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What nationality was the noted astronomer Anders Celsius? | Anders Celsius Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements & Timeline
Scientists
Anders Celsius Biography
Anders Celsius was a Swedish astronomer and physicist who proposed the Celsius temperature scale and founded the Uppsala Observatory. This biography provides detailed information about his childhood, life, achievements, works & timeline.
Quick Facts
Uppsala University
"Anders Celsius" by Olof Arenius
Anders Celsius was a Swedish astronomer, physicist and mathematician who proposed the Celsius temperature scale and founded the Uppsala Observatory. Born in Sweden, he was raised in the shadow of his father, an astronomy professor. Anders showed an extraordinary talent in mathematics from childhood and after completing his education, decided to become an astronomer. He made earlier observations concerning aurora borealis (northern lights) and is regarded as the first astronomer to suggest a connection between aurora borealis and changes in the Earth's magnetic field. He also assessed the brightness of stars with measuring tools. Later, he participated in an expedition which proved the Newtonâs theory that the Earth has the shape of an ellipsoid, flattened at the poles. After succeeding in the expedition, he laid the foundation of Uppsala Astronomical Observatory, the oldest astronomical observatory in Sweden. However, he is most famous for the temperature scale he proposed based on the boiling and freezing points of water. Later on, a reversed form of his original design was adopted as the standard and used in almost all the scientific works. He started many other research projects but died unexpectedly before he could complete most of them. He was an extraordinary astronomer, and as a tribute to his accomplishments, the standard unit on the temperature scale, âCelsiusâ, is named after him.
Childhood & Early Life
He was born on November 27, 1701, in Uppsala, Sweden, to Nils Celsius, an astronomy professor at the Uppsala University.
He was the paternal grandson of the mathematician, Magnus Celsius, and the maternal grandson of astronomer, Anders Spole.
He was a talented mathematician from an early age and received his education from the Uppsala University. He studied astronomy, mathematics, and experimental physics and eventually decided to pursue a career in science.
Career
After completing his graduation, he was appointed as the secretary of the âRoyal Society of Sciencesâ in Uppsala. In 1730, he became a professor of astronomy at Uppsala University, a post he served until 1744.
His earliest research concerned the âaurora borealisâ, an unusual activity in which spectacular illumination of the night sky occurs due to the northern lights. He observed the variations of a compass needle and found that with stronger auroral activity, there occurred large deflections in the compass.
From 1732 to 1736, he traveled extensively to other countries to expand his knowledge as an astronomer, and also visited observatories in Berlin and Nuremburg to conduct extensive research.
In 1733, he published a collection of 316 observations of the aurora borealis, made by him and others scientists from 1716 to 1732.
He traveled to Italy, France and Germany and visited many European observatories. In 1736, he participated in the âLapland expeditionâ organized by âFrench Academy of Sciencesâ. The aim of the expedition was to measure a meridian in the north in the hope of verifying the Newtonian theory that the earth is flattened at the poles.
Being an astronomer, he helped with the planned meridian measurement and the expedition confirmed Newton's belief that the shape of the earth is an ellipsoid flattened at the poles. In 1739, he supported the formation of the âRoyal Swedish Academy of Sciencesâ in Stockholm.
His participation in the Lapland expedition won him much respect in Sweden and played a key role in persuading the Swedish authorities to donate the resources required to construct a new modern observatory in Uppsala. In 1741, he founded the Uppsala Astronomical Observatory.
In 1742, he moved into the newly completed astronomical observatory, the first modern installation of its kind in Sweden. The same year, he described his temperature scale in a paper read before the âSwedish Academy of Sciencesâ.
His published works include âA Dissertation on a New Method of Determining the Distance of the Sun from the Earthâ (1730) and âDisquisition on Observations Made in France for Determining the Shape of the Earthâ (1738).
He also conducted many geographical measurements for the Swedish General map, and was one of earliest to note that much of Scandinavia is slowly rising above sea level, a continuous process which has been occurring since the melting of the ice from the latest ice age.
Major Works
He was the first person who suggested a connection between the aurora borealis and changes in the Earth's magnetic field.
He advocated the measurement of an arc of a meridian in Lapland and later took part in an expedition which helped in verification of Newtonâs theory that the Earth is flattened at the poles.
He was the first to perform and publish careful experiments seeking to define an international temperature scale based on scientific grounds. In 1742, he proposed a temperature scale based on the boiling and freezing points of water, which was the reverse of the scale now known by the name âCelsiusâ.
Awards & Achievements
âCelsiusâ, also known as centigrade, a scale and unit of measurement for temperature, is named after him.
Personal Life & Legacy
He died of tuberculosis on April 25, 1744, in Uppsala, Sweden, at the age of 42. He was buried in the Gamla Uppsala Kyrkogård, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Pictures of Anders Celsius
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Who was admitted to Parkland Memorial Hospital, Dallas, as ‘Patient 24740, white male’? | Anders Celsius - Temperaturskalan - Tekniska museet
Anders Celsius – Temperaturskalan
Anders Celsius – Temperaturskalan
Anders Celsius var en begåvad svensk astronom. Han grundade Sveriges första astronomiska observatorium i Uppsala 1741 men är mest känd för Celsius-temperaturskalan som används i termometrar i hela världen.
Anders Celsius var astronom och forskare, född i 1701 i Uppsala. Anders Celsius visade tidigt att han var mycket begåvad. När han var tolv år lyckades han lösa alla matematiska problem i en lärobok som användes på universitetet.
Celsius grader
Idag är Anders Celsius mest känd för den 100-gradiga Celsius-temperaturskalan, som används i hela världen (förutom i USA, där man använder Fahrenheit-skalan). Under 1700-talet använde man termometrar flitigt, men det fanns inga vedertagna graderingar. Det var mest temperaturen utomhus som mättes och man använde bland annat temperaturen hos en frisk människa, temperaturen i en djup källare och vattnets fryspunkt som referens. Två av dåtidens fysiker, Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit och René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur, tog fram temperaturskalor. Fahrenheit hade normal kroppstemperatur som referens, som han satte till 96 grader Fahrenheit. Réaumur hade vattnets fryspunkt och kokpunkt som referens. Dessa sattes till 0 och 80 grader. Sammanlagt fanns det drygt 30 olika temperaturskalor i början av 1700-talet. Anders Celsius tog vattnets frys- och kokpunkt vid ett visst lufttryck som referens. Han gjorde många mätningar på olika höjder, eftersom vattnet kokar vid olika temperaturer beroende på lufttrycket. Sedan satte han 0 grader som vattnets kokpunkt och 100 grader som vattnets fryspunkt. Han presenterade sin skala 1742. Efter Anders Celsius död vändes skalan och Celsius-termometern skapades, med 0 grader som vattnets fryspunkt. Enligt vissa var Carl von Linné en av de första som använde Celsius-termometern och föreslog att man skulle vända på skalan.
Celsius som forskare
Celsius blev professor i astronomi vid Uppsala universitet när han var 29 år gammal. Två år senare reste han till Tyskland och sedan vidare till Frankrike och Italien. Resan varade i flera år och Anders Celsius arbetade tillsammans med den tidens mest kända astronomer. Enligt många hade han väldigt lätt för att få kontakt med andra och fick nya vänner i varje stad.
En av Anders Celsius första publikationer var ”Iakttagelser över norrsken i Sverige” som kom ut 1733 och där han beskrev hur norrskenet påverkade kompassen. 1736 följde han med på en expedition till Tornedalen, tillsammans med sex andra astronomer. Expeditionen finansierades av Franska vetenskapsakademin och meningen var att testa den kände vetenskapsmannen Isaac Newtons teori om att jorden inte var helt rund, utan tillplattad vid polerna. Den andra expeditionen åkte till Sydamerika. Det visade sig att en breddgrad (en viss punkts vinkelavstånd från ekvatorn) var längre i norra Sverige än i Sydamerika. Newtons teori stämde. Den långa vistelsen i Tornedalen och arbetet utomhus under vintern förstörde Anders Celsius hälsa och troligtvis bidrog till hans tidiga död i tuberkulos 1744. Anders Celsius grundade Sveriges första astronomiska observatorium i Uppsala 1741 och gjorde många astronomiska observationer. Han såg även till att Sverige gick över från den julianska till den mer exakta gregorianska kalendern.
Källor
Tore Frängsmyr. Gubben som gräver: människor och miljöer i vetenskapens värld. Stockho lm 1989, s 76 – 88.
Knut Haeger. Att ta tempen. Daedalus Stockholm 1971, s. 55 – 68.
Nationalencyklopedin
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What word describes an area of open water separated from the open sea by a coral reef? | NOAA National Ocean Service Education: Corals
Corals
How Do Coral Reefs Form?
Corals usually develop into one of three characteristic structures: fringing reefs, barrier reefs or atolls. Click the image to see an animation.
Coral reefs begin to form when free-swimming coral larvae attach to submerged rocks or other hard surfaces along the edges of islands or continents. As the corals grow and expand, reefs take on one of three major characteristic structures fringing, barrier or atoll. Fringing reefs, which are the most common, project seaward directly from the shore, forming borders along the shoreline and surrounding islands. Barrier reefs also border shorelines, but at a greater distance. They are separated from their adjacent land mass by a lagoon of open, often deep water. If a fringing reef forms around a volcanic island that subsides completely below sea level while the coral continues to grow upward, an atoll forms. Atolls are usually circular or oval, with a central lagoon. Parts of the reef platform may emerge as one or more islands, and gaps in the reef provide access to the central lagoon (Lalli and Parsons, 1995; Levinton, 1995; Sumich, 1996).
In addition to being some of the most beautiful and biologically diverse habitats in the ocean, barrier reefs and atolls also are some of the oldest. With growth rates of 0.3 to 2 centimeters per year for massive corals, and up to 10 centimeters per year for branching corals, it can take up to 10,000 years for a coral reef to form from a group of larvae (Barnes, 1987). Depending on their size, barrier reefs and atolls can take from 100,000 to 30,000,000 years to fully form.
As coral reefs grow, they establish characteristic biogeographic patterns. Click the image for a larger view.
All three reef typesfringing, barrier and atollshare similarities in their biogeographic profiles. Bottom topography, depth, wave and current strength, light, temperature, and suspended sediments all act to create characteristic horizontal and vertical zones of corals, algae and other species. These zones vary according to the location and type of reef. The major divisions common to most reefs, as they move seaward from the shore, are the reef flat, reef crest or algal ridge, buttress zone, and seaward slope.
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Carats measure the purity of gold. What does the same for pearls? | ReefBase :: Global Database : Resources - Coral Reefs
Global Database
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Sumatra and Java
The western end of the Indonesian islands includes Sumatra and Java which, with Kalimantan, are located on the Sunda Shelf, a vast continental shelf extending across a considerable part of the South China Sea. Both are continental islands, but with the boundary between the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates lying off their southwestern and southern boundaries, there are numerous volcanoes. The continental shelf lies relatively close to the shore on the western side of Sumatra and south of Java. Some distance off the west coast of Sumatra and off the continental shelf, lies the long chain of the Mentawai Islands. Off the east coast of Sumatra there is a complex of smaller islands at the southern end of the Strait of Malacca, the Riau Archipelago. Further south, towards the Java Sea, Bangka Island lies just off the Sumatra coastline and Belitung Island lies midway between Sumatra and Kalimantan. There are a few small islands north of Java, while Bali lies immediately to the east. Bali, unlike the other islands which continue in a chain to the east, is still located on the Sunda Shelf. The western side of Sumatra is heavily mountainous, with only a narrow coastal plain. In contrast the eastern side is low-lying and there is considerable riverine input all along this coastline. Java is very mountainous in its entirety, although the coastal plain is a little wider to the north and it is here that the most considerable riverine runoff occurs: rates of coastal progradation in the Solo Delta have been measured at 70 meters per year. The coastal waters of both eastern Sumatra and northern Java are generally quite turbid.
Weather and water conditions are largely determined by the opposing monsoon systems. During the Northeast Monsoon (December-March) winds over Sumatra predominate from the northeast, bearing moist air and typically driving higher rainfalls. This air is deflected in southern Sumatra and out over the Indian Ocean and bears round such that Java is dominated by northwesterly and westerly winds. During the Southeast Monsoon (particularly June-July), typically drier air flows from the southwest across Sumatra, and from the southeast across Java. Patterns of surface water currents are largely driven by these winds and during the Northeast Monsoon currents from the northeast flow in and are largely deflected into southeast and eastward flowing currents along southern Sumatra and Java. These are mirrored by longshore currents flowing south and east along the Indian Ocean shores of these islands. During the Southeast Monsoon some of these patterns are reversed, with strong westward flowing currents along the coasts of Java and deflecting northwards along the east coast of Sumatra. The west coast of Sumatra, by contrast, maintains a southeasterly flowing current all year round. In the Strait of Malacca there is a permanent current flowing to the northwest.
Surprisingly little is known about the development of reefs around Sumatra. Fringing reefs are considered well developed in the north around Aceh and around the islands immediately north of Sumatra. They are are also likely to be widespread along much of the west coast of Sumatra facing the Indian Ocean – and have actually been recorded at the Mentawai Islands – but there is little published material describing the remainder of this coastline. Likewise this region is believed to support some extensive barrier reef systems: an 85 kilometer section is reported in the north, 20 kilometers off the coast of Aceh. This is a submerged or drowned system some 13-20 meters below the surface, but it is not clear to what degree it enjoys active coral growth. Further barrier reefs along the west coast of Sumatra are recorded with a combined length of 660 kilometers, although these have been little studied and rarely mentioned in regional reviews. Reefs are thought to be poorly developed along the east Sumatra coast where there is significant riverine input and the coastline is dominated by large mangrove communities. Fringing reefs are widespread in the Riau Archipelago and 95 species of scleractinian coral have been recorded from Batam Island. Water conditions are highly turbid in this area, however, and coral cover quickly diminishes with depth. Much further south around Belitung Island, fringing reefs have significantly higher diversities, presumably associated with more suitable conditions for reef development – 174 scleractinian species have been recorded.
The fringing reefs around Java have received little attention despite their high accessibility (compared to much of the rest of the country). There are well developed fringing reefs surrounding the volcanic islands in the Sunda Strait. Although not marked on most charts, it has been suggested that there may be extensive reef development off the south coast of Java, but that classic reef flat and reef crest structures have not developed due to the extreme exposure and high energy environment. Fringing reefs are well developed around the Blambangan Peninsula and off the short east coast of Java, with reef flats reaching 200-400 meters in width, but these are again limited off much of the north coast. One of the best known reef complexes in the region is the Kepulauan Seribu patch reef chain, also known as the Thousand Islands. This is a group of almost 700 reefs lying in a chain just northwest of Jakarta Bay. Many have associated islands and most have shallow intertidal reef flats. The reef slopes are quite diverse and there appears to be an increase in diversity with distance from Java – 88 scleractinian species have been recorded at one of the southerly reefs, rising to 190 species in the north. Outbreaks of crown-ofthorns starfish in 1995 may have reduced diversity in these southern islands still further.
Reefs are widely developed around the Karimunjawa Archipelago north of Java, and there are reported to be extensive fringing communities around Bawean Island on its eastern side. Fringing reefs are also well developed along the south coast of Bali and have a deep spur and groove formation associated with the high exposure along this coast. The 1998 bleaching event did affect the reefs around Bali, with over 75 percent bleaching in some areas. North of Java it appeared to be more varied and generally less significant.
Kalimantan
Much of the coastline of Kalimantan, or Indonesian Borneo, is low-lying and subjected to considerable riverine inputs. The Mahakam River, in particular, is noted for its high volume discharge and has been estimated to produce 4-10 million tons of sediment annually, with a plume which may extend up to 400 kilometers southeast of the Mahakam Delta. Even between the river mouths, the shores are largely fringed by mudflats and there are extensive mangrove communities. The main island lies on the Sunda Shelf and hence is surrounded by extensive shallow, and often relatively turbid, waters. To the east, however, the continental shelf edge lies relatively close to the mainland. There are several nearshore islands and some much further offshore, notably the Anambas, Natuna and Tambelan Archipelagos on the border between the South China Sea and the Natuna Sea. The patterns of monsoon weather are similar to those described for Sumatra and Java, with Northeast Monsoons bringing a northeasterly airflow which is deflected around the south of Kalimantan such that the south coast actually receives a predominantly westerly flow. Surface water currents at this time mirror these winds. During the Southeast Monsoon airflows are predominantly from the southwest, however the surface water currents are a little different, flowing from the north along the east coast, then deflecting towards the west as they meet the south coast.
Fringing reefs are absent from much of the main Kalimantan coastline, but do occur away from major areas of riverine input. They are thought to be well developed on the offshore continental islands, and also off the large headlands such as Tanjung (headland) Datu and T. Blimbing in the west, and T. Sambar, T. Putih, T. Pengujan and T. Selatan in the south. In the east, extensive reefs are recorded for 140 kilometers between T. Setan and T. Pamerikan, and again around the Mangkalihat Peninsula, while there is also an extensive fringing reef to the north of the Berau Delta. Offshore from the east coast lies Indonesia’s longest continuous barrier reef system, the Sunda Barrier Reef, some 630 kilometers long, on the edge of the Sunda Shelf. Despite its size and potential economic, social and biological importance, this reef is largely undescribed. The coral communities of the Anambas, Natuna and Tambelan Archipelagos have not been well studied, although well developed fringing reef communities have been recorded on charts of the area.
Sulawesi and the Nusa Tengarra
This region is sometimes referred to as Wallacea, and encompasses the islands of Sulawesi and the Nusa Tenggara Islands. It is an area of complex oceanography: all of the islands have narrow continental shelves and many are separated from one another by relatively deep waters. The geological history of this region is extremely complex, and there are active volcanoes all along the southern islands and in the northeast peninsula of Sulawesi. All of these islands are mountainous, but their relatively narrow widths mean that there are few major watersheds and riverine input is widely dispersed. Air circulation patterns generally follow those of Kalimantan: during the Northeast Monsoon northerly winds reach the north of Sulawesi, but are rapidly deflected, becoming westerly along the southern coast of Sulawesi and the Nusa Tenggara Islands, while this pattern is almost exactly reversed during the Southeast Monsoon. Surface currents flow permanently eastwards along the north coast of Sulawesi and permanently southwards along the west coast. Between Sulawesi and the Nusa Tenggara there is a strong east flowing current during the Northeast Monsoon, which is reversed during the Southeast Monsoon. South of Nusa Tenggara in the Timor Sea the currents flow permanently westwards.
Conditions in this region are ideal for reef development and there are extensive fringing reefs along the shores of most islands, including some near continuous stretches running for hundreds of kilometers along the coastline of Sulawesi. These are particularly well developed along the eastern arm of Sulawesi where reef flats are typically 100-200 meters wide. In other areas reef flats may be less than 20 meters wide, resulting in their omission from many marine charts. Further offshore a large number of barrier reef systems have been described with a total length of 2 084 kilometers. Among the best known is the Spermonde Barrier Reef, which has a series of reefs leading towards the outer edge in a manner similar to the Great Barrier Reef – some 224 scleractinian corals have been described in this system. South of Peleng Island on the Banggai Platform there is another shelf edge barrier reef system, the Banggai Barrier Reef. This is of particular interest because of the development of faros, circular atoll-like structures otherwise largely associated with the Maldives (Chapter 8). The Togian Islands, located in the mouth of Tomini Bay in northern Sulawesi, lie in very deep water and boast a number of interesting reef formations including fringing, barrier and atoll reefs. The reefs of the Tomini Bay are some of the most biodiverse in the world, with an estimated 77 species of Acropora alone. The 1998 bleaching event appears to have had relatively little impact over much of this region, and little or no bleaching was recorded north and west of Sulawesi.
There is little detailed information describing the reef communities of the Nusa Tenggara Islands, but fringing reefs are again widespread. Studies of Lembata Island in the center of the group show significant variation around the coastline. The northwest fringing reef is well developed with a 200-400 meter wide reef flat rich in seagrasses; this reef flat is even wider on the west coast. By contrast, the south coast has a narrower reef flat, which is fully exposed to Indian Ocean swell and may be further affected by cool water upwellings – a pronounced spur and groove structure is again noted, and a number of deep water species are found which may prefer cooler waters. North of these islands well developed barrier reefs are reported to occur northwest of Sumbawa and north of Flores. At the southern end of the Makassar Strait and in the Flores Sea there are a number of atolls, including the largest in the country: Kalukalukuang, Sabalana and Taka Bone Rate, each over 60 kilometers in length with complex atoll rims formed from individual patch reef structures separated by narrow and deep channels. In the western end of the Banda Sea there are, additionally, many smaller atolls.
The Moluccas and Irian Jaya
This final region, dominated by the coastline of Irian Jaya, also includes the complex island groups of the Moluccas to the west of Irian Jaya and a chain of small archipelagos along the south of the Banda Sea, stretching from Timor in the west to the Aru Islands in the east close to Irian Jaya. Overall this is another region of relatively complex bathymetry. Its waters are very deep, and even islands only a few tens of kilometers apart might be separated by depths of over 1 000 meters. The only areas of relatively extensive shallow water and true continental shelf are a platform west of the Bird’s Head (Doberai) Peninsula and the wide expanse of the Arafura Sea, south of Irian Jaya and east of the Aru Islands. The latter largely lies above 100 meters in depth and is quite turbid, in marked contrast to the clear oceanic waters of much of the rest of the region. The coastline of Irian Jaya remains very poorly described. Large areas are low-lying and there is considerable riverine input, particularly along the south coast. The Bird’s Head Peninsula is more mountainous.
During the Northeast Monsoon, northwesterly winds cut across most of the region, while during the Southeast Monsoon southeasterly winds come up towards southern Irian Jaya and the southern Moluccas, but these are deflected to become westerly in the more northern areas. Surface currents are somewhat mixed in this region. However, a northward current flows between Irian Jaya and Halmahera and an eastward current flows along the north shore of Irian Jaya during the Northeast Monsoon. This pattern reverses during the Southeast Monsoon.
Along the southeast coast of Irian Jaya wide areas are unsuitable for reef development: this coastline includes some of the largest mangrove forests in the world – those off the central coast and in Bintuni Bay may rival the area occupied by the Sundarbans forest between India and Bangladesh. There are reported to be fringing reefs along much of the higher coastal areas to the west. There is little or no information describing the reef communities around Bird’s Head Peninsula. Along the rest of the north coast there are fringing reefs on all islands in Cendrawasih Bay, however the central and eastern coasts of this bay are dominated by mangrove forests and wide mudflats, and fringing reef systems have not developed. Further east, fringing reefs are believed to follow a large proportion of the coastline between Sarmi and the border with Papua New Guinea. For the most part these are poorly described, but reef flats are estimated to reach 300-400 meters wide in places. Further offshore, north of Irian Jaya, and also east of Halmahera, there are several small atolls. Off the east coast of the Aru islands there are vast fringing reefs, with shallow reef flats extending up to 15 kilometers from the coast. Corals are also widespread in the narrow winding channels which separate these islands, despite the still and often turbid waters which are found here. Fringing reefs are also found on the west coast of these islands, particularly in the northwest.
Source: Spalding, M.D., C. Ravilious and E.P. Green , 2001 , World Atlas of Coral Reefs . Prepared at the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre. University of California Press,Berkeley,USA.421p. (See Document)
INDONESIAN CORAL REEFS
Indonesia is the largest archipelagic nation in the world comprising an estimated 17,508 islands. Coastal length has been variously estimated at between 80,791km ( Moosa, 1994 ) and 204,000km ( Tomascik et al, 1997 ). The official estimate for the area of coral reefs is 7500km² ( KLH 1992 ). A re-estimate by Tomascik et al ( 1997 ) based on the longer figure for coastline length is 85,707km² which represents about 14% of the world total.
The area covered by this review is loosely termed as Eastern Indonesia. It includes the eastern shores of the island of Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Halmahera, The Moluccas, West Papua and the islands of Bali, Flores, Sawu, Timor and Banda Seas. It thus covers the provinces of Bali, West Papua, East and South Kalimantan, Maluku, West and East Nusa Tenggara and North, Central, South and South-east Sulawesi. This area probably contains more than 50% of Indonesian coral reefs. It also corresponds closely to the areas of East and Central Indonesia as defined by Tomascik et al ( 1997 ) and shown by reef type in table 1.1.
Indonesia straddles the equator and it is not surprising that it has such an area of coral reefs. As Tomascik et al ( 1997 ) note the “complex interplay of atmospheric, oceanographic and geologic processes has resulted in one of the most dynamic marine environments on the planet”. Although seasonal fluctuations do occur, variations in temperature and salinity are probably less than anywhere else in the world and disruptions from meteorological phenomena such as hurricanes are almost unknown. As disturbance is one factor which is responsible for the maintenance of high diversity and overall stability of coral reef ecosystems ( Connell 1978 ), it is therefore somewhat enigmatic to find that Eastern Indonesia is the world centre of diversity for coral reefs and associated flora and fauna ( Moosa, 1999 ).
A major influence on this diversity relates to the geological history of the region. The modern scleractinian corals evolved in the ancient Tethys Sea in the Trassic, ( Veron, 1995 ). This body of water lay between the northern continents of Eurasia and the Southern African and Indo-Australian land masses. These have drifted together, closing the Tethys Sea from the west, the collision forming the massive fold mountains stretching from the Pyrennees and the Alps to the Himalayas. The main centre of coral reef evolution has thus been pushed eastwards to what is now archipelagic Southeast Asia. This region, centred on Indonesia is the direct descendant of the Tethys Sea and is a modern collision zone with all the same characteristics of complex archipelagoes and island chains in which earthquakes and volcanic action provide the required degree of disturbances for the high diversity.
Highly favourable biological, ecological and geological conditions of Eastern Indonesia have thus provided the richest and most diverse region of modern coral reefs. Unfortunately within Indonesia as a whole these are under increasing anthropogenic pressure from a population which is largely coastal and utilises coral reef resources extensively. Indonesia’s population is currently about 195 million, though the 11 provinces which make up Eastern Indonesia, as defined above, are home to a proportionally lower population of 35 million people. Many areas of reefs may still be in good condition and could benefit from sustainable management based on integrated coastal zone management principles.
LOCATION AND TYPES OF EASTERN INDONESIAN CORAL REEFS
This section describes the coral reefs of Eastern Indonesia from north and west to south and east. It relies extensively on the descriptions in Tomascik et al ( 1997 ).
East and South Kalimantan
A major influence on reef distribution in eastern Kalimantan is the Mahakam River which drains almost one third of East Kalimantan with a discharge of 1500m3/sec a suspended sediment load of 80mg/l and a sediment yield of up to 10 x 106 tonnes annually. The plume may extend 400km to the south-east of the Mahakam Delta and is responsible for a general paucity of coral reefs along the coastline to the south. Only occasional fringing reefs are found with some offshore patch reefs, for example in front of Balikpapan Bay.
Immediately to the north of the Mahakam, however, well developed fringing reefs are found from Tanjung (Cape) Setan to Tg. Samuntai (140km). A further 180km of fringing reefs are found around the Mangkalihat Peninsula but are then disrupted by the Berau River discharge. However, because of the southward coastal current, fringing reefs are again found immediately to the north for a further 60km to Tg. Karangitigau. Northwards to the border with Sabah the coastline is reefless, dominated by major river deltas.
The southwestern coast of South Kalimantan is also largely deltaic and devoid of reefs. Conditions for reef development improve considerably east and north of Tg. Selatan and significant fringing reef development occurs along the southeast and southwest coasts of the island of Pulau Laut.
Offshore in eastern Kalimantan, the better water quality has allowed the development of three barrier reef systems (Table 1.2) where substrate is suitable. The longest barrier reef in Indonesia runs inside the 200m isobath at the margin of the Sunda shelf. Lying 60km offshore, the Great Sunda Barrier Reef has a length of 630km but little work appears to have been carried out on this system. Smaller barrier reefs are found north of the Mahakam delta. The Berau system is found immediately north of the Berau Delta, in places only 10km offshore, and has a length of 25km. Parts of the Mangkalihat Peninsula are also bordered by a barrier reef. North of the Mangkalihat Peninsula are three major reefs which Tomascik et al ( 1997 ) term atolls, though they are more likely large lagoonal shelf reefs rather than fulfilling the strict geological criteria for oceanic atolls with volcanic foundations. These reefs lie about 90km offshore, in front of the Berau barrier reef (note their location as given in table 16.1 of Tomascik et al ( 1997 ) is in error). They are of considerable size: Muaras (288km²), Maratua (690km²) and Kakaban (21km²), the latter two having raised limestone rims up to 120m above sea level. Open water coral reefs are also probably associated with the islands of the Java Sea in the south (Pulau Keramian, P. Matasiri, P. Kadapongan, P. Kalamban).
Sulawesi
The island of Sulawesi, with a coastline of 4750km, probably has the largest coral reef area in Indonesia. A very high proportion of its coastline is fringed with reefs, as are the offshore islands. Although a systematic geographic description is not available, most references to Sulawesi describe almost continuous fringing reefs up to 200m wide.
Even more impressive are the almost undescribed barrier reefs of Sulawesi. Tomascik et al ( 1997 ) describe 34 individual barrier reefs around the islands with a total length of 2084km, i.e. bordering 43% of Sulawesi’s coastline (Table 1.3). No less than 8 are more than 100km long and whilst the majority are only a few kilometres offshore, the most studied, that of the Spermonde Archipelago, lies 60km offshore from the coastline of south-west Sulawesi. The longest is in the Gulf of Tomini 165km long, running eastwards from the volcanic Togian Islands. The most unique barrier system in Indonesia is the Banggai Barrier Reef running 175km along the southern margins of the Banggai Islands. Part of this barrier consists of lagoonal faro reefs very similar to those found in the Maldives.
Tomascik et al ( 1997 ) describe 27 atolls in the waters around Sulawesi. However, whilst many may have the superficial resemblance to open ocean atolls, with annular rims, with or without islands, and various types of lagoonal patch reefs, it is doubtful whether many have developed from volcanic foundations in the relatively simple tectonic setting of a mid oceanic location. Thus these reefs are considered with the further 27 oceanic or
platform reefs as identified by these authors around Sulawesi. They also include open water reefs with continental (not always volcanic) islands and a number of submerged reefs.
These open water reefs occur in clusters around Sulawesi:
extending to the southwest of Makassar (Ujung Pandang) including Kepulauan (Archipelago) Liukang Tenggaya, K. Tengah
extending to the west of Makassar, P. Marasende, P. Dewakang-lompo, P. Doandoangan-besar, P. Kalukalukuang
within and to the south of Teluk Bone, including K. Bone Rate. The best known and best studies of the Indonesian “atolls”, Taka Bone Rate is found here
to the southeast, including Kepulauan Tukangbesi
in Teluk (Bay) Tolo, including K. Bowokan
within Teluk Tomini
Very few of these offshore reefs have been the subject of scientific study.
Although not coral reefs, a closely related habitat which requires similar management and conservation approaches is the area of Halimeda bioherms found at the southern end of the Makassar Strait off southeastern Sulawesi. ( Roberts and Phipps, 1988 ; Phipps and Roberts, 1988 ). Associated with the Kalukalukuang Bank in particular, these algal reefs may also be found around the margin of the Sunda Shelf towards Kalimantan. Here algal growth is favoured over reef growth as nutrient rich deep Pacific water floods southwards through the Makassar Strait and upwells around the banks and shelf margin.
Bali and Nusa Tenggara
These islands are all part of one of the worlds most active volcanic island arcs, formed at a tectonic plate subduction zone. Many of Indonesia’s active volcanoes are found here.
Fringing reefs are again ubiquitous, their morphologies depending on the geomorphology of the coastline and the tectonic history of the islands. Many are narrow structures 30 to100m wide with an intertidal reef flat and very sharp seaward drop-off. However, much wider reefs are present. For example around Bali, van Woesik ( 1997a, in Tomascik et al pp 689-894) indicates the fringing reefs extend 500m from the shoreline.
Although very accessible few of these reefs have been described and there is no systematic description of their distribution. A few areas with more detailed studies or descriptions include:
Southeastern Bali, where comparative surveys of 1992 and 1997 have been undertaken by van Woesik ( 1997a , 1997b ). Contrasting structure and assemblages were noted on southern aspect reefs open to the high energy Indian Ocean swells and those more sheltered. Strong upwelling of cool oceanic water is also found along the southern side of the whole island arc and is believed to influence the diversity of flora and fauna including the presence of both deep water species and more poleward species, in the shallow coastal waters of the fringing reefs ( Tomascik et al 1997 , p 698).
Komodo National Park, where The Nature Conservancy has produced a number of reports on the coastal reefs of Komodo (e. g. Djohani et al, 1999 ).
Lembata Island, with 3 active volcanoes and described in detail by Tomascik et al ( 1997 ). Fringing reefs may be less continuous along the high energy southern shore of the island but are dominated by well constructed spur and groove systems. On the more sheltered western and northwestern sides facing the Flores Sea, the reefs are more continuous and up to 800m wide, with dense growth of sea grasses on the flats, which in the past may have been the habitat for dugongs.
Similar patterns of distribution may be found in other islands of Nusa Tenggara.
Some 9 barrier reefs are listed by Tomascik et al ( 1997 ) in this region (Table 1.4) though some are very close to shore and difficult to separate from fringing reefs. At least a third of the north coast of Flores is bordered by such a barrier with other significant barriers on both north and south coasts of Sumbawa, the north coast of Lombok and near Maumere Bay, P. Besar.
Probably because of the great depth of water away from the volcanic arc islands no open water reefs are found to the south and only two in the Flores/Banda Sea area off the northern shores of Flores (Karang Serbete and Gosong Boni).
Maluku
The coral reefs of Maluku are regarded as the most extensive and richest in the world but unfortunately detailed descriptions are largely lacking. However, indicative of both rapid growth and species diversity and richness is the report of Tomascik et al ( 1996 ) on the rapid coral colonisation of a 1988 lava flow from the Gunung Api volcano in the Banda Islands. Within 5 years of the eruption the flow supported a diverse coral community of 124 species with a coral cover of more than 60%.
Tomascik et al ( 1997 ) suggest that some of the most widespread fringing reefs in Indonesia are found even in the turbid waters of the Aru Islands, which consist of 6 main islands and 79 smaller islands separated by long narrow channels. Major fringing reef development is along the shallow east coast where the reef can be up to 15km wide, but narrower reefs are found along the remaining coastlines, except the southern part of the west coast.
15 barrier reefs are listed for Maluku (Table 1.5) with a total length of 425km but so little of this area has been surveyed that this is probably an underestimate. They are associated with the islands of Morotai, Halmahera, Seram, Gorong, Kofiau, Obimayor, Batanme, Nila and K. Tanimbar. Open water reefs, very few if any of which are true atolls, are found in the Banda Sea (Kep. Lucipara and Kep. Penyu) and to the south and east of Halmahera.
West Papua
West Papua, with a coastline length of 4200km remains one of the least studied areas in Indonesia. Because of high run-off and sediment yield, fringing reefs are missing from significant sections of the coastline, notably from Sarmi to Napainwainrami in Cenderawasih Bay on the north coast and from the Papua-New Guinea border to the Omba river on the south coast. Elsewhere, fringing reefs appear to be very continuous. Tomascik et al ( 1997 ) make particular mention of:
the north coast from Jayapura to the border
Jayapura to Tg. Kandara, where the reefs are 300-400m wide and westwards to Sarmi
all the islands of Cenderawasih Bay, 50-100m wide
on the south coast west of the Omba River
the southern side of the “Bird’s Neck” between Lakahia Bay and Kamarau Bay and between Tg. Tongerai and Tg. Kirana
the coastlines along the foothills of Kumafa and Fakfak Mountains
the northern side of the “Bird’s Head” appears to be suitable for fringing reefs though not the south side which is largely low lying riverine plain.
Barrier reefs are reported in West Papua (Table 1.6), mainly around the islands of Cenderawasih Bay (P. Numfoer, Biak and Supiori) and the islands off the western tip of West Papua (P. Waigeo, Bakanta and Boo). That off the north coast of Waigeo is reported as being 250km long though this seems excessive from the size of the island (c. 120km long).
Open water reefs are also found in close proximity outside the barrier reefs (Cenderawasih Bay and the western extremity of West Papua). Tomascik et al ( 1997 ) also list some atolls further offshore in the Pacific Ocean (Bepondi, Ayawi and Mapia) all of substantial size (105-250km²) and possibly true atolls, though little is known about them.
Source: Hopley, D. and Suharsono , 2000 , The Status of Coral Reefs in Eastern Indonesia . Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN). (See Document)
KOMODO NATIONAL PARK, INDONESIA - ICRAN DEMONSTRATION SITE
Komodo National Park, in the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia, encompasses a number of islands, the largest of which are Komodo (34,000 ha) and Rinca (20,000 ha). While it is best known for the large endemic lizard, the Komodo dragon, the waters are very rich in marine life, supporting more than 200 hard coral species, seagrasses, mangroves, manta rays, 16 species of cetaceans, turtles, and over 1000 fish species.
Source: Tun, K., L. M. Chou, A. Cabanban, V. S. Tuan, Philreefs, T. Yeemin, Suharsono, K. Sour and D. Lane , 2004 , Status of Coral Reefs, Coral Reef Monitoring and Management in Southeast Asia, 2004. . p: 235-276. in C. Wilkinson (ed.). Status of coral reefs of the world: 2004. Volume 1. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia. 301 p. (See Document)
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Before going solo, Belinda Carlisle was lead singer with which all-girl group? | Belinda Carlisle's still 'got the Beat'
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Belinda Carlisle's still 'got the Beat'
Former GoGo's lead singer Belinda Carlisle said she wouldn't change anything about her life, drug addictions and all.
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Belinda Carlisle's still 'got the Beat' Former GoGo's lead singer Belinda Carlisle said she wouldn't change anything about her life, drug addictions and all. Check out this story on floridatoday.com: http://on.flatoday.com/1N7DsZQ
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Belinda Carlisle's still 'got the Beat'
Mike Nunez, For FLORIDA TODAY Published 11:55 p.m. ET April 12, 2016 | Updated 9:43 a.m. ET April 13, 2016
Music today for longtime singer much different than before.
When Belinda Carlisle was the lead singer for the Go-Go's, some of their best hits include "Vacation," "Heaven is a Place on Earth" and "I get Weak."
(Photo: PHOTO COURTESY OF JILL FURMANOVSKY)
When she was with the Go-Gos, Carlisle had multiple hits like “We Got the Beat,” “Vacation,” “Head Over Heels” and more, as well as solo hits that include "Mad About You," “I Get Weak,” “Circle in the Sand” and “Heaven is a Place on Earth.”
Belinda Carlisle, who quickly rose to prominence as the lead singer of the multi-Platinum band the Go-Go's and later went on to a successful solo career, will perform at the King Center in Melbourne on Tuesday.
I spoke with Carlisle about her battles with drug addictions, recent music and her tour, so let’s “Shake, Rattle & Know”: Belinda Carlisle
QUESTION: I imagine what motivated you to perform when you first started must be different than what motivates you today. What is your biggest motivation to perform now?
ANSWER: I just enjoy what I do, I love music, I love to sing. It really is as simple as that. I feel a lot more pressure now to be on the business treadmill now. The difference between your 20s and your 40s is how hard you have to work. I don’t feel pressure now to make music others want, but can be more selective and do what I want.
Q: At the height of your career, what is the craziest thing someone did to try and meet you?
A: I don’t really know, there have been so many over the years that it’s all a blur, so I can’t really think of just one.
Q: What was your most embarrassing onstage moment?
A: I remember a time back in 1983 where I had these huge stilettos on and when I kicked up my heels and they came down, it pulled my skirt off right on the stage. I remember another time I came out on stage and tripped right over the monitors.
The Fray opens up about music, social media
Q: You founded the Animal People Alliance. Can you tell me a little bit about that organization?
