are entitled to submit Bills and make proposals. These are called private member’s Bills and are discussed in Section 41 (1). But in practice, the procedure is slightly different. By far the majority of Bills originate with the Government. The Government also submits almost all of the Bills that are passed. This is because the Government is often supported by a majority in Parliament. The Government can also obtain assistance from the various Ministries, where there are experts to prepare the individual Bills.
Section 22
A Bill passed by the Folketing shall become law if it receives the Royal Assent no later than thirty days after it was finally passed. The King shall order the promulgation of statutes and shall ensure that they are carried into effect.
Section 22
The Queen affirms an Act by signing it. This means that the Act does not come into force until she has signed it. A Sovereign has not refused to sign a Bill since 1865. The Constitutional Act is interpreted today in such a way that the Sovereign is not entitled to refuse to sign.The Government must also sign the Bill. This is done by the Minister responsible for the area in question signing it. A Bill does not become an Act if the Government refuses to sign it for one reason or another, or if the Bill is not signed within 30 days. Acts must be published before they take effect for citizens. This is done by publishing them on www.lovtidende.dk .
Section 23
In an emergency the King may, when the Folketing cannot assemble, issue provisional laws, provided that they shall not be at variance with the Constitutional Act, and that they shall always, immediately on the assembling of the Folketing, be submitted to it for approval or rejection.
Section 23
This Section concerns provisional Acts. If it is not possible to convene Parliament, the Government can issue a provisional Act on its own initiative. However, the Act must not contravene the Constitutional Act. And it must be debated in Parliament as soon as Parliament can be convened. A majority of Members can adopt or reject the Act.
This provision can only be used in very special cases. And only when it is impossible to convene Parliament.This could be due to war or natural disasters, for instance. However, it could also be due to a general election. After an election, it takes a few days until the new Members of Parliament can be convened. The Finance Act, however, cannot be passed as a provisional Act. This is stated in Section 46.
Section 24
The King shall have the prerogative of mercy and of granting amnesty. The King may grant Ministers a pardon for sentences passed upon them by the Court of Impeachment, subject to the consent of the Folketing.
Section 24
Originally, the King had the right to exempt people from a sentence or parts of a sentence. This is called a pardon. Today, the Minister for Justice has this right. The Minister only pardons people if there are special personal circumstances in favour of a pardon. These could be illness, age or family circumstances, for instance. In practice, most pardons are granted before people have begun to serve their sentences. The Minister for Justice may also pardon a group of people sentenced for a crime. This is called an amnesty. In particular, the latter has been applied in connection with a number of political events. Most recently, at the end of the German occupation of Denmark in 1945.The Government cannot pardon a Minister sentenced by the Court of Impeachment on its own initiative. The Government must propose a motion in Parliament and try to gain a majority for it.
Section 25
The King may, either directly or through the relevant government authorities, make such grants and grant such exemptions from the statutes as are either warranted under the rules which existed before June 5th 1849, or have been warranted by a statute passed since that date.
Section 25
The provision in Section 25 has a very special historical background. Before 1849, the King was an autocrat. He decided which Acts would be passed and he could also make exemptions from them. During the period up to the time the Constitutional Act was passed, normal legislative work had virtually come to a standstill. Instead, the King often made exemptions from Acts, with regard to divorces, for example. At the time it was very difficult to be divorced under the Acts in force. Nevertheless, some married people were granted divorces by the King. When the Constitutional Act was passed in 1849, it was obvious that it would take a long time before all of the exemptions from previous Acts could be incorporated into new Acts. Therefore, Section 25 was created. The provision was primarily intended to facilitate the transition from autocracy. Today, the provision has virtually no significance. Most areas are now covered by an Act.
Section 26
The King is entitled to have money minted as provided by statute.
Section 26
The State issues Danish coins. While the State and thus the Government are also entitled to issue banknotes, this is not mentioned in the Constitutional Act. In practice, the Danish Central Bank (Danmarks Nationalbank) has the exclusive right to issue banknotes. This is stated in the Act on the Danish Central Bank.
Section 27
Subsection 1. Rules governing the appointment of civil servants shall be laid down by statute. No person shall be appointed a civil servant unless he be a Danish subject. Civil servants who are appointed by the King shall make a solemn declaration of loyalty to the Constitutional Act.
Subsection 2. Rules governing the dismissal, transfer, and pensioning of civil servants shall be laid down by statute – cf. Section 64.
Subsection 3. Civil servants appointed by the King shall be transferred without their consent provided that they do not suffer loss of income in respect of their posts or offices, and that they have been offered the choice of such transfer or retirement on pension under the general rules and regulations.
Section 27
The State needs reliable, loyal civil servants who do not take bribes. Therefore, some of the most senior civil servants are employed according to special rules that protect them. They cannot be dismissed without a very good reason, for example. And they are entitled to a pension even if they are dismissed.
Subsection 1. The rules are established in an Act called the Danish Civil Servants’ Act. The State’s civil servants must be Danish subjects. This means that they must be Danish citizens. This requirement does not apply to municipal civil servants. Citizens of the EU and the Nordic countries can work as civil servants in Denmark without first becoming Danish citizens. Instead they are employed on terms similar to those of civil servants.
Subsection 2. An Act also establishes rules for the dismissal, transfer and retirement of civil servants.The rules are in the Danish Civil Servants’ Act and the Danish Civil Servants’ Pension Act. However, judges may not be transferred against their will. This is stated in Section 64.
Subsection 3. Other civil servants can be transferred to new positions, for example. But this must not result in their pay decreasing. If they are transferred, they must have the opportunity to choose between the new job or retirement.
| Denmark |
In which book did Miss Marple first appear? | Is Greenland a country or an integral part of Denmark? - Quora
Quora
Written Feb 15, 2016
Both.
Greenland is one of the constituent countries of the Kingdom of Denmark, which also contains Denmark and the Faroe Islands. The kingdom is governed by the queen of Denmark and by the Folketing, the parliament that also governs Denmark proper. Greenland also has its ovn parliament.
In practice, Greenland have control over most of their internal politics, but Denmark controls foreign policy and defence. Denmark also have some control over the monetary policy of Greenland, but I don't know how much. Of course, since Denmark is controlled by the Folketing and Greenland gets 2 seats, they have some say in the matter.
All in all, it's a pretty odd arrangement.
| i don't know |
Which Asian country has the Kip as its currency? | ASEAN Member States - ASEAN | ONE VISION ONE IDENTITY ONE COMMUNITY
ASEAN Member States
Home / ASEAN /ASEAN Member States
ASEAN Member States anindhitya 2016-07-01T09:21:15+00:00
Brunei Darussalam
Head of State : His Majesty Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu’izzaddin Waddaulah
Capital : Bandar Seri Begawan
National Flag : Click Here for detail Specification.
Language(s) : Malay, English
Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade of Brunei Darussalam Website: www.mfa.gov.bn
Cambodia
Head of State : His Majesty King Norodom Sihamoni
Head of Government : Prime Minister Hun Sen
Capital : Phnom Penh
National Flag : Click Here for detail Specification.
Language : Khmer
Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation of Cambodia Website: www.mfaic.gov.kh
Indonesia
Head of State : President Joko Widodo
Capital : Jakarta
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Indonesia Website: www.kemlu.go.id
Lao PDR
Head of State : President Bounnhang Vorachith
Head of Government : Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith
Capital : Vientiane
National Flag : Click Here for detail Specification.
Language : Lao
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lao PDR Website: www.mofa.gov.la
Malaysia
Head of State : His Majesty The King Almu’tasimu Billahi Muhibbuddin Tuanku Al-Haj Abdul Halim Mu’adzam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Badlishah
Head of Government : The Honourable Dato’ Sri Mohd Najib bin Tun Abdul Razak
Capital : Kuala Lumpur
National Flag : Click Here for detail Specification.
Language(s) : Malay, English, Chinese, Tamil
Currency : Ringgit
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Malaysia Website: www.kln.gov.my
ASEAN-Malaysia National Secretariat Website: www.kln.gov.my/myasean
Myanmar
Head of State : President U Htin Kyaw
Capital : Nay Pyi Taw
National Flag : Click Here for detail Specification.
Language : Myanmar
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Myanmar Website: www.mofa.gov.mm
Philippines
Head of State : President Rodrigo Roa Duterte
Capital : Manila
National Flag : Click Here for detail Specification.
Language(s) : Filipino, English, Spanish
Department of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines Website: www.dfa.gov.ph
Singapore
Head of State : President Tony Tan Keng Yam
Head of Government : Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong
Capital : Singapore
National Flag : Click Here for detail Specification.
Language(s) : English, Malay, Mandarin, Tamil
Currency : S$ (Singapore Dollar)
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Singapore Website: www.mfa.gov.sg
Thailand
Head of State : His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej
Head of Government : Prime Minister General Prayut Chan-o-cha
Capital : Bangkok
National Flag : Click Here for detail Specification.
Language : Thai
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Thailand Website: www.mfa.go.th
Viet Nam
Head of State : President Tran Dai Quang
Head of Government : Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc
Capital : Ha Noi
National Flag : Click Here for detail Specification.
Language : Vietnamese
| Laos |
The Riksdag is which country’s parliament? | LAK | Lao Kip | OANDA
Lao Kip
Overview
The Lao Kip has been the official currency of Laos since 1952, when it replaced the French Indochinese Piastre at par. At the time, the Kip was sub-divided into 100 att. The symbol for the Lao Kip is ₭.
Economy
Laos's economy depends heavily on investment and trade with its neighbors, Thailand, Vietnam, and especially in the north, China. Pakxe has also experienced growth based on cross-border trade with Thailand and Vietnam.
In 2011, the Democratic Republic of the stock market began trading.
Laos is rich in mineral resources, oil and gas imports. Metallurgy is an important industry, and the government hopes to attract foreign investment to develop the important coal deposits, gold, bauxite, tin, copper and other precious metals.
Abundant water resources of the country and mountainous terrain enable them to produce and export large amounts of hydroelectric power. Potential capacity of approximately 18,000 megawatts, about 8,000 megawatts have been committed for export to Thailand and Vietnam.
History
The first version of the Lao Kip was released in 1945-1946. The Free Kip government in Vientiane issued a series of paper money in denominations of 10, 20 and 50 att and 10 Kip before the French authorities took control of the region.
In 1952, the Lao Kip was reintroduced, replacing the French Indochinese Piastre at par. Coins were issued in denominations of 10, 20 and 50 cents or inscriptions att French and Lao. All were minted in aluminum and had a hole in the center, like the Chinese cash coins. The only year of issue was 1952.
In 1957, the government issued notes denominated solely in Lao Kip. The notes were 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 500 Kip.
In 1963, 200 and 1,000 Lao Kip notes were followed by 5,000 Kip notes in 1975. All were printed in France.
Symbols and Names
Att = 1/100 of a Kip
Denominations
Bills: 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 5,000, 10,000, 20,000, 50,000, 100,000 kip
Coins: 10, 20, 50 att
Countries Using This Currency
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| i don't know |
In which book did Hercule Poirot first appear? | Poirot's Allies
Poirot's Allies
Poirot's Allies
Poirot's Allies
Before being reunited in 2013's The Big Four, Poirot's recurring friends (the "group of three") were last seen in Evil Under the Sun (2001).
Hercule Poirot, the Belgian private detective from Agatha Christie's creative mind, couldn't have had an illustrious career without the help of his allies. His associates include Captain Arthur Hastings (his first friend in his new country of England), Ariadne Oliver (a successful mystery writer), Chief Inspector Japp of Scotland Yard, Mr. Goby the informant, Dr. Stillingfleet, and many others. These "others" include policemen and theatrical agents. The pictures that accompany these entries come from the television series Agatha Christie's Poirot (1989-2013) that starred actor David Suchet. These physical appearances do not necessarily match the characters' descriptions in the books.
The entries below list the novels and short stories in which the characters appear, and do not reflect any televised stories (that either starred David Suchet as Poirot or any of his other predecessors). The supporting cast for the series of Poirot included Captain Hastings, Chief Inspector Japp, and Miss Lemon that spanned seasons 1-8 (1989-2002). This "group of three" returned in the final season in 2013. Again, it is important to note that their appearances on the show do not match those appearances in the books. That goes also for the character of George, Poirot's valet, who doesn't even appear on the show until season 10 (in 2006). Despite the "over and under-appearances" of these characters, they have added so much to the series of Poirot and are characters loved by fans around the world. Withourt further ado, here are the various associates of Poirot's through the years and books:
Captain Arthur Hastings
Arthur Hastings was played by actor Hugh Fraser in all the stories the character appeared in (on the series Agatha Christie's Poirot). This is from the adaptation of Dumb Witness (1996).
Captain Arthur Hastings was Poirot's long-time friend and narrator of a few of Poirot's cases. He appears in 26 short stories, but in only eight novels. He first appeared in 1916, recovering from wounds in WWI. There, he again met Poirot (they were known to each other before) at Styles Court and helped Poirot solve a murder. They also rented an apartment together while solving crimes. Hastings serves as narrator in all of the cases in which he appears.
Hastings married a sweet young woman named Dulcie Duveen and they both moved to Argentina. Through the years, however, Hastings returned to London to visit his friend Poirot. Hastings also had 4 children, one of which is Judith, a research scientist living in England. It is not known how many years younger he was than Poirot, but he was old enough to be losing hair during his exploits during the 1930's.
Appears in:
"The Double Clue"
Chief Inspector James Japp
Philip Jackson portrayed Japp on the Poirot series. He is shown here in the 1992 version of One, Two, Buckle My Shoe.
Japp was a member of Scotland Yard. His association with Poirot dates back to 1904, when Poirot was with the Belgian police. They worked together on two unrecorded cases, the Abercrombie forgery case and on the Baron Altara case. They met again in 1916 during the Styles Court investigation (The Mysterious Affair at Styles, published in 1920). During the course of the stories in which he appears, Japp is promoted from Detective Inspector to Chief Inspector. In his final appearance on the Poirot television series, Japp tells Poirot that he was promoted to Assistant Commissioner.
Captain Hastings described Japp as a "little, sharp, dark, ferret-faced man", not quite the appearance of Japp on the Poirot series. Japp was an ardent (amateur) botanist who also enjoyed English cooking. He had dreamed of living in the countryside after his retirement from police work.
Appears in:
"The Affair at the Victory Ball"
"The Market Basing Mystery"
Felicity Lemon
On Poirot, the secretary Miss Lemon was played by Pauline Moran. She introduces her sister to Poirot, as seen here, in the adaptation of the novel Hickory Dickory Dock (1995).
Felicity Lemon was Hercule Poirot's secretary, and before that, was employed as Mr. Parker Pyne's. She was described as "unbelievably ugly and incredibly efficient" and looked as though "a lot of bones [were] flung together at random". She was extremely useful to Poirot as being the perfect secretary with hopes of creating the perfect filing system. Her passion for order matched that of Poirot himself. Miss Lemon had a sister who managed a youth hostel in Hickory Dickory Dock.
Appears in:
The Adventure of the Christmas Pudding (1960)
"The Mystery of the Spanish Chest"
Ariadne Oliver
Mrs. Oliver first appeared for Agatha Christie's Poirot in the adaptation of the novel Cards on the Table (2006). She was portrayed by Zoe Wanamaker, whom appeared in all adaptations of the Poirot novels that featured the character.
Ariadne Oliver is a successful detective novelist that has worked side by side with Hercule Poirot. The middle-aged writer of detective stories is broad-shouldered and has "rebellious" gray hair. Ariadne Oliver is known for her love of apples and her strong belief in woman's intuition. She is also the creator of the Finnish detective Sven Hjerson, of whom she has a great dislike. Most of the books she appears in have been with Poirot. For more on Mrs. Oliver at HPC, simply go here .
Appears in:
Parker Pyne Investigates (1934), non-Poirot
"The Case of the Discontented Soldier"
"The Case of the Rich Woman"
George
Poirot's valet, George, first appears in the TV adaptation of Taken at the Flood (2006). He is shown here in 2008's Third Girl. George appears in seven episodes of Agatha Christie's Poirot.
George (sometimes referred to as Georges) is Poirot's valet, or gentleman's gentleman. He came into the employ of Poirot sometime after Captain Hastings had left for Argentina (after Murder on the Links). Prior to being Poirot's valet, he served for Lord Edward Frampton. George remained the Belgian's valet until the last novel, Curtain. Poirot utilized George as a source of knowledge of the English aristocracy and was described as a "delicate social recorder". George was also an expert at being a "social snob". Poirot always appreciated the thorough accuracy of George's descriptions he used on people. George was described as having a deferential manner and it was said that communication was sometimes involved with difficulties between him and his employer.
Appears in:
The Under Dog and Other Stories (1951)
"The Under Dog"
Superintendent Bert Spence
Poirot's friend, formerly of Scotland Yard, served in the Kilchester Police. He was described as having a large red face and a man "keen on roses". He first appears in Mrs. McGinty's Dead, enlisting Poirot's help in clearing the murder charge of a James Bentley, Mrs. McGinty's lodger. By the time Hallowe'en Party is published, Spence is retired and lives with his sister Elspeth. Spence proves to be of help in this case, as well as Poirot's penultimate story of murder/suicide, Elephants Can Remember. He is not the same Spence who appears in the Poirot novel Taken at the Flood.
Appears in:
Elephants Can Remember (1972)
Mr. Satterthwaite
He was the small, snobbish, social butterfly who was an associate of the enigmatic Harley Quin and friend of Poirot's. He was already known to readers of Agatha Christie's stories as an "agent and pawn" of Quin from the short stories that featured them. When Satterthwaite appeared in Three Act Tragedy, he was a weekend guest of Sir Charles Cartwright when the local reverend was poisoned. Satterthwaite assists Poirot in the investigation and learns more (as does the reader) about Poirot's personality. In the short story, "Dead Man's Mirror", Satterthwaite is reacquainted with the Belgian sleuth once again.
Appears in:
Problem at Pollensa Bay and Other Stories (1991)
"The Harlequin Tea Set", non-Poirot
Superintendent Battle
Battle was a member of Scotland Yard who had a expressionless face and powerful physique. His cases tended to be that of crimes related to politics or international diplomacy. In the five novels that feature him, only one is a Poirot story. Battle does not appear in the television adaptation of Cards on the Table starring David Suchet. Instead, the character is replaced by a Superintendent Jim Wheeler. For more information on Superintendent Battle, visit this article on HPC.
Appears in:
The Secret of Chimneys (1925), non-Poirot
The Seven Dials Mystery (1929), non-Poirot
Cards on the Table (1936)
Murder is Easy (1939), non-Poirot
Towards Zero (1944), non-Poirot
Colonel Race
Colonel Race joins Poirot on a case in the TV adaptation of Death on the Nile, with David Suchet as Poirot. Race is played by James Fox.
Race was a member of the British Secret Service, "usually to be found in one of the outposts of the Empire where trouble was brewing". This tall man with a bronzed face appeared in only four stories, two of the them featuring Hercule Poirot. His character appeared in the Poirot series' adaptation of Death on the Nile (2004). Unfortunately, Race does not appear in 2006's adaptation of Cards on the Table; a Secret Service character named Colonel Hughes (created for the episode) takes his place. To read more on Colonel Race, click on this article .
Appears in:
The Man in the Brown Suit (1924), non-Poirot
Cards on the Table (1936)
Death on the Nile (1937)
Sparkling Cyanide (1945), non-Poirot
Joseph Aarons
Aarons was an expert in the theatre. He was a vital resource to Poirot in the Belgian detective's early years in England. The theatrical agent Aarons boasted once to Poirot and Hastings, "There's not much about the profession I don't know." Not only did Aarons know theatre, but the people in that world and the rumors surrounding them.
Appears in:
The Mystery of the Blue Train (1928)
Mr. Goby
A long-time friend of Poirot's, Goby himself was a private investigator who specialized in information--and obtaining it quickly. Few employed him because he was very expensive for his services. He was described in After the Funeral as "small and spare and shrunken. He had always been refreshingly nondescript in appearance and he was now so nondescript as practically not to be there at all." When he speaks to someone, he doesn't look at the person. Goby became more talkative as the years went by, rambling on instead of being focused on the subject of his investigations. He assisted Poirot later after having been hired by the American millionaire Rufus Van Aldin in The Mystery of the Blue Train. The character of Mr. Goby does not appear on screen in any adaptation of the works listed below.
Appears in:
Elephants Can Remember (1972)
Edward Catchpool
Edward Catchpool is a policeman for Scotland Yard, having been created by author Sophie Hannah in two authorized Poirot novels. He had been with the Yard for two years and a policeman for five. He is an umarried young man of thirty-two who enjoys crossword puzzles and, in fact, fills his free time by creating one himself. He resides in a London lodging house owned by a Mrs. Blanche Unsworth. It is there that he meets Hercule Poirot as Poirot takes a room for himself to rest from his labors. Catchpool narrates their investigation of three murders at London's Bloxham Hotel. A short time later he is reunited with Poirot in the town of Clonakilty in the Irish Free State, as a guest of a wealthy writer. The writer's secretary is murdered and it is up to Poirot and Catchpool to identify the killer.
Appears in:
Dr. John Stillingfleet
Dr. Stillingfleet, as he appears on the TV adaptation of the short story "The Dream".
He was a doctor of "thirty-odd with red hair and a rather attractively ugly face." He called upon Poirot's help in the Benedict Farley suicide case in the short story "The Dream". In the novel Third Girl, the doctor saved Norma Restarick's life from oncoming traffic. Upon Poirot's request, he helped her recover from the illegal drugs in her system. The long-legged doctor later married Norma and moved to Australia to start a new practice there. He confessed once, "I'm just interested in people."
Appears in:
The Regatta Mystery and Other Stories (1939)
"The Dream"
Colin Lamb
Colin appears as "Colin Race", the son of Colonel Race, in the TV adaptation of The Clocks (aired in 2011).
Colin Lamb was a marine biologist helping the Sercret Service when he meets a young woman who finds a dead body. He narrates half the novel The Clocks, giving his own point-of-view of the police proceedings in the investigation of three murders while describing his own adventures into espionage. Apart from being friends with Poirot, he was also acquainted with the mystery novelist Ariadne Oliver. It is hinted in the novel that his father might've been Superintendent Battle, but it is up to the reader to decide. It was Poirot that Colin contacts to help assist him and Detective Inspector Hardcastle in investigating the murder of a Mr. Curry. What is inexplicable, however, is that in the television version of The Clocks, Colin's last name is Race and his father is Colonel Race, seen in the adaptation of Death on the Nile.
Appears in:
The Clocks (1963)
Monsieur Bouc
Bouc appeared in the TV adaptation of the famous novel Murder on the Orient Express, which aired in 2010.
Belgian director of la Compagnie Internationale des Wagons Lits, he had a long-standing friendship with Hercule Poirot, dating from the time Poirot was the star of the Belgian police force. He hired Poirot to investigate the murder of Samuel Edward Ratchett, one of the passengers aboard the Orient Express. He was with Poirot in the solving of the crime from beginning to end.
Appears in:
Murder on the Orient Express (1934)
Dr. Burton
Burton was a friend of Poirot's and a Fellow of All Soul's. He was a "plump, untidy" man who knew nothing of neatness--he had tobacco ash always covering him. The white-haired doctor wondered why Poirot's mother would choose such a first name as "Hercule". He laughed at the thought of Poirot retiring and growing vegetable marrows. "Yours aren't the Labors of Hercules," said the doctor. "Yours are labors of love."
Appears in:
The Labors of Hercules (1947)
Lucien Bex
Bex appeared in the TV adaptation of the novel Murder on the Links (1996).
Bex was the police official in charge of the Renauld case. Hastings describes Bex as a "short stout man with a huge mustache". He had worked with Poirot in Ostend (Belgium) when Poirot was a member of the police force there. It was Bex who introduced Poirot and Hastings to Giraud, the famous detective from the Paris Surete, Poirot's rival in the Renauld case. In the television adaptation, he is seemingly unknown to Hercule Poirot (unlike the novel).
Appears in:
Murder on the Links (1923)
Achille Poirot
An invention of Hercule Poirot's, Achille was Hercule's twin brother. Hercule describes his brother is "not nearly so handsome. And wears no mustaches." Achille's power of deduction and reasoning is equal to that of his brother. Achille "appears" at the climax of The Big Four to lend assistance to Hercule and Captain Hastings, only to disappear "to the land of myths." Curiously, although Achille was something of fiction (as if Hercule weren't real enough!), Achille is mentioned in the foreward of the short story collection The Labors of Hercules. Dr. Burton, a friend of Hercule's, ponders about Madame Poirot's choice of names for her sons. Burton talks as if Achille actually existed. Some fans of Agatha Christie believe Achille did exist and Hercule was just bluffing. The existence of Achille Poirot is left to the reader to decide.
Appears in:
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This site is not endorsed by Agatha Christie Ltd. or the Acorn Media Group.
| The Mysterious Affair at Styles |
Who dedicated his Kreutzer Sonata to a violinist who refused to play it? | Facts and Trivia on Agatha Christie
Facts and Trivia on Agatha Christie
World Records
Dame Agatha Christie is in the Guinness Book of World Records as the World's Bestselling Author. Her books have sold over 2 billion copies in 44 languages. Royalties are about $4 million per year. Agatha Christie is also one of the world's most prolific writers, or authoress (as she called herself).
Agatha Christie's play The Mousetrap has the longest theatrical run, according to the Guinness Book of World Records. It opened at the Ambassadors Theatre in London on November 25, 1952. It moved next door to the St. Martin's Theatre on March 25, 1974, not missing a single performance. It continues to this day.
Imitating Agatha's Crimes
There is a history of criminals copying crimes from Agatha's books (whether the criminals knew or not). There was a murder very similar to Murder on the Orient Express committed in West Germany in 1981. Two murders (one a series of murders) and an attempted murder copied the manner of murder in the Christie novel The Pale Horse. Life imitated Christie's art again in North Carolina in 1979, when a gruesome murder was discovered, similar to the one in the Miss Marple story Sleeping Murder.
Sales, Investments, Planned Ideas
Agatha Christie Ltd. was set up in 1955 to take care of the royalties on all works, plays, and movies after that date. It was reorganized in 1968 when a firm (Booker McConnell) bought a 51% holding on the company. It later extended its share to 64%, with Christie's daughter Rosalind and grandson Mathew part owners.
Agatha Christie had delegated the author's rights in Curtain to her daughter Rosalind. The rights of Sleeping Murder went to her husband Max Mallowan.
There were plans to turn the Poirot novel Hickory Dickory Dock into a stage musical. It started in the early sixties with a script and some music already written. It was discussed that Peter Sellers would star as Poirot. The first draft was titled Death Beat and it was actually shown to Agatha Christie. Interest and support fell among the originators of the show, and it never evolved into another stage (no pun intended).
Here is a list of milestones in sales of first editions:
2,000--The Mysterious Affair at Styles (1920)
5,000--The Murder of Roger Ackroyd (1926)
10,000--Three-Act Tragedy (1935)
50,000--A Murder Is Announced (1950), the 50th Christie mystery book
150,000--Curtain (1975)
Note: 3,000,000 copies of Murder on the Orient Express (published in 1934) were sold in 1974 alone when the Albert Finney film adaptation opened!
Miscellaneous Trivia
At one point in her successful career, Mrs. Christie actually owned eight different houses. Many of these houses were "used" as the houses in several of her novels, for example: Taken at the Flood, Dead Man's Folly, Five Little Pigs, A Pocket Full of Rye, Crooked House, among others. The setting (the house, pool, and paths) for The Hollow, was taken from Francis L. Sullivan's house. Mr. Sullivan was the actor who portrayed Hercule Poirot in both plays Black Coffee and Peril at End House.
The Miss Marple novel At Bertram's Hotel (1965) was subtitled: "Featuring Miss Marple, the original character as created by Agatha Christie." Explanation for this was that there were a series of four movies starring Margaret Rutherford as Jane Marple between 1961 and 1964. The last of these films was Murder Ahoy!, not based on any Christie work. To Agatha's delight, the film was a box office failure. Agatha had been already annoyed at the previous film which depicted Marple dancing the 'Twist' and riding a horse. Christie felt, obviously, that she could write better Agatha Christie plots than others (and certainly not have Marple commandeering a battleship in Murder Ahoy!). Said Christie, "I do, after all, have a little experience with plots, dialogue, and knowing what audiences like, you know."
Charles Dickens was Agatha's favorite author; she remembered her mother reading Dickens' Bleak House to her as a small child. She got together with MGM in writing a screen treatment of Bleak House so it could be made into a movie. A contract was signed, and Agatha completed a treatment of the Dickens novel. It was announced that production was to start on the film in the spring of 1962, but nothing ever came of it, and the project simply disappeared.
There are two stories narrated by Poirot to Hastings, instead of Hastings to the reader. These stories are "The Lost Mine" and "The Chocolate Box," which retells the only failure of Poirot's career, in his days on the Belgian police force. The last case is a reminder to Poirot whenever he becomes too conceited. Both of these short stories appear in Poirot Investigates, and are excellent.
In 1949, a journalist from the Sunday Times in London discovered that Mary Westmacott, then writer of 4 romantic novels, was the one and only Agatha Christie. Despite this revelation to the public, Christie published two more novels with the pseudonym Mary Westmacott. The third Westmacott was a critically acclaimed work and a tour de force. That novel, Absent in the Spring (1944), has an interesting history of having been written in only three days!
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This site is not endorsed by Agatha Christie Ltd. or the Acorn Media Group.
| i don't know |
Which of the nine rooms in ‘Cluedo’ contains the fewest letters in its name? | Count On
Count On
Online Stories
Puzzle of the Day
These puzzles are also printed in Eight days a week, a booklet published by the Association of Teachers of Mathematics.
A newspaper is made up of double spread sheets. Page 13 was missing and the back page was page 20, which other page numbers were missing?
Which is most likely, a letter chosen at random from the alphabet being a vowel or throwing a six on a dice?
Draw a triangle. Write one of the numbers from 1 to 6 at each corner and one of the numbers along each side (no repeats). Can you arrange them so each side adds up to the same number?
Using all the numbers from 1 to 10, put them into pairs, so that four pairs add up to 12 and the final pair adds up to 7.
Which 2 digit numbers become 27 bigger when the digits are reversed ?
Using all the numbers from 1 to 10, put them into pairs, so that one pair adds to 6, another pair to 7, a third pair to 9, a fourth pair to 16 and the final pair add to 17.
On average you inhale about 0.6 of a litre of air in one breath (that's about a pint). Estimate how much air you breath in a day.
The three-toed sloth moves at about 2 metres per minute how long would it take to travel a mile?
Using the usual coins in circulation how many ways can you make 6p?
What number gives the same result if you divide it by 2 or take 2 from it? What number gives the same result if you divide it by 3 or take 3 from it? (Hint: you will need to include a fraction or decimal for this one).
A cubic metre of water weighs 1 tonne. Estimate the weight of water in a swimming pool.
I drink about six cups of tea or coffee each day and that is about three pounds in weight. If I weigh 12 stone in how many days do I drink my weight in tea and coffee? (There are 14 pounds in one stone)
What is the biggest number you can find in a kitchen?
If a letter \"a\" costs 1p,\"b\" costs 2p and so on, \"z\" costs 26p, can you find a word that costs 50p
How many different numbers can you make using only the digits 1, 2, 3, 4 and an add sign.? For instance 31+24, or 1+243.
Ask some one to pick a number from 1 to 1000. You are allowed to ask ten questions to find the number which they can answer yes or no. What should you ask?
The digits of the year 1999 added up to 28. When is the next time the digits of the year will add up to 28? When else will it happen?
Which is worth the most, a kilogram of 1p coins or a half kilogram of 2p coins?
Write the numbers :- 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 13, 15 in a different order, so that numbers next to each other add to give square numbers. (You make a square number when you multiply something by itself, so 49 is square because it is 7 times 7)
In an election 39,218 votes were cast for two candidates. The winner had 1002 votes more than the loser. How many votes did they each receive?
What is the biggest number you can find on a car?
Start with any two-digit number. Multiply each digit by itself then add these answers. Do the same thing to this new number and so on until something happens. For example 32 becomes 9+4 which is 13, 13 becomes 1+9 which is 10, 10 becomes 1+0 =1. This one ends at 1. What else happens when you start with different numbers?
Using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 make two three-digit numbers and multiply them together. What is the biggest answer you can get?
How many pages would a book contain if it had a million words?
In a kitchen there are 11 cupboards some with one door and some with two. There are 15 doors altogether so how many of each cupboard are there?
Find the number that when added to its reverse is closest to 50. Try this for 100, 150, 200, 250. For instance 122+221 is the closest to 350.
Dominoes have 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 spots on each end and there is only one domino for each possible combination. How many dominoes are there in a normal set of dominoes?
How many square inches in a square foot?
Where are there numbers in your house?
Start with two different numbers. Add them and then multiply them together. Does the first answer divide exactly into the second? e.g. 4+12=16 and 4x12=48. 48�16=3. Find some more that work. What is special about pairs of numbers like this?
Using all the digits from 1 to 5 once only, make two numbers which multiplied together give the largest number possible.
What number is represented by LIX in Roman numerals?
A four-digit number is \"lucky\" if its digits add up to 6 and no digit is 0. Find all ten \"lucky\" numbers.
A horse weighs 600kg plus 1/3 of its weight. What does it weigh?
Goldbach's Conjecture claims that every even number greater than 2 is the sum of two primes. A number is a prime if it only divides by itself or 1. So 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 etc. are primes. Think of an even number and find two primes which add together to make your number. For instance 8 is 3+5 and 22 is 11+11. Can you find one that doesn't work?
On which date is the hundredth day of the year 2000?
The first odd number is 1. What is the hundredth?
How many ways can a car measure things?
The numbers 1, 2 and 3 have been placed at the corners of a triangle. Arrange the numbers 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 on the sides, so that the numbers along each side (including the corners) add up to 17.
The digits of the year 2000 add up to 2, 2001 add up to 3, 2002 add up to 4 but this will also happen in 2011. Find all the years when the digits add up to 4, 5, ...
Put 6 dominoes in a 3 by 2 rectangle arrangement. How many rectangles are formed within the whole shape?
The vowels have been taken out of some mathematical words. Can you work out the words: CB, RDS, DGNL, NGL, QLTRL, CN, CT, LGBR, VRG, RT, R ?
A man and his daughter together weigh 90kg, the man with his cat weigh 70kg, the daughter and cat together weigh 40 kg. What do they each weigh?
How many diamonds are there on playing cards in a 52 card pack? (This will vary depending on style)
Three dice are rolled and the scores are multiplied together. The product is 90. What were the scores on the three dice?
What numbers are considered lucky or unlucky and why?
What is the minimum number of each coin I need if it is to be possible for me to give any amount of money from 1p to 50p?
A market trader has 27 watches at the start of the day and after selling some he reduces the price by £5. He sells them all for £475. What was the original price?
Find a two digit number, so that when the digits are added together the answer is one third of the answer when the 2 digits are multiplied together.
The length of the Loch Ness monster is 20 metres long and half its own length, but it isn't 30 metres long. How many metres long is it?
Try these calculations: 1 x 9 + 2 = , 12 x 9 + 3 = , 123 x 9 + 4 =, ... continue the pattern and see if you can predict the answers before calculating.
A cricket chirps faster when the weather is warmer. The number of chirps per minute is approximately 7 times the temperature (in degrees Celsius) and then take 20°C. How fast would it chirp if the temperature was 30°C? What would the temperature need to be for it to chirp at 150 chirps per minute?
How much earth is there in a freshly dug hole that is 20cm deep, 15cm wide and 45cm long?
What is your favourite number and why?
Draw a triangle. Write one of the numbers from 1 to 6 at each corner and one of the numbers along each side (no repeats). Can you arrange them so each side adds up to 12?
If the final score in a football match was 3 - 2 how many different possible half time scores are there? For instance 1 - 0 or 0 - 1. Could you give a rule for working out how many half time scores there are just using the final score?
When Christine is twice as old as she is now, she will be three times as old as she was three years ago. How old is Christine now?
Can you find four consecutive numbers which add up to 10?, 14?, 50?, 106? Is there a quick way to find them?
At what time on what day is it 2000 minutes after the start of the Year 2000
Can you work out your weight in kilograms if you know it in stones and pounds? You need to know that 1 pound is 0.454kg and that 14 pounds make a stone.
How many days from Christmas 1999 until Easter in 2000?
What is the most important number in your house, and why?
Start with a 2 digit number and multiply its digits together then multiply the digits of the new number together and continue until you get a single digit. For instance start with 39, do 3 times 9 to get 27, 2 times 7 gives 14 and 1 times 4 is 4. So 39 gives a chain of 4 numbers. Which start number has the longest chain?
The five consecutive numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 added together come to 15. The three consecutive numbers 4, 5 and 6 also add to 15. There is one other way to add consecutive numbers to make 15. Can you find other numbers which can be made by adding several different sets of consecutive numbers?
2 x ABABAB = 9x BABABA. Can you find what A and B stand for in these six-digit numbers?
A chimney sweep has 7 rods - they are 5.1m, 4.5m, 2.7m, 2.1m, 1.2m, 0.9m, 0.6m. Which five rods will reach exactly to the top of a 12 metre chimney ?
The ages of three children added together come to 20 and when multiplied together make 280. If the ages are multiplied together in 10 years time what will the answer be?
Find three different whole numbers that add up to 10. How many different ways can this be done?
Can you work out your height in centimetres if you know it in feet and inches? You need to know that 1 inch is 2.54cm and that 12 inches make a foot.
It is raining at midnight. Will the sun be shining in 72 hours time?
We read the number 123456 as one hundred and twenty three thousand, four hundred and fifty six. How do we read the number 9876543210
When asked his age, a man replied that when it was divided by 2, 3, 4 or 6, there was one left over in each case. When his age was divided by 7 there was no remainder. How old was he?
I bought 2 pencils at 12p each and 5 pens at 24p each. I also bought 7 identical notebooks. I was told the total was £5. Why couldn't that be right?
Three numbers add up to 14. Multiplied together they come to 84. Find the numbers.
At a party 28 handshakes were exchanged. Each person shook hands exactly once with each of the others. How many people were present?
If I weigh 60kg what is my weight in stones and pounds? You need to know that 1 pound is 0.454kg and that 14 pounds make a stone.
In a code, if KZWNX means REACH, what does NWKZ mean ?
What pubs have numbers in their names?
On a digital clock there are times which have the special property that the minutes digits add up to the hours digit, like 7:25 or 13:49. Which hour has the most of these times?
If a letter \"a\" costs 1p,\" b\" costs 2p and so on, \"z\" costs 26p. What is the most expensive boy's name you can find?
How many different ways can you find to make a square out of 8 dominoes? (Don't worry about the spots - just think of the rectangle shape. Assume they are twice as long as they are wide.)
A pen and pencil cost £5. The pen costs £4 more than the pencil. What is the price of each?
The three consecutive numbers 5, 6, 7 add up to 18. Can you find three consecutive numbers which add up to 9?, 12?, 30?, 300? Is there a quick way to find them?
At what time on what day is it 2000 seconds after the start of the Year 2000?
Multiply the number of months with 31 days by the number of months with 30 days. What does this give you?
What places have numbers in their names? (e.g. Four Lanes in Cornwall)
Nine numbers between 3 and 180 cannot be obtained with three darts. Name one.
Using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 make two three digit numbers and multiply them together. What is the smallest answer you can get?
Draw a clock face with the numbers 1 to 12 in their usual positions. Can you draw a line so that the numbers on one side of it add up to the same as the numbers on the other side?
Which are the only three whole numbers that when added together and multiplied together give the same answer ?
I am 48 and my wife is 39. How old was I when I was twice her age? How old was I when I was four times as old as her?
If a child is one metre tall what is their height in feet and inches? You need to know that 1 inch is 2.54cm and that 12 inches make a foot. What would a 2m person be in feet and inches?
The average heart pumps 4 litres (about 7 pints) of blood per minute. How many litres in a day? How many gallons? (A gallon is 8 pints)
If you turn a left handed glove inside-out will it be right handed or left handed?
An odd day is one which has both its day and month odd for instance 13:5:2000. How many odd days are there in the year?
In any day before noon how many times is the sum of the digits of the time equal to 15? For instance 2:58 and 11:49 are two times when this is true.
How many ways can you find to make the number 10, by adding or subtracting prime numbers? The same numbers but in a different order count as the same answer. (Prime numbers are only divisible by themselves and 1 so they are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, ...)
What's next? A) 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30... B) 7, 8, 5, 5, 3, 4, ... (HINT - they are related)
How long would it take you to count a million pounds?
There are three ways to make 12 by multiplying two whole numbers together 1 x 12, 2 x 6 and 3 x 4. Can you find numbers that have more than three different multiplications of two whole numbers?
If you have five cows, twelve hens and a goat. How many legs in total?
Bill and Ben are twins. Bill is 40. How old is Ben?
Start with a two-digit number, reverse the digits to make a new number then subtract the smaller from the larger number. Repeat this process until you reach a single digit. Start with other numbers. What do you notice? e.g. 82-28=54, 54-45=9
Find an estimate for how many bricks are needed to build a house.
How old is someone who has lived a million minutes?
Multiply together any four consecutive numbers (for instance 7,8,9,10) then add one. You should be able to find a number which when you multiply it by itself gives this same answer. Does this always work?
Once whilst they were growing up a girl's age in years was five times her brother's age, later it was four times then three times his age. Now her age is twice his age. How old are they both now?
Estimate what weight of liquid you drink in a year. A cup of tea or coffee is about half a pound, a pint weighs about a pound and a quarter, and a litre of wine or soft drink is about 2 pounds in weight.
In total, how many grandparents did your grandparents have?
How many different years are there? (e.g. Financial, Jewish etc.)
How many different positive numbers can you make using each of the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, once only, and a take away sign? For instance 31-24, or 413-2.
Can you make 2000 by adding up consecutive numbers?
A glass is full of milk. The total weight is 370g. When the glass is half full of milk, the weight is 290g. What is the weight of the glass?
Find four numbers so that the same answer is obtained when:- (a) 4 is added to the first (b) 4 is subtracted from the second (c) the third is multiplied by 4 (d) the fourth is divided by 4. One last clue - they add up to 75.
If exactly £3.90 was spent on some 24p and some 18p stamps, how many of each are there? (There is more than one answer)
Can you divide a clock face into three parts so that the hour numbers in each part add up to the same?
If November 5th falls on a Saturday on which day will Christmas day fall?
After a cyclist has gone two thirds of his route he gets a puncture. Finishing on foot, he spends twice as long walking as he did riding. How many times as fast does he ride as walk?
If I do something with 2 and 3 I get 11, if I do the same thing with 3 and 4 I get 19, the same thing again to 3 and 7 gives 52. What would I get if I do the same with 4 and 5?
If the average heart pumps 4 litres of blood per minute, how many litres does it pump in a year?
Three days ago, yesterday was the day before Sunday. What day will it be tomorrow?
Find two 3 digit square numbers that are the reverse of each other ? (Remember 256 is a square number because it is a number multiplied by itself, 16x16)
Using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 once only, one multiplication sign and one division sign anywhere you like what is the smallest whole number you can make ?
If the two digits of a two digit number are reversed it is 45 more than it is now. What could it be?
Five yeast cells were placed in a laboratory dish at 2pm. The number of yeast cells doubles in every ten minute interval. What is the number of yeast cells in the dish at 3pm?
In English which is the smallest positive whole number which requires four syllables to pronounce it?
There are 24 possible numbers using all the digits 2, 3, 4, 5. How many of these are odd numbers?
If 125g (about a quarter pound) of tea makes a hundred cups what weight is needed for a million cups?
The names of the numbers from one to twelve are written down in alphabetical order. What is the fourth number on the list?
Can you find a two digit number that is twice as big as the two digits multiplied together?
Find three different whole numbers that add up to 20. How many different ways can this be done? (The order they are written is not important
What time and day will it be 100 hours from now?
When was the last year which reads the same upside down?
A ship leaves port and when it is 180 miles from shore a seaplane which flies ten times as fast as the ship follows it. How far from shore does the plane catch up with the ship?
What is the number if it divides exactly by 13 and when you write its digits in reverse order you make a square number. (You get a square number when you multiply a number by itself - 64 is square because it is 8 times 8)
If you have 7 sticks which measure 1cm, 2cm, 3cm, 4cm, 5cm, 6cm, and 7cm is it possible to make two lines of the same length with them? Can you make four lines of the same length?
A brass band of 40 musicians takes 4 minutes to play a march. How long would a band of 60 musicians take?
Put the numbers 7, 8 and 9 at the corners of a triangle. Can you place the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, in twos on each side to make the same total on all three sides (include the numbers at the corners)?
What numbers can you make using each of the digits 1, 2 and 3 (once only) with any add, take, times or divide signs? For example 1x2x3 or 3-2�1
How many triangles are there in a regular pentagon with all its diagonals drawn? (a regular pentagon has five straight sides all of the same length and five equal angles. A diagonal is a line joining points.)
Bessie Biker rides to her friends at 30 mph and back at 20 mph. What is her average speed for the round trip?
What two whole numbers multiplied together make 1 million if neither of them have any zeros?
What is the number if it divides by 3 and it is 3 less than a number that divides by 10. (There can be more than one answer!)
If we add 12 thousand, 12 hundred and 12 what is the largest digit in the answer?
What is the most and the fewest Sundays you can have in a year?
Can you find a two digit number that is three times as big as the two digits multiplied together?
A knockout competition has 60 teams entering. How many matches need to be played? (Some teams will need to have byes)
One year in the new millennium when Julie multiplies her age by itself the answer will be the same as the year. In what year was she born?
Two farmers are on their way to market to sell their sheep. One says to the other \"Sell me one of your sheep and then we will have the same number\" to which the other replies, \"No, you sell me one of yours and then I will have twice as many as you\". How many sheep did each farmer have?
What is the number if it is in the 9 times table and it is 9 more than if its digits are reversed?
A collection of birds and beasts has between them 120 feet and 43 heads. How many birds and how many beasts?
How much longer than 52 weeks is a leap year?
This is a game for two. Start with a number between 11 and 19 and take turns to add a number between 11 and 19. The winner is the first to go over 100.
2 + 47 = 49, 2 x47 = 94 so the digits of the answer are the same but in reverse when you add or multiply 2 and 47. Can you find other pairs which have answers with digits reversed when added and multiplied?
The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 because they all divide into it . What is the smallest number with three factors? What types of numbers 3have three factors?
Estimate your weight in packets of crisps.
On a long distance rally, Rosie Rallydriver drives at, on average, 60 mph and arrives an hour earlier than Susie Slowcoach who averages 50 mph. How long is the rally (in miles)?
If you could take a million paces about how far do you think you would you travel?
Try these on a calculator then predict what the next in the pattern will be when your calculator display is not big enough. 99 x 99, 999 x 999, 9999 x 9999, etc.
What is the number if: (a) it is square (b) one more than the number is a multiple of 10? (You make a square number when you multiply something by itself, so 36 is square because it is 6 times 6)
What is the probability that the next person you meet has an above average number of arms: Impossible, unlikely, evens, very likely or certain?
1 x 1 = 1, 2 x 2 = 4, 3 x 3 = 9, etc. The numbers 1, 4, 9,16, 25, 36 etc. are called square numbers because you multiply a number by itself to find them. Can you make all the numbers from 2 to 100 by adding square numbers? e.g. 40 = 25 + 9 + 4 +1 +1.
Using all the digits from 1 to 6 once only, make two numbers which multiplied together give the largest number possible.
Find this five digit number. With a 1 after it, it is 3 times as large as it is with a 1 before it.
The distance around the equator is 40 000 km or approximately 25 000 miles. Estimate how long it would take to travel that distance.
Which two numbers (neither of which contains any zeros) multiply together to give 100?
To get to the store room Mandy had to go up a staircase of 21 steps, along a short passage and then down a staircase of 14 steps. How many more steps up than down did she take on the journey there and back ?
How many presents did my true love send to me over the 12 days of Christmas?
What numbers can you get on a calculator if you are only allowed to use the 3, 5, + and = keys?
What is the least number of coins needed to be able to make any amount of money from 1p to £1.
In a car park there are some motorbikes, cars and 8 wheeled lorries. If there are 4 handle bars, 44 wheels and 11 vehicles in total, how many of each ?
What links the number 7 with the digits 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8? (Hint: try using a calculator)
What is the number if the difference between the two digits is 3 and the number is square (If you have forgotten what a square number is: You make a square number when you multiply something by itself, so 49 is square because it is 7 times 7)
A triangular field has a tree in each corner and five trees along each side. How many trees altogether?
Have you ever measured yourself in centimetres? Are you good at estimating in centimetres? First estimate then check with a tape measure your height, your waist measurement, around your wrist, around your head. Are you any better at estimating in inches?
Draw a triangle and write a number between 1 and 9 at each corner. Now put the other six numbers in pairs on the sides. Is it possible to arrange them so that each line of four numbers adds up to 20?
In a chess league, each of the competitors plays each of the others once. If there are 300 games altogether, how many competitors?
Each girl in a family has the same number of sisters as brothers, but each boy has only half as many brothers as sisters. How many children are in the family?
I was 8 years old when my father was 31 . Now he is twice as old as I am. How old am I?
Estimate the value of a tonne of £1 coins.
How many spots are there altogether on five, normal, six - sided, dice ?
If you write down all the names of the numbers from 1 to 100 how many times will you write the letter L?
If you have difficulty remembering some times tables try making up some \"times rhymes\" for instance \"seven times seven is very fine because it equals 49\
How can you use six nines to make 100?
If letter \"a\" costs 1p,\" b\" costs 2p and so on, \"z\" costs 26p. What is the most expensive girls' name you can find?
If you have sticks which measure 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 cm (one of each) how many different triangles could you make using three of the sticks?
The Product of two numbers is six times their sum, and the sum of their squares is 325. What are the two numbers? (You square a number if you multiply it by itself. Product means multiply together and sum means add together)
Enter 38 on a calculator. Now reduce it to 1 by using any operation key and the number 3 only. What is the fewest number of key presses needed?
The supermarket has a special offer on tins of cat food - buy 5 get one free. 10 tins cost £4.32. What would 20 tins cost?
Six stations lie at equal distances from each other along a railway line. How many times further is it from the first to the sixth than it is from the first to the third?
A boxing match has twelve rounds each of 3 minutes and there is a minute between each round. How long does the match last?
Make a number chain. Write any number (up to 40) and multiply its last digit by 4 then add its other digits to this. Write down the new number and repeat the process until you return to the original. For instance 7, 28, 34, 19, 37, 31, 7. What is the longest chain you can make?
Write down any three consecutive numbers. Multiply the first by the third and multiply the second by itself. Try some more. What do you notice?
Using the usual coins in circulation what is the smallest amount which cannot be made using fewer than four coins?
What is the smallest number that cannot be obtained with one throw of a dart?
1234 divided by 11 is not a whole number but if you rearrange the digits it is possible to find a number that divides by 11 to give a whole number. How many different ways can you find to do this?
How many days will there be this century? (Don't forget leap years.)
How thick is a piece of paper? Make a guess then find a way of working out the thickness.
A clock takes three seconds to strike 4 o'clock. How long will it take to strike 6 o'clock?
Write the numbers from 1 to 100 with either an add or subtract sign between each. Can you make the total 2000?
You are only allowed to use the 7, 3, x, - and = buttons on a calculator (as many times as you like). Try to make it display each of the numbers from 0 to 9.