A: I spent a lot of time in India and lived there for a while. I noticed a lot of dogs were just living on the street with absolutely no care. They have a very different attitude toward animals there. A good friend of mine has an animal hospital in North India, and I told them about a few things I wanted to do to help. A friend has the organization called Made By Survivors that helps stop sex trafficking and works to empower women in Calcutta and South Asia. Together, the animal hospital and Made By Survivors work together to provide jobs for women helping to spay and neuter animals, providing emergency care for animals and to educate people on how to properly care for animals. We are able to employ these women in animal care positions, so that each organization compliments the other.
MORE: Most memorable celeb Q&As of 2015
Q: How does the new music you are working on today differ from the heavily pop-influenced music you have previously done?
A: It is as different as can be. In January, I finished an album that involves a lot of ancient chants and sound scripts. I really have enjoyed the benefits of chanting, but I realize there is a really limited audience for that genre. I also did a French album in 2007 and that was special for me. I only want to work on things that really come from the heart now.
Q: If you could go back in your career and do one thing over and do it differently, what would it be and why?
A: I honestly wouldn’t do anything different; not even the drugs. I think that all those little things along the way brought me to where I am today.
Q: What was the key to your recovery?
A: I didn’t have a choice other than to choose between life and death. A lot of people have to hit rock bottom before they get help, whether that be physically, financially or spiritually. For me, I hit spiritual rock bottom and knew I had to turn it around or I would die. I knew that at age 47, I just couldn’t keep going that way and have been recovering for 10 years now.
Lewis Black: 'Country could use lesson in etiquette'
Q: What is the dumbest question you get asked at interviews?
A: "What is it like to be a girl in an all-girl band." I mean, how dumb is that question?
Q: Which do you enjoy more, the creative side of making a record or performing your music live?
A: I like them equally. I like performing because I get to travel and see different places. It is almost like being on a vacation. It gives me a chance to sleep in, spend some time along and work on self-care. Being in the studio is great, too, and I like the challenges that new projects bring.
If you have an artist/band you’d like to recommend for review, contact Nunez at [email protected] or follow Mike on Twitter: @srkmusicflorida
The details
When: 7:30 p.m. Tuesday, April 19
Where: King Center, 3865 N. Wickham Road, Melbourne
Cost: Tickets are $49-$59.
Info: Call 321-242-2219 or visit kingcenter.com . For more on Belinda, visit belindacarlisle.com or send a Tweet to @belindaofficial
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What is the heraldic word for red? | Belinda Carlisle California - Belinda Carlisle Net Worth
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Belinda Carlisle
Belinda Carlisle Net Worth is $15 Million. Belinda Carlisle is a talented singer and has acquired a net worth of $15 million. Belinda Carlisle earned her net worth through the many hit songs, both solo and as a member of the famed "GoGo's." She was b. Belinda Jo Carlisle (born Au...
Belinda Carlisle Net Worth is $15 Million.
Belinda Carlisle Net Worth is $15 Million. Belinda Carlisle is a talented singer and has acquired a net worth of $15 million. Belinda Carlisle earned her net worth through the many hit songs, both solo and as a member of the famed "GoGo's." She was b Belinda Jo Carlisle is an American singer who gained worldwide fame as the lead vocalist of the Go-Go's, one of the most successful all-female bands of all time and the first such group whose members wrote their own songs and played their own instruments. Topping the Billboard charts with the Go-Go's, she sold more than seven million albums in just three years and later went on to a successful solo career with hits "Mad About You", "Summer Rain", "I Get Weak", "Circle in the Sand", "Leave a Light On" and "Heaven Is a Place on Earth" and others, which were major successes in the United States and United Kingdom as well as internationally. Her autobiography, Lips Unsealed, published in June 2010, reached No. 27 on the The New York Times Best Seller list and received favorable reviews. On August 11, 2011, she received, as a member of the Go-Go's, a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Belinda Carlisle was born in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles to Harold, a ...
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In which 1917 film does a tramp become a policeman and tame the local bully? | Easy Street (1917) directed by Charles Chaplin • Reviews, film + cast • Letterboxd
Review by ScreeningNotes ★★★½
Easy Street is odd to watch in our current cultural climate saturated with fear of police brutality. Charlie Chaplin becomes a police officer (somewhat reluctantly—the scene of his indecision is easily the highlight of the film) and struggles to subdue a troublesome neighborhood. As it turns out, police violence is funny in a world where the police are afraid of the people and not the other way around.
Also, Chaplin saves the day on drugs. Potentially his best work under 30 minutes.
Review by TajLV ★★★
Playing a Derelict under the name Charlie, Chaplin carries on with his beloved Tramp persona, first dropping in on a religious revival where he takes a fancy to the piano-playing mission worker (Edna Purviance) before applying for a job as a local policeman. When it turns out a bully (Eric Campbell) is terrorizing the town and the police force, the new officer springs into action ... kinda, sorta ... resulting in an arrest, at least temporarily. He also has to take on drug addicts and anarchists en route to securing the town and the mission. Is it all worth the trouble in the end? You betcha!
Review by Raul Marques ★★★★
What would it be of the whole silent era without the acceleration technique. Here, we see a Chaplin remarkably close to Keaton, engaging in these grandiloquent chases and becoming a proto-action-hero by the end. That's a lot of camera movement compared to usually static norm of that period, and it's funny to notice how cuts were already masked at the time using matching scenes.
Charlot pasa de buscavidas a supercop en la zona más salvaje de la ciudad. Destaca la presencia del imponente Eric Campbell, habitual en estos films de la Mutual, como el matón que impone su ley entre ladrones, malhechores...y hasta yonkis.
También Chaplin imponía su magisterio por entonces, con lecciones de montaje como la que nos ocupa.
Review by TheMovieVampire ★★★★★
In the back third of Chaplin’s contract with Mutual he asked to be allowed more time to work on each short and was granted that breathing room by the studio and it’s widely considered that the output improved noticeably and that the last four shorts of the series were the highlights as a result. Judging from the first of these four, “Easy Street,” that definitely seems to be the case. The short sees a tramp-like character arriving at a mission and being inspired to become an unlikely police officer who must then patrol the most ridiculously dangerous street in the city. As often happens Chaplin’s character manages to idiot savant his way into a happy ending but it feels like…
Charlot pasa de buscavidas a supercop en la zona más salvaje de la ciudad. Destaca la presencia del imponente Eric Campbell, habitual en estos films de la Mutual, como el matón que impone su ley entre ladrones, malhechores...y hasta yonkis.
También Chaplin imponía su magisterio por entonces, con lecciones de montaje como la que nos ocupa.
Review by apexpredator2 ★★★½
A vagrant called The Little Tramp (Chaplin) goes to a mission where he falls for a girl and applies to work as a cop. He's assigned the brutal beat known as Easy Street where cops get beat up by the town bully. When brute force doesn't work, Chaplin tries to outwit him.
The film best works as a showcase for Chaplin's comedy skills. Whether handing back a collection box to a minister or walking on his beat as the bully is right beside him, Chaplin manages an effortless performance that allows him to utilize his slapstick skills while demonstrating his humanity as well.
He gets some able support from Eric Campbell who proves to be suitably intimidating as he shrugs…
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“There’s a row going on, down in Slough” is a line from which no. 3 hit from 1979? | Silent Cinema: The Chaplin Mutuals - ClassicFlix Community
Community >> Articles >> Silent Cinema: The Chaplin Mutuals
Silent Cinema: The Chaplin Mutuals
01/29/2014 | by The Mythical Monkey
I classify Chaplin as the greatest motion picture comedian of all time. - Buster Keaton
After his apprenticeship with Mack Sennett at Keystone Studios in 1914, Charlie Chaplin signed a one-year deal with Essanay Studios where he directed fourteen shorts, including such films as The Tramp and Burlesque on Carmen. By the end of that year, Chaplin was the most famous entertainer in the world. He had, especially when directing himself, a sense of rhythm that turned comedy into a dance, and a gift for finding an unexpected twist in any comedic situation, subverting expectations, delaying or denying the expected payoff and giving us something we would have never thought of instead.
Seeing his work in the context of its times, it's clear he was to film comedy what D.W. Griffith was to film drama, not just raising the bar for his colleagues, but establishing the rules of the genre for all time to come.
After Chaplin's contract at Essanay expired, he signed with the Mutual Film Corporation to direct and star in a dozen two-reel comedies-known colloquially as "the Chaplin Mutuals"-for the then unheard of sum of $670,000, the most any entertainer had been paid in history. "Next to the war in Europe," a Mutual publicist wrote, "Chaplin is the most expensive item in contemporaneous history." The deal with Mutual afforded Chaplin two luxuries he'd never had before as a director-time and money-and he took full advantage of the opportunity, not only re-shooting sequences that didn't match his vision, but also experimenting with the comedic form itself.
In support of this new venture, Chaplin gathered around him a team of familiar faces, recruiting a couple of friends from his days with the British music hall troupe, Eric Campbell and Albert Austin, and bringing his leading lady, Edna Purviance with him from Essanay.
Chaplin began his career at Mutual in the spring of 1916 with a couple of formula comedies, The Floorwalker and The Fireman. In the former, the Tramp wanders into a department store and wreaks havoc-knocking over displays, playing hide and seek with detectives, trashing the wares-before trading places with a look-alike store manager (future director Lloyd Bacon) who unbeknownst to the Tramp has just embezzled the payroll. In the latter, Chaplin plays the world's laziest firefighter-the kind of guy who stuffs a rag in the alarm bell to keep it from ringing-but comes to the rescue of a pretty girl (Purviance) when a fire breaks out.
(Chaplin circa 1916)
Each film is a loose collection of well-polished comic set-ups and payoffs, distinguishable from Chaplin's work at Keystone and Essanay only by the quality of their gags.
Chaplin's third film at Mutual, The Vagabond, starts with a typical slapstick set-up-the Tramp as traveling musician busking in a bar for handouts-but quickly turns into the stuff of Victorian melodrama with the story of a wealthy middle aged woman haunted by the memory of a kidnapped child converging in a series of coincidences worthy of Charles Dickens with the story of young woman (Purviance) held captive by a band of gypsies.
The attempt to wed slapstick to the dramatic form made The Vagabond Chaplin's most ambitious film to date, but the audience's emotional connection to the characters is tenuous at best, and I imagine that when Chaplin's detractors accuse him of sentimentality, this is the sort of film to which they are referring.
Chaplin returned to form with his next film, One A.M., which combined elements from a pair of Max Linder "drunk comedies," His First Cigar and Max and the Quinquina, to create a one-man tour de force that comes off a little like a wager that a single joke-a drunk fumbling his way up a flight of stairs to bed-can work for twenty uninterrupted minutes.
Chaplin plays variations on the gag the way a jazz virtuoso plays variations on a theme, building simple movements into complex ones, foreshadowing some payoffs, denying others, going off in unexpected directions, then finally returning to the beginning and starting something new.
As in most of his films, the camera work is spare, the editing unobtrusive, with both focused on featuring the best available performance rather than solving technical problems such as continuity or matching edits. Like Fred Astaire, who insisted his dances be filmed in an uninterrupted take and framed head-to-toe, Chaplin mostly used long shots and uninterrupted takes to show his audience that the dance-like rhythm of his intricate physical gags were not cheats conjured up in the editing room, but reflected his real abilities.
Chaplin finished out 1916 with four films-The Count, The Pawnshop, Behind The Screen and The Rink-that returned to familiar formulas, but with the comedy well thought out and as funny as anything he had ever done. Of the four, I'd rate The Pawnshop and especially Behind The Screen the most highly. In the former, watch particularly for the Tramp's dogged efforts to evaluate the alarm clock Albert Austin has brought into the shop to pawn-do I need to tell you how things work out for Austin and the clock?
The latter, the story of a much put-upon worker bee (Chaplin) in a studio full of lazy, incompetent bosses, was aimed squarely at Mack Sennett who was happy to spend the millions Chaplin generated for Keystone Studios while paying his star a pittance ($125 a week with a $25 bonus for each film he directed). Chaplin had mined a similar vein at Essanay with His First Job, also about the Tramp taking a job at a movie studio, but the barbs here are sharper, the comedy funnier.
Chaplin opened 1917 with one of the most beloved comedies of his career, Easy Street. Set in the slums of New York, the Tramp wanders into a Salvation Army style mission and falls instantly in love with the pianist (Edna Purviance, of course). Determined to redeem himself in her eyes, the Tramp volunteers for a job as a policeman with a beat on the notorious Easy Street (which is anything but). The Tramp's battles with the local bully-Campbell, who is a foot taller and a foot wider than Chaplin-provides the bulk of the comedy.
Easy Street is particularly harsh, populated with drug addicts, rapists, wife beaters, and hungry children, the sort of neighborhood Chaplin himself grew up in as the son of an alcoholic father and mentally-ill mother, yet the finished film is pure laughs and I never feel like Chaplin is lecturing or hectoring us.
He would return to this setting in 1921 for his first feature-length film, The Kid.
Typical of the Mutual era, Chaplin followed the personal with the formulaic, this time with The Cure, another drunk act reminiscent of One A.M. except this time with a sanitarium full of rich hypochondriacs instead of furniture to trip over. Again, Chaplin takes simple jokes, such as a man caught in a revolving door, and stretches them to unbelievable lengths, repeating them, adding new elements, changing payoffs. In one scene, Chaplin-here playing a rich alcoholic rather than the Tramp-attempts to drink from the health-giving spring that is the facility's main attraction, yet always winds up filling up his hat instead.
The film's structure is loose, and the basic plot is a staple of Chaplin's comedy dating back at least to The Rounders in 1914, but with time to work through his ideas, the individual pieces are polished gems.
Chaplin's next film, The Immigrant, his eleventh at Mutual, is not the funniest, but I would argue it was the most important-maybe the single most important development in movie comedy from any source to that time.
(Still from The Immigrant, 1917)
The Immigrant is the story of the Tramp's journey from Europe to America, starting in medias res on board an overcrowded ship and ending on the streets of New York. In the twenty minutes in between, Chaplin better captured the immigrant experience than all the "serious" films before or since, and in doing so succeeded at last in wedding the slapstick form to a dramatic subject.
In a short chock full of comedy, Chaplin managed to show the hardships that immigrants faced as they tried to reach America-intolerable shipboard conditions including overcrowding, theft, execrable food, illness; the humiliation of being herded like cattle through Ellis Island; and finally, after landing in New York, the linguistic, economic and cultural hurdles, as well as nativist hostility, involved in adapting to everyday life in a foreign country, demonstrated in this case through an act as simple as ordering dinner in a restaurant.
Yet Chaplin also captures the hope and promise that America at that time represented to millions worldwide. The scene of hopeful passengers crowding the deck to watch in silence as the ship sails past the Statue of Liberty is justly one of the most famous of the silent era. And the giddiness with which the Tramp courts the Girl (Purviance) is a perfect expression of the indomitable human will to survive.
The Immigrant underscores the source of the Tramp's lasting appeal-the ability to handle even the most difficult situation with aplomb, a skill his audience no doubt envied as they met their daily suffering. As I once wrote in describing the most famous scene of Chaplin's 1925 triumph, The Gold Rush, "Oh, to relish the taste of the boot you've boiled for your Thanksgiving dinner the way the Tramp did-there's Chaplin's appeal reduced to a single scene."
If he wasn't already, Chaplin's Tramp was from this point forward identified with those first-generation immigrants then making up more than ten percent of America's population, as well as with those abroad who yearned to breathe free.
"The Immigrant," Chaplin said years later, "touched me more than any other film I made."
We take for granted now that film comedy can have a serious point to make, a la Dr. Strangelove or The Apartment, but that idea was still radical in an era when, as Roscoe Arbuckle explained to Buster Keaton while making their first film together, comedy was aimed at twelve year olds. The notion that comedy could offer up more than laughs comes largely from Chaplin.
The Immigrant is preserved in the National Film Registry.
Chaplin finished his contract at Mutual with a crowd-pleasing throwback to his earlier comedies. The Adventurer is the story of an escaped convict (Chaplin) who worms his way into the affections of a high society debutante (Purviance) only to discover that her dad is the judge who sent him up. Lowlifes wreaking havoc with the carefully-ordered lives of the aristocracy was a staple of slapstick comedy almost from the origins of film itself, and would later become the meat of such acts as the Marx Brothers and the Three Stooges. In that sense, The Adventurer isn't particularly original; it is funny, though, one of the best of the bunch, and with it, Chaplin left Mutual giving his employers and his audience their money's worth.
There are many versions of the Chaplin Mutuals floating around in the marketplace, some in better condition that others, but ClassicFlix offers for rent the only fully-restored versions of the Mutuals. Chaplin Mutual Comedies: Restored 90th Anniversary Edition is a four-disc set that not only features complete versions of all twelve Mutual comedies but two feature length documentaries as well.
After Mutual, Chaplin scored his first million dollar payday, signing with First National, an association of independent theater owners seeking a cut of the lucrative film distribution pie. Under the terms of the contract, Chaplin was to direct eight two-reel comedies, but the twenty minute format no longer could satisfy his artistic ambitions. Before his deal with First National was done, Chaplin had directed, among other things, his first feature length film, The Kid, as well as the four-reel war comedy, Shoulder Arms.
In 1919, Chaplin would co-found his own distribution company, United Artists, teaming up with three of the greatest names of the silent era, Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford and D.W. Griffith.
Despite reaching ever more dizzying heights of fame, fortune and artistic achievement, Chaplin later confessed his years at Mutual were the happiest of his life. "I was light and unencumbered," he wrote, "twenty-seven years old, with fabulous prospects and a friendly, glamorous world before me."
Years later, Chaplin's son Sydney found himself at the Silent Movie Theater in Hollywood enjoying a revival of Chaplin's Mutuals only to be out-laughed by an elderly gentleman a few rows behind him. Turning to investigate he discovered "[i]t was my father who was laughing the loudest! Tears were rolling down his cheeks from laughing so hard and he had to wipe his eyes with his handkerchief."
"Perhaps," wrote Chaplin biographer Jeffrey Vance, "[Chaplin] had great fondness for the Mutuals simply for the same reason that generations of audiences have as well-because of the sheer joy, comic inventiveness, and hilarity of this extraordinary series of films."
Stuffed with fluff with buttons for eyes, the Mythical Monkey writes about classic movies as often as a blog-typing sock monkey can. Check out his website, A Mythical Monkey Writes About the Movies .
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In science, what adjective describes a reaction in which heat is absorbed? | Exothermic and Endothermic Processes
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Exothermic and Endothermic Processes
Endothermic reactions absorb energy from the environment, while exothermic reactions release energy to the environment.
Learning Objective
Distinguish between endothermic and exothermic reactions
Key Points
All chemical reactions involve the transfer of energy .
Endothermic processes require an input of energy to proceed and are signified by a positive change in enthalpy .
Exothermic processes release energy upon completion, and are signified by a negative change in enthalpy.
Terms
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Full Text
All chemical processes are accompanied by energy changes. When a reaction proceeds, it either releases energy to, or absorbs energy from, its surroundings . In thermodynamics , these two types of reactions are classified as exothermic or endothermic, respectively. An easy way to remember the difference between these two reaction types is by their prefixes: endo- means to draw in, and exo- means to give off. We will explore these concepts in more detail after introducing the concept of enthalpy.
Enthalpy
Enthalpy (signified as H) is a measure of the total energy of a system and often expresses and simplifies energy transfer between systems. Since the total enthalpy of a system cannot be measured directly, we most often refer to the change in enthalpy for a particular chemical reaction. At constant pressure , the change in enthalpy is equal to the heat given off, or the heat absorbed, in a given chemical reaction:
$\Delta H=q_{rxn}$
Due to this relation, the change in enthalpy,
$\Delta H$
, is often referred to as the "heat of reaction."
Exothermic Reactions
Exothermic reactions are reactions or processes that release energy, usually in the form of heat or light. In an exothermic reaction, energy is released because the total energy of the products is less than the total energy of the reactants . For this reason, the change in enthalpy,
$\Delta H$
, for an exothermic reaction will always be negative. In the presence of water, a strong acid will dissociate quickly and release heat, so it is an exothermic reaction.
In an exothermic reaction, the total energy of the products is less than the total energy of the reactants. Therefore, the change in enthalpy is negative, and heat is released to the surroundings.
Endothermic Reactions
Endothermic reactions are reactions that require external energy, usually in the form of heat, for the reaction to proceed. Since endothermic reactions draw in heat from their surroundings, they tend to cause their environments to cool down. They are also generally non-spontaneous, since endothermic reactions yield products that are higher in energy than the reactants. As such, the change in enthalpy for an endothermic reaction is always positive. In order to melt the ice cube, heat is required, so the process is endothermic.
| Endothermic process |
Who composed the opera ‘Peter Grimes’? | Everything Maths and Science
Exothermic reaction
An exothermic reaction is one that releases energy in the form of heat or light.
Another way of describing an exothermic reaction is that it is one in which the energy of the products is less than the energy of the reactants, because energy has been released during the reaction. We can represent this using the following general formula:
In other reactions, the energy that must be absorbed to break the bonds in the reactants, is more than the energy that is released when the new bonds in the products are formed. This means that in the overall reaction, energy must be absorbed from the surroundings. This type of reaction is known as an endothermic reaction.
Definition 4:
Endothermic reaction
An endothermic reaction is one that absorbs energy in the form of heat or light.
Another way of describing an endothermic reaction is that it is one in which the energy of the products is greater than the energy of the reactants, because energy has been absorbed during the reaction. This can be represented by the following general formula:
The difference in energy (E) between the reactants and the products is known as the heat of the reaction. It is also sometimes referred to as the enthalpy change of the system. This is represented using \(\Delta \textrm{H}\)
Tip:
\(\Delta\) is read as delta and means a change in. You may recall this symbol from physics.
Formal experiment 1: Endothermic and exothermic reactions - part 1
Apparatus and materials
You should notice that the temperature increases when the steel wool is wrapped around the thermometer.
Conclusion
The reaction between oxygen and the exposed metal in the steel wool is exothermic, which means that energy is released and the temperature increases.
Examples of endothermic and exothermic reactions
There are many examples of endothermic and exothermic reactions that occur around us all the time. The following are just a few examples.
Tip:
Note that we are only discussing chemical changes (recall from grade 10 about physical and chemical changes). Physical changes can also be classified as exothermic or endothermic. When we are referring to physical change then we talk about exothermic or endothermic processes. Evaporation is an endothermic process while condensation is an exothermic process.
Endothermic reactions
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the chemical reaction that takes place in green plants, which uses energy from the sun to change carbon dioxide and water into food that the plant needs to survive, and which other organisms (such as humans and other animals) can eat so that they too can survive. The equation for this reaction is:
\[6\textrm{CO}_{2}\textrm{(g)} + 6\textrm{H}_{2}\textrm{O (l)} + \textrm{energy} → \textrm{C}_{6}\textrm{H}_{12}\textrm{O}_{6}\textrm{(s)} + 6\textrm{O}_{2}\textrm{(g)}\]
Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction. Energy in the form of sunlight is absorbed during the reaction.
The thermal decomposition of limestone
In industry, the breakdown of limestone into quicklime and carbon dioxide is very important. Quicklime can be used to make steel from iron and also to neutralise soils that are too acid. However, the limestone must be heated in a kiln (oven) at a temperature of over 900 ℃ before the decomposition reaction will take place. The equation for the reaction is shown below:
\[\textrm{CaCO}_{3}\textrm{(s)} → \textrm{CaO (s)} + \textrm{CO}_{2}\textrm{(g)}\]
Exothermic reactions
Combustion reactions
The burning of fuel is an example of a combustion reaction, and we as humans rely heavily on this process for our energy requirements. The following equations describe the combustion of a hydrocarbon such as petrol \((\text{C}_{8}\text{H}_{18})\):
fuel + oxygen \(→\) heat + water + carbon dioxide
\[2\textrm{C}_{8}\textrm{H}_{18}\textrm{(l)} + 25\textrm{O}_{2}\textrm{(g)} → 16\textrm{CO}_{2}\textrm{(g)} + 18\textrm{H}_{2}\textrm{O (g)} + \textrm{heat}\]
This is why we burn fuels (such as paraffin, coal, propane and butane) for energy, because the chemical changes that take place during the reaction release huge amounts of energy, which we then use for things like power and electricity. You should also note that carbon dioxide is produced during this reaction. The chemical reaction that takes place when fuels burn has both positive and negative consequences. Although we benefit from heat, power and electricity the carbon dioxide that is produced has a negative impact on the environment.
Respiration
Respiration is the chemical reaction that happens in our bodies to produce energy for our cells. The equation below describes what happens during this reaction:
\[\textrm{C}_{6}\textrm{H}_{12}\textrm{O}_{6}\textrm{(s)} + 6\textrm{O}_{2}\textrm{(g)} → 6\textrm{CO}_{2}\textrm{(g)} + 6\textrm{H}_{2}\textrm{O}\textrm{(l)} + \textrm{energy}\]
In the reaction above, glucose (a type of carbohydrate in the food we eat) reacts with oxygen from the air that we breathe in, to form carbon dioxide (which we breathe out), water and energy. The energy that is produced allows the cell to carry out its functions efficiently. Can you see now why you must eat food to get energy? It is not the food itself that provides you with energy, but the exothermic reaction that takes place when compounds within the food react with the oxygen you have breathed in!
Interesting Fact:
Lightsticks or glowsticks are used by divers, campers, and for decoration and fun. A lightstick is a plastic tube with a glass vial inside it. To activate a lightstick, you bend the plastic stick, which breaks the glass vial. This allows the chemicals that are inside the glass to mix with the chemicals in the plastic tube. These two chemicals react and release energy. Another part of a lightstick is a fluorescent dye which changes this energy into light, causing the lightstick to glow! This is known as phosphorescence or chemiluminescence.
Figure 2
Exercise 1: Exothermic and endothermic reactions 1
Problem 1:
State whether energy is taken in or released in each of the following situations:
The bond between hydrogen and chlorine in a molecule of hydrogen chloride breaks.
A bond is formed between hydrogen and fluorine to form a molecule of hydrogen fluoride.
A molecule of nitrogen (\(\text{N}_{2}\)) is formed.
A molecule of carbon monoxide breaks apart.
This is bond breaking and so energy is
taken in
This is bond forming and so energy is
released
A bond is formed and so energy is
released
A bond is broken and so energy is
taken in
State whether the following descriptions are used to describe an endothermic or an exothermic reaction:
Reactants react to give products and energy.
The energy that must be absorbed to break the bonds in the reactants is greater than the energy that is released when the products form.
The energy of the products is found to be greater than the energy of the reactants for this type of reaction.
Heat or light must be absorbed from the surroundings before this type of reaction takes place.
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What was the real name of the romantic hero ‘The Scarlet Pimpernel’? | The Scarlet Pimpernel at Acorn | XA3442
Overview
His real name: Sir Percy Blakeney. His calling: rescuing French aristocrats from the guillotine during the Reign of Terror. Anthony Andrews (Brideshead Revisited) is the Scarlet Pimpernel, master of disguises and formidable swordsman, in this swashbuckling Emmy® nominee based on Baroness Orczy's classic novel. With Jane Seymour as his love, Marguerite, and Ian McKellen as his dangerous rival, Citizen Chauvelin. Seen on CBS. 2 hrs, 1 DVD, SDH.
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| The Scarlet Pimpernel |
In ‘Treasure Island’, who was the captain of the Hispaniola? | The Scarlet Pimpernel | Backstage
The Scarlet Pimpernel
By Les Spindle | Posted Sept. 26, 2001, midnight
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Two pieces of scuttlebutt surrounding this crowd-pleasing 1997 musical are neatly dispelled in Performance Riverside's scintillating Southland civic light opera premiere. One often-heard caveat is that the show is problematic, based on the legendary tinkering that occurred during its Broadway run. A harsher claim is that without the original leading man, Douglas Sills, the property fizzles. Just ain't so. When Nan Knighton's book (based on Baroness Emmuska Orczy's 1904 novel) is given a less campy interpretation, it plays surprisingly well?an engaging comedy/adventure vs. the self-parody of Sills' Broadway and touring versions. And the pleasantly traditional score by Frank Wildhorn (music) and Knighton (lyrics)--with its lush ballads, stirring anthems, and lilting melodies--actually works better in this context.
According to the playbill, director/choreographer Grant Rosen based his staging on the original Broadway concepts by Robert Longbottom. And indeed the gorgeous sets (by Andrew Jackness) and sumptuous costumes (by Jane Greenwood) are borrowed from the national tour. Yet there's a shift in tonal emphasis in this rendition, which rests primarily on the shoulders of lead performer Edward Staudenmayer. He's more restrained than Sills was in the characterization of gentleman Percy Blakeney and his heroic alter ego, the Scarlet Pimpernel, a crusader for citizens facing the guillotine during the French Revolution. In a mid-1990s Forbidden Broadway edition, we first observed the gifted Staudenmayer and noted his expertise with an audacious acting style. Here the scenes in which he takes on the effete affectations of a British dandy garner the expected belly laughs, yet his overall take on the role is less self-indulgent than Sills'. Playing it as more of a traditional romantic hero proves to be a viable option, and Staudenmayer's dynamic singing voice further enhances that choice.
Also instrumental to this production's success are the star presence and splendid singing of Broadway veteran Kim Huber, whose performance as the female lead Marguerite rises above the thinly written role. Likewise for Eric Anderson, a commanding presence and sublime vocalist in the role of bloodthirsty villain Chauvelin, who blackmails his ex-flame Marguerite and sets out to topple the Pimpernel's rescue efforts. The ensemble performers sing, dance, and act with aplomb, receiving skillful support from vocal director Don LeMaster, conductor Richard Stover, and choreographer Rosen. Steven Young's storybook lighting effects are charming, and Rick Sordelet's exciting fencing scene is superbly rendered. Rosen keeps the pace snappy and enhances the enchanting physical design with his lovely stage compositions.
Wildhorn (noted for Jekyll and Hyde, portions of Victor/Victoria, and the upcoming Dracula: The Musical) migrated to Broadway songwriting from the pop music arena and is too often denigrated. His Pimpernel score, though not quite a classic, sounds vibrant and rich in this rendition. And Knighton's enjoyable book plays out more tautly than its reputation would suggest. The boisterous applause that followed this delicious staging of an often-beleaguered show sounded very much like a myth exploding.
Marguerite St Just...Edward Staudenmayer
Prince of Wales/Robespierre...Joseph Tatner
St. Cyr...Brian Maples
Ensemble...Duane Thomas, Hayden Livesay, Elizabeth Mathews, Luzma Ortiz, Beth Obregon, Barbara Chiofolo, Abby Feldman, Steven Sabel, Jeff Squire, Brian Maples
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What do Americans call the item of clothing we call ‘braces’? | The Septic's Companion - List of British Words For Clothing
Appliances Clothing Eating and Drinking Events Everyday Speech Insults People Places Science & Nature Sex Sport The Body Travel & Transport Weights & Measures
The most popular British words or British English terms for items of clothing.
anorak: 1 n someone who�s a little bit too knowledgeable about one subject. Generally a subject like seventeenth-century flower pots or steam trains, rather than athletic sexual positions or gun-fighting. Americans (and also Brits, as our languages merge ever closer) would call such a person a �geek.� It may originate with the fans of Radio Caroline, a U.K. offshore pirate radio station, whose fans had to don anoraks in order to visit the station. Alternatively, it may come from the most popular item of clothing worn by train-spotters. 2 n waterproof jacket (universal).
boob tube: n tube top. A rather eighties item of clothing designed to make an otherwise attractive woman look like a malformed sausage.
box: 1 n item that fits down the front of a bloke�s underwear and protects the crown jewels. Americans know it as a �cup,� although I suppose in the U.S. such an item is less likely to be protecting the crown jewels and perhaps instead protects �the Bill of Rights� or some such. 2 female genitalia (universal).
braces: 1 n suspenders. Beware of the cross-definition � in the U.K., �suspenders� are something else entirely (you�ll just have to look it up like a man). 2 metal devices used to straighten one�s teeth (universal).
cardie: n abbr cardigan. A common abbreviation, at least for anyone who still wears cardigans.
clobber: n clothing; vestments. You might hear: OK, OK, I�ll be out in two minutes once I�ve got my nightclubbing clobber on. It�s possible this definition is of Scottish origin. Brits do also use �clobber� to mean hitting something.
court shoes: n pumps. Lightweight heeled women�s dress shoes with enclosed toes.
dapper: adj as befitting someone who is very much the country squire � well-spoken, well-dressed and rather upper-class. Despite once having been a compliment, the recent unpopularity of the upper classes in the U.K. has made this a mild insult.
dressing gown: n bathrobe; the outfit that you wear if you�re an attractive young lady coming out of the bath to answer the door in a coffee advertisement. Or if you�re Hugh Heffner. Ah, the great contradictions of modern life.
fluff: n lint. More than simply lint, fluff stretches to cover any unexpected bits of hair/fur/fabric, appearing anywhere from the corner of your living room to your posterior.
jim-jams: n pajamas. So called because the pajama was invented by a man named Jim, and the original experimental variants were made solely from strawberry jam.
jumper: n sweater. What Americans call a �jumper� (a set of overalls with a skirt instead of trousers), Brits would call a �pinafore.�
kagoul: n wind breaker; poncho. A light waterproof jacket, usually one that zips up into an unfeasibly small self-contained package. The word derives from the French �cagoule� (meaning much the same thing), which in turn comes from the Latin �cuculla,� meaning �hood.� In the U.S. technical theatre industry a �kagoul� is a black hood worn by magicians� stagehands to render them invisible-ish. I once thought about writing a whole book dedicated to the word �kagoul,� but then decided against it.
kecks: n pants (U.S. pants); trousers. May come from India, where �kachs� are loose-fitting trousers with a low crotch.
Kirby grip: n Bobby pin. The little pins you poke in your hair to keep it in place.
knickers: n women�s underpants. In old-fashioned English and American English, �knickers� (an abbreviation of the Dutch-derived word �knickerbockers�) are knee-length trousers most often seen nowadays on golfers.
ladder: n run. In the sense of a �ladder in your tights� being the British equivalent of a �run in your pantyhose.� In all other circumstances, this word means exactly the same in the U.K. as it does in the U.S.
Mac: n 1 (abbr. of �Macintosh�) light waterproof jacket which can usually be squashed up into an impressively small size for packing away. Possibly derived from the name of the gentleman who worked out how to infuse rubber and cloth. Americans call the same sort of thing a �slicker.� 2 buddy: Are you alright Mac? The two meanings appear together in the Bonzo Dog Doodah Band�s song �Big Shot,� which features the lines: On the way home a punk stopped me: �You got a light, mac?� / I said �No, but I�ve got a dark brown overcoat.�
nappy: n diaper.
pants: 1 n underpants. What Americans call �pants,� Brits call �trousers.� 2 interj crap. A general derogatory word: We went to see Andy playing in his band but to be honest they were pants.
plimsolls: n light canvas shoes with rubber soles. A rather antiquated shoe, and therefore an equally antiquated word. Your grandmother may refer to your trainers as plimsolls, but that doesn�t mean you should too.
plus-fours: n an awful item of clothing which consists of sort-of-dungarees which stop at the knee. Whilst popular in pre-World-War Britain, plus-fours these days are firmly in the realms of brightly-colours golfers or inbreds.
polo-neck: n, adj turtle-neck. A style of sweater in which the neck runs right up to the chin; far enough up to cover even the most adventurous of love-bites.
pump: n gym shoes. A rather antiquated term. The confusion arises because in the U.S., it means high heels or stilettos.
purse: n money-purse. A little bag that women generally keep money in. Brits call anything larger than a money-purse a �handbag.�
rucksack: n backpack. One of those bags you wear over your shoulder on two straps (or one, if you want to look misguidedly fashionable). The word is used in the U.S. armed forces specifically to mean a framed pack, but in the U.K. it means any sort of backpack.
rugger bugger: n Jock. A somewhat affluent youth who makes up for his lack of academic achievement by scoring on the playing field and in bed with young ladies.
stockings: n tights. I think. I don�t wear a lot of women�s underwear. Well, there was that one time.
suspenders: n garters. The things used by women to hold up their stockings. They are not used by men to hold up their trousers (Brits call those devices �braces�) or their socks (they call those things, umm, �garters�).
swimming costume: n abbr �swimming cozzie� bathing suit. One of those women�s swimsuits that covers your midriff - not a bikini. I suppose technically there�s nothing to stop men wearing them either, though that�s perhaps less conventional. You can�t pigeonhole me.
tartan: n, adj plaid. The stripes-and-checkers pattern that Scotsmen use for their kilts but is also used for all sorts of things from throw rugs to tacky seat covers.
tights: n pantyhose. I�m getting rather out of my depth here. Opaque, very thin women�s leggings and generally skin-coloured or black. �Tights� in the U.S. are generally coloured, thicker, more like leggings and rarely worn. All of this makes little difference to me because the only reason I�d ever think about buying either would be if I was considering a career in armed robbery.
trainers: n sneakers; running shoes.
trilby: n a men�s felt-type hat (generally brown). The hat inherited its name from the 1894 George du Maurier novel, Trilby. The novel was not about hats, and if it even mentioned a hat it was only really in passing. However, during the first stage adaptation of the novel, one of the main characters wore a hat of an as-yet-unnamed type. Someone evidently thought that this was a good a time as any to name the hat, and so it was.
trousers: n pants. In the U.K., �pants� are underpants, and so being �caught with your pants down� has even more graphic connotations.
vest: n undershirt. The item of clothing worn under your shirt. What Americans call a �vest,� Brits call a �waistcoat.�
waistcoat: n vest. An odd sort of article of clothing worn over your shirt but under your jacket, often with a bow-tie. In the U.K., �vest� means something else, as usual.
wellies: n Wellington boots. Look it up. It can�t be far.
Wellingtons: n rubber boots; galoshes. A contraction of the term �Wellington boots,� which was the inventive name given to boots made popular by the Duke of Wellington. The further abbreviation �wellies� is also in common use.
welly: n Scottish (when talking about automobiles) stick; punch: If you give it some welly you�ll hit fifty through the corners! This may or may not be related to the �wellington boot� definition.
windcheater: n windbreaker. Cheap-looking waterproof jacket.
Y-fronts: n briefs. The more form-fitting old-fashioned equivalent of boxer shorts. The name derives from the upside-down �Y� shape on the front, through the convergence of which you extract your old man in order to pee.
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Trichology is the study of what? | Suspenders Clip On Mens Womens Elastic Y-Shape Braces Adjustable Multiple Colors | eBay
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| i don't know |
Who is the mother of Kate Hudson? | Kate Hudson - Biography - IMDb
Kate Hudson
Biography
Showing all 84 items
Jump to: Overview (4) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (1) | Trade Mark (1) | Trivia (56) | Personal Quotes (13) | Salary (8)
Overview (4)
5' 6" (1.68 m)
Mini Bio (1)
Almost everyone who has spent time with Kate Hudson -including directors, family members, co-stars and interviewers - is quick to comment on her ability to light up a room. Through some combination of a winning smile, solid work ethic, and good old-fashioned talent, the young actress has gone from indie beginner to Vanity Fair cover girl in just three years. What's more, she's done it all without capitalizing on the success of legendary actress mom, Goldie Hawn .
Kate Hudson was born in Los Angeles, California, to Goldie Hawn and Bill Hudson , a comedian, actor and musician. She was raised by her mother and her mother's partner, actor Kurt Russell , whom she considers to be her father. Kate is the sister of actor Oliver Hudson , the half-sister of actor and hockey player Wyatt Russell , and the granddaughter of band musician Rut Hawn . Kate is of Hungarian Jewish (from her maternal grandmother), Italian (from her paternal grandmother), English, and German ancestry.