Some boys and girls have £32 between them. Each boy has £4 and each girl £5. How many boys were there?
Two friends were working out how many sweets they had. One said I've got twice as many as you and if we eat one each I will have three times as many as you. How many did each have?
Using any combination of +, -, x, � and all of 1, 3, 3, 5 once only, make the number 36.
On average you inhale about 0.6 of a litre of air in one breath (that's about a pint). Estimate how much air you breathe in a year.
What is the smallest even number which cannot be obtained when the scores on two dice are multiplied together? What is the largest odd number which can be obtained?
The year 1991 read the same backwards and forwards, when is the next year this will happen?
Can you make 1000 with eight eights? You can put some of the eights together for instance 88 and you can use add, take, multiply or divide and brackets.
A triangle with two equal sides is called an isosceles triangle. What isosceles triangles can you find that have sides with a total length of 59 cm? (Use only whole numbers of centimetres for each side)
A household has some goldfish, some canaries and some rabbits. Altogether there are 15 heads and 26 legs. How many of each animal could there be?
How many spots are there on a standard domino set?
I divided a whole number by another whole number and the answer was 0.4705882 on my eight-digit calculator display. They were both less than 20. Can you find them?
The reflection of a clock shows 3.55 (five to four), what time is it really ?
Think of a number, multiply it by 5 and add 3. I could find your number if you gave me the answer and I first took away 3 then divided by 5. It is always possible to find out the original number by reversing the steps, so try giving other people puzzles like this and work out what number they started with.
How can you get 101 with two darts?
Write two two-digit numbers whose digits add up to the same number. For example 56 and 29 (digits add up to 11) now take one from the other and add the digits of the answer. Do several pairs. What do you notice?
Estimate the weight of food you eat in a day. How much is that in a year?
Sometimes when you divide the day by the month you get a whole number, for instance 15th May gives 15 divided by 5 which is 3. How many days in a year give whole numbers.
One item costs £6 more than another. Two of each of them cost £22 in total. How much for each of the items ?
If my son gives my daughter 10p they will both have the same amount. If she gives him 10p he will have twice as much as her. How much do they have each?
If there are 5 Mondays, 5 Tuesdays and 5 Wednesdays in January, on which day of the week will February 1st fall?
How many times in a day does the hour and minute hands on a clock point in opposite directions?
A square floor is tiled using 121 square tiles. How many tiles make up the two diagonals?
What is the smallest number (bigger than 1!) that will leave a remainder of 1 when divided by any of 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6?
Use three twos in three different ways so the second answer is twice the first answer and half the third answer. You can put add, take, times or divide between the twos. e.g. 2�2+2=3
At what time on what day is it 2000 hours after the start of the Year 2000?
A man and his daughter have the same digits in their ages but in reverse. A year ago he was twice as old as her. How old are they now?
In a group of twelve elephants some are 9 years old and some are 11 years old. The total of their ages is 122 years . How many are aged nine?
Which 2 digit number has its digits reversed when you double it and take 1?
How many letters are there in the correct one word answer to this question?
Write a number as a word. Now write how many letters it has. Now write how many letters this has and so on. e.g. sixteen, seven, five, four, four, ... .Try other numbers and see what happens.
Which is the smallest number that you cannot score with 3 darts which all hit the dartboard (other than 1 and 2)?
If you had a set of ten cards numbered 0 to 9, could you make six numbers which are all multiples of three? (This means numbers like 3, 6, 78, 105 etc. which are something multiplied by three.)
Small oranges cost 8p each, large oranges cost 13p each. Some oranges are bought and the bill is exactly £1.00. How many of each size of oranges are bought ?
The chances of winning the lottery with 6 correct numbers is the same as naming a particular second from a period of 4 months. Is this true?
How many numbers between 10 and 99 inclusive contain different digits? (For example 36 has different digits but 33 doesn't.)
How can you use four of the digit 9 and any of +, -, x and � to make 100?
Put three coins on a table all showing heads. Is it possible to make them all tails by turning two at a time? Try different numbers of coins.
The answer is 42. What is the question?
How many different ways are there to give someone 20p?
Can you find a two digit number that is 10 times as big as the two digits added together?
To change a temperature from degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit you can multiply by 9, divide by 5 then add 32. An approximate method is to simply double and add 30. For what range of temperatures is the approximate method within one degree of the accurate method?
If you write all the numbers from 1 to 100 how many times will you have written the digit 1?
Start with a three-digit number and repeat the digits to make a six-digit number, for instance 379379. Now divide by 7, then divide the answer by 11 and then divide this answer by 13. What do you notice? Does it always happen?
The average heart beats 70 times in a minute. How many beats in a leap year.
At the kick-off in a football match how many ones in total appear on the shirts of the two teams on the pitch?
A triangle has sides of 1cm, 2cm and 3cm. What is the area?
Start with any number and if it is even halve it but if it is odd add one. Now if this number is even halve it, if odd add one, and so on. Write each number down until you get to one. For instance 27 (add 1), 28 (halve it), 14 (halve it), 7 (add 1),8 (halve it), 4 (halve it), 2 (halve it),1 (stop). Which start number has the longest chain of numbers?
Draw a clock face with the numbers 1 to 12 in their usual positions. Can you draw a line so that the numbers on one side of it add up to five times the numbers on the other side?
Find a number whose double exceeds its half by 99.
I have 36p in 2p, 5p and 10p coins. If there are 7 coins altogether how many of each do I have?
A man was asked his age. I am 35, not counting Saturdays and Sundays, he replied. How old was he?
On a calculator 1 � 3 is 0.33333333. What other numbers end in .33333333 when you divide by 3?
How many numbers between 1 and 100 do not have a 9 in them?
What is the largest possible number of people at a party if no two of them have their birthdays in the same month?
The average adult reads 300 words in a minute. About how long would it take to read a newspaper at that speed of reading?
How many different ways can you make 50p using 5p, 10p or 20p coins?
10 men dig 10 holes in 10 hours how long will 20 men take to dig 20 holes?
Write any three-digit number whose first digit differs from its last by 1. For instance 627 or 506. Reverse the digits then subtract the smaller from the larger number. Do this with several numbers. What do you notice? Does this always happen?
If you piled up a million pound coins about how high would it be?
How many pets do I have? All except four are dogs, all except four are cats and all except four are hamsters?
Make a number according to these clues:- (a) The digit 5 is three places before the digit 9 (b) The digit 3 comes before the digit 9, but after the digit 8 (c) The digit 4 is three places before the digit 3.
DIX is French for ten but what does DIX represent in Roman numerals?
Is it possible to find a five-digit number which has its digits reversed when it is multiplied by 9?
This is a game you can play on your own or with others. Choose any two digit number then write any four digits. See how close you can get to your chosen number using only the four digits with add, take, times or divide between them. Score 10 for direct hit, score 7 if within 2 of the target, score 3 if within 5 of the target.
At what time and on what day is it 2000 days after the start of the Year 2000
Draw five squares joined in the shape of a cross. Place digits (other than 0 or 1) so that the three numbers in the vertical line multiply together to give the same answer as the three numbers in the horizontal line mutiplied together?
If I could save £10 each week about how long would it take me to save £1 million?
What is the maximum number of Fridays you can have in one year (without travelling across a date line!)
Is it true that your height is roughly three times the distance around your head?
How many millimetres in a kilometre?
If letter \"a\" costs 1p,\" b\" costs 2p and so on, \"z\" costs 26p, can you find a word that costs £1?
Start at 80. You are allowed to add 11 and take 7 as many times as you like. Can you make 70? Try some other starts and finishes of your own. Is it always possible to finish where you choose from any start?
How long is a million minutes in weeks?
Make 3 two digit numbers and 1 single digit number using 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and add them together to make 100.
On a calculator if you are allowed to use the \"4\" key and any of the add, take, multiply, divide and equals keys as many times as you like, what is the fewest number of presses needed to make 9 on the calculator? Set yourselves other targets and see how few presses are needed.
A light flashes every six minutes and a bell rings every eight minutes. If the light flashes as the bell is ringing, how long will it be until this happens again?
Using only 2p and 5p coins what amounts of money can not be made?
A wheel has ten spokes. How many spaces does it have between the spokes?
On a calculator try multiplying a number by itself several times and write down the answers. For instance 7 x 7 = 49, 7 x7 x 7 = 343, continue until you see a pattern in the last digit of the answer. If 7 was written 100 times with multiplication signs between them can you predict what the answer would end in?
Start with any number less than 20. If the number is even, halve it. If the number is odd, add one. Continue using the same rules writing each number one after the other. e.g. 17, 18, 9, 10, 5, 6, 3, 4, 2, 1. Do they always end in 1? What is the longest list of numbers?
If two dice are thrown what is the most likely difference between the two numbers ?
Using any combination of +, x, -, � and all of the digits 2, 3, 6 and 8 once only, make the number 36.
About how long do you think it would take you to count to a million?
If you wrote all the numbers from 0 to 600, how many times would the digit 0 appear?
I am 48 years, 48 months, 48 weeks, 48 days and 48 hours old. How old am I to the nearest year?
What's next? 1, 4, 9, 16, ...
If I multiply the three digits on car number plates together what number am I most likely to get? (e.g. 377, 737, 773 are the only plates to give 147 but 234, 243, 324, 342, 423, 432, 146, 138, etc all give 24)
How many different ways are there to give someone 10p?
How long is a million hours in years?
A cage contained monkeys, giraffes and llamas. All but two of the animals were monkeys, all but two were giraffes and all but two were llamas. How many animals of each kind in the cage ?
Using any combination of +, x, -, � and all of 2, 5, 7 and 9 once only, make the number 36.
Which is the greater: the number of metres in a kilometer or the number of Sundays in the next 20 years?
Thirty equally spaced points on the circumference of a circle are labelled in order with the numbers 1 to 30. Which number is diametrically opposite to 7?
This is a game for two. Start by writing zero. The first player adds 1, 2, or 10 and writes the answer. The second player adds 1, 2, or 10 to this answer and writes the new number, and so on. The winner is the first to reach 20.
How many squares are on a chessboard? More than 64! (Think of squares made up of smaller squares)
Using each of the digits 1, 3, 4, 8 once and once only it is possible to make 24 four digit numbers. Find the two numbers that are divisible by 4 and not divisible by 8 or 16.
How many days is a million seconds ?
Find a two-digit number so that when the digits are added together the answer is one half of the answer you get when the 2 digits are multiplied together.
If you are only allowed to press the 1 and 0 keys on a calculator with any of the add, take, times, divide and equals keys, what is the fewest number of presses needed to make the number 9 on the calculator? Set yourself other targets and see how few presses are needed.
At six o'clock a clock struck six times, the time between the first and last strokes being thirty seconds. How long will the clock take to strike twelve?
Which fruit is one third of a cherry and two fifths of an apple?
Using a standard pack of playing cards which is more likely when you are dealt one card: a card that divides by 3 or a picture card?
Exactly one of these numbered statements is true: 1. One of these statements is false. 2. Two of these statements are false. 3. Three of these statements are false. 4. Four of these statements are false. 5. Five of these statements are false. Which of the statements is true?
10:02:2001 will be the first palindromic date this millennium. (It reads the same both ways). How many more palindromic dates will there be this century?
As I was going to St. Ives I met a man with seven wives. Every wife had seven sacks. Each sack had seven cats. Each cat had seven kits. Kits, cats, sacks and wives, how many were going to St. Ives?
At what time on what day is it half way through the year 2000?
When asked for the sum of two numbers one person said 23 and the other said 210. They were both wrong because they had correctly done the wrong calculation. What were the numbers and what had each done?
Which two-digit number has its digits reversed when you double it and add 2?
How many minutes are there in the year 2000?
I have two coins totalling 55 pence. One of the coins is not a 50p piece. What are the two coins?
Split the number 17 into whole numbers (for instance 2 and 15 or 3, 4, and 10). Multiply these numbers together. What is the highest number that can be made ?
How many numbers divide exactly into 2000 ?
On a train there was 1 first class carriage, 1 buffet carriage and 4 second class carriages. In how many different ways can they be arranged if the second class carriages must be next to each other?
In a rectangular dance hall, how do you place ten chairs along the walls so that there are an equal number of chairs along each wall?
Three different numbers written on cards are placed side by side. The first and the second add up to 15. The second and third add up to 17. No card is a 7, or is higher than 9. Write down the 3 numbers in order.
How much would you need to be paid each callendar month if you were to be paid £1million over 40 years
Amanda has two children that aren't both boys. What is the probability that both children are girls? Bethan has two children and the eldest is a boy. What is the probability that both her children are boys?
What is a dozen plus a score plus a gross?
If I saved 1p on the 1st January, 2p on the 2nd, 4p on the 3rd, 8p on the 4th, and so on, how much money would I have saved by the end of the month of January? Answer in pounds.
How many seconds have you lived?
Using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 once each and two multiplication signs anywhere you like what is the largest number possible ?
Find amounts of money that can be made up in two ways so that one set of coins has twice as many coins as the other (but not using only 1p and 2p coins). e.g. 71p is 50p, 20p, 1p (3 coins) or 20p, 20p, 20p, 5p, 5p, 1p (6 coins)
What is the smallest number which is divide exactly by each of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 ?
The digits of the year 1999 added together make 28. When will the digits of the year first be higher than 28?
Can you make 100 using five ones? You can put some of the digits together for instance 111 and you can use add, take, times or divide and brackets. Try using more or less than 5 of them and try other digits.
A doctor gives you three pills with the instruction take one every half hour. How long will they last?
Ahmed said Delia did it, Delia said Bruce did it, Bruce said Clare did it, Clare said she didn't do it and Eldon confessed that he did do it. If Ahmed didn't do it, one of the 5 did do it and if only one of them is telling the truth, who did it?
If I save 1p today, 2p tomorrow, 4p the next day and so on, doubling each day. How much will I have at the end of two weeks?
How many times does the digit 9 appear in all the numbers from 1 to 1000?
When will it be halfway through the first decade of this millennium?
Six children sit round a round table. Ahmed is two along from Davina, who is sitting next to Fred, on his left. Also two along from Davina sits Brenda, next to whom is Chris. Ahmed has Chris on one side and Ebenezer on the other. Describe how they are sitting.
The average heart beats 70 times in a minute. How many beats in a day.
A clock is set correctly at 1pm. It loses three minutes every hour. What will the clock read when the correct time is l0am the next day?
If you had a set of ten cards numbered 0 to 9 could you make five two-digit numbers which are all even?
Suppose someone is paid £20,000 in the year 2000 and each year afterwards is given a pay rise of 10% of the previous year's salary. In what year would they be paid £100,000? When would they have been paid £1 million in total? Try this for 5% increases.
If I have less than £1 in coins, what is the largest amount of money I could have and not be able to give someone exactly 50p?
Using four straight cuts what is the maximum number of pieces that a circular apple pie can be cut into?
How old is someone who has lived half a million hours?
When my mother was 40 I was 16. Now she is twice as old as I am. How old am I?
If you wrote the numbers from 1 to 99 what would all the digits add up to?
There are 101 spots on two Dalmatian dogs. One Dalmatian has 25 spots more than the other, how many spots does each have?
By changing only one letter turn the following words into words with a mathematical meaning: CORE, AUDITION, ATTITUDE, ECLIPSE, SQUIRE, TIN, SEVER, FINE
Below are some girls and boys first names. They are in code. Each digit always stands for the same letter. Try and work out the names: 900 340 323 1277 123415 890 464 What does 31890 stands for?
Using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 and one multiplication sign anywhere you like what is the largest number possible ?
Approximately how many seconds old are you: 4 million, 40 million, 400 million or 4000 million?
One home improvement saves 30% on fuel, a second saves 45% and a third 25%. If you use all three can you save 100%. If not why not?
I picked a bunch of flowers. All but 6 were white, all but 6 were blue, all but 6 were yellow. How many flowers in the bunch?
What is the next palindromic number after 72927? (A palindromic number reads the same forward and backward)
If four letters are put into four envelopes at random, what is the probability that only three of the letters are put into the correct envelopes?
How \"fair\" are the coins in your pocket? Try flipping a coin 50 times and counting the number of heads. Try this several times. Do you always get the same?
What's next? A) 3, 3, 5, 4, 4, 3, 5 ..., B) O, T, T, F, F, S, S, ... (HINT - they are related)
What is the number if its units digit is 4 more than its tens digit and its units and tens digits add up to 10
Try these on a calculator then predict what the next in the pattern will be when your calculator display is not big enough. 11 x11, 111 x 111, 1111 x 1111, etc.
Using the digits of 1999 kept in that order and the operations +, -, x, �, and brackets can you make any of the numbers from 1 to 20? (For example 9 is 1x(9+9)-9
13 x 13 = 169 and 31 x 31 = 961. Can you find other numbers which give answers in reverse order when they are reversed and multiplied by themselves?
If you wrote all the numbers from 0 to 600, how many times would the digit 5 appear?
Three consecutive numbers multiplied together give 3360, what are the numbers ?
Which number is this? It has 2 digits, it is prime and it is 2 more than a square number. (You make a square number when you multiply something by itself, so 49 is square because it is 7 times 7. A prime number only divides by itself so 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 etc. are primes.)
A snail crawls up a 2m fence post. He crawls up 30 cm every hour but then rests and slips back 10 cm. How long will it take him to reach the top?
What mathematical symbol can we place between 2 and 3 to make a number greater than 2 and less than 3?
A water lily in a pond doubles its size every day and in 28 days it fills the whole pond. How long does it take to fill half the pond?
A certain number between 700 and 900, gives a remainder of 1 each time when divided by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. What is the number ?
472 + 274 = 746. The digits of 472 have been reversed and added to it. Can you find other ways to make 746 using a number and its reverse?
Draw a square then draw a square on each of its sides. Which 5 different numbers from 0 to 9 can be put in the squares so that the 4 outside numbers add up to the middle number?
How long would it take to you write all the numbers from one to 2000?
What is the number if it is 1 less than a square number and it is not divisible by 3 or 7 (You make a square number when you multiply something by itself, so 49 is square because it is 7 times 7)
One painter can paint a wall in 30 minutes, another painter needs 15 minutes for the same size wall. How long will they take to paint the wall working together?
Which is most likely, two coins both landing heads up or a picture card being chosen at random from a full deck?
There are six combinations of numbers possible using the digits 2, 3, 8. How many of these combinations are even?
How many different numbers can you make if you use the digits 1, 2, 3, 4 once each, in any order, and a times sign. For instance 31x24, or 2x413.
If you have to finish with a double in a game of darts, which number has the most number of different ways of finishing with 2 darts? (for instance 20 could be 18 and double 1, double 8 and double 2, treble 2 and double 7 etc )
If I save 5p today, 10p tomorrow, 15p the next day and so on, 5p more each day. How much will I have at the end of two weeks?
The numbers on five houses next to each other add up to 55. What can they be?
A BBC commentator once spoke 176 words in 30 seconds. How many words could he have spoken in describing a 100m race. How would you compare?
In a village there are 800 women. 3% of them wear one earring. Of the other 97% half are wearing no earrings and half are wearing two. How many earrings altogether are being worn by the women?
Are there more seconds in a year or hours in a century?
Use five twos and as many plus signs as you need to make 28
What is the largest value you cannot make with an unlimited supply of 13p and 6p stamps ?
Which number am I describing ? It is palindromic (i.e. reads the same backwards as forwards). It is an odd number, it is a cube number, it is a multiple of 7, two more than it is divisible by 5 and it has 3 digits. (A cube number is like 125 which is 5x5x5 or 27 which is 3x3x3)
Five parcels labelled A, B, C, D and E weigh 60 kg. When arranged in a certain order, each weighs 1kg heavier than the one before it. E is 1kg heavier than A which is 2kg lighter than B. D is 1 kg lighter than C, which is 3 kg heavier than E. Write down the order.
A boy has as many brothers as sisters but his sister has only half as many sisters as brothers. How many boys and how many girls are there in the family?
A first class stamp costs 26p, a second class stamp costs 21p. I buy some stamps and the cost is £1.93. How many of each price have I bought?
What is the only whole number between one and ten which does not divide exactly into 360?
A secret code has the word BACON coded as 3, 2, 4, 16, 15. What would be the code for EGGS?
What is the number if it has 3 digits (all different) and each digit is 3 times the one before?
A golf player can only hit shots of two lengths. On the first nine holes of a course the player hits balls 150yds, 300yds, 250yds, 325yds, 275yds, 350yds, 225yds, 400yds and 425yds. What are the lengths of the two shots?
Using all the digits from 1 to 6 once only, make three two-digit numbers which multiplied together give the smallest number possible.
Draw a clock face with the numbers 1 to 12 in their usual positions. Can you draw a line so that the numbers on one side of it add up to twice the numbers on the other side?
A fish weighs 10kg plus half its weight. How much does it weigh?
Estimate how far you walk in a day.
A street of houses numbered from 1 to 100 inclusive is to be numbered with new brass numerals. How many of the digit \"2\" would be needed to complete the job?
How is it possible for four birds to position themselves so that each is the same distance from the other three?
Two ducks in front of a duck, two ducks behind a duck and a duck in the middle. What is the fewest number of ducks?
23 x 64 gives the same answer as 46 x 32 (everything written in reverse order) can you find other pairs of two digit numbers with different digits that work like this?
Which number, less than 100, is increased by one fifth when its digits are reversed?
If there are ten blue socks, ten red socks and ten brown socks in a drawer in a dark room how many socks must be removed to ensure they contain: (a) a matching pair? (b) a blue pair?
625 is a square number because it is 25 times 25 (a number times itself). Find two square numbers, each of which uses all three digits 1, 9 and 6.
You have some rabbits and pigeons. In total there are 7 heads and 18 legs. How many rabbits do you have?
Over a period of time a friend and I played 211 games of pool. I won 25 more than I lost and there were no draws. How many did I win and how many did I lose ?
What is the smallest possible number of children in a family if each child has at least one brother and at least one sister?
In the English language what is the smallest whole number which contains the letter \"a\"?
Find a five-digit number which has it's digits reversed when it is multiplied by 4.
Using all the digits from 1 to 5 once only, make two numbers which multiplied together give the smallest number possible.
How many times in 24 hours are the hands of a clock at right angles to one another?
A family of 5 girls, all of different ages, share £1000 so each receives £20 more than her next younger sister. How much does the youngest receive?
Using any combination of +, -, x, � and all of 1, 3, 3, 5 once only, make the number 36.
Two reds and all the colours are left on a snooker table? How many points are available?
What is the number if it is 9 more than its reverse and the sum of the digits is 11 (the reverse of a number just means write it in reverse so 724 is the reverse of 427)
A girl walks 2 miles north, then east for 3 miles, south for 3 miles, west for 2 miles and north for 1 mile. In which direction and how far should she walk to return to the start ?
Arrange all the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 to give four different square numbers. (You make a square number when you multiply something by itself, so 49 is square because it is 7 times 7)
If A and I stand for two even numbers and L and B stand for two of the operations +, -, x, �, can you make ALIBABA = 40?
What is the smallest number of eggs that could be shared equally by 2, 3, 4 or 5 people with 1 being left over each time ?
If you reverse the digits of Alan's age it is the same as Brian's age. The difference between their ages is twice Carol's age and Brian is 10 times as old as Carol. What are their ages? (You might need a fraction)
If you are given change for £1 in 5p and 10p pieces, and you get 1 more 10p than 5p, how many of each are there ?
| Lalibela Airport |
What part of a bird might also be a term for a magistrate? | Clue - Script
Script
Story by: John Landis and Jonathan Lynn.
Directed by: Jonathan Lynn.
Plain Text Version
The opening credits appear over a sky, growing stormy. 1 -- EXT. WADSWORTH'S CAR--TWILIGHT -- 1 WADSWORTH's car travels through the wind of an oncoming storm. It pulls up to the gate of Hill House. Hill House is a large, imposing mansion, looking very New England. Wadsworth takes out a key and unlocks the gate. He drives the car up to the front door. 2 -- EXT. HILL HOUSE--FRONT DOOR -- 2 Wadsworth exits the car, holding a bag and looking at the two barking guard dogs. The dogs approach Wadsworth . . . then jump. Wadsworth quickly pulls a big beef bone out of the bag and hurls it to them. The dogs trot away to gnaw on the bone as Wadsworth rolls up the bag. Wadsworth cinches their chain so it won't allow them to reach the door. He steps toward the door . . . and sniffs. Wadsworth pauses and checks the bottom of his feet. Dog crap. He looks in disgust at the dogs, who aren't bothered at all. 3 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 3 The Hall of Hill House is remarkable, elegant but not gaudy. It is furnished in dark wood, and brass, with crystal chandeliers. There are several doors on each side of the hall and three at the end. To the left: Lounge and dining room. To the right: Study, library, and billiard room. The end: Conservatory, ball room, bathroom, and kitchen. The stairs are located to the right. By the staircase is the door to the basement steps. We hear "Shake, Rattle, and Roll" in the background. Wadsworth opens the front door of Hill House and wipes off his foot. He enters and hangs up his coat. SUPERIMPOSED: NEW ENGLAND 1954 Wadsworth steps briskly down the Hall steps toward the library. 4 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--LIBRARY -- 4 The library is a somewhat more comfortable room than the hall, composed of dark colors. All of the walls are covered with books, with the exception of one wall, a window. YVETTE, a young and rather jiggly french maid, is polishing a glass. The music is much louder. Wadsworth enters and turns off the record player. The music stops. He speaks to the maid in a proper English accent. WADSWORTH Is everything ready? She replies in a French accent. YVETTE Oui, monsieur. WADSWORTH You have your instructions? Yvette nods. Wadsworth exits. Yvette sniffs the air, and then examines the bottom of her shoes. 5 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--KITCHEN -- 5 The kitchen is white tile, narrow. There is a meat freezer to the right. A counter leads off to the left. MRS. HO, the cook, is sharpening a knife. Joseph McCarthy is speaking on the television in the background. Wadsworth enters. WADSWORTH Is everything all right, Mrs. Ho? She turns, knife in hand. MRS. HO Dinner will be ready at seven-thirty. The doorbell rings. Wadsworth exits the kitchen. 6 -- EXT. HILL HOUSE--FRONT DOOR--NIGHT -- 6 A man is standing by the front door, being growled at by the dogs. He is not comfortable. 7 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 7 Wadsworth opens the door. WADSWORTH Good evening. MAN Good evening. I don't know if-- WADSWORTH Yes, indeed, sir, you are expected, Colonel. May I take your coat? It is Colonel Mustard, isn't it? MUSTARD No, that's not my name. My name is Colonel-- WADSWORTH Pardon me, sir, but tonight you may well feel obliged to my employer for the use of an alias. Mustard sniffs around and checks his shoe as Wadsworth hangs his coat. The pair starts across the hall. MUSTARD And who are you, sir? WADSWORTH I'm Wadsworth, sir. The butler. 8 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--LIBRARY -- 8 Yvette is present. WADSWORTH Yvette, will you attend to the Colonel and give him anything he requires. (glances at them) Within reason, that is. Wadsworth exits, closing the doors behind him. The doors have books on the back of them, and so look like a part of the wall. MUSTARD Oh, Wadsworth, I was-- Mustard turns to discover the doors have disappeared. The bell rings. 9 -- EXT. HILL HOUSE--FRONT DOOR -- 9 A woman dressed in black stands here. Wadsworth opens the door. 10 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 10 WADSWORTH Do come in, madam. You are expected. WOMAN Do you know who I am? WADSWORTH Only that you are to be known as Mrs. White. WHITE Yes, it said so in the letter. But, why . . . ? Wadsworth removes her coat, with a brilliantly white inside. Mrs. White sniffs and checks her shoe. 11 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--LIBRARY -- 11 Yvette and Col. Mustard are here. Mustard is sipping Cognac and glancing at Yvette. The doors open, the left one into Col. Mustard. WADSWORTH Ah. May I introduce you? Mrs. White, this is Yvette, the maid. (The two women react with disgust) I see you know each other. Mrs. White turns away as Col. Mustard emerges from behind the door. WHITE Hello. MUSTARD Hello. 12 -- EXT. ROADSIDE -- 12 A slim woman is standing by her broken down car. An owl can be heard. She hits the car, obviously frustrated. Thunder roars in the distance. The woman sees headlights a short way away. She smoothes her dress. As the car nears, she bends over the engine and lifts a leg. the car screeches to a halt just past her and backs up. The woman goes to the car and peers in. MAN'S VOICE Want a lift? WOMAN (sultry) Yes, please . . . She gets in. 13 -- INT. MAN'S CAR -- 13 WOMAN Thanks. I'm late for a dinner date. MAN Me too. Where are you going? The woman pulls out a sheet of paper. WOMAN (looking at paper) Let's see . . . Hill House. Off Route 41. MAN Wait a minute. Let me look at that. (takes paper) That's where I'm going. I got a letter like this. They both look disturbed. 14 -- EXT. CAR -- 14 The rain has started. The windshield wipers start as the car pulls away. 15 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--LIBRARY -- 15 We see a middle aged woman. WADSWORTH (O.S.) And this is Mrs. Peacock. MUSTARD How do you do? WHITE Hello. WADSWORTH Yvette, will you go and check that dinner will be ready as soon as all the guests have arrived? Yvette nods. Mrs. Peacock stares disapprovingly at Yvette's exposed cleavage. Yvette exits the library. The doorbell rings. 16 -- EXT. HILL HOUSE--FRONT DOOR -- 16 It is now raining quite hard. A man is standing at the door, much like Col. Mustard was. The dogs, of course, are growling. Wadsworth opens the door. MAN Is this the right address to meet Mr. Boddy? WADSWORTH Oh, you must be Mr. Green. GREEN Yes . . . WADSWORTH (to dogs) Sit! Green frantically sits on a bench by the door. WADSWORTH No. Not you, sir. Mr. Green sheepishly gets up and enters the house. 17 -- INT. MAN'S CAR -- 17 WOMAN It should be just off there. 17a -- EXT. HILL HOUSE--VIEW FROM FRONT GATE -- 17a 17b -- INT. MAN'S CAR -- 17b MAN That must be it. 17c -- EXT. HILL HOUSE--VIEW FROM FRONT GATE -- 17c Lightning crashes, illuminating the house. 17d -- INT. MAN'S CAR -- 17d WOMAN Why is the car stopped? MAN It's frightened. 17e -- EXT. HILL HOUSE--FRONT GATE -- 17e The car is started again and it rolls up the driveway. 18 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--LIBRARY -- 18 Lightning crashes, making Mr. Green gulp. 19 -- EXT. HILL HOUSE--FRONT--DRIVEWAY -- 19 The man and woman exit their car and run for the front door. The man shields the woman from the now heavy rain. MAN What a godforsaken place! He squeezes one of the woman's buttocks. She shakes his hand off, looking disgusted. The door opens, revealing Wadsworth. WADSWORTH Professor Plum! And Miss Scarlet. I didn't realize you were acquainted. SCARLET (glancing at Plum) We weren't. They enter. 20 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--LIBRARY -- 20 The doors open to reveal Prof. Plum and Miss Scarlet. WADSWORTH May I present Professor Plum . . . and Miss Scarlet. Nods all around. Plum and Scarlet receive wine glasses from Yvette, whom Plum eyes. Prof. Plum clinks glasses with Miss Scarlet, who looks annoyed. WADSWORTH Of course, since you've each been addressed by a pseudonym, you'll have realized that nobody here is being addressed by their real name. The guests glance around suspiciously. 21 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 21 Mrs. Ho bangs a bong once, fiercely. 22 -- INT. LIBRARY -- 22 The gong is heard a second time. Mr. Green jumps at the sound, dumping his champagne on Mr. Peacock. WADSWORTH (calmly, as always) Ah. Dinner. GREEN (hands Peacock his glass, starts to mop her up as she clucks) I'm sorry . . . I'm a little accident-prone . . . 23 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 23 The guests cross to the Dining Room. 24 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--DINING ROOM -- 24 The dining room is elegant, in similar decor to the Hall, but it is somewhat more comfortable. However, the room is still small. At one end, there is a door and a metal partition, both leading to the kitchen. The guests file in. WADSWORTH You'll find your names beside your places. Please be seated. The guests, except for Col. Mustard, find their places and sit. Wadsworth sets Miss Scarlet's drink on the table, to her pleasure. MUSTARD (indicating the head of the table) Is this place for you? WADSWORTH Oh, indeed, no, sir. I'm merely a humble butler. MUSTARD And what exactly do you do? WADSWORTH I buttle, sir. MUSTARD Which means what? WADSWORTH The butler is head of the kitchen and dining room. I keep everything . . . tidy. That's all. Col. Mustard attempts to continue but is interrupted by Mrs. Peacock. PEACOCK Well, what's all this about, butler; this dinner party? WADSWORTH "Ours is not to reason why . . . Ours is but to do and die" PLUM "Die"? WADSWORTH (smiling) Merely quoting, sir, from Alfred, Lord Tennyson. MUSTARD (now seated next to Miss Scarlet) Hm. I prefer Kipling, myself. "The female of the species is more deadly than the male." (to Scarlet) You like Kipling, Miss Scarlet? SCARLET Sure, I'll eat anything. Yvette enters carrying a tray. YVETTE (to Peacock) Sharks' Fin Soup, Madame. MUSTARD (again indicating head) So is this for our host? WADSWORTH No, sir. For the seventh guest, Mr. Boddy. WHITE I thought Mr. Boddy was our host? The guests all concur. WHITE So who is our host, Mr. Wadsworth? Wadsworth chuckles with a closed smile. PLUM Well, I want to start, while it's still hot. PEACOCK Oh, now shouldn't we wait for the other guest? YVETTE I will keep somesing warm for eem. SCARLET What did you have in mind, dear? Silence. Prof. Plum slurps soup from his spoon. Mrs. White disapproves, then does the same. Mustard, Scarlet, and Green stare at them, spoons poised near mouths. They do it again. Silence. PEACOCK (breathlessly) Well, someone's got to break the ice, and it might as well be me. I mean, I'm used to being a hostess; it's part of my husband's work, and it's always difficult when a group of new friends meet together for the first time to get acquainted, so I'm perfectly prepared to start the ball rolling . . . I mean, I have absolutely no idea what we're doing here, or what I'm doing here, or what this place is about, but I am determined to enjoy myself and I'm very intrigued and oh, my, this soup's delicious isn't it? Everyone sits bewildered. WHITE You say you are used to being a hostess as part of your husband's work? PEACOCK Yes, it's an integral part of your life when you are the wife of a. . . oh, but then I forgot we're not supposed to say who we really are, though heavens to Betsy, I don't know why. MUSTARD Don't you. GREEN I know who you are. SCARLET Aren't you going to tell us? PEACOCK (removes glasses nervously) How do you know who I am? GREEN I work in Washington, too. PLUM Oh, so you're a politician's wife. PEACOCK Yes, I-I am. MUSTARD Well, come on, then. Who's your husband? Suddenly, Wadsworth opens the door from the kitchen. PEACOCK (to Mrs. White) So, what does your husband do? WHITE (almost cutting her off) Nothing. PEACOCK Nothing? WHITE Well, he . . . just . . . lies around on his back all day. SCARLET Sounds like hard work to me. Yvette, in the kitchen, opens the partition suddenly. The noise coincides with a crash of thunder. Mr. Green, jumpy as ever, spills his drink again, this time on Miss Scarlet. GREEN I'm . . . sorry. I'm afraid I'm a little accident-prone. He starts to wipe off her upper chest. SCARLET Ah--watch it. He stops. Yvette starts serving food. YVETTE Excuse moi. The guests start eating. PEACOCK Mmm! This is one of my favorite recipes! WADSWORTH I know, madam. PEACOCK So, what do you do in Washington, D.C., Mr. Green? No answer. PEACOCK Come on, what do you do? I mean, how are we to get acquainted if we don't say anything about ourselves? SCARLET (angrily) Perhaps he doesn't want to get acquainted with you. PEACOCK (bothered) Well, I'm sure I don't know, but if I wasn't trying to keep the conversation going, then we would just be sitting here in an embarrassed silence. PLUM Are you afraid of silence, Mrs. Peacock? PEACOCK Yes! What? No, why? PLUM Oh, it just seems to me that you seem to suffer from what we call pressure of speech. SCARLET "We"? Who's "we"? Are you a shrink? PLUM I do know a little bit about psychological medicine, yes. WHITE Are you a doctor? PLUM I am, but I don't practice. SCARLET Practice makes perfect. Ha. I think most men need a little practice, don't you, Mrs. Peacock? Mrs. Peacock shrugs, very uncomfortable. WHITE So what do you do, Professor? PLUM I work for UNO, the United Nations Organization. MUSTARD Another politician. Jesus! PLUM No, I work for a branch of UNO. W.H.O., the World Health Organization. PEACOCK Well, what is your area of special concern? PLUM Family planning. (to Mustard) What about you, Colonel? Are you a real colonel? MUSTARD (seriously) I am, sir. SCARLET You're not going to mention the coincidence that you also live in Washington, D.C.? MUSTARD How did you know that? Have we met before? SCARLET I've certainly seen you before. Although you may not have seen me. GREEN So, Miss Scarlet, does this mean that you live in Washington, too? SCARLET Sure do. PEACOCK Does anyone here not live in Washington, D.C.? PLUM I don't. GREEN Yes, but you work for the United Nations. That's a government job. And the rest of us all live in a government town. Anyone here not earn their living from the government in one way or another? Col. Mustard stands suddenly. MUSTARD (angrily, to Wadsworth) Wadsworth, where's our host, and why have we been brought here? The doorbell rings. Wadsworth exits. We hear the door opening and Wadsworth speaks. WADSWORTH (O.S.) Ah! Good evening. You are eagerly awaited. MAN (O.S.) You lockin' me in? I'll take the key. WADSWORTH (O.S.) Over my dead body, sir. May I take your bag? MAN (O.S.) No. I'll leave it here 'til I need it. WADSWORTH (O.S.) It contains evidence, I presume? MAN (O.S.) Surprises, my friend. That's what it contains--surprises! Wadsworth enters the dining room, followed by the man. WADSWORTH Ladies and gentlemen, may I present Mr. Boddy. BODDY What are they all doin' here? WADSWORTH Eating dinner. Do sit down, Mr. Boddy. BODDY (sitting) Thanks. Yvette starts to serve him BODDY Nah, you can take that away, honey. Mrs. Peacock hits the table. PEACOCK (angrily) Look. I demand to know what's going on. Now why have we all been dragged up to this horrible place? WADSWORTH Well. I believe we all received a letter. My letter says, "It will be to your advantage to be present on this date because a Mr. Boddy will bring to an end a certain long-standing confidential and painful financial liability." It is signed, "A friend." GREEN I received a similar letter. SCARLET So did we, didn't we. (indicating Prof. Plum) BODDY I also received a letter. (Yvette starts to serve him again) No thanks, Yvette. I just ate. GREEN Now, how did you know her name? BODDY We know each other. (puts his hand up Yvette's (short) skirt) Don't we, dear? She recoils. WADSWORTH Forgive my curiosity, Mr. Boddy, but did your letter say the same thing? BODDY No. WADSWORTH I see . . . (to group) Can I interest any of you in fruit or dessert? No response. WADSWORTH In that case, may I suggest we adjourn to the study for coffee and brandy, at which point I believe our unknown host will reveal his intentions. 25 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE STUDY -- 25 The study is by far the most comfortable room we've seen so far. It is decorated in subdued tan colors. There are several couches, a bookshelf, a table with drinks, and a desk. The guests enter and look around for their host. GREEN Well, there's no one here. WADSWORTH (to the guests in general) Please help yourself to brandy and be seated. Wadsworth goes to the desk and takes a manilla envelope. It reads For Wadsworth Open AFTER DINNER SCARLET Mind if I smoke? Prof. Plum, seated next to Miss Scarlet, lights her cigarette. Wadsworth opens the envelope. He peruses the contents. WADSWORTH Ladies and gentlemen, I'm instructed to you what you all have in common with each other. Unless you would care to do the honors, Mr. Boddy? BODDY Why me? They know who I am? WADSWORTH I don't think so. You've never identified yourself to them, I believe. Mr. Boddy stands suddenly. BODDY It's a hoax! I suggest we all leave. He takes off out the study door. WADSWORTH (in pursuit) I'm sorry, sir, you cannot leave this house! 26 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 26 Mr. Boddy goes to the front door. Wadsworth follows, and he is followed by the other guests. BODDY No? Who's gonna stop me? WADSWORTH There's no way out. (Mr. Boddy tries the front door. It's locked.) All the windows have bars, all the doors are locked. BODDY This is an outrage! You can't hold us prisoner! The guests, in confusion, agree. WADSWORTH (shouting over the din) Ladies and gentlemen, please! Please return to the study. Everything will be explained. The guests file unhappily back into the study. Mr. Boddy walks past Wadsworth toward the rear of the hall. WADSWORTH (to Mr. Boddy) You too, Mr. Boddy. Boddy starts running. WADSWORTH Other way! He pursues Mr. Boddy. 27 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--CONSERVATORY -- 27 The conservatory is humid, with plants all around. Three of the walls are brick, and the fourth is glass, leading to the outside. The rain can be heard and seen, against the glass. Mr. Boddy runs in, picks up a brick and prepares to throw it through the glass. Wadsworth enters. WADSWORTH You can't get out that way. BODDY Why not? It's only glass! Suddenly, a vicious Doberman jumps at the glass, barking and snarling. Boddy drops the brick. 28 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE STUDY -- 28 The guests are already present. Wadsworth and Mr. Boddy enter. Wadsworth takes up his envelope again. WADSWORTH Ladies and gentlemen, you all have one thing in common. You're all being blackmailed. For some considerable time, all of you have been paying what you can afford and, in some cases, more than you can afford to someone who threatens to expose you. And none of you know who's blackmailing you, do you? PEACOCK Oh, please! I've never heard anything so ridiculous. I mean, nobody could blackmail me. My life is an open book--I've never done anything wrong. WADSWORTH Anybody else wish to deny it? The guests look at each other, but no one responds. WADSWORTH Very well. As everyone here is in the same boat, there's no harm in my revealing some details. And my instructions are to do so. Thank you, Yvette. The maid, so dismissed, leaves. Mr. Boddy's eyes follow her out. WHITE Don't you think you might spare us this humiliation? WADSWORTH I'm sorry. Professor Plum, you were once a professor of psychiatry, specializing in helping paranoid and homicidal lunatics suffering from delusions of grandeur. PLUM Yes, but now I work for the United Nations. WADSWORTH So your work has not changed. But you don't practice medicine at the U.N. His license to practice has bee lifted, correct? SCARLET Why? What did he do? WADSWORTH You know what doctors aren't allowed to do with their lady patients? SCARLET Yeah? WADSWORTH Well, he did. SCARLET Ha! PEACOCK Oh, how disgusting. WADSWORTH (swooping down on her) Are you making moral judgements, Mrs. Peacock? How, then, do you justify taking bribes in return for delivering your husband Senator Peacock's vote to certain lobbyists? PEACOCK My husband is a paid consultant. There is nothing wrong with that! WADSWORTH Not if it's publicly declared, perhaps. But if the payment is delivered by slipping used greenbacks in plain envelopes under the door of the men's room, how would you describe that transaction? SCARLET I'd say it stinks. PEACOCK Well, how would you know. When were you in that men's room? PLUM So it's true! PEACOCK (standing) No, it's a vicious lie! WADSWORTH I'm sure we're all glad to hear that. But you've been paying blackmail for over a year now to keep that story out of the papers. WHITE (to Peacock) Well, I am willing to believe you. I too am being blackmailed for something I didn't do. GREEN Me too. MUSTARD And me. SCARLET Not me. WADSWORTH You're not being blackmailed? SCARLET Oh, I'm being blackmailed, all right. But I did what I'm being blackmailed for. PLUM (with interest) What did you do? SCARLET Well, to be perfectly frank, I run a specialized hotel and a telephone service which provide gentlemen with the company of a young lady for a short while. PLUM (very interested) Oh, yeah? (pulling out a pen and notepad) What's the phone number? Miss Scarlet rolls her eyes. GREEN So how did you know Colonel Mustard works in Washington? Is he one of your clients? MUSTARD (incredulous) Certainly not! GREEN I was asking Miss Scarlet. MUSTARD (to Scarlet) Well, you tell him it's not true! SCARLET It's not true. PLUM Is that true? SCARLET No, it's not true. GREEN Ha-hah! So it is true! WADSWORTH A double negative! MUSTARD Double "negative"? You mean you have-- (whispers to Scarlet) Photographs? WADSWORTH That sounds like a confession to me. In fact, the double negative has led to proof positive. I'm afraid you gave yourself away. MUSTARD Are you trying to make me look stupid in front of the other guests? WADSWORTH You don't need any help from me, sir. MUSTARD That's right! Mustard realizes what he just said. PLUM But seriously, I don't see what's so terrible about Colonel Mustard visiting a house of ill fame. (puts his hand on Scarlet's leg) Most soldiers do, don't they? SCARLET (standing) Oh, please. WADSWORTH But he holds a sensitive security post in the pentagon. And, Colonel, you drive a very expensive car for someone who lives on a colonel's pay. MUSTARD I don't. I came into money during the war, when I lost my mommy and daddy. Wadsworth is puzzled, but soon recovers. WADSWORTH Mrs. White, you've been paying our friend the blackmailer ever since your husband died under, shall we say, mysterious circumstances. Miss Scarlet laughs. WHITE Why is that funny? SCARLET I see. That's why he was lying on his back. In his coffin. WHITE I didn't kill him. MUSTARD Then why are you paying the blackmailer? WHITE I don't want a scandal, do I? We had had a very humiliating public confrontation, he was deranged . . . lunatic. He didn't actually seem to like me very much, he had threatened to kill me in public. SCARLET Why would he want to kill you in public? WADSWORTH I think she meant he threatened, in public, to kill her. SCARLET Oh. And was that his final word on the matter? WHITE Being killed is pretty final, wouldn't you say? WADSWORTH And yet he was the one who died, not you, Mrs. White, not you. SCARLET What did he do for a living? WHITE He was a scientist. Nuclear physics. SCARLET What was he like? WHITE He was always a rather stupidly optimistic man. I mean, I'm afraid it came as a great shock to him when he died. But he was found dead at home. His head had been cut off and so had his . . . you know . . . The men in the room cross their legs. WHITE I had been out all evening at the movies. SCARLET Do you miss him? WHITE Well, it's a matter of life after death. Now that he's dead, I have a life. WADSWORTH But he was your second husband. Your first husband also disappeared. WHITE But that was his job. He was an illusionist. WADSWORTH But he never reappeared. WHITE (shrugging) He wasn't a very good illusionist. Mr. Green clears his throat and stands. GREEN I have something to say. (pauses) I'm not going to wait for Wadsworth here to unmask me. I work for the state department. And I am a homosexual. Wadsworth, wide-eyed, looks for Green's file. Mrs. Peacock clucks in disgust. GREEN I feel no personal shame or guilt about this. But I must keep it a secret or I will lose my job on security grounds. (pauses again) . . . Thank you. Mr. Green sits back down next to Prof. Plum, who rapidly stands and walks away. PLUM Well, that just leaves Mr. Boddy. SCARLET What's your little secret? WADSWORTH His secret? Oh, hadn't you guessed? He's the one who's blackmailing you all. Lightning crashes. Mr. Boddy looks very satisfied. MUSTARD You bastard! The guests advance on Mr. Boddy as he stands. Col. Mustard challenges Mr. Boddy to fight, boxing-style. MUSTARD Put 'em up! Mr. Boddy steps on the Colonel's toes and pokes him in the eyes. GREEN Gentlemen . . . MUSTARD If you can't fight fairly, don't fight at all! BODDY Calls me a bastard! Mr. Green and the others try to separate them as Colonel Mustard recovers and Mr. Boddy goes for him. Mrs. White decides to take matters into her own hands and knees Mr. Boddy in the crotch. GREEN Was that necessary, Mrs. White? WADSWORTH Wait! Wait! The police are coming! The guests disapprove. WADSWORTH Listen! Blackmail depends on secrecy. You've all admitted how he's been able to blackmail you. All you have to do is tell the police, he'll be convicted, and your troubles will be over. BODDY (standing, in pain) 's not so easy. You'll never tell the police. WADSWORTH Then I shall. I have evidence in my possession, and this conversation is being tape recorded. 28a -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--BILLIARD ROOM -- 28a Yvette in the Billiard room, drinking cognac and listening to a tape recorder that is recording. GREEN (V.O.) Point of order--tape recordings are not admissible evidence! 28b -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE STUDY -- 28b The study. General confusion ensues. WADSWORTH Ladies and gentlemen, the police will be here in about (checks his watch) forty-five minutes. Tell them the truth, and Mr. Boddy will be behind bars. Mr. Boddy goes for the hall. Wadsworth stops them. WADSWORTH Where are you going this time? BODDY I think I can help them make up their minds. Can I just get my little bag from the hall? Boddy exits. 