By all accounts, Hudson was a born performer - as a child she danced and sang at every opportunity. Her family hoped that she would attend New York University after graduating from high school, but she opted to get her feet wet in the professional acting world first. She made her big-screen debut as an ambitious young starlet stranded in a tiny California town in Desert Blue (1998). Her next two films, while critically panned, made it into wider release: 200 Cigarettes (1999) (in which she played an earnest but accident-prone ditz) and Gossip (2000) (which cast her as a rich, virginal college student). Perhaps Hudson's biggest break was landing the role of rock groupie (or "Band Aide") Penny Lane in Almost Famous (2000). The part was originally intended for Sarah Polley ; when Polley backed out to pursue another project, director Cameron Crowe considered scrapping the film altogether. Hudson, who had been cast in a smaller role (as William's stewardess sister), begged for a chance to read for Penny. Crowe was impressed, Hudson got the part, and the show went on. As much as Tinseltown gossipmongers would like to put them at odds, mother and daughter agree that Hawn is one of Hudson's biggest supporters.
- IMDb Mini Biography By: IMDb Editors
Spouse (1)
Charismatic energy
Trivia (56)
Daughter of Bill Hudson and Goldie Hawn , but she was raised by Goldie's longtime partner, Kurt Russell , whom she considers and treats as her biological father.
Named one of the '50 Most Beautiful People in the World' by People Magazine. (2000)
Turned down the part of Peter Parker's girlfriend Mary Jane Watson in Spider-Man (2002) for the role of Ethne Eustace in The Four Feathers (2002).
Once said that as children, her brother Oliver used to torment her by nicknaming her "Hammerhead" (as in hammerhead shark).
Graduated from Crossroads, a Santa Monica performing arts school, in 1997.
Started production company Cosmic Entertainment in 2003 with Goldie Hawn , Kurt Russell and her brother.
Ranked #99 in Premiere's 2003 annual Power 100 List. It is her first appearance on the list and she was the youngest person on it that year at the age of 24.
Enjoys playing guitar, writing music, and arts & crafts
Younger sister of Oliver Hudson (born 1976), and a half-sister of Emily Hudson (born 1982) and Wyatt Russell and Zachary Hudson (both born 1986).
Niece of Patti Hawn , Brett Hudson and Mark Hudson who, along with her father, Bill Hudson , were part of the rock group, The Hudson Brothers .
Her son Ryder's middle name, Russell, is an homage to her mother Goldie Hawn 's longtime partner Kurt Russell , whom Kate always considered to be her father.
When she was 11, her mother relented and got her an audition for a lead role in a never-produced television show with Howie Mandel . Hudson won the part - but Hawn didn't tell her, turned it down, and kept the secret until she admitted it a year later.
She turned down what could have been her big break, a role in Escape from L.A. (1996), because it starred Kurt Russell and "I didn't want to be professionally associated with my dad. I just wanted to see if I could do the audition."
She can play guitar and piano.
Dislikes wearing make-up and washes her face with Cetaphil
Her wedding ring is white gold.
Her father, Bill Hudson , is of approximately half English and half Italian descent. Her mother, Goldie Hawn , is of German and English descent on her own father's side, and of Hungarian Jewish descent on her own mother's side. Kate was raised Jewish and Buddhist - as she has described it - "Jew-Bu".
Best friends with Liv Tyler .
Has 3 dogs: Clara (a Pomeranian), Doctor (an English bulldog), and Bella (a Neapolitan mastiff)
Speaks French
Buys her clothes from vintage clothing shops and makes her own jewelry
Was at the 2004 Jammy Awards in Madison Square Garden. She is a big fan of the hippy/jam scene.
Rank #38 on VH1's 100 Hottest Hotties
Cousin of singer Sarah Hudson .
Ranked #51 in Stuff magazine's "102 Sexiest Women In The World" (2002).
Her ex-stepmother is actress Cindy Williams .
Graduated from high school (Crossroads School, 1997) with two time NBA All-Star and current Golden State Warrior Baron Davis .
Has two sons Ryder Russell Robinson (aka Ryder Robinson ) born January 7, 2004, with ex-husband, Chris Robinson and Bingham Hawn Bellamy born July 9, 2011, with ex-fiancé, Matthew Bellamy .
Plays a young rock-star groupie in Almost Famous (2000). Her mother, Goldie Hawn , played a middle-aged former groupie in The Banger Sisters (2002).
Her ex-husband, Chris Robinson , is the lead singer of The Black Crowes .
Named #47 in FHM's "100 Sexiest Women in the World 2005" special supplement. (2005)
After the National Enquirer reported that she had an eating disorder, she successfully won a libel suit against them. As a result of the suit, she has become one of the only people who successfully forced the Enquirer to admit they fabricated a story (rather than claiming it was a mistake).
Announced separation from her husband of almost six years, Chris Robinson [July 2006].
Named #66 in FHM magazine's "100 Sexiest Women in the World 2006" supplement. (2006).
Auditioned for the role of Lady Jocelyn in A Knight's Tale (2001), but lost out to Shannyn Sossamon .
Has been in a relationship with Owen Wilson twice. They originally began a relationship in August 2006, having met on the set of You, Me and Dupree (2006), but they broke up in May 2007. They reconciled in March 2008, only to separate a second time in May 2008.
Ranked #27 on the Maxim magazine Hot 100 of 2007 list.
Met former husband, singer Chris Robinson , after actor/comedian, Dave Foley convinced Chris to hit on her.
Kurt Russell walked her down the aisle at her wedding to Chris Robinson .
Launching new eco-friendly hair-care products [June, 2008].
Born at 10:51 AM (PST).
She was listed as a potential Razzie nominee in the Worst Actress category for Bride Wars (2009). She did not receive the nomination.
Has two nephews and a niece from her brother, Oliver Hudson , and sister-in-law, Erinn Bartlett . Wilder Brooks, born August 23, 2007, Bodhi Hawn, born March 19, 2010 and Rio Laura, born July 18, 2013.
Met best friend Liv Tyler at the Crossroads School in Santa Monica, California in the 90s.
Returned to work 3 months after giving birth to her son Ryder in order to begin filming The Skeleton Key (2005), losing 60 pounds for the role.
Formerly engaged to Matthew Bellamy , having been in a relationship since April 2010. Their engagement ended in December 2014.
Was considered for the role of "Donna Pinciotti" in That '70s Show (1998).
Returned to work 2 months after giving birth to her son Bingham to begin filming The Reluctant Fundamentalist (2012).
Delivered her son Ryder via Caesarean section out of fear of suffering the same delivery problems as her mother ( Goldie Hawn all 3 of her children via emergency C-section), but later gave birth to her son Bingham naturally.
Has been good friends with Casey Affleck since they met on the set of 200 Cigarettes (1999).
She is left-handed.
Personal Quotes (13)
I have zero problems when people say, "God, you look like your mother". I go, "Well, great! Thanks!"
I'm a hippie at heart. I wear the clothes, and they're the best. And the music is incredible, too.
Everyday, I tell my husband, "Maybe we should cash in. I'll make handmade lotion and you can write music and sell it on the Internet".
[on making Raising Helen (2004)] The sweetest moment was when the kids were done and when we finished with the kids. It was just so emotional. And I looked at Abby [ Abigail Breslin , who plays five-year-old Sarah] and she was crying. I mean it was so difficult. We just hugged forever and I told them I loved them. And it was just... it really made the whole experience that much more special; to know that those kids took something from that experience.
[on her co-stars in Raising Helen (2004)] It was great. They were so professional and yet, still kids. Abigail [ Abigail Breslin who played Bo] was so adorable and so good. She cried at the drop of a hat. She was so focused. When she had to do what she had to do, she really worked hard at it. And Spencer Breslin was hysterical. And Hayden Panettiere is at that age that I remember so well--13-ish--where you want to be an adult and want to be taken seriously, but people don't treat you like it, so you overcompensate.
I'm not a big fan of romantic comedies, believe it or not... Well, I don't run out to see them.
I'm Jewish and this was the first time I experienced real anti-Semitism. Paris was scary...there were synagogues bombed and there was anti-Semitic graffiti all over the place. I was very angry. This is something I am passionate about.
[about paparazzi photographing her and her son when he is present] It bothers me, it bothers my parents. Ryder doesn't know what that is. He's four years old. It's aggressive, it's bizarre and it makes him self-conscious. And kids should always be kids, they should never be self-conscious of what they're doing. That should be illegal.
[about being mistaken for other actresses] I was in this furniture store with Ryder [her son] and this woman, said, "I know who you are-- Gwyneth Paltrow . And I was like, "Yeah". Gwyneth and I look nothing alike.
If I'm not feeling good, I load on lots of jewelry. It gives me energy and makes me feel kind of happy.
[on Almost Famous (2000)] One of my favorite experiences. One, because I love Cameron Crowe . And two, because it was just such a wonderful movie. The whole thing was overwhelming - in the best way.
Only in failure do you reach success. You can only get to the good stuff when you've done the hard stuff.
I want my sons to respect women, and that starts with me. If a man respects his mom, you know she's done something right.
Salary (8)
| Goldie Hawn |
Roy Jenkins took the title of Lord Jenkins of … where? | Kate Hudson’s Biological Father Emerges
Kate Hudson’s Biological Father Emerges
Niki Cruz
Bill Hudson, the father who up until now has lived a life of privacy stepped out of the shadows to say that he’s hurt by his famous daughter calling Kurt Russell “dad”.
Kate Hudson had started calling Kurt Russell dad shortly after her mother actress Goldie Hawn began dating him in 1983. Now Bill Hudson tells RadarOnline his thoughts on something that happened nearly three decades ago.
“At first it was okay when everybody was getting along, but there were certain things I didn’t like. I didn’t like that Goldie wanted the kids to call Kurt ‘pa,'”
Hudson lements on, “It was very confusing to the kids, particularly Kate, and that was really painful.”
In a past interview with Vanity Fair Kate Hudson gave a little insight into what it was like with an absentee father and the relationship she has with Russell stating, Kurt is my dad. Kurt is a savior who came into my life. [Bill] was sort of in and out of our lives. I don’t hate him for it. I guess what I feel is frustration and curiosity — like, what was it about me he didn’t want to know?”
However even though Bill Hudson is thankful for Russell’s influence in his Kate and Oliver Hudson’s lives, he still has a different story of what happened. “Kurt has been there for her and I’m happy for that and I think it’s a good thing. Kurt’s a really good guy. What’s more hurtful is Kate saying publicly that I’ve abandoned her because that’s just not true,” Bill said.
“Even though it was hurtful, I was much happier with that from when Goldie and I first broke up. We split because she had an affair with Yves [Renier] who she met on the set of Private Benjamin and he’d be there with my kids and it was just sort of a thing and didn’t seem like it was something that would last, and I didn’t like that.”
So why is Bill talking all of a sudden? He released a book, of course! The book titled Two Versions: The Other Side of Fame and Family, documents his past with Goldie, his relationship with Kate and Oliver, and what it was like to go through his personal family problems in a public light.
However, he claims the book isn’t a trashy tell-all. “The record needs to be set and it needs to come out. I wanted to show that it was a love story between me and Goldie, enough that we had children together, and it just went awry. And it was Oliver and Kate that suffered in the end.”
Only time will tell!
| i don't know |
Which famous art collection was started by the fourth Marquess of Hartford? | The Wallace Collection. A London's secret exposed - You in London
You in London
0
The Wallace Collection is rarely on top of the list of things to see in London, but it definitely should. It is an incredible collection of pieces of art and what is even more remarkable is the fact that they are not on display inside a museum , but in the house of the family who started it all – the Marquesses of Hertfod. Visiting Hertford House, entering its rooms and discovering its treasures is like making a journey into the past. A journey made of History and Art. Let’s discover it together!
For five generations the Seymour-Conway family collected art masterpieces, like souvenirs from their tour of Europe. France and Italy were obviously two of their favourite destinations, because of the richness of their art scene. For once, we will not hear discussions about “stolen treasures” or “national heritage taken away from the legitimate countries”, since this art collection was made through regular purchases. We should be thankful that these masterpieces are now available to anyone to see and admire.
The first Marquess of Hertford started this tradition in the 18th century, probably unaware that it will be followed by generation after generation, and that his passion would result in one of the most remarkable art collections in the world. His first purchases were some paintings by Canaletto, surely among my favourite. The second Marquess added several French paintings, superb pieces of furniture and the world renowned Sevres porcelain. The third is responsible for the acquisition of many paintings of the Dutch school.
It was the fourth Marquess of Hertford – Richard Seymour-Conway – who really gave a big impulse to the collection in the 19th century. He added some many pieces of art that the collection started resembling the huge assortment that we can admire today, adding several European and Oriental artifacts and the arms and armoury that we can see on the ground floor.
The collection was left to his illegittimate son – Richard Wallace – , who followed his father tradition and continued buying more pieces of art and more armouries. It was Richard Wallace who transferred the entire collection to Hertford House. After his death, the collection passed on to his wife, Lady Wallace, who eventually left it to the British Nation in 1897 after her death.
Hertford House is in Manchester Square, at a short walking distance from the bustling and cahotic Oxford Street. If you ever need to get away from the shopping frenzy, Manchester Square will provide a calm refuge, and visiting the Wallace Collection would be a pleasant surprise.
How to reach the Wallace Collection
To find Manchester Square and the Wallace Collection you can start from Selfridges, one of the most famous department stores on Oxford Street (bus n. 10 and 73 o tube to Marble Arch); walking on Oxford Street and leaving Selfridges on your left, turn left onto Duke Street which will take you straight to Manchester Square.
Manchester Square is a typical 18th century London square, and it still mantains its original structure. It has also some musical heritage, since the world famous record company EMI had its headquarter there. It’s inside the EMI building (now demolished) that the Beatles took the famous pictures on the stairwell, which will become the covers of the famous red and blue collection albums 1962-66 and 1967-70.
David Bowie, who was a true art lover, was very fond of the Wallace Collection. (You can read about many other important places linked to David Bowie in our Bowie’s London post)
Visiting the Wallace Collection is free. The Gallery is open every day from 10am to 5pm. The Wallace Collection is open also on bank holidays and it is closed only for Christmas (24-26 December).
| Wallace |
After a 1952 film, who became known as ‘the million-dollar mermaid’? | The Wallace Collection
The Founders and Treasures of the Wallace Collection
Report of the lecture given by Stephen Duffy
on March 23rd 2016
Our speaker was Stephen Duffy, one of the curators of the gallery, who related for us the story of the formation of the collection and discussed many of its finest treasures.
The lecture is linked to the Cranleigh DFAS visit to the Wallace Collection planned for 14 April 2016.
In his overview of the Collection, Stephen pointed out that it consists of five and a half thousand works, including medieval glass, majolica, arms and armour and many quality paintings.
Probably the most famous painting in the collection is “The Laughing Cavalier” by Frans Hals. However, it was pointed out that this title is entirely inappropriate since the image has more of a self-satisfied smirk than a laugh, and he is not dressed as a cavalier. In fact his clothing is very finely wrought and has images indicating love.
Portrait of an unknown man or “The Laughing Cavalier”
Frans Hals (1624)
The collection was started, purely for his own interest, by the first Marquess of Hertford on his Grand Tour, during which he bought several works by Canaletto.
The second Marquess of Hertford continued to purchase works of art. His position in the government owed much to the affair his wife, the second Marchioness of Hertford, had with the Prince of Wales, later George IV. It was the second Marquess who started the long association with Hertford House, now the home of the collection.
The third Marquess was a considerable connoisseur of the arts. He bought Titian’s Perseus and Andromeda and seventeenth-century Dutch paintings such as Netscher’s The Lace Maker and Rembrandt’s Good Samaritan as well as French furniture, gilt bronzes and S�vres porcelain.
The fourth Marquess of Hertford devoted the last thirty years of his life (from the age of 43 in 1843) to collecting works of art, and was responsible for the major part of the Wallace Collection as it is today. He bought Dutch paintings including Rembrandt’s Titus and Hals' Laughing Cavalier, many superb Old Masters and most of the nineteenth century paintings now in the collection. He paid �2,040 for the Laughing Cavalier, beating Rothschild at the auction – much to his pleasure.
He also bought fine S�vres porcelain, furniture by the great cabinet makers, miniatures, gold boxes, tapestries and sculpture, and Oriental arms and armour. He attached great importance to the finish, good condition and known provenance of the pieces, preferring pleasing and sensuous works of art, typical of which is The Swing by Fragonard.
Vase and Cover, S�vres porcelain, c.1770
| i don't know |
Which activity is sometimes called sailboarding or boardsailing? | Boardsailing or windsurfing — kidcyber
Boardsailing is sometimes called windsurfing or sailboarding.
The boardsailor stands on the sailboard that looks like a surfboard with a sail on it.
The boardsailor uses his or her body to steer the sailboard along, catching the wind to fill the sail and push the board along.
A boardsailor's gear is called the 'complete rig'.
The board, the mast, the sail and the boom are the 'parts of the rig' and when all the parts of the rig are assembled, it is called a 'complete rig'.
Boards can be from about 2 to 4 metres long. Beginning boardsailors use a board about 3 metres long. Some boards have padded footstraps on the top of the back end of the board that the boardsailor tucks his or her toes under to get a good grip of the board. These footstraps can also be used as handles to carry the board.
Masts are about 5 metres long and are made of aluminum or fiberglass or carbon composites. They are made to be lightweight and able to bend.
Booms are the U-shaped handles that are clamped to the mast and go around both sides of the sail. They are made from aluminum or from a material called a carbon composite.
Sails are made of sheets of Dacron or other plastic-type fabrics. They have fibre glass sticks called 'battens' to help keep the sail's shape. Sails come in different sizes from 3 to 6 square metres. Boardsailors usually have different sized sails and choose the one to use depending on the speed of the wind. Sails come in different shapes too. The shape chosen depends on the type of boardsailing the person is going to try. Wave sails are for boardsailing on waves, slalom sails are for speed sailing on flat water, and sails known as convertible sails can be used for both kinds of sailing.
Boardsailors catch the wind and sails across the waves. © Getty Images
A sailboard also has fins, a mast base and an uphaul.
Fins are fitted underneath of the board and help with speed. Fins are sometimes called skegs. The mast base is where the mast fits to the board. The uphaul is a length of thick rope that is attached to the boom near the mast and to the mast base. The uphaul is used to lift the sail out of the water.
Getting into the water.
The boardsailor carries the sail out into shallow water first. The sail is left in the water while the boardsailor gets the board and carries it out to the sail. The sail and the board are connected. The sail and the board can be connected on land and carried into the water if they are light in weight, and easy to carry.
Raising the sail.
In water about thigh high deep, the boardsailor hops onto the board and kneels facing the sail. Holding onto the uphaul the boardsailor stands up and lifts the sail out of the water.
When the sail is in a position where it doesn't catch any wind it is in 'neutral' position and the board will not sail or will stop sailing. By changing the direction of the sail the boardsailor 'catches the wind' and the board sails forward.
Turning. A boardsailor turns the board by leaning on the mast to bend it forwards (a jibe turn) or backwards (a tack turn) and moves the feet around the mast to shift the body weight on the board. This lifts the nose of the board out of the water and turns it.
Read how to windsurf
| Windsurfing |
Which country was once known as Portuguese West Africa? | windsurfing | sport | Britannica.com
Windsurfing
Alternative Titles: boardsailing, sailboarding, wind surfing
Related Topics
Windsurfing, also called boardsailing, sport that combines aspects of sailing and surfing on a one-person craft called a sailboard.
Windsurfing
© Gary Brettnacher/Tony Stone Images
The earliest prototypes of a sailboard date back to the late 1950s. Californians Jim Drake (a sailor) and Hoyle Schweitzer (a surfer) received the first patent for a sailboard in 1968. They called their design a Windsurfer, and Schweitzer began mass-producing sailboards in the early 1970s. The sport quickly spread throughout North America , and by the late 1970s it had become widely popular in Europe. Its popularity soon spawned a thriving sailboard-manufacturing industry in Europe, one that has come to dominate the windsurfing market. The first world championship of windsurfing was held in 1973. There are currently several competitive windsurfing circuits that hold regattas, slalom races, and wavesailing competitions (a subjectively judged style event).
Olympic windsurfing features sailors racing over a traditional triangle course and was first contested in 1984, as a demonstration sport, with separate competitions for men and women introduced in 1992. There were slight equipment changes in successive Olympiads: sailboards of the Windglider design were used at the 1984 Games, Division II boards in 1988, Lechner boards in 1992, and Mistral boards from 1996.
A sailboard is composed of a board and a rig. The early Windsurfer boards measured 3.5 metres (12 feet) long and weighed 27 kg (60 pounds). Current boards range from 2.5 to 4 metres (8 to 12.5 feet) long and weigh between 7 and 18 kg (15–40 pounds). Long boards (more than 3 metres [10 feet] long) have a small keel, also called a centreboard or a daggerboard, and a skeg (rear bottom fin) but no rudder. Short boards (less than 3 metres long) have a skeg but no centreboard. The rig consists of the sail , double boom, mast, and mast base. Sails may vary in size (3.5 to 10 square metres [38 to 108 square feet]) and function (race, slalom, and wave). The mast connects to the board through the mast base, which has a universal joint that allows the mast to be moved in any direction. The boat is steered by changing the sail’s position relative to the wind and to the centreboard. This is accomplished by adjusting one’s hold on the double boom in order to rake the sail forward or aft, windward or leeward.
Similar Topics
Windsurfing - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
popular sport combining aspects of sailing and surfing in a one-person craft called a Windsurfer (trademark) or sailboard; steered by changing sail’s position relative to the wind and to the centerboard; Windsurfer invented in U.S. by Hoyle Schweitzer and Jim Drake in 1967; Fun Board was invented in Europe in early 1980s and became even more popular than Windsurfer since it can be used in medium to high winds; Windsurfer now mainly used for beginners in low winds; technique and skill more important to sport than strength; many competitions held, mainly by U.S. Windsurfing Association, which holds national championship based on rankings from other races; German sailboard company Mistral holds 156 races a year in U.S.
Article History
| i don't know |
What is a synonym for a rich tapestry or wall-hanging? | Wall hanging - definition of wall hanging by The Free Dictionary
Wall hanging - definition of wall hanging by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/wall+hanging
Also found in: Thesaurus , Wikipedia .
wall hanging
n.
A flat decorative object, such as a tapestry, rug, or antique map, hung against a wall.
wall′ hang`ing
a tapestry, carpet, or similar object hung against a wall as decoration; arras.
[1895–1900]
Noun
1.
wall hanging - decoration that is hung (as a tapestry) on a wall or over a window; "the cold castle walls were covered with hangings"
decoration , ornament , ornamentation - something used to beautify
dossal , dossel - an ornamental hanging of rich fabric hung behind the altar of a church or at the sides of a chancel
Kakemono - a Japanese (paper or silk) wall hanging; usually narrow with a picture or writing on it and a roller at the bottom
lambrequin - short and decorative hanging for a shelf edge or top of a window casing
arras , tapestry - a wall hanging of heavy handwoven fabric with pictorial designs
Translations
| Arras |
Who starred in the title role of ‘The Admirable Crichton’ in a 1957 film? | Synonyms of tapestry
usage: something that resembles a tapestry in its complex pictorial designs; "the tapestry of European history"
2. tapestry, tapis, fabric, cloth, material, textile
usage: a heavy textile with a woven design; used for curtains and upholstery
3. tapestry, arras, hanging, wall hanging
usage: a wall hanging of heavy handwoven fabric with pictorial designs
WordNet 3.0 Copyright © 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
See also: tapestry (Dictionary)
| i don't know |
In which country is chicken frequently served in a chocolate sauce? | Traditional Foods in Mexico | USA Today
Traditional Foods in Mexico
(Photo: burrito image by Silvia Bogdanski from Fotolia.com )
Related Articles
Common Foods in Spain
Traditional food in Mexico is far different from the Mexican food we find in the states. Traditional Mexican food is dependent upon the region and the staples of the land. While each region has been influenced differently by the original conquering Spaniards, the varying climate and geography also play a part in the region's traditional selections. The entire country is known for its corn, tomatoes, chocolate, spices, avocados, beans, papaya, vanilla and chill peppers. How these staples are used reflects the true traditional foods of the land.
Maizes
One of the most commonly used staples of all of Mexico is maize, the corn staple of the land. It is used for tortillas, enchiladas, quesadillas and tacos. The fillings of these specialties are specific to the region. Northern Mexico is greatly known for its meat products, specifically beef, ostrich and goat. The maize specialties are filled with these meats and served with tomatoes and spices. In the Veracruzan areas bordering the Gulf of Mexico, fish is more common and is used as a primary dish, even when filling quesadillas and tacos.
Tomatoes
Tomatoes are used throughout Mexico. Salsa is a commonly used condiment that is made with a combination of uncooked tomatoes, onions and chile. It is served with maize, chicken, turkey and other dishes to enhance flavor and, at times, to provide a fiery spark to the dish. The tomatoes used to provide this sauce are always grown in the region and can be green or red.
Chocolate
The origins of chocolate are quite different in Mexico. Aztec cuisine introduced chocolate to the area as a drink rather than a food source. A traditional use for chocolate in the Pueblo area of Mexico is mole sauce. This sauce is a smooth, thick and sweet sauce made with chocolate, herbs and spices. This sauce is poured over turkey and chicken.
Avocado
Avocado is a source that is used frequently in all parts of Mexico. You will see avocado used in guacamole, which is a dip made with mashed avocado, onions, coriander and chilies. Avocado is also used in soups and salad dishes that usually include chicken.
Beans
Beans are an important staple in the Mexican culture. Beans grow well in all regions of Mexico and are enhanced by the regional flavors and spices that favor the land. One of the most popular Mexican dishes is beans and rice, or frijoles y arroz. The dish is flavored with the local spices and usually includes a hot pepper or side of salsa and complements the fish or meat of the land. The beans can be red, black, yellow or purple, and dishes can range from mild to fiery hot.
References
| Mexico |
In 1978, who was assassinated by a poisoned umbrella tip on a London street? | Traditional Foods in Mexico | USA Today
Traditional Foods in Mexico
(Photo: burrito image by Silvia Bogdanski from Fotolia.com )
Related Articles
Common Foods in Spain
Traditional food in Mexico is far different from the Mexican food we find in the states. Traditional Mexican food is dependent upon the region and the staples of the land. While each region has been influenced differently by the original conquering Spaniards, the varying climate and geography also play a part in the region's traditional selections. The entire country is known for its corn, tomatoes, chocolate, spices, avocados, beans, papaya, vanilla and chill peppers. How these staples are used reflects the true traditional foods of the land.
Maizes
One of the most commonly used staples of all of Mexico is maize, the corn staple of the land. It is used for tortillas, enchiladas, quesadillas and tacos. The fillings of these specialties are specific to the region. Northern Mexico is greatly known for its meat products, specifically beef, ostrich and goat. The maize specialties are filled with these meats and served with tomatoes and spices. In the Veracruzan areas bordering the Gulf of Mexico, fish is more common and is used as a primary dish, even when filling quesadillas and tacos.
Tomatoes
Tomatoes are used throughout Mexico. Salsa is a commonly used condiment that is made with a combination of uncooked tomatoes, onions and chile. It is served with maize, chicken, turkey and other dishes to enhance flavor and, at times, to provide a fiery spark to the dish. The tomatoes used to provide this sauce are always grown in the region and can be green or red.
Chocolate
The origins of chocolate are quite different in Mexico. Aztec cuisine introduced chocolate to the area as a drink rather than a food source. A traditional use for chocolate in the Pueblo area of Mexico is mole sauce. This sauce is a smooth, thick and sweet sauce made with chocolate, herbs and spices. This sauce is poured over turkey and chicken.
Avocado
Avocado is a source that is used frequently in all parts of Mexico. You will see avocado used in guacamole, which is a dip made with mashed avocado, onions, coriander and chilies. Avocado is also used in soups and salad dishes that usually include chicken.
Beans
Beans are an important staple in the Mexican culture. Beans grow well in all regions of Mexico and are enhanced by the regional flavors and spices that favor the land. One of the most popular Mexican dishes is beans and rice, or frijoles y arroz. The dish is flavored with the local spices and usually includes a hot pepper or side of salsa and complements the fish or meat of the land. The beans can be red, black, yellow or purple, and dishes can range from mild to fiery hot.
References
| i don't know |
What one-word name is given to the Russian dish of stuffed pancakes? | The Traveller's Yellow Pages for Saint Petersburg. Traditional Russian arts, holidays, cuisine, banya, fashion
RUSSIAN CUISINE
Russian cuisine has been influenced by natural, social, economic and historical factors.
Its main feature is the abundance of ingredients used. Its other defining feature is the variety of methods of preparing the products (boiling, stewing, roasting, baking and frying).
The uniqueness of Russian cuisine is, to a great extent, due to the specifics of the Russian stove, which has existed for several thousands of years. The reason for the endurance of the Russian stove is its universality. It heated the house, it was used for cooking, baking bread, drying food and clothes and even for washing.
A special shape of dish was created for the Russian stove. Initially it was ceramic (pot) and then metallic (cast iron). There were also unique cooking methods; geese, ducks chicken and piglets were cooked whole, while meat was cut into large pieces, gammon was baked whole etc. Food cooked in a Russian stove had a distinct flavour and aroma.
Since ancient times, everything that the forests, rivers and lakes provided was used: mushrooms, berries, nuts, hazel grouse, wood grouse, grouse, hare, fish, crayfish, geese, ducks etc. Honey was for many years the main ingredient for making sweet dishes and drinks.
The natural environment of Rus encouraged the development of dairy as well as meat livestock farming. Therefore, milk, curd cheese, cream and sour cream were widely used and beef, pork, mutton, goat and fowl meat consumed. However, veal was not eaten in Rus until almost the end of the 18th century, when it became a decoration on the festive tables of noblemen.
Cereal crops had been long cultivated in Rus, which is why a great deal of flour based and grain dishes appeared on the Russian table.
It was not only cereals that were honoured but also garden crops. Cabbage was particularly widely used in Russian cuisine, it was used to make snacks, fillings for pies and cabbage soup (shchi). Just as popular in ancient Rus were cucumbers, turnips, swedes and radishes. What is more, dishes using these are still popular today (grated radish with kvass (a bread drink), butter, radish with honey etc.). Later, other kinds of vegetables became widely used; pumpkins, marrows, aubergines, tomatoes and of course potatoes, without which Russian food is impossible to imagine. However, before the end of the 18th century the potato was not as widespread in Russia as it is today. In the middle of the 18 century it was planted in the gardens of the Tsar. It is well known that Catherine II ate only potatoes during fasting. An order was issued on cultivating the пїЅEarth AppleпїЅ, but the population did not support this crop, especially as some members of the clergy considered the potato to be the пїЅdevilпїЅs appleпїЅ which had tempted Adam and Eve. Despite this, the potato gradually spread throughout Russia helped by bad harvest years when the peasants were forced to plant it, even though this caused the пїЅpotato riotsпїЅ. However, popular resistance changed when a recipe for making samogon (home made alcohol) from potatoes reached the villages. Already by the end of the 19th century, the largest restaurants in Saint Petersburg introduced пїЅPotatoes a la PushkinпїЅ on their menus. According to legend, the great Russian poet Alexander Pushkin on returning late from guests and feeling hungry, decided to make supper himself and fried boiled potatoes in butter on coal. He liked the dish so much, that he then began serving it to his guests. Even so, right up to the 1917 October Revolution, potatoes were served with English dishes, as potato seeds were first brought to Russia from England and Ireland.
Together with vegetables, fruit were also grown, especially apples and pears which were used not only for making sweet dishes but also kvass. Soaked apples were also a typical starter. However, Empress Elizabeth Petrovna could not stand apples in any form, and could not even bear their smell, to which she was particularly sensitive, although, she was very fond of Tokay wine, which became fashionable in Russia in 1745.
Russian cuisine did not develop in isolation, but was influenced by RussiaпїЅs wide relations and cultural exchange with other states. The main changes in Russian cuisine are connected with Peter I, who introduced kitchen stoves and engrained new cooking habits in his subjects. From the second half of the 18th century, when Peter III came to power, punch became extremely popular: the Emperor began his meals with punch and it was drunk in country inns instead of tea. Slightly later, during the reign of Catherine II, a lot of influences came from France. For example, drinks such as cider and cold fruit punch. In the 19th century in Russian restaurant cuisine various sauces, consommes, sweet dishes (jellies, mousses, and creams) were adapted from the French and many restaurant menus include French names. Russian aristocratic cuisine, with a French accent, is represented to this day in Saint Petersburg by one of the oldest restaurants in the city, Palkin. The restaurantпїЅs first owner was the business adviser Konstantin Palkin, and regular customers included the composer Tchaikovsky, the writers Chekhov, Kuprin, Bunin, Dostoyevsky, the poet Blok and the chemist Mendeleev, who was famously fond of Russian kvass.
At the same time, Russian cooking also influenced the development of European cuisine: the old Russian dish, which is known in many countries as Russian Salad, is called a Vegetable Vinaigrette in Russia (this must contain beetroot, while everything else is down to the chefпїЅs fantasy). Sbiten, one of the most popular Russian drinks of the 18th-19th centuries, is a precursor of tea. Peter I ordered that the builders of Saint Petersburg be given it as a tonic, it was drunk by high society between acts at the theatre and when it became widely available it was highly praised by foreigners. Casanova noted that sbiten пїЅ...is much superior to the sherbet of ConstantinopleпїЅ. Dutch and English sailors added wine to the drink and from this sbiten received the name Russian Mulled Wine.
STARTERS: no other cuisine has such a wide range of vegetable, fish, meat starters and cold dishes. It is remarkable that the Russian word for starter пїЅZakuskaпїЅ is found in some foreign cuisines.
Traditional Russian meat starters include dishes using the giblets of birds and other animal by-products (tongue, liver, kidney and feet).
Corned beef with horse radish, tripe and jellied meat were popular with ordinary people, while wealthy families made starters from poultry and game. For festive tables, whole turkeys, pheasants, boiled piglets with horse radish and gammons of pork baked in pastry were cooked. Kvass with horse radish and crushed garlic were served with the above.
In 1718 Admiral Apraksin, accompanying Polish guests on an excursion of the Admiralty, served them пїЅnaval dishesпїЅ, tongue, smoked beef and sea fish.
In the second half of the 19th century pate appeared in Saint Petersburg and did not seem at all exotic at the time.
SOUPS: from ancient times to today there has been an exceptionally rich range of soups. The first liquid dishes in Russian cuisine were called pokhlebka (potage). The word soup appeared during the reign of Peter I. Soups were cooked and served in pots, and later in cast iron. In olden times, soups were eaten with wooden spoons as they did not burn the lips. The traditional Russian soups are shchi, borscht, rassolnik, solyanka, pokhlebka, cold soups based on kvass and beetroot broth etc.
SHCHI: this is an ancient national dish from the central and northern regions of Russia. There are over 60 types of shchi! These include sour shchi with meat, fish and mushrooms, one day shchi, green shchi etc. Traditional Russian shchi is made without potatoes from fresh or sour white cabbage, sorrel, spinach, nettles and sauteed vegetables on bone, meat and bone, fish or mushroom broth or on water (vegetarian). Fresh cabbage shchi is usually served with curd tarts or pies, while sour cabbage shchi is served with buckwheat pudding, buckwheat porridge or koulibiac with buckwheat porridge.
BORSCHT: Borscht is just as widespread in the southern and central regions of Russia as shchi is in the north. Borscht is cooked using meat and mushroom broths, less often using duck or goose broth. The main ingredients of any borscht are beetroot, sauteed vegetables and white cabbage.
RASSOLNIK: the main ingredients of rassolnik are salted cucumbers, white root vegetables and onions. Other vegetables and ingredients may be different.
SOLYANKA: Solyanka is an old national Russian dish. It is made using strong beef, sturgeon or mushroom broth.
UKHA: this is one of the oldest Russian dishes, which has no rivals in European cuisine. Nowadays, only fish soup is called ukha, whereas soups based on different broths, chicken, meat etc. used to be called ukha as well.
COLD SOUPS: cold soups based on kvass are one of the unique features of Russian cuisine. Kvass, beetroot broth, and beetroot broth with kvass are the base for modern cold soups (okroshka, botvinya and svekolnik).
In the 18th century botvinya became the Tsar of Russian soups and by the middle of the 19th century crayfish tails were added and it was served with boiled fish.
The well loved okroshka is served in two ways: all ingredients are added to seasoned kvass and the okroshka is poured into a bowl, or the chopped ingredients are placed in a salad dish or bowl and the seasoned kvass is served in a jug. Smetana (sour cream) began to be added to okroshkas only in the middle of the 19th century.
MEAT AND FISH DISHES: Initially, the ways of cooking meat and fish dishes were mainly dependant on the specifics of the Russian stove, as it is difficult to cook small pieces in the stove.
This is why Russian cuisine used to be distinguished by the large number of dishes from boiled, parboiled and baked fish. Fried fish, which is now firmly part of the Russian table, was much less common.
Whole large pieces of meat were fried and then cut up. Fried dishes were, as a rule, cooked on festive occasions, while boiled meat was eaten on normal days. Dishes from offal were very popular. Other typical dishes included stews with carrots, turnips, onions and flour based gravy: the ingredients were browned, cut into pieces, covered in vzvar (sauce) and stewed.
Various poultry and game dishes were cooked, for example, fried goose, stuffed with onions, mushrooms and apples.
In 1724, Peter I ordered the opening of 15 taverns, or Herber (from the German die Herberge meaning inn), for foreign guests, where they could find a roof and table. This is where fillets, tongue and schnitzels, brought from Germany and Holland, were first cooked in Russia.
Steak appeared in Saint Petersburg at the beginning of the 19th century on the menu of the Englishman Thomas Rob's restaurant, which used to be on the corner of Nevsky Prospekt and Malaya Morskaya Street.
Beef Stroganoff or пїЅBoeuf a la StroganoffпїЅ appeared in cook books at the end of the 19th century. However, it is believed that Count Stroganoff, a member of the State council, President of the Academy of Art, diplomat and gourmet thought up this dish in 1800. Being a man of advanced years and lacking a number of teeth, Stroganoff asked his chef to make a dish from thin slices of meat with wine, champignons and capers.
Pozharsky cutlets, one of the culinary symbols of Russia, was served to the Tsar by chance and to this day has lost none of its not status. Only chicken breast meat and best quality white wheat bread are used for making these cutlets. According to legend, Alexander I was going to have breakfast at a tavern owned by a certain Pozharsky. The Tsar wanted veal cutlets, but unfortunately the tavern owner was unable to get his hands on any veal. Taking the advice of his resourceful wife, the tavern owner made cutlets from chicken. The Tsar liked them so much that he wanted to reward Pozharsky. The tavern owner admitted that his wife had advised him to cook chicken cutlets. The Tsar kindly rewarded them both and these cutlets became known as Pozharsky and were added to the TsarпїЅs menu. Today, Pozharsky cutlets have even been cooked for Crown Prince Albert of Monaco after his official visit to Saint Petersburg.
BAKED DISHES: all kinds of pies, pirogi, pirozhki, koulebiac, rasstegai, kalachi and blini are known around the world as traditional Russian bakery items.
Russia was always famous for its bread, which was not only one of the main food products but also a symbol of well-being and sufficiency for Russian people.
Festive meals in Rus never passed without pirogi (pies). The word пїЅpirogпїЅ comes from the ancient Russian word пїЅpirпїЅ (banquet, holiday).
Pirogi were big or small, open or closed. They were filled with meat, all kinds of fish, chicken, brain, eggs, curd, peas, porridge, turnip, onion, potato, cabbage, carrot, salted cucumbers, sorrel, mushrooms, poppy seed, apples, berries etc.
Many baked dishes are traditional Russian. The kournik has long been the pie for ceremonies and weddings. This is baked from fresh dough with various fillings, decorated with stylised figures or flowers. In 1858, the French novelist Alexander Dumas pere visited Saint Petersburg and tasted Russian kournik (with eggs and chicken), which left a great impression on the famous writer and was declared the very best dish.