28c -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 28c The Hall. Mr. Boddy gets his bags from by the front door. 28d -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE STUDY -- 28d The study. Mr. Boddy opens his luggage. BODDY Who can guess what's in here, eh? WHITE The evidence against us, no doubt. Mr. Boddy chuckles. He starts handing out boxes, each with a different size and shape. SCARLET We didn't know we were meeting you tonight. Did you know you were meeting us? BODDY Oh, yes. WHITE What were you told, precisely? BODDY Merely that you were all meeting to discuss our little . . . financial arrangements. And if I did not appear, Wadsworth would be informing the police about it all. Naturally I could hardly resist putting in an appearance. He finishes handing out the packages. BODDY (elbowing his way to the door) 'Scuse me. (eyeing the packages) Open 'em. SCARLET Why not? I enjoy getting presents from strange men. Scarlet opens her package. A candlestick. SCARLET A candlestick? What's this for? Mrs. White opens her box and reveals a rope-tied in a noose. Mr. Green takes his box in one hand. He opens it and lets the contents fall into his other hand. A bent lead pipe. Col. Mustard opens his box and pulls out . . . a heavy wrench. Prof. Plum takes the lid off his package and looks in. He gingerly pulls out a revolver. Finally, the camera reveals Mrs. Peacock, who is twirling a dagger. BODDY (O.S.) In your hands, you each have a lethal weapon. Mr. Boddy walks on camera and continues. BODDY If you denounce me to the police, you will also be exposed and humiliated. I'll see to that in court. (pauses) But . . . if one of you kills Wadsworth now . . . Wadsworth's eyes widen in shock. BODDY . . . no one but the seven of us will ever know. He has the key to the front door, which he said would only be opened over his dead body. I suggest we take him up on that offer. Mr. Boddy goes over to the light switch with deliberate ease. He closes the door to the hall and sets his drink down. BODDY The only way to avoid finding yourselves on the front pages is for one of you to kill Wadsworth. Now. He turns off the lights. We hear noises. Someone inhales raspily. A gunshot. Something ceramic shatters. A scream. The lights go up. Mrs. Peacock, who turned on the light, drops the dagger in shock. The camera reveals Mr. Boddy lying prone on the floor. MUSTARD It's not Wadsworth! The guests talk to each other. PLUM Stand back! Give him air! (kneels next to Mr. Boddy) Let me see. (checks Mr. Boddy for signs of life) He's dead! WHITE Who had the gun? PLUM I did. PEACOCK Then you shot him! PLUM I didn't! PEACOCK Well, you had the gun. If you didn't shoot him, who did? Mr. Boddy is turned over. PLUM Nobody! Look, there's no gunshot wound. Somebody tried to grab the gun from me in the dark and the gun went off. Look! The bullet broke that vase on the mantel! Everyone rushes for the mantel simultaneously, causing confusion. MUSTARD He's absolutely right. Look, there's a bullet hole here in the wall. See that? Mr. Green grabs Prof. Plum by the lapels. GREEN How did he die? PLUM I don't know! (shoves him away) I'm not a forensic expert. WHITE Well, one of us must have killed him! GREEN Well, I didn't do it. PEACOCK Oh, I need a drink! She goes to the door and gets Mr. Boddy's cognac. She sips. PLUM (alarmed) Maybe he was poisoned! Mrs. Peacock drops the glass in revulsion and starts to scream. She won't stop. Mr. Green takes her to a sofa, offering words of comfort. She sits, but won't stop screaming. Mr. Green slaps her. GREEN I . . . I had to stop her from screaming . . . PLUM (to Green) Was the brandy poisoned? GREEN I don't know. SCARLET (picks up the glass. All the cognac has spilled out) Looks like we'll never know. GREEN Unless . . . unless she dies, too. They all rush over to scrutinize Mrs. Peacock. A scream erupts from another room! The guests gasp. They run from the study into the hall. 29 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 29 The guests run to the door of the billiard room. Mr. Green tries it. GREEN It's locked! WADSWORTH Open up! PLUM It must be the murderer. GREEN Why would he scream? WHITE He must have a victim in there. Oh, my God! Yvette! GREEN Oh, my God! The doors open. 30 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--BILLIARD ROOM -- 30 The guests pour in. WADSWORTH You're alive! YVETTE No sanks to you! WADSWORTH What do you mean? YVETTE You lock me up with a murderer, you eediot! WHITE So the murderer is in this room. YVETTE Mai Oui! GREEN But where? YVETTE Where? 'Ere! Mr. Green looks behind the door. YVETTE We are all looking at eem. Or 'er. Is what Mrs. White said in ze study--one of you is ze killer! PLUM How did you know we said that? YVETTE I was lisuning! WHITE But why were you screaming in here all by yourself? YVETTE Because I am frightened. Me too, I also drink ze cognac. (sobbing) Mon diou. I can't stay in here by myself. Miss Scarlet and Col. Mustard go to Yvette. SCARLET Come back to the study with us. YVETTE With ze murderer? MUSTARD (shaking the wrench) There is safety in numbers . . . (realizing and putting the wrench away) . . . my dear. The guests leave the room. After they are gone, Wadsworth takes the tape off the spools. 31 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE STUDY -- 31 GREEN Is there no indication of how he died? PLUM No. WADSWORTH This is terrible. This is absolutely terrible! It's not what I'd intended. Oh, my God . . . WHITE Not what YOU intended? SCARLET So you're not the butler? WADSWORTH I'm not THE butler, but I am A butler. In fact, I was his butler. PLUM So if he told you to invite us all to his house, why did he arrive late? WADSWORTH I invited you. In fact, I wrote the letters. It was all my idea. WHITE Wait a minute. I-I don't understand. Why did you invite us here to meet your late employer? Were you assisting him to blackmail us? WADSWORTH Certainly not! WHITE I think you had better explain. WADSWORTH Please sit down. Everyone. Everyone sits but Mr. Green. He searches for a spot, but no one gives it to him. He ends up leaning against a serving table. WADSWORTH When I said that I was Mr. Boddy's butler, this was both true and misleading. I was once his butler, but it was not his untimely death this evening that brought my employment with him to an end. MUSTARD When did it come to an end? WADSWORTH When my wife decided to . . . end her life. She too was being blackmailed by this odious man who now lies dead before us. He hated my wife for the same reason that he hated all of you. He believed that you were all thoroughly . . . . . . un-American. Mr. Green's serving table gives way, landing him (and several pieces of crystal) on the floor. GREEN Sorry. WADSWORTH For some reason, he felt that it was inappropriate for a senator to have a corrupt wife, for a doctor to take advantage of his patients, for a wife to emasculate her husband and . . . and . . . so forth. GREEN But this is ridiculous! If he was such a patriotic American, why didn't he just report us to the authorities? WADSWORTH He decided to put his information to good use and make a little money out of it. What could be more American than that? Several nods. PLUM And what was your role in all this? WADSWORTH I was . . . a victim, too. At least my wife was. She had friends who were . . . (this is obviously painful for him) . . . Socialists. Gasps and muttering from several guests, the most vocal of whom is Mrs. Peacock. WADSWORTH (holding back tears) Well, we all make mistakes . . . (Mrs. White pulls a tissue from her bra and gives it to him.) WADSWORTH But Mr. Boddy threatened to give my wife's name to the House Un-American Activities Committee unless she named them. She refused, and so he blackmailed her. We had no money, and the price of his silence was that we worked for him for nothing. We were slaves! Well, to make a long story short-- MUSTARD Too late. WADSWORTH --The suicide of my wife preyed on my mind, and created a sense of injustice in me. I resolved to put Mr. Boddy behind bars. It seemed to be the best way to do it, and to free all of you from the same burden of blackmail was to get everyone face to face, confront Mr. Boddy with his crimes, and then . . . . . . turn him over to the police. PLUM So, everything is explained. SCARLET Nothing's explained. We still don't know who killed him! WADSWORTH Well, the point is, we've got to find out in the next thirty-nine minutes. Before the police arrive! PEACOCK My God, we can't have them come here now-- GREEN But . . . how can we possibly find out which of you did it? PLUM What do you mean which of "you" did it? GREEN Well, I didn't do it! WADSWORTH Well, one of us did. We all had the opportunity, we all had a motive. SCARLET Great. We'll all go to the chair. PLUM Maybe it wasn't one of us. MUSTARD Well, who else could it have been? PLUM Who else is in the house? WADSWORTH and YVETTE Only the (ze) cook. ALL The cook! 32 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 32 The party runs from the study to the Kitchen. 33 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--KITCHEN -- 33 They all get stuck in the door, except for Mr. Green. He steps down into the kitchen and looks around. GREEN Well. She's not here. The door to the freezer starts to open. Miss Scarlet screams. The cook's body tumbles out into Mr. Green's arms. She now has the dagger sticking out of her back. Mrs. Ho was not (and is not) a light woman. He is having difficulty holding her. GREEN I didn't do it!! (pause) Somebody help me, please? (nobody moves) Somebody help me, PLEASE? Several guests go to help. One of them reaches for the knife. MUSTARD Don't touch it. That's evidence. WHITE Not for us. We have to find out who did this. We can't take fingerprints! MUSTARD (to Wadsworth) I think you'd better explain yourself, Wadsworth. WADSWORTH Me? Why me? GREEN Who would want to kill the cook? SCARLET Dinner wasn't that bad. MUSTARD How can you make jokes at a time like this? SCARLET It's my defense mechanism. MUSTARD Some defense. If I was the killer, I would kill you next. (Several guests look shocked) SCARLET Oh? (Uncomfortable silence) MUSTARD I said "if." "If"! (pause) Hey, come on. There is only one admitted killer here, and it is certainly not me, it is her! He points at Mrs. White. WHITE I've admitted nothing. MUSTARD Well, you paid the blackmail. How many husbands have you had? WHITE Mine or other women's? MUSTARD Yours. WHITE Five. MUSTARD Five. WHITE Yes, just the five. Husbands should be like Kleenex. Soft, strong, and disposable. MUSTARD You lure men to their deaths like a spider with flies! WHITE Flies are where men are most vulnerable. MUSTARD Right! (Again, he realizes what he just said) MUSTARD Well, if it wasn't you, then who was it? Who had the dagger, anyway? It was you, Mrs. Peacock, wasn't it? PEACOCK Yes, but I put it down. PLUM Where? PEACOCK In the study. PLUM When? PEACOCK I don't know! Before I fainted, after I fainted, I don't know! But any of you could have picked it up. WADSWORTH Hmm. Look. I suggest we take the cook's body into the study. MUSTARD Why? WADSWORTH I'm the butler. I like to keep the kitchen tidy. 34 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE STUDY -- 34 The camera faces the door that leads from the study to the hall. The men are carrying the cook's body into the study, effectively blocking off the women's view. PLUM (dropping Mrs. Ho and pointing) Look! WADSWORTH and GREEN What? PLUM The body's gone! Mrs. Ho is dropped. PEACOCK What are you all staring at? GREEN Nothing . . . PEACOCK Well, who's there? MUSTARD Nobody. WADSWORTH Nobody. No Boddy, that's what we mean. Mr. Boddy's body. It's gone. WHITE Maybe he wasn't dead. PLUM He was. SCARLET We should have made sure! PEACOCK How? By cutting his head off, I suppose. WHITE That wasn't called for. SCARLET Where is he? PLUM We better look for him. They look around. GREEN Well . . . he couldn't have been dead. PLUM He was. At least I thought he was. But . . . what difference does it make now? SCARLET It makes quite a difference to him. Maybe there is life after death. WHITE Life after death is as improbable as sex after marriage. GREEN Maybe Mr. Boddy killed the cook! SCARLET and WHITE Yes! WADSWORTH How? Mr. Green is at a loss. PEACOCK Well, if you'll excuse me, I have to, um . . . (to Yvette) Is there a little girls' room? YVETTE Oui, oui, madame. PEACOCK No, I just want to powder my nose, thank you. Yvette is bewildered. Mrs. Peacock steps over Mrs. Ho's corpse into the hall. Miss Scarlet, wandering around, picks up something. SCARLET What's this, Wadsworth? WADSWORTH I'm afraid those are the negatives to which Colonel Mustard earlier referred. MUSTARD (Going for them) Oh, my God! SCARLET Were you planning to blackmail him, Wadsworth? WADSWORTH Certainly not! I'd obtained them for the Colonel, and I was going to give them back as soon as Mr. Boddy was unmasked. SCARLET Mmmm . . . very pretty. Would you like to see these, Yvette? They might shock you . . . YVETTE No, merci. I am a lay-dee. SCARLET Oh, how do you know what kind of pictures they are if you're such a "lay-dee"? PLUM What sort of pictures are they? MUSTARD They are my pictures, and I'd like them back, please. SCARLET No, I'm afraid there's something in them that concerns me too. Prof. Plum snatches the pictures and holds them up to the light. PLUM Let me see . . . WHITE (looking) Oh, my. Nobody can get into that position. PLUM (putting the pictures down) Sure they can. Let me show you. Plum starts to demonstrate with Mrs. White on the couch. WHITE Get off me! 35 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL--REAR -- 35 Mrs. Peacock opens the door to the bathroom. She screams. Mr. Boddy's body falls out and lands in her outstretched arms. He is almost certainly dead now; his head is bloody. The party runs out to help her. PLUM Mr. Boddy! GREEN He's attacking her! They pull the corpse off Mrs. Peacock. WHITE Well, he's dead. WADSWORTH Mr. Boddy. Dead. Again. PEACOCK (fanning herself) Oh, my God . . . WADSWORTH She's going to faint. PLUM Somebody catch her! WADSWORTH (going behind Mrs. Peacock and encircling her with his arms) I'll catch you. Fall into my arms. (she slips right through) Sorry . . . WHITE (looking at Mr. Green) You've got blood on your hands . . . GREEN (panicking) I didn't do it! WADSWORTH He's got new injuries. He picks up Mr. Boddy's arm and lets it fall again. WADSWORTH Well, he's certainly dead now. Why would anyone want to kill him twice? SCARLET It seems so unnecessary. MUSTARD It's what we call "overkill." PLUM It's what we call "psychotic." GREEN Unless he wasn't dead before. PLUM What's the difference? WADSWORTH (shouting) That's what we're trying to find out! We're trying to find out who killed him, and where, and with what! PLUM There's no need to shout! WADSWORTH (even louder) I'm not shouting!! All right, I am. I'm shouting, I'm shouting, I'm shout-- At which point the candlestick, which had been nestled above the bathroom door, falls and hits him on the head. Wadsworth hits the floor. 36 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE STUDY -- 36 Mrs. Peacock has evidently recovered somewhat. The women are taking the heavier Mrs. Ho into the room, the men have the lighter Mr. Boddy. The guests make groans of exertion. Col. Mustard is issuing orders. MUSTARD Okay, put the corpses on the sofa. (pause) Ladies first. More sounds of exertion. They plop Mr. Ho on the sofa. Wadsworth enters, holding ice to his head. WADSWORTH Careful, don't get blood on the sofa. YVETTE How do we do sis? Ze dagger will go furzer into 'er back. MUSTARD Tip her forward, over the arm. They do so. MUSTARD Now Mr. Boddy. More sounds of exertion. Col. Mustard nods. Prof. Plum is stuck on the couch between the two corpses. Rather than move, he decides to make himself comfortable. MUSTARD Now. Who-- (he closes Mr. Boddy's staring eyes) Who had access to the candlestick? WHITE It was given to you. SCARLET Yeah, but I dropped it on the table. Anyone could have picked it up. You . . . him . . . Wadsworth starts going around the room, picking up the weapons. WADSWORTH Look. We still have all these weapons. The gun, the rope, the wrench, the lead pipe. Let's put them all in this cupboard and lock it. There's a homicidal maniac about! He locks the weapons in the cupboard. Everyone states their approval. GREEN What are you doing with the key? WADSWORTH Putting it in my pocket. GREEN Why? WADSWORTH Well, to keep it safe, obviously. PEACOCK That means that you can open it, whenever you want. WADSWORTH But it also means that you can't. PEACOCK But what if you're the murderer? WADSWORTH I'm not. MUSTARD But what if you are?! WADSWORTH Well, it's got to be put somewhere. If I've got it, I know I'm safe. PEACOCK We don't know that WE are! WADSWORTH I've an idea. We'll throw it away! The party agrees. 37 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL--FOYER -- 37 Wadsworth opens the door and prepares to throw the key out. Waiting outside the door is a MAN, who ducks, thinking Wadsworth is about to hit him. The butler quickly recovers and pockets the key. The rest of the party runs up behind him. WADSWORTH Sorry . . . Sorry . . . (laughs nervously) Can we help? MAN I'm sorry, I didn't mean to disturb the whole household, but . . . my car broke down out here, and I was wondering if I could use your phone. WADSWORTH Just a moment, please. The party huddles together and discusses it. The MOTORIST looks rather confused. After a time, the group turns to the Motorist. WADSWORTH Very well, sir. Would you care to come in? MOTORIST Well? Where is it? WADSWORTH What, the body? MOTORIST The phone. What body? WADSWORTH Well, there's no body. There's nobody. There's nobody in the study. PARTY No! WADSWORTH But I think there's a phone in the lounge. MOTORIST Thank you. 38 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE LOUNGE -- 38 Wadsworth leads the Motorist inside and indicates the phone. WADSWORTH When you've finished your call, perhaps you'd be good enough to wait here. It is not a question. MOTORIST Certainly. Wadsworth exits the lounge. 39 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 39 Wadsworth closes the door to the lounge and locks it. Col. Mustard comes up behind him and puts a hand on his shoulder. Wadsworth yells in fright. MUSTARD Where's the key? WADSWORTH In my pocket. PLUM Not that key; the key to the cupboard with the weapons! WADSWORTH Do you still wish me to throw it away? ALL Yes!! 40 -- EXT. HILL HOUSE--FRONT -- 40 Wadsworth takes the key from his pocket and throws it. We see it land on the cement and bounce into the foliage. 41 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 41 Wadsworth closes the door. WADSWORTH Well. What now? WHITE (holding her hand out) Wadsworth, let me out. WADSWORTH No. WHITE Why not? WADSWORTH We've got to know who did it. We're all in this together, now. PEACOCK If you leave, I'll say that you killed them both. General agreement among the guests. Mrs. White rubs against Wadsworth. WHITE Oh, Wadsworth, I'll make you sorry you ever started this. One day, when we're alone together . . . WADSWORTH Mrs. White, no man in his right mind would be alone together with you. MUSTARD Well, I could use a drink! General agreement again. Col. Mustard goes to the study and looks in. MUSTARD Just checking. PEACOCK Everything all right? MUSTARD Yup. Two corpses. Everything's fine. 42 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--LIBRARY -- 42 Col. Mustard is pouring himself a tall glass of whiskey. MUSTARD Anybody else want a whiskey? SCARLET Yeah. Col. Mustard fills three other glasses at once, spilling the drink over the table. MUSTARD All right, look. Pay attention, everybody. (to Wadsworth) Wadsworth, am I right in thinking there is nobody else in this house? WADSWORTH Mmm, no. MUSTARD Then there IS someone else in this house? WADSWORTH No, sorry. I said "no," meaning "yes." MUSTARD "'No,' meaning 'yes'"? Look, I want a straight answer. Is there someone else or isn't there, yes or no? WADSWORTH Um, no. MUSTARD "No," there IS, or "no," there ISN'T? WADSWORTH Yes. Mrs. White breaks her glass against the fireplace. WHITE (exasperated) Please!! Don't you think we should get that man out of the house before he finds out what's been going on here? She tosses the remains of her glass into the air. It shatters on the hearth. SCARLET Yeah! PLUM How can we throw him outside in this weather? SCARLET If we let him stay in the house, he may get suspicious. PLUM If we throw him out, he may get even more suspicious. MUSTARD If I were him, I'd be suspicious already. PEACOCK (at wit's end) Oh, who cares?! That guy doesn't matter! Let him stay, locked up for another half an hour! The police will be here by then, and there are two dead bodies in the study!! ALL Shhhh! MUSTARD Well, there is still some confusion as to whether or not there's anybody else in this house. WADSWORTH I told you, there isn't. MUSTARD There isn't any confusion, or there isn't anybody else. WADSWORTH Either. Or both. MUSTARD Just give me a clear answer! WADSWORTH Certainly! (pause) What was the question? MUSTARD Is there anybody else in the house?! ALL No!! MUSTARD That's what he says, but does he know? I suggest we handle this in proper military fashion. We split up, and search the house. PEACOCK Split up! MUSTARD Yes. We have very little time left, so we'll split up into pairs. PLUM Pairs? MUSTARD Yes. PLUM Wait a minute. Suppose that one of us IS the murderer? If we split up into pairs, whichever one is left with the killer might get killed! MUSTARD Then we would have discovered who the murderer is! PEACOCK But the other half of the pair would be dead! MUSTARD This is war, Peacock! Casualties are inevitable. You cannot without breaking eggs--every cook will tell you that. PEACOCK But look what happened to the cook! GREEN Colonel, are you willing to take that chance? MUSTARD What choice have we? SCARLET None. GREEN I suppose you're right. YVETTE Bon decor. But it is dark upstairs, and I am frightened of ze dark. Will anyone go wiz me? PLUM I will. MUSTARD I will. GREEN No, thank you. WADSWORTH I suggest we all draw lots, for partners. He takes long matchsticks from near the fireplace. 43 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--KITCHEN -- 43 Wadsworth is using a knife to cut the long matchsticks into different lengths. He prepares them in his hand so the matchs' lengths can't be seen. WADSWORTH Ready? The two shortest together, the next two shortest together. Agreed? And I suggest the two shortest search the cellar, and so on, up. The guests approach the butler. Col. Mustard picks a matchstick. It's relatively short. Mrs. Peacock picks hers. Mustard and Peacock compare. His is longer. Miss Scarlet picks her matchstick with a jerk. Mr. Green reaches over Miss Scarlet's shoulder and gets his matchstick. It is one of the uncut sticks. Col. Mustard and Mr. Green compare. It's not even close. Yvette selects her stick. It's another long one. Col. Mustard and Miss Scarlet compare. They match, putting them together on the ground floor. Miss Scarlet looks disgusted. Mrs. White selects hers. In the background, the party tries to match sticks. Prof. Plum picks his matchstick. Wadsworth takes what is left. Mrs. White steps up to Wadsworth and pairs his matchstick. They're going to the second floor. Prof. Plum walks by Yvette and a distraught Mr. Green, who are going to the attic together. Plum matches cellar matchsticks with Mrs. Peacock. PLUM It's you and me, honey bunch. PEACOCK Oh, God . . . 44 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 44 We see the party as it splits up. Wadsworth and Mrs. White start up the stairs, as do Mr. Green and Yvette. Prof. Plum and Mrs. Peacock stop, unsure of where to go. Wadsworth pauses on a step and indicates the door under the staircase. WADSWORTH The cellar. Col. Mustard and Miss Scarlet stop in the middle of the Hall. MUSTARD Well, we know what's in the study, we've just come from the library, and the stranger's locked up in the lounge-- SCARLET Let's go look in the billiard room again. They go to the Billiard Room. Prof. Plum opens the door to the cellar. Mrs. Peacock reaches in and turns on the light. They enter cautiously. 45 -- INT. SECOND FLOOR--HALLWAY -- 45 The storm is still around Hill House, visible from a second-story window. Wadsworth and Mrs. White walk down the hallway as Mr. Green and Yvette start climbing the stairs to the attic. We hear thunder and rain. 46 -- INT. ATTIC -- 46 Darkness. We don't know exactly where we are. Suddenly, a light turns on. We see Mr. Green and Yvette, at the bottom of the attic staircase. Both of them are terrified of what may be above them. Silence. GREEN Do you want to go up in front of me? YVETTE Absolutely no. GREEN I'm sure there's no one up there. YVETTE Zen you go een fron. GREEN All right . . . Neither move. We hear nothing but the rain on the roof. 47 -- INT. CELLAR--STAIRCASE -- 47 Darkness. We barely see Mrs. Peacock and Prof. Plum backlit, at the top of the stairs. They edge down. Mrs. Peacock gasps. PLUM Well . . . Ladies first. PEACOCK No, no. You can go first. PLUM No, no, no, I insist. PEACOCK No, I insist. PLUM Well, what are you afraid of, a fate worse than death? PEACOCK No, just death. Isn't that enough? 48 -- INT. SECOND FLOOR--HALLWAY -- 48 Mrs. White and Wadsworth are at the doors of two adjacent rooms. They are looking at each other nervously. WADSWORTH Are you going in there? WHITE Yes, are you? WADSWORTH Yes. Pause. WADSWORTH Right! WHITE Right. They look in. WADSWORTH Um, I don't see any light switches in there. WHITE Well, neither do I, but there must be switches somewhere. WADSWORTH Shall I come in with you? WHITE No! (recovers) I mean . . . no, thank you. They start into their rooms and then jump out simultaneously, looking for the other. 49 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--BILLIARD ROOM -- 49 Col. Mustard and Miss Peacock are in back of the corner bar. They're stooping to look in. They stand and Col. Mustard indicates the bar's narrow egress. MUSTARD Ladies first. SCARLET No, thanks. They both head for the exit, and they have to squeeze through-- it's a very tight fit. Col. Mustard walks past Miss Scarlet, who is sure to keep him in sight. He grabs a pool cue from the wall. She gives a little gasp. Col. Mustard walks over to the pool table and motions with the stick to look under it. They do. There's nothing there. 50 -- INT. ATTIC-- 50 Mr. Green and Yvette are still where they were; at the bottom of the steps. We hear rain. YVETTE Go'n. I be right behind you. GREEN That's why I'm nervous. YVETTE Zen we go togezer. The two squeeze up the narrow steps. 51 -- INT. CELLAR -- 51 Mrs. Peacock and Prof. Plum are still inching down the stairs. Mrs. Peacock turns on the lights as Prof. Plum slips on a step. This frightens Mrs. Peacock, who runs dow the remaining few steps. PEACOCK Stay there! 52 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL--FOYER -- 52 Col. Mustard and Miss Scarlet throw open the closet door. Nothing there. 53 -- INT. SECOND FLOOR--MASTER BEDROOM -- 53 Wadsworth is wandering in the dark. WADSWORTH (nervously) If there's anybody in here, just look out! 54 -- INT. SECOND FLOOR--BEDROOM -- 54 Mrs. White is wandering like Wadsworth. WHITE (nervously) Are you hiding? I'm coming . . . 55 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--BALL ROOM -- 55 Col. Mustard and Miss Scarlet are backlit. We see the hall behind them. MUSTARD What room's this? SCARLET Search me. MUSTARD All right. He starts to frisk her. SCARLET (threateningly) Get your mitts off me. He does. 56 -- INT. CELLAR -- 56 Mrs. Peacock sees a rat and screams. The rat crawls away. Prof. Plum tenses, but starts to look around. 57 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--BALL ROOM -- 57 Col. Mustard flips on the lights, making Miss Scarlet gasp. MUSTARD Nobody here. SCARLET He's behind one of those curtains . . . ? She points to the curtains at the far end of the Ball room. MUSTARD You look. I'll go search the kitchen. Col. Mustard leaves. Miss Scarlet sighs. She starts to walk--slowly--toward the curtains. The curtains almost seem to be moving, but it just could be her imagination. Then--there is definite movement off to the right. Scarlet stops in her tracks, trying to scream but unable to. She continues cautiously. Scarlet reaches the curtains, pauses . . . and throws them back, revealing . . . A broken window with wind blowing in. 58 -- EXT. ROADSIDE -- 58 It is still raining. We see the Motorist's car on the side of the road. A cop car pulls up to investigate. 59 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE STUDY -- 59 We see photographs and papers, as well as the tapes of the conversation Yvette was making earlier. A gloved hand picks them up. The hand throws the photos and papers into the fire. Then the tape goes in. It all burns. The hand now uses a key to unlock the cupboard with the weapons. But wasn't that key thrown away? The weapons are revealed. 60 -- INT. MOTORIST'S CAR -- 60 The camera reveals a COP, shining his flashlight into the car. 60a -- EXT. ROADSIDE -- 60a As before. We see the Cop shining his flashlight into the car. 61 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE LOUNGE -- 61 The Motorist is making his phone call. MOTORIST I'm a little nervous . . . The camera reveals the Lounge's fireplace, which is swiveling around. MOTORIST . . . I'm in this big house, and I've been locked into the lounge. (pauses) Yes. The next statements are intercut with the wrench approaching the Motorist. MOTORIST The funny thing is, there's a whole group of people here having some sort of party. And one of them is my old boss from-- The wrench descends. The phone falls to the floor, then the Motorist follows suit. A gloved hand places the phone back on its cradle. 62 -- EXT. ROADSIDE -- 62 The Cop shines his flashlight on the car's license plate, then underneath the car. He walks away. 63 --INT. GROUND FLOOR--CONSERVATORY -- 63 Col. Mustard and Miss Scarlet stand in the doorway, backlit by the Hall. Rain can still be heard, but no lightning. Col. Mustard switches on the lights. The two look around. The Conservatory is dilapidated. There is dust and cobwebs all around--it obviously hasn't been used for some time. Miss Scarlet walks to the outer wall of windows. Rain pours down them. Col. Mustard walks to one side and picks up something. He then takes a rag and wipes his hands off. While doing so, he leans against the wall, and it swings open! He falls down, but quickly gets up. MUSTARD Looks like a secret passage. SCARLET Should we see where it leads? MUSTARD What the hell. I'll go first--I've had a good life. 64 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--CONSERVATORY/LOUNGE SECRET PASSAGE -- 64 The secret passage is narrow, and the floor is uneven. Miss Scarlet trips and yells in surprise. SCARLET Oh, God. MUSTARD It's all right. 65 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE LOUNGE -- 65 Col. Mustard and Miss Scarlet emerge from behind the still-rotated fireplace. They see the Motorist's corpse. SCARLET Oh, my God! The fireplace slides shut behind them. Scarlet panics--she starts yelling. 66 -- INT. ATTIC -- 66 Mr. Green and Yvette can faintly hear Miss Scarlet's yells. 67 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE LOUNGE -- 67 Scarlet and Mustard run to the double doors. They're locked. Now both are yelling. 68 -- INT. SECOND FLOOR--HALLWAY -- 68 Wadsworth and Mrs. White run for the staircase. 68a -- INT. SECOND FLOOR--ATTIC STAIRCASE--BASE -- 68a Mr. Green and Yvette run down from the attic. 68b -- INT. SECOND FLOOR--HALLWAY -- 68b The four people collide and go sprawling. 69 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE LOUNGE -- 69 Miss Scarlet and Col. Mustard are still banging at the door. And screaming. 70 -- INT. SECOND FLOOR--HALLWAY/THE HALL -- 70 The four upstairs untangle themselves. Wadsworth and Mr. Green run down the stairs followed by Yvette and Mrs. White. WADSWORTH Where's it coming from? GREEN Where are we going? They make it to the ground floor just as Prof. Plum and Mrs. Peacock emerge from the cellar. WHITE Where are they? WADSWORTH The lounge! Wadsworth tries the door. It's locked. PLUM The door's locked! GREEN (impatiently) I know . . . PLUM Then unlock it! GREEN Where's the key? Wadsworth searches his pockets. WADSWORTH The key is gone!! PLUM Never mind about the key! Unlock the door! Mr. Green grabs Prof. Plum and begins to shake him. GREEN I can't unlock the door without the key! Green releases the Professor and bangs on the door. GREEN Let us in! Let us in! 70a -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE LOUNGE -- 70a SCARLET and MUSTARD Let us out! Let us out! 70b -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 70b WADSWORTH It's no good. Stand back. He backs up all the way across the hall to the study door. WADSWORTH There's no alternative. I'm just going to have to break it down! The butler runs at full speed for the door. He hits it and falls to the floor, holding his shoulder. Yvette gets an idea. YVETTE I know! I have eet! 70c -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE LOUNGE -- 70c The two in the lounge are still yelling. 70d -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 70d PEACOCK Will you shut up? . . . 70e -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE STUDY -- 70e Yvette grabs the revolver from the open cupboard. PEACOCK (O.S.) . . . We're doing our best! 70f -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 70f Yvette runs out of the study and trips over the still-sprawled Wadsworth. The shot goes wild, hitting the chandelier rope. Mr. Green and Prof. Plum hit the deck. The chandelier stars spinning. Mrs. Peacock and Mrs. White run into each other. 70g -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE LOUNGE -- 70g Mustard and Scarlet are crouched down. MUSTARD They're shooting at us . . . 70h -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 70h Panic continues. The chandelier continues to spin, and the rope is fraying, unbeknownst to the party. Yvette stands and aims at the Lounge lock. Plum and Green, who had started to get up, hit the floor again. Yvette fires twice. Both shots hit the door lock. 70i -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--LOUNGE 70i Col. Mustard turns away from the door, holding his shoulder. MUSTARD I've been shot . . . 71 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 71 MUSTARD (O.S.) . . . I've been shot! YVETTE Come out! The door eez open! She lowers the gun, so it is carelessly pointing in the direction of Prof. Plum and Mr. Green. They scramble out of the way. The lounge door opens and a (miraculously unwounded) Col. Mustard and Miss Scarlet emerge. MUSTARD (angrily, to Yvette) Why are you shooting that thing at us? YVETTE To get joo out. He shoves her. MUSTARD You know, you could have killed us! I could've been killed! Shot of the chandelier, spinning ever more quickly. The rope is almost completely frayed. MUSTARD I can't take any more scares. The rope snaps. The chandelier lands three feet in back of Col. Mustard. Mustard is in shock. He collapses onto a love seat. SCARLET (pointing into the lounge, almost hysterical) But look! The party runs across the room, crushing glass as they go. PEACOCK (accusatory) Which one of you did it? SCARLET We found him! Together! WHITE How did you get in? GREEN The door was locked. WHITE It's a great trick! SCARLET There's a secret passageway from the conservatory. PLUM (to Yvette) Is that the same gun? PEACOCK From the cupboard? PLUM But it was locked! YVETTE No, eet was oonlocked! GREEN, PLUM, and WADSWORTH Unlocked? YVETTE But, yes. See for yourself! The party runs into the lounge. On the way, Yvette tosses the revolver under the broken chandelier. 72 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE STUDY -- 72 The guests pile in and see that the cupboard has indeed been opened. PEACOCK How did you know it was unlocked? How did you know that you could get at the gun? YVETTE I didn't. I sink--I would bray kit open bud it was open alreddy. PEACOCK A likely story. The doorbell rings. CUT TO Shot of the doorbell ringing. CUT TO The guests freezing in place. SCARLET Maybe they'll just go away. CUT TO The doorbell. It is still. CUT TO The guests, still frozen. The doorbell rings again. CUT TO The doorbell ringing. CUT TO The guests, quite disappointed. GREEN I'm going to open it. SCARLET Why?! GREEN I have nothing to hide! I didn't do it! (holding his hand out to Wadsworth) The key. Wadsworth hands the key to Mr. Green. GREEN Thank you . . . Mr. Green strides into the hall, followed by the rest of the party. 73 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL--FOYER -- 73 Mr. Green opens the door, revealing the Cop. COP Good evening, sir. The door closes in the Cop's face. 74 -- EXT. HILL HOUSE--PORCH--VIEW INSIDE -- 74 The door reopens. GREEN Yes? COP I found an abandoned car down near the gates of this house. Did the driver come in here for any help, by any chance? Everyone but Mr. Green insists that that was not the case. GREEN Well, actually, yes. ALL but GREEN No. COP There seems to be some kind of disagreement. Everyone but Mr. Green again disagrees. GREEN Yes. COP (quite confused now) Uh, can I come in and use your phone? Wadsworth steps to the front door. WADSWORTH Of course you may, sir. You may use the one in the, um, no . . . Uh, you could use the one in the st-- no . . . Would you be kind enough to wait in the um, in the, em, library? COP (very confused) Sure. 75 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 75 The Cop sees Yvette. COP (to Yvette) Don't I know you from someplace? The maid shrugs. COP (to group) You all seem to be very anxious about something. WADSWORTH It's the chandelier. It fell down. Almost killed us. Would you like to come this way, please, sir? Miss Scarlet closes the door to the study suddenly and attempts to look nonchalant. The Cop whirls at the sound. Professor Plum does the same to the lounge door. The Cop whirls again. WADSWORTH Frightfully drafty, these old houses. 76 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--LIBRARY -- 76 Wadsworth leads the Cop in and indicates the phone. WADSWORTH Please help yourself to a drink, if you'd like. The Cop reaches for the cognac. WADSWORTH Not the cognac. Just in case. The butler exists and closes the door. COP Just in case of what? 77 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 77 Wadsworth locks the door and turns to the assembled guests. WADSWORTH (whispering) What now? 77a -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--LIBRARY -- 77a The Cop tries the door handle. It is, of course, locked. 77b -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 77b GREEN We should have told him. PEACOCK Oh, very well for you to say that now. GREEN (defensively) I said it then! ALL Oh, shut up! WADSWORTH (indicating the shattered chandelier) Let's clean this up. 78 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--LIBRARY -- 78 The Cop pauses at the door, then walks over to the phone. He reaches for it, but it rings before he picks it up. He answers the phone. COP Hello? 78a -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 78a All are still. WADSWORTH Maybe the cop answered it . . . 78b -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--LIBRARY -- 78b COP And who shall I say is calling? (pauses) Ah . . . will you hold on, please? The Cop strides over to the library doors. COP Let me out of here! Let me out of here, you have no right to shut me in! I'll book you for false arrest, and wrongful imprisonment, and obstructing an officer in the course of his duty! And murder! 79 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 79 The door opens. The party stands there, Wadsworth with broom in hand. WADSWORTH What do you mean . . . "murder"? COP I just said it so you'd open the door. The guests sigh and laugh nervously. COP What's going on around here? And why would you lock me in? And why are you receiving phone calls from J. Edgar Hoover? WADSWORTH J. Edgar Hoover? COP That's right. The head of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. MUSTARD Why is J. Edgar Hoover on your phone? WADSWORTH I don't know. He's on everybody else's, why shouldn't he be on mine? (steps to the library door) Excuse me. Wadsworth enters, then closes and locks the door. COP What's going on here? Miss Scarlet drapes herself on the Cop. SCARLET We're having a . . . party . . . The guests laugh even more nervously than before. COP Mind if I look around? SCARLET Sure . . . You can show him around, Mr. Green! GREEN Me? SCARLET Yes! Uh, you can show him the . . . . . . dining room . . . the kitchen . . . the ball room . . . GREEN (stiffly) Fine . . . Fine . . . . Officer, um, come with me. I'll show you the . . . dining room . . . . . . or the kitchen . . . or the ball room . . . 80 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--DINING ROOM -- 80 The Cop raises the metal partition and looks into the kitchen. 81 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--LOUNGE -- 81 SCARLET . . . make it look convincing. 82 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--DINING ROOM -- 81 GREEN So! This is the dining room. COP No kidding. 83 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--LOUNGE -- 83 SCARLET Come on . . . 84 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--DINING ROOM -- 84 COP What's going on in those two rooms? GREEN Uh . . . which two rooms? The Cop pushes past him and enters the hall. 84a -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 84a A couple of guests run frantically across the Hall. Just as they leave the room, the Cop enters and points at the lounge and the study. COP Those two rooms. GREEN Oh . . . those two rooms . . . COP Yes! Mr. Green is at a loss. The Cop strides toward the study door. Mr. Green blocks the Cop's path. GREEN Officer, I don't think you should go in there. COP Why not? GREEN Uh . . . The Cop dodges around Mr. Green. The guest blocks the door to the study with his body. GREEN Because it's . . . all too shocking! The Cop throws Mr. Green aside. 85 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE STUDY -- 85 Music can be heard in the background. It's "Life Could Be a Dream," on a record player. Mrs. White is on a couch on top of Mr. Boddy, using her hand to move his arm against her and pretending to kiss him. The Cop sees Col. Mustard and a woman apparently kissing against the far wall, in a curtain. The camera reveals that Mrs. Peacock is behind the curtain. He hands are on Col. Mustard's back, but Mrs. Ho is propped up between them. COP (to Mr. Green) It's not all that shocking. These folks are just having a good time. The Cop leaves to the hall. Mr. Green is surprised. 86 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE LOUNGE -- 86 Miss Scarlet pours a drink into the Motorist's mouth. The Motorist is propped up in a chair, drink in hand. The music can still be heard, but faintly. 87 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE STUDY -- 87 Col. Mustard and Mrs. Peacock roll Mrs. Ho on to the couch. PEACOCK Oh, my God . . . 88 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE LOUNGE -- 88 Just before the Cop enters, Prof. Plum takes Miss Scarlet on to the couch and begins kissing her. She has no choice but to follow his example. The Cop comes in. COP Excuse me? The two "lovers" get up with a start. The Cop notices the Motorist. He leans into the dead man's face and sniffs. COP (to Plum and Scarlet) This man's drunk. Dead drunk. SCARLET Dead right . . . COP (louder, to Motorist) You're not going to drive home, are you? PLUM He won't be driving home, officer! I promise you that! SCARLET Yeah . . . COP Somebody will give him a lift, huh? SCARLET Oh, we'll . . . we'll . . . get him a car. PLUM A long black car. SCARLET (quickly) A limousine. Prof. Plum again lowers Miss Scarlet to the couch. She gives off a little cry of surprise. 89 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 89 Wadsworth exits the library. He leans against the door and sighs in thought. The Cop and Mr. Green enter the Hall. Wadsworth throws off his thoughts and walks to them. WADSWORTH Officer! COP You're too late--I've seen it all. All during this conversation, Mr. Green is standing behind the Cop, looking at Wadsworth. Green looks mystified, but relieved. WADSWORTH You have? (pause) I can explain everything. COP You don't have to. WADSWORTH I don't? COP Don't worry! There's nothing illegal about any of this. WADSWORTH (confused) Are you sure? COP Of course! This is America. WADSWORTH I see . . . COP (clapping Wadsworth on the shoulder) It's a free country, don't you know that? WADSWORTH (still doesn't understand) I didn't know it was THAT free. The Cop glances back at Mr. Green, who tries to look innocent. COP (to Wadsworth) May I use your phone now? WADSWORTH Certainly! The butler leads the Cop to the library once again, and locks it. The guests start to emerge into the Hall. GREEN Why did you lock him in again? WADSWORTH (whispering) We haven't finished searching the house, yet. PLUM (whispering) Well, we're running out of time. Only fifteen minutes before the police come. GREEN (whispering fiercely) The police already came! ALL (whispering fiercely) Shut up!! WADSWORTH Let's get on with it! YVETTE (to Mr. Green) Monsieur? The guests again split up to search the house as the music continues. 90 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--KITCHEN -- 90 Col. Mustard and Miss Scarlet enter. Col. Mustard suddenly opens a door, only to have an ironing board hit him in the head. Miss Scarlet opens the door to the freezer. She grasps one of the meathooks. It turns in her grip and reveals another secret passage in the back of the freezer. She gives a cry of surprise. SCARLET Look! I can't believe it. I wonder where this one goes. MUSTARD Well, let's find out. They step in. 91 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE STUDY -- 91 The music still continues. Col. Mustard and Miss Scarlet swing aside a large painting and enter the room from the secret passage. They shrug. MUSTARD Let's try the ball room again. 92 -- INT. ATTIC -- 92 Mr. Green and Yvette are still poking around in the attic. 93 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--CELLAR STEPS--TOP -- 93 The camera reveals a gloved hand pulling a lever down. All electricity is shut off. The lights go out instantly, and the music stops. 94 -- INT. CELLAR--BOILER ROOM -- 94 Mrs. Peacock, in the darkness, backs up into the boiler. She thinks it's a person, perhaps Prof. Plum, and starts to hit it with her handbag. PEACOCK Ahh! Don't you touch me! 95 -- INT. SECOND FLOOR--MASTER BEDROOM -- 95 A gust of wind blows in, shutting a door. Wadsworth yells in fright. 96 -- INT. SECOND FLOOR--BEDROOM -- 96 Mrs. White screams. 97 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--STAIRCASE -- 97 Yvette is descending the stairs quietly. Mrs. White's scream can still be heard. 98 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--LIBRARY -- 98 The Cop is on the phone. COP Hello? Hello? 99 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--BILLIARD ROOM -- 99 Yvette enters quietly. An off-screen voice can be heard. It can't be identified, even as being male or female. The first line sounds male, the second female. VOICE Shut the door. Did anyone recognize you? Suddenly, Yvette's French accent is gone. YVETTE They must have. And not just my face. They know every inch of my body. And they're not the only ones . . . A noose flies onto Yvette's neck! YVETTE (gasping) It's you! 100 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--LIBRARY -- 100 The Cop is still on the phone. COP (whispering into phone) There's something funny going on around here. I don't know what it is . . . The camera reveals the door handle being silently opened. COP No, I'm not on duty. But I have a feeling that I'm in danger. You know that big, ugly house on top-- The lead pipe comes down softly on the phone cradle, cutting the connection off. We can see the pipe being raised behind the Cop's head. COP Hello? Hello? Are you there? 101 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 101 The doorbell is ringing. 102 -- VIEWS OF THE GUESTS' FACES -- 102 103 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL--VIEW OUTSIDE -- 103 The front door opens. A young woman is outside. She is dressed in a uniform, and strikes a pose as the door opens. SINGING TELEGRAM GIRL (singing) I . . . am . . . your singing telegram-- The gun fires. She falls to the ground. The door slams shut. 104 -- INT. ATTIC--REAR ROOM -- 104 Mr. Green, trying to get out, opens a closet. Its contents fall on him. 105 -- INT. SECOND FLOOR--BEDROOM -- 105 A jack-in-the-box springs open, frightening Mrs. White. She screams. 106 -- INT. SECOND FLOOR--MASTER BEDROOM -- 106 Mrs. White's unintelligible yells can be heard. WADSWORTH (yelling) Shouting! I'm coming! I'm just trying to find the door! Wadsworth enters another part of the Master bedroom. WADSWORTH Coming . . . He grasps a handle. WADSWORTH What's this? I'm at the door? He twists the handle, starting the shower. He is promptly very wet. 107 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--STAIRCASE -- 107 A very wet Wadsworth sloshes down the steps. He goes to the entrance to the cellar and pulls up the lever, restoring electricity to Hill House. 108 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE STUDY -- 108 The record player starts again, taking several seconds to get up to speed. 109 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 109 The party (minus Yvette) slowly reassembles in the Hall. The song ends. 110 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--BILLIARD ROOM -- 110 The camera reveals the guests looking in from the Hall. They see Yvette's corpse sprawled on the pool table, still with the noose on her neck, and they walk off. 111 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--LIBRARY -- 111 The camera reveals the guests looking in from the Hall. They see the Cop's corpse hung over a table. The guests stand at the door. GREEN Two murders. Prof. Plum enters the library and picks up the lead pipe. PLUM Neither of them shot. I thought I heard a gun. WHITE I did. PEACOCK So did I. SCARLET I thought I heard the front door slam! MUSTARD Oh, God . . . The murderer must have run out. The guests run toward the front door. 112 -- EXT. HILL HOUSE--PORCH -- 112 The guests open the door, seeing the singing telegram girl's body. It has a bullet hole neatly through the forehead. WADSWORTH Three murders. GREEN Six, all together. WADSWORTH This is getting serious. They close the door and lock it. 113 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 113 The guests walk onto the main floor. WADSWORTH No gun. Yvette dropped it here. (declaring) Very well . . . I know who did it. ALL (incredulously) You do? WADSWORTH And furthermore, I'm going to tell you how it was all done. Follow me. He walks to the library. The guests follow. 114 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--LIBRARY -- 114 Wadsworth addresses the assembled guests. WADSWORTH In order to help you understand what happened, I shall need to take you through the events of the evening, step by step. At the start of the evening, Yvette was here, by herself, waiting to offer you all a glass of champagne. I was in the Hall. (pauses) I know, because I was there. Then, I hurried across to the kitchen. He waves for the guests to follow him. 115 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--KITCHEN -- 115 Wadsworth is running into the kitchen, the guests following. WADSWORTH And the cook was in here, alive, sharpening knives, preparing for dinner. And then . . . 116 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 116 Wadsworth springs up to the front door, the guests following closely. He proceeds to act out events. WADSWORTH And the doorbell rang . . . (to Col. Mustard) And it was you! MUSTARD Yes . . . WADSWORTH (breathlessly) I asked you for your coat, and I recognized you as Colonel Mustard and I prevented you from telling your real name because I didn't want any of you to use any name other than your pseudonym and I introduced myself to you as a butler and I ran across the Hall to the library! He does so, with the confused guests in tow. 117 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--LIBRARY -- 117 Wadsworth imitates everything he describes. WADSWORTH And then Yvette met you . . . and smiled . . . (he smiles) . . . and poured you a drink. He runs for the Hall. 118 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL--FOYER -- 118 Wadsworth heads for the front door. WADSWORTH (still breathless) And the doorbell rang! And it was Mrs. White, looking pale and tragic, and I took her coat, and made off! They head for the library again. 119 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--LIBRARY -- 119 WADSWORTH And I introduced to Colonel Mustard. (imitating them) Hello. Hello. And I noticed that Mrs. White and Yvette . . . flinched! Then . . . there was a rumble of thunder, and a crash of lightning. He demonstrates. WADSWORTH And, to make a long story short-- ALL Too late. WADSWORTH --one by one, you all arrived. 120 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 120 Wadsworth grabs the gong mallet. WADSWORTH And then the gong was struck by the cook! He does so. WADSWORTH And we went into the dining room! 121 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--DINING ROOM -- 121 Wadsworth goes around the table, indicating chairs. WADSWORTH (breathless) And Mrs. Peacock sat here, and Professor Plum sat here . . . (acts as if slurping soup) and Mrs. White sat here . . . (imitates them slurping soup) and Mr. Green, Miss Scarlet, Colonel Mustard. This chair (indicates the head) was vacant. Anyway, we all revealed we'd all received a letter. (points at various chairs) And you'd had a letter, and you'd had a letter, and you'd had a letter-- ALL Get on with it!! WADSWORTH The point is--blackmail! GREEN But all this came out after dinner--in the study! WADSWORTH You're right! He heads into the Hall. 122 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 122 The party runs across the Hall to the study. 123 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--STUDY -- 123 The butler rushes around the room, pointing at different locations. WADSWORTH Mr. Green stood here, and Mrs. Peacock here, and Miss Scarlet here, and Professor Plum here, and Colonel Mustard, and Mrs. White, and-- ALL Get on with it!!! WADSWORTH I'm getting there, I'm getting there!! And Mr. Boddy went to get his surprise packages from the Hall. And you all opened your presents, (he shuts the door) And Mr. Boddy switched out the lights! Wadsworth turns off the lights. Pause. Everyone screams. The lights are flipped back on. Wadsworth is lying on the floor, and the guests, tired of all this, react with disgust. The butler opens his eyes. WADSWORTH Mr. Boddy lay on the floor, apparently dead. PLUM He was dead! I examined him! WADSWORTH Then why was he bashed on the head a few minutes later with a candlestick if he was dead already? PLUM All right, I made a mistake! WADSWORTH Right! But if so, why was Mr. Boddy pretending to be dead? (more quietly) It could only be because he realized his scheme had misfired, and the gunshot was intended to kill him, not me. Look. (points at blood on one of Mr. Boddy's ear lobes) The bullet grazed his ear. Clearly his best way of escaping death was to pretend to be dead already. PLUM So whoever grabbed the gun from me in the dark was trying to kill HIM! WADSWORTH But remember what happened next. He goes to the door and picks up the glass from a table. WADSWORTH Mrs. Peacock took a drink. (points at Prof. Plum) You said, "Maybe it's poisoned!" She screams! Wadsworth screams in falsetto. He takes Mrs. Peacock, who helpfully(?) starts to scream. The butler sits her down on the couch. WADSWORTH Mr. Green . . . (Wadsworth slaps Mrs. Peacock) (he imitates Mr. Green) Well . . . I had to stop her screaming . . . (back to himself) Then--more screaming--Yvette--the billiard room! We all rushed out! As they do now. 124 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--BILLIARD ROOM -- 124 Wadsworth sits on the pool table. The guests pool around the door. WADSWORTH But one of us . . . wasn't here. (nasally accent) No. ALL (imitating him) No? WADSWORTH (responding in kind) No. Maybe one of us was murdering the cook. Who wasn't here with us? The guests pause. GREEN Do you know? WADSWORTH (with certainty) I do. (continues at his breathless rate) While we stood here, trying to stop Yvette from panicking . . . He leaves for the study. 124a -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE STUDY -- 124a WADSWORTH . . . one of us could have stayed in the study, picked up the dagger . . . (he does so) 124b -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 124b Wadsworth is running down the Hall. WADSWORTH . . . run down the Hall . . . 