Russian cuisine also gave the world rasstegai (a round pie, the size of a plate with a hole in the centre). Here is the history of this dish: in the beginning of the 19th century in Moscow, a sweet voiced gypsy, Stesha, sang a romance пїЅSarafan-RasstegaiпїЅ about a sarafan which unbuttoned at the right moment. While the audience enjoyed SteshaпїЅs song, they were served a pie named in her honour. Rasstegais were very popular: one fashionable Saint Petersburg restaurant used to serve 30 kinds of this pie.
At Shrovetide blini and oladi (pancakes) were made and for the spring festivals zhavoronki. Prianiki (gingerbread) were often given to close family and friends on holidays.
In 1750, Saint Petersburg was the first city of northern and central Russia where white wheat bread became a product of mass consumption (all Russia eats rye bread, black). The first bakeries appeared which baked пїЅfor high society French white bread...пїЅ.
GRAIN DISHES: as well dishes from flour, Russian cuisine has numerous dishes made from various grains. It would be hard to find an example of Russian cuisine that is mentioned so often in folk stories as kasha (porridge). Just as in the past, today kasha is an everyday dish, without which it would be impossible to imagine Russian cuisine.
CURD DISHES: dishes from tvorog (curd cheese) have long been made in Russia and were served for everyday as well as festive occasions. In olden times tvorog was called a cheese. It is still called this in some Russian regions. This is where the name of the popular tvorog dish, syrniki (fried curd pancakes), comes.
Bon Appetit!
| Blintz |
Which former king won a gold medal for yachting at the 1960 Olympics? | The Traveller's Yellow Pages for Saint Petersburg. Traditional Russian arts, holidays, cuisine, banya, fashion
RUSSIAN CUISINE
Russian cuisine has been influenced by natural, social, economic and historical factors.
Its main feature is the abundance of ingredients used. Its other defining feature is the variety of methods of preparing the products (boiling, stewing, roasting, baking and frying).
The uniqueness of Russian cuisine is, to a great extent, due to the specifics of the Russian stove, which has existed for several thousands of years. The reason for the endurance of the Russian stove is its universality. It heated the house, it was used for cooking, baking bread, drying food and clothes and even for washing.
A special shape of dish was created for the Russian stove. Initially it was ceramic (pot) and then metallic (cast iron). There were also unique cooking methods; geese, ducks chicken and piglets were cooked whole, while meat was cut into large pieces, gammon was baked whole etc. Food cooked in a Russian stove had a distinct flavour and aroma.
Since ancient times, everything that the forests, rivers and lakes provided was used: mushrooms, berries, nuts, hazel grouse, wood grouse, grouse, hare, fish, crayfish, geese, ducks etc. Honey was for many years the main ingredient for making sweet dishes and drinks.
The natural environment of Rus encouraged the development of dairy as well as meat livestock farming. Therefore, milk, curd cheese, cream and sour cream were widely used and beef, pork, mutton, goat and fowl meat consumed. However, veal was not eaten in Rus until almost the end of the 18th century, when it became a decoration on the festive tables of noblemen.
Cereal crops had been long cultivated in Rus, which is why a great deal of flour based and grain dishes appeared on the Russian table.
It was not only cereals that were honoured but also garden crops. Cabbage was particularly widely used in Russian cuisine, it was used to make snacks, fillings for pies and cabbage soup (shchi). Just as popular in ancient Rus were cucumbers, turnips, swedes and radishes. What is more, dishes using these are still popular today (grated radish with kvass (a bread drink), butter, radish with honey etc.). Later, other kinds of vegetables became widely used; pumpkins, marrows, aubergines, tomatoes and of course potatoes, without which Russian food is impossible to imagine. However, before the end of the 18th century the potato was not as widespread in Russia as it is today. In the middle of the 18 century it was planted in the gardens of the Tsar. It is well known that Catherine II ate only potatoes during fasting. An order was issued on cultivating the пїЅEarth AppleпїЅ, but the population did not support this crop, especially as some members of the clergy considered the potato to be the пїЅdevilпїЅs appleпїЅ which had tempted Adam and Eve. Despite this, the potato gradually spread throughout Russia helped by bad harvest years when the peasants were forced to plant it, even though this caused the пїЅpotato riotsпїЅ. However, popular resistance changed when a recipe for making samogon (home made alcohol) from potatoes reached the villages. Already by the end of the 19th century, the largest restaurants in Saint Petersburg introduced пїЅPotatoes a la PushkinпїЅ on their menus. According to legend, the great Russian poet Alexander Pushkin on returning late from guests and feeling hungry, decided to make supper himself and fried boiled potatoes in butter on coal. He liked the dish so much, that he then began serving it to his guests. Even so, right up to the 1917 October Revolution, potatoes were served with English dishes, as potato seeds were first brought to Russia from England and Ireland.
Together with vegetables, fruit were also grown, especially apples and pears which were used not only for making sweet dishes but also kvass. Soaked apples were also a typical starter. However, Empress Elizabeth Petrovna could not stand apples in any form, and could not even bear their smell, to which she was particularly sensitive, although, she was very fond of Tokay wine, which became fashionable in Russia in 1745.
Russian cuisine did not develop in isolation, but was influenced by RussiaпїЅs wide relations and cultural exchange with other states. The main changes in Russian cuisine are connected with Peter I, who introduced kitchen stoves and engrained new cooking habits in his subjects. From the second half of the 18th century, when Peter III came to power, punch became extremely popular: the Emperor began his meals with punch and it was drunk in country inns instead of tea. Slightly later, during the reign of Catherine II, a lot of influences came from France. For example, drinks such as cider and cold fruit punch. In the 19th century in Russian restaurant cuisine various sauces, consommes, sweet dishes (jellies, mousses, and creams) were adapted from the French and many restaurant menus include French names. Russian aristocratic cuisine, with a French accent, is represented to this day in Saint Petersburg by one of the oldest restaurants in the city, Palkin. The restaurantпїЅs first owner was the business adviser Konstantin Palkin, and regular customers included the composer Tchaikovsky, the writers Chekhov, Kuprin, Bunin, Dostoyevsky, the poet Blok and the chemist Mendeleev, who was famously fond of Russian kvass.
At the same time, Russian cooking also influenced the development of European cuisine: the old Russian dish, which is known in many countries as Russian Salad, is called a Vegetable Vinaigrette in Russia (this must contain beetroot, while everything else is down to the chefпїЅs fantasy). Sbiten, one of the most popular Russian drinks of the 18th-19th centuries, is a precursor of tea. Peter I ordered that the builders of Saint Petersburg be given it as a tonic, it was drunk by high society between acts at the theatre and when it became widely available it was highly praised by foreigners. Casanova noted that sbiten пїЅ...is much superior to the sherbet of ConstantinopleпїЅ. Dutch and English sailors added wine to the drink and from this sbiten received the name Russian Mulled Wine.
STARTERS: no other cuisine has such a wide range of vegetable, fish, meat starters and cold dishes. It is remarkable that the Russian word for starter пїЅZakuskaпїЅ is found in some foreign cuisines.
Traditional Russian meat starters include dishes using the giblets of birds and other animal by-products (tongue, liver, kidney and feet).
Corned beef with horse radish, tripe and jellied meat were popular with ordinary people, while wealthy families made starters from poultry and game. For festive tables, whole turkeys, pheasants, boiled piglets with horse radish and gammons of pork baked in pastry were cooked. Kvass with horse radish and crushed garlic were served with the above.
In 1718 Admiral Apraksin, accompanying Polish guests on an excursion of the Admiralty, served them пїЅnaval dishesпїЅ, tongue, smoked beef and sea fish.
In the second half of the 19th century pate appeared in Saint Petersburg and did not seem at all exotic at the time.
SOUPS: from ancient times to today there has been an exceptionally rich range of soups. The first liquid dishes in Russian cuisine were called pokhlebka (potage). The word soup appeared during the reign of Peter I. Soups were cooked and served in pots, and later in cast iron. In olden times, soups were eaten with wooden spoons as they did not burn the lips. The traditional Russian soups are shchi, borscht, rassolnik, solyanka, pokhlebka, cold soups based on kvass and beetroot broth etc.
SHCHI: this is an ancient national dish from the central and northern regions of Russia. There are over 60 types of shchi! These include sour shchi with meat, fish and mushrooms, one day shchi, green shchi etc. Traditional Russian shchi is made without potatoes from fresh or sour white cabbage, sorrel, spinach, nettles and sauteed vegetables on bone, meat and bone, fish or mushroom broth or on water (vegetarian). Fresh cabbage shchi is usually served with curd tarts or pies, while sour cabbage shchi is served with buckwheat pudding, buckwheat porridge or koulibiac with buckwheat porridge.
BORSCHT: Borscht is just as widespread in the southern and central regions of Russia as shchi is in the north. Borscht is cooked using meat and mushroom broths, less often using duck or goose broth. The main ingredients of any borscht are beetroot, sauteed vegetables and white cabbage.
RASSOLNIK: the main ingredients of rassolnik are salted cucumbers, white root vegetables and onions. Other vegetables and ingredients may be different.
SOLYANKA: Solyanka is an old national Russian dish. It is made using strong beef, sturgeon or mushroom broth.
UKHA: this is one of the oldest Russian dishes, which has no rivals in European cuisine. Nowadays, only fish soup is called ukha, whereas soups based on different broths, chicken, meat etc. used to be called ukha as well.
COLD SOUPS: cold soups based on kvass are one of the unique features of Russian cuisine. Kvass, beetroot broth, and beetroot broth with kvass are the base for modern cold soups (okroshka, botvinya and svekolnik).
In the 18th century botvinya became the Tsar of Russian soups and by the middle of the 19th century crayfish tails were added and it was served with boiled fish.
The well loved okroshka is served in two ways: all ingredients are added to seasoned kvass and the okroshka is poured into a bowl, or the chopped ingredients are placed in a salad dish or bowl and the seasoned kvass is served in a jug. Smetana (sour cream) began to be added to okroshkas only in the middle of the 19th century.
MEAT AND FISH DISHES: Initially, the ways of cooking meat and fish dishes were mainly dependant on the specifics of the Russian stove, as it is difficult to cook small pieces in the stove.
This is why Russian cuisine used to be distinguished by the large number of dishes from boiled, parboiled and baked fish. Fried fish, which is now firmly part of the Russian table, was much less common.
Whole large pieces of meat were fried and then cut up. Fried dishes were, as a rule, cooked on festive occasions, while boiled meat was eaten on normal days. Dishes from offal were very popular. Other typical dishes included stews with carrots, turnips, onions and flour based gravy: the ingredients were browned, cut into pieces, covered in vzvar (sauce) and stewed.
Various poultry and game dishes were cooked, for example, fried goose, stuffed with onions, mushrooms and apples.
In 1724, Peter I ordered the opening of 15 taverns, or Herber (from the German die Herberge meaning inn), for foreign guests, where they could find a roof and table. This is where fillets, tongue and schnitzels, brought from Germany and Holland, were first cooked in Russia.
Steak appeared in Saint Petersburg at the beginning of the 19th century on the menu of the Englishman Thomas Rob's restaurant, which used to be on the corner of Nevsky Prospekt and Malaya Morskaya Street.
Beef Stroganoff or пїЅBoeuf a la StroganoffпїЅ appeared in cook books at the end of the 19th century. However, it is believed that Count Stroganoff, a member of the State council, President of the Academy of Art, diplomat and gourmet thought up this dish in 1800. Being a man of advanced years and lacking a number of teeth, Stroganoff asked his chef to make a dish from thin slices of meat with wine, champignons and capers.
Pozharsky cutlets, one of the culinary symbols of Russia, was served to the Tsar by chance and to this day has lost none of its not status. Only chicken breast meat and best quality white wheat bread are used for making these cutlets. According to legend, Alexander I was going to have breakfast at a tavern owned by a certain Pozharsky. The Tsar wanted veal cutlets, but unfortunately the tavern owner was unable to get his hands on any veal. Taking the advice of his resourceful wife, the tavern owner made cutlets from chicken. The Tsar liked them so much that he wanted to reward Pozharsky. The tavern owner admitted that his wife had advised him to cook chicken cutlets. The Tsar kindly rewarded them both and these cutlets became known as Pozharsky and were added to the TsarпїЅs menu. Today, Pozharsky cutlets have even been cooked for Crown Prince Albert of Monaco after his official visit to Saint Petersburg.
BAKED DISHES: all kinds of pies, pirogi, pirozhki, koulebiac, rasstegai, kalachi and blini are known around the world as traditional Russian bakery items.
Russia was always famous for its bread, which was not only one of the main food products but also a symbol of well-being and sufficiency for Russian people.
Festive meals in Rus never passed without pirogi (pies). The word пїЅpirogпїЅ comes from the ancient Russian word пїЅpirпїЅ (banquet, holiday).
Pirogi were big or small, open or closed. They were filled with meat, all kinds of fish, chicken, brain, eggs, curd, peas, porridge, turnip, onion, potato, cabbage, carrot, salted cucumbers, sorrel, mushrooms, poppy seed, apples, berries etc.
Many baked dishes are traditional Russian. The kournik has long been the pie for ceremonies and weddings. This is baked from fresh dough with various fillings, decorated with stylised figures or flowers. In 1858, the French novelist Alexander Dumas pere visited Saint Petersburg and tasted Russian kournik (with eggs and chicken), which left a great impression on the famous writer and was declared the very best dish.
Russian cuisine also gave the world rasstegai (a round pie, the size of a plate with a hole in the centre). Here is the history of this dish: in the beginning of the 19th century in Moscow, a sweet voiced gypsy, Stesha, sang a romance пїЅSarafan-RasstegaiпїЅ about a sarafan which unbuttoned at the right moment. While the audience enjoyed SteshaпїЅs song, they were served a pie named in her honour. Rasstegais were very popular: one fashionable Saint Petersburg restaurant used to serve 30 kinds of this pie.
At Shrovetide blini and oladi (pancakes) were made and for the spring festivals zhavoronki. Prianiki (gingerbread) were often given to close family and friends on holidays.
In 1750, Saint Petersburg was the first city of northern and central Russia where white wheat bread became a product of mass consumption (all Russia eats rye bread, black). The first bakeries appeared which baked пїЅfor high society French white bread...пїЅ.
GRAIN DISHES: as well dishes from flour, Russian cuisine has numerous dishes made from various grains. It would be hard to find an example of Russian cuisine that is mentioned so often in folk stories as kasha (porridge). Just as in the past, today kasha is an everyday dish, without which it would be impossible to imagine Russian cuisine.
CURD DISHES: dishes from tvorog (curd cheese) have long been made in Russia and were served for everyday as well as festive occasions. In olden times tvorog was called a cheese. It is still called this in some Russian regions. This is where the name of the popular tvorog dish, syrniki (fried curd pancakes), comes.
Bon Appetit!
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What name is given to the Irish dish of potato and cabbage, sometimes served as a stew? | What Goes with Irish Stew?
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What Goes with Irish Stew?
With Saint Patrick’s Day coming up, many people start planning an Irish menu. Irish stew may be one of the favorite recipes that come to mind. While a stew has both meat and vegetables in it, sometimes you need some side dishes to fill out the meal, especially if you have many mouths to feed. So, what goes with Irish stew?
Potatoes
Potatoes are a staple in Ireland. While you may have put some in your stew, you may also want to prepare a side dish of Apple Mash. This is a combination of cooked apples and potatoes that are mashed together. They are then served with a little sugar and butter. Another potato dish is Colcannon. It is made with mashed potatoes, cabbage, and onions. Some recipes also add a little bit of bacon. It is comfort food at its best and tastes wonderful. A savory potato and leek bake could also make a tasty side dish.
Another potato possibility is Boxtie, or potato cakes. This is a dish made with mashed potato, grated raw potato, salt, and flour. It is made on a hot griddle. The golden brown exterior gives way to a soft, delicious interior. It is a regional specialty from County Leitrim.
Cabbage
Cabbage is another Irish staple. Cabbage can be added to potatoes, as mentioned above in the Colcannon suggestion. It can also be baked with apples. Cabbage can be enjoyed on its own as a side dish when it is fried up in butter and onion in a big skillet. A little vinegar and sugar is added to create a little dressing. This may be a good choice to serve with Irish stew, since not every stew recipe includes cabbage.
Breads
Bread is an important part of every meal in Ireland. Soda bread is an Irish favorite. It can be made with herbs, currants or spices as well as plain. Buttermilk bread is another tradition. This is a bread that is made from flour, baking powder, salt, baking soda, eggs, buttermilk and raisins or currants. It can be baked into scones or bannocks. A bannock is a round loaf of bread. To serve a bannock, cut it into quarters and then slice thin pieces off.
Serving
Your Irish stew can be served in a bowl accompanied by your side dishes or you can even spoon it over a side of colcannon. Slices of bread can be dipped in the stew’s gravy. Let everyone heap their plates with their favorites and let the Irish fun begin.
If you are Irish for more than just one day per year, of course any of these recipes may appeal to your sense of history. They are certainly appropriate for any meal you wish. You can also add these side dishes to main dishes like corned beef and cabbage, roast lamb, shepherd’s pie or any number of great Irish dishes. Let the luck of the Irish fill your kitchen with delicious flavors and aromas to tempt your family into a fine meal.
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In which event did Nero participate in the ancient Olympics, circa AD 60? | A History of Irish Cuisine
A History of Irish Cuisine
(Before and After the Potato)
John Linnane BSc, MSc.
[email protected]
Since this paper is for the students of culinary Art or any reader who loves the study of food and who may have no ambitions or opportunities to delve deeply into the voluminous archaeological literature, which might be involved in each of the periods and topics covered. For that reason this research into Irish cuisine is not intended as a study guide for students of history or archaeology. It is intended as a insight into cuisine in Ireland over the centuries therefore, the text pages are not encumber with too many references. Should the reader wish to study the subject further the Bibliography at the end will be most useful.
Introduction
The introduction of the potato into Ireland in the 17th century could be considered by some gastronomists to be the greatest occurrence or the worse calamity to befall the Irish diet, Irish cuisine and the Irish people. This paper examines the foods that were eaten by the Irish before the introduction of the potato, the methods of cooking and the changes that came about due to its introduction.
What occurred in the past in relation to diet and nutrition has a major bearing on the formation of nations and of each human being within those nations. What was consumed over the centuries has been of vital significance in developing people's stature, intellect and character. The quality and health of a nation is shaped by the diet as well as the behaviour of our ancestors to this effect Ireland is no exception. (Tannahill 1988)
Historical Background
It would serve no useful purpose to burden you the reader with questions of chronology, but some rough idea of dates is necessary so as the few simple technical terms used might be understood. Prehistoric times in Ireland are divided into three main periods, the Stone, Bronze and early Iron Ages. The earliest period the Stone Age 8,000 to 2500 BC is subdivided into the Early Middle and Late Stone Age. The latter the Late Stone Age or Neolithic period in Ireland was very brief covering less than 200 years and overlapped the coming of the Bronze Age. It is from this period that the earliest records that exist concerning diet and cooking can be traced. The Bronze Age extended from 2000 BC to 500 BC and it too was divided into Early Middle and Late phases, each of about 500 years duration. With the coming of the Celts about 600 to 500 BC heralded the beginning of the Iron Age which lasted from 500 BC to 500 AD, yet even during the Iron age stone and bronze continued to be used both as tools and for cooking purposes. The date 600 to 500 BC for the beginning of the Iron Age in Ireland is used because it marks conveniently a point at which Iron Age influences are felt, but there is very little evidence of a real Iron Age in Ireland until the first century BC. Following on from the Iron Age came the period of enlightenment, (Christian Era) then the Dark Ages (A period when Ireland was invaded and under the control of the Normans), the Middle Ages a period of great social change, which in turn were followed by our Modern Era.
The Dawn of Irish Civilisation
For the first 8,000 years or so of Irish history, little is known of the people who inhabited the country but they were believed to be predominately hunters and gatherers of food, responding to their environment and also restricted by it. As in any other primitive society ancient Ireland was no different, the quantity of food available varied greatly from season to season or year to year, thus limiting the number of people that could be adequately supported on a given land area. (Bode 1994)
There is some indication that the ancient (5,000 to 8,000 years ago) Irish may have also farmed sections of the land as the layout of fields have being excavated in the parts of Ireland that they inhabited. In addition some remains of what appear to be domesticated animals have been found in archaeological sites related to that era. The variety of food items they used would have had to have the potential to provide the essential nutrients, which may not have been available on an all year around basis due to the climate that existed at that time. (Murphy 1978) This could or would be another reason why a rudimentary form of farming must have occurred.
During the remaining 5,000 years of Irish history, however, dynamic changes occurred due to the so called "Cultural Revolution" or the beginning of modern civilisation, which embraced major social and agricultural developments (O'Brien Education 1972). As a result of these changes, humans began to exhibit a degree of control over their environment. The essence of this revolution was that people began to organising families into small social groups, and this resulted in co-operative efforts among individuals and with it the birth of social organisation and the beginning of government.
This reasonably well-developed social order appeared to have existed as far back as the late Stone Age continued through the Bronze Age and the Iron Age. The evidence for this belief is based on the level of co-operation which would have been necessary to build the many large structures that are dotted around Ireland, such as New-Grange, a Neolithic tomb located in County Meath. This is a structure of immense size and complexity of construction that is more than 5,000 years old, and is considered by some to be equal in grandeur to the great Pyramid at Giza. Mention will also be made here of the Beaker People, a people who existed in Ireland at the end of the Late Stone Age, Early Bronze Age 2 to 2500 years BC (Riordian 1942). These were a people known because of their distinctive type of pottery, which was used for storing, serving and preparing food, the presence of which indicates an advanced social order, a pottery industry and the collecting of food items for storage.
Changes in Food Production
Other aspects of social changes were the domestication of a variety of animals, the clearing of forests, plus the collection of wild edible plants for immediate use, cultivation or storage. Approximately 5,000 years ago this extended to the cultivation of a variety of edible grass seed and leaf plants. The best example of this kind of agriculture in Ireland where the evidence still exists to this day is the Ceide fields in County Mayo, considered to be more than 5,000 years old. The establishment of single-crop production (oats and barley) is believed to have occurred in these fields, which in turn led to long-term storage and elementary processing of food. Alongside and following the establishment of crops, the rural controlled grazing of animals also began. With these dramatic changes came the creation of relatively stable family units. The increase in the quantity and dependability of the food supply somewhat loosened the natural restraints of starvation, disease, and similar forces that held in check the potential growth of the population which began to expand rapidly, and the Irish moved toward a civilisation which had its own political organisations dominated by the Druid Priesthood and the Ruling Class.
The Level of Food Production in Ireland
Food production inevitably was the principle preoccupation of the mass of the population and, as it was in most societies of that era, it took up most of their working day. Evidence for agricultural activity during the centuries BC is rather surprising, for periods up to 200 years the level of agricultural activity seemed to have declined then increased and declined again. During the periods of decline the consumption of meat and dairy products increased. Periods of forest clearing for agriculture were followed by periods of secondary re-growth of the cleared forests and a return to dependence on livestock, hunting and gathering. This intermittent cycle of forest clearing and planting lasted up until the 3rd century AD when a dramatic expansion of permanent agriculture occurred.
Political Organisation
Prior to the Celtic conquest, (which occurred around 600 to 500 BC and lasted until the 12th century AD), the political organisations that existed in Ireland is unclear but after the coming of the Celts it is well documented. Ireland during the Celtic era was divided into about 150 tiny kingdoms called Tuatha. The people in each Tuath were divided into four main groups, the King, (who was elected by the nobles) the Nobles (landowners and warriors), the Freemen and the Un-free (slaves). A number of Tuatha came or allied together to form a province and appointed a greater king to represent them and do battle on their behalf. At one time in Ireland there were 12 provinces, today there are 4. A tax in the form of food (cattle, pigs, and sheep (tithe)) was levied on each family by the king, which was collected in the summer months. (O'Brien Education 1972).
From the 5th century a Church tithe was imposed and consisted of the first born male of every milk-bearing animal. For a family sending a son for the priesthood, a year's tuition consisted of a dairy-cow, a sack of malt, a sack of corn and a calf.
The Family Group
Under Brehon Law, (Old Celtic Laws which go into detail about many every day to day things) the family group was more important than the individual. The family extended to four generations and included all the descendants of a common great grandfather. This group was known as the Derbfine. All of the land was owned and inherited jointly and they lived in one enclosed compound, which was either built on a hilltop, or in a lake for protection from wild animals or marauding bands (crannog). (Herity & Eogan 1977)
Irish Diet Before the Potato
Milk, cheese, meat, cereals and some vegetables formed the main part of the Irish diet from prehistoric times up until the introduction of the potato. (Danaher, K 1992).
The Most Widely Used Cooking Methods in Pre-potato Ireland
If any attempt is made to record the history of Irish Cuisine and diet it should start with the use of the cauldron a large three legged pot which was hung over the fire and simmered continuously. Depending on whether the community was inland or coastal would determine the types of foods chosen for cauldron cooking. Coastal communities collected a variety of shellfish (razorbills, cockles, clams, oysters, limpets, periwinkles, mussels, prawns and crabs) added seaweed, some herbs and vegetables to make a soup/stew, which was left simmering for hours then eaten with Oat bread. (O'Brien Education 1972). Meat and game were also cooked in this fashion. Necessity having been the mother of invention, the cauldron inspired Irish cooks to devise endless pottage and soups such as Irish farm broth, sheep's head broth, clam and cockle soup, hot lobster soup just to name a few (Sexton 1998).
The Brehon Laws while honouring cooks stated that the cook cannot be held responsible for a person getting scalded when he is serving food from a cauldron if he shouts out in a loud voice a warning to those a round him. (Danaher, K 1972). In the great houses of Ireland the cooks were generally males.
Cooking of Fowl and Feathered Game
Fowl and feathered game were cooked by covering them with a couple of inches of mud or blue clay without plucking or removal of the intestine and put into a hot fire. When sufficient time passed the clay, which was than baked as hard as stone was drawn out and broken open, the feathers and skin came away with the clay and the bird was cooked without the loss of a drop, hedgehogs were cooked in a similar fashion. (Danaher, K 1972).
Other Methods of Cooking
The main method of cooking food was in the large pot or cauldron or on spits over an open fire, archaeologists have not found remains of ovens in any ancient house sites. The cauldron was on occasions turned upside down on hot stones thus acting in a crude way as an oven. Bread could be put to bake on a hot flagstone in front of the hearth or under the cauldron. However the iron or bronze cooking cauldrons would have been valuable possessions, not easily available, so other methods of preparing food were devised. Remains of ancient cooking places showed that hot stones were used to heat water, and cook meat. A wooden trough would be filled with water, which was brought to the boil by adding stones, which had been heated in a hardwood fire; meat could then be put in the trough to cook (O'Kelly, J 1954).
A cooking trough like this was discovered in a bog at Ballyvourney in Co. Cork. It held 500 litres of water and the archaeologists found that this amount could be brought to the boil in thirty minutes by adding the hot stones. Once the water was boiling they only had to add another stone at intervals to keep up the temperature. They cooked a leg of mutton perfectly by wrapping it in straw and then boiling it for 2 to 3 hours in this trough.
Meat particularly young meat was roasted by placing the joint on a hot stone and covering it with a mound of hot stones, the fat running from the meat also played a part by igniting and continued to heat the stones. All spit or stone roasted meats were basted with honey and seasoned with salt.
Serving the Food
Once prepared the food would have been served simply, possibly in a common bowl or dish. Drinking vessels and bowls were usually made from wood, which was easily obtainable rather than metal. Wicker baskets could also have been used to obtain and hold food. Honey and salt were served with all meats, honey apart from basting, was used as a dip for meat while the salt was used for flavour. Fish, which was cooked by spit roasting, was also basted with honey.
The serving of food was considered so important that when a family member died food bowls were buried with them for their journey to the next world.
Meat
Animal husbandry in Ireland was the dominant food producing activity during the pre Christian era the number of cattle a man possessed depicted his wealth and cattle were kept for their milk rather than their meat, though beef was eaten especially in winter.
All the evidence both written and archaeological, tends to show that in Ireland prior to the potato cattle dominated the rural economy. The most recent and most detailed examination of faunal remains in Ireland has being carried out by P.J. Crabtree on animal bones from Dun Alinnne County Kildare a Bronze and Iron Age settlement. Here the great majority of the more than 19,000 bones identified belonged to cattle (54%) and pigs (36%), while sheep and goats (7%) and horses (2.5%) were poorly represented. Crabtree's analysis of the bones led her to conclude that cattle were kept in ancient Ireland primarily for dairying rather than meat as most of the cattle bones were those of calves less than six months old or elderly female animals past their milking usefulness. Meat was obviously a most important foodstuff, and the most plentiful meat was beef. Beef was not available all year round as only a limited number of cattle could be carried over the winter due to a lack of fodder therefore a cull of non-breeding animals took place in the autumn. The animals slaughtered during the cull would be old female animals, maimed, or unwanted bull calves. Beef for this reason became known in Brehon law as "winter food" as it was salted for use over the winter months and whitemeats (Cheeses and curds) were known as "summer foods" (O'Grada 1994). Large numbers of pigs and some sheep were kept by most families, the sheep were kept in open country and on the hills (as they are to this day) and were used for the production of wool. The pigs were herded in the oak forests, which covered more than a third of the land of Ireland where they were feed on the acorns that fell from the trees, and on other woodland fodder. (Cullen, L 1968)
Beef, pork, wild deer (venison) and mutton was the most common meats consumed up and until the eight century, as venison became scarce due to over hunting, beef, pork and mutton then predominated. The meat, which was usually tough, was cooked in the cauldron for many hours. Younger animals were cooked on a spit over an open fire or stone roasted, calf meat was usually spit roasted over the open fire. It appears that horses were also eaten but how widespread this practice was, is unknown (Danaher, K 1992).
Collecting of Blood for Pudding Making
Healthy cattle were bled from the neck to collect the blood without killing or harming the animal, the blood was then mixed with meal, which was processed into a black pudding, then salted or dried and used over the winter as a protein source. Pork was very popular and seems to have been the main meat eaten at all feasts in the great houses, any feast was considered not complete without a full mature roasted pig, although venison, beef, goat, and salmon were also included on the menu. The meat of the badger is mentioned as a delicacy as was the meat of seals and porpoises according to Danaher (1992). The coastal people preferred the meat of the sea pig (porpoise) to that of any land pig.
Hare was a common meat dish in Ireland and, after the introduction of rabbit by the Normans, it too became popular. Rabbit and hare were sometimes boiled in a bath of rancid butter that contained about 20% water. (Cullen, P 1981)
The Poor Mans Meat
The working or poorer classes salted pork, the cheapest of the meats to purchase, and used it as their main meat all year round; the blood which was collected after slaughter was also used for making puddings as it is in some parts of Ireland to this day. Salted meat was twice as valuable as fresh meat because salt was expensive and the meat lasted for a considerable time. To supplement their diet the poorer classes up until the coming of the Normans ate venison, hedgehogs, wild goats, wild boar and river fish, with the division of the land up into large estates after the Norman conquest the hunting of deer and other game was forbidden. (Mokyr, J 1985)
Bread
Bread does not seem to have been eaten in large quantities, but eight types of cereals were known and distinguished by the Irish and their use varied from place to place and with one's income. Oats and barley the most common cereals were used to make a variety of breads, the seeds of which were milled in querns or hand mills. Oats, a rain tolerant cereal most suitable for the Irish climate, and barley also acted as a thickening agent in most soups and stews. Oat-meal which was much more important than wheat or bere barley as a food source was prepared in many different ways e.g. porridges, boiled in its un-ground state as a gruel or ground and boiled in fresh or sour milk, flavoured with honey and seeds, salt or herbs. Porridge was made very thick as a morning meal or almost liquid, in the liquid state it was usually eaten at night. Porridge was consumed both hot and cold (Danachair 1958).
Rye and wheat were also grown but not in large quantities; the commonest wheat bread eaten by the poor was a mixture of rye and wheat flour made into bread called Maslin which was well known throughout the Celtic world. Full wheaten breads were considered a delicacy, and the finest white flour was made into sweet cakes with eggs and honey, but was only eaten on special occasions (Danachair 1958). This type of cake was baked in different sizes and was mentioned in early Brehon Laws, the bairgin banfuine or woman's cake under these laws should be half the size or thickness of the mans cake or bairgin ferfuine which in turn was only half the size of a guests cake or bairgan indriud (O'Brien Education 1972). Scones were prepared with wheat flour and burned seaweed, sour milk and additional acid extracted from fruit, which acted as the raising agent. Drops or lumps of the mixture were wrapped in wild cabbage leaves and then baked under a cauldron over hot coals/stones until cooked. Oat bread prepared from roughly ground meal was cooked on hot stones in the hearth (fireplace); this was usually eaten with meat, or used to mop up stews/sauces. Another use for oat bread was to break it up into crumbs and put it into a mutton or beef stew to thicken it. Bread was also cooked in the cauldron over the cooling embers without a lid by placing the loaf in the oiled pot and allowing it to bake over night, a practice that is carried out in parts of rural Ireland to this day (Moreton, C 2000). In times of hardship, bread was made from peas, beans or acorn meal mixed with other grains.
Alcoholic Beverages
A great deal of the corn grown was made into ale which was flavoured with herbs, plants, honey and spices and was drunk hot and cold by the whole family. It is not known if the ale produced was fermented sufficiently to cause intoxication. (O'Brien Education 1972).
Mead
Mead, the oldest alcoholic beverage in the world, was considered a delicacy by the Irish and was consumed before the start and after a feast. The great banqueting hall of Tara the seat of the High Kings was known as the Mead Circling House. Mead was made from fermented honey and water with herbs and spices, and finished by sweetening it with additional honey.
Metheglin, highly spiced mead was popular and consisted of honey, thyme, rosemary and sweet briar, this was added to some dishes for special occasions. (Lysaght 1969). Another drink favoured by the Irish was sloe wine, made by mashing sloe berries and boiling them in water, leaving them at room temperature uncovered for one day, adding honey then putting the mixture into an airtight container and burying it for 6 weeks in the ground, then straining it through straw and drinking it as a wine.
Trade in Wine
For over 1,000 years a trade in furs, hides and salted meat for grape wine was carried on with Gaul. Wine was a popular drink in the great houses of Ireland one story goes that the High King Muircheartach MacEarca while trying to escape a fire in his castle jumped into a barrel of wine and drowned.
Dairy Products
Milk was an important foodstuff and was consumed in large quantities; it might be drunk fresh, allowed to go sour and eaten as curds (whitemeats) or used to make a variety of cheeses and butter fresh or salted. Butter was allowed to go rancid and was stored in barrels in bogs. Cheeses made from sheep's milk were also quite common in Ireland. The use of rennet from the stomachs of milk fed animals was well known as a means of curdling the milk for cheese making. A small piece of the bag in the stomach was cut off and boiled in water to produce the rennet.
Slaves and workers were given the green milk to drink this was the milk left over (whey) after the production of the whitemeats. (Anon. 1673)
Milk was also boiled with Irish Moss (seaweed) and allowed to thicken then mixed with honey and eaten after the meal as the sweet course with season fruits. This sweet is still popular in many parts of Ireland to this day and this seaweed, Irish Moss (cairigin), is exported throughout the world. Two other edible seaweeds were used: Dilisc and Steamhchan.
Eggs
Eggs were in common use and consumed in large quantities especially those of ducks and wild birds (Sea-birds). Goose eggs were considered a delicacy and were used on special occasions such as Easter and mid summer's day. Eggs were cooked by frying them on hot stones with butter or they were boiled or poached in a hot bath of water with salt and fermented fruit juice. (Danaher, K 1972)
Fish
Sir William Perry (1672) in his writings noted that fish were caught in abundance in the rivers and lakes of Ireland and cooked over the open fire. The salmon was the most prized of all fish, but was also considered to have magical powers. To wish a person the health of a salmon was to bestow on them long life, strength, and good fortune. The most famous salmon story in Irish mythology was Fineigeas the poet's "salmon of knowledge", a mystical fish containing all knowledge that Fineigeas is said to have caught. The story goes that whoever tasted the fish first would gain that knowledge locked inside it. Fineigeas who was almost blind gave Fionn his young servant the task of cooking the fish, while cooking it he tested it by pressing his finger into the flesh, the purpose of which was to assess if it was cooked sufficiently. In the process he burned his finger which he then put into his mouth to cool the burn and tasted the fish. It was said that afterwards when Fionn needed to find the answer to a question he just put his finger in his mouth. What is recorded in this story is that the most prized fish (Salmon as well as Pike and Trout) were cooked over a fire made of apple wood which the Irish believed imparted flavour and colour. Trout, pike, perch, and roach were other river fish were in common use and eel weirs were well known on certain river in Celtic Ireland. Sea fish i.e. cod, hake, whiting, mackerel and skate as well as shellfish were also eaten (Mahon 1991). In addition to baking over an open fire the Irish consumed fish as a stew with all the fish available added to the pot and cooked with vegetables, seaweed and herbs. In parts of southern Ireland (Kerry and Cork) this practice was continued up until the 1930s (Moreton 2000). A number of fish caught in abundance such as herrings and mackerel were salted and dried and stored for winter use, or sold inland to farming families (Danaher, K 1972).
Large amounts of shellfish remains have being found in archaeological digs especially on the western coasts where shellfish were not only part of the diet but also where a thriving industry in purple dye took place, which was extracted from certain shellfish for dying the clothing of the nobility.
The diet of the Vikings in medieval Dublin from the 10th to the 12th century consisted to a great extent of shellfish (Mahon 1991).
Vegetables
There is little evidence in the literature about the vegetables that were eaten before the 8th century; people probably relied on those that they could gather in the wild rather than growing them themselves. They used onions, wild leeks, sorrel, nettles, and watercress. A variety of fruits could have been gathered in the summer, sloe, wild cherry, raspberry, blackberry, strawberry, rowan, whortleberries, crabapples and elderberries, but apples seem to have been the only fruit that was cultivated in any way. Under Brehon Law a tenant who lost his land for any reason had to be compensated for any apple trees he may have planted. Hazelnuts were collected and used in cakes as a ground meal, or eaten raw. (Salaman 1949).
The literature of the period from 800 to 1160 mentions the lubgort or vegetable garden; these were areas on ridges on the side of hills, which were manured in the autumn and planted in the spring with a variety of vegetables. A vegetable called cainenn possibly a member of the onion family was widely cultivated, the bulbs and stems were eaten raw or placed in a stew. Immus (celery) were grown extensively. Foltchep a kind of onion chive or leek were also grown. Meacan and cerrbacan believed to be carrots and parsnips were also cultivated. Peas and beans introduced by the Normans were extensively grown and were mixed with cereals to make a type of bread or were added to stews; turnips were also used after the 12th century. A type of wild cabbage and kale were also cultivated. Watercress was used as a salad vegetable and added to stews as were a number of water plant roots, which were also used as vegetables. Crem a wild garlic was used in most dishes and as a vegetable. All edible fungus (mushrooms) were gathered, either used fresh or alternatively dried for winter use. The dandelion leaf and a number of edible flowers were used as salad vegetables. (Daly, M 1986).
Though the winter months were probably hard, the Irish generally seem to have eaten well yet physical domineer was considered important, it was against Brehon law for a man to allow himself to become fat or develop a pot-belly. Certainly they do not seem to have wasted food; an old Irish text says:
'Anyone who gives another anything in which there has been a dead mouse or dead weasel, three fasts are laid on him who gives it. If it is in any other dry food, in porridge or in thickened milk, the part round it is thrown away, the rest is consumed'.
The Food for Fostered Children
The Irish had a strong sense of family and when the parents of young children died or were killed the children were fostered to other families. Strict laws were laid down as to their treatment, which included the food they were to be given. Below is a quote from O'Brien Education 1972 from life in Celtic Ireland concerning this issue.
'Stirabout is given to them all; but the flavouring which goes into it is different. Salt butter for the sons of inferior grades, fresh butter for the sons of chieftains and honey for the sons of kings. The food of them all is alike, until the end of the year or three years i.e. salt butter, and afterwards fresh butter to the sons of chieftains and honey to the sons of kings'.