124c -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--KITCHEN -- 124c WADSWORTH . . . and stabbed the cook. He plunges the dagger into a chicken as the guests arrive at the door. PEACOCK Oh, how could he risk it? We might have seen him running back. Wadsworth goes over to the freezer and pushes open the back of the freezer, exposing the kitchen/study secret passage. WADSWORTH Not if they used this secret passage. Mrs. Peacock gasps. WADSWORTH And the murderer ran back down the secret passage to the study. Wadsworth leaves the kitchen for the Hall. 125 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 125 The butler is going for the study. WHITE (yelling) Is that where it comes out? WADSWORTH (yelling back) Yes! Look! 126 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE STUDY -- 126 Wadsworth pushes open the picture. GREEN Wha--? MUSTARD How did you know? WADSWORTH This house belongs to a friend of mine. I've known all along. GREEN So you could be the murderer. WADSWORTH (laughing) Don't be ridiculous. If I was the murderer, why would I reveal to you how I did it? The guests nod. GREEN Well . . . who else knew about the secret passage? SCARLET (hits Mustard) We found it. Colonel Mustard and me. MUSTARD You found it. You could have known about it all the time. SCARLET But I didn't! PEACOCK Well, why should we believe you? WADSWORTH Because she was with us all in the billiard room doorway while Yvette was screaming, don't you remember? PEACOCK What I don't understand is, why was the cook murdered? She had nothing to do with Mr. Boddy. WADSWORTH Of course she did. (conspiratorially) I gathered you all here together because you were all implicated in Mr. Boddy's dastardly blackmail. Did none of you deduce that the others were involved, too? Evidently no one had. WHITE What others? WADSWORTH The cook. And Yvette? ALL No! WADSWORTH That's how he got all his information. Before he could blackmail anyone, Mr. Boddy had to discover their guilty secret. The cook and Yvette were his accomplices! MUSTARD (brightly) I see! So . . . whoever knew . . . that the cook was involved . . . killed her? WADSWORTH Yes. Col. Mustard looks very happy. WADSWORTH I know, because I was Mr. Boddy's butler, that the cook had worked for one of you. The guests ask who it was. WADSWORTH (to Mrs. White) You recognized Yvette, didn't you? Don't deny it. WHITE What do you mean, "don't deny it"? I'm not denying anything. WADSWORTH Another denial! Mrs. White sticks her tongue out at Wadsworth. WHITE All right, it's true. I knew Yvette. My husband had an affair with her, but I didn't care. I wasn't . . . jealous. WADSWORTH (to Miss Scarlet) You knew Yvette, too, didn't you? SCARLET Yes. She worked for me. WADSWORTH (to Col. Mustard) And you also knew her, sir. We've already established that you were one of Miss Scarlet's . . . clients. That's why you were so desperate to get your hands on those negatives. Photographs of you and Yvette in flagrante delicto, remember? MUSTARD Mr. Boddy threatened to send those pictures to my dear old mother. The shock would have killed her! WHITE Ha. That would have been quite an achievement since you told us that she's dead already. (to Wadsworth) So, he had the motive. WADSWORTH You all had a motive. MUSTARD But where and when was Mr. Boddy killed? WADSWORTH Don't you see? (he grabs Mr. Green) Look, we came back to the study with Yvette. Mr. Boddy was on the floor . . . (Wadsworth trips Mr. Green to the floor as Mr. Boddy) . . . pretending to be dead. But one of us noticed he's alive. So. I explained that I was Mr. Boddy's butler, and I'd invited you here, and we realized there was only one other person in the house. ALL The cook! Wadsworth leaves the guests far behind. 127 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 127 Everyone runs up the Hall to the kitchen. 128 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--KITCHEN -- 128 The guests enter, breathless. Mr. Green runs to the freezer, just like he did before. But there's no Wadsworth. GREEN Well, where is he? The freezer door opens. Miss Scarlet screams. Wadsworth, looking quite dead, falls into Mr. Green's arms. The exasperated Mr. Green drops the butler on the floor. Wadsworth opens his eyes. WADSWORTH By now, she was dead. We laid her down with our backs to the freezer. One of us slipped through the same secret passage-- PEACOCK Again . . . ? WADSWORTH Of course! Back to the study! They all run out. 129 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE STUDY -- 129 Wadsworth acts as if he had just entered the study from the secret passage. WADSWORTH The murderer was in the secret passage. Meanwhile, Mr. Boddy . . . (Wadsworth again throws Mr. Green to the floor) . . . had been on the floor. He jumped up . . . (the butler picks up Mr. Green, then lets him fall again) . . . the murderer came out of the secret panel, picked up the candlestick . . . . The butler acts as if he had a candlestick. He goes after Mr. Green, who may not be acting his look of panic. 130 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 130 Wadsworth is pursuing a frightened Mr. Green up the hall, toward the bathroom. WADSWORTH Mr. Boddy followed us out of the study into the Hall, looking for an escape. WADSWORTH The murderer crept up behind him and . . . killed him!! Wadsworth brings his hand down upon Mr. Green's head. Mr. Green falls. GREEN Will you stop that!! WADSWORTH No. The butler grabs Mr. Green and proceeds to the bathroom. WADSWORTH Then . . . he threw him into the toilet! GREEN No . . . ! Wadsworth leans against the bathroom door frame, pretending to check a watch. WADSWORTH And nonchalantly rejoined us beside the cook's body in the kitchen. It took less than half a minute. MUSTARD So who wasn't there the entire time in the kitchen? WADSWORTH Whoever it was, is the murderer! He runs off. The bathroom door opens and Mr. Green emerges, drying his hands. We can hear a toilet flush. He hands the towel to Col Mustard. 131 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE STUDY -- 131 Wadsworth runs in. WADSWORTH And we put the weapons in the cupboard, locked it, and ran to the front door . . . He runs out, almost colliding with the just-arrived guests. 132 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 132 Wadsworth opens the front door and makes as if throwing the key away. WADSWORTH To throw away the key! (pauses) The motorist! I didn't throw the key away--I put it in my pocket. And someone could have taken it out of my pocket and substituted another! PLUM We were all in a huddle. Any one of us could have done that! WADSWORTH Precisely. He slams the front door. GREEN Wait a minute . . . Colonel Mustard has a top-secret Pentagon job. Mrs. White's husband is a nuclear physicist, and . . . (runs to the billiard room and points in) . . . Yvette is a link between them. PLUM (to Col. Mustard) What is your top-secret job, Colonel? WADSWORTH I can tell you. He's working on the secret of the next fusion bomb. Mrs. White gasps. MUSTARD How did you know that? WADSWORTH (to Mustard) Can you keep a secret? MUSTARD (leaning in) Yes. WADSWORTH So can I. PEACOCK Is this a plot between them, Wadsworth, or did Colonel Mustard do it alone? WADSWORTH We shall see. Let's look at the other murders. PLUM Yes. Bad luck that that motorist arrived at that moment. WADSWORTH (amusedly) It wasn't luck--I invited him. WHITE, SCARLET, and PEACOCK You did?! WADSWORTH Of course. It's obvious. Everyone here tonight was either Mr. Boddy's victim or accomplice. Everyone who has died gave him vital information about one of you. I got them here so they'd give evidence against him and force him to confess. SCARLET Oh, yeah? What about that motorist? What kind of information did he have? MUSTARD (almost teary) He was my driver during the war. Col. Mustard sits in a chair. WADSWORTH And what was he holding over you? MUSTARD He knew that I was a war profiteer. (pauses) (continues, painfully) I stole essential Air Force radio parts, and I sold them on the black market. That is how I made all my money. But that does not make me a murderer! PEACOCK Well, a lot of our airmen died because their radios didn't work! Was the policeman working for Mr. Boddy, too? SCARLET The cop was from Washington. He was on my payroll. I bribed him once a week so I could carry on with business. Mr. Boddy found out somehow . . . PEACOCK (revolted) Oh, my God . . . SCARLET (annoyed) Oh, please. GREEN And . . . the singing telegram girl? 133 -- EXT. HILL HOUSE--FRONT DOOR--VIEW INSIDE -- 133 The rain has stopped. The people open the door and look at the singing telegram girl's corpse. PLUM (quietly) She was my patient once. I had an affair with her. That's how I lost my license. Mr. Boddy found that out, too. (solemn pause) WADSWORTH Well . . . (claps hands together) Let's put her in the study with the others. 134 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE STUDY -- 134 The men drop the singing telegram girl's body on the floor. WADSWORTH So. Now you all know why they died. Whoever killed Mr. Boddy also wanted his accomplices dead. PLUM How did the murderer know about them all? I mean, I admit that I had guessed that this young singer informed on me to Mr. Boddy . . . but I didn't know anything about any of you until this evening. WADSWORTH First, the murder needed to get the weapons. Easy. He stole the key from my pocket. And then we all followed Colonel Mustard's suggestion that we split up and search the house. PEACOCK That's right, it was Colonel Mustard's suggestion! Col. Mustard cannot meet their eyes. WADSWORTH And one of us got away from his or her partner and hurried to the study. On the desk was the envelope from Mr. Boddy. It contained photographs and letters--the evidence of Mr. Boddy's network of informants. WHITE Where is the envelope now? WADSWORTH Gone. Destroyed. (looks around, then steps to the fireplace) Perhaps in the fire . . . . (throws aside the grate) The only possible place. (pulls out the remnants of the tape made earlier) Ah hah! Then, having found out the whole story, the murderer went to the cupboard, unlocked it with the key, took out the wrench-- SCARLET (breathless) Then we found the secret passage from the conservatory to the lounge . . . where we found the motorist dead! 135 -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- 135 Wadsworth frantically acts out the next scene. WADSWORTH That's right! And we couldn't get in. So Yvette rain to the open cupboard, and shot the door open. BANG! And then, the doorbell rang! The doorbell rings. Everyone freezes in terror. PEACOCK Oh, whoever it is, they gotta go away, or they'll be killed! Ohhh! Mrs. Peacock opens the front door. A rather ELDERLY EVANGELIST stands outside, pamphlets in hand. EVANGELIST (kindly) Good evening. Have you ever given any thought to the kingdom of heaven? PEACOCK (stunned) What? EVANGELIST Repent. The kingdom of heaven IS at hand. SCARLET You ain't just whistlin' Dixie. EVANGELIST Armageddon is almost upon us. PLUM I got news for you--it's already here! Mrs. Peacock tries to shut the door on him. PEACOCK Go away! EVANGELIST But your souls are in danger! PEACOCK Our lives our in danger, you beatnik! She shuts the door on him, closing several of his pamphlets inside. WADSWORTH (continuing as if nothing had happened) The cop arrived next, we locked him in the library. We forgot the cupboard with the weapons was now unlocked, then we split up again, and the murderer switched off the electricity! He does so. Everything goes black. GREEN (V.O.) Oh, my God. Mrs. White squeals. PEACOCK (V.O.) Not again. SCARLET (V.O.) (very annoyed) Turn on the lights!!! Wadsworth turns on the lights. 136 -- A -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- A -- 136 WADSWORTH Sorry. Didn't mean to frighten you. GREEN You're a bit late for that! (to White) I hate it when he does that! She whimpers. WADSWORTH Then there were three more murders. WHITE So which of us killed them? WADSWORTH None of us killed Mr. Boddy, or the cook. GREEN and WHITE So who did? WADSWORTH The one person who wasn't with us. The guests try to figure it out. WADSWORTH Yvette. ALL Yvette?! WADSWORTH She was in the billiard room, listening to our conversation. CUT TO Flashback of Yvette sitting on the pool table. The following events transpire as Wadsworth describes them. WADSWORTH (V.O.) She heard the gunshot . . . she thought he was dead. WADSWORTH (V.O.) And while we all examined the bullet hole, she crept into the study, picked up the dagger . . . ran to the kitchen, and stabbed the cook. Yvette stabs Mrs. Ho in the back. WADSWORTH (V.O.) We didn't hear the cook scream because Mrs. Peacock was screaming about the "poisoned" brandy. The, Yvette returned to the billiard room. She screamed . . . . And we all ran to her. CUT TO Present, the hall. MUSTARD Well, when did she kill Mr. Boddy? WADSWORTH When I said. We all ran to the kitchen to see the cook. Yvette hid in the study to check that Mr. Boddy was dead. CUT TO Flashback of Yvette hiding behind a chair in the lounge. The following events transpire as Wadsworth descries them. WADSWORTH He got up, and followed them down the hall, so she hit him on the head with a candlestick, and dragged him to the toilet. CUT TO The present, in the Hall. SCARLET Why? WADSWORTH To create confusion! PEACOCK It worked. Col. Mustard nods. PLUM Why did she do it? WADSWORTH Was it because she was acting under orders? From the person who later killed her. PLUM Who?! PEACOCK Who?! SCARLET Who?! WADSWORTH Was it one of her clients? (turns to Col. Mustard) Or was it a jealous wife? (turns to Mrs. White) Or an adulterous doctor? (turns to Prof. Plum) No. It was her employer, Miss Scarlet. SCARLET That's a lie!! WADSWORTH Is it? You used her, the way you always used her. You killed the motorist when we split up to search the house. SCARLET How could I have known about the secret passage? WADSWORTH Easy. Yvette told you. So when we split up again . . . CUT TO Miss Scarlet, gloved, turning off the electricity. WADSWORTH (V.O.) . . . you switched off the electricity. It was easy for you, here on the ground floor. Then, in the dark, you got the lead pipe and the rope, strangled Yvette, ran to the library, killed the cop, picked up the gun where Yvette dropped it, opened the front door, recognized the singing telegram from her photograph, and shot her. CUT TO Present, the Hall. SCARLET You've no proof. WADSWORTH The gun is missing. Gentlemen, turn out your pockets. Ladies, empty your purses. Whoever has the gun is the murderer. They all do so. Suddenly, Miss Scarlet pulls out the revolver. She points it at him. SCARLET (impressed) Brilliantly worked out, Wadsworth. I congratulate you. He shrugs off the praise. Miss Scarlet starts to slowly make her way to the front door. MUSTARD (very impressed) Me too! SCARLET (to Mustard) Shut up!! GREEN Now, there's one thing I don't understand. PLUM ONE thing? GREEN Why did you do it? Half of Washington knows what kind of business you run. You were in no real danger. The whole town would be implicated if you were exposed. SCARLET I don't think they know my real business. My business is secrets. Yvette found them out for me. The secrets of Senator Peacock's defense committee, of Colonel Mustard's fusion bomb, Professor Plum's U.N. contacts, and the work of your husband, (walks to Mrs. White) the nuclear physicist. GREEN So. It IS political. You're a communist! SCARLET No, Mr. Green. Communism is just a red herring. Like all members of the oldest profession, I'm a capitalist. And I'm gonna sell my secrets--your secrets--to the highest bidder. MUSTARD And what if we don't cooperate? SCARLET You will. Or I'll expose you. PLUM We could expose you. Six murders . . . ? SCARLET I hardly think it will enhance your reputation at the U.N., Professor Plum, if it's revealed that you have been implicated not only in adultery with one of your patients, but in her death. (she lowers the revolver at him) And the deaths of five other people? PLUM You don't know what kind of people they have at the U.N. I might go up in their estimation. Col. Mustard starts toward Miss Scarlet. She brings the revolver around to bear on him. MUSTARD It is no good blackmailing me, madam. I have no more money! The guests agree, claiming the same thing. SCARLET (to Mustard) I know, sweetie pie. But you can pay me in government information. (she waves the revolver around) All of you. She pauses, then walks to Wadsworth. She points the revolver at him. SCARLET Except you, Wadsworth. You, as a mere butler, have no access to government secrets. (she cocks the gun) So I'm afraid your moment has come. WADSWORTH No so fast, Miss Scarlet. I do have a secret or two. SCARLET Oh yeah? Such as? WADSWORTH The games up, Scarlet. There are no more bullets left in that gun. SCARLET Oh, come on, you don't think I'm gonna fall for that old trick? WADSWORTH It's not a trick. There was one shot at Mr. Boddy in the study. Two for the chandelier, two at the lounge door, and one for the singing telegram. SCARLET That's not six. WADSWORTH One plus two plus two plus one. She thinks. SCARLET Uh, uh. There was only one shot that got the chandelier. That's one plus two plus ONE plus one. WADSWORTH Even if you are right, that would be one plus one plus two plus one, not one plus TWO plus one plus one. SCARLET (thinking) Okay, fine. One plus two plus one-- (angered) Shut up! Point is, there's one bullet left in this gun, and guess who's going to get it? The doorbell rings. Scarlet is distracted by it. Wadsworth turns her arm around, taking the gun and forcing her to kneel on the floor. Mr. Green runs for the door and opens it. Cops pour in. Mr. Green cowers by the closet in the foyer. MUSTARD (hands held up, smiling) I'm only a guest! WADSWORTH (Holding Scarlet) Where's the chief? The Elderly Evangelist--the CHIEF--walks in, gun in hand. CHIEF Ah, Wadsworth, well done. (to Scarlet) I did warn you, my dear. Mr. Hoover is an expert on Armageddon. Scarlet is pulled to her feet. SCARLET (to Wadsworth) Wadsworth, don't hate me for trying to shoot you . . . WADSWORTH Frankly, Scarlet, I don't give a damn. As I was trying to tell you, there are no bullets left in this gun. You see? He pulls the trigger, firing the sixth bullet through the rope of the second chandelier. Wadsworth is perplexed. Scarlet shrugs, embarrassed. WADSWORTH (quietly) One plus two . . . plus one . . . The camera reveals Col. Mustard. MUSTARD (counting on his fingers) . . .plus two, plus one . . . is-- And the chandelier shatters on the floor in back of him. The camera freezes. CUT TO A card, saying THAT"S WHAT COULD HAVE HAPPENED. then another one, BUT HOW ABOUT THIS? CUT TO 137 -- B -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- B -- 137 Wadsworth has just turned on the lights, like at the beginning of ending A. WADSWORTH (breathless) In the dark, the murderer ran across the hall to the study, picked up the rope, and the lead pipe. Ran to the billiard room. Strangled Yvette . . . (he demonstrates on Mr. White) . . . ran to library, hit the cop on the head with the lead pipe. Then, coming out of the library, the doorbell rang--it was the singing telegram. The murderer picked up the gun where Yvette dropped it, ran to the door, opened it, recognized the girl from her picture, shot her, and ran back to the cellar! ALL The cellar! WADSWORTH Yes. PEACOCK But Colonel Mustard wasn't in the cellar. WADSWORTH No. But you were. PEACOCK So. WADSWORTH You murdered them all. You were the person who was missing when the cook and Mr. Boddy were murdered. And the cook used to be your cook! Don't you remember your fatal mistake? You told us at dinner that we were eating one of your favorite recipes. And monkey's brains, though popular in Cantonese cuisine, are not often to be found in Washington, D.C. GREEN Is that what we ate? He covers his mouth and runs for the bathroom. PEACOCK Why would I have murdered all of the others? WADSWORTH Obviously, in case Mr. Boddy had told them about you. PLUM So it has all nothing to do with the disappearing nuclear physicist and Colonel Mustard's work on the new fusion bomb. WADSWORTH (grinning) No. Communism was just a red herring. Mrs. Peacock did it all. PEACOCK There's no proof. WADSWORTH Well. The gun is missing. Gentlemen, turn out your pockets. Ladies, empty your purses. (the camera reveals Miss Scarlet's empty purse) Whoever has the gun, is the murderer. Mrs. Peacock opens her purse and pulls out the gun, pointing it at the butler. PEACOCK Very well. (pause) What do you propose to do about it? She makes her way to the front door. WADSWORTH Nothing. PEACOCK Nothing. WADSWORTH Nothing at all. I don't approve of murder. But it seems to me that you've done the world a service by ridding it of an appalling blackmailer and his disgusting informers. GREEN But the police will be here any minute. What happens then? WADSWORTH Why should the police come? Nobody's called them. Everyone is shocked. PEACOCK You mean . . . WADSWORTH (smiling) That's right. Now, I suggest that we stack the bodies in the cellar, lock it, leave quietly, one at a time, and pretend than none of this has ever happened. PEACOCK Great idea! I'll leave first . . . (sarcastic) . . . if you don't mind. Mrs. Peacock uses the gun to wave the other guests into a group. WADSWORTH Be my guest. In fact, I think we all owe you a vote of thanks. He starts singing in an appealing baritone. WADSWORTH "For she's a jolly good fellow, for she's a jolly good fellow . . ." The rest of guests start to sing as well. Mrs. White takes a harmony. Mrs. Peacock carefully slips out the door. As soon as the door shuts, the party stops singing. They relax somewhat--at least the immediate danger is past. GREEN (accusatory) I TOLD you I didn't DO it! MUSTARD But what if the authorities find out what happened? WADSWORTH The F.B.I. will take care of that. MUSTARD You mean . . . ? WADSWORTH My phone call from Mr. Hoover? I work for him, of course. How else could I have known everything about you all? MUSTARD There's still one thing I don't understand. WHITE ONE thing? MUSTARD Who was Mrs. Peacock taking bribes from? WADSWORTH A foreign power. Her husband, the senator, has influence over defense contracts. PLUM Is there going to be a coverup? WADSWORTH Isn't that in the public interest? What could be gained by exposure? PLUM But is the F.B.I. in the habit of cleaning up after multiple murder? WADSWORTH Yes. Why do you think it's run by a man called "Hoover"? 138 -- B -- EXT. HILL HOUSE--DRIVEWAY -- B -- 138 Mrs. Peacock has her keys out and is getting ready to get into her car. The elderly evangelist steps out onto the driveway. EVANGELIST Oh, Mrs. Peacock . . . ? PEACOCK (cautiously) How did you know my name? EVANGELIST The kingdom of heaven IS at hand. He whips out a gun and points it at her. Floodlights engage and cops pour out of the yard. EVANGELIST (CHIEF) (O.S.) Okay, take her away! PEACOCK (O.S.) Take your hands off me! I'm a senator's wife! The front door opens and the guests, with Wadsworth at their head, pour out on to the porch. CHIEF Wadsworth, we got her. WADSWORTH You see? Like the Mounties, we always get our man. GREEN Mrs. Peacock was a man?! Wadsworth slaps him, then Col. Mustard does the same. WADSWORTH Would anyone care for fruit or . . . desert? The camera freezes. CUT TO A card, reading BUT HERE'S WHAT REALLY HAPPENED . . . CUT TO 139 -- C -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- C -- 139 Wadsworth switches on the lights, like in the other two endings. WADSWORTH Sorry, didn't mean to frighten anyone. GREEN You're a bit late for that!! WADSWORTH Then, there were three more murders. ALL So who did it!? Wadsworth starts striding away. WADSWORTH Let's consider each murder one by one. Professor Plum, you knew that Mr. Boddy was still alive. Even psychiatrists can tell the difference between patients who are alive or dead. You fired the gun at him in the dark and missed, so you pretended he was dead. That's how you were able to kill him later, unobserved. SCARLET That's right! He was the missing person in the kitchen after we found the cook dead! GREEN But he was with us in the billiard room when we found Yvette screaming. If that's when the cook was killed, how did he do it? PLUM I didn't!! PEACOCK You don't expect us to believe that, do you? WADSWORTH I expect you to believe it. You killed the cook. She used to be your cook, and she informed on you to Mr. Boddy. 140 -- C -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--DINING ROOM -- C -- 140 Wadsworth enters. The guests stay around the door from the Hall. WADSWORTH You made one fatal mistake! He sits in the spot Mrs. Peacock occupied during dinner. WADSWORTH Sitting here, at dinner, Mrs. Peacock told us that she was eating one of her favorite recipes. (he stands slowly) And monkey's brains, though popular in Cantonese cuisine, are not often to be found in Washington, D.C. 141 -- C -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- C -- 141 The party reenters the Hall from the dining room. WADSWORTH Colonel Mustard, when we saw the motorist at the front door . . . CUT TO A flashback, the inside of their huddle when the Motorist arrived. The following happen as Wadsworth describes them. WADSWORTH (V.O.) . . . you took the key to the weapons cupboard out of my pocket. Then you suggested that we all split up. You separated from Miss Scarlet, crossed the Hall, opened the cupboard, took the wrench, ran to the conservatory, entered the lounge through the secret passage, killed the motorist with a blow on the head. CUT TO 142 -- C -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE LOUNGE -- C -- 142 The present, in the lounge. WADSWORTH (acting out the murder) Like that! He strides into the Hall. 143 -- C -- INT. GROUND FLOOR--THE HALL -- C -- 143 WHITE (to Wadsworth) This is incredible! WADSWORTH Not so incredible as what happened next! He starts up the stairs. WADSWORTH After we all split up again, I went upstairs with you, yes, you, Mrs. White! The butler stops on the landing. WADSWORTH And, while I was in the master bedroom . . . CUT TO Flashback of Mrs. White hurrying downstairs. WADSWORTH (V.O.) You hurried downstairs and turned off the electricity, got the rope from the open cupboard, and throttled Yvette. CUT TO The present, in the Hall. WADSWORTH (to Mrs. White) You WERE jealous that your husband was schtuping Yvette. That's why you killed him, too! WHITE (detached) Yes . . . (pause) Yes, I did it. I killed Yvette. I hated her . . . so . . . much . . . I-It-It--flame--flames . . . on the side of my face . . . breathing . . . breathle--heaving breaths . . .heaving-- WADSWORTH (cutting her off) While you were in the billiard room, CUT TO Flashback, the events occurring as the butler describes them WADSWORTH (V.O.) Miss Scarlet seized the opportunity and, under cover of darkness, got to the library, where she hit the cop, whom she'd been bribing, on the head with the lead pipe! CUT TO The present, in the Hall. WADSWORTH (to Miss Scarlet) True or false? SCARLET (amazed) True! Who are you, Perry Mason? PLUM So it must have been Mr. Green who shot the singing telegram! GREEN I didn't do it! MUSTARD Well, there's nobody else left. GREEN But I didn't do it! (pauses, realizing something) The gun is missing! Whoever's got the gun, shot the girl! Wadsworth pulls the gun from his pocket. WADSWORTH I shot her. ALL but GREEN You?! GREEN (knowingly) So it was you. I was going to expose you. WADSWORTH (to Mr. Green) I know. So I choose to expose myself. MUSTARD Please, there are ladies present! WADSWORTH (to All) You thought Mr. Boddy was dead. But why? None of you even met him until tonight. Mr. Green understands. GREEN You're Mr. Boddy! Wadsworth grins and starts to chuckle evilly. PLUM Wait a minute! (he runs to the study door) So who did I kill? Wadsworth shrugs. WADSWORTH My butler. PLUM Shucks. Wadsworth uses the revolver to wave the Professor to join the group. WADSWORTH He was expendable, like all of you. I'm grateful to you all for disposing of my network of spies and informers. Saved me a lot of trouble. Now there's no evidence against me. WHITE This all has nothing to do with my disappearing nuclear physicist husband or Colonel Mustard's work with the new top-secret fusion bomb. WADSWORTH (laughing) No. Communism was just a red . . . herring. Wadsworth runs to the front door, keeping the revolver trained on the party. GREEN But, the police will be here any minute! You'll never get away with this, any of you! WADSWORTH Why should the police come? Nobody's called them. PEACOCK You mean . . . oh, my God, of course! WADSWORTH So why shouldn't we get away with it? We'll stack the bodies in the cellar, lock it, leave quietly one at a time, and forget that any of this ever happened. Mr. Green takes off his glasses and starts to put them in his jacket's inside pocket. GREEN And you'll just go on blackmailing us all. WADSWORTH Of course. Why not? GREEN Well, I'll tell you why not. He whips a pistol from his jacket and fires. Wadsworth tries to get off a shot but is far too slow. The butler is hit. WADSWORTH (shocked) Good shot, Green. Wadsworth slides down the closet door to the floor. He looks at the blood flowing out of his chest. WADSWORTH Very good . . . Wadsworth dies. Mr. Green stands fully, lowering the pistol. He already looks more confident than he has yet during the night. Mrs. White steps up to him. He points the pistol at her. WHITE Are you a cop? GREEN No, I'm a plant. SCARLET A plant? I thought men like you were usually called a "fruit." GREEN Very funny. (he pulls out a badge) F.B.I. That phone call from J. Edgar Hoover was for me. He steps up to the front door and grabs the handle. GREEN I told you I didn't do it! He opens the front door. Cops pour in. The elderly evangelist (the chief) follows them in. CHIEF All right. Whodunit? The guests all try to explain, blaming each other. The cops, confused, keep pointing their guns at different guests. Mr. Green shouts above the din. GREEN They all did it! But if you want to know who killed Mr. Boddy, I did. In the Hall, with the revolver. Take 'em away, chief. I'm going to go home and sleep with my wife. The camera freezes as Mr. Green turns to leave and he and the chief grin. THE END Closing credits start to roll to the tune of "Shake, Rattle and Roll." MRS. PEACOCK.......................................................EILEEN BRENNAN WADSWORTH..........................................................TIM CURRY MRS. WHITE.........................................................MADELINE KAHN PROF. PLUM.........................................................CHRISTOPER LLOYD MR. GREEN..........................................................MICHAEL McKEAN COL. MUSTARD.......................................................MARTIN MULL MISS SCARLET.......................................................LESLEY ANN WARREN YVETTE.............................................................COLLEEN CAMP MR. BODDY..........................................................LEE VING
© Copyright 2003-2004: Dean Tersigni. All rights reserved.
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Which four-letter word means ‘the prong of a fork’? | Prong - definition of prong by The Free Dictionary
Prong - definition of prong by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/prong
1. A thin, pointed, projecting part: a pitchfork with four prongs.
2. A branch; a fork: the two prongs of a river.
tr.v. pronged, prong·ing, prongs
To pierce with or as if with a thin, pointed, projecting part.
[Middle English pronge, pointed instrument, pain, from Medieval Latin pronga, of Germanic origin.]
prong
1. a sharply pointed end of an instrument, such as on a fork
2. any pointed projecting part
vb
(tr) to prick or spear with or as if with a prong
[C15: related to Middle Low German prange a stake, Gothic anaprangan to afflict]
pronged adj
1. one of the pointed tines of a fork.
2. any pointed, projecting part, as of an antler.
3. a subdivision; fork.
4. to pierce or stab with or as if with a prong.
[1400–50 late Middle English pronge, prange pain, affliction, pointed instrument]
prong
I will have been pronging
you will have been pronging
he/she/it will have been pronging
we will have been pronging
you will have been pronging
they will have been pronging
Past Perfect Continuous
prong - a pointed projection
belt buckle - the buckle used to fasten a belt
buckle - fastener that fastens together two ends of a belt or strap; often has loose prong
fork - cutlery used for serving and eating food
fork - an agricultural tool used for lifting or digging; has a handle and metal prongs
projection - any structure that branches out from a central support
tine - prong on a fork or pitchfork or antler
trident - a spear with three prongs
prong
noun point , tip , spike , tine Mark the loaf with the prongs of a fork.
Translations
[prɒŋ] N [of fork] → punta f, diente m
prong
(of fork) → Zacke f, → Zinke f; (of antler) → Sprosse f, → Ende nt
(fig) (of argument) → Punkt m; (of policy, strategy) → Element nt; (of attack) → (Angriffs) spitze f
three-pronged (fork) → a tre rebbi or denti (attack) → su tre fronti , triplice
prong
(proŋ) noun
a spike of a fork. vurktand شُعْبَة الشَّوْكَه зъбец dente vidlice die Zinke gren δόντι πιρουνιού punta , diente haru شاخه piikki dent שֵׁן מַזלֵג कांटा, शूल (vas)villa gigi garpu tindur, kvísl dente フォークの歯 뾰족한 끝 dantis, ražas, virbalas dakšas zars gigi tand tind , tann ząb ښاخه dente dinte зубец vidlica rogelj zubac klo, spets, udd ปลายแหลมของส้อม çatalın dişi/ucu 叉子，叉尖 зубець کھانے کے کانٹے کي کيل răng; ngạnh (của cái chĩa) 叉子，叉尖
pronged adjective
a pronged instrument; a two- pronged fork. getand ذو شُعَب зъбат com dentes mající hroty, vidlice gezinkt grenet; -grenet που έχει δόντια de ... puntas/dientes haruline شاخه دار piikikäs à dents בַּעַל שֵׁן कांटेदार -ágú bergigi tindóttur, kvíslóttur (che ha denti), a (...) denti またのある 가라진 dantytas, -dantis, -ražis divzaru dakša bergigi -tandig med (to, osv.) tinder; –polet zębaty, –zębny ښاخه لرونكى com dentes cu (...) dinţi имеющий зубья s hrotmi / vidlicami rogljat zubast [två]uddad ที่มีปลายแหลม dişli 有尖齒的 загострений; такий, що з зубцями دوشاخہ có ngạnh 有尖齿的
prong
n four-pronged cane bastón m de cuatro patas or apoyos or puntos; nasal prongs cánula nasal, puntas nasales (Mex)
| Tine (company) |
‘Hey, Jude’ topped the charts in 1968. Who was ‘Jude’? | Definition of FORK (Meaning of FORK), a 4 Letter Word
[n] the act of branching out or dividing into branches
[n] cutlery used for serving and eating food
[n] an agricultural tool used for lifting or digging; has a handle and metal prongs
[n] the angle formed by the inner sides of the legs where they join the human trunk
[n] a part of a forked or branching shape; "he broke off one of the branches"; "they took the south fork"
[v] shape like a fork; "She forked her fingers"
[v] divide into two or more branches so as to form a fork; "The road forks"
[v] place under attack with one's own pieces, of two enemy chess pieces
[v] lift with a pitchfork; "pitchfork hay"
Definition:
\Fork\ (f[^o]rj), n. [AS. forc, fr. L. furca. Cf. {Fourch['e]}, {Furcate}.] 1. An instrument consisting of a handle with a shank terminating in two or more prongs or tines, which are usually of metal, parallel and slightly curved; -- used from piercing, holding, taking up, or pitching anything. 2. Anything furcate or like a fork in shape, or furcate at the extremity; as, a tuning fork. 3. One of the parts into which anything is furcated or divided; a prong; a branch of a stream, a road, etc.; a barbed point, as of an arrow. Let it fall . . . though the fork invade The region of my heart. --Shak. A thunderbolt with three forks. --Addison. 4. The place where a division or a union occurs; the angle or opening between two branches or limbs; as, the fork of a river, a tree, or a road. 5. The gibbet. [Obs.] --Bp. Butler. {Fork beam} (Shipbuilding), a half beam to support a deck, where hatchways occur. {Fork chuck} (Wood Turning), a lathe center having two prongs for driving the work. {Fork head}. (a) The barbed head of an arrow. (b) The forked end of a rod which forms part of a knuckle joint. {In fork}. (Mining) A mine is said to be in fork, or an engine to ``have the water in fork,'' when all the water is drawn out of the mine. --Ure. {The forks of a river} or {a road}, the branches into which it divides, or which come together to form it; the place where separation or union takes place.
\Fork\, v. i. [imp. & p. p. {Forked}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Forking}.] 1. To shoot into blades, as corn. The corn beginneth to fork. --Mortimer. 2. To divide into two or more branches; as, a road, a tree, or a stream forks.
\Fork\, v. t. To raise, or pitch with a fork, as hay; to dig or turn over with a fork, as the soil. Forking the sheaves on the high-laden cart. --Prof. Wilson. {To fork} {over or out}, to hand or pay over, as money. [Slang] --G. Eliot.
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Which chemical element takes its name from the Greek for a shade of green? | The Meanings Behind 20 Chemical Element Names | Mental Floss
The Meanings Behind 20 Chemical Element Names
filed under: chemistry , language
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On December 30, 2015, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry announced the discovery of four new chemical elements—numbers 113, 115, 117, and 118—the first new elements added to the periodic table since 2011 . For the time being, they have the fairly clunky Latin and Greek numerical names ununtium (Uut), ununpentium (Uup), ununseptium (Uus), and ununoctium (Uuo), but, by IUPAC rules, their discovers now get the chance to officially name them.
Online, there’s growing support to name one of these new “heavy metal” elements lemmium in honor of Motörhead frontman Lemmy (who died two days before they were announced), and another octarine after the fictional “color of magic” in the late Sir Terry Pratchett’s Discworld novels (Pratchett died in March 2015). Whether these two petitions will come to fruition remains to be seen—the final names are not likely to be announced until later in the spring—but as IUPAC rules demand all new elements be named after either a mythological concept or character, a mineral, a place, a property of the element itself, or a scientist [ PDF ], it seems unlikely we’ll be seeing lemmium on the walls of chemistry classes any time soon. The stories behind 20 other chemical element names are explained here.
1. LITHIUM (3)
Despite being the least dense metal, lithium takes its name from the Greek word for “stone,” lithos, because it was discovered in a rock (as opposed to the other alkali metals potassium and sodium, which were discovered in plants and animals).
2. CARBON (6)
The name carbon comes from the Latin word carbo, meaning “coal” or “charcoal.” A small carbo, incidentally, was a carbunculus, which is the origin of carbuncle.
3. NEON (10)
Neon takes its name from neos, the Greek word for “new” (it was “newly” discovered in 1898).
4. PHOSPHORUS (15)
Phosphorus literally means “light-bearer” or “light-bringing,” as the first compound of the element glowed in the dark. A century before it became the name of element 15 in the late 1600s, Phosphorus was an alternative name for the planet Venus, whose appearance in the sky was once believed to strengthen the light and heat of the Sun.
5. VANADIUM (23)
One of the transition metals, pure vanadium is a harsh steel-grey color, but four of its oxidation states produce a rainbow of solutions, colored purple, green, blue, and yellow . Because he was so impressed with how beautiful and varied these solutions were, the Swedish chemist Nils Sefström chose to name vanadium after Vanadís, an alternate name for the Norse goddess of beauty, Freya. Vanadium’s next door neighbor, chromium (24), also produces a variety of colored compounds and so takes its name from the Greek word for “color,” chroma.
6. COBALT (27)
Cobalt is often naturally found alongside or in minerals combined with arsenic, and when smelted, cobalt ore can emit noxious arsenic-laden fumes. Long before the poisonous qualities of minerals like these could be explained by science, copper miners in central Europe had no better explanation than to presume these toxic effects were supernatural, and were caused by devious underground goblins called kobolds who lived inside the rock—and it's from the German word kobold that cobalt gets its name.
7. COPPER (29)
The chemical symbol for copper is Cu, which derives from the metal’s Latin name, cuprum. In turn, cuprum is descended from Kyprios, the Ancient Greek name for the island of Cyprus, which was well known in antiquity for its production of copper. Some other chemical elements named after places include germanium (32), americium (95), berkelium (97), californium (98), and darmstadtium (110), while the elements ruthenium (44), holmium (67), lutetium (71), hafnium (72), and polonium (84) take their names from the Latin names for Russia (Ruthenia), Stockholm (Holmia), Paris (Lutetia), Copenhagen (Hafnia), and Poland (Polonia).
8. GALLIUM (31)
A brittle, silvery-colored metal with a melting point just above room temperature, at 85ºF—meaning that a solid block would quite easily melt in your hand —gallium was discovered in 1875 by the French chemist Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran. He chose to name it after Gaul, the Latin name for France, but soon after his discovery was announced, de Boisbaudran was forced to deny allegations that he had actually intended the name gallium to be a self-referencing pun on his own name: Lecoq means “the rooster” in French, while the Latin word for “rooster” is gallus. Despite explicitly writing in a paper in 1877 that France was the true namesake, the rumor dogged de Boisbaudran his whole life and has endured to today.
9. BROMINE (35)
One of just two elements that are liquid at room temperature (the second being mercury), bromine usually appears as a rich, dark red-brown liquid, similar to blood, that emits fumes and has a characteristically harsh smell. Ultimately, it takes its name from a Greek word, bromos, meaning “stench.”
10. KRYPTON (36)
Because it is colorless, odorless, and so difficult to discover, krypton takes its name from the Greek word for “hidden,” kryptos.
11. STRONTIUM (38)
The only chemical element named after a place in Britain, strontium takes its name from its mineral ore strontianite, which was in turn named after the town of Strontian in the Scottish Highlands near where it was discovered in 1790.
12. YTTRIUM (39)
In 1787, a Swedish Army officer and part-time chemist named Carl Axel Arrhenius came across an unusually heavy, black-colored rock in the waste heap of a quarry near the village of Ytterby, 15 miles outside Stockholm. He named his discovery ytterbite, and sent a sample of the mineral to his colleague, Professor Johan Gadolin (the namesake of element number 64, gadolinium), at Åbo University in modern-day Finland . Gadolin found that it contained an element that was entirely new to science, which he called yttrium; since then, many more elements have been discovered in Ytterby’s mine, and three more—terbium (65), erbium (68), ytterbium (70)—have been given names honoring the village in which it was discovered. Consequently, the tiny Swedish village of Ytterby remains the most-honored location on the entire periodic table.
13. ANTIMONY (51)
To etymologists, antimony is probably the most troublesome of all chemical element names, and its true origin remains a mystery. Instead, various unproven theories claim that it might derive from Greek words meaning “floret” (a reference to the spiky appearance of its ore, stibnite), “against solitude” (a reference to the idea that it never appears naturally in its pure form), and even “monk-killer” (as antimony is poisonous, and many early alchemists were monks).
14. XENON (54)
Like xenophobia, xenon takes its name from a Greek word, xenos, meaning “strange” or “foreign.”
15. PRASEODYMIUM (59)
Because of the greenish color of its mineral salts, the lanthanide metal praseodymium takes its name from a Greek word meaning “green,” prasios—which in turn takes its name from the Greek word for a leek, prason. The dymium part is more complicated . In 1842, a new “element” was discovered called didymium, from the Greek for "twin," so named because it was always accompanied with cerium and lanthanum (and possibly because the namer had two pairs of twins of his own). Forty years later, scientists split didymium into two different elements, praseodidymium (green twin) and neodidymium (new twin). The di- was dropped almost instantly, leaving neodymium and praseodymium.
16. SAMARIUM (62)
Several famous names are commemorated on the periodic table, including Albert Einstein (einsteinium, 99), Niels Bohr (bohrium, 107), Enrico Fermi (fermium, 100), Alfred Nobel (nobelium, 102), and Pierre and Marie Curie (curium, 96). The earliest eponymous element, however, was the little-known metal samarium, which indirectly took its name from an equally little-known Russian mining engineer called Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets. In the early 1800s, Samarsky was working as chief clerk of the Russian mining department when he granted a German mineralogist named Gustav Rose access to a collection of samples taken from a mine in the Ural Mountains. Rose discovered a new mineral in one of the samples, which he named samarskite in Samarsky’s honor; decades later, in 1879, de Boisbaudran found that samarskite contained an element that was new to science, which in turn he named samarium.
17. DYSPROSIUM (66)
Eleven years after discovering gallium and 7 years after discovering samarium, de Boisbaudran discovered the rare earth element dysprosium in 1886. It took him 30 attempts to isolate a pure sample—and consequently he named it after dysprositos, a Greek word meaning “hard to get at.”
18. TANTALUM (73)
Ten times rarer than gold in the universe, tantalum is a hard, silvery metal known for its resistance to corrosion and its chemical inertness, both of which make it extremely useful in the manufacture of laboratory equipment and medical implants. Although it’s sometimes said to have been named for the “tantalizing” frustration early chemists experienced in trying to obtain a pure sample, it’s tantalum’s unreactiveness that is the real origin of its name: Because it appears unaffected by practically anything it is submerged in or brought into contact with, tantalum is named for Tantalus, a character in Greek mythology who was punished by being forced to stand knee-deep in a pool of water below a fruit tree, both of which drew away from him whenever he reached out to eat or drink (a story which is also the origin of the word tantalize). Incidentally, Tantalus’s daughter Niobe also features on the periodic table as the namesake of element 41, niobium.
19. URANIUM (92)
Uranium was discovered by the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1789, who named it honor of the planet Uranus, which had also only recently been discovered. When elements 93 and 94 were discovered in 1940, they were named neptunium and plutonium so as to continue the sequence of planets.
20. MENDELEVIUM (101)
The invention of the periodic table is credited to the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, whose organization of the table allowed him not only to predict the existence of elements that had yet to be discovered at the time, but to correct what was generally understood about the properties of some existing elements. Element number 101, mendelevium, is appropriately named in his honor.
| Chlorine |
‘To His Coy Mistress’ is the most famous work of which of the metaphysical poets? | argon facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about argon
Note: This article, originally published in 1998, was updated in 2006 for the eBook edition.
Overview
Argon is a noble gas. The noble gases are the six elements in Group 18 (VIIIA) of the periodic table. The periodic table is a chart that shows how the chemical elements are related to each other. The noble gases are sometimes called inert gases because Group 18 (VIIIA) elements react with very few other elements. In fact, no compound of argon has ever been produced.
Argon was discovered in 1894 by English chemist John William Strutt, most commonly known as Lord Rayleigh (1842-1919), and Scottish chemist William Ramsay (1852-1916). It was the first of the noble gases to be isolated.
Rayleigh and Ramsay discovered argon by the fractional distillation of liquid air. Fractional distillation is the process of letting liquid air slowly warm up. As the air warms, different elements change from a liquid back to a gas. The portion of air that changes back to a gas at -185.86°C (-302.55°F) is argon.
SYMBOL
Group 18 (VIIIA) Noble gas
PRONUNCIATION
AR-gon
Argon is used to provide an inert blanket for certain industrial operations. An inert blanket of gas prevents any chemicals in the operation from reacting with oxygen and other substances present in air. Argon is also used in making "neon" lamps and in lasers.
Discovery and naming
Argon was discovered in 1894. However, English scientist Henry Cavendish (1731-1810) had predicted the existence of argon 200 years earlier. When Cavendish removed oxygen and nitrogen from air, he found that a very small amount of gas remained. He guessed that another element was in the air, but he was unable to identify what it was.
When Ramsay repeated Cavendish's experiments in the 1890s, he, too, found a tiny amount of unidentified gas in the air. But Ramsay had an advantage over Cavendish: he could use spectroscopy, which did not exist in Cavendish's time. Spectroscopy is the process of analyzing light produced when an element is heated. The spectrum (plural: spectra) of an element consists of a series of colored lines and is different for every element.
Ramsay studied the spectrum of the unidentified gas. He found a series of lines that did not belong to any other element. He was convinced that he had found a new element. Meanwhile, Rayleigh was doing similar work at almost the same time. He made his discovery at about the same time Ramsay did. The two scientists decided to make their announcement together. The name argon comes from the Greek word argos, "the lazy one." The name is based on argon's inability to react with anything.
The discovery of argon created a problem for chemists. It was the first noble gas to be discovered. Where should it go in the periodic table? At the time, the table ended with Group 17 (VIIA) at the right. Ramsay suggested that the periodic table might have to be extended. He proposed adding a whole new group to the table. That group would be placed to the right of Group 17 (VIIA).
Ramsay's suggestion was accepted, but it created an interesting new problem for chemists. If there was a new group in the periodic table, where were the other elements that belonged in the group?
Fortunately, chemists had a good idea what these missing elements might look like. All of the elements in a single group are very much like each other. Chemists looked for more inactive gases. Within the next five years, they had found the remaining members of the group: helium, krypton, neon, radon, and xenon.
The symbol A was used for argon until the 1950s when chemists agreed to use the two letter symbol Ar for the element.
Physical properties
Argon is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. Its density is 1.784 grams per liter. The density of air, for comparison, is about 1.29 grams per liter. Argon changes from a gas to a liquid at -185.86°C (-302.55°F). Then it changes from a liquid to a solid at -189.3°C (-308.7°F).
Chemical properties
Argon is chemically inactive. On rare occasions, and under extreme conditions, it forms weak, compound-like structures.
Occurrence in nature
The abundance of argon in the atmosphere is about 0.93 percent. It is also found in the Earth 's crust to the extent of about 4 parts per million.
Extraction
Argon can be produced from liquid air by fractional distillation. It can also be produced by heating nitrogen gas from the atmosphere with hot magnesium or calcium. The magnesium or calcium combines with nitrogen to form a nitride:
A little argon always occurs as an impurity with nitrogen. It remains behind because it does not react with magnesium or calcium.
Argon also occurs in wells with natural gas. When the natural gas is purified, some argon can be recovered as a by-product.
Isotopes
Three isotopes of argon exist naturally. They are argon-36, argon-38, and argon-40. Isotopes are two or more forms of an element. Isotopes differ from each other according to their mass number. The number written to the right of the element's name is the mass number. The mass number represents the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom of the element. The number of protons determines the element, but the number of neutrons in the atom of any one element can vary. Each variation is an isotope.
Six radioactive isotopes of argon are known also. A radioactive isotope is one that breaks apart and gives off some form of radiation. Radioactive isotopes are produced when very small particles are fired at atoms. These particles stick in the atoms and make them radioactive.
No radioactive isotopes of argon have any practical application. One non-radioactive isotope is used, however, to find the age of very old rocks. This method of dating rocks is described in the potassium entry.
Uses
Argon is used in situations where materials need to be protected from oxygen or other gases. A good example is an incandescent lightbulb, which consists of a metal wire inside a clear glass bulb. An electric current passes through the wire, causing it to get very hot and give off light.
Oxygen will combine with the hot metal very easily, forming a compound of the metal and oxygen. This compound will not conduct an electric current very well, thereby causing the lightbulb to stop giving off light.
Argon, however, is used to prevent this from happening. Because argon is inert, it will not react with the hot wire, leaving the metal hot for very long periods of time. The lightbulb will stop giving off light only when the metal breaks. Then it can no longer carry an electric current.
Argon is also used in welding. Welding is the process by which two metals are joined to each other. In most cases, the two metals are heated to very high temperatures. As they get hot, they melt together.
However, as the metals get hot, they begin to react with oxygen. In this reaction, a compound of metal and oxygen is formed. It becomes very difficult to join the two metals if they have formed compounds, but introducing argon into the welding environment improves the bond.
Argon is also used in argon lasers and argon-dye lasers. A laser is a device that produces very bright light of a single color (frequency). An argon laser is used to treat skin conditions. The laser shines a blue-green light on the affected area of the skin. The energy from the laser is absorbed by hemoglobin and converted to heat. (Hemoglobin is the protein pigment in red blood cells. It transports oxygen to the tissues and carbon dioxide from them.) The blood vessels are damaged, but then sealed, prompting them to decompose and be reabsorbed into the body. Unwanted growths are flattened and dark spots are Lightened, with only a small risk of scarring.
An argon-dye laser is used in eye surgery. The color of light produced by the laser can be adjusted with high precision. It can be made to produce light ranging across the green-to-blue color range. Each shade of green or blue has a slightly different frequency. It can penetrate more or less deeply in the eye. The laser can be adjusted to treat a very specific part of the eye. The argon dye is used to treat tumors, damaged blood vessels, conditions involving the retina, and other kinds of eye problems.
Compounds
No compound of argon has ever been produced.
Health effects
Argon is not known to have any positive or negative effects on the health of plants or animals.
Cite this article
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MLA
density: Unknown
most common ions: None known
Argon is an odorless, colorless monatomic gas at room temperature. Although it constitutes about 1 percent of the atmosphere, it was not discovered until 1894, when John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) and William Ramsay isolated it from the more reactive components of air. Argon is the most abundant noble gas and it was the first to be found. Its discovery prompted confusion over how to fit it into the periodic table: No other inert , monatomic gases were then known. Furthermore, its atomic weight placed it between the very reactive metals potassium and calcium. Ramsay suggested a new family of elements (the noble gases), and had isolated four additional members by 1898.
The element takes its name from the Greek argos, meaning slow or lazy, because it is extremely unreactive. Indeed, its first stable neutral compound, argon fluorohydride (HArF), was not reported until 2000, and it exists only within a low-temperature solid matrix. Because argon in effect does not form chemical bonds, it is frequently used in the research of nonbonding chemical interactions, such as van der Waals forces and surface adsorption. Inertness makes argon useful in incandescent light bulbs: It protects the hot filament from oxidation and slows its evaporation. It is used to generate an inert atmosphere for other chemical reactions in industry and research. Argon is the glowing gas that occupies some fluorescent tubes, and it is an insulating filler in some double-pane thermal windows.
The principal isotope of argon is 40Ar (99.6% abundance); it has two other stable isotopes, 36Ar (0.3%) and 38Ar (0.1%). Argon-40 is formed by β -decay of the long-lived potassium isotope 39K.
see also Noble Gases; Ramsay, William; Strutt, John.
Carmen Giunta
Bibliography
Emsley, John (1998). The Elements, 3rd edition. Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press.
Emsley, John (2001). Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements. New York: Oxford University Press.
Internet Resources
WebElements™ Periodic Table Available from <http://www.webelements.com/> .