'Stirabout made of oatmeal or buttermilk or water is given to the sons of the Feini grades, and a bare self-sufficiency of it merely, and salt butter for flavouring. Stirabout made on new milk is given to the sons of the chieftain grades and fresh butter for flavouring, and a full sufficiency of it is given to them and barley meal upon it. Stirabout made on new milk is given to the sons of kings, and wheaten meal upon it and honey for flavouring' (O'Brien Education 1972).
Hospitality
The Irish seemed to have been very friendly and generous, not likely to turn a visitor away from the door. Strangers would be given food and drink before they were asked their business. Any man who failed to feed a stranger would be dishonoured and disgraced. Any special occasion like the return of a hero or a victory in battle was celebrated with a great party or feast. Even ordinary evenings would often be spent eating and drinking while listening to singers and storytellers. (Gillespie 1991)
Feasting
A feast was an occasion for great celebration and rejoicing, though it could often end in bloodshed as well if a hero thought that he wasn't being treated with enough honour and attention. Men and women usually sat round the wall of the banqueting room with their backs to the wall, taking their places according to rank and giving the most important or influential man the senior position. The bard or storyteller was responsible for the seating agreements. The champion warrior was given the best portion of meat, and fights often took place to decide who should receive it. Particular joints of meat were reserved for certain individuals at a feast, e.g. a leg of pork for a king, a haunch for a queen, a boar's head for a charioteer.
'The Irish banquet layout in the great hall at Tara was such, that no-man could have his back to another as a noble gesture of respect. The guests sat on cushions on the floor or on hay depending on their rank and had their meals served on wooden tables raised slightly above the ground. Their food consists of a small number of loaves of bread together with a large amount of meat, either boiled or roasted on charcoal or on spits. They partook of this in a cleanly but length-wise fashion, raising up whole limbs in both hands and cutting off the meat, while any part which is hard to tear off they cut through with a small dagger... When a large number dined together they sat around the wall with the most influential man at the top of the table, beside him sat the host and next on either sides the others in order of distinction.
The use of common cups (one cup only for each table) ensured that people could only drink a little at a time, usually only a mouthful, but the cup was passed around quite frequently for the duration of the meal.
The Irish way of life and its cuisine continued unabated up until the coming of the Normans. Restrictions began to be placed by the conquerors on hunting and fishing this had some effect on the standard and quality of life, which continued to slowly disimprove from the 12th century onwards. Part of the problem was the division of the land up into large estates and the downgrading of the native Irish from land-owner to tenants.
Changes in Land Ownership
Moving forward from the12th century to the early 1500s the mixed farming system that was the main feature of Irish agriculture and the means of subsistence of the Irish peasants came to an abrupt end according to Lucas (1991) for the following reasons:
The massive shifts in land ownership in Ireland (the plantation of more than 2/3 of the best land in Ulster and Leinster by the Elizabethans), (Quinn 1966) the destruction of the oak forests for fuel for the smelting industry and materials for the building of the British fleet and the stream of settlers made up of common soldiers from Scotland and England who were granted land in Ireland for the part they played in English wars .
The Introduction of the Potato and the Ensuing Increase in Population Bringing Changes in the Irish Diet and Irish Cuisine
A major impact on the Irish diet was the discovery of the New World. In terms of human food supply this had explosive effect due to the introduction to this country of new and exotic food crops one of which was the potato.
In terms of human diet the potato is a most important vegetable crop, it ranks fourth behind rice, wheat, and maize in terms of the number of people world-wide who depend on it as part of or as their staple diet (Nonneche 1989). It is only during the past three hundred years that the potato became the most popular vegetable in Ireland
Origin
It is assumed that potatoes were among the first crops "domesticated" by man when the Andes were first colonised about 5000 years ago. The tuber bearing species of the Solanum (Potato) are found wild in North and South America.
Archaeological evidence of early use of the potato is difficult to pinpoint in that the people living in these regions left no artefacts of plants. The earliest record is an Inca ceramic with a picture of potatoes dated from the 4th century AD.
The Introduction of the Potato to Europe
The Spanish brought the potato to Europe in 1570 where the first account of its sale was in Seville in 1573 when it was purchased as part of the normal supply of vegetables. From Spain the potato spread through Europe in 1590 it had reached the British Isles where it was first used as an ornamental bedding plant but its value as a food was quickly established. By 1601 it was also a common vegetable in Germany and France.
Potato in Ireland
The Irish were the first to seriously consider the potato as a staple food. By 1663 it was widely accepted in Ireland as an important food plant and by 1770 it was known as the Irish Potato. The potato became associated with depressed agricultural areas in England, Scotland and especially in Ireland. In Ireland the potato first became a centrepiece of winter diet from August to March taking the pressure off the late summer wait for the oats harvest. The cost of sticking with the older patterns of eating by the majority of the people was too high especially with the loss of their land and the shifting of the bulk of the population to the south and west of Ireland. They were required to exist on the marginal boggy lands of these parts of the country. The new diet of potato and oatmeal was regarded by the Irish as inferior but was nutritious and allowed the population to increase even during the little ice age of 1650 to 1720. (Salaman 1949)
Increase in Population
Because, it had the ability to improve long-term food security the potato was accepted by the Irish as their staple food particularly among the landless population. The potato more than anything else had contributed more to the demographic transformation of Ireland from an under-populated island of below 1 million in the 1590s to 8.2 million in 1840. Ireland became the most densely populated country in Europe (Phillips and Rix 1995). Nearly two and a half centuries of genetic evolution of potato varieties lay behind this remarkable ascendancy, going from under 2 tons per acre in 1670 to up to 10 tons in 1800. The abundant rain in summer and the mild climate produced these large crops of potatoes where it thrived in the peaty acid soils, and was grown in the Irish system of "lazy beds" or raised beds to protect them from frost, damp and rain. (Phillips and Rix 1995).
During this relatively brief period, the Ireland's food resources increased greatly, and the population expanded much more rapidly than before. It was slowly recognised, however, that food production could not indefinitely keep pace with unchecked population growth. In 1798 the economist Thomas Robert Malthus summarised this viewpoint: "population, when unchecked, increases in a geometric ratio. Subsistence increases only in an arithmetic ratio."
Efficiency of the Potato
Potatoes are one of the most efficient crops for converting natural resources, labour and capital into high quality food, which can be harvested after 60 days. (Phillips and Rix 1995). A poor family would rent between 1 and 10 acres of land for a season to grow potatoes, this enabled then to pay their rent build a cottage and to feed themselves. The greatest proportion of the population increase was among the poorest sections of society. This was made possible because of ample amounts of potatoes, supplemented with milk. Potatoes being predominately carbohydrates the average Irish adult male consumed them at a rate of approximately 14 lbs. per day. (Phillips and Rix 1995).
The Rise in Cereal Prices
The rise in international cereal prices after the Napoleonic wars and the increased demand by town-dwellers lead to a steady extension of tillage farming. The use of cereals particularly oats by the rural population declined right throughout Ireland except for some of the counties of Ulster. (Poirteir 1995) This brought about an increased dependence on potatoes by the landless or tenant farmers as landlords exported as a cash crop the vast bulk of the grain. The standard crop at the beginning of a corn rotation in the 17th and 18th centuries was the potato, which was used to reclaim or break in marginal land, up until then this land, was used by the poor to graze their cattle. At the time of land reclaiming a glut of potatoes existed but the change in the use of the marginal land resulted in the loss of the cow to many rural families. The first report by the General Board of Health (Dublin 1822) stated, "A rural family without a cow is truly to be pitied" but that's as far as the report went, they did nothing about common grazing rights. This reduction in the dairy herd in turn lead to an increase in the price of milk resulting in milk consumption and other dairy products being denied to the poor. In former hard times the rural family would have bled or sold the cow or its offspring for food purchases. They held little or no cash reserves or ancillary sources of income (spinning or weaving etc.) due to the mass production at the beginning of the industrial revolution, the cost of the materials required and the loss of these skills by the poor. (Mokyr 1975)
The Start of Modern Irish Cuisine
At the beginning of the 18th century it is imperative to keep in mind not just the regional patterns of the evolution of diet and cuisine in Ireland but of class ones as well. Sir William Perry (1769) noted that farm families owning over ten acres of land considered themselves to be of a superior class. To widen their diets they consumed a greater range of vegetables, greater amounts of wheaten bread and more meat, as well as the potato. Soups and stews were now thickened with the potato and all meals had as the main vegetable the potato. Sugar replaced honey and tea replaced ale.
One must suspect that much of what is today regarded as traditional Irish cuisine - soda bread, apple tart, barm-brack, boxty, champ, colcannon, Irish stew, potatoes and bacon and Dublin coddle - were only then being developed in the kitchens of the solid farming classes. From the early 18th century onwards no meal was considered complete without potatoes. The rise in the village grocer's shop also allowed for more foreign food and ideas to be included into Irish cuisine. (O'Grada 1994).
The Plight of the Poor
For the landless poor or tenant farmers no such wonderful changes occurred. It was noted in the parish of Glynn in Co Antrim in the 1830s that: the poor no longer eat meat or corn, their meagre diet is the Irish Potato supplemented by salted herrings in winter and cabbage in summer. (Lysaght, P 1987). This was the price being paid by the majority of tenant farmers and farm labourers by developing an exclusive dependence on the potato and therefore now lacked the dietary choice that had existed for centuries earlier. It was the potatoes own successes that helped to create the conditions, which made a large proportion of Irish society so vulnerable in the event of an unforeseen natural disaster. Population growth had contributed to the intense stratification of rural society, while the adaptability of the potato had allowed the landless to keep a toehold on the land unlike their confreres in neighbouring countries. (Mokyr 1975)
Famines
The dependence by 3/5ths of the counties in Ireland on one crop lead to two main famines. Lesser famines also occurred in 1620, 1678, 1680, 1765, 1770, 1774/5, 1783 and 1800 (Cullen 1968). The first great famine in 1739 was due to extreme cold weather, which destroyed the potato crop. (Phillips and Rix, 1995). The second in 1845 was caused by a new disease called potato blight (Phytophora Infestans) then called "murrain" which was seen on a wide-scale basis for the first time. This first attack in 1845 destroyed part of the crop with the loss of 200,000 lives but the following year 1846 total destruction occurred. Over 1,000,000 died in 46 and 47 and 48 more than 2,000,000 emigrated and 3,000,000 more were made dependent on the emergency rations provided by government sponsored soup kitchens. Ireland was known as the country of beggars as more than 3,000,000 people lived on charity. The population of Ireland declined by over 50% (Phillips and Rix 1995) but the potato, the cause of all these deaths, remained the most important Irish food commodity.
Conclusion
Irish cuisine began its history, as a cuisine based on meat and dairy products supplemented with seafood in coastal regions and vegetables as a side issue but not as a major component of the diet. The rights of the people to utilise the natural resources of the land (hunt and collect wild vegetables) were jealously guarded by the population until the coming of the Normans. Around the 8th century the production of vegetables became the practice of most households, replacing the dependence on wild and forest products. With this practice the standard of living improved and the wealth of new dishes increased greatly. Animal livestock remained as the indication of the wealth of the population, coinage was not an overtly important method of exchange although trade in gold and silver was common. This wholesome diet ensured that the Irish dined as well as the most sophisticated diner of today and its only in the past 50 years that the Irish diet is beginning to return to what it was at the start of the eighth century.
With the introduction of the potato a plentiful and cheap food source, the population increased greatly especially among the poor or displaced. A family with 10 acres and four sons divided the land up into 4 equal parts, when these sons had children the 2.5 acres were again divided up making the land unproductive by overworking with continuous seeding and harvesting. This practice eventually lead to families having no productive land at all with yields falling and disease striking the crops. The potato by providing a means of population increase also provided for the disasters that followed yet no meal today in Ireland would be complete without potatoes. The diet and cuisine of the Irish was changed completely by the introduction of one vegetable and to this day the memory of the people of Ireland their diet their cuisine and their history is tied up in events related to that vegetable the potato. No other nation in the world had their cuisine changed so drastically as the Irish, with the possible exception of the effect of the tomato on Southern European cuisine.
Bibliography
Anon. (1673) The present State of Ireland London Report 1673 pp 151-152
Bode,W.K. (1994) European Gastronomy Hodder Stoughton London.
Cullen, P (1981) Anglo Irish Trade 1660-1800 Manchester UK
Cullen, L (1968) Irish History Without the Potato Past and Present. Repr. C.H.E
Daly, M (1986) The Famine in Ireland Merrion Press Dublin
Danachair, C (1958). "Bread" Ulster Folklore 1V pp28-32
Danaher, K (1992). Fires, Fireplaces and Cooking Biatas Dublin
First Report by the General Board of Health (Dublin 1822) pp 41-49
Gillespie, R (1991) The Transformation of the Irish Economy 1550-1700 Dundalk Press Ireland
Herity, M and G Eogan (1977) Ireland in Prehistory Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd London
Lucas, A.T. (1991) Irish Food before the potato Munster Express Cork.
Lysaght, P (1987) Innovation in Food - the Case for Tea in Ireland Ulster Folklife XXXIII 1987 p45
Mokyr, J (1985) Why Ireland Starved A quantitative and analytical History of the Irish Economy 1800-1850 2nd Edition Weidenfeld & Nicolson London
Moorhouse, G (1997) Sun Dancing A medieval Vision Weidenfeld & Nicolson London
Moreton, C (2000) Hunger for Home: Leaving the Blaskets, A Journey from the Edge of Ireland. Viking Dublin
Nonnecke, I (1989) Vegetable Production Van Wostrand Reinhold UK
O'Brien Education (1972) Life in Ireland. Text Book, O'Brien Education Dublin
O'Grada, C (1994) Ireland Before and After the Famine. Explorations in Economic History 1800 to 1925 2nt Ed Manchester England
O'Kelly, J (1954) Excavations and experiments in Ancient Irish Cooking-places The Journal of Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland
O'Kelly, M (1954) Harvests and Hardships pp 65 �105 ibid. Scarcity and Poor Relief in Ireland; The Subsistence Crisis. Irish Hist. Studies XXVII 109 1992
Perry, Sir W (1769) Tracts Chiefly Relating to Ireland Report Dublin 1769 P 355
Phillips, R and M Rix (1995) The Potato in Irish History, Macmillan Press UK
Philpin, ed. (1987) Nationalism and popular protest in Ireland Batsford England
Poirteir, C (1995) The great Irish Famine Munster Express Cork.
Quinn, D.B. (1966) The Elizabethans and the Irish Ithaca N.Y. USA
Salaman, R (1949) The History and Influence of the Potato Cambridge Press UK
Sexton, R (1998) A little History of Irish Food Kyle Cathie Ltd London
Tannahill, R (1988) Food in History Penguin London UK
Last updated 2/19/00.
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In which country is the Patagonian Desert? | Where Does The Patagonian Desert Lie? - WorldAtlas.com
Geography
Where Does The Patagonian Desert Lie?
The Patagonian Desert can be as cold as it is dry. It spans large parts of the nations of Argentina and Chile.
Steppe habitats in the Argentine portion of the Patagonian Desert.
5. Description
The Patagonian Desert stretches across an area of 673,000 square kilometers in the southern part of mainland Argentina and parts of Chile. The desert, also known as the Patagonia Steppe or Magellanic Steppe, is bounded by the Patagonian Andes to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Colorado River to the north. Though the Strait of Magellan can be regarded as the southern boundary of this desert, the same desert landscapes extend further down into the Tierra del Fuego region. The topography of the Patagonian Desert is wide and varied, comprised by tablelands, massifs, valleys, canyons, and lakes of glacial origin.
4. Historical Role
The Patagonian Desert was inhabited by hunter-gatherers since a long time ago. The Tehuelche Indians were the original settlers of this land, and there settlements here probably existed as far back as 5,100 years ago. Guanaco and rhea were the most important animals hunted by these ancient native tribes. Later, first the Spaniards, and then the English, tried to establish colonial settlements along the Patagonian coastal region in the late 18th and early 19th Centuries, but permanency of these settlements failed to exist. Years after the independence of Argentina, the native Indians were ousted from the Patagonian region during the Conquest of Desert Campaigns in the 1870s waged by the Europeans. The new settlers primarily occupied the region to exploit its enormous wealth of natural resources, including the vast mineral deposits of the region. Animal agriculture also was adopted as a source of livelihood by these new desert dwellers.
3. Modern Significance
The Patagonian Desert attracts a large number of tourists each year to Argentina. The presence of rare, unique, and often endemic flora and fauna, coupled with the rugged, wild beauty of the Patagonian landscapes, has fostered the creation of a large number of national parks in the area, and these are serving as major tourist attractions. Scientific researchers and geologists also visit the area to study the ecology, glaciology, and mineral wealth of this desert's habitats. The steppe vegetation of the desert supports a large community of livestock, especially sheep, which are reared by the ranchers living and working in the Patagonian Desert region. Peaches, almonds, alfalfa, dates, olives, and grapes are some of commercially significant crops cultivated here. The Patagonian Desert also hosts vast mineral reserves of iron ore, manganese, uranium, zinc, copper, and gold.
2. Habitat and Biodiversity
Two climatic zones prevail in the Patagonian Desert. The northern, semiarid zone has a mean annual temperature ranging between 12o and 20° Celsius, and annual rainfall there varies between 90 and 430 millimeters. The southern zone has a cold, dry climate, with mean annual temperatures ranging between 4o and 13° Celsius, and annual precipitation, including snow and rain, varies between 5 and 8 inches. The different parts of the Patagonian Desert have their own distinctive eco-regions as well. A narrow strip in the western parts of the region support a mix of deciduous and coniferous forests, and the density of vegetation gradually decreases from north to south. Monte vegetation and open bushlands are found in the northern zone, while the southern zone has extremely sparse, low-lying vegetation. Bird life in the Patagonian Desert is diverse, including peregrine falcons, Patagonian mockingbirds, and Patagonian yellow finches. Mammals like Southern viscachs, pumas, guanacos, and Patagonian weasels, amphibians like the endangered Andalgala water frogs, Argentine toads, and Gray four-eyed frogs, and reptilians like King's tree iguanas, Darwin's marked geckos, and Darwin's iguanas, are also found in the Patagonian Desert's varied habitats.
1. Environmental Threats and Territorial Disputes
The Patagonian desert vegetation is being continually lost to overgrazing by livestock, especially sheep, and occasionally cattle. This is leading to a rapid loss of ecological balance in the region. Approximately 30% of the Patagonian steppes are facing severe desertification, and more than 90% of the region suffers from soil degradation. The native fauna of the region is also facing tough competition from ranchers' grazing livestock in terms of food resources on the sparsely vegetated desert steppe lands. Many ranchers also tend to poison large native carnivores like foxes and pumas in fear that these might attack their livestock. The native wild species are also hunted for their body parts, meat, skin, and feathers, or just for sport, leading to rapid declines in the populations of many species. Raging wildfires in the Patagonian steppe also threatens the biodiversity of the region. Already, a large number of native species, such as the endangered South Andean huemul, the critically endangered Hooded grebe, and the near threatened Patagonian mara, are fighting to survive the odds in their threatened ecosystems.
This page was last modified on June 6, 2016.
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What was the last film directed by David Lean, cast included Peggy Ashcroft & Judy Davis? | Biggest Deserts on Earth | Sahara Desert & Antarctica
Credit: NASA/Jeff Schmaltz, LANCE/EOSDIS MODIS Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC
Big deserts
Earth is a planet covered with habitable areas, but some of those locations are a little more hostile to life than others. In deserts, which generally are defined as areas that receive less than 10 inches (254 millimeters) of rain or snow annually, the plants and animals must subsist on this meager precipitation.
The world's 10 biggest deserts are found on just about every continent, many of them forming in the shadow of immense mountain ranges that block moisture from nearby oceans or bodies of water. They're often the site of unusual rock formations and, in some cases, amazing archaeological finds.
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Credit: Image Science and Analysis Laboratory, NASA-Johnson Space Center
Chihuahuan Desert
175,000 square miles (282,000 square km)
Straddling the U.S.-Mexico border, the Chihuahuan Desert is bigger than the state of California, according to New Mexico State University. Parts of it are in the states of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. Less than 9 inches (228 mm) of rainfall falls on average every year, according to the Chihuahuan Desert Education Coalition.
As with many other deserts worldwide, the Chihuahuan Desert formed in the rain shadow of both the Sierre Madre Occidental (on the west) and the Sierra Madre Oriental (on the east), which both stop water from the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico from getting inland.
Underneath the desert and New Mexico's Guadalupe Mountains lies more than 300 caves . Those in at least one of those regions, Carlsbad Caverns National Park, were created after sulfuric acid penetrated the surrounding limestone.
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Credit: NASA/Robert Simmon, based on Landsat 5 data from the Global Land Cover Facility
Great Basin Desert
190,000 square miles (492,000 square km)
Unlike every other desert in the United States, the Great Basin is a "cold" desert — one where most of the precipitation falls as snow. Its geographic extent includes most of Nevada, part of Utah and parts of many surrounding states. Rainfall in the region ranges between 6 and 12 inches (150 and 300 mm) annually.
The desert came to be because it was in the rain shadow of the Sierra Nevada Mountains of eastern California , according to the National Park Service. The desert, in turn, also affects surrounding areas. Strong winds known as the Santa Ana often blow into Southern California after forming in areas of high pressure in the Great Basin.
The Great Basin is also home to some unusual rocks, such as some found in central Nevada in 2009 that were described as dripping like honey . The deformation is taking place due to changes in the Earth's mantle, which alters due to intense pressure and heat within Earth's surface. Heavier material in the lithosphere, as it warms up, sinks through the lighter mantle, trailing material after it.
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Credit: NASA/Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC
Syrian Desert
200,000 square miles (518,000 square km)
The Syrian Desert is described as an "arid wasteland" by Merriam-Webster. Covering much of Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Syria, the region is marked by lava flows and was an "impenetrable barrier" to humans until recent decades. Now, highways and oil pipelines cross the region, which receives less than 5 inches (125 mm) of rain annually, on average.
Humans were able to reach parts of it in ancient times, though. One area, now dubbed " Syria's Stonehenge ," was discovered in 2009. It includes stone circles and possibly, tombs, according to a 2012 Discovery News report.
The Es Safa volcano field near Damascus is Arabia's largest volcanic field. The vents found in that area were active about 12,000 years ago, during the Holocene Epoch. More recently, a boiling lava lake was spotted in the region around 1850.
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Credit: NASA/Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC
Great Victoria Desert
250,000 square miles (647,000 square km)
The Great Victoria Desert covers a great deal of Australia and is mostly made up of parallel dunes as well as some salt lakes, according to an atlas from the Government of South Australia. The dunes are mostly red sand that came from the Western Australian Shield, changing to white as one moves south due to sands coming from the coast.
The Australian government describes the region as one with "variable and unpredictable rainfall." Averaging out data between 1890 and 2005, rainfall is about 6.4 inches (162 mm) annually. Due to the harsh environment, most of the desert is split between Aboriginal lands, conservation areas and crown land, with no major cities.
One of the Outback's greatest ecological threats comes from camels, whose ancestors were imported from India, Afghanistan and Arabia during the 19th century for work in the desert. A 2013 BBC report said the approximately 750,000 feral camels drink an ordinate amount of water and also damage infrastructure. "Camels are almost uniquely brilliant at surviving the conditions in the Outback," said explorer Simon Reeve in the report. "Introducing them was short-term genius and long-term disaster."
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Credit: NASA/Jeff Schmaltz, LANCE/EOSDIS MODIS Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC
Patagonian Desert
260,000 square miles (673,000 square km)
The Patagonian Desert is a large desert lying across much of Argentina. The desert and semi-desert area stretches from the Atlantic Ocean to the Andes, with mostly treeless plains, according to the Encyclopedia Britannica.
Like California's Death Valley, the Patagonian Desert lies in the "rain shadow" of a high mountain range — in Patagonia's case, the Andes. Some regions of the desert receive as little as 6 to 8 inches (160 to 200 mm) of rainfall a year, according to Dryland Climatology, a 2011 book by Florida State University meteorologist Sharon E. Nicholson.
"When air masses are forced over mountains and downslope, they warm and their capacity for holding water vapor increases," wrote Susan Woodward, an emeritus geography professor at Virginia's Radford University, on a website about deserts . On the leeward side of a mountain, she added, evaporation happens faster than rainfall, creating an arid environment.
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Credit: NASA/Jesse Allen and Robert Simmon, using EO-1 ALI data provided courtesy of the NASA EO-1 team
Kalahari Desert
360,000 square miles (930,000 square km)
The Kalahari Desert covers large tracts of South Africa, Botswana and Namibia. It averages less than 20 inches (500 mm) of rain a year in, but some locations receive less than 8 inches (200 mm) annually, according to the 1991 book The Kalahari Environment by David G. Thomas and Paul A. Shaw.
Described as "featureless" by the Encyclopedia Britannica, the Kalahari is mostly covered by sand sheets that were formed sometime between 2.6 million and 11,700 years ago, probably due to the action of wind and rain. The sheets have been virtually unchanged since then.
The Kalahari was also a site of human activity thousands of years ago. In one excavated area, South Africa's Wonderwerk Cave, archaeologists found evidence of fires lit about one million years ago . A separate discovery of artifacts in Botswana's Tsodilo Hills implied humans performed rituals 70,000 years ago .
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Credit: NASA/Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC
Gobi Desert
800,000 square miles (1.3 million square km)
Encompassing large regions of China and Mongolia, the Gobi Desert is arid in parts and more "monsoon-like" in others, meaning it sees wet and dry seasons, according to the Encyclopedia Britannica. Rainfall varies from about 2 to 8 inches a year (50 mm to 200 mm), depending on the location. The eastern region in particular gets a lot of rainfall in the summer, similar to how monsoons operate in wetter regions.
In 2011, strange zigzag patterns in the Gobi emerged in Google's pictures, prompting a range of conspiracy theories that even included aliens. But the lines were most likely used to calibrate Chinese spy satellites to help the spacecraft orient themselves in orbit, said Jonathon Hill, a research technician and mission planner at the Mars Space Flight Facility at Arizona State University.
The Gobi is also a good spot for dinosaur-hunting. A rare Tyrannosaurus Rex skeleton uncovered in that region was auctioned off in 2012 , fetching $1 million amid a legal dispute.
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Credit: NASA/MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center
Arabian Desert
900,000 square miles (2.3 million square km)
The Arabian Desert encompasses Saudi Arabia and surrounding countries such as Oman and parts of Iraq. How dry and hot the desert is depends on where you're standing. The interior of the desert can get to a scorching, dry 129 F (54 C). Areas on the coast and in the highlands, however, have more humidity and can also have fog and dew during the cooler parts of the day, according to the Encyclopedia Britannica.
On average, annual rainfall is less than 4 inches (100 mm), but depending on the region it can range anywhere from 0 to 20 inches (0 to 500 mm). But human activity has artificially irrigated and greened parts of the desert.
Crop circles exploded in abundance in Saudi Arabia during the past three decades, according to a series of Landsat images. These are possible because engineers drilled into a "fossil" water acquifer that is more than 20,000 years old, according to NASA. It has been estimated that at current rates of usage, the water will go dry in 50 years.
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Credit: NASA/Jeff Schmaltz, LANCE/EOSDIS MODIS Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC
Sahara
3.3 million square miles (8.6 million square km)
The Sahara is notable not only for its vast size, but parching lack of rainfall. Annual precipitation in the world's second-largest desert is less than 0.9 inches (25 mm) every year. On the east side of the desert, according to NASA, rainfall could be as low as 0.2 inches (5 mm) annually.
While water doesn't often fall to the ground, it's common for water droplets to hover above the desert as fog. There isn't much vegetation in the Sahara to hold on to heat after the sun goes down, so the temperatures can actually get quite cold at night. The sudden shift between day and night temperatures can bring about the fog.
The desert also features a high volcano, Emi Koussi , which is in Chad at the southeastern end of the Tibesti Range. Standing 11,204 feet (3,415 meters) above sea level, there are lava flows and other volcanic features that appear to be as young as two million years old. There is also an active thermal region on the volcano's south flank.
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Antarctica
5.5 million square miles (14.2 million square km)
Nestled around the South Pole, where the coldest temperature on Earth was recorded and which doesn't receive sunlight for months every year, it's sometimes hard to think of icy Antarctica as a desert. But it is the world's largest one because very little precipitation falls there — on average, it gets less than 2 inches (50 millimeters) a year, mostly as snow.
Despite the low snowfall, vast glaciers cover 99 percent of Antarctica's surface. That's because the average temperature (minus 54 degrees Fahrenheit, or minus 48 degrees Celsius) slows down evaporation to a crawl. Over long periods of time, the snowfall accumulates at a rate faster than Antarctica's ablation, according to "Discovering Antarctica," a project of the U.K.'s Royal Geographical Society.
Parts of Antarctica are showing strong signs of warming up along with global climate change, however. Temperatures in the Antarctic Peninsula have increased by 4.5 degrees Fahrenheit (2.5 degrees Celsius) over the past 50 years — five times the rate of the rest of the planet. And scientists think that warm ocean waters could be melting Antarctica's glaciers as they flow under the floating tongues of ice.
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What was Stanley Kubrick's last film, which starred Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman? | Eyes Wide Shut: What you never knew
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FIFTEEN years ago Stanley Kubrick’s final film, Eyes Wide Shut, opened around the world.
Setting records for the longest shoot in movie history, it was an excruciating labour of love for lead stars Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman — one that would often be traced back to the alleged start of their marriage’s decline. Throughout the process, cryptic reports implied that Kubrick’s obsessive perfectionism had reached peak levels, which was especially eyebrow-raising given the film’s sexual explicitness. The director, who won an Oscar for Best Visual Effects for 2001: A Space Odyssey, died of a heart attack in March 1999, days after screening the final cut. Had he lived, perhaps we’d have more perspective on the movie’s production — or perhaps not, as Kubrick was notoriously reclusive.
Then husband-and-wife actors Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman with co-star Sydney Pollack.Source:News Limited
An excerpt from Amy Nicholson’s book, Tom Cruise: Anatomy of an Actor, printed in Vanity Fair , offers details about the project’s goings-on. Coupled with a 1999 Entertainment Weekly article pegged to the film’s release and a Los Angeles Times report about its box-office expectations, the passage reveals some things you may not know about Eyes Wide Shut.
1. Kubrick always intended to cast an actual married couple as the movie’s leads, but Cruise and Kidman weren’t who he had in mind. The initial pair he thought of was Alec Baldwin and Kim Basinger.
2. Sydney Pollack’s role first went to Harvey Keitel, who dropped out due to scheduling conflicts.
3. Jennifer Jason Leigh was originally tapped to play Marion Nathanson but left mid-production due to scheduling conflicts. Marie Richardson wound up playing that part.
Tom and Nicole certainly weren’t shy in Eyes Wide Shut.Source:Supplied
4. When Nicole Kidman and Tom Cruise arrived in London in the fall of 1996 to shoot the movie, they expected to be wrapped and back in Los Angeles by the following spring. Instead, the production didn’t conclude until January 1998, making it the Guinness World Record’s longest-running film shoot in history. (Kidman and Cruise reportedly signed open-ended contracts that stated they’d stick with the project no matter how long it took to complete.)
5. To say Kubrick is a perfectionist is an understatement: His intent was to film scenes so many times that it would wear down his actors and they’d forget the cameras existed. During the course of shooting Eyes Wide Shut, the director filmed 95 takes of Cruise walking through a door.
6. Cruise was so anxious about giving the legendary director what he wanted that he developed an ulcer. He never told Kubrick.
Nicole and Tom were on the cover of Time Magazine after the film’s release..Source:Supplied
7. Frenzied tabloids ran reports that Cruise and Kidman’s marriage was crumbling in late ‘90s. If anything, that notion was only enhanced by their Eyes Wide Shut dynamic. Kubrick coaxed the couple into sharing their personal reservations about the marriage with him, in turn transferring those troubles onto their characters, Bill and Alice. Kidman called it a kind of “brutally honest” anti-therapy, as no one asked how they felt about each other’s criticisms.
8. Director Todd Field (Little Children, In the Bedroom), who starred in the movie as piano player Nick Nightingale, said of Kidman and Cruise: “You’ve never seen two actors more completely subservient and prostrate themselves at the feet of a director.”
9. Kubrick was terrified of flying, so instead of travelling to New York City to shoot in Greenwich Village, he built a top-secret replica of the neighbourhood at England’s Pinewood Studios. A set designer was sent to measure the exact width of the streets and distance between newspaper stands.
All loved up at the Sydney premiere of Eyes Wide Shut in 1999.Source:News Limited
10. Kubrick allowed only a skeleton crew to remain on the set throughout filming. One rare outsider permitted to watch the action unfold was Boogie Nights director Paul Thomas Anderson. Cruise was in talks for the lead role in Anderson’s Magnolia and had to sneak him past security. ‘’I asked [Kubrick], ‘Do you always work with so few people?’ Anderson recalled. “He gave me this look and said, ‘Why? How many people do you need?’ I felt like such a Hollywood a**hole.’’
11. Cruise isn’t the only actor who filmed dozens of takes. Vinessa Shaw, who played the prostitute Domino, recalled having shot about 90 takes for a single scene.
12. Had Kubrick not died before the movie opened, he may still be making adjustments to it today, like he did with The Shining after its release. “I think Stanley would have been tinkering with it for the next 20 years,” Kidman said. “He was still tinkering with movies he made decades ago. He was never finished. It was never perfect enough.”
Tom Cruise played a New York City doctor in Eyes Wide Shut.Source:News Limited
13. Warner Bros. wanted a $20 million opening weekend to consider the movie a success. It surpassed that, grossing $21.7 million across 2,400 screens. Marketing tracking studies for the film showed it had an awareness level of 78 but lacked the first-choice status among moviegoers that other summer fare like Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me and Big Daddy saw.
This article originally appeared in the Huffington Post .
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'Go ahead, make my day' is a catchphrase from which 1983 film? | Nicole Kidman admits she had to be 'coaxed' into sex scenes with Tom Cruise for Kubrick film Eyes Wide Shut | Daily Mail Online
Nicole Kidman admits she had to be 'coaxed' into sex scenes with Tom Cruise for Kubrick film Eyes Wide Shut
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Nicole Kidman has opened up about her role in Stanley Kubrick's final film, Eyes Wide Shut, in which she starred with her then-husband Tom Cruise.
In an article for The Hollywood Reporter , Kidman says she had to be 'coaxed' into doing the kinky sex scenes with Cruise.
Nicole - now a mother of two with husband Keith Urban - says she struggled with some of the sexual aspects of the movie - and revealed some of the more extreme footage was left on the cutting room floor.
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Sexual thriller: Nicole Kidman has opened up about her 1999 film with then-husband Tom Cruise, saying director Stanley Kubrick tried to base the movie on their real-life marriage
She described how Kubrick had to 'coax' her 'into some of the sexuality in the film in the beginning, but says she never felt it was 'exploitive or unintelligent'.
Kidman wrote: 'He [Kubrick] was very different with women than he was with men. He has daughters, so he was very paternal with me.'
The couple at the premiere of the film in July 1999, four months after Kubrick's death
Kidman explained how the director tried to base the sexual thriller about a troubled married couple on her real-life relationship with Cruise.
She concedes he effectively failed in getting them to do so - saying while they realised that was his intention, the characters they played were 'not really us'.
Kidman also denied that the 1999 film contributed to the demise of her marriage to Cruise. The couple divorced just two years after the movie was released.
She writes: 'People thought that making the film was the beginning of the end of my marriage — but I don't really think it was.
'Tom and I were close then, and it was very much the three of us.'
Explaining how Kubrick tried to base the characters, Alice and Bill Harford, on her marriage to Cruise, she explained: 'Onscreen, the husband and wife are at odds, and Stanley wanted to use our marriage as a supposed reality.
'That was Stanley: He used the movie as provocation, pretending it was our sex life. Which we weren't oblivious to, but obviously it wasn't us.
'We both decided to dedicate ourselves to a great filmmaker and artist.'
Kidman admits, though, that not even she really fully understands the film, even to this day.
She writes: 'People have asked me if Stanley ever told us what Eyes Wide Shut was about — and the answer is no. He didn't believe in interpretation.'
Moving on: Kidman is now happily married to Keith Urban, seen here earlier this month, Kubrick pictured right
Kubrick died aged 70 in March 1999, just four days after screening his final version of the film.
The actress also revealed she almost called him the night before his death, recalling how she was concerned over how frail he was.
She went on: 'If I were more intuitive I would have realised that he was not well. One of the worst things… was, I was going to call him and I didn’t. Instead I got a phone call (the next day) saying Stanley was dead. It was one of my great regrets that I didn’t call him that night.'
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In 1994 who became only the second actor to win successive Best Actor ‘Oscars’? | 1994 Academy Awards® Winners
Actor:
TOM HANKS in "Forrest Gump", Morgan Freeman in
"The Shawshank Redemption" , Nigel Hawthorne in "The Madness of King George", Paul Newman in "Nobody's Fool", John Travolta in
"Pulp Fiction"
Actress:
JESSICA LANGE in "Blue Sky", Jodie Foster in "Nell", Miranda Richardson in "Tom and Viv", Winona Ryder in "Little Women", Susan Sarandon in "The Client"
Supporting Actor:
MARTIN LANDAU in "Ed Wood", Samuel L. Jackson in
"Pulp Fiction" , Chazz Palminteri in "Bullets Over Broadway", Paul Scofield in "Quiz Show", Gary Sinise in "Forrest Gump"
Supporting Actress:
DIANNE WIEST in "Bullets Over Broadway", Rosemary Harris in "Tom and Viv", Helen Mirren in "The Madness of King George", Uma Thurman in
"Pulp Fiction" , Jennifer Tilly in "Bullets Over Broadway"
Director:
ROBERT ZEMECKIS for "Forrest Gump", Woody Allen for "Bullets Over Broadway", Krzysztof Kieslowski for "Three Colors: Red", Robert Redford for "Quiz Show", Quentin Tarantino for
"Pulp Fiction"
The Best Picture film, director Robert Zemeckis' Forrest Gump, was a feel-good, financial blockbuster (and the most commercially-successful Best Picture winner up to this point in Academy history, at $330 million) with Zelig-like style (a la Woody Allen) computerized special effects that put the title character (a dim-witted, guileless, Southern-drawling simpleton hero) into historical events and footage in the four decades period from the 1950s to the 1980s. The film, from a screenplay by Eric Roth and based on the novel by Winston Groom, inspired merchandising and "life is like a box of chocolate" Gumpisms.
The film was variously interpreted as a satire on contemporary values, a parable on the "ignorance is bliss" philosophy, and a look at America's mid-century accomplishments. The title character was portrayed as the catalyst for such disparate moments as the jogging craze, the expression "Have a nice day," and ping pong with the Chinese.
It had thirteen nominations and six wins - for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Screenplay, Best Film Editing, and Best Visual Effects. Only four previous films had matched its 13 nominations:
All About Eve (1950).
The other four Best Picture nominees included a wide range of films:
director Mike Newell's Four Weddings and a Funeral (with two nominations and no wins - also nominated for Best Original Screenplay) - a romantic comedy about a reserved Englishman and an American
writer/director Quentin Tarantino's second violent feature,
Pulp Fiction (with seven nominations and one win - Tarantino's Best Original Screenplay) - an iconoclastic, popular and hip B movie, film noirish crime/thriller about the sleazy side of Los Angeles (with its quirky characters including philosophizing hit men and a drugged-up gangster's moll)
producer/director Robert Redford's intelligent Quiz Show (with four nominations and no wins), an engrossing recreation of the late-1950s TV quiz show scandals involving a show called "Twenty-One"
writer/director Frank Darabont's uplifting first-time film
The Shawshank Redemption (with seven nominations and no wins!), based on a short 1982 novel by Stephen King (called Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption) about an innocent bank vice president imprisoned (with two consecutive life sentences) for murder in Shawshank State Prison
Robert Zemeckis (with his first directorial nomination) won the Best Director award for Forrest Gump. Two of the five directors of Best Picture nominees were not considered for Best Director. Mike Newell and Frank Darabont were not nominated in the Best Director category, and they were replaced by writer/director Woody Allen (with his sixth directorial nomination) for Bullets Over Broadway (with seven nominations and one win - Best Supporting Actress) about a Roaring Twenties Broadway playwright-turned-director who is backed by a mobster, and Polish writer/director Krzysztof Kieslowski for his French-language film Red (with three nominations and no wins), his last film until his death in 1996, about a friendship between a young Geneva model and a reclusive retired judge - the third and final film in his Three Colors trilogy.