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‘Bootsie and Snudge’ was a spin-off from which successful comedy series? | Bootsie and Snudge (TV Series 1960–1974) - IMDb
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A spin off from "The Army Game", ex-Sergeant Major Claude Snudge meets up with Corporal Bootsie when they both start work at an exclusive Gentlemen's Club.
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A spin off from "The Army Game", ex-Sergeant Major Claude Snudge meets up with Corporal Bootsie when they both start work at an exclusive Gentlemen's Club.
23 September 1960 (UK) See more »
Also Known As:
Bootsie and Snudge in Civvy Life See more »
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Trivia
Unlike many British series of the era, the vast majority of episodes of this series still survive. Nevertheless, four episodes are missing: "Back Pay", "The Rescue", "Soul Mates" and "I'm in a Dancing Mood".
Although there is doubt as to whether a new episode was ever actually broadcast on the date attributed to "Back Pay". See more »
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(United Kingdom) – See all my reviews
This series was a spin-off from 'The Army Game' (now available on DVD, and probably worth checking out, although my infant memories of it may be unreliable), featuring its two favourite characters, Bootsie (Bisley) and Snudge - now working in a posh club in London. I was between five and eight when this was on, and the concept of the setting was lost on me, but I loved the show, and the antics of the characters. The fact that The Army Game is available on DVD, and this is not, points to the likelihood that it is lost forever. Oh, well. Clive Dunn appeared in this, looking exactly as he did in Dad's Army, ten years later, and playing much the same sort of character - in this case, 'Old Johnson', constantly reminiscing about 'Mafeking', another reference that was lost on me, but still seemed funny at the time. Robert Dorning was the snippy Hon. Sec, cutting everyone's arguments off with 'tup-tup! Tup-tup-tup!' The relationship between the two leads was similar to Laurel and Hardy in the respect that they were both a little dim, but Bootsie knew that he was, and Snudge didn't. Bootsie's defence against Snudge's snorting was the unforgettable, 'Ooh, Mister Smudge, you're all luvly an' 'orrible'. Later, they span off from the gentlemen's club setting, but I have no specific memories beyond these few catchphrases. I just know that as a little kid, I liked it, and I could watch it with my family. They tried to revive it in the early seventies. I watched one episode, and I wanted to like it, but it was 'orrible, and in no way luvly.
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In ‘Coronation Street’, what was the name of Minnie Caldwell’s cat? | Bootsie and Snudge: Series 1 - MovieMail
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All 40 episodes from the first series of ’The Army Game’ spin-off sitcom, written by Barry Took and Marty Feldman, about two ex-army shirkers adapting to life in civvy street. After completing their National Service, private ’Excused Boots’ Bisley (Alfie Bass) and his bullying sergeant Claude Snudge (Bill Fraser) find themselves working amid the fading grandeur of a gentleman’s club in London.
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In ‘The Blue Lamp’, who plays the young villain who shoots George Dixon? | Peggy Evans, actress - obituary - Telegraph
Obituaries
Peggy Evans, actress - obituary
Actress trained at Rank’s 'charm school’ who made her mark as the gangster’s moll in The Blue Lamp
Peggy Evans with Dirk Bogarde in The Blue Lamp, 1950 Photo: Kobal Collection
6:11PM BST 14 Aug 2015
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Peggy Evans, who has died aged 94, was best known for playing the girlfriend of the criminal delinquent Dirk Bogarde in The Blue Lamp (1950); an early example of a “social realism” film, it starred Jack Warner as PC Dixon, and became the inspiration for the television series Dixon of Dock Green (1955–1976).
One of four children, Peggy Evans was born in Sheffield on January 10 1921 and grew up in Ealing, west London. When she was 16 her father suggested that she and her three siblings keep themselves busy on a rainy afternoon by entering a creative writing competition in a Sunday newspaper. Peggy ended up winning, and as a result she was given the opportunity to be screen-tested by the Rank Organisation.
She was also given a role as an extra, and can be seen getting on and off a bus in the comedy thriller The Lightning Conductor (1938), produced by Anthony Havelock-Allan. Her screen test was so good that Rank recruited her for their “charm school”, where she would go on to meet Diana Dors, Christopher Lee and Petula Clark.
The following year her potential was noticed by Lord Grantley, a film executive, who took it upon himself to encourage the emerging starlet. Having attended Rada, Peggy Evans was then given small parts in Secret Flight (written and directed by Peter Ustinov, 1946) and School for Secrets (1946), starring Ralph Richardson. In 1948 she appeared opposite Christopher Lee and Diana Dors in Penny and the Pownall Case (1948), playing Penny Justin, a “glamour model” who helps Scotland Yard to catch a criminal gang. A small part in Look Before You Love (1948) was followed by Calling Bulldog Drummond (1951), in which she was the acquisitive girlfriend of a robber whom she encourages to get involved in a plot to steal gold bullion. But it was her role as the 17-year-old runaway, Diana Lewis, in The Blue Lamp for which she will be best remembered. With her platinum blonde hair, strong jaw, full mouth and ability to look provocatively defiant, she was the perfect young gangster’s moll, opposite a boyish but menacing Dirk Bogarde. He played the reckless young villain Tom Riley, who gets involved in a series of robberies which bring him to the attention of the unwaveringly honest and wholesome PC George Dixon (Jack Warner). Half-way through the film, Riley shoots Dixon, and the scene in which Mrs Dixon (Gladys Henson) is told of her husband’s death is infused with understated, dignified grief.
Peggy Evans
Audiences, however, wanted more of Jack Dixon and he was subsequently resurrected for Dixon of Dock Green. The Blue Lamp won the 1951 Bafta award for best British film, and was nominated for a Golden Lion at the 1950 Venice Film Festival.
In 1949 Peggy Evans married Michael Howard, whom she had met while acting with him in the stage version of The Cat and the Canary. They went on to work together on the BBC radio and television show Here’s Howard (1951). Her marriage to Howard ended in 1956 and she decided, despite being offered the opportunity to work in Hollywood, to give up acting and devote her time to bringing up her two children.
In later years, Peggy Evans learnt Portuguese and lived in the Algarve for part of each year, where she took great delight in beach life, Portuguese food and outdoor living. A consummate hostess, she loved entertaining and always enjoyed hearing about new shows, trends, comedians and online avenues for creative expression. When she was in her nineties she hired an expert to teach her how to use a computer and she became proficient with email and Skype.
Her second husband, Peter Stevens, whom she married in 1990, predeceased her and she is survived by a son and a daughter from her first marriage.
Peggy Evans, born January 10 1921, died July 26 2015
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Which 1930 film instantly catapulted Marlene Dietrich to international stardom? | North Ken and our ambitions to restore traditional street patterns | Nick notes
North Ken and our ambitions to restore traditional street patterns
Posted by rbkcleadersblog
There is a lot to enjoy about The Blue Lamp , the 1950 crime drama made by Ealing Studios. There’s the cast for one thing. The excellent Jack Warner plays PC George Dixon, a wise and respected veteran bobby. Although he is shot dead during the film, his character had such appeal to the British public that he was resurrected for the TV series Dixon of Dock Green Dixon of Dock Green which ran for 21 years.
As indicated, poor old PC Dixon is cruelly gunned down, when he happens upon a robbery at a local cinema. As you would expect, he tries to convince the villain to ‘come along quietly now lad’ but unfortunately he is up against a twitchy psychopath played by a young Dirk Bogarde. The Blue Lamp is supposed to be ‘social realism’ but its insights into the 1950s criminal underworld seem to have been provided by RADA’s cockney research department – ‘cor blimey guv’nor, and no mistake.’
What is very real, and the real star of the show, is west London circa 1950. Paddington Green, Edgware Road, Westbourne Park, Harrow Road, Little Venice, the obligatory shot of Piccadilly Circus at night – all of them feature and are fascinating to see.
There is a climactic car chase towards the end which finishes at the long demolished White City stadium but it largely takes place across North Kensington. When the cars – a Wolseley and a Humber, I reckon – come south over Ladbroke Grove bridge you see an unfamiliar street configuration. What I think you are looking at are the north ends of Portobello Road and Ladbroke Grove which in those days connected with each other. The link was broken by the building of the Wornington Green Estate but over the next decade it will be restored as Catalyst Housing completes the reinvention of the estate as Portobello Square, a handsome new development of tenure-blind homes arranged along traditional streets.
The car chase continues down Ladbroke Grove before turning right where you catch glimpses of Portland Road, Penzance Place, Freston Road and Latimer Road. I daresay that behind all those sooty but handsome Victorian facades were warrens of tubercular-rented rooms and bedsits with cookers in hallways. Much of North Kensington and indeed west London were very slummy by 1950, thanks to the war and excessive rent controls, but from a purely streetscape point of view, west London seems to me to have been a much handsomer place before the estates went up – apart from the bombsites obviously.
Over the next few years, there could well be a transformative amount of development in North Ken, on the gas works site, at Barlby-Treverton and perhaps the Silchester area too.
Our ambition is to restore old street patterns, just as Catalyst is doing, and to build new homes on those new streets that are traditional in their overall form, but modern both in detail and fitting. We think that despite the design ruptures of the 1960s, the people still yearn for homes and streets that come from within the British tradition of domestic architecture. That’s what we mean to deliver. You can find out more about our schemes at www.rbkc.gov.uk/housing
Spoiler alert: I’m going to tell you the end of the film. Bogarde is trapped in White City as brave unarmed policemen converge, guided to him by bookies who use ‘tic-tac’ to identify his location. Bogarde is armed but the police do not flinch and it is the young PC and former lodger of PC Dixon that disarms him. The murderer is lead away gently without so much as a slap. Admirable restraint, or given this is 1950, do they all know he is going to be hanged by the neck until dead?
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Classical. Who composed ‘Carnival of the Animals’ in 1886? | 'Carnival of the Animals': Inside Saint-Saens's children's classic | Classical MPR
'Carnival of the Animals': Inside Saint-Saens's children's classic
Jun 29, 2015
"Carnival of the Animals" in "Fantasia 2000" Disney
Like a trip to the zoo or an uncle's bad jokes, The Carnival of the Animals is supposed to be fun. So fun, in fact, that composer Camille Saint-Saens feared it would ruin his image. Though he banned most of it from public performance until after its death, it is among his biggest hits today. The French composer was supposed to be working on his third symphony when he took a break to compose Carnival in a small Austrian village in 1886. Though he had a great time writing it, he worried the humorous piece would harm his reputation as a serious musician. Insisting the work be performed in private, he allowed only the iconic cello movement The Swan to be published during his lifetime.
The French Romantic composer's bit of fun makes for an eclectic and imaginative lullaby. Each of the suite's 14 movements introduces us to a different animal or group of animals, with a small number of instruments mimicking their voices or the way they move. Starting with the lion's roar and slowing to reflect the elephant's bulk, Saint-Saens pokes fun at the music of his time.
With just stringed instruments and piano, he illustrates a tortoise's plodder with an ultra-slow version of Jacques Offenbach's Galop infernal (known by many as the "Can-Can). In the shortest movement, Personages with Long Ears, he creates a conversation between two braying donkeys with loud, high violin notes. It has been written that Saint-Saens was playing a joke on critics by comparing them to these beasts. Perhaps even more satirical is the eleventh movement, Pianists, in which the composer makes fun of his own kind while mimicking young musicians' clumsy scale exercises.
Humor aside, Carnival also journeys into peaceful territory. An isolated clarinet creates a scene of a bird calling though a forest (The Cuckoo in the Depths of the Woods). In the dreamlike Aquarium, keyboard instruments echo like a music box over haunting violin and viola chords. Near the very end, the melancholy Swan makes a case for why, despite all the jokes within the suite, we should take Saint-Saens for the serious composer he wanted to be. The piece's finale mirrors the lion's royal entrance while gathering the voices of the other animals. The braying donkeys—or the critics, if that rumor is true—have one last laugh before the triumphant final chords.
Hailey Colwell is a recent graduate of the University of Minnesota and a co-founder of Theatre Corrobora .
Interested in writing about classical music for American Public Media? Have a story about classical music to share? We want to hear from you!
| Camille Saint-Saëns |
Who famously said: “Most of our people have never had it so good”? | From Swan to Dying Swan - Saint-Saëns: 15 facts about the great composer - Classic FM
From Swan to Dying Swan
This image appears in the gallery:
Saint-Saëns: 15 facts about the great composer
12. From Swan to Dying Swan
The Carnival of the Animals, composed in 1886, was originally written as a joke and Saint-Saëns worried that it might damage his reputation. He banned complete performances and only allowed one movement, The Swan, to be published while he was alive. The piece became acclaimed worldwide as The Dying Swan after 1905 when it was choreographed for legendary ballerina Anna Pavlova. She performed the piece about 4,000 times.
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Who was the housekeeper in Daphne Du Maurier’s novel ‘Rebecca’? | SparkNotes: Rebecca: Summary
SparkNotes
Context
Characters
Rebecca's narrative takes the form of a flashback. The heroine, who remains nameless, lives in Europe with her husband, Maxim de Winter, traveling from hotel to hotel, harboring memories of a beautiful home called Manderley, which, we learn, has been destroyed by fire. The story begins with her memories of how she and Maxim first met, in Monte Carlo, years before.
In her flashback, the heroine is working as the young traveling companion to a wealthy American named Mrs. Van Hopper. In her flashback, Maxim is staying at the same hotel as the heroine and her employer, and after knowing the heroine for only a few weeks, he proposes marriage. She accepts, and he marries her and takes her back to his ancestral estate of Manderley. But a dark cloud hangs over their marriage: Maxim's first wife, Rebecca, drowned in a cove near Manderley the previous year, and her ghost haunts the newlyweds' home. Rebecca's devoted housekeeper, the sinister Mrs. Danvers, is still in charge of Manderley, and she frightens and intimidates her new mistress. Despite the encouragement of the house overseer, Frank Crawley, and Maxim's sister, Beatrice, the heroine struggles in her new life at Manderley. She feels that she can never compare favorably to Rebecca, who was beautiful, talented, and brilliant--or so everyone says--and soon she feels that Maxim is still in love with his dead wife.
Manderley traditionally hosts a costume ball each year, and it is soon time for the gala to take place. Swept up in the preparations, the heroine's spirits begin to revive. But the ball ends in disaster: on Mrs. Danvers's suggestion she wears a costume that, it turns out, is the same dress that Rebecca wore at the last ball. Upon seeing the heroine, Maxim is horrified, and the heroine becomes convinced that he will never love her, that he is still devoted to Rebecca. The following day, Mrs. Danvers almost convinces her to kill herself, and she only breaks away from the old woman's spell when rockets go off over the cove, signaling that a ship has run aground. When divers swim near the grounded ship, they find the wreckage of Rebecca's sailboat, with Rebecca's dead body in the hold. This discovery prompts Maxim to tell the heroine the truth: Rebecca was a malevolent, wicked woman, who lived a secret life and carried on multiple affairs, including one with her cousin, Jack Favell. On the night of her death, Maxim had demanded a divorce, and she had refused, and told him that she was pregnant with Favell's child. Furious, he seized a gun and shot her, and then sailed out to the harbor in Rebecca's boat and sank it, with the body stowed safely inside.
This revelation restores the heroine's marriage, and enables her to finally shake off the burden of Rebecca's ghost. Meanwhile, however, the noose of justice tightens around Maxim: first, it is found that holes have been drilled in the bottom of Rebecca's boat; luckily the coroner delivers a report of suicide, rather than murder. But soon Rebecca's cousin Favell, certain that Rebecca did not kill herself, accuses Maxim of the crime. The local magistrate, Colonel Julyan, investigates, and finds that on the day of her death, Rebecca went up to London to see a Doctor Baker. Favell, Maxim, and the heroine accompany Julyan to London; the heroine is certain that Baker will reveal that Rebecca was pregnant, thus revealing Maxim's vengeful motive for murder. But instead, it turns out that Rebecca was dying of cancer, and that furthermore she was infertile; she had lied to Maxim about her pregnancy. Her terminal illness now supplies a motive for Rebecca's supposed suicide, and Maxim is saved. He and the heroine drive all night back to Manderley, stopping only once, when Maxim calls home and learns that Mrs. Danvers has disappeared. As they crest the ridge near the mansion, they look down and find it in flames.
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How many medals, and of what colour, did Rebecca Adlington win in the 2008 Olympics? | Rebecca (1940) - IMDb
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Storyline
A shy ladies' companion, staying in Monte Carlo with her stuffy employer, meets the wealthy Maxim de Winter. She and Max fall in love, marry and return to Manderley, his large country estate in Cornwall. Max is still troubled by the death of his first wife, Rebecca, in a boating accident the year before. The second Mrs. de Winter clashes with the housekeeper, Mrs. Danvers, and discovers that Rebecca still has a strange hold on everyone at Manderley. Written by Col Needham <[email protected]>
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Taglines:
The shadow of a remembered woman came between their lips... but these two had the courage to hope... and to live their love! See more »
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12 April 1940 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Mono (Western Electric Noiseless Recording)
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Did You Know?
Trivia
Some of the exteriors at Manderley were filmed at Del Monte, California, while the beach scenes were filmed on Santa Catalina Island. See more »
Goofs
When the new Mrs. De Winter first enters the room to do her correspondence, there are three books on the table. An establishing shot shows that the book on the left is labeled "menus", and the one in the center is labeled "addresses". Mrs. de Winter picks up the one on the left, and it is now revealed in a close-up to read "addresses" on the cover. See more »
Quotes
See more »
Crazy Credits
The original 1940 credits read "Selznick International presents its picturization of Daphne Du Maurier's 'Rebecca'". The credits on the re-issue version read "The Selznick Studio presents its production of Daphne Du Maurier's 'Rebecca'". See more »
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In 1946, what useful gadget was invented by Percy Spencer? | History of Kitchen Appliances
By Mary Bellis
Updated November 03, 2015.
By definition, the kitchen is a room used for food preparation that is typically equipped with a stove, a sink for cleaning food and dish-washing, and cabinets and refrigerators for storing food and equipment.
Kitchens have been around for centuries, however, it was not until post-civil war period that the majority of kitchen appliances were invented. The reason was that most people no longer had servants and housewives working alone in the kitchen needed culinary help. Also the advent of electricity greatly advanced the technology of labor-saving kitchen appliances.
History of Kitchen Appliances
In 1850, Joel Houghton patented a wooden machine with a hand-turned wheel that splashed water on dishes, it was hardly a workable machine, but it was the first patent .
Garbage Disposer
Architect, inventor John W. Hammes built his wife the world's first kitchen garbage disposer in 1927. After ten years of design improvement, Hammes went into business selling his appliance to the public. His company was called the In-Sink-Erator Manufacturing Company.
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The first historical record of a stove being built refers to a stove built in 1490 in Alsace, France.
Microwave Ovens
Before mechanical refrigeration systems were introduced, people cooled their food with ice and snow, either found locally or brought down from the mountains.
Small Kitchen Appliances
The familiar green plastic garbage bag (made from polyethylene) was invented by Harry Wasylyk in 1950.
Electric Kettle
Arthur Leslie Large invented the electric kettle in 1922. General Electric introduced the electric kettle with an automatic cut-out in 1930.
Weber Kettle Grill
George Stephen invented the original Weber Kettle Grill in 1951.
Mason Jar
John Mason patented the screw neck bottle or the "Mason Jar" on November 30, 1858.
Electric Mixers
The first patent that can claim to be for an electric mixer was issued on November 17, 1885 to Rufus M. Eastman. Lillian Moller Gilbreth (1878-1972), the mother of 12 children, also patented an electric food mixer (at a later date).
Ivar Jepson invented Sunbeam Mixmaster, which he patented in 1928, and first mass marketed in 1930.
Paper Towels
The Scott Paper Company was founded in Philadelphia by Irvin and Clarence Scott in 1879. Brothers Seymour and Irvin Scott ran a paper commission business for twelve years, but the poor economy in the 1870s forced them out of business. Irvin and his younger brother, Clarence, then decided to form their own company out of the remains of the first. Irvin reportedly borrowed $2,000 from his father-in-law and added it to the $300 the two brothers had to form the capital of Scott Paper Company. In 1907, Scott Paper introduced the Sani-Towels paper towel, the first paper towels. They were invented for use in Philadelphia classrooms to help prevent the spread of the common cold from child to child.
Peelers
The nineteenth-century created numerous kitchen use inventions: toasters, potato mashers, apple/potato peelers, food choppers and sausage stuffers were all invented. Over 185 patents for coffee grinders and over 500 patents for apple/potato peelers were patented in the 1800s. Early peelers were made of iron and the patent number and other information was included in the casting. Peelers ranged from the familiar and simple round swiveling rod with a knife blade that peeled skin, to contraptions full of gears and wheels that could peel, core, slice and section. There were separate peelers designed for different fruits and vegetables; there were even peelers that removed the kernels from ears of corn.
Pressure Cooker
In 1679, French physicist Denis Papin invented the pressure cooker, called Papin's Digester, this airtight cooker produced a hot steam that cooked food more quickly while preserving nutrients.
| Microwave oven |
What word refers to liquid absorption, as by plants through their roots? | When was the first microwave invented? | Reference.com
When was the first microwave invented?
A:
Quick Answer
Plans for the first microwave were patented on Oct. 8, 1945, but the microwave itself was not actually created until 1947. A man named Percy Spencer came up with the idea for the invention, but his employer, Raytheon, officially filed the patent request.
Full Answer
While Spencer was working on a microwave-emitting radar set during one of his shifts at Raytheon, he realized that the candy bar in his pocket was melting. After some trial and error, he discovered that microwaves could effectively heat food. Spencer went on to create the world's first microwave oven, which was patented by Raytheon. Spencer himself received no royalties for his invention beyond a $2 reward from his corporate bosses.
The first food prepared in Spencer's microwave was popcorn, a microwaveable snack that is still popular today.
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Who was British Chancellor of the Exchequer at the start of this century? | BBC - History - British History in depth: Prime Ministers and Politics Timeline
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Prime Ministers and Politics Timeline
Do you know which prime minister brought 'fallen women' to 10 Downing Street? Or which one fought a duel? Or who was known as 'the Goat'?
Take a political journey through nearly 300 years of high ideals and low cunning, from Gordon Brown to the first man to hold prime ministerial powers, Robert Walpole.
Margaret Thatcher
Conservative, 1979 - 1990
Britain's first female prime minister came to power with the country descending into industrial and economic chaos. A relatively inexperienced politician, she nonetheless adopted a personal style of indomitable self-confidence and brooked no weakness in herself or her colleagues. Derisively dubbed the 'Iron Lady' by the Soviet press, she wore the moniker with pride. Her government's free-market policies included trade liberalisation, deregulation, sweeping privatisation, breaking the power of the unions, focus on the individual and the creation of an 'enterprise culture'. 'Thatcherism' has had a profound and lasting economic and social impact on Britain, and still sharply divides opinion to this day. The first PM to serve three consecutive terms (including two 'landslide' victories) she was eventually toppled by her own party following the disastrous imposition of a 'poll tax'. Nonetheless, she is generally considered to be one of the best peace time prime ministers of the 20th Century.
James Callaghan
Labour, 1976 - 1979
Callaghan inherited the office of prime minister following the surprise resignation of Harold Wilson. With only a tiny parliamentary majority to support him, he faced an increasingly one-sided confrontation with organised labour in the form of rampant strike action. Things came to a head in the so-called 'Winter of Discontent', a phrase from Shakespeare borrowed by Callaghan himself to describe the events leading up to February 1979. Britain was 'strikebound', with public servants staging mass walk outs, leaving food and fuel supplies undelivered, rubbish uncollected and - most notoriously - bodies unburied. Things became so bad in Hull it was dubbed 'the second Stalingrad'. The tabloid press has since been accused of overstating the severity of the situation (and wrongly quoting him as saying 'Crisis? What Crisis?') but it was enough at the time to sound the death knell for Callaghan's government later in the same year.
Harold Wilson
Labour, 1974 - 1976
In March 1974, Wilson became prime minister for the third time at the head of a minority government, following the first hung parliament (one where no party holds a majority) for 45 years. Often described as a wily fixer and negotiator, it took all of his skills to hold on to power in the face of economic and industrial turmoil. His party was also sharply divided, with many Labour members of parliament (MPs) bitter about Wilson's manoeuvring against his colleagues. He called another general election in October 1974, thereby ending the shortest parliament since 1681, and was returned to office with a majority of just three seats. He presided over a referendum on Britain's membership of the European Economic Community (EEC), and a collapse in the value of the pound which prompted a humiliating 'rescue operation' by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Exhausted, Wilson resigned saying 'politicians should not go on and on'.
Edward Heath
Conservative, 1970 - 1974
Heath succeeded in taking Britain into the European Economic Community (EEC), the precursor to the European Union, despite two previous failed attempts by Britain to gain entry, in 1961 and 1967. But his government was dogged by torrid industrial relations and recurrent economic crises. Things came to a head in January 1974, when industry was put on a 'three-day week' to conserve fuel. Fuel was in dangerously short supply following a combination of domestic industrial action (coal miners on 'work-to-rule') and a quadrupling of prices by Middle Eastern oil exporting nations in the wake of Israel's victory in the Yom Kippur War. In March 1974, Heath called a general election on the question of 'who governs Britain?' - the unions, or the elected representatives of the people. To his surprise the result was a hung parliament (one where no party holds a majority) and he was ousted.
Harold Wilson
Labour, 1964 - 1970
In 1964, 'Good old Mr Wilson' - an avuncular, pipe-smoking figure - came to power amid much excitement and optimism. He had promised a 'new Britain' forged in 'the white heat of a second industrial revolution'. In reality, his administration never escaped from a cycle of economic crises, vainly battling against further devaluations of the pound. Wilson won a second general election in 1966 (the year England lifted the football World Cup) making him the first Labour PM to serve consecutive terms. In 1967, the government failed in its application for membership of the European Economic Community (EEC) and was also finally forced to devalue sterling. The electorate became disillusioned with Wilson, who lost narrowly to the Conservatives in the 1970 election.
Sir Alec Douglas-Home, Conservative, 1963 - 1964
In 1963, a change in the law allowed hereditary peers to disclaim (or 'drop') their titles, which in turn meant they were able to become members of parliament (MPs). The only peer ever to do so and become prime minister was Douglas-Home, formerly the 14th Earl of Home, who assumed the office when Harold Macmillan retired due to ill health. He was the first prime minister in the post-war period not to win his own mandate (be elected or re-elected by popular vote).
Harold Macmillan, Conservative, 1957 - 1963
Macmillan came to power at a time when Britain was confronting its loss of world-power status and facing mounting economic troubles. Nonetheless, he successfully associated the Conservatives with a new age of affluence and the burgeoning consumer revolution. But his oft-quoted assurance 'You've never had it so good' actually finishes 'What is beginning to worry some of us is, is it too good to be true?'. His government is principally remembered for the so-called 'Profumo Affair', a sex scandal that erupted in 1963 and contributed to the Conservatives' defeat at the general election the following year. Secretary of State for War John Profumo had been having an affair with a showgirl who was also seeing the Soviet naval attaché to London - a serious transgression at the height of the Cold War. After lying to the House of Commons, Profumo admitted the truth in June 1963 and resigned in disgrace. Macmillan resigned due to ill health in October the same year.
Sir Anthony Eden, Conservative, 1955 - 1957
When Sir Winston Churchill retired due to ill health, Eden took over as prime minister. Many years before, Churchill had anointed Eden as his successor, but later acknowledged he had made 'a great mistake'. His opinion was born out as the new PM blundered into the Suez Crisis. Following Egypt's decision to nationalise the Suez canal, Britain (the principal shareholder), France and Israel invaded in October 1956 to near-universal condemnation and the threat of nuclear strikes by the Soviet Union. Within a week, Britain was forced into an embarrassing climb-down. Humiliated and in ill-health, Eden left the country for a holiday at the Jamaican home of James Bond author, Ian Fleming. He returned in mid-December to the sarcastic newspaper headline: 'Prime Minister Visits Britain'. He resigned on 9 January 1957.
Sir Winston Churchill, Conservative, 1951 - 1955
Churchill's desire to return to power, despite his assured place in history, had much to do with his belligerent refusal to accept that the British public had rejected him in 1945. Now the electorate was seeking to put behind it the hardships and privations of the post-war years under Clement Atlee and return to a more traditional idea of society - so-called 'housing and red meat' issues. Churchill tried - and failed - to recreate the dynamism of his wartime administration, and he struggled to adjust to the political realities of the Cold War, preferring direct action and personal diplomacy to proxy wars and cabinet consensus. His refusal to retire, despite suffering a stroke, caused mounting frustrations among his colleagues. At the age of 80, he finally conceded to his failing health and stepped down, although he continued to serve as an MP.
Clement Attlee, Labour, 1945 - 1951
World War Two had sharply exposed the imbalances in Britain's social, economic and political structures. For a population that had sacrificed so much, a return to the pre-war status quo was simply not an option. In 1942, a report by Sir William Beveridge, chairman of a Ministry of Health committee, had advocated a system of national insurance, comprehensive welfare for all and strategies to maintain full employment. The 'Beveridge Report' formed the basis of Labour pledges in the 1945 election and resulted in a landslide victory. Attlee's government successfully harnessed the wartime sense of unity to create the National Health Service, a national insurance scheme, a huge programme of nationalisation (including the Bank of England and most heavy industries) and a massive building programme. He also made Britain a nuclear-armed power. These sweeping reforms resulted in a parliamentary consensus on key social and economic policies that would last until 1979. But by 1951, a row over plans to charge for spectacles and false teeth had split the cabinet. Party disunity and a struggling economy contributed to Attlee - cruelly dubbed by Churchill 'a modest man with much to be modest about' - losing the next election.
Winston Churchill, Conservative, 1940 - 1945
By the time Churchill was asked to lead the coalition government in 1940, he had already enjoyed colourful and controversial careers as a journalist, soldier and politician. He had twice 'crossed the floor' of the House of Commons, the first time defecting from Conservative to Liberal and serving as First Lord of the Admiralty during the early years of World War One. Demoted in the wake of the slaughter at Gallipoli, he preferred to resign and take up a commission fighting on the Western Front. Despite standing against the Conservatives in a 1924 by-election, Churchill was welcomed back into the party that same year and served as Chancellor of the Exchequer for five years under Stanley Baldwin. But personal disagreements and his vehement anti-Fascism would lead to nearly a decade in the political wilderness. Following Neville Chamberlain's resignation in 1940, Churchill finally realised his 'destiny' and accepted the office of prime minister. Promising nothing more than 'blood, toil, tears and sweat', he almost single-handedly restored Britain's desire to fight on in adversity. Despite Churchill's enormous personal popularity, by 1945 the electorate no longer wanted a war leader and the Conservatives lost by a landslide.
Neville Chamberlain, Conservative, 1937 - 1940
Rarely has the hyperbole of politicians been as resoundingly exposed as when Neville Chamberlain returned from his 1938 negotiations with Adolf Hitler, brandishing his famous 'piece of paper' and declaring the agreement it represented to be 'peace for our time'. Within a year, Germany had invaded Poland and Britain was plunged into World War Two. With his policy of 'appeasement' towards Hitler utterly bankrupted, Chamberlain resigned in 1940. He was replaced by Winston Churchill. When the issue of honours was discussed, he stated that he wanted to die 'plain Mr Chamberlain, like my father'. His father, Joseph Chamberlain, was the politician who split the Conservatives in 1903 by pushing for tariffs on imported goods. It was this very issue that convinced Churchill to defect to the Liberals, with whom he first achieved high office. Chamberlain died six months after resigning.
Stanley Baldwin, Conservative, 1935 - 1937
When Baldwin returned to power in 1935, the financial crisis sparked by the Wall Street Crash six years before appeared to be over. It was to be swiftly replaced by a constitutional crisis brought about by Edward VIII's desire to marry a twice-divorced American, Wallis Simpson. Baldwin advised Edward that Mrs Simpson would not be accepted as Queen by the public, and that the king could not condone divorce as head of the Church of England. The king proposed a 'morganatic' marriage, whereby Mrs Simpson would become his consort, but not Queen. The government rejected the idea and threatened to resign if the king forced the issue. The story then broke in the press, to general disapproval by the public. Rather than break the engagement, Edward abdicated on 11 December 1936. Credited with saving the monarchy, Baldwin is also condemned for failing to begin re-arming when it became clear that Nazi Germany was building up its armed forces.
Ramsay MacDonald, Labour, 1929 - 1935
MacDonald began his second term at the head of a minority government (one that does not have an outright majority) and with the economy in deep crisis. Britain was still in the grip of the Great Depression and unemployment soon soared to two million. With fewer people able to pay tax, revenues had fallen as demand for unemployment benefits had soared. Unable to meet the deficit, by 1931 it was being proposed that benefits and salaries should be cut. Labour ministers rejected the plan as running counter to their core beliefs. MacDonald went to the king, George V, to proffer his resignation. George suggested MacDonald to try and form a 'national government' or coalition of all the parties. (This is the last recorded direct political intervention by a British monarch.) The National Government was formed, with MacDonald as prime minister, but Stanley Baldwin, leader of the Conservative Party, the de facto 'power behind the throne'. MacDonald is still considered by many in the Labour Party as their worst political traitor.
Stanley Baldwin, Conservative, 1924 - 1929
In May 1926, the Trades Union Congress called for a general walkout in support of a coal miners' protest against threatened wage cuts. It was the first and, to date, only general strike in British history. The strike affected key industries, such as gas, electricity and the railways, but ended after just nine days due to lack of public backing and well-organised emergency measures by Baldwin's government. Far from succeeding in its aims, the General Strike actually led to a decline in trade union membership and the miners ended up accepting longer hours and less pay. It also gave impetus to the 1927 Trade Disputes Act, which curtailed workers' ability to take industrial action. Baldwin's government also extended the vote to women over 21 and passed the Pensions Act, but eventually fell as a result of the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and the Depression that followed.
Ramsay MacDonald, Labour, 1924
In 1924, MacDonald briefly became the first Labour prime minister, ending two centuries of Conservative - Liberal domination of British politics. It was the first party to gain power with the express purpose of representing the voice of the 'working class'. An MP since 1906, MacDonald was respected as a thinker, but criticised by many within his own party as insufficiently radical (despite appointing the first female cabinet minister, Margaret Bondfield, in 1929). His opposition to World War One had made him deeply unpopular and he continually suffered a torrid time at the hands of the press. The publication by two newspapers of the 'Zinoviev letter' did much to damage his chances in the run up to the 1924 election. The letter (which he had seen but decided to keep secret) purported to be from Soviet intelligence and urged British communists to commit acts of sedition. He lost by a wide margin. The letter is now widely accepted to be a fraud.
Stanley Baldwin, Conservative, 1923
During his very brief first term as prime minister, Stanley Baldwin bumped into an old school friend on a train. Asked what he was doing these days, Baldwin replied: 'I am the prime minister.' Having come to power following Andrew Bonar Law's resignation, he called an election in the hope of gaining his own mandate (election by popular vote), but lost.
Andrew Bonar Law, Conservative, 1922 - 1923
Branded the 'unknown prime minister' by his bitter political rival HH Asquith, Canadian-born Bonar Law is principally remembered for a single speech he made in 1922. The Conservatives had been part of a coalition under the Liberal prime minister, David Lloyd George, since 1916. Many were considering joining Lloyd George permanently, but Bonar Law's speech changed their minds. Instead, the Conservatives withdrew from the coalition and Lloyd George was forced to resign. The king, George V, asked Bonar Law to form a new government. Reluctantly he accepted, despite still grieving two sons killed in World War One and - as it turned out - dying of throat cancer. He held office for 209 days before resigning due to ill health. He died six months later and was buried at Westminster Abbey, upon which Asquith commented: 'It is fitting that we should have buried the Unknown Prime Minister by the side of the Unknown Warrior.'
David Lloyd George, Liberal, 1916 - 1922
Lloyd George guided Britain to victory in World War One and presided over the legislation that gave women the vote in 1918, but he is remembered as much for his private life as his public achievements. Nicknamed the 'Welsh Wizard', he was also less kindly known as 'The Goat' - a reference to his countless affairs. (Scandalously, he lived with his mistress and illegitimate daughter in London while his wife and other children lived in Wales.) The first 'working class' prime minister, Lloyd George had risen to prominence by solving the shortage of munitions on the Western Front. It was his desire to get to grips with the requirements of 'total war' that led to his split with then Liberal Prime Minister HH Asquith. It also brought him closer to the Conservatives, with whom he formed a new coalition government when Asquith resigned. That coalition would disintegrate six years later in the midst of a scandal. Serious allegations were made that peerages had been sold for as much as £40,000. (One list even included John Drughorn, who had been convicted for trading with the enemy in 1915.) Lloyd George resigned in October 1922.
HH Asquith, Liberal, 1908 - 1916
Asquith's government had shown great longevity, but disintegrated in the face of the unequalled disasters of the Somme and Gallipoli. With World War One going badly, fellow Liberal David Lloyd George had seized his chance and ousted Asquith. But in the preceding eight years, the two politicians had together overseen one of the greatest constitutional upheavals of the 20th Century and ushered in some of the predecessors of the Welfare State. Old Age Pensions were introduced and Unemployment Exchanges (job centres) were set up by then Liberal minister Winston Churchill. But when Lloyd George attempted to introduce a budget with land and income taxes disadvantageous to the 'propertied' classes, it was thrown out by the House of Lords. Lloyd George branded the Lords 'Mr Balfour's poodle' (a reference to Conservative leader AJ Balfour's supposed control over the peers). The stand-off resulted in two general elections during 1910, the second of which the Liberals won with a 'peers against the people' campaign slogan. The budget was passed and, in 1911, the Parliament Act became law. The Act stated that the Lords could only veto a Commons bill twice, and instituted five-yearly general elections.
Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Liberal, 1905 - 1908
Arthur James Balfour, Conservative, 1902 - 1905
The nephew of the Marquess of Salisbury, Balfour had none of his uncle's political skills despite a long period of mentoring. He was instead something of a philosopher, publishing several weighty books, including 'A Defence of Philosophic Doubt', 'The Foundations of Belief', and 'Theism and Humanism'. Following a cabinet split Balfour resigned, gambling that the Liberals would be unable to form a government and that he would be returned to power. He was wrong.
Marquess of Salisbury, 1895 - 1902, Conservative
Salisbury came to power for the third and final time when the weak Liberal government of the Earl of Rosebery fell. The political climate was one of rising resentment among the lower and middle classes, who demanded better conditions, social reforms and proper political representation. Bitterly divided, the Liberals would nonetheless experience a revival as they sought reforms of the squalid, disease-ridden British 'concentration camps' used in the Boer War. But it was the founding of the Labour Representation Committee (LRC) on 27 February 1900 that signalled a quiet, yet highly significant sea-change in British politics. This coalition of socialist groups would win two seats in the 1900 general election and 29 seats in 1906. Later that same year, the LRC changed its name to the Labour Party. Despite failing health, Salisbury agreed to stay on to help Edward VII manage the transition following the death of his mother, Queen Victoria. He resigned in favour of his nephew, AJ Balfour, in the first months of the new King's reign. (Notably, he was the last serving prime minister to sit in the Lords.)
Earl of Rosebery, Liberal, 1894 - 1895
Rosebury reluctantly became prime minister on the insistence of Queen Victoria, despite still mourning the loss of his wife. Desperate to have a minister she actually liked, Victoria had taken the unusual step of not consulting the outgoing PM, William Gladstone, about his successor. Rosebery, who always loved horseracing more than the 'evil smelling bog' of politics, was gratefully allowed to resign a year later. Notably, he is the only prime minister to have produced not one, but three Derby winners, in 1894, 1895 and 1905. (Despite his aversion to politics, Rosebery was no stranger to scandal. The Prince of Wales had reputedly once intervened to prevent him from being horsewhipped by the Marquess of Queensbury, with whose son Rosebery was believed to be having an affair. Queensbury's other son was Lord Alfred Douglas, Oscar Wilde's lover.)
William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1892 - 1894
Gladstone's fourth term as prime minister was completely overshadowed by his insistence on introducing a third bill on the subject of 'Home Rule' for Ireland. The Conservative-dominated House of Lords threw the bill out and generally obstructed Liberal attempts to pass legislation. With his cabinet split and his health failing, the 'Grand Old Man' stepped down for the last time. The public was, in any case, exhausted with Home Rule and instead wanted reforms to working conditions and electoral practices. (Meanwhile, out on the political fringe, the Independent Labour Party had been set up under Keir Hardie to represent the working class and 'secure the collective ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange'. Leading figures in the party included George Bernard Shaw and Ramsay MacDonald.)
Marquess of Salisbury, Conservative, 1886 - 1892
William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1886
Gladstone came to power for the third time with 'Home Rule' (devolution) for Ireland still the dominant issue. A bitter election battle had seen the Conservative government fall after Irish Nationalist members of parliament sided with the Liberals to defeat them. Instead, the Liberals formed a government in coalition with the Irish Nationalists and Gladstone tried to push through his second attempt at a Home Rule bill. The bill split the Liberals and Gladstone resigned. He lost the general election when the 'Liberal Unionists' - those who wanted Ireland to be ruled from Westminster - broke away from Gladstone's Liberals to fight the next election as a separate party. Most Liberal Unionists were of the 'Whig' or propertied faction of the party, which meant that when they went, they took most of the money with them.
Marquess of Salisbury, Conservative, 1885 - 1886
William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1880 - 1885
Having failed to force Gladstone to serve under Lord Hartington, Queen Victoria reluctantly accepted 'that half-mad firebrand' as prime minister for the second time. He had only lately returned to politics from retirement after his so-called 'Midlothian Campaign', in which he spoke to large crowds - a practice considered by polite Victorian society to be 'undignified'. His campaign did much to discredit Disraeli's government and had clearly struck a chord with a public eager for social and electoral reform. The Ballot Act in 1872 had instituted secret ballots for local and general elections. Now came the Corrupt Practices Act, which set maximum election expenses, and the Reform and Redistribution Act, which effectively extended voting qualifications to another six million men. There were other burning issues. The United States had just overtaken Britain as the world's largest industrialised economy, and 'Home Rule' (devolution) for Ireland continued to dominate. In seeking support for Home Rule, James Parnell's Irish Nationalists sided with the Conservatives to defeat a Liberal budget measure. Gladstone resigned and was replaced by the 'caretaker government' of the Marquess of Salisbury.
Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative, 1874 - 1880
After a brief taste of power in 1868, it had taken Disraeli six years to become prime minister again. He wasted no time in bringing about the social reforms he had envisaged in the 1840s as a member of the radical Young England group. His Acts included measures to provide suitable housing and sewerage, to protect the quality of food, to improve workers rights (including the Climbing Boys Act which banned the use of juveniles as chimney sweeps) and to implement basic standards of education. In 1876, Disraeli was made the Earl of Beaconsfield, but continued to run the government from the Lords. He persuaded Queen Victoria to take the title 'Empress of India' in 1877 and scored a diplomatic success in limiting Russian influence in the Balkans at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. He retired in 1880, hoping to spend his remaining years adding more novels to his already impressive bibliography, but died just one year later.
William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1868 - 1874
Upon taking office for the first time Gladstone declared it his 'mission' to 'pacify Ireland' - a prize that was always to elude him. Nonetheless, Gladstone was to become the dominant Liberal politician of the late 19th Century, serving as prime minister four times despite earning Queen Victoria's antipathy early in his career. (She famously complained that 'he always addresses me as if I were a public meeting'.) He had started his career as an ultra-conservative Tory, but would end it as a dedicated political reformer who did much to establish the Liberal Party's association with issues of freedom and justice. But Gladstone also had his idiosyncrasies. He made a regular habit of going to brothels and often brought prostitutes back to 10 Downing Street. In an era when politicians' private lives were very private, his embarrassed colleagues nonetheless felt it necessary to explain his behaviour as 'rescue work' to save 'fallen women'.
Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative, 1868
On being asked to become prime minister following the resignation of the Earl of Derby, Disraeli announced: 'I have reached the top of the greasy pole'. He immediately struck up an excellent rapport with Queen Victoria, who approved of his imperialist ambitions and his belief that Britain should be the most powerful nation in the world. Unhappily for the Queen, Disraeli's first term ended almost immediately with an election victory for the Liberals. Despite serving as an MP since 1837 and twice being Chancellor of the Exchequer, Disraeli's journey to the top was not without scandal. In 1835, he was forced to apologise in court after being accused of bribing voters in Maidstone. He also accrued enormous debts in his twenties through speculation on the stock exchange. Disraeli suffered a nervous breakdown as a result, but eventually paid off his creditors by marrying a rich widow, Mary Anne Wyndam Lewis, in 1839.
Earl of Derby, Conservative, 1866 - 1868
The introduction of the 1867 Reform Act made Derby's third term as prime minister a major step in the true democratisation of Britain. The Act extended the vote to all adult male householders (and lodgers paying £10 rental or more, resident for a year or more) living in a borough constituency. Simply put, it created more than 1.5 million new voters. Versions of the Reform Act had been under serious discussion since 1860, but had always foundered on Conservative fears. Many considered it a 'revolutionary' move that would create a majority of 'working class' voters for the first time. In proposing the Reform Act, Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative Leader of the House of Commons, had warned his colleagues that they would be labelled the 'anti-reform' party if they continued to resist. The legislation was passed, and also received the backing of the Liberals under their new leader, William Gladstone.
Earl Russell, Whig, 1865 - 1866
Viscount Palmerston, Liberal, 1859 - 1865
Earl of Derby, Conservative, 1858 - 1859
The property qualification - the requirement that a man must own property in order to stand as a member of parliament - was finally abolished during Derby's second term as prime minister. It meant that members of parliament (MPs) were no longer drawn exclusively from the 'propertied' classes and could realistically be 'working class'. This fulfilled one of the six conditions set out by the Chartists - supporters of the Third Chartist Petition, written in 1838. It demanded universal male suffrage (votes for all adult men), secret ballots (rather than traditional open ballots), annual parliamentary elections, equal electoral districts (some had less than 500 voters, while others had many thousands), the abolition of a property qualification for MPs, and payment for MPs (which would allow non-independently wealthy men to sit in parliament).
Viscount Palmerston, Liberal , 1855 - 1858
Earl of Aberdeen, Tory, 1852 - 1855
It was something of a cruel irony that Aberdeen came to be blamed for blundering into the dreadful Crimean War. As plain George Hamilton Gordon he had made a successful career as a diplomat and had done much to normalise Britain's relationships with its powerful neighbours. Vivid reports from the front by WH Russel of the Times have since led to the Crimean being styled the first 'media war'. His reports publicised the squalor and disease that were claiming more soldiers' lives than the fighting, and inspired Florence Nightingale to volunteer and take the first 38 nurses out to treat the wounded. In 1855, Aberdeen conceded to his critics and resigned.
Earl of Derby, Conservative, 1852
Earl Russell, Whig, 1846 - 1851
Confronted by the Irish Potato Famine, declining trade and rising unemployment, Russell still managed to push through trade liberalisation measures and limits on women's working hours. A dedicated reformer, he nonetheless presided over the rejection of the Third Chartist Petition. Set out 1838, it demanded universal male suffrage (votes for all adult men), secret ballots (rather than traditional open ballots), annual parliamentary elections, equal electoral districts (some had less than 500 voters, while others had many thousands), the abolition of a property qualification for members of parliament (MPs), and payment for MPs (which would allow non-independently wealthy men to sit in parliament). Already rejected once by parliament in 1839, the petition had gathered 5 million signatures by 1848. Presented to parliament a second time, it was again rejected. The Chartist movement slowly petered out, even as revolutions blazed across Europe, but many of its aims were eventually realised.
Sir Robert Peel, Tory, 1841 - 1846
Peel's second term as prime minister was nothing short of tumultuous. Economic depression, rising deficits, Chartist agitation, famine in Ireland and Anti-Corn League protests crowded in. A raft of legislation was created to stabilise the economy and improve working conditions. The Factory Act regulated work hours (and banned children under eight from the workplace), the Railway Act provided for cheap, regular train services, the Bank Charter Act capped the number of notes the Bank of England could issue and the Mines Act prevented women and children from working underground. But a failed harvest in 1845 provided Peel with his greatest challenge. There was an increasing clamour for repeal of the Corn Laws, which forbade the import of cheap grain from overseas. Powerful vested interests in the Tory Party opposed such a move, but in the end Peel confronted them and called for repeal. After nearly six months of debate, and with the Tories split in two, the Corn Laws were finally repealed. Defeated on a separate issue, Peel resigned the same day, but was cheered by crowds as he left the Commons. (The 'Peelite' faction of the Tories is widely recognised as the foundation of the modern Conservative.)
Viscount Melbourne, Whig, 1835 - 1841
Sir Robert Peel, Tory, 1834 - 1835
Invited by William IV to form a new government, Peel immediately called a general election to strengthen his party. Campaigning on his so-called 'Tamworth Manifesto', Peel promised a respectful approach to traditional politics, combined with measured, controlled reform. He thereby signalled a significant shift from staunch, reactionary 'Tory' to progressive 'Conservative' politics. Crucially, he pledged to accept the 1832 Reform Act, which had recently increased the number of people eligible to vote. Peel won the election, but only narrowly. He resigned the following year after several parliamentary defeats. (Peel is probably best remembered for creating the Metropolitan Police in 1829 while Home Secretary in the Duke of Wellington's first government. The nickname 'bobbies' for policemen is derived from his first name.)
Duke of Wellington, Tory, 1834
Viscount Melbourne, Whig, 1834
In a bid to repress trade unions, Melbourne's government introduced legislation against 'illegal oaths'. As a result, the Grand National Consolidated Trades' Union failed. In March of the same year, six labourers were transported to Australia for seven years for attempting to provide a fund for workers in need. They became known as the 'Tolpuddle Martyrs'. Melbourne himself was notoriously laid back. When first asked to become prime minister he declared it 'a damned bore'. Having accepted, he would often refuse to allow his cabinet colleagues to leave the room, insisting 'I'm damned if I know what we agreed on. We must all say the same thing.'
Earl Grey, Whig, 1830 - 1834
In June 1832, the Reform Act finally passed into law after 15 torrid months of debate. It extended the vote to just 7% of the adult male population, based on a series of lowered property qualifications. Introduced in March 1831, the bill scraped through the Commons by a single vote, but was thrown out at the committee stage (when the bill is debated in detail - sometimes called the 'second reading'). Parliament was dissolved and the general election was fought on the single issue of the Reform Act - an unprecedented event in British political history. The Whigs won the election and passed the bill, but the House of Lords (with a majority of Tories) threw it out, sparking riots and civil disobedience across the country. With the spectre of France's bloody revolution clearly in mind, William IV eventually agreed to create 50 Whig peers to redress the balance in the Lords if the bill was rejected again. The Lords conceded and the Act was finally passed into law. After all his efforts, Earl Grey is principally remembered for giving his name to a fragrant blend of tea.
Duke of Wellington, Tory, 1828 - 1830
Wellington's first term in office was dominated by the thorny subject of Catholic emancipation. Catholics were permitted to vote, but were not allowed to sit as members of parliament (MPs) and had restrictions on the property they could own. Initially, the 'Iron Duke' was staunchly in favour of the status quo, but soon came to realise that emancipation might be the only way to end conflict arising from the Act of Union between Britain and Ireland in 1801. He became such an advocate that he even fought a duel with the 10th Earl of Winchilsea over the issue. The Earl had accused him of plotting the downfall of the 'Protestant constitution', but then backed down and apologised. They still had to go through the ritual of the duel at Battersea Fields, with both men deliberately firing high and wide. Wellington eventually drove the legislation through, opening the way for Catholic MPs.