Three out of five Best Picture nominees produced a Best Actor nomination: Tom Hanks, Morgan Freeman, and John Travolta. And three of the four Oscar winners in the acting categories were second-time winners:
Tom Hanks
Dianne Wiest
The only first-time Oscar winner was Best Supporting Actor nominee Martin Landau.
All-American Tom Hanks (with his third nomination and second win) became the second performer to win a consecutive Best Actor Oscar for his likeable performance as Forrest Gump: football star, ping pong champion, decorated war hero (and more 'celebrity' characterizations) - the good-hearted, naive, eccentric, dim-witted protagonist (an idiot-savant) who 'digitally' meets Presidents Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon, and Elvis Presley, and falls in love with childhood sweetheart Jenny (Robin Wright), in Forrest Gump. [His character followed in the tradition of similar characters in King of Hearts (1966), Being There (1979), and Rain Man (1988).]
[Hanks had won Best Actor the previous year for his performance in Philadelphia (1993). He became the fifth performer to win back-to-back acting Oscars. The first actor to receive consecutive Best Actor Oscars was Spencer Tracy - for his back-to-back wins for Captains Courageous (1937) and Boys Town (1938) many years earlier. Other performers who have won consecutive acting awards include Jason Robards for Best Supporting Actor in All the President's Men (1976) and Julia (1977), Luise Rainer for Best Actress in The Great Ziegfeld (1936) and The Good Earth (1937), and Katharine Hepburn as Best Actress for Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967) and The Lion in Winter (1968).]
The other four Best Actor nominees included:
Morgan Freeman (with his third unsuccessful nomination) as prison inmate Ellis Boyd "Red" Redding in
Pulp Fiction
The Best Actress category had no real front-runner and was composed of weak performances, for the most part. The winner - 45 year old Jessica Lange (with her sixth nomination and second Oscar), who won the Best Actress award as Carly Marshall, the unstable, manic-depressive, out-of-control, sexually-promiscuous wife of a military nuclear engineer/officer (co-star Tommy Lee Jones) at a 1960s Nevada test site in director Tony Richardson's last film - Blue Sky (the film's sole nomination).
[Lange had made the film three years earlier for failing Orion Studios, and the film had languished on the shelf since then. Lange's win made her the second woman to receive a Best Actress Oscar after a prior win for a Best Supporting role - for Tootsie (1982). The first actress was Meryl Streep who won first for Kramer vs. Kramer (1979) and then for Sophie's Choice (1982).]
The other nominees in the Best Actress category included:
two-time Oscar winner Jodie Foster (with her fourth nomination) as uncivilized backwoods North Carolinian Nell in British director Michael Apted's Nell (the film's sole nomination)
Miranda Richardson (with her second nomination) as Vivienne Haigh-Wood, the poorly-treated, unbalanced wife of poet T. S. Eliot in director Brian Gilbert's Tom and Viv (with two nominations and no wins)
Winona Ryder (with her second consecutive nomination) as tomboyish, aspiring writer Jo March, one of four daughters in Australian director Gillian Armstrong's version of Louisa May Alcott's classic American novel Little Women (with three nominations and no wins; other nominations were Best Costume Design and Best Score)
Susan Sarandon (with her fourth unsuccessful nomination) as anti-establishment New Orleans lawyer Reggie Love in director Joel Schumacher's thriller based on John Grisham's best-selling novel The Client (the film's sole nomination)
Sixty-six year old Martin Landau (with his third nomination after prior nods for Tucker (1988) and Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989)) won his first Oscar in the Best Supporting Actor category for his tragi-comic performance as aging, drug-addicted horror-actor Bela Lugosi in producer/director Tim Burton's Ed Wood (with two nominations and two wins - including Best Makeup), about a lunatic-fringe, Hollywood campy film-maker.
The other competing Best Supporting Actor nominees included:
Samuel L. Jackson (with his first nomination) as Ezekiel-spouting, hit man Jules in
Pulp Fiction
Chazz Palminteri (with his first nomination) as mobster hitman Cheech (and nominated co-star Jennifer Tilly's bodyguard), in Bullets Over Broadway
Paul Scofield (with his second nomination after a period of twenty-eight years) as Mark Van Doren, the father of game-show contestant Charles (Ralph Fiennes) in Quiz Show
Gary Sinise (with his first nomination) as double-amputee Lieutenant Dan Taylor (Gump's commander in Vietnam) in Forrest Gump
Dianne Wiest (with her third career nomination) won her second Oscar in the Best Supporting Actress category for her role as alcoholic, manipulative, theatrical, aging grand-dame/diva Broadway stage star Helen Sinclair, a character similar to Gloria Swanson's Norma Desmond in Wilder's
Sunset Boulevard (1950) , in Bullets Over Broadway. [Her first win was for another supporting performance in an earlier Woody Allen film - Hannah and Her Sisters (1986).]
The other Best Supporting Actress nominees were:
Rosemary Harris (with her first nomination) as Rose Haigh-Wood - the understanding mother of nominated co-star Miranda Richardson (as Vivienne Haigh-Wood) in Tom and Viv
Helen Mirren (with her first nomination) as the devoted Queen Charlotte, wife of the king in The Madness of King George
Uma Thurman (with her first nomination) as the pretty gangster wife Mia Wallace (co-star John Travolta's over-dosing date) in
Pulp Fiction
Wiest's co-star Jennifer Tilly (with her first nomination) as Olive Neal - a mobster's (Joe Viterelli) ditzy mistress, who landed a role (through her sugar daddy's connections) in a new Broadway play that required rewrites from her mob bodyguard (Chazz Palminteri), in Bullets Over Broadway
It should be noted that The Lion King (with four nominations and two wins - the other win was for Best Original Score) had three nominated songs (by Elton John and Tim Rice) this one year: "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" (the winner), "Circle of Life," and "Hakuna Matata" - tying an Academy record. Previously, Beauty and the Beast (1991) had solo possession of the record.
82 year-old Italian writer/director Michelangelo Antonioni, maker of Neorealitic films early in his career, was given the Honorary Award this year "in recognition of his place as one of the cinema's master visual stylists". Noted for the character study L'Avventura (1960), he became well-known for his first English language film, the psychological thriller Blow-Up (1966) . It was one of the most important films of the 1960's, an existential, voyeuristic murder mystery/suspenser, from which he derived his two sole (unsuccessful) Oscar nominations (Best Director, Best Original Screenplay). It was followed by the disastrous hippie saga Zabriskie Point (1970) and then the underrated political film The Passenger (1975) with Jack Nicholson.
Oscar Snubs and Omissions:
There were a number of major oversights in 1994. First, it was an unforgiveable error to deny nominations to John Turturro for his performance as the almost unbeatable "Twenty One" show champ and then loser - hotheaded, middle-class Jew Herbie Stempel, and to Ralph Fiennes as intellectual contestant Charles Van Doren, in Quiz Show. Also, both Brad Pitt (as Tristan Ludlow) and Julia Ormond (as Susannah Finncannon) were neglected for their performances (supporting and lead) in the cinematographic romantic western/drama Legends of the Fall (with one win from its three nominations, for Best Cinematography). Although nominated in three categories, Little Women should have also been nominated for Best Director (Gillian Armstrong - another missed opportunity to nominate a female director!) and Best Adapted Screenplay (Robin Swicord).
Linda Fiorentino's sexually-exciting performance as femme fatale Bridget Gregory in John Dahl's modern-day noir The Last Seduction was denied Oscar consideration for Best Actress because the film was briefly debuted on HBO cable television. Russell Crowe was neglected for his early role as a gay man (opposite his widowed father Jack Thompson) in the Australian film The Sum of Us. And Kate Winslet was snubbed for her star-launching, breakthrough role as lonely, vividly imaginative Juliet Hulme in director Peter Jackson's R-rated thriller Heavenly Creatures (with only one nomination for Best Original Screenplay), based on the true 1954 New Zealand murder story in which two teenaged girls (Pauline Parker, portrayed in the film by Melanie Lynskey, and Juliet Hulme) murdered one of their mothers in order to prevent the separation of their lesbian-tinged relationship.
Alfre Woodard as tough, cancer-stricken 70s Brooklyn school-teacher and family matriarch Carolyn Carmichael in director Spike Lee's semi-autobiographical Crooklyn (with no nominations) was also ignored. And independent film-maker Steve James' acclaimed Hoop Dreams, a film about Chicago inner-city life and basketball in the lives of two inner-city youth, was denied both a Best Picture and Best Documentary Feature nomination.
Oliver Stone's violent and controversial Natural Born Killers, with a Quentin Tarantino screenplay and stunning performances by Woody Harrelson and Juliette Lewis as serial killers Mickey and Mallory Knox, was completely un-nominated. Joel Coen's The Hudsucker Proxy, similar to Frank Capra's Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) , was completely unnominated, especially for Roger Deakins' Cinematography, as well as Jennifer Jason Leigh's star reporter Amy Archer (based in part upon Rosalind Russell's fast-talking Hildy Johnson in Howard Hawks' His Girl Friday (1940) ).
Despite seven nominations, including Best Director and Best Original Screenplay (and three acting nominations), Bullets Over Broadway failed to earn a Best Picture nomination -- and Carlo DiPalmi's lush cinematography was also denied recognition. And despite two nominations and two wins for producer/director Tim Burton's Ed Wood as noted above, Johnny Depp was snubbed for his role as the legendary, cross-dressing title character, noting for helming (as the "worst director of all time") a series of awful films in the 50s, such as Glen or Glenda (1953), Bride of the Monster (1955) and Plan 9 From Outer Space (1959).
It was also remarkable that Darabont's
The Shawshank Redemption went unrewarded - and no nomination for Tim Robbins as the lead character Andy Dufresne, nor for Bob Gunton as the corrupted prison warden Samuel Norton. Jodie Foster's loss for her raw performance in Nell to Jessica Lange's performance in Blue Sky was also surprising. And both Ben Kingsley and Sigourney Weaver were not recognized for their stellar work in Roman Polanski's drama Death and the Maiden, about a Dr. Roberto Miranda (Kingsley) who may/may not have traumatically tortured-raped Paulina Escobar (Weaver) when she was imprisoned by the previous South American country's government.
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In which war film is John Wayne's character killed by a Japanese sniper? | Oscars: Every single best actor winner - CNN.com
Oscars: Every single best actor winner
By Breeanna Hare, CNN
Updated 3:17 PM ET, Thu February 20, 2014
Chat with us in Facebook Messenger. Find out what's happening in the world as it unfolds.
Photos: Oscar-winning best actors
Leonardo DiCaprio accepts the best actor award at the 88th annual Academy Awards on February 28, 2016. DiCaprio won for his role in "The Revenant." Here are the actors whose footsteps he has followed in:
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Photos: Oscar-winning best actors
Emil Jannings (1929) – The first best actor Oscar went to Emil Jannings at the academy's inaugural ceremony held in 1929. Jannings received the honors for two films: 1927's "The Way of All Flesh" and 1928's "The Last Command."
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Photos: Oscar-winning best actors
Warner Baxter (1930) – Warner Baxter, right, earned the best actor Oscar for his role as the Cisco Kid in "In Old Arizona" (1929). Baxter appears here with best actress winner Mary Pickford at the April 1930 awards ceremony, which recognized films made between August 1, 1928, and July 31, 1929. Baxter loved the role so much he reprised it twice more, in "The Cisco Kid" (1931) and again in "The Return of the Cisco Kid" (1939).
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George Arliss (1930) – George Arliss won the best actor Oscar for "Disraeli," apparently also beating himself since he was nominated for that film and "The Green Goddess." In the early years of the Oscar, a single nomination could recognize more than one role. However, for reasons not entirely clear, the actor won solely for "Disraeli." Perhaps it was a glitch on behalf of the academy, or perhaps voters truly preferred his portrayal as the famed British prime minister. The November 1930 awards ceremony recognized work from 1929 and 1930.
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Lionel Barrymore (1931) – Lionel Barrymore, here with "Min and Bill" best actress winner Marie Dressler, won the best actor Oscar for his work in "A Free Soul." Barrymore played an alcoholic lawyer whose daughter gets involved with a mobster he helped go free.
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Photos: Oscar-winning best actors
Wallace Beery (1932) – The previous year's Oscar winner Lionel Barrymore, left, presents Wallace Beery, right, with the best actor Oscar for "The Champ." Beery tied that year with Fredric March in "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde."
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Fredric March (1932) – Fredric March, right, was honored the same year as Wallace Beery for "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde." Beery actually received one less vote than March, which it resulted in a tie winner according to academy rules of the day.
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Photos: Oscar-winning best actors
Charles Laughton (1934) – British actor Charles Laughton won the best actor Oscar for the title role "The Private Life of Henry VIII" (1933), beating out Leslie Howard in "Berkeley Square" (1933) and Paul Muni in "I Am a Fugitive From a Chain Gang" (1932). The sixth awards ceremony was held in March 1934 and recognized movies released from August 1, 1932, to December 31, 1933.
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Clark Gable (1935) – Clark Gable's status as a Hollywood icon was cemented when the box-office star won the best actor Oscar for Frank Capra's "It Happened One Night" (1934). The screwball comedy was a massive hit with academy voters at the February 1935 ceremony, sweeping the five big categories -- best picture, best director (Capra), best adapted screenplay and best actress (Claudette Colbert).
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Victor McLaglen (1936) – Victor McLaglen, left, beat out two earlier Oscar winners to claim the best actor prize for "The Informer." He was up against Charles Laughton and Clark Gable, both nominated for their roles in best picture winner "Mutiny on the Bounty." McLaglen appears with best actress winner Bette Davis and filmmaker D.W. Griffith of "The Birth of a Nation" fame at the March 1936 ceremony.
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Paul Muni (1937) – After two earlier best actor nominations, Paul Muni finally won for the title role in "The Story of Louis Pasteur," the first of several biographical films he made at Warner Bros.
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Spencer Tracy (1938) – Spencer Tracy, left, with co-star Freddie Bartholomew, won his first best actor Oscar as a Portuguese fisherman in "Captains Courageous." He beat out Oscar-winning actors Fredric March in "A Star Is Born" and Paul Muni in "The Life of Emile Zola." It was Tracy's second nomination.
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Spencer Tracy (1939) – Spencer Tracy takes home his second best actor Oscar for "Boys Town." He appears here with Bette Davis, best actress for "Jezebel," at the ceremony held in 1939.
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Robert Donat (1940) – Robert Donat's Oscar win for "Goodbye, Mr. Chips" was definitely a surprise. Donat earned the honors for his title role as a schoolteacher, beating out some strong performances, including Clark Gable in "Gone With the Wind," James Stewart in "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington" and Laurence Olivier in "Wuthering Heights."
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James Stewart (1941) – After losing the Oscar a year earlier for his iconic role in "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington," James Stewart received the award playing a reporter who falls for Katharine Hepburn in "The Philadelphia Story." Stewart and best actress winner Ginger Rogers celebrate their wins at the ceremony held in 1941.
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Gary Cooper (1942) – James Stewart, right, bestows pal Gary Cooper with the statuette for "Sergeant York." Cooper nabbed the win over Orson Welles, whose "Citizen Kane" also lost out on the best picture award but has become the epitome of a Hollywood classic.
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James Cagney (1943) – Gary Cooper, right, congratulates James Cagney for his best actor win in "Yankee Doodle Dandy" at the Oscar ceremony held in 1943. Cooper, also a nominee for "The Pride of the Yankees," didn't seem to hold a grudge against Cagney.
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Paul Lukas (1944) – Character actor Paul Lukas faced stiff competition from stars Humphrey Bogart ("Casablanca") and Gary Cooper ("For Whom the Bell Tolls"), but he was able to take home the Oscar for "Watch on the Rhine." Lukas and best actress winner Jennifer Jones celebrate at the ceremony held in 1944.
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Bing Crosby (1945) – Bing Crosby, right, and co-star Barry Fitzgerald find a reason to celebrate after the 1945 awards ceremony. They won the best actor and best supporting actor awards, respectively, for "Going My Way."
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Ray Milland (1946) – Ray Milland had a prolific career for decades -- including a standout role in Alfred Hitchcock's "Dial M for Murder" -- but he received only one Oscar nomination. Luckily, he made it count, winning the best actor prize for his role as an alcoholic writer in "The Lost Weekend." Ingrid Bergman presents Milland with the prize at the 1946 ceremony.
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Fredric March (1947) – Fredric March, right, Dana Andrews, center, and Harold Russell struck a chord with postwar audiences as servicemen returning home in "The Best Years of Our Lives." March picked up his second Oscar for the role.
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Ronald Colman (1948) – Ronald Colman, far right, a star since the silent days, picked up the best actor Oscar as a jealous actor in "A Double Life." Coleman appears with the year's other winners at the 1948 ceremony -- from left, Darryl Zanuck, producer of best picture "Gentleman's Agreement," best actress Loretta Young, best supporting actor Edmund Gwenn and best supporting actress Celeste Holm.
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Laurence Olivier (1949) – Laurence Olivier's commitment to bringing Shakespeare's "Hamlet" to the screen paid off handsomely at the Oscars. Olivier walked away with the best actor Oscar in the title role, and "Hamlet" also won for best picture. Here Olivier appears with best actress winner Jane Wyman in 1949.
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Broderick Crawford (1950) – Broderick Crawford, second from left, pushed past Kirk Douglas, Gregory Peck, Richard Todd and John Wayne to win the best actor Oscar with "All the King's Men." Crawford appears with best supporting actress winner Mercedes McCambridge, far left, best actress winner Olivia de Havilland and best supporting actor winner Dean Jagger at the 1950 ceremony.
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José Ferrer (1951) – Puerto Rican-born José Ferrer became the first Hispanic to win an Oscar when he was named best actor for "Cyrano de Bergerac." Here he appears with Gloria Swanson, left, and Judy Holliday (best actress for "Born Yesterday") in 1951.
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Humphrey Bogart (1952) – Claire Trevor can't resist giving Humphrey Bogart a kiss backstage at the 1952 Oscars ceremony after he won the best actor award for "The African Queen." Bogart beat out Marlon Brando in "A Streetcar Named Desire," Fredric March in "Death of a Salesman" and Montgomery Clift in "A Place in the Sun."
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Gary Cooper (1953) – Gary Cooper won his second best actor award for the classic Western "High Noon" with Grace Kelly. Among Cooper's competitors were Kirk Douglas in "The Bad and the Beautiful," José Ferrer in "Moulin Rouge," Alec Guinness in "The Lavender Hill Mob" and Marlon Brando in "Viva Zapata!"
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William Holden (1954) – William Holden celebrates his best actor win for "Stalag 17" with best supporting actress winner Donna Reed at the Oscar ceremony in 1954. It was the actor's second nomination; his first was for Billy Wilder's 1950 classic "Sunset Boulevard."
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Marlon Brando (1955) – Oscars host Bob Hope, right, might have tried, but there was no way Marlon Brando was parting with his best actor award at the 1955 ceremony. Brando had lost three years in a row before then, but the actor's luck finally changed with "On the Waterfront."
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Ernest Borgnine (1956) – Ernest Borgnine faced heavy competition for best actor, beating out James Dean ("East of Eden"), Frank Sinatra ("The Man With the Golden Arm"), James Cagney ("Love Me or Leave Me") and Spencer Tracy ("Bad Day at Black Rock"). Backstage at the 1956 ceremony, Borgnine holds the Oscar for his portrayal of a lonely butcher in "Marty."
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Yul Brynner (1957) – Yul Brynner repeated his stage success as the King of Siam, winning the best actor Oscar for "The King and I." He's pictured at the 1957 ceremony.
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Alec Guinness (1958) – British actor Alec Guinness will always be known to "Star Wars" fans as Obi-Wan Kenobi, but he had an illustrious career on stage and screen long before the George Lucas blockbuster. After losing an earlier Oscar nomination, he finally won the best actor award as a World War II British officer in "The Bridge on the River Kwai."
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David Niven (1959) – David Niven, right, joins fellow Oscar winners Burl Ives and Susan Hayward at the 1959 ceremony after winning the best actor award for "Separate Tables." The actor fought off competition from Tony Curtis and Sidney Poitier, both up for "The Defiant Ones"; Paul Newman in "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof"; and Spencer Tracy in "The Old Man and the Sea."
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Charlton Heston (1960) – Charlton Heston helped "Ben-Hur" to win a record 11 Academy Awards, shutting out Jack Lemmon, James Stewart, Paul Muni and Laurence Harvey as best actor. Heston appears with French actress Simone Signoret (best actress for "Room at the Top") at the 1960 ceremony.
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Burt Lancaster (1961) – Burt Lancaster was a winner two times over at the 1961 Oscar ceremony. He won the best actor prize for the title role in "Elmer Gantry," and he had glamorous Elizabeth Taylor, best actress winner for "Butterfield 8," by his side backstage.
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Maximilian Schell (1962) – Maximilian Schell won the best actor Oscar over his "Judgment at Nuremberg" co-star Spencer Tracy. Schell had previously portrayed the character of German lawyer Hans Rolfe in a television version of "Judgment."
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Gregory Peck (1963) – Gregory Peck's performance as lawyer Atticus Finch in the film of Harper Lee's novel, "To Kill a Mockingbird," was a standout to academy voters. He beat out some stiff competition for best actor: Peter O'Toole for "Lawrence of Arabia" and Burt Lancaster for "Birdman of Alcatraz." Here Peck and his wife, Veronique, attend an Oscar after-party in 1963.
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Sidney Poitier (1964) – Sidney Poitier became the first African-American to win the best actor Oscar -- for his work in "Lilies of the Field." Poitier had been nominated once before for "The Defiant Ones." Interestingly, Poitier was the only one of the four acting category winners present at the 1964 ceremony.
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Rex Harrison (1965) – Who didn't fall in love with "My Fair Lady"? The academy sure did. Rex Harrison took the best actor prize for his role as Henry Higgins at the 1965 ceremony, and the musical won best picture honors, among others. But Audrey Hepburn's performance has Eliza Doolittle wasn't even nominated -- the Oscar went to Julie Andrews for "Mary Poppins."
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Lee Marvin (1966) – Lee Marvin won the Oscar for his comic role in "Cat Ballou" over dramatic heavyweights such as Laurence Olivier in "Othello," Richard Burton in "The Spy Who Came in From the Cold," Rod Steiger in "The Pawnbroker" and Oskar Werner in "Ship of Fools." Here, Marvin appears with then-girlfriend Michelle Triola in 1966.
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Paul Scofield (1967) – Paul Scofield also was up against some heavyweight actors, particularly Richard Burton in "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?" But Scofield, here with Susannah York, won for his work as Thomas More in the period drama "A Man for All Seasons."
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Rod Steiger (1968) – Sidney Poitier may have been the star of the detective drama "In the Heat of the Night," but he was snubbed in the Oscars race. It wasn't that academy voters didn't love the movie though: "In the Heat of the Night" won best picture as well as best actor for Poitier's co-star, Rod Steiger, here holding his Oscar at the 1968 ceremony.
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Cliff Robertson (1969) – Cliff Robertson's portrayal of a mentally challenged man in the drama "Charly" was enough to bowl over competition such as Peter O'Toole and Alan Arkin.
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John Wayne (1970) – The best actor category was fierce the year John Wayne won the gold for "True Grit." In only his second nomination, the Hollywood legend beat out newcomers Dustin Hoffman and Jon Voight in "Midnight Cowboy" as well as Richard Burton in "Anne of the Thousand Days" and Peter O'Toole in "Goodbye, Mr. Chips." Barbra Streisand congratulates Wayne at the 1970 ceremony.
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George C. Scott (1971) – "Patton" features one of the most readily recognizable images in films -- that of George C. Scott's general standing in front of the American flag -- and it was as critically acclaimed as it was popular. But while "Patton" nabbed the best picture title and a best actor Oscar for Scott, the actor was having none of it. He refused to accept the prize, calling the politics surrounding the ceremony "demeaning" and likening the Oscars to a "two-hour meat parade."
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Gene Hackman (1972) – Everyone wanted in on "The French Connection," and star Gene Hackman was rewarded handsomely with the best actor award at the 1972 ceremony.
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Marlon Brando (1973) – An Oscar is an honor most stars would never refuse, but Marlon Brando did when the academy bestowed him with the best actor prize for "The Godfather" at the 1973 ceremony. Brando, who had won the award once before, said he was protesting the portrayal of Native Americans on TV and in film.
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Jack Lemmon (1974) – The academy loved to nominate Jack Lemmon, but it wasn't always so quick to give him the prize. The star's luck changed when "Save the Tiger" earned him a best actor Oscar.
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Art Carney (1975) – For Art Carney, there were two phrases that helped him secure the best actor Oscar for "Harry and Tonto." "Do it! You are old," words of wisdom that came from his agent.
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Jack Nicholson (1976) – After losing out four times as an Oscar nominee, Jack Nicholson triumphantly claimed his prize for "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest."
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Peter Finch (1977) – "Network's" Peter Finch faced some tough competition for the best actor award. He was up against Robert De Niro in "Taxi Driver" and Sylvester Stallone in best picture winner "Rocky" as well as his "Network" co-star, William Holden. Finch died two months before the March 1977 ceremony and became the first actor to win an Oscar posthumously.
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Richard Dreyfuss (1978) – John Travolta in "Saturday Night Fever" and Woody Allen in "Annie Hall" have become prime examples of characters in '70s films, but Richard Dreyfuss' performance as a struggling actor in "The Goodbye Girl" stood out the most to academy voters at the time. Here the actor accepts his prize at the 1978 ceremony.
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Jon Voight (1979) – Jon Voight had been nominated for a best actor Oscar once before for 1969's "Midnight Cowboy," but it was the Vietnam War drama "Coming Home" that finally earned him the honors.
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Dustin Hoffman (1980) – Like Jack Nicholson before him, Dustin Hoffman was forever the bridesmaid and never the bride. But after losing for "Midnight Cowboy," "The Graduate" and "Lenny," Hoffman got to accept the award at the 1980 ceremony, thanks to his work in best picture winner "Kramer vs. Kramer."
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Robert De Niro (1981) – Robert De Niro faced movie greats such as Peter O'Toole and Jack Lemmon in the best actor category. De Niro had already won the best supporting actor Oscar for "The Godfather: Part II," and academy voters couldn't help but hand him the best actor prize for "Raging Bull" -- especially since he gained nearly 60 pounds to play Jake LaMotta as an aging boxer.
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Henry Fonda (1982) – After being a movie legend for more than 40 years, Henry Fonda won his first competitive Oscar for "On Golden Pond." His co-star, Katharine Hepburn, also shined in the movie as his wife, picking up her fourth best actress prize.
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Ben Kingsley (1983) – Ben Kingsley's portrayal in "Gandhi" was the performance to beat in that year's best actor Oscar race, and neither Dustin Hoffman in "Tootsie" nor Paul Newman in "The Verdict" could compete.
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Robert Duvall (1984) – Robert Duvall won the best actor prize for his performance as a country singer in "Tender Mercies."
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F. Murray Abraham (1985) – F. Murray Abraham's performance as Salieri in "Amadeus" rocked academy voters, who named him best actor.
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William Hurt (1986) – "Out of Africa" dominated the Oscars at the 1986 ceremony, but William Hurt picked up the best actor award for his portrayal of a gay imprisoned man in "Kiss of the Spider Woman."
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Paul Newman (1987) – Paul Newman's performance in "The Color of Money" struck Oscar gold. It was the actor's first competitive Oscar win, but he wasn't there to accept it -- he'd joked that, after showing up and losing six other times, he might finally nab the prize if he stayed away.
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Michael Douglas (1988) – Gordon Gekko's creed of greed was very, very good to Michael Douglas. The star -- and son of another frequent Oscar nominee, Kirk Douglas -- earned his first Oscar nomination and first win for best actor for his role as the ruthless corporate raider in "Wall Street." Here Douglas appears with Marlee Matlin at the 1988 ceremony.
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Dustin Hoffman (1989) – Awards came pouring in for "Rain Man" with Dustin Hoffman, left, as an autistic savant and Tom Cruise as his younger brother. Hoffman picked up his second best actor Oscar and received congratulations from Cruise at the 1989 ceremony. Cruise wasn't even nominated, but he was probably just fine with starring in the best picture winner.
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Daniel Day-Lewis (1990) – Before Daniel Day-Lewis became so revered he could strike fear in the hearts of Oscar competitors, the British performer proved his mettle with the biopic "My Left Foot," earning his first best actor Oscar. It was no easy task: Day-Lewis was up against Morgan Freeman in "Driving Miss Daisy," Kenneth Branagh in "Henry V," Tom Cruise in "Born on the Fourth of July" and Robin Williams in "Dead Poets Society."
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Jeremy Irons (1991) – We suppose the academy couldn't justify giving Kevin Costner the best director, best picture and the best actor prize for "Dances With Wolves," so Jeremy Irons took home the statuette for best actor for his role as Claus von Bülow in "Reversal of Fortune."
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Anthony Hopkins (1992) – Anthony Hopkins absolutely killed as Hannibal Lecter in "The Silence of the Lambs," so it wasn't surprising that he secured the best actor Oscar for the role.
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Al Pacino (1993) – Before "Scent of a Woman," Al Pacino had been nominated for best actor four times and best supporting actor twice without winning. But the star's moment to accept the best actor Oscar finally came at the 1993 ceremony. Pacino may have won for "Scent of a Woman," but he also lost that year in the best supporting actor category for "Glengarry Glen Ross."
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Tom Hanks (1994) – Little did anyone know that when Tom Hanks won the best actor Oscar for the legal drama "Philadelphia" he'd be back at the Oscars very soon, and in a very different role.
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Tom Hanks (1995) – Tom Hanks proved his versatility when he won the best actor Oscar for the second year in a row. His prize this time was for his performance as the mentally challenged but indefatigable "Forrest Gump."
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Nicolas Cage (1996) – Nicolas Cage may now be the butt of Internet jokes -- surely you've seen him swing from a "Wrecking Ball" ? -- but he was the man to beat at the 1996 Oscar ceremony. Cage won the best actor prize for "Leaving Las Vegas," his first nomination and first win.
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Geoffrey Rush (1997) – Some actors languish as nominees for years before winning an Oscar, but Geoffrey Rush won the best actor prize on his first try with "Shine."
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Jack Nicholson (1998) – By now, everyone knew what a powerhouse Jack Nicholson was, but he reminded moviegoers again with "As Good as It Gets," picking up yet another best actor Oscar.
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Roberto Benigni (1999) – Italian actor Roberto Benigni was unknown to American audiences before "Life Is Beautiful," but he stole the show at the 1999 Oscars ceremony. The academy gave him the best actor Oscar for "Life Is Beautiful," which also won the prize for best foreign-language film.
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Kevin Spacey (2000) – "American Beauty" was a cynical look at American middle class life with a new century arriving. Star Kevin Spacey received the best actor award for his portrayal of a middle-aged man who lusts after his teenage daughter's friend. The film also won best picture, director (Sam Mendes) and original screenplay (Alan Ball).
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Russell Crowe (2001) – The academy fawned over Russell Crowe's "Gladiator," a sword and sandals epic that picked up honors for best picture, best costume design, best sound, best visual effects and best actor -- the first win for the Australian Crowe.
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Denzel Washington (2002) – Denzel Washington has a reputation as a nice guy in Hollywood, so his transformation into the monstrous detective Alonzo in "Training Day" was incredible to watch. After already winning a best supporting actor statuette for "Glory," Washington took home the best actor award for "Training Day," making him the first African-American to win both.
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Adrien Brody (2003) – Adrien Brody appeared so thrilled when he won best actor award for "The Pianist" he even got Oscar presenter Halle Berry caught up in the moment with a passionate kiss at the 2003 ceremony. "I bet they didn't tell you that was in the gift bag," he joked when he finished. It was his first nomination and win.
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Sean Penn (2004) – The Oscar race for best actor was a tough one when Sean Penn faced off with Jude Law for "Cold Mountain" and Bill Murray for "Lost in Translation," among others. In the end, it was Penn's work in "Mystic River" that earned him his first Academy Award.
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Jamie Foxx (2005) – Before "Ray," Jamie Foxx was known primarily as a comedian -- the kind who would star in a popcorn flick like "Booty Call." But after his portrayal of singer Ray Charles in a musical biography, people realized he had been underestimated as an actor. The academy started paying attention, too, and gave Foxx two nominations for the 2005 ceremony: one for best actor for "Ray" and another for best supporting actor for "Collateral." He didn't win in the best supporting category, but we bet he's been able to live with that loss.
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Philip Seymour Hoffman (2006) – Philip Seymour Hoffman 's portrayal of writer Truman Capote in "Capote" was the kind of rock-solid immersion audiences had come to expect from the actor. He got his due with the best actor award -- his only Oscar.
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Forest Whitaker (2007) – Until "The Last King of Scotland," Forest Whitaker had been completely overlooked by the academy. But after he turned in a masterful portrayal of Ugandan dictator Idi Amin, academy voters handed him the Oscar.
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Daniel Day-Lewis (2008) – If Daniel Day-Lewis is in the running, chances are there will be an award for him. The actor won his second best actor Oscar for "There Will Be Blood." He receives the award from Helen Mirren at the 2008 ceremony.
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Sean Penn (2009) – Sean Penn, here with best actress Kate Winslet, left, and best supporting actress Penelope Cruz, gave the performance of a lifetime as openly gay politician and activist Harvey Milk in "Milk." The academy rewarded Penn with his second best actor Oscar at the 2009 ceremony.
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Jeff Bridges (2010) – Jeff Bridges was understandably ecstatic when he won the best actor Oscar for "Crazy Heart." Bridges had been nominated four times before, and, with competition from George Clooney in "Up in the Air" and Jeremy Renner in "The Hurt Locker," his wasn't an obvious win. So when his name was called at the 2010 ceremony, Bridges relished the moment in his acceptance speech : "Thank you, mom and dad, for turning me on to such a groovy profession," he said.
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Colin Firth (2011) – Colin Firth's portrayal of King George VI's fight to overcome a speech impediment beat out Jesse Eisenberg ("The Social Network") and James Franco ("127 Hours"), among others, to win the best actor Oscar.
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Jean Dujardin (2012) – "The Artist," a silent, black-and-white movie, was a celebration of old-school film. Its star, French actor Jean Dujardin, seemed to have a virtual lock on the best actor Oscar, even though he was competing against the likes of George Clooney and Brad Pitt. When awards night arrived in 2012, Dujardin walked away with the prize.
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Daniel Day-Lewis (2013) – Once again, the Oscar race for best actor was jam-packed with amazing performances, from Bradley Cooper in "Silver Linings Playbook" to Denzel Washington in "Flight." But Daniel Day-Lewis completely transformed himself into the 16th U.S. president for Steven Spielberg's "Lincoln," and he walked away with the honors at the 2013 ceremony, becoming the first three-time best actor winner.
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Matthew McConaughey (2014) – Matthew McConaughey won the Oscar in 2014 for his role in "Dallas Buyers Club" as Ron Woodroof, an HIV-positive man who smuggles drugs to AIDS patients. Co-star Jared Leto was named best supporting actor.
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Eddie Redmayne wins best actor for his performance as Stephen Hawking in "The Theory of Everything" at the 87th Academy Awards in 2015.
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| i don't know |
Which blond actor who died in 2008 played Jim Bowie in the 1960 film 'The Alamo'? | The Alamo (1960) - IMDb
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A small band of soldiers sacrifice their lives in hopeless combat against a massive army in order to prevent a tyrant from smashing the new Republic of Texas.
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Won 1 Oscar. Another 6 wins & 8 nominations. See more awards »
Videos
Texas Ranger Jake Cutter arrests gambler Paul Regret, but soon finds himself teamed with his prisoner in an undercover effort to defeat a band of renegade arms merchants and thieves known as Comancheros.
Directors: Michael Curtiz, John Wayne
Stars: John Wayne, Stuart Whitman, Ina Balin
A Union Cavalry outfit is sent behind Confederate lines in strength to destroy a rail/supply center. Along with them is sent a doctor who causes instant antipathy between him and the ... See full summary »
Director: John Ford
A dramatization of the World War II Battle of Iwo Jima.
Director: Allan Dwan
During the Alaska gold rush, prospector George sends partner Sam to Seattle to bring his fiancée but when it turns out that she married another man, Sam returns with a pretty substitute, the hostess of the Henhouse dance hall.
Director: Henry Hathaway
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5.6/10 X
Col. Mike Kirby picks two teams of crack Green Berets for a mission in South Vietnam. First off is to build and control a camp that is trying to be taken by the enemy the second mission is to kidnap a North Vietnamese General.
Directors: Ray Kellogg, John Wayne, and 1 more credit »
Stars: John Wayne, David Janssen, Jim Hutton
Ranch owner Katie Elder's four sons determine to avenge the murder of their father and the swindling of their mother.
Director: Henry Hathaway
After the Civil War, Cord McNally searches for the traitor whose perfidy caused the defeat of McNally's unit and the loss of a close friend.
Director: Howard Hawks
Based on the 1836 standoff between a group of Texan and Tejano men, led by Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie, and Mexican dictator Santa Anna's forces at the Alamo in San Antonio, Texas.
Director: John Lee Hancock
Cattle baron John Chisum joins forces with Billy the Kid and Pat Garrett to fight the Lincoln County land war.
Director: Andrew V. McLaglen
Wealthy rancher G.W. McLintock uses his power and influence in the territory to keep the peace between farmers, ranchers, land-grabbers, Indians and corrupt government officials.
Director: Andrew V. McLaglen
J.D. Cahill is the toughest U.S. Marshal they've got, just the sound of his name makes bad guys stop in their tracks, so when his two young boys want to get his attention they decide to rob... See full summary »
Director: Andrew V. McLaglen
After the Civil War, ex-Union Colonel John Henry Thomas and ex-Confederate Colonel James Langdon are leading two disparate groups of people through strife-torn Mexico. John Henry and ... See full summary »
Director: Andrew V. McLaglen
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Storyline
In 1836 General Santa Anna and the Mexican army is sweeping across Texas. To be able to stop him, General Sam Houston needs time to get his main force into shape. To buy that time he orders Colonel William Travis to defend a small mission on the Mexicans' route at all costs. Travis' small troop is swelled by groups accompanying Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett, but as the situation becomes ever more desperate Travis makes it clear there will be no shame if they leave while they can. Written by Jeremy Perkins <[email protected]>
The Mission That Became a Fortress, The Fortress That Became a Shrine See more »
Genres:
24 October 1960 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
(director's cut) (1993 video release) |
140 min
3 Channel Stereo (Westrex Recording System) (5.0) (L-R)
Color:
Did You Know?
Trivia
John Wayne formed a close friendship with Laurence Harvey during filming. He later said Harvey should have received an Oscar nomination instead of Chill Wills . See more »
Goofs
The distinctive Alamo church sports upper windows that were not installed until about 15 years after the battle. There are other architectural inaccuracies, too. See more »
Quotes
Col. Davy Crockett : Step down off your high horse, Mister. Ya don't get lard less'n you boil a hog!
If You Really Want to Know John Wayne, See This Legacy
16 February 2005 | by Bob-45
(Savannah, GA) – See all my reviews
Corny? At times long-winded and stilted? Touching, poignant and inspiring? John Wayne's "The Alamo" is all of these things; and, of this, I'm certain John Wayne would agree. For, unlike the lessor men who make up most of Wayne's critics, Wayne was fair. This is clear even in "The Alamo," in his depiction of Santana's army. Wayne believed in the basic nobility of men, much like those heroes depicted in "Rio Bravo". That his life and memory is treated more like that of Marshal Sam Kane's in the Wayne-despised "High Noon," or even in Wayne's own "The Shootist" is testimony that Wayne HOPED men were better than they are.
I'd never seen the full-length version of "The Alamo" until it was released on VHS in the early 90s. I realized then the greatest scene in the movie is "The Birthday Party," which was cut from the general release version of the film. NOTE: For those that don't remember, during the 50s and 60s, Hollywood would release long, big budget movies as reserved seat attractions. The film would show at a "roadshow" theater for several months before general release. Since "roadshow" theaters showed the movies only twice a day, running time was restricted pretty much to the patience of audiences. However, when the same film was shown general release, time restrictions became important, so films were cut to maximize theater owner profits. It still happens today, except now the "director's cut" reaches the home audience via DVD. In any event, the short version of "The Alamo," while impressive, is still a pale shadow of the Wayne's original cut. Most importantly, to see "The Alamo" is to understand John Wayne as a man, not an idol or actor. Wayne generously gave virtually all the big scenes to his costars. Certainly, Lawrence Harvey, Richard Widmark, Ken Curtis, Joan O'Brian and Richard Boone get better scenes. Also certainly, Chill Wills, Jester Hairston (Jethro) Hank Worden (Parson) and Veda Ann Borg (Blind Nell Robertson) have showier ones than Wayne. The scenes between Wayne and Linda Crystal in the first hour seem out of a different movie, though neither Wayne's nor Cristals are as big or showy as the ones I've mentioned. One thing I hope to suffer again was the "reunion" video attached to the VHS. The same old garbage about Wayne not being able to direct actors (by his SON, no less), that he really wasn't a very good director (Wayne's action scenes will match or beat anybody's in Hollywood). Especially rude was Richard Widmark's idea of impressing Wayne by insisting Wayne call him "Richard" and not "Dick" during their first meeting. Widmark came across as a pompous ass. However, the rudest cut was from Ken "Festis" Curtis. Curtis never had a better, more respectful part in ANY movie, but he didn't miss an opportunity to try to soil Wayne's memory.
Forget that "The Alamo" is a topnotch, if not entirely historically accurate historical western. Forget that Wayne directs action better than his mentor, John Ford, or that Chill Wills got an Oscar nomination, the only of his career, thanks to this "lousy director/actor". Remember this, Wayne risked EVERYTHING on "The Alamo" and lost. He was broke for years afterward. Wayne's continued success on the "A" list was by no means assured. He was 54 years old and raising a second family. Wayne had recently been swindled by a business manager and recently lost a best friend to suicide (Grant Withers). Wayne had to take a role in "The Alamo" to secure financing, and "The Alamo" is probably STILL the biggest movie ever directed by one of its stars. During filming, Wayne had to contend with interference from mentor John Ford and a murder investigation of one of his actresses. That same year Wayne's house was severely damaged by fire. Yet Wayne took continued carping by lessor men, those "artists" in Hollywood who ridiculed his acting and his directing. I'm sure they sneered in satisfaction when "The Alamo" failed to break even. However, it's reported the movie eventually made a small profit, probably part of it through sale of "Alamo Village" in Bracketville, Texas.
Wayne continued to make fine movies for sixteen more years after "The Alamo." In 1969 he was finally awarded by his peers an Oscar for "Rooster Cogburn." However, by then, Wayne had P.O.d them again with "The Green Berets". War service or not, NOBODY can say the man ever ran from a fight.
I'm not sure I would have liked John Wayne had I known him. I'm not a drinker and I'm not obsessively patriotic about this country, particularly since we started picking fights in the Middle East. However, as Wayne proved with Lawrence Harvey and Rock Hudson, Wayne didn't have to agree with someone's lifestyle or even their personal views to treat them with respect. I most certainly would respect him better than the "friends" he gave jobs in "The Alamo;" at least, those who slandered him.
Oh, and by the way, "RICHARD Widmark never won an Oscar."
I give "The Alamo" a solid 8.
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| Richard Widmark |
France signed the Treaty of Luneville with which continental European Power? | Richard Widmark, Film's Hoodlum And Flawed Hero, 93 - Google Groups
Richard Widmark, Film's Hoodlum And Flawed Hero, 93
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Richard Widmark, Film's Hoodlum and Flawed Hero, Dies at 93
By ALJEAN HARMETZ
Richard Widmark, whose movie debut as a giggling killer made him an
overnight star, giving rise to an enduring Hollywood [California]
career playing a gallery of chilling hoodlums and flawed heroes, died
Monday [March 24, 2008] at his home in Roxbury, Connecticut. He was
93.
His death was announced on Wednesday [March 26, 2008] by his wife,
Susan Blanchard. His health had been declining since he fractured a
vertebra in recent months, she said.
Mr. Widmark first etched his name in film noir history in the 1947
gangster movie "Kiss of Death," playing Tommy Udo, a snickering,
psychopathic ex-convict seeking revenge against an informer (played by
Victor Mature). In one indelible scene, he binds the squealer's mother
(Mildred Dunnock) in her wheelchair with a cord ripped from a lamp and
shoves her down a flight of stairs to her death.
"The sadism of that character, the fearful laugh, the skull showing
through drawn skin, and the surely conscious evocation of a
concentration-camp degenerate established Widmark as the most
frightening person on the screen," the critic David Thomson wrote in
"The Biographical Dictionary of Film."
The performance made Mr. Widmark, who had been an established radio
actor, an instant movie star, and it brought him his sole Academy
Award nomination, for best supporting actor. For the next seven years,
as a contract actor, he was given parts in 20th Century Fox's juiciest
melodramas. His mobsters were drenched in evil. But even his heroes
were nerve-strained and feral -- the daredevil pilot flying into the
eye of a storm in "Slattery's Hurricane" (1949); the doctor who fights
pneumonic plague in Elia Kazan's "Panic in the Streets" (1950), and
the pickpocket who refuses to be a traitor in Samuel Fuller's "Pickup
on South Street" (1953).
"Movie audiences fasten on to one aspect of the actor, and then they
decide what they want you to be," Mr. Widmark once said. "They think
you're playing yourself. The truth is that the only person who can
ever really play himself is a baby."
In reality, the screen's most vicious bad guy was a mild-mannered
former college instructor who had married his college sweetheart, the
playwright and screenwriter Ora Jean Hazlewood, and stayed married to
her for nearly 55 years, until her death in 1997. In 1990 Mr. Widmark
told a reporter that he had never been unfaithul to Ms. Hazlewood and
had never flirted with women because, he said, "I happen to like my
wife a lot."
His trademark villains overshadowed his work in a wide range of roles
in a career that spanned six decades and more than 60 movies. In "The
Halls of Montezuma," he led marines in the Pacific in World War II; in
"The Cobweb" (1955), he played the head of a psychiatric clinic where
the staff seemed more emotionally troubled than the patients; in
"Saint Joan" (1957), he was the Dauphin to Jean Seberg's Joan of Arc;
in "The Alamo" (1960), with John Wayne, he was Jim Bowie, the inventor
of the Bowie knife; in "Judgment at Nuremberg" (1961), he was an
American Army colonel prosecuting German war criminals; and in John
Ford's revisionist western "Cheyenne Autumn" (1964), he played an Army
captain who risks his career to help the Indians.
Mr. Widmark also created the role of Detective Sgt. Daniel Madigan in
Don Siegel's 1968 film "Madigan." It proved so popular that he later
played the loner Madigan on an NBC television series during the
1972-73 season. Earlier Mr. Widmark won an Emmy nomination for his
first television role, playing the president of the United States in a
1971 mini-series based on Fletcher Knebel's novel "Vanished."
As his blond hair turned gray, Mr. Widmark played generals in the
nuclear thriller "Twilight's Last Gleaming" (1977) and "The
Swarm" (1978), in which he waged war on bees. He was the evil head of
a hospital in "Coma" (1978) and a United States senator in "True
Colors" (1991).
He was forever fighting producers' efforts to stereotype him and
consistently lent credibility to inferior movies.
"I suppose I wanted to act in order to have a place in the sun," he
once told a reporter. "I'd always lived in small towns, and acting
meant having some kind of identity."
Richard Widmark (he had no middle name) was born on December 26, 1914,
in Sunrise, Minnesota., and grew up throughout the Midwest. His
father, Carl Widmark, was a traveling salesman who took his wife, Mae
Ethel, and two sons from Minnesota to Sioux Falls, South Dakota;
Henry, Ill.; Chillicothe, Missouri; and Princeton, Illinois, where Mr.
Widmark graduated from high school as senior class president.
Movie crazy, he was afraid to admit his interest in the "sissy" job of
acting. On a full scholarship at Lake Forest College in Illinois, he
played end on the football team, took third place in a state oratory
contest, starred in plays and was, again, senior class president.
Graduating in 1936, he spent two years as an instructor in the Lake
Forest drama department while acting in stage productions. Then he
headed to New York City, [New York] where a classmate was producing 15-
minute radio soap operas and cast Mr. Widmark in a variety of roles.
"Getting launched was easy for me -- too easy, perhaps," he said of his
success playing "young, neurotic guys" on shows like "Stella Dallas,"
"Front Page Farrell," "Aunt Jenny's Real Life Stories" and "Inner
Sanctum."
In World War II, Mr. Widmark tried to enlist in the Army but was
rejected three times because of a perforated eardrum. So he turned to
Broadway. In his first stage role, in 1943, he played an Army
lieutenant in F. Hugh Herbert's "Kiss and Tell," directed by George
Abbott. Appearing in the play "Trio," which was closed by the License
Commissioner after 67 performances because it touched on lesbianism,
he received glowing reviews as a college student who fights to free
the girl he loves from the domination of an older woman.
After a successful 10 years as a radio actor, Mr. Widmark tried the
movies with "Kiss of Death," which was being filmed in New York. He
was originally turned down for the role by the director, Henry
Hathaway, who told him that he was too clean cut and intellectual for
the part. It was Darryl F. Zanuck, the Fox studio head, who, after
watching Mr. Widmark's screen test, insisted that he be given the
part.
After the movie was released, Mr. Widmark, older than most new
recruits, was, to his surprise, summoned to Hollywood.. "I'm probably
the only actor who gave up a swimming pool to go out to Hollywood,"
Mr. Widmark told The New Yorker in 1961.
In the seven years of his Fox contract, he starred in 20 movies, inc
luding "Yellow Sky" (1948), as the blackguard who menaces Gregory
Peck; "Down to the Sea in Ships" (1949), as a valiant whaler; Jules
Dassin's "Night and the City" (1950), as a small- time hustler; and
"Don't Bother to Knock" (1952), in which the tables were turned and he
was the prey of a psychopathic Marilyn Monroe.
A passionate liberal Democrat, Mr. Widmark played a bigot who baits a
black doctor in Joseph Mankiewicz's "No Way Out" (1950). He was so
embarrassed by the character that after every scene he apologized to
the young actor he was required to torment, Sidney Poitier. In 1990,
when Mr. Widmark was given the D. W. Griffith Career Achievement Award
by the National Board of Review, it was Mr. Poitier who presented it
to him.
After his Fox contract ended, Mr. Widmark formed a production company
and produced "Time Limit" (1957), a serious dissection of possible
treason by an American prisoner of war. Directed by the actor Karl
Malden, "Time Limit" starred Mr. Widmark as an Army colonel who is
investigating a major (Richard Basehart) who is suspected of having
broken under pressure during the Korean War and having aided the
enemy.
Mr. Widmark produced two more films: "The Secret Ways" (1961) in which
he went behind the Iron Curtain to bring out an anti-Communist leader;
and "The Bedford Incident" (1964), another Cold War drama, in which he
played an ultraconservative naval captain trailing a Russian submarine
and putting the world in danger of a nuclear catastrophe.
Mr. Widmark told the British newspaper The Guardian in 1995 that he
had not become a producer to make money but to have greater artistic
control. "The businessmen who run Hollywood today have no self-
respect," he told the paper. "What interests them is not movies but
the bottom line. Look at 'Dumb and Dumber,' which turns idiocy into
something positive, or 'Forrest Gump,' a hymn to stupidity.
'Intellectual' has become a dirty word."
He also vowed that he would never appear on a television talk show,
saying, "When I see people destroying their privacy -- what they think,
what they feel -- by beaming it out to millions of viewers, I think it
cheapens them as individuals."
By the 1980s, television movies had transformed the jittery psychopath
of his early days into a wise and stalwart lawman. He played a Texas
Ranger opposite Willie Nelson's train robber in "Once Upon a Texas
Train," a small-town police chief in "Blackout" and a bayou country
sheriff faced with a group of aged black men who have confessed to a
murder in "A Gathering of Old Men."
"The older you get, the less you know about acting," he told one
reporter, "but the more you know about what makes the really great
actors."
Mr. Widmark, who shunned the limelight, spent his Hollywood years
living quietly on a large farm in Connecticut and on an 80-acre horse
ranch in Hidden Valley, north of Los Angeles. He sold the ranch in
1997 after the death of Ms. Hazlewood.
Besides his wife, Ms. Blanchard, a former wife of Henry Fonda, Mr.
Widmark is survived by his daughter, Anne Heath Widmark, of Santa Fe,
New Mexico, who was formerly married to the Hall of Fame pitcher Sandy
Koufax; a stepdaughter, Amy Fonda Ivers, and a stepson, Marc Weisgal.
Well into his later years, Mr. Widmark was sometimes accosted by
strangers who expected him to be a tough guy. There is even a story
that Joey Gallo, the New York mobster, was so taken by Mr. Widmark's
performance in "Kiss of Death" that he copied the actor's natty
posture, sadistic smirk and tittering laugh.
"It's a bit rough," Mr. Widmark once said, "priding oneself that one
isn't too bad an actor and then finding one's only remembered for a
giggle."
| i don't know |
Which was King Arthur’s last battle, where he either died or was fatally wounded? | EBK: King Arthur's Battles
THE BATTLES OF ARTHUR
as listed by Nennius
The Welsh historian, Nennius , records twelve great victories in battle during Arthur's time as Dux Bellorum. Much of his material is mythical, however, and the magical number 12 does not sit well for historical evidence. Some historians have argued that this is too great a number for one man's lifetime, and their locations may well have been too widespread for a single leader to have fought in each. Counteracting this view, some believe Arthur to have headed up a warband of cavalrymen travelling around the country and championing the British cause: hence his widespread popularity. True or not, it seems likely that, as with stories attached to the real Arthur, several of these battles may have been properly associated with alternative Arthurs or just with other great Dark Age heroes. A tendency towards Northern locations may strengthen this theory. Unfortunately identifying the location of the battles is a highly controversial pass-time.
"The first battle was at the mouth of the river called Glein": This has been tentatively identified as one of the two Rivers Glen in Britain today, one in Lincolnshire and one in Northumberland. Unfortunately, Glen stems from the Celtic for "pure", so there were probably many rivers thus named in 6th century Britain. A battle at the former would have presumably been against the first Bernician settlers and at the latter against the northward moving East Anglians. Either could be attributed to King Arthuis of the Pennines.
"The second, the third, the fourth and the fifth were on another river, called the Dubglas, which is in the region of Linnuis": The River Dubglas is modern Douglas, meaning "black water". If the Saxons translated this directly, it might be any one of the many Rivers Blackwater around the country today. So, we must first turn to identifying Linnuis. The 2nd century geographer, Ptolemy, recorded the associated name of Lindum at the Roman Fort of Drumquhassle in the Lennox area of Scotland. The River Douglas still runs into the nearby Loch Lomond, on the borders of Strathclyde. Could King Arthuis of the Pennines have fought the Scots or the Strathclyde Britons here? The better known Roman Lindum, however, is now the city of Lincoln. The surrounding area would be Linnuis: it is still called Lindsey today. Unfortunately, there is no longer a River Blackwater or the like here, but one of the waterways flowing off the muddy peat moors could easily have been originally described as such. Geoffrey of Monmouth indicates this as the correct identification. His chronicle relates how immediately Arthur came to the throne, he swore to rid Britain of the Saxon menace and so set out to attack the Anglian stronghold at York. Hearing of this, the Deiran leader, Colgrin, gathered together an alliance of Saxons, Scots and Picts and marched south to meet him. They clashed on the River Douglas. Geoffrey also describes an ensuing Battle of Lincoln, probably one of the successive battles on the same river, thus identifying it as the Witham. Several of these ensuing battles may have been invented, however, to increase the number to the mysterious 12. Some theorists have argued that Linnuis simply means "Lake Region" and therefore other rivers, such as the Douglas near Wigan in Lancashire have been suggested. Southerly alternatives, more suited to the traditional Arthur, include an imaginative identification with the Battle of Natanleag, now Netley in Hampshire; and, more convincingly, the area around Ilchester in Somerset, the Roman Lindinis, which may have become corrupted to Linnuis. The River Divelish and Devil's Brook, both deriving from Dubglas, flow nearby. Perhaps one of them demarked the border of Dumnonia.
"The sixth battle was on the river called Bassas": Only one convincing possible identification appears to have been forthcoming for this battle: Cambuslang in the southern suburbs of Glasgow. This place already has Arthurian associations as the burial place of the great King's Northern British enemy, Caw. Perhaps he was killed in the battle. Other proposals include the Lothian coast near Bass Rock; Baschurch in Shropshire, Old Basing and an obscure identification with the Battle of Cerdicesford, now Charford, both in Hampshire.
"The seventh battle was in the Caledonian Forest, that is, the Battle of Celidon Coit": As well as unconvincing arguments for the Chilterns and the Sussex Weald, some follow Geoffrey of Monmouth in supporting a wood just north of Lincoln for the location of this battle. However, Geoffrey appears to have been confused. He informs us that the battle took place after the Saxon, Scottish and Pictish alliance fled north from the Battle of Lincoln. He does not seem to have realized just how far they managed to travel before Arthur finally caught up with them; for the seventh battle site can pretty certainly be identified as the Caledonian Forest in modern Scotland: Coed Celyddon. It may originally have stretched from the Solway to the Highlands, but Welsh tradition indicates the area of the Scottish border. The Moffat region of Dumfriesshire, Penrith in Cumbria and Glasgow have all been suggested. This could, again, have been King Arthuis of the Pennines fighting against invading Scots; or possibly this is a memory of the later Battle of Arfderydd, now Arthuret in Cumbria. In 573, the British armies of Kings Gwenddoleu of Caer-Wenddoleu and Peredyr of Ebrauc clashed here in a territorial quarrel over the fort at Caer-Laverock. The fight is particularly associated with Arthurian legend because the original Merlin or Myrddin fled, after the battle, into the Celidon Forest.
"The eighth battle was in Guinnion fort, and in it Arthur carried the image of the holy Mary, the everlasting Virgin, on his shield, and the heathen were put to flight on that day, and there was great slaughter upon them, through the power of Jesus Christ and the power of the holy Virgin Mary, his mother.": This quote suffers from the same problems as that for the Battle of Badon in the Annales Cambriae : the Welsh words for shield and shoulder being confused. Geoffrey of Monmouth explains that Arthur bore armorial bearings of both cross and virgin: the arms later adopted by Glastonbury Abbey. Guinnion is another site that is difficult to identify. The name is very similar to the Roman fort of Vinovium at Binchester, Durham. Land's End, Caer Guidn in the British tongue, has also been proposed. An interesting theory suggests a translation of the Saxon Battle of Wihtgarasburh, the Isle of Wight: Gwyn in Welsh. However, either of the walled towns called Venta by the Romans seem more likely. One became the modern Caer-Went in Gwent, the other Win-Chester in Hampshire. The latter was the location for a pre-Camlann battle between Arthur and his usurping nephew, Morded, according to Geoffrey of Monmouth. Modern historians suggest the Saxon invader, Cerdic, as a more likely enemy. An intermediate stage in the evolution of Winchester's name was the Romano-British Caer Guinntguic or Caer Guinn. -guic would be a corrupt form of -iog, a standard Celtic place-name ending. -ion was used similarly and, though there is no record of it, an acceptable alternative for the name would be Caer Guinnion, as with Caer Leir recorded as Caer Lerion and Caer Celef recorded as Caer Celemion. Caerwent is unlikely. The e never did change to an i.
"The ninth battle was in the City of the Legion": The Urbe Legionis or "City of the Legions" causes problems because there were two cities so called: Caerleon and Chester, at either end of the Welsh border. It is also possible that York bore such a title. The idea that many other Roman forts, like Carlisle or Exeter, once had similar names seems unlikely though; as does identification with the Battle of Dyrham. Chester was Caer Legion, while Caerleon was Caer Legion guar Uisc (that is "Caerleon-upon-Usk"), though the latter often lost its suffix. Chester appears to be the likeliest candidate. It was actually recorded in the Annales Cambriae as Urbs Legionis and was the site of a well-attested Battle of Chester in Dark Age times. In 613, King �thelfrith of Bernicia invaded the Welsh Kingdoms in order to stop King Iago of Gwynedd restoring the former's old enemy, Edwin, to the Deiran throne. The armies of Gwynedd, Powys, Pengwern & Dumnonia rose to repel him, but were bitterly defeated at the Battle of Chester: Kings Iago of Gwynedd & Selyf Sarffgadau of Powys being killed. This brave British stand against the Northern Saxons was probably transported back a hundred years to the time of Arthur.
"The tenth battle was on the bank of the river called Tribruit": Tribruit is more properly Tryfrwyd. The battle is mentioned in an eleventh century Welsh poem from the Black Book of Carmarthen, Pa Gur. Cai Hir (the Tall), Arthur's foster-brother of traditional legend, apparently fought there against a foe named Garwlwyd. Presumably therefore, Arthur, as Cai's patron in the poem, was the British commander at the battle. Some people identify it's location as the River Frew at Stirling; others, the River Ribble in Lancashire; the Severn at Gloucester or the Eden at Carlisle.
"The eleventh battle was on the hill called Agned": Geoffrey of Monmouth identifies Monte Agned as Edinburgh and there appears to be little evidence to contradict him. The rock of Edinburgh Castle was certainly occupied at this time. It was a strategic point of some importance at the centre of the Kingdom of Gododdin. Perhaps the battle was connected with King Lot of Gododdin being one of the eleven kings who rebelled against Arthur at the beginning of his reign. Edinburgh alias Din-Eityn specifically relates to the settlement on top of the rock of course. Geoffrey calls this the Castle of Maidens or the Dolorous Castle. There was apparently a 7th century Siege of Din-Eityn. Could this have been the real Battle of Mount Agned pushed back to Arthur's reign? More obscure proposed identifications include Brent Knoll, Somerset; Ribchester, Lancashire and Cirencester, Gloucestershire. A 10th century version of Nennius' History gives this battle the alternative name of Breguoin. This may have been another of Arthur's victories. The name could be a corruption of Bravonium, a Roman name for Leintwardine in Herefordshire. This is conveniently situated for a possible battle involving King Athrwys of Ergyng , though the place was, more usually, called Branogenium. Alternatively, the name could stem from Bremenium, now High Rochester in Northumberland. Unfortunately, this is probably also the site of King Urien Rheged 's Battle of the Cells of Brewyn, as mentioned in Welsh poetry. Arthur, therefore, erroneously claims another battle.
"The twelfth battle was on Badon Hill and in it nine hundred and sixty men fell in one day, from a single charge of Arthur's, and no-one lay them low save he alone.": It was at the Battle of Mount Badon that tradition says the Saxon advance into Britain was finally halted. It was Arthur's greatest victory and, not surprisingly, there are many claimants for its location. Forts are preferred since Gildas , in his De Excidio Britanniae ", more properly called the battle a "siege" and nearby Rivers Avon strengthen claims. Possibilities include Bowden Hill, Lothian; Dumbarton Rock, Strathclyde; Mynydd Baedan, Glamorgan; or Brent Knoll, Somerset. Modern theory, however, suggests one of the many Badburys around the country: in Dorset, Wiltshire, Berkshire, Northamptonshire and Lincolnshire. Liddington Castle, near Badbury and Baydon in Wiltshire, seems most popular at present. Welsh tradition backed up by Geoffrey of Monmouth is, however, almost certainly correct in identifying the battle site with Bath, Caer Baddon, or, at least somewhere in its vicinity. Little Solsbury Hill or Bathampton Down has been suggested.
Arthur's last battle, where he was fatally wounded, is not mentioned by Nennius. It is known to us from the Annales Cambriae as:
"The Strife of Camlann in which Arthur and Medraut perished".
Over the years, it has been variously identified as being at Queen or West Camel on the River Cam, Somerset; at Slaughter Bridge on the River Camel in Cornwall; at Camelon, Stirlingshire or Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire. Recent suggestions indicate Goring Gap on the Thames at the Berkshire/Oxfordshire border or Cadnam in the New Forest. Generally, however, modern historians recognise the battle-site as the Roman fort of Camboglanna, on Hadrian's Wall. The place is now called Castlesteads in Cumbria, though the place is often confused with nearby Birdoswald, now thought to have been Banna. However, this northern site appears unlikely for the traditional Arthur and there seems no good reason to look anywhere other than one of the three Welsh Camlans of today: the two Camlan Valleys in Southern Meirionydd and the River Gamlan in Southern Dunoding.
| Battle of Camlann |
Also known as Annonaria; in Roman mythology, who was the personification of luck? | Arthurian Legend
"Worlds of Arthur - Facts & Fictions of the Dark Ages" (2013) Professor Guy Halsall at pages vii, viii & 51 to 86
Preface
… I was reading the latest populist Arthurian history to hit the shelves. Positive reviews in war-gaming magazines suggested that it presented a plausible, scholarly case. It didn't, and this annoyed me. Almost every bookshop in the UK has at least half a shelf of this sort of book about 'King Arthur'. Written by amateur enthusiasts, each reveals a different 'truth' about the lost king of the Britons. All are mutually incompatible but usually based in whole or part upon the same evidence. Each author fanatically believes his version (and the author is usually a he) to be the true story, hushed up by horrid academics or by political conspiracies (usually by the English) or sometimes his rivals. Obviously they can't all be right. In fact none of them is, because, as this book will make clear, none of them can be. Arthur, if he existed - and he might have done - is irretrievably lost.
Such books sell, no doubt. Interest in 'King Arthur' is enormous. Yet they sell not because the 'interested layman' necessarily has a vested interest in the argument that King Arthur was Scottish, Cornish, Welsh, or from Warwickshire or even, I suspect, in whether or not he existed. They sell because people believe the misleading claims of these books' covers, to reveal the 'truth' or unlock the 'secret'. In other words, they want to know. I could decry the cynicism of publishers who profit from this audience's sincere but ill-informed desire for knowledge and from these authors' dishonesty but I am more troubled by the inactivity of my own, historical profession. Why has it done nothing to help this interested lay audience, by propagating the results of the specialist work that disproves any and all claims to have discovered the real Arthur? Why has it not at least made available some insight into how to judge, and see through, the siren claims of the pseudo-histories, as I will refer to non-academic treatments of this period that ignore recent scholarly analyses?
This book responds to this demand. Before going any further, I should confess to being what might be termed a romantic Arthurian agnostic. That is to say that I wish that Arthur had existed but that I must admit that there is no evidence - at any rate none admissible in any serious 'court of history' - that he ever did so. Simultaneously, though, I also concede that it is impossible to prove for sure that he didn't exist, that one cannot demonstrate for sure that there is no 'fire' behind the 'smoke' of later myth and legend. If that sounds too wishy-washy, I will argue that this is the only attitude that can seriously be held concerning the historicity of the 'once and future king'.
4. The antimatter of Arthur
Reassessing the Written Sources
… This chapter examines the literary evidence again, source by source, in more or less chronological order.
Two extremely important points must be set out at the start. The first is that medieval writers and their audiences … expected different things from 'history'. Unlike 'moderns', medieval people did not have a category of 'factual history' separate from what might today be thought of as 'historical fiction', 'alternative history', or even 'fantasy'. A moral 'truth', a good story with a valuable lesson, was far more important than factual accuracy …
… Closely related to this is the second point: sources must be taken as a whole. You cannot cherry-pick some bits and ignore others accord�ing to what you want to believe. You cannot winnow out fact from fiction solely on the basis of modern ideas …
Gildas
The basic building block for the traditional political historical narra�tive of fifth- and sixth-century Britain is Gildas' De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae (On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain). This was certainly com�posed in Britain during our period but that is about all that can be said with absolute confidence about its date and provenance. We know nothing about Gildas himself … It is impossible to know where Gildas wrote except that it was probably not in a part of Britain con�trolled, in his day, by 'Saxons'. Nor can we say when he was writing. It is frequently claimed that he wrote circa 540 but this date lacks any solid foundation …
… There is some evidence for an 'early Gildas', writing in the late fifth century. This includes Gildas' rhetorical education, his Latin style, his theological concerns, and a rereading of his historical section and where he places himself within it. I tend towards this interpretation, although it cannot be proven. It is unlikely that Gildas wrote before 480/490 or much after about 550; beyond that we cannot go …
… The most significiant discussion for present purposes concerns that oft-cited chronological indicator, Gildas' phrase about Mount Badon …
… Of course we still don't know when Gildas' birth or the siege of Badon Hill were … If pressed, I might plump for the first decade of the century …
… Gildas' failure to mention Arthur has produced all sorts of specu�lation. Later medieval writers invented stories about how Gildas and Arthur fell out but they were, like us, trying to account for - to them - an inexplicable omission … Finally, either 'Arthur' is another name for one of Gildas' characters - Ambrosius Aurelianus, 'the proud tyrant', or the Cuneglasus mentioned in the 'complaint to the kings' and addressed as 'bear' (the arth- element of Arthur's name means 'bear') - or Arthur belongs chronologically after Gildas. The sec�ond option might be possible, especially if Gildas is moved back to the very late fifth century. It is, however, obviously a pretty weak, if convenient, argument to explain a silence which, if Arthur never existed, would need no explanation. None of the suggestions for characters who are 'really' Arthur finds any evidential support. Like the first proposal, they spring from a desire to make the data fit an a priori assumption and thus account for the absence of actual evi�dence.
Bede
After Gildas, no insular source describes the 'world of Arthur' until we come to the famous 'Venerable Bede' in early eighth-century Northumbria (in the monastery of Monkwearmouth-Jarrow to be exact). Bede was a chronographer before he was a historian; he was interested in the measurement of time, essentially for theological pur�poses: calculating the proper date of Easter; establishing the age of the world, and so on. This led him to popularize the AD system of dating still in use … he didn't invent it but he might as well have done. In turn it brought about his two chronicles (the lesser and the greater: Chronica Minora and Chronica Majora): lists of years and the events that happened in them. At the end of his life his interest in chronology and belief that the contemporary English Church had degenerated from a putative seventh-century golden age led him to compose his most famous work, The Ecclesiastical History of the English People (HE), which he completed in 731, shortly before his death (735). We therefore know immensely more about Bede, his life, and circumstances than we do about Gildas.
Bede put his version of British history between the end of Roman rule and St Augustine's arrival in the latter part of Book I of the Ecclesiastical History … It is a fascinating attempt to put together a coherent narrative from diverse components, almost all of which still survive. In other words, Bede apparently knew as little as we do about the period between circa 410 and circa 597. His principal source is Gildas' On the Ruin, which he read as a single narrative of events, probably … a mistake but one which almost everyone who has read Gildas since has made. Into this he wove information from several other sources … The status and origins of the information Bede added to Gildas' story are essentially unknowable …
… We need to emphasize that Bede's is a significant mutation of Gildas' story …
… This neatly underlines how Bede knew almost nothing about the 200 or so years before Augustine's arrival inde�pendently of sources we still have. Thus his account has flimsy and unreliable foundations, and can bear little weight. For Bede that was irrelevant. The point of the Ecclesiastical History was that the Britons had lost control of Britain's green and pleasant land, driven out by the Saxons, chosen by God to be His scourge of a sinful people. Bede felt that the Anglo-Saxons could go the same way if they didn't mend their ways …
… Note, though, that neither Bede, nor any of his sources, oral, legen�dary, or written, says anything about 'Arthur'. For this the most straightforward and, given that we still have almost all of Bede's sources, unsurprising explanation is simply that he (and they) didn't know anything about him. It doesn't necessarily imply that Arthur never existed; a perfectly acceptable and consistent qualification of the explanation just given is 'or, if they had heard of him, he didn't matter to their story'.
The History of the Britons
So we come to the first datable source to mention Arthur, the History of the Britons (HB), written in 828/9, in North Wales. The name Nennius (or Nemnius) was only attached to a later manuscript of this source …
The HB shows just how elaborate legends about the fifth century had become by the early eighth. Structurally the work looks like a mess … Then we come to the 'Battle List of Arthur' … which serves as a linking passage introducing the History's account of northern Britain, mainly in the seventh century … A list of the 'Wonders of Britain', including the second passage about Arthur (mentioned in Chapter 1), is appended to the end of the History …
… The HB assembles material from a string of sources, some of which can be identified but almost none of which has any claim to reliability … Much of the story is woven from Bede's and thus, behind that, Gildas' accounts …
… And so we return to Arthur's battles … it is often supposed to represent a fragment of a lost poem celebrating Arthur's achievements. The battles themselves have engendered any number of pseudo-histories, purporting to reconstruct King Arthur's campaigns. Their locations are suggested and a putative military context invented, within the traditionally sup�posed overall situation of a war between defending Britons and invading Anglo-Saxons … Of course the loca�tions are usually chosen with the context in mind, so it is almost invariably a circular argument. On the other hand, sceptics counter by saying that, whether this is a poem or not, we have no way of knowing whether it gives any sort of historical account. By 830 there had been at least 300 years for poems to be composed and elaborated, for characters to be invented, battles made up, for real battles from various contexts to be brought together and ascribed to a mighty, legendary war-leader.
… As we have seen, it seems unlikely that Gildas does say that Badon was won by Ambrosius Aurelianus. The other five locations are found nowhere else in surviving literature, making it at least 'not proven' that they are a diverse medley of famous battles assembled and connected with Arthur.
One other point must be stressed. With the exception of the 'Battle of the Caledonian Forest', which ought to be somewhere north of Hadrian's Wall, and Linnuis, which might be Lindsey (Lincolnshire), the locations of all of these battles are unknown and unknowable. This is of supreme importance if reading modern pseudo-histories so I'll say it again:
THE LOCATIONS OF ALL OF THESE BATTLES ARE UNKNOWN AND UNKNOWABLE
The Historia Brittonum is a fascinating, infuriating source. It still holds many secrets, doubtless including ones that no one will ever uncover. Most of them, however, relate to politics and history-writing in early ninth-century Wales. That topic is no less important or interesting than fifth-century history. Let's be clear about that. As with Gildas and Bede, we must identify the questions which the source does address rather than hammering it to fit those which it doesn't.
… By the same token, though, everything that the HB does tell us about Ambrosius is surely fictitious. On this analogy, the dubious nature of the HB as a source for Arthur does not mean that no such person ever lived during the fifth or sixth centuries. In the end, the Historia Brittonum provides no decisive grounds for accepting or rejecting 'the historical Arthur'; 'you pays your money and takes your choice'. However, it cannot be stressed too strongly that the HB does not pro�vide any reliable information about any historical figure of that name.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Our final major source, much used in Arthurian pseudo-histories, is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, first composed at or near King Alfred's court in the 880s and continued in various different manuscripts down to the reign of King Stephen (1135-54). The Chronicle's account of the fifth century is extremely dubious and it is staggering that people took it literally for so long …
The Chronicle's sources were Bede, whom we've already discussed and dismissed as a reliable independent witness for the fifth century, and a range of genealogical and other legendary sources …
There could be snippets of sixth-century fact in the Chronicle but it is impossible now to disentangle them from the narrative and strucure of its authors' propaganda, or from the huge dose of myth, legend, and pun with which they injected it.
The Welsh Annals
The last insular narrative to consider is the Annales Cambriae (Welsh Annals) … this contains two 'Arthurian' entries , one concerning Badon, the other Arthur's death at Camlann. The source itself probably belongs to the later tenth century; its last entry is 954 and the last year counted 977. The earliest manuscript dates to around 1100 (the Annals are appended to a text of the HB ), though, and the two other variants belong to the thirteenth century. Immediately, therefore, we note how much later it is than Arthur's alleged existence … There is no persuasive reason to presume that the Welsh Annals simply transmit earlier more contemporary records in unmodi�fied form. A closer look confirms these suspicions.
The second obvious point to remark upon is the similarity between its account of Badon and the HB 's description of Castell Guinnion … there is no prima facie reason to take the account very seriously. Like the HB 's story it is clearly legendary …
The Camlann entry must come from somewhere else, however. This is the first mention of Arthur's last, climactic battle and of Medraut …
… The Welsh Annals remain a dubious source for 'the historical Arthur'. Their author possibly had access to some Arthurian tradition otherwise lost, different from the account handed down from Gildas via Bede and the HB (an argument, in other words, for the 'bubbling kettle' reading … but it is impossible to argue that these traditions had any better claim to historical reliability.
Welsh 'heroic' Poetry
The other source possibly from before AD 1000 to mention Arthur is the poem Y Gododdin … some suppose Y Gododdin's stanza about Gorddur to be the earliest mention of Arthur. The poem, however, is not clearly datable. The events it describes are generally supposed to relate to the period around 600. Some historians have suggested a half century earlier but on no good grounds …
So where does this leave Gorrdur, who 'was not Arthur' ? It is certainly odd that 'pro-Arthurians' argue that the decisive evidence for Arthur's historical existence is a source saying that someone wasn't Arthur. Stating that someone was or was not 'Arthur' implies nothing about Arthur's existence …
We cannot rule out Arthur's existence on the basis of these doubts, but it is equally impossible to use this stanza from Y Gododdin as evidence that he did exist. All we can say is that, by whatever date this stanza was composed, the poet knew of an Arthur figure who could be used as a benchmark for military prowess. Whether that Arthur was a really existing leader or a mythic figure cannot be deduced.
The issuers just discussed apply to the rest of Welsh 'heroic' verse, including the works of 'Taliesin' about other legendary northern British milittary heroes like Urien and Owain of Rheged, which - highly signifficantly - does not otherwise mention Arthur.
Odds and Ends
The foregoing list encompasses pretty much all of the written mate�rial deemed to be of relevance to reconstructing the 'World of King Arthur'. A little more needs to be said about one or two additional sources.
The Life of St Germanus
… The Life was composed about thirty years after Germanus' death but its author knew people who had known the saint, including Bishop Lupus of Troyes who accompanied Germanus to Britain. That said, it is a work of hagiography (writing about saints), filled with miracles. Telling a sober history as a repository of facts for later schol�ars was no part of its purpose. It has been argued - at one extreme - that the entire Life is a patchwork of hagiographical commonplaces intended as a teaching instrument about proper theological beliefs and the correct role of a bishop. One cannot simply take the Life, ignore the miraculous elements, and sift out the rest as 'proper' his�tory; one must take it as a whole …
The Gallic Chronicle of 452
The other contemporary mainland European source for British events is the Gallic Chronicle of 452. This anonymous work was appar�ently composed somewhere in south-east Gaul (Valence or Marseille have been suggested). It can hardly be called detailed and, like most fifth-century sources, its principal interest is doctrinal controversy. It is a series of fairly terse annalistic entries that stops in 452, hence the name: the whole text seems to have been written at about that date. Amongst these are two British entries. The first mentions that the British provinces were 'laid waste by Saxon invasion'. The second says that the British provinces were 'subjected to the authority of the Saxons' …
… quite what the chronicler (in south-eastern Gaul) or his informants meant when they said that Britain had been subjected to Saxon authority is unknown. We cannot determine whether this and the other Saxon attack were the only British events the chronicler knew of, or whether they were selected for rhetorical or stylistic effect from a more general 'background noise' of tales of Saxon attacks. This makes it impossible to evaluate these events' significance. The evidence of the Gallic Chronicle of 452 cannot bear much weight.