Viscount Goderich, Tory, 1827 - 1828
George Canning, Tory, 1827
Canning finally became prime minister after a long career in politics, only to die of pneumonia 119 days later. He had famously fought a duel in 1809 with his bitterest political rival, Lord Castlereagh, and was shot in the thigh. Castlereagh committed suicide with a penknife in 1822, after becoming depressed about his falling popularity.
Earl of Liverpool, Tory, 1812 - 1827
Liverpool is the second longest serving prime minister in British history (after Robert Walpole), winning four general elections and clinging on to power despite a massive stroke that incapacitated him for his last two years in office. Liverpool became PM at a time when Britain was emerging from the Napoleonic Wars and the first rumblings of 'working class' unrest were just beginning to be felt. Staunchly undemocratic in his outlook, Liverpool suppressed efforts to give the wider populace a voice. He was unrepentant when, in 1819, troops fired on a pro-reform mass meeting at St Peter's Fields in Manchester, killing eleven - the so-called 'Peterloo Massacre'. Trade unions were legalised by the 1825 Combination Act, but were so narrowly defined that members were forced to bargain over wages and conditions amid a minefield of heavy penalties for transgressions. (Liverpool's one concession to popular sentiment was in the trial of Queen Caroline on trumped up adultery charges. The legal victimisation of George IV's estranged wife, who was tried in parliament in 1820, brought her mass sympathy. Mindful not to provoke the mob in the wake of Peterloo, the charges were eventually dropped.)
Spencer Perceval, Tory, 1809 - 1812
Perceval bears a dubious distinction as the only British prime minister to be assassinated. As chancellor of the exchequer he moved in to 10 Downing Street in 1807, before rising to the office of prime minister two years later. His 12 young children - some born while he was in office - also lived in the PM's crowded residence. Against expectations, he had skilfully kept his government afloat for three years despite a severe economic downturn and continuing war with Napoleon. He was shot dead in the lobby of the House of Commons on 11 May 1812 by a merchant called John Bellingham who was seeking government compensation for his business debts. Perceval's body lay in 10 Downing Street for five days before burial. Bellingham gave himself up immediately. Tried for murder, he was found guilty and hanged a week later.
Duke of Portland, Tory, 1807 - 1809
Lord Grenville, Whig, 1806 - 1807
William Pitt 'the Younger', Tory, 1804 - 1806
Faced by a fresh invasion threat from Napoleon, George III once again turned to Pitt. A shadow of his former self due to failing health and suspected alcoholism, Pitt nonetheless accepted. He made alliances with Napoleon's continental rivals - Russia, Austria and Sweden - then, in 1805, Admiral Lord Nelson shattered French invasion hopes at the Battle of Trafalgar. Pitt did not have long to savour victory before Napoleon defeated both Russia and Austria to stand astride the whole of Europe. Heartsick, utterly exhausted, penniless and unmarried, Pitt died on 23 January 1806 at the age of 46.
Henry Addington, Tory, 1801 - 1804
Addington secured the Peace of Amiens with France in 1802, but would see Britain plunge into war with Napoleon again just two years later. He also passed the first Factory Act into law. The Act was the earliest attempt to reform working conditions in factories. It set a maximum 12 hour working day for children and addressed issues like proper ventilation, basic education and sleeping conditions. (Notably, his government also awarded Edward Jenner £10,000 to continue his pioneering work on a vaccine for smallpox.) But he was generally poorly regarded, prompting the satirical rhyme 'Pitt is to Addington, as London is to Paddington' - a reference to his distinguished predecessor as prime minister, William Pitt.
William Pitt 'the Younger', Tory, 1783-1801
Pitt 'the Younger' was the youngest prime minister in British history, taking office at the tender age of just 24. But his youth did not seem to disadvantage him as he threw himself into the manifold problems of government, holding on to the top office for 17 years - fifteen years longer than his father, Pitt 'the Elder'. His first priority was to reduce the National Debt, which had doubled with the loss of the American colonies in 1783. George III's mental illness then threw up the spectre of a constitutional crisis, with the transfer of sovereignty to the erratic Prince of Wales only narrowly averted by the king's recovery. Further threats to the monarchy emanated from across the Channel, with the bloody French Revolution of 1789 and subsequent war with France in 1793. War increased taxes and caused food shortages, damaging Pitt's popularity to the extent that he employed bodyguards out of fear for his safety. In a bid to resolve at least one intractable conflict, he pushed through the Act of Union with Ireland in 1800, but the related Emancipation of Catholics Bill was rejected by the king a year later. Having lost George III's confidence, Pitt was left with no option but to resign.
Duke of Portland, Tory, 1783
Earl Shelburne, Whig, 1782 - 1783
Marquess of Rockingham, Whig, 1782
Lord North, Tory, 1770 - 1782
North is chiefly somewhat unfairly remembered as the prime minister who lost the American colonies. Groomed by George III to lead his parliamentary supporters, North was fiercely loyal to his king, whose policy it had been to 'punish' the American colonials. The American War of Independence, reluctantly entered into by both sides, had been prosecuted at the king's behest in retaliation for their refusal to pay more towards their own defence. As hostilities progressed, North's blundering and indecision worsened an already difficult situation, and by 1782 it was clear that the outcome was likely to be a disaster. He begged George III to be allowed to resign, but the king refused to release him until the war was over. North has since become the yardstick for prime ministerial mediocrity, with later PMs being criticised as 'the worst since Lord North'.
Duke of Grafton, Whig, 1768 - 1770
An unremarkable prime minister, Grafton had a quite remarkable appetite for extra-marital affairs and openly kept several mistresses. He scandalised polite society in 1764 by leaving his wife and going to live with his mistress, Anne Parsons, also known as 'Mrs Houghton'. (Horace Walpole referred to her derisively as 'everybody's Mrs Houghton'.) Popular opinion had disapproved of Grafton's behaviour, until his wife did something even more shocking. She eloped with the Earl of Upper Ossory and had a child by him. Grafton divorced her in 1769, then abandoned Mrs Houghton and married Elizabeth Wrottesley, with whom he had 13 children. The Mrs Houghton ended up marrying the king's brother. This unsuitable union gave impetus to the Royal Marriages Act of 1772, which decreed that the monarch had to give permission for all royal weddings.
Earl of Chatham, Pitt 'The Elder', Whig, 1766 - 1768
Pitt 'the Elder' is widely credited as the man who built the British Empire, although much of this was done in the role of secretary of state under the governments of the Duke of Newcastle. He chose his fights carefully, conducting military campaigns where conditions were best suited to British merchants. Pitt added India, West Africa, the West Indies and the American colonies to Britain's overseas possessions, and was persistently belligerent towards colonial rivals like France and Spain. His relentless imperialism kept the merchants happy but infuriated men like Newcastle who counted the financial cost of his wars. Pitt was a superb public speaker and a master of the devastating put-down, but his career was dogged with recurrent mental illness and gout. Ironically, it was during his term as prime minister that he was at his least effective, often struggling to build support. He collapsed in the House of Lords in October 1768 and died four days later. (Pitt was the MP for a 'burgage borough' - an empty piece of land with no-one living on it. His constituency, Old Sarum, was a mound in Wiltshire. On polling day, seven voters met in a tent to cast their votes.)
Marquess of Rockingham, Whig, 1765 - 1766
George Grenville, Whig, 1763 - 1765
Grenville is one of the few prime ministers to have been sacked by the monarch. He was fired after a row with George III over who should rule in his place if his mental health continued to deteriorate.
Earl of Bute, Tory, 1762 - 1763
Bute was one of Britain's more unpopular prime ministers. Things came to a head when he failed to lower the taxes he had raised to fight France in the American colonies. Rioting erupted, his effigies were burnt and the windows in his house were smashed. Bute was generally disliked by colleagues and public, and was lampooned for his 'fine pair of legs', of which he was reputed to be extremely proud. His close relationship with the Prince of Wales's widow, the Dowager Princess Augusta, was also the subject of much scurrilous gossip. The nickname 'Sir Pertinax MacSycophant' was a contemptuous reference to the Roman Emperor Publius Helvius Pertinax, who was murdered three months after his meteoric assent by his own bodyguard. Unable to muster support in parliament, Bute resigned in 1763.
Duke of Newcastle, Whig, 1757 - 1762
Newcastle healed his rift with Pitt 'the Elder' by inviting him to serve in his government as secretary of state. Effectively a power-sharing coalition of two powerful men, the relationship gave birth to the British Empire. Their government eventually fell as a result of the new king, George III's hostility to Pitt, who had sought to restrict the influence of the monarch in political matters.
Duke of Devonshire, Whig, 1756-1757
Duke of Newcastle, Whig, 1754 - 1756
Newcastle became PM after his brother, Henry Pelham, died in office. It is the only instance of two brothers serving as prime minister. Newcastle enraged Pitt 'the Elder' by refusing to promote him in the new government, then compounded the insult by sacking him.
Henry Pelham, Whig, 1743 - 1754
Earl of Wilmington, Whig, 1742 - 1743
Sir Robert Walpole, Whig, 1721 - 1742
Walpole is widely acknowledged as the first prime minister, although he never actually held the title. He was also the longest serving, lasting 21 years. But Walpole's first stint in government, as secretary of war, had ended inauspiciously with a six month spell in the Tower of London for receiving an illegal payment. Undeterred, he rose to power again on the back of a collapsed financial scheme in which many prominent individuals had invested. Walpole had the foresight (or luck) to get out early, and as a result was credited with great financial acumen. George I invited him to become chancellor and gave him the powers that came to be associated with the office of prime minister. His owed his longevity in office (and the incredible wealth he accumulated) to a combination of great personal charm, enduring popularity, sharp practice and startling sycophancy. The accession of George II saw him temporarily eclipsed, but he worked hard to win over the new monarch. He was rewarded with both the new King's trust and 10 Downing Street, which remains the official residence of the prime minister to this day. Walpole was eventually brought down by an election loss at Chippenham and died just three years later.
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On This Day
Prime Ministers and Politics Timeline
Do you know which prime minister brought 'fallen women' to 10 Downing Street? Or which one fought a duel? Or who was known as 'the Goat'?
Take a political journey through nearly 300 years of high ideals and low cunning, from Gordon Brown to the first man to hold prime ministerial powers, Robert Walpole.
Margaret Thatcher
Conservative, 1979 - 1990
Britain's first female prime minister came to power with the country descending into industrial and economic chaos. A relatively inexperienced politician, she nonetheless adopted a personal style of indomitable self-confidence and brooked no weakness in herself or her colleagues. Derisively dubbed the 'Iron Lady' by the Soviet press, she wore the moniker with pride. Her government's free-market policies included trade liberalisation, deregulation, sweeping privatisation, breaking the power of the unions, focus on the individual and the creation of an 'enterprise culture'. 'Thatcherism' has had a profound and lasting economic and social impact on Britain, and still sharply divides opinion to this day. The first PM to serve three consecutive terms (including two 'landslide' victories) she was eventually toppled by her own party following the disastrous imposition of a 'poll tax'. Nonetheless, she is generally considered to be one of the best peace time prime ministers of the 20th Century.
James Callaghan
Labour, 1976 - 1979
Callaghan inherited the office of prime minister following the surprise resignation of Harold Wilson. With only a tiny parliamentary majority to support him, he faced an increasingly one-sided confrontation with organised labour in the form of rampant strike action. Things came to a head in the so-called 'Winter of Discontent', a phrase from Shakespeare borrowed by Callaghan himself to describe the events leading up to February 1979. Britain was 'strikebound', with public servants staging mass walk outs, leaving food and fuel supplies undelivered, rubbish uncollected and - most notoriously - bodies unburied. Things became so bad in Hull it was dubbed 'the second Stalingrad'. The tabloid press has since been accused of overstating the severity of the situation (and wrongly quoting him as saying 'Crisis? What Crisis?') but it was enough at the time to sound the death knell for Callaghan's government later in the same year.
Harold Wilson
Labour, 1974 - 1976
In March 1974, Wilson became prime minister for the third time at the head of a minority government, following the first hung parliament (one where no party holds a majority) for 45 years. Often described as a wily fixer and negotiator, it took all of his skills to hold on to power in the face of economic and industrial turmoil. His party was also sharply divided, with many Labour members of parliament (MPs) bitter about Wilson's manoeuvring against his colleagues. He called another general election in October 1974, thereby ending the shortest parliament since 1681, and was returned to office with a majority of just three seats. He presided over a referendum on Britain's membership of the European Economic Community (EEC), and a collapse in the value of the pound which prompted a humiliating 'rescue operation' by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Exhausted, Wilson resigned saying 'politicians should not go on and on'.
Edward Heath
Conservative, 1970 - 1974
Heath succeeded in taking Britain into the European Economic Community (EEC), the precursor to the European Union, despite two previous failed attempts by Britain to gain entry, in 1961 and 1967. But his government was dogged by torrid industrial relations and recurrent economic crises. Things came to a head in January 1974, when industry was put on a 'three-day week' to conserve fuel. Fuel was in dangerously short supply following a combination of domestic industrial action (coal miners on 'work-to-rule') and a quadrupling of prices by Middle Eastern oil exporting nations in the wake of Israel's victory in the Yom Kippur War. In March 1974, Heath called a general election on the question of 'who governs Britain?' - the unions, or the elected representatives of the people. To his surprise the result was a hung parliament (one where no party holds a majority) and he was ousted.
Harold Wilson
Labour, 1964 - 1970
In 1964, 'Good old Mr Wilson' - an avuncular, pipe-smoking figure - came to power amid much excitement and optimism. He had promised a 'new Britain' forged in 'the white heat of a second industrial revolution'. In reality, his administration never escaped from a cycle of economic crises, vainly battling against further devaluations of the pound. Wilson won a second general election in 1966 (the year England lifted the football World Cup) making him the first Labour PM to serve consecutive terms. In 1967, the government failed in its application for membership of the European Economic Community (EEC) and was also finally forced to devalue sterling. The electorate became disillusioned with Wilson, who lost narrowly to the Conservatives in the 1970 election.
Sir Alec Douglas-Home, Conservative, 1963 - 1964
In 1963, a change in the law allowed hereditary peers to disclaim (or 'drop') their titles, which in turn meant they were able to become members of parliament (MPs). The only peer ever to do so and become prime minister was Douglas-Home, formerly the 14th Earl of Home, who assumed the office when Harold Macmillan retired due to ill health. He was the first prime minister in the post-war period not to win his own mandate (be elected or re-elected by popular vote).
Harold Macmillan, Conservative, 1957 - 1963
Macmillan came to power at a time when Britain was confronting its loss of world-power status and facing mounting economic troubles. Nonetheless, he successfully associated the Conservatives with a new age of affluence and the burgeoning consumer revolution. But his oft-quoted assurance 'You've never had it so good' actually finishes 'What is beginning to worry some of us is, is it too good to be true?'. His government is principally remembered for the so-called 'Profumo Affair', a sex scandal that erupted in 1963 and contributed to the Conservatives' defeat at the general election the following year. Secretary of State for War John Profumo had been having an affair with a showgirl who was also seeing the Soviet naval attaché to London - a serious transgression at the height of the Cold War. After lying to the House of Commons, Profumo admitted the truth in June 1963 and resigned in disgrace. Macmillan resigned due to ill health in October the same year.
Sir Anthony Eden, Conservative, 1955 - 1957
When Sir Winston Churchill retired due to ill health, Eden took over as prime minister. Many years before, Churchill had anointed Eden as his successor, but later acknowledged he had made 'a great mistake'. His opinion was born out as the new PM blundered into the Suez Crisis. Following Egypt's decision to nationalise the Suez canal, Britain (the principal shareholder), France and Israel invaded in October 1956 to near-universal condemnation and the threat of nuclear strikes by the Soviet Union. Within a week, Britain was forced into an embarrassing climb-down. Humiliated and in ill-health, Eden left the country for a holiday at the Jamaican home of James Bond author, Ian Fleming. He returned in mid-December to the sarcastic newspaper headline: 'Prime Minister Visits Britain'. He resigned on 9 January 1957.
Sir Winston Churchill, Conservative, 1951 - 1955
Churchill's desire to return to power, despite his assured place in history, had much to do with his belligerent refusal to accept that the British public had rejected him in 1945. Now the electorate was seeking to put behind it the hardships and privations of the post-war years under Clement Atlee and return to a more traditional idea of society - so-called 'housing and red meat' issues. Churchill tried - and failed - to recreate the dynamism of his wartime administration, and he struggled to adjust to the political realities of the Cold War, preferring direct action and personal diplomacy to proxy wars and cabinet consensus. His refusal to retire, despite suffering a stroke, caused mounting frustrations among his colleagues. At the age of 80, he finally conceded to his failing health and stepped down, although he continued to serve as an MP.
Clement Attlee, Labour, 1945 - 1951
World War Two had sharply exposed the imbalances in Britain's social, economic and political structures. For a population that had sacrificed so much, a return to the pre-war status quo was simply not an option. In 1942, a report by Sir William Beveridge, chairman of a Ministry of Health committee, had advocated a system of national insurance, comprehensive welfare for all and strategies to maintain full employment. The 'Beveridge Report' formed the basis of Labour pledges in the 1945 election and resulted in a landslide victory. Attlee's government successfully harnessed the wartime sense of unity to create the National Health Service, a national insurance scheme, a huge programme of nationalisation (including the Bank of England and most heavy industries) and a massive building programme. He also made Britain a nuclear-armed power. These sweeping reforms resulted in a parliamentary consensus on key social and economic policies that would last until 1979. But by 1951, a row over plans to charge for spectacles and false teeth had split the cabinet. Party disunity and a struggling economy contributed to Attlee - cruelly dubbed by Churchill 'a modest man with much to be modest about' - losing the next election.
Winston Churchill, Conservative, 1940 - 1945
By the time Churchill was asked to lead the coalition government in 1940, he had already enjoyed colourful and controversial careers as a journalist, soldier and politician. He had twice 'crossed the floor' of the House of Commons, the first time defecting from Conservative to Liberal and serving as First Lord of the Admiralty during the early years of World War One. Demoted in the wake of the slaughter at Gallipoli, he preferred to resign and take up a commission fighting on the Western Front. Despite standing against the Conservatives in a 1924 by-election, Churchill was welcomed back into the party that same year and served as Chancellor of the Exchequer for five years under Stanley Baldwin. But personal disagreements and his vehement anti-Fascism would lead to nearly a decade in the political wilderness. Following Neville Chamberlain's resignation in 1940, Churchill finally realised his 'destiny' and accepted the office of prime minister. Promising nothing more than 'blood, toil, tears and sweat', he almost single-handedly restored Britain's desire to fight on in adversity. Despite Churchill's enormous personal popularity, by 1945 the electorate no longer wanted a war leader and the Conservatives lost by a landslide.
Neville Chamberlain, Conservative, 1937 - 1940
Rarely has the hyperbole of politicians been as resoundingly exposed as when Neville Chamberlain returned from his 1938 negotiations with Adolf Hitler, brandishing his famous 'piece of paper' and declaring the agreement it represented to be 'peace for our time'. Within a year, Germany had invaded Poland and Britain was plunged into World War Two. With his policy of 'appeasement' towards Hitler utterly bankrupted, Chamberlain resigned in 1940. He was replaced by Winston Churchill. When the issue of honours was discussed, he stated that he wanted to die 'plain Mr Chamberlain, like my father'. His father, Joseph Chamberlain, was the politician who split the Conservatives in 1903 by pushing for tariffs on imported goods. It was this very issue that convinced Churchill to defect to the Liberals, with whom he first achieved high office. Chamberlain died six months after resigning.
Stanley Baldwin, Conservative, 1935 - 1937
When Baldwin returned to power in 1935, the financial crisis sparked by the Wall Street Crash six years before appeared to be over. It was to be swiftly replaced by a constitutional crisis brought about by Edward VIII's desire to marry a twice-divorced American, Wallis Simpson. Baldwin advised Edward that Mrs Simpson would not be accepted as Queen by the public, and that the king could not condone divorce as head of the Church of England. The king proposed a 'morganatic' marriage, whereby Mrs Simpson would become his consort, but not Queen. The government rejected the idea and threatened to resign if the king forced the issue. The story then broke in the press, to general disapproval by the public. Rather than break the engagement, Edward abdicated on 11 December 1936. Credited with saving the monarchy, Baldwin is also condemned for failing to begin re-arming when it became clear that Nazi Germany was building up its armed forces.
Ramsay MacDonald, Labour, 1929 - 1935
MacDonald began his second term at the head of a minority government (one that does not have an outright majority) and with the economy in deep crisis. Britain was still in the grip of the Great Depression and unemployment soon soared to two million. With fewer people able to pay tax, revenues had fallen as demand for unemployment benefits had soared. Unable to meet the deficit, by 1931 it was being proposed that benefits and salaries should be cut. Labour ministers rejected the plan as running counter to their core beliefs. MacDonald went to the king, George V, to proffer his resignation. George suggested MacDonald to try and form a 'national government' or coalition of all the parties. (This is the last recorded direct political intervention by a British monarch.) The National Government was formed, with MacDonald as prime minister, but Stanley Baldwin, leader of the Conservative Party, the de facto 'power behind the throne'. MacDonald is still considered by many in the Labour Party as their worst political traitor.
Stanley Baldwin, Conservative, 1924 - 1929
In May 1926, the Trades Union Congress called for a general walkout in support of a coal miners' protest against threatened wage cuts. It was the first and, to date, only general strike in British history. The strike affected key industries, such as gas, electricity and the railways, but ended after just nine days due to lack of public backing and well-organised emergency measures by Baldwin's government. Far from succeeding in its aims, the General Strike actually led to a decline in trade union membership and the miners ended up accepting longer hours and less pay. It also gave impetus to the 1927 Trade Disputes Act, which curtailed workers' ability to take industrial action. Baldwin's government also extended the vote to women over 21 and passed the Pensions Act, but eventually fell as a result of the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and the Depression that followed.
Ramsay MacDonald, Labour, 1924
In 1924, MacDonald briefly became the first Labour prime minister, ending two centuries of Conservative - Liberal domination of British politics. It was the first party to gain power with the express purpose of representing the voice of the 'working class'. An MP since 1906, MacDonald was respected as a thinker, but criticised by many within his own party as insufficiently radical (despite appointing the first female cabinet minister, Margaret Bondfield, in 1929). His opposition to World War One had made him deeply unpopular and he continually suffered a torrid time at the hands of the press. The publication by two newspapers of the 'Zinoviev letter' did much to damage his chances in the run up to the 1924 election. The letter (which he had seen but decided to keep secret) purported to be from Soviet intelligence and urged British communists to commit acts of sedition. He lost by a wide margin. The letter is now widely accepted to be a fraud.
Stanley Baldwin, Conservative, 1923
During his very brief first term as prime minister, Stanley Baldwin bumped into an old school friend on a train. Asked what he was doing these days, Baldwin replied: 'I am the prime minister.' Having come to power following Andrew Bonar Law's resignation, he called an election in the hope of gaining his own mandate (election by popular vote), but lost.
Andrew Bonar Law, Conservative, 1922 - 1923
Branded the 'unknown prime minister' by his bitter political rival HH Asquith, Canadian-born Bonar Law is principally remembered for a single speech he made in 1922. The Conservatives had been part of a coalition under the Liberal prime minister, David Lloyd George, since 1916. Many were considering joining Lloyd George permanently, but Bonar Law's speech changed their minds. Instead, the Conservatives withdrew from the coalition and Lloyd George was forced to resign. The king, George V, asked Bonar Law to form a new government. Reluctantly he accepted, despite still grieving two sons killed in World War One and - as it turned out - dying of throat cancer. He held office for 209 days before resigning due to ill health. He died six months later and was buried at Westminster Abbey, upon which Asquith commented: 'It is fitting that we should have buried the Unknown Prime Minister by the side of the Unknown Warrior.'
David Lloyd George, Liberal, 1916 - 1922
Lloyd George guided Britain to victory in World War One and presided over the legislation that gave women the vote in 1918, but he is remembered as much for his private life as his public achievements. Nicknamed the 'Welsh Wizard', he was also less kindly known as 'The Goat' - a reference to his countless affairs. (Scandalously, he lived with his mistress and illegitimate daughter in London while his wife and other children lived in Wales.) The first 'working class' prime minister, Lloyd George had risen to prominence by solving the shortage of munitions on the Western Front. It was his desire to get to grips with the requirements of 'total war' that led to his split with then Liberal Prime Minister HH Asquith. It also brought him closer to the Conservatives, with whom he formed a new coalition government when Asquith resigned. That coalition would disintegrate six years later in the midst of a scandal. Serious allegations were made that peerages had been sold for as much as £40,000. (One list even included John Drughorn, who had been convicted for trading with the enemy in 1915.) Lloyd George resigned in October 1922.
HH Asquith, Liberal, 1908 - 1916
Asquith's government had shown great longevity, but disintegrated in the face of the unequalled disasters of the Somme and Gallipoli. With World War One going badly, fellow Liberal David Lloyd George had seized his chance and ousted Asquith. But in the preceding eight years, the two politicians had together overseen one of the greatest constitutional upheavals of the 20th Century and ushered in some of the predecessors of the Welfare State. Old Age Pensions were introduced and Unemployment Exchanges (job centres) were set up by then Liberal minister Winston Churchill. But when Lloyd George attempted to introduce a budget with land and income taxes disadvantageous to the 'propertied' classes, it was thrown out by the House of Lords. Lloyd George branded the Lords 'Mr Balfour's poodle' (a reference to Conservative leader AJ Balfour's supposed control over the peers). The stand-off resulted in two general elections during 1910, the second of which the Liberals won with a 'peers against the people' campaign slogan. The budget was passed and, in 1911, the Parliament Act became law. The Act stated that the Lords could only veto a Commons bill twice, and instituted five-yearly general elections.
Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Liberal, 1905 - 1908
Arthur James Balfour, Conservative, 1902 - 1905
The nephew of the Marquess of Salisbury, Balfour had none of his uncle's political skills despite a long period of mentoring. He was instead something of a philosopher, publishing several weighty books, including 'A Defence of Philosophic Doubt', 'The Foundations of Belief', and 'Theism and Humanism'. Following a cabinet split Balfour resigned, gambling that the Liberals would be unable to form a government and that he would be returned to power. He was wrong.
Marquess of Salisbury, 1895 - 1902, Conservative
Salisbury came to power for the third and final time when the weak Liberal government of the Earl of Rosebery fell. The political climate was one of rising resentment among the lower and middle classes, who demanded better conditions, social reforms and proper political representation. Bitterly divided, the Liberals would nonetheless experience a revival as they sought reforms of the squalid, disease-ridden British 'concentration camps' used in the Boer War. But it was the founding of the Labour Representation Committee (LRC) on 27 February 1900 that signalled a quiet, yet highly significant sea-change in British politics. This coalition of socialist groups would win two seats in the 1900 general election and 29 seats in 1906. Later that same year, the LRC changed its name to the Labour Party. Despite failing health, Salisbury agreed to stay on to help Edward VII manage the transition following the death of his mother, Queen Victoria. He resigned in favour of his nephew, AJ Balfour, in the first months of the new King's reign. (Notably, he was the last serving prime minister to sit in the Lords.)
Earl of Rosebery, Liberal, 1894 - 1895
Rosebury reluctantly became prime minister on the insistence of Queen Victoria, despite still mourning the loss of his wife. Desperate to have a minister she actually liked, Victoria had taken the unusual step of not consulting the outgoing PM, William Gladstone, about his successor. Rosebery, who always loved horseracing more than the 'evil smelling bog' of politics, was gratefully allowed to resign a year later. Notably, he is the only prime minister to have produced not one, but three Derby winners, in 1894, 1895 and 1905. (Despite his aversion to politics, Rosebery was no stranger to scandal. The Prince of Wales had reputedly once intervened to prevent him from being horsewhipped by the Marquess of Queensbury, with whose son Rosebery was believed to be having an affair. Queensbury's other son was Lord Alfred Douglas, Oscar Wilde's lover.)
William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1892 - 1894
Gladstone's fourth term as prime minister was completely overshadowed by his insistence on introducing a third bill on the subject of 'Home Rule' for Ireland. The Conservative-dominated House of Lords threw the bill out and generally obstructed Liberal attempts to pass legislation. With his cabinet split and his health failing, the 'Grand Old Man' stepped down for the last time. The public was, in any case, exhausted with Home Rule and instead wanted reforms to working conditions and electoral practices. (Meanwhile, out on the political fringe, the Independent Labour Party had been set up under Keir Hardie to represent the working class and 'secure the collective ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange'. Leading figures in the party included George Bernard Shaw and Ramsay MacDonald.)
Marquess of Salisbury, Conservative, 1886 - 1892
William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1886
Gladstone came to power for the third time with 'Home Rule' (devolution) for Ireland still the dominant issue. A bitter election battle had seen the Conservative government fall after Irish Nationalist members of parliament sided with the Liberals to defeat them. Instead, the Liberals formed a government in coalition with the Irish Nationalists and Gladstone tried to push through his second attempt at a Home Rule bill. The bill split the Liberals and Gladstone resigned. He lost the general election when the 'Liberal Unionists' - those who wanted Ireland to be ruled from Westminster - broke away from Gladstone's Liberals to fight the next election as a separate party. Most Liberal Unionists were of the 'Whig' or propertied faction of the party, which meant that when they went, they took most of the money with them.
Marquess of Salisbury, Conservative, 1885 - 1886
William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1880 - 1885
Having failed to force Gladstone to serve under Lord Hartington, Queen Victoria reluctantly accepted 'that half-mad firebrand' as prime minister for the second time. He had only lately returned to politics from retirement after his so-called 'Midlothian Campaign', in which he spoke to large crowds - a practice considered by polite Victorian society to be 'undignified'. His campaign did much to discredit Disraeli's government and had clearly struck a chord with a public eager for social and electoral reform. The Ballot Act in 1872 had instituted secret ballots for local and general elections. Now came the Corrupt Practices Act, which set maximum election expenses, and the Reform and Redistribution Act, which effectively extended voting qualifications to another six million men. There were other burning issues. The United States had just overtaken Britain as the world's largest industrialised economy, and 'Home Rule' (devolution) for Ireland continued to dominate. In seeking support for Home Rule, James Parnell's Irish Nationalists sided with the Conservatives to defeat a Liberal budget measure. Gladstone resigned and was replaced by the 'caretaker government' of the Marquess of Salisbury.
Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative, 1874 - 1880
After a brief taste of power in 1868, it had taken Disraeli six years to become prime minister again. He wasted no time in bringing about the social reforms he had envisaged in the 1840s as a member of the radical Young England group. His Acts included measures to provide suitable housing and sewerage, to protect the quality of food, to improve workers rights (including the Climbing Boys Act which banned the use of juveniles as chimney sweeps) and to implement basic standards of education. In 1876, Disraeli was made the Earl of Beaconsfield, but continued to run the government from the Lords. He persuaded Queen Victoria to take the title 'Empress of India' in 1877 and scored a diplomatic success in limiting Russian influence in the Balkans at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. He retired in 1880, hoping to spend his remaining years adding more novels to his already impressive bibliography, but died just one year later.
William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1868 - 1874
Upon taking office for the first time Gladstone declared it his 'mission' to 'pacify Ireland' - a prize that was always to elude him. Nonetheless, Gladstone was to become the dominant Liberal politician of the late 19th Century, serving as prime minister four times despite earning Queen Victoria's antipathy early in his career. (She famously complained that 'he always addresses me as if I were a public meeting'.) He had started his career as an ultra-conservative Tory, but would end it as a dedicated political reformer who did much to establish the Liberal Party's association with issues of freedom and justice. But Gladstone also had his idiosyncrasies. He made a regular habit of going to brothels and often brought prostitutes back to 10 Downing Street. In an era when politicians' private lives were very private, his embarrassed colleagues nonetheless felt it necessary to explain his behaviour as 'rescue work' to save 'fallen women'.
Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative, 1868
On being asked to become prime minister following the resignation of the Earl of Derby, Disraeli announced: 'I have reached the top of the greasy pole'. He immediately struck up an excellent rapport with Queen Victoria, who approved of his imperialist ambitions and his belief that Britain should be the most powerful nation in the world. Unhappily for the Queen, Disraeli's first term ended almost immediately with an election victory for the Liberals. Despite serving as an MP since 1837 and twice being Chancellor of the Exchequer, Disraeli's journey to the top was not without scandal. In 1835, he was forced to apologise in court after being accused of bribing voters in Maidstone. He also accrued enormous debts in his twenties through speculation on the stock exchange. Disraeli suffered a nervous breakdown as a result, but eventually paid off his creditors by marrying a rich widow, Mary Anne Wyndam Lewis, in 1839.
Earl of Derby, Conservative, 1866 - 1868
The introduction of the 1867 Reform Act made Derby's third term as prime minister a major step in the true democratisation of Britain. The Act extended the vote to all adult male householders (and lodgers paying £10 rental or more, resident for a year or more) living in a borough constituency. Simply put, it created more than 1.5 million new voters. Versions of the Reform Act had been under serious discussion since 1860, but had always foundered on Conservative fears. Many considered it a 'revolutionary' move that would create a majority of 'working class' voters for the first time. In proposing the Reform Act, Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative Leader of the House of Commons, had warned his colleagues that they would be labelled the 'anti-reform' party if they continued to resist. The legislation was passed, and also received the backing of the Liberals under their new leader, William Gladstone.
Earl Russell, Whig, 1865 - 1866
Viscount Palmerston, Liberal, 1859 - 1865
Earl of Derby, Conservative, 1858 - 1859
The property qualification - the requirement that a man must own property in order to stand as a member of parliament - was finally abolished during Derby's second term as prime minister. It meant that members of parliament (MPs) were no longer drawn exclusively from the 'propertied' classes and could realistically be 'working class'. This fulfilled one of the six conditions set out by the Chartists - supporters of the Third Chartist Petition, written in 1838. It demanded universal male suffrage (votes for all adult men), secret ballots (rather than traditional open ballots), annual parliamentary elections, equal electoral districts (some had less than 500 voters, while others had many thousands), the abolition of a property qualification for MPs, and payment for MPs (which would allow non-independently wealthy men to sit in parliament).
Viscount Palmerston, Liberal , 1855 - 1858
Earl of Aberdeen, Tory, 1852 - 1855
It was something of a cruel irony that Aberdeen came to be blamed for blundering into the dreadful Crimean War. As plain George Hamilton Gordon he had made a successful career as a diplomat and had done much to normalise Britain's relationships with its powerful neighbours. Vivid reports from the front by WH Russel of the Times have since led to the Crimean being styled the first 'media war'. His reports publicised the squalor and disease that were claiming more soldiers' lives than the fighting, and inspired Florence Nightingale to volunteer and take the first 38 nurses out to treat the wounded. In 1855, Aberdeen conceded to his critics and resigned.
Earl of Derby, Conservative, 1852
Earl Russell, Whig, 1846 - 1851
Confronted by the Irish Potato Famine, declining trade and rising unemployment, Russell still managed to push through trade liberalisation measures and limits on women's working hours. A dedicated reformer, he nonetheless presided over the rejection of the Third Chartist Petition. Set out 1838, it demanded universal male suffrage (votes for all adult men), secret ballots (rather than traditional open ballots), annual parliamentary elections, equal electoral districts (some had less than 500 voters, while others had many thousands), the abolition of a property qualification for members of parliament (MPs), and payment for MPs (which would allow non-independently wealthy men to sit in parliament). Already rejected once by parliament in 1839, the petition had gathered 5 million signatures by 1848. Presented to parliament a second time, it was again rejected. The Chartist movement slowly petered out, even as revolutions blazed across Europe, but many of its aims were eventually realised.
Sir Robert Peel, Tory, 1841 - 1846
Peel's second term as prime minister was nothing short of tumultuous. Economic depression, rising deficits, Chartist agitation, famine in Ireland and Anti-Corn League protests crowded in. A raft of legislation was created to stabilise the economy and improve working conditions. The Factory Act regulated work hours (and banned children under eight from the workplace), the Railway Act provided for cheap, regular train services, the Bank Charter Act capped the number of notes the Bank of England could issue and the Mines Act prevented women and children from working underground. But a failed harvest in 1845 provided Peel with his greatest challenge. There was an increasing clamour for repeal of the Corn Laws, which forbade the import of cheap grain from overseas. Powerful vested interests in the Tory Party opposed such a move, but in the end Peel confronted them and called for repeal. After nearly six months of debate, and with the Tories split in two, the Corn Laws were finally repealed. Defeated on a separate issue, Peel resigned the same day, but was cheered by crowds as he left the Commons. (The 'Peelite' faction of the Tories is widely recognised as the foundation of the modern Conservative.)
Viscount Melbourne, Whig, 1835 - 1841
Sir Robert Peel, Tory, 1834 - 1835
Invited by William IV to form a new government, Peel immediately called a general election to strengthen his party. Campaigning on his so-called 'Tamworth Manifesto', Peel promised a respectful approach to traditional politics, combined with measured, controlled reform. He thereby signalled a significant shift from staunch, reactionary 'Tory' to progressive 'Conservative' politics. Crucially, he pledged to accept the 1832 Reform Act, which had recently increased the number of people eligible to vote. Peel won the election, but only narrowly. He resigned the following year after several parliamentary defeats. (Peel is probably best remembered for creating the Metropolitan Police in 1829 while Home Secretary in the Duke of Wellington's first government. The nickname 'bobbies' for policemen is derived from his first name.)
Duke of Wellington, Tory, 1834
Viscount Melbourne, Whig, 1834
In a bid to repress trade unions, Melbourne's government introduced legislation against 'illegal oaths'. As a result, the Grand National Consolidated Trades' Union failed. In March of the same year, six labourers were transported to Australia for seven years for attempting to provide a fund for workers in need. They became known as the 'Tolpuddle Martyrs'. Melbourne himself was notoriously laid back. When first asked to become prime minister he declared it 'a damned bore'. Having accepted, he would often refuse to allow his cabinet colleagues to leave the room, insisting 'I'm damned if I know what we agreed on. We must all say the same thing.'
Earl Grey, Whig, 1830 - 1834
In June 1832, the Reform Act finally passed into law after 15 torrid months of debate. It extended the vote to just 7% of the adult male population, based on a series of lowered property qualifications. Introduced in March 1831, the bill scraped through the Commons by a single vote, but was thrown out at the committee stage (when the bill is debated in detail - sometimes called the 'second reading'). Parliament was dissolved and the general election was fought on the single issue of the Reform Act - an unprecedented event in British political history. The Whigs won the election and passed the bill, but the House of Lords (with a majority of Tories) threw it out, sparking riots and civil disobedience across the country. With the spectre of France's bloody revolution clearly in mind, William IV eventually agreed to create 50 Whig peers to redress the balance in the Lords if the bill was rejected again. The Lords conceded and the Act was finally passed into law. After all his efforts, Earl Grey is principally remembered for giving his name to a fragrant blend of tea.
Duke of Wellington, Tory, 1828 - 1830
Wellington's first term in office was dominated by the thorny subject of Catholic emancipation. Catholics were permitted to vote, but were not allowed to sit as members of parliament (MPs) and had restrictions on the property they could own. Initially, the 'Iron Duke' was staunchly in favour of the status quo, but soon came to realise that emancipation might be the only way to end conflict arising from the Act of Union between Britain and Ireland in 1801. He became such an advocate that he even fought a duel with the 10th Earl of Winchilsea over the issue. The Earl had accused him of plotting the downfall of the 'Protestant constitution', but then backed down and apologised. They still had to go through the ritual of the duel at Battersea Fields, with both men deliberately firing high and wide. Wellington eventually drove the legislation through, opening the way for Catholic MPs.
Viscount Goderich, Tory, 1827 - 1828
George Canning, Tory, 1827
Canning finally became prime minister after a long career in politics, only to die of pneumonia 119 days later. He had famously fought a duel in 1809 with his bitterest political rival, Lord Castlereagh, and was shot in the thigh. Castlereagh committed suicide with a penknife in 1822, after becoming depressed about his falling popularity.
Earl of Liverpool, Tory, 1812 - 1827
Liverpool is the second longest serving prime minister in British history (after Robert Walpole), winning four general elections and clinging on to power despite a massive stroke that incapacitated him for his last two years in office. Liverpool became PM at a time when Britain was emerging from the Napoleonic Wars and the first rumblings of 'working class' unrest were just beginning to be felt. Staunchly undemocratic in his outlook, Liverpool suppressed efforts to give the wider populace a voice. He was unrepentant when, in 1819, troops fired on a pro-reform mass meeting at St Peter's Fields in Manchester, killing eleven - the so-called 'Peterloo Massacre'. Trade unions were legalised by the 1825 Combination Act, but were so narrowly defined that members were forced to bargain over wages and conditions amid a minefield of heavy penalties for transgressions. (Liverpool's one concession to popular sentiment was in the trial of Queen Caroline on trumped up adultery charges. The legal victimisation of George IV's estranged wife, who was tried in parliament in 1820, brought her mass sympathy. Mindful not to provoke the mob in the wake of Peterloo, the charges were eventually dropped.)
Spencer Perceval, Tory, 1809 - 1812
Perceval bears a dubious distinction as the only British prime minister to be assassinated. As chancellor of the exchequer he moved in to 10 Downing Street in 1807, before rising to the office of prime minister two years later. His 12 young children - some born while he was in office - also lived in the PM's crowded residence. Against expectations, he had skilfully kept his government afloat for three years despite a severe economic downturn and continuing war with Napoleon. He was shot dead in the lobby of the House of Commons on 11 May 1812 by a merchant called John Bellingham who was seeking government compensation for his business debts. Perceval's body lay in 10 Downing Street for five days before burial. Bellingham gave himself up immediately. Tried for murder, he was found guilty and hanged a week later.
Duke of Portland, Tory, 1807 - 1809
Lord Grenville, Whig, 1806 - 1807
William Pitt 'the Younger', Tory, 1804 - 1806
Faced by a fresh invasion threat from Napoleon, George III once again turned to Pitt. A shadow of his former self due to failing health and suspected alcoholism, Pitt nonetheless accepted. He made alliances with Napoleon's continental rivals - Russia, Austria and Sweden - then, in 1805, Admiral Lord Nelson shattered French invasion hopes at the Battle of Trafalgar. Pitt did not have long to savour victory before Napoleon defeated both Russia and Austria to stand astride the whole of Europe. Heartsick, utterly exhausted, penniless and unmarried, Pitt died on 23 January 1806 at the age of 46.
Henry Addington, Tory, 1801 - 1804
Addington secured the Peace of Amiens with France in 1802, but would see Britain plunge into war with Napoleon again just two years later. He also passed the first Factory Act into law. The Act was the earliest attempt to reform working conditions in factories. It set a maximum 12 hour working day for children and addressed issues like proper ventilation, basic education and sleeping conditions. (Notably, his government also awarded Edward Jenner £10,000 to continue his pioneering work on a vaccine for smallpox.) But he was generally poorly regarded, prompting the satirical rhyme 'Pitt is to Addington, as London is to Paddington' - a reference to his distinguished predecessor as prime minister, William Pitt.
William Pitt 'the Younger', Tory, 1783-1801
Pitt 'the Younger' was the youngest prime minister in British history, taking office at the tender age of just 24. But his youth did not seem to disadvantage him as he threw himself into the manifold problems of government, holding on to the top office for 17 years - fifteen years longer than his father, Pitt 'the Elder'. His first priority was to reduce the National Debt, which had doubled with the loss of the American colonies in 1783. George III's mental illness then threw up the spectre of a constitutional crisis, with the transfer of sovereignty to the erratic Prince of Wales only narrowly averted by the king's recovery. Further threats to the monarchy emanated from across the Channel, with the bloody French Revolution of 1789 and subsequent war with France in 1793. War increased taxes and caused food shortages, damaging Pitt's popularity to the extent that he employed bodyguards out of fear for his safety. In a bid to resolve at least one intractable conflict, he pushed through the Act of Union with Ireland in 1800, but the related Emancipation of Catholics Bill was rejected by the king a year later. Having lost George III's confidence, Pitt was left with no option but to resign.
Duke of Portland, Tory, 1783
Earl Shelburne, Whig, 1782 - 1783
Marquess of Rockingham, Whig, 1782
Lord North, Tory, 1770 - 1782
North is chiefly somewhat unfairly remembered as the prime minister who lost the American colonies. Groomed by George III to lead his parliamentary supporters, North was fiercely loyal to his king, whose policy it had been to 'punish' the American colonials. The American War of Independence, reluctantly entered into by both sides, had been prosecuted at the king's behest in retaliation for their refusal to pay more towards their own defence. As hostilities progressed, North's blundering and indecision worsened an already difficult situation, and by 1782 it was clear that the outcome was likely to be a disaster. He begged George III to be allowed to resign, but the king refused to release him until the war was over. North has since become the yardstick for prime ministerial mediocrity, with later PMs being criticised as 'the worst since Lord North'.
Duke of Grafton, Whig, 1768 - 1770
An unremarkable prime minister, Grafton had a quite remarkable appetite for extra-marital affairs and openly kept several mistresses. He scandalised polite society in 1764 by leaving his wife and going to live with his mistress, Anne Parsons, also known as 'Mrs Houghton'. (Horace Walpole referred to her derisively as 'everybody's Mrs Houghton'.) Popular opinion had disapproved of Grafton's behaviour, until his wife did something even more shocking. She eloped with the Earl of Upper Ossory and had a child by him. Grafton divorced her in 1769, then abandoned Mrs Houghton and married Elizabeth Wrottesley, with whom he had 13 children. The Mrs Houghton ended up marrying the king's brother. This unsuitable union gave impetus to the Royal Marriages Act of 1772, which decreed that the monarch had to give permission for all royal weddings.
Earl of Chatham, Pitt 'The Elder', Whig, 1766 - 1768
Pitt 'the Elder' is widely credited as the man who built the British Empire, although much of this was done in the role of secretary of state under the governments of the Duke of Newcastle. He chose his fights carefully, conducting military campaigns where conditions were best suited to British merchants. Pitt added India, West Africa, the West Indies and the American colonies to Britain's overseas possessions, and was persistently belligerent towards colonial rivals like France and Spain. His relentless imperialism kept the merchants happy but infuriated men like Newcastle who counted the financial cost of his wars. Pitt was a superb public speaker and a master of the devastating put-down, but his career was dogged with recurrent mental illness and gout. Ironically, it was during his term as prime minister that he was at his least effective, often struggling to build support. He collapsed in the House of Lords in October 1768 and died four days later. (Pitt was the MP for a 'burgage borough' - an empty piece of land with no-one living on it. His constituency, Old Sarum, was a mound in Wiltshire. On polling day, seven voters met in a tent to cast their votes.)
Marquess of Rockingham, Whig, 1765 - 1766
George Grenville, Whig, 1763 - 1765
Grenville is one of the few prime ministers to have been sacked by the monarch. He was fired after a row with George III over who should rule in his place if his mental health continued to deteriorate.
Earl of Bute, Tory, 1762 - 1763
Bute was one of Britain's more unpopular prime ministers. Things came to a head when he failed to lower the taxes he had raised to fight France in the American colonies. Rioting erupted, his effigies were burnt and the windows in his house were smashed. Bute was generally disliked by colleagues and public, and was lampooned for his 'fine pair of legs', of which he was reputed to be extremely proud. His close relationship with the Prince of Wales's widow, the Dowager Princess Augusta, was also the subject of much scurrilous gossip. The nickname 'Sir Pertinax MacSycophant' was a contemptuous reference to the Roman Emperor Publius Helvius Pertinax, who was murdered three months after his meteoric assent by his own bodyguard. Unable to muster support in parliament, Bute resigned in 1763.
Duke of Newcastle, Whig, 1757 - 1762
Newcastle healed his rift with Pitt 'the Elder' by inviting him to serve in his government as secretary of state. Effectively a power-sharing coalition of two powerful men, the relationship gave birth to the British Empire. Their government eventually fell as a result of the new king, George III's hostility to Pitt, who had sought to restrict the influence of the monarch in political matters.
Duke of Devonshire, Whig, 1756-1757
Duke of Newcastle, Whig, 1754 - 1756
Newcastle became PM after his brother, Henry Pelham, died in office. It is the only instance of two brothers serving as prime minister. Newcastle enraged Pitt 'the Elder' by refusing to promote him in the new government, then compounded the insult by sacking him.
Henry Pelham, Whig, 1743 - 1754
Earl of Wilmington, Whig, 1742 - 1743
Sir Robert Walpole, Whig, 1721 - 1742
Walpole is widely acknowledged as the first prime minister, although he never actually held the title. He was also the longest serving, lasting 21 years. But Walpole's first stint in government, as secretary of war, had ended inauspiciously with a six month spell in the Tower of London for receiving an illegal payment. Undeterred, he rose to power again on the back of a collapsed financial scheme in which many prominent individuals had invested. Walpole had the foresight (or luck) to get out early, and as a result was credited with great financial acumen. George I invited him to become chancellor and gave him the powers that came to be associated with the office of prime minister. His owed his longevity in office (and the incredible wealth he accumulated) to a combination of great personal charm, enduring popularity, sharp practice and startling sycophancy. The accession of George II saw him temporarily eclipsed, but he worked hard to win over the new monarch. He was rewarded with both the new King's trust and 10 Downing Street, which remains the official residence of the prime minister to this day. Walpole was eventually brought down by an election loss at Chippenham and died just three years later.
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Who invented the seed drill in 1701? | Seed Drill invented by Jethro Tull in year 1701
Invented by : Jethro Tull
Invented in year : 1701
A seed drill is a sowing device. The seed drill allows farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths at a specific seed rate; each tube creates a hole of a specific depth, drops in a seed, and covers it over. Before the invention farmers planted the seeds by carrying the seeds in a bag and walking up and down the field throwing or broadcasting the seed. They broadcast the seed by hand on to the ploughed and harrowed ground. The invention of the seed drill increased crops and profits for the farmer.
History of the invention
Jethro Tull, an English agricultural pioneer, invented the seed drill in 1701. His seed drill would sow seed in uniform rows and cover up the seed in the rows. Up to that point, sowing seeds was done by hand by scattering seeds on the ground. Tull had noticed that traditional heavy sowing densities were not very efficient, so he instructed his staff to drill at very precise, low densities. By 1701, his frustration with their lack of cooperation prompted him to invent a machine to do the work for him. Jethro Tull's seed drill could be pulled behind a horse. It consisted of a wheeled vehicle containing a box filled with grain. There was a wheel-driven ratchet that sprayed the seed out evenly as the seed Drill was pulled across the field. He designed his drill with a rotating cylinder. Grooves were cut into the cylinder to allow seed to pass from the hopper above to a funnel below. They were then directed into a channel dug by a plough at the front of the machine, then immediately covered by a harrow attached to the rear. This limited the wastage of seeding and made the crop easier to weed. The first prototype seed drill was built from the foot pedals of Jethro Tull's local church organ.
Role of Seed Drill in the Improvement Of Human Life
This invention gave farmers much greater control over the depth that the seed was planted and the ability to cover the seeds without back-tracking. This greater control meant that seeds germinated consistently and in good soil. The result was an increased rate of germination, and a much-improved crop yield (up to eight times).
A further important consideration was weed control: in the days before selective herbicide, drilling afforded the ability to hoe the crop during the course of the growing season. Weeding by hand is laborious and poor weeding limits yield.
Tull's complete system was a major influence on the agricultural revolution and its impact can still be seen in today's methods and machinery. It;s rotary mechanism was the foundation of all subsequent sowing implements.
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Jethro Tull
While a British rock band made his name famous nearly 300 years after his birth, Jethro Tull (1664 – 1741) was renowned in his own right as an agricultural pioneer and the inventor of the seed drill, the horse drawn hoe, and an improved plough, all major developments in the 18th century agricultural revolution.
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While a British rock band made his name famous nearly 300 years after his birth, Jethro Tull (1664 – 1741) was renowned in his own right as an agricultural pioneer and the inventor of the seed drill, the horse drawn hoe, and an improved plough, all major developments in the 18th century agricultural revolution, a period marked by rapid advancements in agricultural productivity and developments in farming technology.
Tull was born in Basildon, Berskhire, England in 1664. He studied law and graduated from Oxford University in 1699. Although he was admitted to the bar in the same year, he never practiced law. Tull began farming on his father's land in 1700 and took great interest in agricultural processes.
At the time, farmers typically planted crop seeds by carrying the seeds in a bag and walking up and down the field while randomly throwing or broadcasting the seed by hand on to the ploughed and harrowed ground. Tull deemed the method inefficient as the seed was not distributed evenly and much of it was wasted and did not take root.
Jethro Tull's seed drill.
In 1701, Tull developed a horse-drawn mechanical seed drill . The drill incorporated a rotating cylinder in which grooves were cut to allow seed to pass from a hopper above to a funnel below. The seeds were then directed into a channel dug by a plough at the front of the machine, and immediately covered by a harrow attached to the rear. Planting the seeds at regular intervals, at a consistent depth, and in a straight line limited waste and dramatically increased harvest yields. According to Royal Berkshire History, Tull said of his invention, "It was named a drill because when farmers used to sow their beans and peas into channels or furrows by hand, they called that action drilling." Tull's improved drilling method allowed farmers to sow three rows of seeds simultaneously.
Tull took further scientific interest in plant nourishment. He correctly theorized that plants should be more widely spaced and the soil around them thoroughly broken down during growth. He further theorized that plants surrounded by loose soil would grow better not only during sowing, but in the early stages of growth as well.
Tull's theory, however, was based upon a fundamental error. He believed that the nourishment which the plant took from the earth was in the form of minute particles of soil. He did not believe that animal manure, which was commonly used as fertilizer, provided the plant with nourishment, but rather it provided a fermentative action in breaking up the soil particles. He saw no additional value in manure. He was highly criticized for this belief.
In 1709, he moved to a parcel of inherited land in Hungerford, called Prosperous Farm, where he continued his novel farming methods. In 1711, a pulmonary disorder sent him to Europe in search of treatment and a cure. While traveling, he noted the cultivation methods employed in the vineyards in the Languedoc area of France and in Italy, where it was usual practice to hoe the ground between the vines rather than manuring. On returning to Prosperous in 1714, he applied the same practice on his fields of grain and root crops.
Tull's crops were sown in widely spaced rows to allow the horse, drawing the hoe, to walk without damaging the plants, while enabling tillage to the soil during most of the period of growth. This ongoing cultivation of the soil while the plant was growing was the central point of Tull's theory and the practice continues today. He believed that the cultivation of the soil released nutrients and reduced the need for manure. While apparently successful – he grew wheat in the same field for 13 successive years without manuring – some believe that is more likely that the technique succeeded because it simply prevented weeds from overcrowding and competing with the seed.
At the time, there was much skepticism toward Tull's ideas. His seed drill was not immediately popular in England, although it was quickly adopted by the colonists in New England. In 1731, Jethro Tull published "The New Horse Houghing Husbandry: or, an Essay on the Principles of Tillage and Vegetation." The book caused great controversy and his theories fell into disrepute, particularly his opinion on the value of manure for plant growth.
Although Tull laid the foundations for modern techniques of sowing and cultivation, a hundred years passed before his seed-drill displaced the ancient method of hand broadcasting the seed. While several other mechanical seed drills had also been invented, Tull's rotary system was a major influence on the agricultural revolution and its impact can still be seen in today's methods and machinery. His seed drill was improved in 1782 by adding gears to the distribution mechanism.
Tull died in the village where he was born in Shalbourne, Berkshire, England, on February 21, 1741, at the age of 67.
Tom Ricci is the owner of Ricci Communications.
Jethro Tull was renowned in his own right as an agricultural pioneer and the inventor of the seed drill, the horse drawn hoe, and an improved plough, all major developments in the 18th century agricultural revolution.
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What is the French word for ‘cunning, trickery, craftiness’? | cunning - WordReference.com Dictionary of English
cunning
WordReference Random House Learner's Dictionary of American English © 2017
cun•ning /ˈkʌnɪŋ/USA pronunciation n. [ uncountable ]
skill used in a shrewd or sly manner to deceive;
guile:In some fables it is the fox that has a lot of cunning.
adj.
cun•ning•ness, n. [ uncountable ]
WordReference Random House Unabridged Dictionary of American English © 2017
cun•ning (kun′ing),USA pronunciation n.
skill employed in a shrewd or sly manner, as in deceiving;
craftiness;
dexterity:The weaver's hand lost its cunning.
adj.
showing or made with ingenuity.
artfully subtle or shrewd;
Informal Termscharmingly cute or appealing:a cunning little baby.
[Archaic.]skillful;
[Obs.]ppr. of can 1.
cun′ning•ly, adv.
cun′ning•ness, n.
1275–1325; (noun, nominal) Middle English; Old English cunnung, equivalent. to cunn(an) to know (see can1) + -ung -ing1; (adjective, adjectival, verb, verbal) Middle English, present participle of cunnan to know (see can1, -ing2)
1.See corresponding entry in Unabridged shrewdness, artfulness, wiliness, trickery, finesse, intrigue, slyness, deception. Cunning, artifice, craft imply an inclination toward deceit, slyness, and trickery. Cunning implies a shrewd, often instinctive skill in concealing or disguising the real purposes of one's actions:not intelligence but a low kind of cunning.An artifice is a clever, unscrupulous ruse, used to mislead others:a successful artifice to conceal one's motives.Craft suggests underhand methods and the use of deceptive devices and tricks to attain one's ends:craft and deceitfulness in every act.
2.See corresponding entry in Unabridged adroitness.
3.See corresponding entry in Unabridged ingenious, skillful.
4.See corresponding entry in Unabridged artful, wily, tricky, foxy.
Collins Concise English Dictionary © HarperCollins Publishers::
cunning /ˈkʌnɪŋ/ adj
crafty and shrewd, esp in deception; sly
made with or showing skill or cleverness; ingenious
n
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What is the Welsh word for ‘welcome’? | Cunning | Define Cunning at Dictionary.com
cunning
skill employed in a shrewd or sly manner, as in deceiving; craftiness; guile.
2.
The weaver's hand lost its cunning.
adjective
showing or made with ingenuity.
4.
artfully subtle or shrewd; crafty; sly.
5.
Informal. charmingly cute or appealing:
a cunning little baby.
Obsolete. present participle of can 1 .
Origin of cunning
Old English
1275-1325
1275-1325; (noun) Middle English; Old English cunnung, equivalent to cunn(an) to know (see can 1) + -ung -ing 1; (adj., v.) Middle English, present participle of cunnan to know (see can 1, -ing 2)
Related forms
See more synonyms on Thesaurus.com
1. shrewdness, artfulness, wiliness, trickery, finesse, intrigue, slyness, deception. Cunning, artifice, craft imply an inclination toward deceit, slyness, and trickery. Cunning implies a shrewd, often instinctive skill in concealing or disguising the real purposes of one's actions: not intelligence but a low kind of cunning. An artifice is a clever, unscrupulous ruse, used to mislead others: a successful artifice to conceal one's motives. Craft suggests underhand methods and the use of deceptive devices and tricks to attain one's ends: craft and deceitfulness in every act. 2. adroitness. 3. ingenious, skillful. 4. artful, wily, tricky, foxy.
can1
[kan; unstressed kuh n] /kæn; unstressed kən/
Spell
Syllables
auxiliary verb, present singular 1st person can, 2nd can or (Archaic) canst, 3rd can, present plural can; past singular 1st person could, 2nd could or (Archaic) couldst, 3rd could, past plural could.
1.
to be able to; have the ability, power, or skill to:
She can solve the problem easily, I'm sure.
2.
He can play chess, although he's not particularly good at it.
3.
to have the power or means to:
A dictator can impose his will on the people.
4.
to have the right or qualifications to:
He can change whatever he wishes in the script.
5.
Can I speak to you for a moment?
6.
to have the possibility:
A coin can land on either side.
verb (used with or without object), present singular 1st person can, 2nd can or (Archaic) canst, 3rd can, present plural can; past singular 1st person could, 2nd could or (Archaic) couldst, 3rd could, past plural could; imperative can; infinitive can; past participle could; present participle cunning.
7.
Origin
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before 900; Middle English, Old English, present indicative singular 1st, 3rd person of cunnan to know, know how; cognate with German, Old Norse, Gothic kann; see ken , know 1
Can be confused
Expand
can, may , shall , will (see usage note at the current entry; see usage note at shall )
Usage note
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Can1 and may1 are frequently but not always interchangeable in senses indicating possibility: A power failure can (or may) occur at any time. Despite the insistence by some, that can means only “to be able” and may means “to be permitted,” both are regularly used in seeking or granting permission: Can (or May) I borrow your tape recorder? You can (or may) use it tomorrow. Sentences using can occur chiefly in spoken English. May in this sense occurs more frequently in formal contexts: May I address the court, Your Honor? In negative constructions, can't or cannot is more common than may not: You can't have it today. I need it myself. The contraction mayn't is rare.
Can but and cannot but are formal and now somewhat old-fashioned expressions suggesting that there is no possible alternative to doing something. Can but is equivalent to can only: We can but do our best. Cannot but is the equivalent of cannot help but: We cannot but protest against these injustices. See also cannot , help .
can2
noun
1.
a sealed container for food, beverages, etc., as of aluminum, sheet iron coated with tin, or other metal:
a can of soup.
a receptacle for garbage, ashes, etc.:
a trash can.
a bucket, pail, or other container for holding or carrying liquids:
water can.
a metal or plastic container for holding film on cores or reels.
6.
Slang: Usually Vulgar. toilet; bathroom.
7.
He's been in the can for a week.
8.
verb (used with object), canned, canning.
10.
to preserve by sealing in a can, jar, etc.
11.
Slang. to throw (something) away.
13.
Slang. to put a stop to:
Can that noise!
to record, as on film or tape.
Idioms
carry the can, British and Canadian Slang. to take the responsibility.
16.
in the can, recorded on film; completed:
The movie is in the can and ready for release.
Origin
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before 1000; Middle English, Old English canne, cognate with German Kanne, Old Norse kanna, all perhaps < West Germanic; compare Late Latin canna small vessel
Dictionary.com Unabridged
Examples from the Web for cunning
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Wulf the Saxon G. A. Henty
British Dictionary definitions for cunning
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crafty and shrewd, esp in deception; sly: cunning as a fox
2.
made with or showing skill or cleverness; ingenious
noun
craftiness, esp in deceiving; slyness
4.
cunningness, noun
Word Origin
Old English cunnende; related to cunnan to know (see can1), cunnian to test, experience, Old Norse kunna to know
can1
verb (intransitive) (past) could takes an infinitive without to or an implied infinitive
1.
used as an auxiliary to indicate ability, skill, or fitness to perform a task: I can run a mile in under four minutes
2.
used as an auxiliary to indicate permission or the right to something: can I have a drink?
3.
used as an auxiliary to indicate knowledge of how to do something: he can speak three languages fluently
4.
used as an auxiliary to indicate the possibility, opportunity, or likelihood: my trainer says I can win the race if I really work hard
may 1
Word Origin
Old English cunnan; related to Old Norse kunna, Old High German kunnan, Latin cognōscere to know, Sanskrit jānāti he knows; see ken, uncouth
can2
a container, esp for liquids, usually of thin sheet metal: a petrol can, beer can
2.
another name (esp US) for tin (sense 2)
3.
Also called canful. the contents of a can or the amount a can will hold
4.
a slang word for prison
5.
(US & Canadian) a slang word for toilet or buttocks See toilet
6.
(US, navy) a slang word for destroyer
7.
(navy, slang) a depth charge
8.
a shallow cylindrical metal container of varying size used for storing and handling film
9.
(informal) can of worms, a complicated problem
10.
carry the can, See carry (sense 37)
11.
(of a film, piece of music, etc) having been recorded, processed, edited, etc
(informal) arranged or agreed: the contract is almost in the can
verb cans, canning, canned
to put (food, etc) into a can or cans; preserve in a can
13.
(transitive) (US, slang) to dismiss from a job
14.
(transitive) (US, informal) to stop (doing something annoying or making an annoying noise) (esp in the phrase can it!)
15.
(transitive) (informal) to reject or discard
Word Origin
Old English canne; related to Old Norse, Old High German kanna, Irish gann, Swedish kana sled
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Word Origin and History for cunning
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adj.
early 14c., "learned, skillful," present participle of cunnen "to know" (see can (v.1)). Sense of "skillfully deceitful" is probably late 14c. As a noun from c.1300. Related: Cunningly.
can
v.
Old English 1st & 3rd person singular present indicative of cunnan "know, have power to, be able," (also "to have carnal knowledge"), from Proto-Germanic *kunnan "to be mentally able, to have learned" (cf. Old Norse kenna "to know, make known," Old Frisian kanna "to recognize, admit," German kennen "to know," Gothic kannjan "to make known"), from PIE root *gno- (see know ).
Absorbing the third sense of "to know," that of "to know how to do something" (in addition to "to know as a fact" and "to be acquainted with" something or someone). An Old English preterite-present verb, its original past participle, couth , survived only in its negation (see uncouth ), but cf. could . The present participle has spun off as cunning .
"to put up in cans," 1860, from can (n.1). Sense of "to fire an employee" is from 1905. Related: Canned ; canning.
n.
Old English canne "a cup, container," from Proto-Germanic *kanna (cf. Old Saxon, Old Norse, Swedish kanna, Middle Dutch kanne, Dutch kan, Old High German channa, German Kanne). Probably an early borrowing from Late Latin canna "container, vessel," from Latin canna "reed," also "reed pipe, small boat;" but the sense evolution is difficult.
Modern "air-tight vessel of tinned iron" is from 1867 (can-opener is from 1877). Slang meaning "toilet" is c.1900, said to be a shortening of piss-can. Meaning "buttocks" is from c.1910.
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
Slang definitions & phrases for cunning
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In the strip cartoon ‘Peanuts’, Schroeder prefers to play the work of which composer? | Schroeder | Peanuts Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Noah Johnston (2015)
Daniel Thornton (2016)
"I kind of like Schroeder. He’s fairly down to earth, but he has his problems too. He has to play on the painted black piano keys, and he thinks Beethoven was the first President of the United States."
Charles M. Schulz on Schroeder
Schroeder is a major male character in the Peanuts comic strip by Charles M. Schulz . He is distinguished by his precocious skill at playing the piano, as well as by his love of classical music and the composer Ludwig van Beethoven in particular. Schroeder is also the catcher on Charlie Brown's baseball team and the object of Lucy van Pelt 's unrequited love .
After Linus van Pelt and Snoopy , Schroeder is probably Charlie Brown 's closest friend; he once angrily denounced Violet for giving Charlie Brown a used valentine well after Valentine's Day had come and gone (only to be undercut when Charlie Brown eagerly accepted it), and he is one of the few baseball players who has any respect for Charlie Brown as a manager (although he is as capable of ire at Charlie Brown's poor performance as anyone else, such instances are few and far between).
Contents
History
Schroeder's first appearance in the strip from May 30, 1951.
Schroeder was introduced as a baby on May 30, 1951 . Within a short time, however, he had aged to nearly the same age as the other characters. He initially had no notable characteristics, but Schulz eventually had the idea to incorporate his daughter Meredith's toy piano into the strip. He decided to give it to the strip's newest character, and thus the character as he is known to millions of fans was born. The origin of his name can be found in Schulz's 1975 book, Peanuts Jubilee:
"Schroeder was named after a young boy with whom I used to caddy at Highland Park golf course in St. Paul. I don't recall ever knowing his first name, but just 'Schroeder' seemed right for the character in the script, even before he became the great musician he now is."
In the September 24, 1951 strip, Charlie Brown makes an attempt to show the infant how to play a toy piano, but is quickly embarrassed when Schroeder completely outclasses him. However, his love for Beethoven specifically did not begin until October 10 of that same year.
Character and appearance
A bust of Ludwig van Beethoven, Schroeder's favorite composer and hero.
Even though Schroeder is an accomplished musician, his piano is only a toy, and the black keys are merely painted on to the white keys. In one strip, Charlie Brown tries to get him to play a real piano, but Schroeder bursts out crying, intimidated by its size.
Ludwig van Beethoven is Schroeder's favorite composer, as revealed in the February 27, 1955 strip. In it, Lucy takes his bust of Beethoven and smashes it, but Schroeder simply takes another one from a closet full of Beethoven busts. Every year, Schroeder marks Beethoven's birthday on December 16, although in a series of strips from December 1957 he forgets the date, is in shock when he finds out about it the following day and feels terrible for several days afterwards. When Charlie Brown's baseball team was required to have a sponsor to play games, Schroeder chose "Beethoven" as a sponsor. In the early strips, Schroeder also played music by other composers. Schulz once remarked that he had originally decided to depict Johannes Brahms as Schroeder's favorite composer, but decided that Beethoven sounded "funnier."
Another distinguishing character trait of Schroeder is his constant refusal of Lucy's love. Lucy is infatuated with Schroeder, and frequently leans against his piano while he is playing, professing her love for him. However, since Beethoven was a lifelong bachelor, Schroeder feels that he must emulate every aspect of his idol's life - even though it is insinuated that he reciprocates Lucy's feelings. In a story arc where she and the rest of her family have moved out of town, Schroeder becomes frustrated with his music and mutters disbelievingly that he misses her. Despite his constant animosity towards her, Schroeder would come to realize that Lucy has unwittingly become his muse and he cannot play without her. In the December 16, 1984 strip [1] , Schroeder kisses Lucy on the cheek, but when Lucy turns around, she sees Snoopy instead. Believing Snoopy was the one who kissed her, she runs away screaming, while Schroeder calls for her to come back; showing he has some feelings for Lucy.
Schroeder declares himself to be a hockey player in the strip from December 7, 1971 .
Schroeder is a member of Charlie Brown's baseball team , often seen as a catcher (notably as far from outfielder, Lucy, as possible). In this capacity, he has often been shown to provide backhanded compliments on Charlie Brown's pitching. Also, he will run through a list of complicated signals, only to end up with something to the effect of, "Just throw it down the middle. He'll hit it out no matter what you throw, anyway." He is also described as a good hitter, 'one of the best on the team' Charlie Brown said in one strip. He has also shown a love for hockey in some of the Peanuts comic strips, as well as some television specials.
The shirt that Schroeder wears has thick black stripes. In the animated TV specials and movies, it is colored purple.
Schroeder lives on 1770 James Street, which was revealed in the August 14, 1952 strip. He mentions that the street number is easy to remember because it was the year that Beethoven was born.
Relationships
Charlie Brown
Chralie Brown reads the story of Beethoven's life to the young Schroeder. Strip from October 10, 1951.
Schroeder is one of Charlie Brown 's closest friends. They have conferences on the pitcher's mound, in between pitches, mostly about Beethoven. He also often encourages Charlie Brown during a baseball game, whereas the rest of the team say, "Don't let us down by showing up!"
Charlie Brown is one of the few people Schroeder will allow to lounge against his piano, as he and Charlie Brown are good friends, and he knows that Charlie Brown respects his love of Beethoven. When they were younger, Charlie Brown would read Schroeder the story about Beethoven's life. Charlie Brown, in fact was the one that introduced Schroeder to the piano.
At various times Schroeder has been the first to defend Charlie Brown, for example, in one strip he berates Violet for giving Charlie Brown a used Valentine the day after Valentine's day just to avoid any guilt.
Lucy
Sunday strip from January 18, 1970 .
Frieda, like Lucy, likes to lie on Schroeder's piano, and Schroeder usually does not like it when she does it. He does not have any feelings for Frieda.
Snoopy
Snoopy will often watch and dance as Schroeder plays his piano, and many times, Snoopy will play with the notes. In the later years when the notes actually fell off the piano, Snoopy played with those too.
Schroeder's piano
See main article: Schroeder's piano .
Schroeder first plays a toy piano in the strip from September 24, 1951.
The piano's capability is illustrated in 1965's A Charlie Brown Christmas . Lucy asks Schroeder to play "Jingle Bells". Schroeder plays it in the style of a conventional piano, then manages to generate the warm tones of a Hammond organ, but Lucy cannot recognize the tune until the now-irritated Schroeder plays it, with one finger, in the tones of a normal toy piano. It is the only time in the history of the television specials that his toy piano ever actually sounds like a toy piano, with 'plinking' sounds.
Schroeder is normally a very impassive character, content to play his music, but can be angered quite easily if his music or his idol Beethoven are insulted. In one short Lucy points out to him the woefully inadequate single-octave range of a toy piano; an angry Schroeder yanks it out from under her and sends her flying. On another occasion, Lucy asks if pianists made a lot of money, and Schroeder flies into a rage, saying, "Who cares about money?! This is art, you blockhead! This is great music I'm playing, and playing great music is an art! Do you hear me? An art! Art! Art! Art! Art! Art!" (the last five words punctuated by slamming his hands against his piano).
The musical notes Schroeder plays also seem to have substance; characters are able to touch them as they appear in the air. Snoopy, for example, once decorated a Christmas tree using a handful of them, and has on at least one occasion been seen dancing atop the musical staff containing the notes.
On three occasions, Lucy has destroyed Schroeder's piano in an attempt to be rid of the "competition" for his affection. She first threw it into the Kite-Eating Tree , which apparently eats pianos as well. Her second attempt had her throw the piano down a sewer, from which it was was eventually washed into the river and out to sea. Schroeder ordered his replacement pianos from the Ace Piano Company. Along with his new piano, Schroeder received an autographed photo of Joe Garagiola . Another time Lucy destroyed both his piano and his bust of Beethoven; Schoeder calmly picked out a new piano and bust from a closet well-stocked with duplicate pianos and busts.
Portrayals
Chris Doran first voiced Schroeder in animation, in 1965's A Charlie Brown Christmas . Various actors have portrayed Schroeder since then, including Todd Barbee , who also voiced Charlie Brown from 1973 to 1974. Noah Johnston voiced Schroeder in The Peanuts Movie in 2015.
The Broadway musical You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown featured Skip Hinnant as Schroeder in the 1967 version, and the African-American actor Stanley Wayne Mathis in the 1999 version.
Trivia
In the TV special Play It Again, Charlie Brown , Schroeder addresses Peppermint Patty as "Patricia". This is one of the very few occasions where she is called by that name.
Schroeder is one of the many Peanuts characters to appear in the video game Snoopy's Street Fair , in which, he plays his toy piano .
The video game character Lucas from Mother 3 has a resemblance to him
| Ludwig van Beethoven |
The President of the USA fired General MacArthur in April. Who was the President? | The Peanuts Movie – Latest TV & Movie News
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The Peanuts Movie is an upcoming 3D computer animated movie from Blue Sky Studios and 20th century Fox. It is a comedy that is based on Charles m Schulz’s comic strip Peanuts. Written by Craig Schulz, Bryan Schulz and Cornelius Uliano, The Peanuts Movie will be directed by Steve Martino. The film will be released on the 6th November, 2015, and is being released for the 65th Annivesary of the comic strip. It takes all its characters from the strip, including Charlie Brown, Snoopy, lucy van pelt and Pig Pen. It is the first feature length film based on the series to be released in 35 years, and the fifth film using the characters in total. The film will star Bill Melendez, Noah Schnapp, Hadley Belle Miller and AJ Teece as well as Noah Johnston.
Cast
Bill Melendez is set to play the role of Snoopy and Woodstock (from archival recordings.) was a Mexican American character animator, film director, voice artist and producer, known for his cartoons for Walt Disney Productions (working on four Disney films, Pinocchio, Fantasia, Dumbo, and Bambi), Warner Bros. Cartoons, UPA and the Peanuts series.
Noah Schnapp is set to play the role of Charlie Brown. Charlie Brown is the central protagonist of the long-running comic strip. Credited as a “lovable loser”, Charlie Brown is one of the great American archetypes, he is a very well-received and well-known cartoon character.
Hadley Belle Miller is set to play the role of Lucy van Pelt. In the comics, she is the main bully and the older sister of Linus and Rerun. Lucy is characterized as a crabby, bossy and opinionated girl.
AJ Teece is set to play the role of Pig-Pen. In the comics, Pig-Pen is a young boy who is, except on very rare occasions, very dirty.
Noah Johnston is set to play the role of Schroeder. He is distinguished by his precocious skill at playing the toy piano, as well as by his love of classical music and the composer Ludwig van Beethoven in particular. Schroeder is also the catcher on Charlie Brown’s baseball team.
Venus Schultheis is set to play the role of Peppermint Patty. A tomboy, she is one of a small group in the strip who lives across town from Charlie Brown and his school friends. She has freckles and auburn/brunette hair and generally displays the characteristics of a tomboy, although that was slightly changed when Marcie was paired with her.
Alexander Garfin is set to play the role of Linus van Pelt. The best friend of Charlie Brown, Linus is also the younger brother of Lucy van Pelt and older brother of Rerun van Pelt.
Francesca Capaldi is set to play the role of the Little Red-Haired Girl. The Little Red-haired girl appears in the comics as the object of Charlie Brown’s affection, and a symbol of unrequited love. Charlie Brown most often notices her while eating lunch outdoors, and always failing to muster the courage to speak to her.
Mar Mar is set to play the role of Franklin. In the comics, Franklin goes to school with Peppermint Patty and Marcie. In his first story arc, he met Charlie Brown when they were both at the beach.
Mariel Sheets is set to play the role of Sally Brown. Sally Brown is the younger sister of Charlie Brown in the comic strip Peanuts by Charles Schulz. She was first mentioned in early 1959 and throughout a long series of strips before her first appearance in August 1959. Kathy Steinberg was the first to voice Sally in 1965.
Rebecca Bloom is set to play the role of Marcie. She serves as comedic foil and best friend to tomboy Peppermint Patty, and displays a romantic interest in Charlie Brown.
William Alexander Wunsch is set to play the role of Shermy.
Anastasia Bredikhina is set to play the role of Patty. In the earlier comic strips, Patty often acted as a sort of mother-hen, looking out for the younger characters; however, she also set the tone for the strong female characters in the Peanuts universe.
Madisyn Shipman is set to play the role of Violet. Violet and Patty are best friends.
Production
2006 saw the passing of the creator of the Peanuts comic strip. At this time, his son wanted to create a film that kept his father’s legacy alive. Working with his own son, Bryan, the two generations of Schulz set to work on what would become The Peanuts Movie. Together, they created the plot and screenplay, deciding that they would like to keep complete control of the production in order to ensure that the film was as their father envisioned the characters and world he’d created.
They chose Martino as the director having seen and enjoying his work on the Dr. Seuss movie, Horton Hears a Who.
The goal for the film was to inspire children. The character of the main protagonist, Charlie Brown, is a child who lives without any particular luck, but keeps working hard, picking himself up and eventually succeeding. The director said this about the plot: “Here’s where I lean thematically. I want to go through this journey… Charlie Brown is that guy who, in the face of repeated failure, picks himself back up and tries again. That’s no small task. I have kids who aspire to be something big and great… a star football player or on Broadway. I think what Charlie Brown is—what I hope to show in this film—is the everyday qualities of perseverance… to pick yourself back up with a positive attitude—that’s every bit as heroic… as having a star on the Walk of Fame or being a star on Broadway. That’s the [story’s] core.
The music for the film has been written by Christophe Beck, the Cinematography by Renato Falcao, and the production by 20th Century Fox and Blue Sky Studios. 20th Century Fox are also the international and domestic distributors for the film. The film has a budget of $100 million, and will be released on November 6th 2015.
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In December, which former Italian colony declared independence in Africa? | African Countries and their Independence Days
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African Countries and their Independence Days.
Brief History of colonization: In the 17th century AD, European countries scrambled for and partitioned Africa. This continued until around 1905, by which time all the lands and resources of the continent of Africa had been completely divided and colonized by European countries. The only country that couldn't be colonized due to strong resistance by the indegines was Ethiopia, and Liberia which was a place for freed slaves from the Americas.
Independence: The struggle for independence started after world war II. This led to the independence of the Union of South Africa in 1931 through negatiations with the British empire and Libya in 1951 from Italy; followed by others in the late 1950s. The road to African independence was very hard and tortuous often through bloody fights, revolts and assasinations. For example; Britain unilatearlly granted "The Kingdom of Egypt" independence on Feb. 22nd 1922 after a series of revolts, but continued to interfere in government. More violent revolts led to the signing of the Anglo-Egyptian treaty in 1936 and a coupe detat tagged Egyptian Revolution in 1952 finally culminated in the Egyptian Republic declaration of June 18th; 1953. The peak year for independence came in 1960 when about 17 countries gained independence. These independence days are now celebrated as national day holidays in most countries of Africa.
List of all African countries and their Independence Days, colonial names and former colonizers.
COUNTRY
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What completes a set with Fleet Street and Trafalgar Square? | Decolonization: The End of Empire?
Decolonization: The End of Empire?
Professor Sir Richard Evans FBA
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European empires, re-divided after the defeat of Germany in 1918, continued to expand after the First World War, reaching their greatest extent in the early 1940s. The imperial ambitions of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany created new empires that turned out to be very short-lived. With the emergence of the Cold War came a bipolar world dominated by two anti-colonial powers, the USA and USSR. Nationalism in the colonies grew apace, spurred by the loss of imperial legitimacy through the genocidal rule of Nazi Germany in Eastern Europe. Other European powers now began to feel that empire was unjustifiable following an immensely costly war that ended with human rights being enshrined in the United Nations Charter. Japanese rule over many European colonies in the Pacific severed ties with the imperial power and destroyed the legitimacy of empire. Once one major colony, such as India, gained independence, the momentum for others to follow became unstoppable. The lecture concludes by examining the legacy of empire in a post-colonial world. Have we escaped its influence or is it still with us?
This is a part of the lecture series The Rise and Fall of European Empires from the 16th to the 20th Century.
Professor Sir Richard Evans FBA
Professor Sir Richard Evans FBA is Provost of Gresham College and the President of Wolfson College, Cambridge. He was Regius Professor of History at the University of Cambridge from 2008 until his retirement in September 2014. He is a world-renowned historian and academic, with many of his books now acknowledged as seminal works in the field of modern history.
In 2012 Sir Richard was appointed Knight Bachelor in the Queen’s Birthday Honours List, for services to scholarship. In 2014 he was awarded the Historical Association’s Norton Medlicott Medal for his ‘outstanding contribution to History’, particularly through his ‘significant’ and ‘robust’ engagement in recent national debates about school curriculum reform and about the teaching and commemoration of the First World War. He has been a Fellow of the British Academy since 1993, a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society since 1978 and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature since 2001. He was awarded the degree of Doctor of Letters honoris causa by London University in 2013.
Sir Richard has published 18 books as author and seven as editor. In 2008 he published the third part of his monumental large-scale history of the Third Reich, The Third Reich at War, which completed the series of The Coming of the Third Reich (2003) and The Third Reich in Power (2005). The series has sold more than 250,000 copies in English and has been translated into twelve foreign languages. His most recent book, Altered Pasts: Counterfactuals in History, was published to wide acclaim in January 2014. Prior to this his key publications include: Cosmopolitan Islanders: British Historians and the European Continent (2009), Telling Lies About Hitler: The Holocaust, History, and the David Irving Trial (2002), In Defence of History (1997), Rituals of Retribution (1996) and Death in Hamburg (1987), which won the Wolfson Foundation History Prize.
Sir Richard has a strong public engagement as an historian, including acting as principal expert witness in the David Irving libel trial before the High Court in London in 2000. He is currently Deputy Chair of the Spoliation Advisory Panel, a non-departmental public body which advises on claims for the return from public museums and galleries in the UK of artworks looted during the Nazi era.
Sir Richard has lectured extensively all over the world at a variety of literary festivals and events. He has been Editor of the Journal of Contemporary History since 1998 and a judge of the Wolfson History Prize since 1993.
He is a frequent contributor to the broadcast media and the press. His appearances on British television include BBC 1 (Sunday Politics with Andrew Neill) and Channel 4 News. His appearances on British Radio include BBC Radio 4 (Start the Week, In Our Time, Today and World at One), Radio 3 (Nightwaves) and Radio 2 (John Dunn Show). He has also appeared widely television and radio outside the UK, most notably on North German Radio/Television, West German Radio/Television and Radio Multikulti Berlin.
Sir Richard was Gresham Professor of Rhetoric between 2009 and 2013. His series of lectures were as follows:
Previously, he delivered two series of lectures as Visiting Professor of History .
All of Professor Evans' past Gresham lectures can be accessed here .
Decolonization: The End of Empire?
Professor Sir Richard Evans FBA
The End of Empire?
Professor Richard J Evans
This evening, in the last of this year’s series of lectures on Empire, I want to ask why the European global empires collapsed so suddenly in the third quarter of the 20th century. The collapse of the European empires is easy enough to relate, but much harder to explain. By the end of the 1930s, the European empires had actually reached their largest extent; the end of the First World War had seen the parcelling out of Turkish possessions in the Middle East, giving Syria and Lebanon to France, Palestine, Transjordan and Iraq to Britain, and part of Somalia to Italy, ratified by the Turks in 1923 at the Treaty of Lausanne. In the 1930s Italy acquired Ethiopia, Only Germany had been excluded from the imperial club. Yet within three decades almost all of this had gone. Italy was deprived of its colonies, and Ethiopia became independent once more; but whereas this had been the general pattern after the end of the First World War, when the victorious powers gobbled up the overseas colonies of the losers, in the aftermath of the Second World War it was the victors who lost their colonial empires.
This was a global process, affecting all the European empires and every part of the world. It began in Asia, and in particular in the countries occupied by the Japanese. The Japanese began by incorporating European colonies into their own empire, and harshly repressed any attempts at resistance, but when things started going badly, the Japanese tried to encourage nationalist uprisings against the European colonial powers by declaring the occupied territories independent – Burma and the Philippines in 1943, Indonesia in 1944. In all these areas this was widely recognized as a sham, but nevertheless the Japanese ousting of the colonial power had destroyed its legitimacy, demonstrating that Asians could defeat the European occupiers; so it stimulated nationalist resistance movements. In 1948 the British agreed to Burmese independence, not least because the function of Burma as a buffer state to the east of India had now disappeared with Indian independence; in the Philippines the Americans had already announced the intention of granting independence in 1935 and the Japanese invasion merely delayed the event until 1945; the Dutch in Europe urged Dutch troops to sign up to free the Dutch East Indies from Japanese control, meaning to get them back under Dutch rule; but Indonesian nationalists led by Sukarno declared independence, and after a lengthy and bitter war, costing the lives of more than 20,000 Europeans and many more Indonesians, international pressure forced the Dutch to withdraw and recognize Indonesian independence in 1949.
In French Indo-China, also conquered by the Japanese, the situation was similar. French rule began to disintegrate as the Kingdom of Siam or Thailand, which had managed to remain independent by playing off the British in Burma to the west against the French in Cambodia and Vietnam to the east, persuaded the French to return some territory in 1938, and then invaded in 1940-41 to reconquer some more. The Japanese invaded Thailand later in the year, winning over the Thais with promises of further territorial gains; when the Japanese were defeated, the Thais retained their independence by aligning themselves with the Americans as a bulwark against the Communist threat from China and the Soviet Union. Everywhere, Japanese conquest cut off European colonies from the colonial metropoles for several years, enabling resistance movements to emerge focused on independence rather than reconnection with the imperial power, as might have happened had these colonies been full of large numbers of European settlers. There was an obvious parallel here to the impact of the Napoleonic Wars, which cut off Spanish colonies in the Americas for years on end.
In French Indo-China itself, the Japanese were discredited as the result of a widespread famine in 1944-45, in which between one and two million out of a population of ten million died of starvation and related diseases. The Communist resistance under Ho Chi Minh, a founder member of the French Communist Party during his years in Paris in the early 1920s, gained support by encouraging raids on food stores. After the end of the war elections were held in 1946 giving the Communists victory in central and northern Vietnam, but the French refused to accept this, and as the Cold War began, armed conflict ensued, lost by the French in 1954 at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu.This was already a rearguard action since conflicts had broken out all over Indo-China, forcing the French to begin withdrawal the previous year. In neighbouring Cambodia, the royal family had survived under French rule and declared independence at the request of the Japanese towards the end of the war. Although the French reimposed control, the disintegration of their Indo-Chinese empire led to a negotiated independence in 1953. And in Laos, the same process took place, with Japanese conquest followed by a declaration of independence, French re-occupation, and French withdrawal in 1953. In all these places, therefore, the Japanese invasion had given the impetus to independence movements already in existence but previously without a great deal of influence. The sight of Europeans arrested, interned and maltreated by the Japanese, as in this illustration of an internment camp in the Dutch East Indies, destroyed any lingering sense of deference to them or sense of European superiority.
Looming large over all these processes, and encouraging nationalists all over south-east Asia, was Indian independence, achieved in 1947. I described in my last lecture how the conditions that had enabled Britain to acquire and rule the vast area of the Indian sub-continent, with its huge population and resources, were coming to an end after 1918. In particular, a new educated Indian elite began agitating first for self-governing Dominion status and then for independence. British concessions in the form of elected legislatures were matched by repressive measures, the continuation of wartime emergency powers after 1918, and the mowing down of a peaceful protest by troops under the command of General Reginald Dyer at Amritsar in 1918 in which 380 Indians were killed and more than a thousand wounded. Dyer had ordered public floggings of Indians after a number of Europeans had been murdered in the city, and a white woman missionary had been assaulted, and his ‘crawling order’, making Indians crawl on all fours at the site of the assault, exacerbated tensions considerably. Dyer was censured and dismissed but not prosecuted, and the incident did much to discredit British rule.
In the 1920s the civil disobedience campaign led by Gandhi frequently spilled over into demonstrations, riots and violence, met by the British authorities with growing repression, and as economic problems spread, so the educated elite’s campaign gain more widespread popular support. The Government of India Act of 1935, extending the electorate to 30 million people, still very limited, and giving more rights to legislatures, led to sweeping electoral victory for Congress in 1937. The limits of Indian influence were graphically underlined in 1939 when the British government declared war on behalf of India without any consultation. Congress leaders resigned their government posts in protest and were arrested. At the end of the war, as they were released, events were rapidly spinning out of British control. British cartoonists ridiculed Gandhi’s policy of non-violence during the war; but in fact it had led to major changes, perhaps accelerated by the threat of violence should it fail.
Two problems now accelerated events. First, the globalization of food supplies within the British Empire now turned against it. In the absence of rationing or price controls such as had been imposed in the UK, rising demand fuelled by the need to buy up supplies for British troops fuelled inflation which soon put many foodstuffs out of reach of the poor in many parts of the empire. Food supplies were cut off by wartime activity. Worst of all was the situation in Bengal. The complacent and inefficient colonial administration in India did nothing to curb inflation, speculation and hoarding, even when Burma fell, depriving the sub-continent of 15 per cent of its rice supply. Provincial governments in India reacted by banning the export of food to other provinces, strangling the machinery of trade in food in what one food controller called an outbreak of ‘insane provincial protectionism’. The winter rice harvest of 1942 failed because of a fungal disease that spread rapidly in an unusually warm and humid spell of weather. No measures were taken to impose rationing or force hoarders to disgorge supplies, for fear of provoking political dissent in the economic elites. Churchill ordered a 60 per cent cut in military and civilian shipping to the Indian Ocean, commenting that Indians should not take food supplies that could be used by the mother country; for him, as for cartoonist Illingworth, it showed that the Indians were incapable of governing themselves and that Congress’s sympathizers in Britain and the USA were unrealistic idealists who failed to recognize that the colonial power was all that stood between India and ruin. As many as three million people may have died from starvation and diseases, such as cholera, associated with the movements of large numbers of people across the country. The government imposed strict censorship to stop news of the famine spreading, and it was only when Viscount Wavell was appointed Viceroy of India in September 1943 that, worried about morale among the Indian troops charged with the recapture of Burma, that decisive action was taken. Even so, Wavell had to overcome considerable resistance from Churchill and the government in London. The famine seriously undermined popular support for the British Raj.
Secondly, the British had encouraged Hindu-Muslim rivalry in order to weaken the Indian nationalist movement. Thus, for example, the mainly Hindu nationalism of the Indian National Congress was counterbalanced by the All-India Muslim League, founded in 1906 on British initiative. By 1945 suspicions between the two religious communities had deepened to such an extent that pressure at both extremes was beginning to overwhelm Gandhi’s attempts to keep the nation together and lead it into independence as a united state. The Muslim leader Jinnah rejected Congress leader Nehru’s offer of five seats in an all-India government complaining of Hindu oppression of Muslims. Violent incidents meshed with growing political tensions between Congress and the Muslim League to force the British government’s hand as civil war seemed to loom alongside famine while the politicians dithered, bickered and drew up elaborate plans from a distance; partition between a Hindu-dominated India and a Muslim Pakistan, focused on the north-east and north-west, was agreed, the princely states were left free to choose their allegiance as the British abandoned their claim to suzerainty over them, and in June 1947 the last Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, announced independence for August, before the lines of demarcation had been finally drawn, leaving areas like Kashmir still in dispute. Although there were safeguards for minorities, a huge wave of violence overwhelmed the new states, as massacres of religious minorities killed between half a million and a million people, and seven and a quarter terrified refugees fled in either direction.
British, Dutch and French rule in Asia was the first stage in the collapse of the European empires. Japanese conquest and Japanese encouragement of nationalist movements – however insincere – had been a significant trigger. Unlike colonies with a significant European population, such as Canada, Australia or New Zealand, European rule in Asian and African colonies remained ultimately based on force, and was never accepted by the colonized. Traditional political structures in the colonies had been destroyed, adapted or co-opted by the colonial powers, but the resistance that eventually destroyed colonial rule seldom came from this direction. Strong and surviving indigenous religious or cultural traditions, such as Islam in North and West Africa, Malaya and Indonesia, or Buddhism in Indo-China, or Hinduism in India, could provide a basis for continued resistance, but this required political mobilization as well, and this had to come from new ideologies and forms of political organization imported from Europe.
Indirect rule meant the support of collaborating elites in colonized societies, maintaining hierarchical and undemocratic political structures, but in addition to traditional elites it was also necessary to train up new elites educated in the colonizers’ language, English or French or Dutch, to act as modern administrators; this education, even if begun in mission schools, was usually taken to an advanced level in the colonial metropolis. A typical example here was Hastings Banda, who studied medicine in Edinburgh and read History at the University of Chicago before returning home to Nyasaland and leading the country to independence as Malawi. It is not surprising that many nationalist and Communist leaders in the colonies began their political careers by joining radical political groups in London, Paris, or wherever they were studying, then taking radical political ideas back home; Ho Chi Minh, the Vietnamese Communist leader who joined the Communist Party in Paris in the early 1920s, was a classic example of this. These did not have to be extreme ideas: even a moderate belief in equality before the law, for example, would be bound to run up against the existence of different legal systems for Europeans and non-Europeans in the colonies; a commonplace belief in elections and parliamentary sovereignty would be bound to run up against the absence of these things in the colonies; and above all from 1918 onwards the principle of national self-determination, which swept all before it in the peace settlement of 1919 and was dominant in Europe through to the end of the Second World War and beyond, was utterly confounded by the experience of colonial rule.
Of course the concept of a ‘nation’ was problematical, to say the least, in huge conglomerates of widely differing geographical and climatic zones and political and social systems like, say, Nigeria. But European education helped create new, modernizing elites who were able to push aside traditional collaborating elites and unite the colonized in opposition to European racism and colonial domination and argue powerfully for a greater say in the government of whichever colony they happened to be located in. Economic development accelerated these processes, as denser and faster communications, from the railway to the airplane to the telephone, helped nationalist movements to bind together disparate tribes and communities. Urbanization and education led to the rapid growth of new indigenous economic and professional elites and created impoverished urban masses ready to listen to the nationalist message as a way out of their oppression. It was in India that all these processes were at their most advanced, since they had been in train for the longest period of time, and could build on powerful indigenous religious and cultural traditions; and India frequently acted as a model for other colonies. Within the British Empire, the emergence of self-governing Dominions provided another model that was followed by the nationalist movement in India and then other colonies as well.
For the British themselves, the evolution of self-governing Dominions also provided a model to follow, provided they conceded the fitness of a colony to govern itself; something they did with only extreme reluctance in India and Africa since those demanding self-government were not Europeans. The legitimacy of imperialism had been undermined already in the First World War, but the new more idealistic atmosphere of international relations after 1918 still left European powers convinced that they could control the pace and nature of the slow emergence of structures of self-government in the colonies. In any case, up to the Second World War, nationalist and anti-colonialist movements grew only relatively slowly and had, except perhaps in India and Ceylon, relatively little impact. What made the crucial difference was the impact of the war itself; not just in the form of the Japanese demonstration that an Asian power could destroy European empires, but more generally. European powers retained control over African colonies throughout the war, but knowledge of European defeats in the Far East and in Europe itself encouraged nationalist movements, and the barbarous and genocidal behaviour of the Germans in Eastern Europe and their exploitation of a huge area of Europe more generally severely damaged the moral legitimacy of empire itself. Within Britain, France and other countries, critics of empire increased in number and persuasiveness as a consequence. Nazi racism largely destroyed the legitimacy of racism in Europe itself, and with it the claim of Europeans to be morally superior to Africans or Asians on which so much of the legitimacy of European colonialism rested.
Conversely, of course, many colonies made a major contribution to the war effort of the British and their Allies in fighting the Nazis and the Japanese, increasing the legitimacy of demands for self-government after the fighting stopped. Above all, the war brought two superpowers, the USA and the USSR, to prominence, and one of the few things they had in common was opposition to colonialism. The rapid emergence of the Cold War between the two superpowers created a competition for the support of what came to be known as ‘Third World’ countries, with liberation movements frequently backed by the Soviet Union and the USA and the ‘West’ more generally seeking to defuse them by making concessions to demands for independence. Only where a European colony seemed to be a bulwark against Communism did the Americans support it.
It is sometimes said that the British economy was exhausted, even bankrupted, by fighting the Second World War, and so Britain was unable to devote resources to retaining its colonial Empire, but this is drastically to over-simplify a much more complex situation. What happened, rather, is that the British economy became more dependent on the much larger US economy when sterling was made fully convertible with the American dollar as a condition of wartime and post-war loans. Previously, sterling earnings could only be spent in sterling-based countries. Britain’s reaction to this opening up of world markets was to require colonial currencies to maintain fixed exchange rates with sterling, to sell their currency earnings to the UK in return for sterling, and to allow free transfers of sterling. Yet in 1949 when the British government devalued sterling it did not consult the colonies. In addition, the British belief that the wealth of the colonies could help its own economy led to much more vigorous exploitation of plantations, mines and other colonial resources. All this had damaging and sometimes inflationary effects on colonial economies and helped fuel colonial nationalism. As the Empire became more difficult and more expensive to control, British politicians wondered increasingly whether it was worth it at a time when more and more money was being spent on the creation of the welfare state at home.
Finally, the violence with which colonial powers often confronted movements of national liberation also fuelled growing protests and opposition to colonialism among liberals at home, appalled for example by the forcible relocation of half a million Malayans to so-called ‘model villages’ in the ‘Malayan Emergency’ war against Communist guerrillas – originally armed by the British to fight the Japanese- from 1948 all the way up to 1960. The counter-insurgency operation was hugely expensive. In one action, ‘Operation Nassau’, carried out from December 1954 to January 1955, 60,000 artillery shells, 30,000 rounds of mortar ammunition, and 2,000 aircraft bombs were expended, but only 35 terrorists killed or captured. Each one represented 1,500 man-days of patrolling or waiting in ambushes. Such operations succeeded, for the insurgents were relatively few in number – around 8,000 – and did not have much support among the population. Still, in order to undermine their claim to be a movement of national liberation rather than a movement of communist revolution, the British rapidly introduced measures of self-government, ending in 1957 with full independence followed by an end to the war three years later.
In other parts of the world too, violent opposition created almost insurmountable problems of control. British control in Palestine became shaky when the mass migration of many Jews from Europe after the war led to demands for the fulfilment of the Balfour Declaration of 1917, when Britain had promised the Jews a homeland. Britain was caught between the feeling that this promise should be honoured, and its reliance on Arab states for oil supplies alongside with its continued role in states such as Iraq at a time when Arab nationalism too was becoming more vocal. Increasingly violent action by extreme Zionist terrorist groups including the bombing of the British Palestine headquarters at the King David Hotel in Jerusalem was paralleled by growing violence between Jews and Arabs. Unable to control the rapidly spiralling violence, Britain resigned its mandate in September 1947 when the United Nations recommended separate Arab and Jewish states, leading to full-scale war and the declaration of Israeli independence in May 1948.
British public opinion was divided over events in Palestine, as it was over violence elsewhere. The repression of the Mau-Mau uprising in Kenya from 1952 to 1956, with mass arrests and 10,000 African deaths, aroused criticism in the UK, while in France the divisions opened up by the Algerian war of independence from 1954 onwards, marked by torture and assassination on both sides, were so deep – largely because of the fact that the northern provinces of Algeria were actually part of France, and settled by large numbers of French colonists – that they led to the overthrow of the Fourth Republic in a coup by General De Gaulle in 1958, followed, much to the dismay of his backers, by independence in 1962.
By this time, much of the rationale for the retention of colonies by European powers had more or less disappeared. British control of East Africa had been motivated not least by the desire to protect the sea route to India following the opening of the Suez Canal, but now India was independent this was no longer of much importance. Britain, France and the other colonial powers did not believe in the post-war years that African colonies were ready for independence, and initially at least liberation movements were less strong than they were in Asia. European policy in the Middle East and North Africa, mostly former provinces of the Ottoman Empire, had rested on indirect control through client states. The British Protectorate over Egypt, previously effectively an independent state, was established in 1882 but resistance to British rule had been more or less continuous; with the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the proclamation of national self-determination at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, this had reached new heights, with mass demonstrations in which Egyptian women for the first time played a prominent part. British attempts to suppress anticolonial riots failed despite the extensive use of violence in which some 800 people were killed. In 1922 Egypt became an independent Kingdom with the Suez Canal remaining under the control of the British and French owned and protected Suez Canal Company and the British continuing to control things from behind the scenes. However, the monarchy lost legitimacy as a result of its incompetence in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and was overthrown in 1952 by Colonel Nasser, who declared a republic and nationalized the Suez Canal. There followed an ill-advised Anglo-French invasion, backed with military force by Israel, and prompted not least by British Prime Minister Eden’s belief that appeasement of Nasser, who had wide-ranging ambitions to lead the Arab world, was no better than appeasement of Hitler. It was successful militarily but defeated politically by the joint action of the USA and the USSR, acting through the United Nations; the two superpowers were anxious not to have to deal with the Middle Eastern powder-keg at a time when they were focusing their attention on the Soviet suppression of a liberal uprising in Hungary. The invasion also opened up deep divisions in British politics and Eden was conscious that British public opinion was not fully behind him. The British and French withdrew, followed somewhat later by the Israelis; the Canal remained nationalized; and the result was complete humiliation for the imperialist powers.
Other parts of the former Ottoman Empire had gained independence after the First World War but under Anglo-French control, which was re-established during the Second World War. Libya, under Anglo-French control since its capture from the Italians during the war, had already become independent again in 1951, under the usual conditions of a monarchy subservient to Western interests; the Lebanon had grasped independence in 1943 when Vichy France was occupied by the Germans; events in other former Ottoman provinces like Iraq and Syria took a similar course, with the Allies withdrawing again after World War II. In Morocco, nominally under the rule of a Sultan, but actually under Franco-Spanish control, nationalist uprisings in the 1920s had sparked a violent repression by the colonial powers, leading to the Rif War and ultimate victory for the Spanish legionaries, who later used Morocco as a basis for the invasion of Spain in the 1936 civil war under General Franco; but the examples of Libya, Algeria and Egypt led to a renewal of nationalism in the 1950s until independence was ceded in 1956; Tunisia also became independent in 1956 while the Suez crisis forced the British to leave Sudan.
In all the Arab states, the Suez crisis provoked political upheavals, but it was further south Africa that it had its greatest effect. In 1948 the British shot live rounds at a demonstration of African ex-servicemen in Accra, in the prosperous Gold Coast colony, later renamed Ghana, in 1948, killing or injuring 68 of them, and following this with the arrest of political leaders of the independence movement, including the American-educated Kwame Nkrumah. Leading a movement explicitly based on educated, middle-class Africans, Nkrumah exploited the collapse of British legitimacy, emphasised his moderation, and led a series of strikes and demonstrations that forced the British to introduce elections. Nkrumah became Prime Minister and led the country to independence in 1957. This was the first state artificially created during the Scramble for Africa to become independent; the others now followed rapidly, with thirteen French colonies gaining sovereignty or independence in 1958-60. The Belgian Congo, Nigeria, British and Italian Somaliland also gained independence in 1960, and the other British African states in 1961-63. A small number of colonies remained, mostly islands or territories thought too small to be viable on their own; problematic colonies or ex-colonies with a powerful white settler presence like Rhodesia, later Zimbabwe, or South Africa, continued to cause problems for a while, and occupied what some thought a disproportionate place in British political debate during the Wilson government in the later 1960s; Portugal held on to its empire until the costs, both political and economic, became too great and led to a revolution in 1974, overthrowing the long-term fascist dictatorship and freeing the colonies; Spain followed a similar if more peaceful course after the death of Franco; and finally when the Soviet Union collapsed in 1990 its colonies on the Baltic coast, in Central Asia and the Caucasus gained independence too, and its satellite states in Eastern Europe broke away from Soviet control. The former colonial powers, notably the British and French, retained loose associations of their former colonies, such as the Commonwealth, but these were based more on historic ties than on present-day political realities, designed above all perhaps to continue the illusion in Britain and France respectively that they were still global powers.
By the 1960s Western Europe was more concerned with building peace and prosperity through what became the European Union, than with continuing with the increasingly difficult task of maintaining global empires in the face of mounting demands for independence in the colonies, an ever greater concern with economic improvement at home, and the hostility of the USA and the USSR to the colonial enterprise as both competed for the allegiance of soon-to-be independent or newly self-governing parts of Asia and Africa. Indeed it could be argued that only by ridding themselves of their overseas empires were European powers able to devote more resources to prosperity at home. It was not lost on observers that the outstanding post-war economic successes, Germany and Japan, were unencumbered with colonial burdens, while prosperity did not come to Portugal until the end of empire in the 1970s. Of course, the end of empire more generally did not necessarily mean the end of European influence, whether political or economic. French political intervention in former colonies continued, and former colonial powers were often on the inside track for new economic investments to a degree that enabled them in many cases to exploit what came to be known as ‘Third World’ economies even more effectively than before, so that in some ways decolonization can be seen more as a transition from formal to informal colonial control of the sort that Britain had exercised in Latin America for example through most of the 19th century. Nevertheless, decolonization did mean the end of European political control, possession and domination, and as such it meant the end of an era of history that had begun nearly half a millennium before, with the Spanish conquest of the Americas in the 1490s and early 1500s.
Decolonization was a complex and uneven process difficult to reduce to a few simple formulae, but what is clear is that the causes have to be sought both in Europe and in the colonized parts of the world. In Europe itself, the age of empire above all in the nineteenth century was based on the maintenance of peace on the continent, as European powers, except for very brief and partial conflicts, did not become embroiled in any major wars with each other. As soon as they did, in 1914 and again in 1939, the foundations of empire began to crumble. The First World War propagated a belief that colonialism was not about domination or exploitation but about ‘trusteeship’, a notion underpinned by the mandating of the German colonies to various European powers by the League of Nations based on the claim that German colonialism had been brutal and violent so other countries such as Britain and France were not only capable of ruling more humanely but were also obliged to do so.This notion originated not least in outrage over Belgian rule in the Congo, and it was reinforced by further outrage over the Italian conquest of Ethiopia and Germany’s genocidal rule in Eastern Europe during the Second World War. The ultimate aim of colonization was now understood in the post-war world to be the education and development of colonial societies to a point where they could rule themselves, and in pursuit of this aim, new indigenous elites were encouraged to seek education in France or Britain or in the new schools and universities founded in many of the colonies in the interwar years.
These new elites themselves took the lead, above all after the Second World War, in campaigning for self-rule and eventually independence, encouraged by the Japanese demonstration during the war that European rule could be overthrown, and by the competitive hostility to European colonization shown after the war by the USA and the USSR in the emerging Cold War. As nationalist and independence movements gathered strength, European powers proved increasingly unable to suppress them, and the use of force to do so, very widespread during the final phase of Empire, ran into serious political difficulties in Europe itself, illustrated most dramatically by the deep divisions opened up in British politics during the Suez Crisis. To some extent there was a domino effect: each single act of decolonization encouraged nationalist movements in other colonies to push harder for independence. They gained support as increased European exploitation of the colonies after 1945 combined with the obviously growing prosperity of European societies in the post-war boom to fuel popular resentment in colonies across the globe, linked by the rapid spread of modern mass communications. Under all these influences, decolonization happened in the end much faster than anyone in Europe had imagined; and precisely because it was in most cases precipitate and unplanned, it left many problems unsolved and was frequently accompanied or followed by bloodshed or civil unrest and ethnic or religious conflict.
Decolonization brought to an end a world order centred on Europe, and on the European belief in a cultural and to a degree also a racial hierarchy in which Europe and North America were progressive and the rest of the world stagnant. Europe exported manufactures and capital in return for raw materials from non-European parts of the globe. The language of superiority lost its legitimacy. A new informal American empire emerged from post-war American economic supremacy, and based on command of the seas, with strategic bases across the globe. Its rhetoric was very different from that of the old empires, proclaiming the virtues of democracy and freedom while silently subordinating them to anticommunist political stability under dictatorships where the new capitalist order seemed threatened. The age of empire perhaps isn’t over yet.
What was the legacy of the European empires? It’s been argued, particularly by Niall Ferguson, that their legacy – and particularly the British Empire’s legacy – has been overwhelmingly positive, spreading the benefits of the rule of law, responsible and incorruptible administration, democratic parliamentary politics, modern and effective science and medicine, a dedicated work ethic, respect for private property, and a free-enterprise economy across the globe. Yet this legacy has been in practice far from universal. Corruption is widespread in many administrative and political systems from Kenya to Kazakhstan, as the annual ‘corruption perception index’ indicates.The rule of law is flouted in many postcolonial states. The benefits of modern science and medicine still have to reach many parts of the globe and while they have improved almost everywhere, death rates are still notably in formerly colonized parts of the world.Dictatorships rule a whole swathe of former colonial states, and although concepts of freedom and unfreedom are inevitably relative, once again a global map of free and unfree legal and political systems shows up a large number of former colonial states in the unfree camp. Private property rights are violated, or not respected, in most of these.
The most obvious negative legacy of empire has been the outbreak of violent and often intractable conflicts, sometimes based on ethnic and religious hostilities between peoples lumped together in arbitrarily configured political units containing a variety of peoples with little in common: Nigeria for example, convulsed by a violent civil war and continuing religious conflict, or the Congo or Somalia, where the state has not been able to establish control and violence has continued with the loss of life running into the millions, or the Sudan, or Uganda, or Cambodia, or Kashmir and what is now Bangladesh, which gained its independence in a violent conflict with Pakistan, or the Middle East, with its repeated Arab-Israeli wars. States as far apart as Uganda and Fiji have seen violent ethnic conflict erupt with growing tensions between indigenous peoples and the descendants of imported Indian indentured labourers.
To a degree too the violence used by the imperial powers in trying to impose their will from the start of empire to the end provided an unfortunate example to follow, as for example in the Congo. These violent clashes, like the genocidal civil war in Rwanda were the product of empire and its legacy; they did not represent the re-emergence of previous tensions which empire had suppressed. In many postcolonial states the political culture of democracy has been so thinly rooted and the army, with officers usually trained by the colonial powers themselves, has often been virtually the only united nationwide institution with the power to enforce its will, that military coups have been commonplace and the slide into dictatorship widespread. The army officer Jean-Bédel Bokassa, who ruled the former French colony of the Central African Republic from his coup d’état in 1966 to his overthrow by a military expedition sent by the French government in 1979, declared himself Emperor in 1977 and spent a third of his country’s income on a lavish coronation ceremony, as did also his contemporary the Ugandan dictator Idi Amin, who awarded himself the CBE (Conqueror of the British Empire) and married as his fifth wife a go-go dancer for the Ugandan Army’s Revolutionary Suicide Mechanised Regiment Band have seemed absurd, but European laughter may have been a nervous displacement of the recognition that their brutal and murderous regimes were based not least on an obsession with European models and modes of behaviour. The European political legacy includes not just Tom Paine but also Napoleon.
European domination in the nineteenth century rested above all on the power of industry, which gave Europeans the ability to roam the world with steamships and railways, carrying their armies and exports across the globe, and suppressing attempts at resistance including indigenous economic competition (as for example in the case of the Egyptian cotton industry in the early nineteenth century). The huge revenues generated by industry gave them the financial clout to sustain this vast global effort. Empire took many forms, from mass European settlement as in Australia or Canada, to mere occupation of coastal trading bases as in China or West Africa, to the takeover of pre-existing imperial structures and collaboration with existing elites as in India. Two world wars in the twentieth century and the rise of the USA undermined the superiority, generated during the Napoleonic Wars, that gave Europe its edge. What we have now is not so much imperialism as globalization: this does of course involve the diffusion across the globe of what were originally European technologies and cultural practices, European political systems and ideologies, European economic structures and processes; but globalization is increasingly levelling up – or possibly down - other parts of the world to the European standard in these areas, even if the processes are uneven and will for a long time be incomplete; increasingly major companies and enterprises are global rather than being based in a single country or region, and move capital and investment freely around the world to where it is most profitable.
In the end, however, there is no common agreement on how the new global order will be structured. The rationalism of the European Enlightenment has not triumphed; history has not come to a full stop, but on the contrary, religion is more than ever a force to be reckoned with, from the Islamic republics of the Middle East to the voters of the Republican Party in America. Free trade has not brought uniform benefits across the world. Development has been uneven and some former colonies have failed to improve economically or descended into political chaos, conflict and dictatorship. The legacy of empire has been as diverse as empire itself was. Even in the age of globalization, there is no single agreed set of political, cultural or economic rules by which modernity is defined; on the contrary it looks very different in China from the way it seems in Iran, different in American from what it seems in Tanzania. One thing does seem certain, however, and that is that the idea of empire, for all the pleading of those who like Niall Ferguson have been urging the United States to recognise it has an empire and behave accordingly, has been discredited, probably for good. I hope in these lectures I have been able to give you some idea of how it came about, how it was expressed, and how it declined and fell.
My next series of lectures, next winter, will be devoted to another aspect of globalization, namely the spread of epidemic diseases and plagues across the globe, from the bubonic plague to HIV/AIDS, their impact and the ways in which human society has sought to prevent them or combat them when they have occurred. So I look forward to seeing you next September and in the meantime wish you all a very pleasant spring and summer.
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In which river was Jesus baptized by John the Baptist? | Jesus and the Jordan River - Travel - Jerusalem Post
Jesus and the Jordan River
ByBEATA ADONIA, TRAVELUJAH
13 January 2013 17:17
Visit one of the most famous biblical Christian sights where Jesus was said to have been baptized.
Jordan RIver baptism. (photo credit:Travelujah)
For further information about Christian tourism and Holy Land tours contact [email protected] .
The Jordan River flows through the Jordan Rift Valley into the Kinneret and then continues down into the Dead Sea with no outlet. It is a place of many important biblical events. However, for most Christians the first association with the river would be the scene of Jesus Christ being baptized by John the Baptist.
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According to the Christian faith, the Jordan River is considered the third most holy site in the Holy Land, just after Nativity Grotto in Bethlehem and Golgotha in Jerusalem, because it is the site of the most important event of Jesus’ life - his baptism and beginning of his ministry.
It was John the Baptist who decided to baptize people in the Jordan River. Many scholars think that he might have been influenced by the Essens, who like John, were leading an ascetic life in the wilderness of Qumran or EinGedi. One of their principal religious rituals was a daily immersion in water to regain purity.
The Jordan River represented a perfect mikva of continuously running water.
John is also commonly referred to be a precursor of Jesus, and the Gospel of Matthew describes him as the person mentioned by Isaiah in his prophecy: “A voice of one calling in the wilderness, ‘Prepare the way for the Lord, make straight paths for him.’” (Isaiah 40:3) John also announced that Christ - the Messiah is coming, with the words: “I baptize you with water for repentance. But after me comes one who is more powerful than I, whose sandals I am not worthy to carry. He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and fire.” (Matt. 3:11)
Jesus’ Baptism and its meaning
Christ was baptized in the Jordan River by John the Baptist. Baptism with water, practiced since the beginning of the Church, represents admission into the Christian community and is essential for salvation. "Truly, truly, I say to you, unless one is born of water and the Spirit, he cannot enter into the Kingdom of God." (John 3:5) In Christianity, baptism is a sign of “repentance and forgiveness of sins” (Mark 1:4) and the beginning of the life in Christ within the Church. Christians are baptized in the name God: “Father, and the Son and the Holy Spirit” (Matt. 28:19). As well, through baptism Christians associate with the death, burial and resurrection of Jesus: “And this water symbolizes baptism that now saves you […] by the resurrection of Jesus Christ.” (1 Peter 3:21)
Different Christian denominations have various baptismal practices. Orthodox and Catholic Christians receive the sacrament when still infants. The Catholic baptism is done by effusion, meaning pouring water over someone’s head.
However, according to the rituals of the Orthodox and some other Eastern Churches, a baby would be completely submersed in water. Within the Anabaptist (baptised again) and Baptist practices, a person would receive baptism as an adult in order to understand the significance and be aware of accepting Christ as a Saviour.
Site of Jesus’ Baptism - Qasr el Yahud
Qasr el Yahud, one of the most important sites for Christian pilgrims visiting the Holy Land, is identified as the traditional site of Jesus’ baptism. The place is located in the wilderness of the Jordan River Valley, north of the Dead Sea and east of Jericho. Remains of a Byzantine church from the 4-5th century, still visible on the site, point to the ancient tradition associate with this site.
To be baptized in the same place where Jesus was baptized, is a uniquely spiritual moment for the Christian believer. Qasr el Yahud is furnished with facilities required to assist visiting pilgrims and enhance their experience. There are on site showers, facilities for prayer, wheelchair access and improved car parking. Baptismal robes are available for NIS 35.
The Baptism of the Lord Celebration is a feast commemorating the baptism of Jesus in the Jordan River by the John the Baptist. In the Holy Land, this event takes place at Qasr el Yahud.
According to the Catholic Church’s tradition, the holiday is celebrated on the first Sunday after the feast of Epiphany. This year, Catholics will make a pilgrimage to the site on January 13 and hold a mass in a chapel on the riverbank.
January 18 and 19 will mark the Feast of Theophany, which for the Eastern Churches denotes Christ’s baptism and first revelation as the Son of God and the revelation of the Holy Trinity. On the morning of January 18 a procession of Eastern Orthodox clergy and pilgrims would follow down to the river bank, where the celebration will be held. The Patriarch, by submerging the cross in the river will purify and consecrate its water, which then shall be sprinkled on the crowds of faithful. In the afternoon the Ethiopian Orthodox Church will celebrate the Baptism at the site. On the morning of January 19, the baptismal celebrations will be held by the Coptic Orthodox and the Syrian Orthodox Churches.
There are other biblical events also associated with Qasr el Yahud. Joshua, while leading the Israelites crossed the Jordan River there, and entered the Land of Canaan (Joshua 3). In addition, Elijah the Prophet ascended to heaven on a fiery chariot (2 Kings 11) at the site of Qasr el Yahud.
Qasr el Yahud is just north of the Dead Sea. If driving from Jerusalem, take the Route 1 towards Jericho’s bypass road, then turn north on the Route 90, drive approximately 2.5 km until you reach a grove, and then turn east in the direction of a sign saying Qasr al-Yahud. Currently, there is no public transportation which goes exactly to the site. Hiring a taxi driver or a private tour could be an option.
Opening hours:Qasr el Yahud is open daily from 8 a.m. till 5 p.m. in the summer and till 4 p.m. during the winter, except on Fridays from 8 a.m. till 3 p.m. (summer) or till 2 p.m. (winter). There is no entry fee. Pilgrims are advised to call before visiting on (02) 650-4844.
Yardenit
Many pilgrims come to the Holy Land especially to be baptized in the Jordan River, thus the site of Yardenit was established in 1981 as a result of the closing of Qasr el Yahud, which occurred at the time due to the unstable political situation in the region. This picturesque baptismal site, located south of the Jordan River's outlet from the Sea of Galilee, welcomes everyone who would like to walk in the footsteps of Jesus and follow Jesus’s life by experiencing the baptismal waters.
“The Wall of New Life” is Yardenit’s special feature that consists of panels in multiple languages that portray a verse from Mark describing the baptism of Jesus. "In those days Jesus came from Nazareth of Galilee and was baptized by John in the Jordan. And when he came up out of water, immediately he saw the heavens opened and the Spirit descending upon him like a dove, and a voice came from heaven; "Thou art my beloved Son, with thee I am well pleased." (Mark 1:9-11) “The Wall of New Life” is dedicated to all who have received baptism at this place, and symbolizes the beginning of their new life.
The site can accommodate several groups of pilgrims at once and at the site’s gift shop one can either rent or buy a white baptismal robe and a towel. In addition, there are spacious change facilities with showers and toilets.
How to get there: If driving a car, follow the signs leading to the Yardenit baptismal site along the road between Tiberias city and the Tzemach junction to its east. If you are thinking to take a public transportation from Jerusalem, Egged bus 961, which continues to Yardenit, leaves from Jerusalem Central Bus Station at 2:15 pm and 3:15 pm. After 2 hours and 35 minutes on the way, go off at the bus stop next to Ezori Beit Yerah School and then walk south around 250 meters.
Opening hours:March - November: Sun. – Thur. from 8 a.m. till 6 p.m. and on Friday from 8 a.m. till 4 p.m. December – February: Sun. – Thur. from 8 a.m. till 5 p.m. and on Friday from 8 a.m. till 4 p.m. Call on (04) 675-9111 to check site’s opening hours around the major Jewish holidays. There is no entry fee.
Beata Andonia works for the Bethlehem tourist bureau and blogs regularly about Bethlehem for T ravelujah-Holy Land Tours . She is originally from Poland and moved to Bethlehem in 2010.
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At the Jordan River, where Jesus was Baptized
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At the Jordan River, where Jesus was Baptized
On October 27, the Franciscan Friars of the Custody of the Holy Land will head out to the Jordan Valley, accompanied by hundreds of pilgrims and local Christians, for their annual pilgrimage to Jesus’ baptismal site on the Jordan River.
In contrast to previous years, however, pilgrims can now visit the site any day they want. Since the Six Day War in 1967, the area had been a closed military zone, open to visitors only twice a year or by appointment. In recent years, however, the Israeli Ministry of Tourism has invested millions to develop the site as a major pilgrimage center. It reopened on July 12 and is now open to the public seven days a week.
Known in Arabic as Qasr al Yahud (castle of the Jews), the site is located only a forty-minute drive from Jerusalem. It is most likely the site where Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist just before beginning his public ministry. The site was already known as a holy place in the fourth century A.D. This is attested by the remains of several byzantine churches in the area which display some beautiful mosaics, marble steps leading to the water, and a unique baptismal pool.
All four gospels recall the story of Jesus coming to the Jordan to be baptized by John. The synoptics record that when Jesus was baptized, the Holy Spirit descended upon him like a dove, and a voice came from heaven, saying "This is My beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased" (Mt 3:13-17; cf. Mk 1:9-11; Luke 3:21-22).
The Gospel of John tells us where the scene occurred: “These things took place in Bethany across the Jordan, where John was baptizing” (Jn 1:28). Jesus also stayed in the same “Bethany beyond the Jordan” (not to be confused with Bethany on the Mount of Olives), when he later fled persecution in Jerusalem (Jn 10:40).
What is the symbolism of Jesus being baptized at this spot? This is the same place, not far from Jericho, where the Israelites crossed the Jordan when they entered the land of Canaan. As the priests carrying the Ark of the Covenant stepped into the river, the waters of the Jordan were cut off and the Israelites could cross it on dry ground (Josh 3:14-17).
Later, the prophet Elijah crossed the Jordan on dry ground with Elisha just before he was taken up to heaven on a chariot of fire (2 Ki 2:8) as a sign that his prophetic ministry was over. Elisha then returned to Israel in the same way, crossing the Jordan on dry ground to inaugurate his own prophetic ministry (2 Ki 2:14).
The fact that Jesus also began his ministry there, by “crossing the Jordan,” portrays him as a “new Joshua” (the two names in Hebrew, Yeshua and Yehoshua, are almost the same), who was about to begin his prophetic ministry to Israel and to the world, leading them to the new Promised Land of forgiveness and eternal life in heaven. And for every Christian following the lead of Jesus, the door to this life is through the waters of baptism, as will be celebrated at the Jordan on October 27.
Andre Villeneuve
1
In the Valley of David and Goliath
A mysterious city with two gates, that existed 3,000 years ago, was discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, in the Elah Valley. Who were its inhabitants - Philistines, Canaanites or king David's subjects?
A new exhibition in the Bible Lands Museum, will unearth for the very first time unique finding including inscriptions, cultic shrines and more.
Until this day, the battle between David and Goliath is one of the most renowned stories, that survived through time. Now, visitor can acquaint themselves to the 3,000 year old fortified city that may be the ancient biblical Sha'arayim ( 'two gates' in Hebrew).
The exhibition will take place in the Bible Lands Museum, and is now open for visitors
2
In the Valley of David and Goliath
A mysterious city with two gates, that existed 3,000 years ago, was discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, in the Elah Valley. Who were its inhabitants - Philistines, Canaanites or king David's subjects?
A new exhibition in the Bible Lands Museum, will unearth for the very first time unique finding including inscriptions, cultic shrines and more.
Until this day, the battle between David and Goliath is one of the most renowned stories, that survived through time. Now, visitor can acquaint themselves to the 3,000 year old fortified city that may be the ancient biblical Sha'arayim ( 'two gates' in Hebrew).
The exhibition will take place in the Bible Lands Museum, and is now open for visitors
3
In the Valley of David and Goliath
A mysterious city with two gates, that existed 3,000 years ago, was discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, in the Elah Valley. Who were its inhabitants - Philistines, Canaanites or king David's subjects?
A new exhibition in the Bible Lands Museum, will unearth for the very first time unique finding including inscriptions, cultic shrines and more.
Until this day, the battle between David and Goliath is one of the most renowned stories, that survived through time. Now, visitor can acquaint themselves to the 3,000 year old fortified city that may be the ancient biblical Sha'arayim ( 'two gates' in Hebrew).
The exhibition will take place in the Bible Lands Museum, and is now open for visitors
4
In the Valley of David and Goliath
A mysterious city with two gates, that existed 3,000 years ago, was discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, in the Elah Valley. Who were its inhabitants - Philistines, Canaanites or king David's subjects?
A new exhibition in the Bible Lands Museum, will unearth for the very first time unique finding including inscriptions, cultic shrines and more.
Until this day, the battle between David and Goliath is one of the most renowned stories, that survived through time. Now, visitor can acquaint themselves to the 3,000 year old fortified city that may be the ancient biblical Sha'arayim ( 'two gates' in Hebrew).
The exhibition will take place in the Bible Lands Museum, and is now open for visitors
*Under the jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority.
Visiting the site/s may require special arrangements, including coordination for transportation and guides.
In the Valley of David and Goliath
A mysterious city with two gates, that existed 3,000 years ago, was discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, in the Elah Valley. Who were its inhabitants - Philistines, Canaanites or king David's subjects?
A new exhibition in the Bible Lands Museum, will unearth for the very first time unique finding including inscriptions, cultic shrines and more.
Until this day, the battle between David and Goliath is one of the most renowned stories, that survived through time. Now, visitor can acquaint themselves to the 3,000 year old fortified city that may be the ancient biblical Sha'arayim ( 'two gates' in Hebrew).
The exhibition will take place in the Bible Lands Museum, and is now open for visitors
*Under the jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority.
Visiting the site/s may require special arrangements, including coordination for transportation and guides.
In the Valley of David and Goliath
A mysterious city with two gates, that existed 3,000 years ago, was discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, in the Elah Valley. Who were its inhabitants - Philistines, Canaanites or king David's subjects?
A new exhibition in the Bible Lands Museum, will unearth for the very first time unique finding including inscriptions, cultic shrines and more.
Until this day, the battle between David and Goliath is one of the most renowned stories, that survived through time. Now, visitor can acquaint themselves to the 3,000 year old fortified city that may be the ancient biblical Sha'arayim ( 'two gates' in Hebrew).
The exhibition will take place in the Bible Lands Museum, and is now open for visitors
• Shepherds Field - The sanctuary of “Kenisater-Ruwat” in Bet-Sahur*.
• The Milk Grotto in Bethlehem*.
• Mar Elias Monastery on the main road, halfway between Jerusalem and Bethlehem.
In the Valley of David and Goliath
A mysterious city with two gates, that existed 3,000 years ago, was discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, in the Elah Valley. Who were its inhabitants - Philistines, Canaanites or king David's subjects?
A new exhibition in the Bible Lands Museum, will unearth for the very first time unique finding including inscriptions, cultic shrines and more.
Until this day, the battle between David and Goliath is one of the most renowned stories, that survived through time. Now, visitor can acquaint themselves to the 3,000 year old fortified city that may be the ancient biblical Sha'arayim ( 'two gates' in Hebrew).
The exhibition will take place in the Bible Lands Museum, and is now open for visitors
Week of Prayer in the Holy land for Christian Unity
Joint prayers are a call of unity among all Christians in the Holy Land.
Highlights of the festivity
On each day of the week, Christians belonging to the various Christian communities congregate in a church of a different denomination and pray together. Every year, the Christian Information Center publishes a list of participating churches.
Related sites worth visiting:
The “Living Stones” - The centers of the local Christian communities, (e.g., the Greek Catholic Patriarchate, which hosts the final evening of prayer).
In the Valley of David and Goliath
A mysterious city with two gates, that existed 3,000 years ago, was discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, in the Elah Valley. Who were its inhabitants - Philistines, Canaanites or king David's subjects?
A new exhibition in the Bible Lands Museum, will unearth for the very first time unique finding including inscriptions, cultic shrines and more.
Until this day, the battle between David and Goliath is one of the most renowned stories, that survived through time. Now, visitor can acquaint themselves to the 3,000 year old fortified city that may be the ancient biblical Sha'arayim ( 'two gates' in Hebrew).
The exhibition will take place in the Bible Lands Museum, and is now open for visitors
Week of Prayer in the Holy land for Christian Unity
Joint prayers are a call of unity among all Christians in the Holy Land.
Highlights of the festivity
On each day of the week, Christians belonging to the various Christian communities congregate in a church of a different denomination and pray together. Every year, the Christian Information Center publishes a list of participating churches.
Related sites worth visiting:
The “Living Stones” - The centers of the local Christian communities, (e.g., the Greek Catholic Patriarchate, which hosts the final evening of prayer).
In the Valley of David and Goliath
A mysterious city with two gates, that existed 3,000 years ago, was discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, in the Elah Valley. Who were its inhabitants - Philistines, Canaanites or king David's subjects?
A new exhibition in the Bible Lands Museum, will unearth for the very first time unique finding including inscriptions, cultic shrines and more.
Until this day, the battle between David and Goliath is one of the most renowned stories, that survived through time. Now, visitor can acquaint themselves to the 3,000 year old fortified city that may be the ancient biblical Sha'arayim ( 'two gates' in Hebrew).
The exhibition will take place in the Bible Lands Museum, and is now open for visitors
Week of Prayer in the Holy land for Christian Unity
Joint prayers are a call of unity among all Christians in the Holy Land.
Highlights of the festivity
On each day of the week, Christians belonging to the various Christian communities congregate in a church of a different denomination and pray together. Every year, the Christian Information Center publishes a list of participating churches.
Related sites worth visiting:
The “Living Stones” - The centers of the local Christian communities, (e.g., the Greek Catholic Patriarchate, which hosts the final evening of prayer).
In the Valley of David and Goliath
A mysterious city with two gates, that existed 3,000 years ago, was discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, in the Elah Valley. Who were its inhabitants - Philistines, Canaanites or king David's subjects?
A new exhibition in the Bible Lands Museum, will unearth for the very first time unique finding including inscriptions, cultic shrines and more.
Until this day, the battle between David and Goliath is one of the most renowned stories, that survived through time. Now, visitor can acquaint themselves to the 3,000 year old fortified city that may be the ancient biblical Sha'arayim ( 'two gates' in Hebrew).
The exhibition will take place in the Bible Lands Museum, and is now open for visitors
Week of Prayer in the Holy land for Christian Unity
Joint prayers are a call of unity among all Christians in the Holy Land.
Highlights of the festivity
On each day of the week, Christians belonging to the various Christian communities congregate in a church of a different denomination and pray together. Every year, the Christian Information Center publishes a list of participating churches.
Related sites worth visiting:
The “Living Stones” - The centers of the local Christian communities, (e.g., the Greek Catholic Patriarchate, which hosts the final evening of prayer).
In the Valley of David and Goliath
A mysterious city with two gates, that existed 3,000 years ago, was discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, in the Elah Valley. Who were its inhabitants - Philistines, Canaanites or king David's subjects?
A new exhibition in the Bible Lands Museum, will unearth for the very first time unique finding including inscriptions, cultic shrines and more.
Until this day, the battle between David and Goliath is one of the most renowned stories, that survived through time. Now, visitor can acquaint themselves to the 3,000 year old fortified city that may be the ancient biblical Sha'arayim ( 'two gates' in Hebrew).
The exhibition will take place in the Bible Lands Museum, and is now open for visitors
Week of Prayer in the Holy land for Christian Unity
Joint prayers are a call of unity among all Christians in the Holy Land.
Highlights of the festivity
On each day of the week, Christians belonging to the various Christian communities congregate in a church of a different denomination and pray together. Every year, the Christian Information Center publishes a list of participating churches.
Related sites worth visiting:
The “Living Stones” - The centers of the local Christian communities, (e.g., the Greek Catholic Patriarchate, which hosts the final evening of prayer).
In the Valley of David and Goliath
A mysterious city with two gates, that existed 3,000 years ago, was discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, in the Elah Valley. Who were its inhabitants - Philistines, Canaanites or king David's subjects?
A new exhibition in the Bible Lands Museum, will unearth for the very first time unique finding including inscriptions, cultic shrines and more.
Until this day, the battle between David and Goliath is one of the most renowned stories, that survived through time. Now, visitor can acquaint themselves to the 3,000 year old fortified city that may be the ancient biblical Sha'arayim ( 'two gates' in Hebrew).
The exhibition will take place in the Bible Lands Museum, and is now open for visitors
Week of Prayer in the Holy land for Christian Unity
Joint prayers are a call of unity among all Christians in the Holy Land.
Highlights of the festivity
On each day of the week, Christians belonging to the various Christian communities congregate in a church of a different denomination and pray together. Every year, the Christian Information Center publishes a list of participating churches.
Related sites worth visiting:
The “Living Stones” - The centers of the local Christian communities, (e.g., the Greek Catholic Patriarchate, which hosts the final evening of prayer).
In the Valley of David and Goliath
A mysterious city with two gates, that existed 3,000 years ago, was discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, in the Elah Valley. Who were its inhabitants - Philistines, Canaanites or king David's subjects?
A new exhibition in the Bible Lands Museum, will unearth for the very first time unique finding including inscriptions, cultic shrines and more.
Until this day, the battle between David and Goliath is one of the most renowned stories, that survived through time. Now, visitor can acquaint themselves to the 3,000 year old fortified city that may be the ancient biblical Sha'arayim ( 'two gates' in Hebrew).
The exhibition will take place in the Bible Lands Museum, and is now open for visitors
Week of Prayer in the Holy land for Christian Unity
Joint prayers are a call of unity among all Christians in the Holy Land.
Highlights of the festivity
On each day of the week, Christians belonging to the various Christian communities congregate in a church of a different denomination and pray together. Every year, the Christian Information Center publishes a list of participating churches.
Related sites worth visiting:
The “Living Stones” - The centers of the local Christian communities, (e.g., the Greek Catholic Patriarchate, which hosts the final evening of prayer).
In the Valley of David and Goliath
A mysterious city with two gates, that existed 3,000 years ago, was discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, in the Elah Valley. Who were its inhabitants - Philistines, Canaanites or king David's subjects?
A new exhibition in the Bible Lands Museum, will unearth for the very first time unique finding including inscriptions, cultic shrines and more.
Until this day, the battle between David and Goliath is one of the most renowned stories, that survived through time. Now, visitor can acquaint themselves to the 3,000 year old fortified city that may be the ancient biblical Sha'arayim ( 'two gates' in Hebrew).
The exhibition will take place in the Bible Lands Museum, and is now open for visitors
15
In the Valley of David and Goliath
A mysterious city with two gates, that existed 3,000 years ago, was discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, in the Elah Valley. Who were its inhabitants - Philistines, Canaanites or king David's subjects?
A new exhibition in the Bible Lands Museum, will unearth for the very first time unique finding including inscriptions, cultic shrines and more.
Until this day, the battle between David and Goliath is one of the most renowned stories, that survived through time. Now, visitor can acquaint themselves to the 3,000 year old fortified city that may be the ancient biblical Sha'arayim ( 'two gates' in Hebrew).
The exhibition will take place in the Bible Lands Museum, and is now open for visitors
16
In the Valley of David and Goliath
A mysterious city with two gates, that existed 3,000 years ago, was discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, in the Elah Valley. Who were its inhabitants - Philistines, Canaanites or king David's subjects?
A new exhibition in the Bible Lands Museum, will unearth for the very first time unique finding including inscriptions, cultic shrines and more.
Until this day, the battle between David and Goliath is one of the most renowned stories, that survived through time. Now, visitor can acquaint themselves to the 3,000 year old fortified city that may be the ancient biblical Sha'arayim ( 'two gates' in Hebrew).
The exhibition will take place in the Bible Lands Museum, and is now open for visitors
17
In the Valley of David and Goliath
A mysterious city with two gates, that existed 3,000 years ago, was discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, in the Elah Valley. Who were its inhabitants - Philistines, Canaanites or king David's subjects?
A new exhibition in the Bible Lands Museum, will unearth for the very first time unique finding including inscriptions, cultic shrines and more.
Until this day, the battle between David and Goliath is one of the most renowned stories, that survived through time. Now, visitor can acquaint themselves to the 3,000 year old fortified city that may be the ancient biblical Sha'arayim ( 'two gates' in Hebrew).
The exhibition will take place in the Bible Lands Museum, and is now open for visitors
Feast of Theophany (O,Cp,Syr,Eth)
For the Eastern churches, this feast denotes Christ’s baptism in the Jordan River.
Theologically, it is Jesus’ first revelation as the Son of God and the revelation of the Holy Trinity.
Highlights of the feast
The baptismal site of Qasr el-Yahud on the Jordan River, east of Jericho -
Morning of the 18th - A procession of clergy and pilgrims (O) travels down to the river bank. The baptism celebrations are held on the bank of the Jordan River. By submerging a cross in the river, the Patriarch purifies and consecrates the water, which is then sprinkled on crowds of the faithful.
In the afternoon the Ethiopian Orthodox Church celebrates the Baptism in the site. Morning of the 19th - The Baptismal celebrations of the Coptic Orthodox Church and the Syrian Orthodox Church are held on the bank of the Jordan River.
Related sites worth visiting:
Mount of Temptation and Qarantal Monastery above Jericho*.
Monastery of St. Gerasimos, in the “Desert of the Jordan” - a station on the pilgrims’ route to the Jordan.
Qumran - site of the Dead Sea Scrolls.
In the Valley of David and Goliath
A mysterious city with two gates, that existed 3,000 years ago, was discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, in the Elah Valley. Who were its inhabitants - Philistines, Canaanites or king David's subjects?
A new exhibition in the Bible Lands Museum, will unearth for the very first time unique finding including inscriptions, cultic shrines and more.
Until this day, the battle between David and Goliath is one of the most renowned stories, that survived through time. Now, visitor can acquaint themselves to the 3,000 year old fortified city that may be the ancient biblical Sha'arayim ( 'two gates' in Hebrew).
The exhibition will take place in the Bible Lands Museum, and is now open for visitors
Feast of Theophany (O,Cp,Syr,Eth)
For the Eastern churches, this feast denotes Christ’s baptism in the Jordan River.
Theologically, it is Jesus’ first revelation as the Son of God and the revelation of the Holy Trinity.
Highlights of the feast
The baptismal site of Qasr el-Yahud on the Jordan River, east of Jericho -
Morning of the 18th - A procession of clergy and pilgrims (O) travels down to the river bank. The baptism celebrations are held on the bank of the Jordan River. By submerging a cross in the river, the Patriarch purifies and consecrates the water, which is then sprinkled on crowds of the faithful.
In the afternoon the Ethiopian Orthodox Church celebrates the Baptism in the site. Morning of the 19th - The Baptismal celebrations of the Coptic Orthodox Church and the Syrian Orthodox Church are held on the bank of the Jordan River.
Related sites worth visiting:
Mount of Temptation and Qarantal Monastery above Jericho*.
Monastery of St. Gerasimos, in the “Desert of the Jordan” - a station on the pilgrims’ route to the Jordan.
Qumran - site of the Dead Sea Scrolls.
In the Valley of David and Goliath
A mysterious city with two gates, that existed 3,000 years ago, was discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, in the Elah Valley. Who were its inhabitants - Philistines, Canaanites or king David's subjects?
A new exhibition in the Bible Lands Museum, will unearth for the very first time unique finding including inscriptions, cultic shrines and more.
Until this day, the battle between David and Goliath is one of the most renowned stories, that survived through time. Now, visitor can acquaint themselves to the 3,000 year old fortified city that may be the ancient biblical Sha'arayim ( 'two gates' in Hebrew).
The exhibition will take place in the Bible Lands Museum, and is now open for visitors
20
In the Valley of David and Goliath
A mysterious city with two gates, that existed 3,000 years ago, was discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, in the Elah Valley. Who were its inhabitants - Philistines, Canaanites or king David's subjects?
A new exhibition in the Bible Lands Museum, will unearth for the very first time unique finding including inscriptions, cultic shrines and more.
Until this day, the battle between David and Goliath is one of the most renowned stories, that survived through time. Now, visitor can acquaint themselves to the 3,000 year old fortified city that may be the ancient biblical Sha'arayim ( 'two gates' in Hebrew).
The exhibition will take place in the Bible Lands Museum, and is now open for visitors
21
In the Valley of David and Goliath
A mysterious city with two gates, that existed 3,000 years ago, was discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, in the Elah Valley. Who were its inhabitants - Philistines, Canaanites or king David's subjects?
A new exhibition in the Bible Lands Museum, will unearth for the very first time unique finding including inscriptions, cultic shrines and more.
Until this day, the battle between David and Goliath is one of the most renowned stories, that survived through time. Now, visitor can acquaint themselves to the 3,000 year old fortified city that may be the ancient biblical Sha'arayim ( 'two gates' in Hebrew).
The exhibition will take place in the Bible Lands Museum, and is now open for visitors
22
In the Valley of David and Goliath
A mysterious city with two gates, that existed 3,000 years ago, was discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, in the Elah Valley. Who were its inhabitants - Philistines, Canaanites or king David's subjects?
A new exhibition in the Bible Lands Museum, will unearth for the very first time unique finding including inscriptions, cultic shrines and more.
Until this day, the battle between David and Goliath is one of the most renowned stories, that survived through time. Now, visitor can acquaint themselves to the 3,000 year old fortified city that may be the ancient biblical Sha'arayim ( 'two gates' in Hebrew).
The exhibition will take place in the Bible Lands Museum, and is now open for visitors
23
In the Valley of David and Goliath
A mysterious city with two gates, that existed 3,000 years ago, was discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, in the Elah Valley. Who were its inhabitants - Philistines, Canaanites or king David's subjects?
A new exhibition in the Bible Lands Museum, will unearth for the very first time unique finding including inscriptions, cultic shrines and more.
Until this day, the battle between David and Goliath is one of the most renowned stories, that survived through time. Now, visitor can acquaint themselves to the 3,000 year old fortified city that may be the ancient biblical Sha'arayim ( 'two gates' in Hebrew).
The exhibition will take place in the Bible Lands Museum, and is now open for visitors
24
In the Valley of David and Goliath
A mysterious city with two gates, that existed 3,000 years ago, was discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, in the Elah Valley. Who were its inhabitants - Philistines, Canaanites or king David's subjects?
A new exhibition in the Bible Lands Museum, will unearth for the very first time unique finding including inscriptions, cultic shrines and more.
Until this day, the battle between David and Goliath is one of the most renowned stories, that survived through time. Now, visitor can acquaint themselves to the 3,000 year old fortified city that may be the ancient biblical Sha'arayim ( 'two gates' in Hebrew).
The exhibition will take place in the Bible Lands Museum, and is now open for visitors
25
In the Valley of David and Goliath
A mysterious city with two gates, that existed 3,000 years ago, was discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, in the Elah Valley. Who were its inhabitants - Philistines, Canaanites or king David's subjects?
A new exhibition in the Bible Lands Museum, will unearth for the very first time unique finding including inscriptions, cultic shrines and more.
Until this day, the battle between David and Goliath is one of the most renowned stories, that survived through time. Now, visitor can acquaint themselves to the 3,000 year old fortified city that may be the ancient biblical Sha'arayim ( 'two gates' in Hebrew).
The exhibition will take place in the Bible Lands Museum, and is now open for visitors
26
In the Valley of David and Goliath
A mysterious city with two gates, that existed 3,000 years ago, was discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, in the Elah Valley. Who were its inhabitants - Philistines, Canaanites or king David's subjects?
A new exhibition in the Bible Lands Museum, will unearth for the very first time unique finding including inscriptions, cultic shrines and more.
Until this day, the battle between David and Goliath is one of the most renowned stories, that survived through time. Now, visitor can acquaint themselves to the 3,000 year old fortified city that may be the ancient biblical Sha'arayim ( 'two gates' in Hebrew).
The exhibition will take place in the Bible Lands Museum, and is now open for visitors
27
In the Valley of David and Goliath
A mysterious city with two gates, that existed 3,000 years ago, was discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, in the Elah Valley. Who were its inhabitants - Philistines, Canaanites or king David's subjects?
A new exhibition in the Bible Lands Museum, will unearth for the very first time unique finding including inscriptions, cultic shrines and more.
Until this day, the battle between David and Goliath is one of the most renowned stories, that survived through time. Now, visitor can acquaint themselves to the 3,000 year old fortified city that may be the ancient biblical Sha'arayim ( 'two gates' in Hebrew).
The exhibition will take place in the Bible Lands Museum, and is now open for visitors
28
In the Valley of David and Goliath
A mysterious city with two gates, that existed 3,000 years ago, was discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, in the Elah Valley. Who were its inhabitants - Philistines, Canaanites or king David's subjects?
A new exhibition in the Bible Lands Museum, will unearth for the very first time unique finding including inscriptions, cultic shrines and more.
Until this day, the battle between David and Goliath is one of the most renowned stories, that survived through time. Now, visitor can acquaint themselves to the 3,000 year old fortified city that may be the ancient biblical Sha'arayim ( 'two gates' in Hebrew).
The exhibition will take place in the Bible Lands Museum, and is now open for visitors
29
In the Valley of David and Goliath
A mysterious city with two gates, that existed 3,000 years ago, was discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, in the Elah Valley. Who were its inhabitants - Philistines, Canaanites or king David's subjects?
A new exhibition in the Bible Lands Museum, will unearth for the very first time unique finding including inscriptions, cultic shrines and more.
Until this day, the battle between David and Goliath is one of the most renowned stories, that survived through time. Now, visitor can acquaint themselves to the 3,000 year old fortified city that may be the ancient biblical Sha'arayim ( 'two gates' in Hebrew).
The exhibition will take place in the Bible Lands Museum, and is now open for visitors
30
In the Valley of David and Goliath
A mysterious city with two gates, that existed 3,000 years ago, was discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, in the Elah Valley. Who were its inhabitants - Philistines, Canaanites or king David's subjects?
A new exhibition in the Bible Lands Museum, will unearth for the very first time unique finding including inscriptions, cultic shrines and more.
Until this day, the battle between David and Goliath is one of the most renowned stories, that survived through time. Now, visitor can acquaint themselves to the 3,000 year old fortified city that may be the ancient biblical Sha'arayim ( 'two gates' in Hebrew).
The exhibition will take place in the Bible Lands Museum, and is now open for visitors
31
In the Valley of David and Goliath
A mysterious city with two gates, that existed 3,000 years ago, was discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, in the Elah Valley. Who were its inhabitants - Philistines, Canaanites or king David's subjects?
A new exhibition in the Bible Lands Museum, will unearth for the very first time unique finding including inscriptions, cultic shrines and more.
Until this day, the battle between David and Goliath is one of the most renowned stories, that survived through time. Now, visitor can acquaint themselves to the 3,000 year old fortified city that may be the ancient biblical Sha'arayim ( 'two gates' in Hebrew).
The exhibition will take place in the Bible Lands Museum, and is now open for visitors
| i don't know |
Who got to no. 5 in the UK singles chart with ‘Hungry Like the Wolf’ in 1982? | RockPopInfo Song Facts: Hungry Like The Wolf (by Duran Duran)
Hungry Like The Wolf
In touch with the ground
I'm on the hunt, I'm after you
Smell like I sound
I'm lost in the crowd
And I'm hungry like the wolf
1983
peaked at No. 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1983
peaked at No. 5 on the UK Singles chart in 1982
RIAA certified Gold record
from the album Rio (1982)
the first hit single for Duran Duran
the song was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
written by Duran Duran (Nick Rhodes, Simon Le Bon, John Taylor, Roger Taylor, Andy Taylor); the lyrics were inspired by the fairy tale Little Red Riding Hood
produced by Colin Thurston
| Duran Duran |
Anatomy. What is the more scientific name for the breastbone? | Duran Duran Music : home
New Duran Duran Dates Added in CA in March!
Just announced! Duran Duran will be performing two shows at Agua Caliente Resort in California on March 17th and 18th, 2017. Shows in Dallas, Houston, Miami, Atlanta during this same general time frame will be announced in the New Year. During the same time period the band will be playing three South American Lollapalooza dates: Click here
Posted on 12-11-16
New dates added - Duran Duran in Maryland on New Year's Eve & Jan. 1st
“Official” announce Monday, October 24th: Duran Duran will perform at The Theater at the brand new MGM National Harbor on Saturday, Dec. 31 at 10:30 p.m. and Sunday, Jan. 1 at 9 p.m.
Tickets for Duran Duran range from $125 to $300, including applicable service charges, and go on sale Friday, Oct. 28 at 10 a.m. EDT. Tickets can be purchased online at mgmnationalharbor.com or ticketmaster.com .
Posted on 10-23-16
Members Only Section in the Duran Duran Webshop!
Membership definitely has its privileges lately - and DD VIP Members are no exception! All members of the Duran Duran VIP Fan Community already get a 10% discount at check out, but now they have their own section! Just click in to the Duran Duran Web Shop , hit the VIP tab on left side, put in your user details, and explore your very own shopping area, with special items and further discounts. Make sure you visit the site often, as the merchandise, and great offers, will always be changing!
Happy Shopping!
How did 2016 shake out for the members of Duran Duran? Read below! Click here
Posted on 12-27-16
Duran Duran's John Taylor & Roger Taylor Collaborate with At-Risk Youth on New Track - "No Rewind" - Premiering Today on Rollingstone.com
November 22nd, 2016 - (Burbank, CA) - Duran Duran bassist John Taylor and drummer Roger Taylor collaborated with at-risk youth from the charity Road Recovery to produce, mix, and record an original dance-rock song, "No Rewind," which premieres today on RollingStone.com. The song is available to purchase exclusively at CrowdRise through a download-for-donation campaign. All proceeds will go to support NYC-based non-profit Road Recovery's youth programs. Road Recovery was founded in 1998, and involves music professionals mentoring at-risk youth through creative workshops, live concerts, and recording projects. Click here
Posted on 11-22-16
Posted on 12-08-16
Duran Duran's "Last Night in the City" featuring Kiesza
Duran Duran is thrilled to be premiering their brand new video for “Last Night in the City" (featuring Kiesza) on the one year anniversary of the release of their album, Paper Gods.
Posted on 09-10-16
New Member Only Q&A with Tour Goddess Vikki Walked!
Backstage Coordinator - a job every young girl or boy aspires to? Maybe after reading this amazing Q&A with Vikki Walker they will. She really takes us in to the belly of the Duran Duran tour and shares some tricks of the trade and tales from the road!
Check out her fun Q&A in the Exclusive section!
Posted on 01-10-17
Winners! VIP Fan Community 4 Weeks of December Giving!
Congratulations to ALL the Duran Duran VIP fan community Four-Weeks-of-December giveaway WINNERS!!!!! Click onward to see if you are one of the winners of a signed Paper Gods CD, 2017 Duran Duran Calendar, Duran Duran book or VIP Fan Community package! Click here
Posted on 12-25-16
Simon! Nick! Roger! John! Year End Kafes 2016!!
Every December, all four band members meet in Katy’s Kafe to discuss the year that has just passed.
First up -and on video no less - JT, who had some surprising - and maybe some not so surprising - things to say about his highlights (and one or two lowlights) from 2016!
Up next, Roger T! Sitting down in the December Kafe to discuss the end of the year, Roger unwraps a bounty of year end thoughts. Tune in!
Third in the line up - Nick Rhodes, who took some time away from his bustling holiday schedule to chat with the Kafe about all the things he loved this year (a lot of arty stuff).
Closing down the year is our one and only front man, SLB! A little audio trouble (sorry!) didn't stop us from chatting about all the things that made SLB "go" this year!
Check out the EXCLUSIVE section of the fan community website!
Posted on 12-12-16
John participated in the Bass Player Live guitar clinic last month. He did a great Q&A with Incubus bassist Ben Kenney. You can watch the entire clinic Click here
Posted on 11-16-16
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