Welsh Sources
Most of the relevant Welsh sources have been discussed already. There are other traditions and legends, which appear in later medieval Welsh and Breton saints' lives and in more Welsh poetry … It does not require detailed analysis. Suffice it to say that these sources are all very late and postdate the florescence of Arthurian legend … The extent of influence from the other Arthurian traditions flourishing by then cannot be assessed. Nor can we identify what might be separate traditions or evaluate the extent to which they might preserve earlier tales. Thus these stories cannot reliably be projected back into the fifth and sixth centuries.
Names
Finally, we have encountered three genuinely historical Arthurs liv�ing in the late sixth century, which some have seen as arguing that a real Arthur existed not long before. This is quite an attractive sugges�tion although it is, of course, not the only factor that could produce three minor royals sharing an unusual name at about the same time. To other writers, one of them actually is our 'King Arthur', the son of Aedan being the most popular candidate. After all, the earliest possi�ble (or, alternatively, most optimistic) date for the stanza referring to Arthur in Y Gododdin would be within a generation of the lives of these three. Sadly we know little or nothing about them. None of them appears to have been particularly noteworthy. This has usually been the basis of attempts to dismiss the idea that one or other of them might be 'King Arthur', the mighty warrior of lore. This is a weak argument, given the scarcity of references to Arthur in the 400 years after their deaths and the failure (evident from the Armes Prydein's silence) of the Historia Brittonum to make a heroic national figure out of its Arthur, at least until Geoffrey of Monmouth took up the cause 300 years later. The fact that even John Morris had to acknowledge that no one else was known to have called their son Arthur for another 500 years or so, until the mid-eleventh century - in other words until about the time of the explosion of Arthurian legend - is further, weighty evidence against any historical Arthur being at all well known, even in legend, in the second half of the first millennium. That the next, eleventh-century, Arthurs we know about are all Normans or Bretons, rather than Welshmen or Scots, supports the notion … that the Arthur legend was largely reintroduced into Great Britain at the Norman Conquest. The possi�bility that one of the late sixth-century Arthurs might, for whatever reason now lost to us, be the reality behind the Arthur legend might very well be the simplest and most prosaic - but also (if I'm honest) slightly disappointing - solution to the whole Arthurian conun�drum.
Place-names
Britain abounds with 'Arthur' place-names, from Scotland to Cornwall. Most of these lie in the highland areas of the island but there is little or no use that the historian can make of this fact. These names are not recorded until well after the explosion of the Arthurian legend in the eleventh century. That the legendary corpus frequently associated Arthur with the highlands, perhaps through his leadership of the Britons, is reason enough for the popularity of Arthur names in those areas. What is more, landscape features very often have per�sonal names attached to them without there being any historical basis to the association … South Cadbury's 'Camelot' associations may well have grown considerably after John Leland's visit in the sixteenth century. [4]
Conclusion
If you want to believe in a real 'King Arthur', the analysis of the writ�ten sources for fifth- and sixth-century Britain makes depressing reading. With the exception of Gildas (and restricting Gildas' testi�mony mainly to its 'non-historical' elements) and probably the Life of Germanus' account of the bishop's first visit, there is no reliable writ�ten source for this period. Unless some important new written sources are discovered, which is unlikely, the construction of a detailed narrative political historical account is quite out of the ques�tion and always will be. The claim of any book that purports to present such a history should be rejected immediately and out of hand. Such attempts represent fiction, no more and no less. Some of the 'old chestnuts' by which modern pseudo-histories try to circum�vent this unpalatable but ineluctable conclusion are dealt with in Chapter 7. The sources are interesting and useful if pressed into serv�ice in the exploration of other questions - questions they can answer - such as about the idea of history in ninth-century England and Wales. For British political history between 410 and 597 they are quite useless. Shadows of real events and people might survive in the material compiled between the early eighth and the late tenth century but we cannot now identify them. However, if our written evidence is absolutely incapable of proving that Arthur existed, and certainly of telling us anything reliable about him, its faults do not prove that he did not exist. Now, having more or less swept away all the written sources once thought useful for the history of fifth- and sixth-century Britain, we must return to the archaeological evidence and examine whether it makes up for this documentary shortfall.
Professor Guy Halsall has taught at the universities of London and York, where he has been a professor of history since 2006. His early specialism was in the history and archaeology of the Merovingian period (circa 450 - 750), and he has since published widely on a broad range of subjects, including death and burial, age and gender, violence and warfare, barbarian migrations, and humour. This investigation into the 'worlds of Arthur' brings him back to the study of early medieval British history and archaeology with which his scholarly training began.
[4] Editor's note: the first known author to refer to Cadbury as Camelot is John Leland in 1542. John Leland (1503 to 1552) was a staunch patriot, and believed firmly in the historical veracity of King Arthur. He therefore took offence when the Italian scholar Polydore Vergil cast doubts on certain elements in the Arthurian legend in his Anglica Historia (published in 1534). Leland's first response was an unpublished tract, written perhaps in 1536, the Codrus sive Laus et Defensio Gallofridi Arturii contra Polydorum Vergilium. He followed this with a longer published work, the Assertio inclytissimi Arturii regis Britannia (1544). In both texts, Leland drew on a wide range of literary, etymological, archaeological and oral sources to defend the historicity of Arthur. Although his central belief was flawed, his work preserved much evidence for the Arthurian tradition that might otherwise have been lost.
Leland's material provides invaluable evidence for reconstructing the lost "tomb" of Arthur (a twelfth-century fabrication) at Glastonbury Abbey. On his itinerary of 1542, Leland was the first to record the tradition (possibly influenced by the proximity of the villages of Queen Camel and West Camel) identifying the hillfort of Cadbury Castle in Somerset as Arthur's Camelot:
"At the very south ende of the chirch of South-Cadbyri standeth Camallate, sumtyme a famose toun or castelle, apon a very torre or hille, wunderfully enstregnthenid of nature … The people can telle nothing ther but that they have hard say that Arture much resortid to Camalat."
"The Secret Library" (2016) Oliver Tearle at pages 41 to 44
Chapter 2
The Middle Ages
Merlin's Debut
The stories of King Arthur draw upon a similar historical time period to Beowulf. Indeed, both names, Arthur and Beowulf, are thought by some linguists to have etymological connections with bears, conveying their fearsome might and dauntless courage (though in both cases the theory has been disputed). The chief difference is that Arthur fought against the Angles and Saxons, the very people who brought the tale of Beowulf with them to Britain. Arthur is a pre-Saxon figure, king of the 'Britons' or natives, defending his land against the Germanic hordes.
Arthur's story has been told countless times by writers down the ages, since at least the ninth century. As a result, there are some strange and inconsistent ideas surrounding the legend. Most people know of the tale of the 'sword in the stone' - memorably told, or rather retold, by T. H. White in his 1938 novel The Sword in the Stone, later filmed by Disney - which features Arthur plucking Excalibur from a stone, an act that could only be performed by the true king. (This myth may have its basis in the very real practice of casting metal swords in stone moulds, from which they would have to be extracted once the metal had set.) But in most renderings of the tale, the sword Arthur pulls from the stone is not Excalibur: Excalibur is the sword he receives later, once he has been crowned king, from the Lady of the Lake. In some versions of the story, it is Galahad who has to pull the sword from the stone. In others, Bedivere, not Arthur, receives the sword from the Lady of the Lake. In the earliest romances, it is Arthur's nephew Gawain who owns a sword named Excalibur. These inconsistencies are a result of the fact that many authors, not one, have contributed to the Arthurian story, so there is no definitive version of the legend. Instead, our idea of Arthuriana is an amalgamation and conflation of various myths, stories and rewritings.
However, if there was one writer who helped to bring Arthur to an international audience, it was the twelfth-century Welsh cleric Geoffrey of Monmouth, whose Historia Regum Britanniae or History of the Kings of Britain was the most influential text for later writers of the Arthur myth. Geoffrey's History was a medieval bestseller in a world before printed books. As we've seen, Beowulf survived in one single scorched manuscript; there are over 200 copies of Geoffrey's History from the medieval period. When Geoffrey was writing, the line between history and fiction was by no means easy to draw, and as a result we cannot say how much of his History is grounded in fact and how much was later invention, whether his own or other people's.
The nineteenth-century French scholar Gaston Paris suggested that Geoffrey changed the Welsh Myrddin to Merlin to avoid resemblance to the Latin merda, 'faeces'.
Geoffrey's account of the legendary king contains the first appearance of many of the iconic features of the Arthurian myth, including the wizard Merlin. (It also features some strange notions, such as the theory that Merlin was responsible for the construction of Stonehenge, having taken the huge stones from Ireland by magic. People remained confused about Stonehenge for some time after this: the seventeenth-century architect Inigo Jones thought it was a Roman monument.) As if all this wasn't enough of a cultural legacy, Geoffrey's History is also ultimately the source (albeit indirectly) for two of Shakespeare's plays, King Lear and Cymbeline.
Geoffrey of Monmouth had his own agenda in popularizing the Arthur myth, though quite what that agenda was continues to divide critics. He could well have been suggesting that the arrival of the Normans at the Battle of Hastings had put an end to the squabbles between the Saxons and the native Britons such as Arthur, but if this is the case, it's somewhat ironic that Geoffrey himself was writing against the backdrop of a bloody civil war raging between the Norman king Stephen and his cousin, Empress Matilda. What is certain is that subsequent authors have also reworked the Arthurian tale to reflect their own times. Francis of Assisi remarked that Arthur, along with other medieval pin-ups such as Charlemagne and Roland, were Christian martyrs who had been prepared to die in battle to defend their faith in Christ. There were numerous retellings of the Arthur legend throughout the Middle Ages, such as that by the Norman author Wace (pronounced 'wassy'), who added the Round Table, the French writer Chrétien de Troyes' poems of the late twelfth century (which added the character of Lancelot and the adulterous affair with Guinevere, wife of Arthur), the Alliterative Morte Arthure written in Middle English and dating from around 1400, and - most enduringly of all - Sir Thomas Malory's fifteenth-century prose work Le Morte d'Arthur.
Daily Mail , 3rd August 2016
Archaeologists believe they may have discovered the birthplace of the legendary King Arthur at a Cornish palace. The palace in Tintagel is believed to have been built in the sixth century - around the time that the king may have lived. Researchers have uncovered 3ft (1 metre) thick palace walls and more than 150 fragments of ancient pottery and glass which had been imported from around the world.
Excavations have been taking place at the 13th century Tintagel Castle in Cornwall for five years in a project run by English Heritage. The castle is popularly thought to be the legendary birthplace of King Arthur, in part because of the discovery of a slate engraved with 'Artognou' which was found at the site in 1998. Geoffrey of Monmouth, a medieval historian, also claimed Tintagel was the birthplace of King Arthur in his book 'Historia Regum Britannae' - a history of British monarchs that some have called unreliable. This book was almost certainly completed by 1138 at a time when the Tintagel promontory, where the new palace has been discovered, was not inhabited. The medieval castle, that still stands today, was built almost 100 years later. The book suggests King Arthur was conceived after an affair between a king and the wife of a local ruler. Monmouth's assertion would likely have had to come from now long-lost earlier legends.
But it appears whoever lived at the site enjoyed a life of wealth and finery. More than 150 fragments of pottery and glass that had been imported to the site from exotic locations across the globe showed wealthy people lived there. These include Late-Roman amphorae, fragments of fine glass and a rim of Phocaean red-slip ware - the first shard of fine tableware ever discovered on the south side of the island. Archaeologists found evidence showing they drank wine from Turkey and olive oil from the Greek Aegean, using cups from France and plates made in North Africa.
Geophysical surveys carried out earlier this year found the walls and layers of buried buildings built between the 5th and 7th centuries. New excavations led by Cornwall Archaeological Unit (CAU) are shedding light on how and when the buildings were constructed. Researchers believe the 3 feet (one-metre) thick walls being unearthed are from a palace belonging to the rulers of the ancient south-west British kingdom of Dumnonia. The kingdom was centred in the area we now know as Devon, but included parts of modern Cornwall and Somerset, with its eastern boundary changing over time as the gradual westward expansion of the neighbouring Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex encroached on its territory.
"The discovery of high-status buildings - potentially a royal palace complex - at Tintagel is transforming our understanding of the site" said Win Scutt, English Heritage properties curator covering the West of England. "It is helping to reveal an intriguing picture of what life was like in a place of such importance in the historically little-known centuries following the collapse of Roman administration in Britain. This is the most significant archaeological project at Tintagel since the 1990s. The three week dig this summer is the first step in a five year research programme to answer some key questions about Tintagel. We'll be testing the dig sites to plan more advanced excavations next year, getting a much clearer picture of the footprint of early medieval buildings on the island, and gathering samples for analysis. It's when these samples are studied in the laboratory that the fun really starts, and we'll begin to unearth Tintagel's secrets."
This is the first time substantial buildings from the heart of the Dark Ages have been found in Britain. The Dark Ages is an imprecise period of time which describes the centuries following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. This means what the archaeologists have found is of major historical significance - irrespective of the potential connection to King Arthur. The facts around the real King Arthur are mired in myth and folklore, but historians believe he ruled Britain from the late 5th and early 6th centuries.
Who was King Arthur ?
The facts around the real King Arthur are mired in myth and folklore, but historians believe he ruled Britain from the late 5th and early 6th centuries. What is known is that during his reign as king he had to defend the land against Saxon invaders. He first appears in historical documents from the early 9th century, but much of what we know of the legendary king comes from the writings of Geoffrey Monmouth, who penned his history of Arthur in the 1100s. Links with the Holy Grail first appear in French accounts of the king, written circa 1180. Many historians agree that while the king was a genuine historical figure in early Britain, he could in fact be a composite of multiple people from an age of poor record keeping.
Tintagel Castle: steeped in legends of myth and magic
Tintagel Castle is a medieval fortification located on the peninsula of Tintagel Island, close to the village of Tintagel in Cornwall, England. The castle has a long association with the Arthurian legends, going back to the 12th century. In the 'Historia Regum Britanniae', a fictional account of British history written by Geoffrey of Monmouth, Tintagel is described as the place where Arthur was conceived. According to the tale, Arthur's father, King Uther Pendragon, was disguised by Merlin's sorcery to look like Gorlois, Duke of Cornwall and the husband of Ygerna, Arthur's mother. The book was extremely popular and other Arthurian tales were produced in the late medieval period which claimed the king was actually born at Tintagel. Merlin the magician was also said to live below the castle in a cave. In his Idylls of the King, Lord Alfred Tennyson also refers to the links between Tintagel and Arthur.
Despite these literary connections, no archaeologist has been able to find proof at the site that King Arthur existed or that the castle was linked to the legendary king. The archaeologist C A Ralegh Radford declared in 1935 that:
"No evidence whatsoever has been found to support the legendary connection of the Castle with King Arthur."
Many historians believe King Arthur was a completely mythical character, but others disagree, saying he may be based upon a British leader in the fifth century. In the 13th century, during the later medieval period, a castle was built on the site by Richard, Earl of Cornwall, which later fell into disrepair and ruin. Archaeologists in the 19th Century took interest in the site as it became a tourist attraction, with visitors coming to see the ruins of Richard's castle. Excavations in 1998 unearthed pottery from the 5th and 6th centuries at Tintagel Castle. Today Tintagel Castle is a popular tourist destination managed by English Heritage.
Did the legendary King Arthur really exist ?
Both the 'Historia Brittonum' (History of the Britons circa 828) and 'Annales Cambriae' (Welsh Annals circa mid-10th century), state that Arthur was a genuine historical figure, a Romano-British leader who fought against the invading Anglo-Saxons in the late 5th to early 6th century. The 9th Century 'Historia Brittonum' lists 12 battles that King Arthur fought, including the Battle of Mons Badonicus, where he is said to have killed 960 men - but some scholars have dismissed the reliability of this text.
Tintangel Castle is popularly thought to be the legendary birthplace of King Arthur based on the discovery of a slate engraved with 'Artognou' which was found at the site in 1998. Silchester was the site of King Arthur's coronation and was able to continuously defend itself against the Saxons. The Roman name for Silchester was Calleba � similar to the name given to Arthur's sword, Excalibur. One of Arthur's celebrated battles against the Saxons was fought at Chester or the City of the Legion, as it was known in the Dark Ages. Archaeologists have discovered evidence of battle at nearby Heronbridge, and recent excavations show the amphitheatre was fortified during this period, with a shrine to a Christian martyr at its centre. This fits a description of Arthur's Round Table, which was said to be a very large structure, seating 1,600 of his warriors.
During the 1960s, excavations by Philip Rahtz showed someone had inhabited the top of Glastonbury Tor during the so-called Arthurian period. According to the legends, this could have been King Meluas, who abducted Queen Guinevere to his castle at Glastonbury, or Arthur's warrior Gwynn ap Nudd, who was banished from his Palace on the Tor. In 1191, monks at Glastonbury Abbey found the body of a gigantic man, wounded several times in the head. The bones of his wife and a tress of her golden hair were also in the oak coffin.Found with the burial was an ancient lead cross, inscribed with:
"Here lies buried the famous king Arthur with Guinevere his second wife, in the Isle of Avalon."
In 1962, archaeological evidence was found supporting the story that a tomb within the ancient church had been disturbed centuries previously. The whereabouts of the cross and bones are no longer known. However, Arthur is not mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle or any documents written between 400 and 820 including Bede's 'Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum' (Ecclesiastical History of the English People circa 731).
"Royal palace discovered in area believed to be birthplace of King Arthur"
Daily Telegraph , 3rd August 2016
A royal palace has been discovered in the area reputed to be the birthplace of King Arthur. The palace discovered at Tintagel in Cornwall is believed to date from the sixth century - around the time that the legendary king may have lived. They believe the one-metre thick walls being unearthed are from a 6th century palace belonging to the rulers of the ancient south-west British kingdom of Dumnonia.
Excavations have been taking place at the site as part of a five-year research project being run by English Heritage at the 13th century Tintagel Castle in Cornwall to find out more about the historic site from the fifth to the seventh centuries. Using cutting edge techniques, Cornwall Archaeological Unit (CAU), part of Cornwall council, uncovered the walls of the palace and more than 150 fragments of pottery and glass which had been imported to the site from exotic locations across the globe indicating it was inhabited by wealthy individuals. Finds include sherds of imported late-Roman amphorae, fragments of fine glass, and the rim of a Phocaean red-slip ware which is the first piece of fine tableware found on the site. Made in western Turkey and dating from the 5th or 6th centuries, experts say it is the fragment of a bowl or a large dish which may have been used for sharing food during feasting. Win Scutt, English Heritage's properties curator for the West, said:
"This is the most significant archaeological project at Tintagel since the 1990s. The three-week dig is the first step in a five year research programme to answer some key questions about Tintagel and Cornwall's past. The discovery of high-status buildings - potentially a royal palace complex - at Tintagel is transforming our understanding of the site. We're cutting a small window into the site's history, to guide wider excavations next year. We'll also be gathering samples for analysis. It's when these samples are studied in the laboratory that the fun really starts, and we'll begin to unearth Tintagel's secrets."
The team dug four trenches in two previously unexcavated terrace areas of the island settlement and discovered buildings believed to date from the fifth centuries, when Romano-British rulers fought for control of the island against the Anglo-Saxon invaders. Geophysical surveys of the terraces earlier in the year detected the walls and layers of the buried buildings, and the archaeologists have discovered two rooms around 11 metres long and 4 metres wide.
Tintagel is one of Europe's most important archaeological sites. The remains of the castle, built in the 1230s and 1240s by Richard, Earl of Cornwall, brother of Henry III, stand on the site of an early Medieval settlement, where experts believe high-status leaders may have lived and traded with far-off shores, importing exotic goods and trading tin.
Previous excavations have uncovered thousands of pieces of pottery at Tintagel - with the vast majority dating from the fifth to seventh centuries and imported from the Mediterranean. The excavation team, directed by Jacky Nowakowski, principal archaeologist at CAU, is working with specialists from Historic England and geophysicists from TigerGeo Ltd. She said:
"CAU are very excited to be involved in English Heritage's research project at Tintagel. This new archaeological research project will investigate unexplored areas of the island in order to find out more about the character of the buildings on this significant post-Roman settlement at Tintagel. It is a great opportunity to shed new light on a familiar yet infinitely complex site where there is still much to learn and to contribute to active research of a major site of international significance in Cornwall. Our excavations are underway now, and will run both this summer and next, giving visitors the chance to see and hear at first hand new discoveries being made and share in the excitement of the excavations."
Excavations at Tintagel Castle
Previously researchers discovered a Roman amphitheatre in Chester which some experts believe was King Arthur's stronghold of Camelot.
The earliest accounts about King Arthur have come from the writings of the sixth century monk Gildas. A much fuller account of Arthur's life was written many centuries later by Geoffrey of Monmouth, which may have drawn on earlier sources but was suspected of being wildly embellished.
"A bridge fit for King Arthur: Breathtaking new footbridge planned for alleged birthplace of the legendary monarch is officially unveiled"
Daily Mail , 7th November 2016
Steeped in history, myth and folklore, it has been claimed the historic Tintagel Castle was the birthplace of King Arthur. And now the final CGI images have been unveiled for an imposing footbridge English Heritage plans to build at the historic fortification in Cornwall. The impressive structure will link the divided landscape of the famous site - but the £4 million project has caused controversy among historians who argue English Heritage is 'tampering' with Cornish history by trying to turn Tintagel Castle into a 'fairytale theme park' based on the legend of King Arthur.
The remains of the settlement can currently be seen on both the mainland and jagged headland which were once united by a narrow strip of land. The structure - made from a combination of steel, slate and oak wood - has been designed to follow the path of the original land bridge. The winning design by Ney & Partners Civil Engineers and William Matthews Associates has been selected from some 137 entries across 27 countries. It has gone on public display for the first time this week to test the public response. The bridge is due to be completed in 2019 - subject to planning and regulatory approval - and will be used by the castle's 200,000 annual visitors. English Heritage project manager Reuben Briggs said:
"There was a great deal of interest in the proposal to build a new bridge at Tintagel Castle when we announced the winner of our design competition in the spring. Over the seven months since then we have been conducting tests and investigations to ensure the proposed design would work and to minimise any potential impact on Tintagel's archaeology and ecology. Now we're inviting everyone interested in this project to come and view the proposals, hear about the results of our investigations and have their say on our plans. We hope anyone with an interest in this project will join us to find out more and to share their thoughts with us."
Winning planner William Matthews added:
"Tintagel Castle attracts visitors for many reasons: the dramatic landscapes and geological formations, the Dark Ages remains, the ruined 12th century castle and the legends of King Arthur and Tristan and Isolde. Together, they breathe an undeniable and powerful sense of life into the place - to be invited to contribute to that is a rare privilege and honour."
Other plans by English Heritage for further King Arthur attractions at the castle have attracted controversy. A group known as 'Kernow Matters To Us' expressed outrage when Merlin the Magician's face was engraved at the entrance to a rocky inlet near the castle earlier this year. A group of local historians accused the organisation of combining history with fantasy to promote its link with the king in a bid to drum up visitor numbers. The Cornwall Association of Local Historians, which has 200 members, said it was horrified that the head of the wizard Merlin has already been carved into a rock face at the medieval site.
"King Arthur's Legend" (February 2016) Miles Russell & Spencer Mizen, BBC History Magazine at pages 80 to 83
King Arthur. Heroic British warlord who led the fight against marauding Anglo-Saxons, or a figment of a writer's fertile imagination? It's a question that's been puzzling poets, chroniclers, historians and film-makers for more than 1,000 years.
And nowhere does this question have more resonance than on a small, wind�swept, rain-battered headland projecting into the sea off north Cornwall: Tintagel.
Numerous sites across north-west Europe - from Glastonbury Abbey in Somerset to the Forest of Paimpont in Brittany - have trumpeted their connections to King Arthur. Yet surely none are as intimately linked to the legendary warlord as Tintagel.
That this is the case is almost exclusively down to the endeavours of one man: a Welsh cleric going by the name of Geoffrey of Monmouth. In the 1130s, Geoffrey set about writing a history of the kings who had ruled the Britons over the preceding 2,000 years. The resulting Historia Regum Britanniae is among the greatest pieces of medieval history writing - though not an entirely reliable one. It tells us, for example, that Britain was founded by the Trojans, and introduces us to King Lear. Yet, most significant of all, says Miles Russell, senior lecturer in prehistoric and Roman archaeol�ogy at Bournemouth University, is what it tells us about Arthur.
"In his Historia Regum Britanniae Geoffrey gathered together a series of legends from western Britain to come up with a single narrative of the past," says Miles. "So, in the case of Arthur, he related a tale that had been passed down by word of mouth through the generations. In this story, Uther Pendragon is besotted with Igraine, beautiful wife of Gor�lois, Duke of Cornwall. Uther is determined to have Igraine for himself and so, with the help of the wizard Merlin, assumes the image of Gorlois and tricks his way into Gorlois' castle at Tintagel. And it is here, Geoffrey tells us, that Arthur is conceived."
It's not hard to divine why Geoffrey chose Tintagel as the site of a key, dramatic scene in his retelling of a shadowy, mythical past. The modern world can seem a long way away when you venture out onto the island fortress on a dark winter's day the wind whipping around you and the sea raging below. Yet there's more to Tintagel's links to Dark Age Britain than atmosphere.
"Geoffrey's decision to choose Tintagel as the site of Arthur's conception would have been informed by history every bit as much as legend", says Miles. "We know that there was a lot of mining activity - primarily for tin - around here in the Iron Age. And, as Tintagel is such a dominant part of the local landscape, it's more than possible that there was an Iron Age fort up here - perhaps ruled by an Arthur-like warlord."
What's beyond dispute is that, by the sixth century, Tintagel was a bustling port - a key link in a thriving trade network that stretched from southern Britain down the Atlantic seaboard to the Mediterranean coastline.
"You would have had ships coming in here from all over southern Europe to buy tin and copper," says Miles, "and, in return, they brought with them exotic goods such as wine and olive oil".
That this is the case is attested by the hundreds of pieces of fifth to seventh-century pottery that have been discovered all over the island. Faint remains of what is thought to have been the resi�dence of a Dark Age ruler also suggest that Tintagel was a site of some importance.
Yet, following its brief heyday, Tintagel slipped back into obscurity - a draughty outpost on the edge of the kingdom. And there it probably would have stayed if it hadn't been for the arrival on the headland of Earl Richard of Cornwall - brother of King Henry III - in the early 13th century.
The great building project that Richard initiated here in the 1230s still dominates Tintagel today. At its centrepiece is his castle and, though it's now nothing more than a ruin, much of Richard's handiwork - in�cluding two courtyards, a curtain wall and a gate tower - continue to defy everything that the Cornish weather can throw at them. But the question is, why did Richard choose to build at Tintagel?
"Like many Norman aristocrats, Richard was entranced by the romance of the Arthur legend," says Miles. "So when he decided to set up residence in northern Cornwall, what better way of establishing a bond with a heroic, Dark Age warlord - and, in doing so, effectively controlling the Cornish people - than by choosing the site where Arthur was conceived? For Richard, building a castle at Tintagel was a canny political move."
Richard's desperation to establish himself as a latter-day Arthur is even reflected in the design of the castle itself.
"Its walls are thin, and it's built out of slate in a mock antiquat�ed style," says Miles. "This tells us that Richard wasn't attempting to build a highly defensible stronghold but a romantic building that harks back to Arthur - part of what you could call a medieval theme park."
If Richard was obsessed with King Arthur, he was far from alone. Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae was hugely popular in the Middle Ages - and Arthur was its most feted hero.
"The Normans loved Arthur, and that's partly because he is said to have defeated the Anglo-Saxons, just like they'd done," says Miles. "By identifying with Arthur, the Normans were saying: 'We've got a kinship with an ancient line of British kings, so don't dare question our legitimacy.' You can see this in Henry II's decision to commis�sion Glastonbury's monks to excavate the supposed graves of Arthur and Guinevere."
Polite society
Yet the real genius of Geoffrey of Mon�mouth's text is that it transformed a blood-soaked warlord, battling through the mud of western Britain into a universal hero, celebrated in polite society across Europe. Within decades, Arthur was being championed as a Christian hero during the crusades and celebrated as an icon of knightly chivalry by French writers. And this, says Miles, was a phenomenon with staying power.
"More than 300 years after Geoffrey died, Henry VII named his eldest son Arthur to bolster his hold on the English throne. Henry VIII even used the Arthur legend - and its link to a form of British Christianity that predates the papacy - to justify his break with Rome."
But beneath the chivalry, the romance, and the political agendas, there remain questions: Where did the idea of King Arthur come from? Could the legend be based on a historical figure?
"The trouble with this is that it takes us back to one of the most shadowy eras in British history - the chaotic, confused period that would have followed the departure of the Romans," says Miles Russell. "Sure, there could have been a king going by the name of Arthur - this was, after all, a time of warlords, of kingdom fighting kingdom, of the Anglo-Saxon invasion. Yet the reality is that, such is the dearth of evidence, we can never know. There is, for example, no earliest primary source that we can say contains the first secure reference to Arthur. A poem called The Gododdin, possibly from AD 600, compares one of its lead characters to Arthur, which suggests that he may have existed as a model of heroism by the start of the seventh century."
"But the fact is, Geoffrey of Monmouth's Arthur is a composite character. He's created from multiple different heroes. There could be elements of Magnus Maximus - the Roman commander of Britain who led a massive rebellion against the emperor Gratian. Then there's a British general called Ambrosius Aurelianus. He is a prominent figure in the writings of a sixth-century British monk called Gildas, who described how Aurelianus defeated the English at a great (and seemingly historical) battle at a place called Badon."
Could this English-slaying freedom fighter have been the primary inspiration for the mythical figure that became King Arthur? Again, we may never know. But the fact that men such as Aurelianus lived in the period following Rome's fall - an age when Tintagel was a thriving port and probably a power base - only serves to strengthen the site's association with Arthur.
And it is an association that has drawn visitors to Tintagel for centuries. After Earl Richard's death, the island-fortress went into a long decline and the castle became a romantic ruin. That's how it stayed until the 18th and 19th centuries when a series of artists such as Alfred Tennyson - fired up by a renaissance in interest in ancient Britain - began championing Tintagel's connec�tions to the Arthurian legend through paintings and literature. By the end of the 19th century, tourists were flocking here to witness 'Arthur's castle' and 'Merlin's cave'.
Celebrated creation
While most modern historians agree that it is simply impossible to establish a historical link between Tintagel and Geoffrey of Monmouth's most celebrated creation, those tourists keep coming. Tintagel is now one of English Heritage's top five attrac�tions, drawing up to 3,000 visitors a day in the peak summer season.
With a new outdoor interpretation of Arthur's legend (featuring interactive exhibits and artworks) set to be unveiled in 2016, and plans in place to build a new, 72-metre-long footbridge to link the mainland with the island in 2019, the future is looking bright for this Dark Age site. And that, says Miles Russell, is also the case for Arthur.
"He's moved beyond his status as an obscure British king to one of the world's great mythological figures, and so there will always be another element of his legend that can be drawn out. I don't think his story will ever end".
King Arthur: 5 more places to explore
Cadbury Castle , Somerset, where an ancient fort was upgraded. This Iron Age fortress was first linked with Arthur in 1542, when the antiquary John Leland claimed that Cadbury had been 'Camelot'. Excavations here in the late 1960s demonstrated that there was indeed significant remodification of the prehistoric fort in the post Roman period, but whether this was the headquarters of a monarch who inspired the myth of Arthur is unknown.
Glastonbury Abbey , Somerset, where 'Arthur' was reburied. Glastonbury today has strong popular associations with King Arthur. This is in part due to the romantic setting of both the ruined abbey and the Tor, but also because it was here, in 1191, that monks disturbed two graves, supposedly those of Arthur and Guinevere, establishing Glastonbury as 'Avalon'. The bones were reburied by the high altar, providing a lucrative pilgrimage attraction.
The Great Hall , Winchester, where a round table hangs. On the wall of the Great Hall of Winchester hangs a large round table. The round table was added to Arthur's story in the 12th century, and has become a potent aspect of the myth. Dendrochronology suggests that it dates from the late 13th century and it may have been commis�sioned by Edward I, who was a great Arthur enthusiast.
Caerleon , Gwent, Where Arthur may have won a battle. Geoffrey of Monmouth, who may have grown up nearby, frequently mentions Caerleon's Roman legionary fortress in the Historia Regum Britanniae, describing it as a powerful city in Arthur's time. Caerleon could also be the 'City of the Legions', one of the many victories in battle credited to Arthur.
Birdoswald , Cumbria, where it's claimed Arthur was slain. Birdoswald was the Roman fort of Banna, an outpost at the western end of Hadrian's Wall. Some have suggested that the fort provided the basis for the battle of Camlann, where Arthur fell in battle fighting the treacherous Mordred but, as with all things Arthurian, this is much disputed.
Dr Miles Russell is a senior lecturer in prehistoric and Roman archaeology with over 30 years experience of archaeological fieldwork and publication. He graduated from the Institute of Archaeology, University College London in 1988 and worked as a field officer for the UCL Field Archaeology Unit and as a project manager for the Oxford Archaeological Unit, joining Bournemouth University in 1993. He has conducted fieldwork in England, Wales, Scotland, the Isle of Man, Germany, Sicily and Russia. He is currently director of Regnum and co-director of the Durotriges Project, both investigating the transition from the Iron Age to Roman period across south-east and south-west Britain. He gained his doctorate, on Neolithic monumental architecture, in 2000 and was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London in 2006. Miles is a regular contributor to television and radio, his most recent appearances being in Time Team, Time Team: Big Roman Dig, Timewatch, The Seven Ages of Britain, Landscape Mysteries, The One Show, Digging for Britain, Witness, Rome's Lost Legion, Operation Stonehenge: what lies beneath, Discovery, A History of Ancient Britain, The Big Spring Clean, Making History, The Sacred Landscapes of Britain, Border Country: the story of Britain's lost Middleland, Secrets from the Sky and Underground Britain.
The Clans and their Genealogies
Analysis of the Irish Pedigrees
The first group consists of the Clan Calin or Campbells, and the Clan Leod or MacLeods, who are brought from a mythic personage, viz., Fergus Leith Berg, son of Nemedh, who led a colony of Nemedians from Ireland to Scotland. This Nemedian colony belongs to the older legendary history of Scotland before the Chronicles were corrupted, and may therefore indicate these clans as forming part of the older inhabitants of the districts they occupy. On examining the genealogy of the Campbells we may consider it as authentic as far back as Duncan, son of Gilleaspie, son of Gillacolum, son of Duibne, who is certainly the Duncan M'Duibhn mentioned in one of the Argyll charters as possessing Lochow and Ardskeodnich, and who was contemporary with Alexander the Second. As the Campbells were undoubtedly known in Gaelic as the Clan O'Duibne, the genealogy as far back as that eponymus of the race is probably authentic; but as soon as we pass that link we find ourselves in contact with Arthur and Uthyr Pendragon, and the other heroes of the Arthurian legend.
Appendix 8
Legendary Descent of the Highland Clans, According to Irish MSS
I
CLANS supposed to be descended from FERGUS LEITH DERG, son of Nemedh, who led the Nemedian colony to Ireland. Genealogy of the Clan Colin or Campbells, now Campbells.
Sir Colin Cambell of Lochaw (chr. in 1407) son of
Sir Archibald Cambell (has a chr. in 1368 of lands as freely as his progenitor Duncan Mac Duine) son of
Sir Colin Cambell of Lochow son of
Sir Neill Cambell of Lochaw son of
Sir Colin Mor Cambell of Lochaw son of
Gillespie Cambell (1266, Exch. Rolls) son of
Dugald Cambel, from whom came the name of Cambell, son of
Duncan son of
Malcolm, called Mac Duine, son of
Duibhne, from whom the name is taken, son of
Fearadoig son of
[3] "Celtic Scotland, a History of Ancient Alban", William Forbes Skene, Volume 1 (1876) at pages 152, 153 & 154
Chapter III
Britain after the Romans
War with Octa and Ebissa's colony
Gildas records no events between the victory, which he attributes to the leader of the Roman party, Ambrosius Aurelianus, and the siege of Mount Badon in 516. Nennius, who connects Ambrosius with the Roman power, and alludes to a discord between him and Guitolin, of which he gives no particulars, but which he places in the year 437, fills up this interval with the exploits of Arthur.
The Arthur of Nennius was, however, a very different personage from the shadowy and mythic monarch of the later Welsh traditions, and of the Arthurian romance. He is described by Nennius as merely a warrior who was a military commander in conjunction with the petty British kings who fought against the Saxons. The Saxons referred to were those whom Nennius had previously described as colonising the regions in the north under Octa and Ebissa, and it is to that part of the country we must look for the sites of the twelve battles which he records. The first was fought at the mouth of the river Glein. The second, third, fourth, and fifth, on another river called Dubglas, in the region of Linnius, and this brings us at once to the Lennox, where two rivers called the Douglas, or Dubhglass, fall into Loch Lomond. This was certainly one of the districts about the wall called 'Guaul' which had been occupied by Octa's colony; and Nennius tells us elsewhere that Severus' wall, which passed by Cairpentaloch to the mouth of the river Clyde, was called in the British speech 'Guaul'. The sixth battle was fought at a river called Bassas. The seventh in the Caledonian wood, which again takes ue to the north for the site of these battles. The eighth in the fastness of Guinnion, which is connected by an old tradition with the church of Wedale, in the vale of the Gala Water. The ninth at the City of the Legion. The tenth on the strand of the river called Tribruit. The eleventh in the mount called Agned, which again brings us to the north for these battles, as there can be no doubt that Edinburgh, called by the Welsh Mynyd Agned, is the place meant, and this battle appears to have been directed against the Picts, who were in league with the Saxons. The twelfth was the battle at Mount Badon, in which Nennius tells us that 960 men of the enemy perished in one day from the onslaught of Arthur, and that he was victorious in all of these battles. Nennius adds that while the Saxons were defeated in all of these battles, they were continually seeking help from Grermany, and being increased in numbers, and obtaining kings from Germany to rule them till the reign of Ida, son of Eobba, who was the first king in Bernicia, with which sentence he closes his narrative, and this still further tends to place these events in the north. So we may accept Arthur as a historic person, and this account of his battles as based on a genuine tradition. The chronicle attached to Nennius tells us that he was slain twenty-one years afterwards in the battle of Camlan, fought in 537 between him and Medraud. As Medraud was the son of Llew of Lothian, this battle again takes us to the north for its site.
Mr. Nash, in his introduction to "Merlin or the Early History of King Arthur" (Early English Text Society, 1845) makes a statement which appears to me well founded: 'Certain it is,' he says, 'that there are two Celtic - we may perhaps say two Cymric - localities, in which the legends of Arthur and Merlin have been deeply implanted, and to this day remain living traditions cherished by the peasantry of these two countries, and that neither of them is Wales or Britain west of the Severn. It is in Brittany and in the old Cumbrian kingdom south of the Firth of Forth that the legends of Arthur and Merlin have taken root and flourished.' To Cumbria, however, may be added Cornwall, where the Arthurian romance places the scene of many of its adventures; and it is rather remarkable that we should find in the second century a tribe termed Damnonii, possessing Cornwall, and a tribe of the same name occupying the ground which forms the scene of his exploits in the north.
The National , Tuesday 22nd November 2016
There have been numerous assertions down the years that King Arthur was actually Scottish. Imagine if that could be categorically proved - King Arthur immediately becomes the most famous Scotsman that has ever lived. With all due respect to Sir Sean Connery and any other claimant to that title, King Arthur is simply in a different league as a celebrity, a personality, a hero, the 'Once and Future King'.
Next year we may well see at least a massive debate about Arthur, and one eminent Scottish lawyer and former SNP Holyrood candidate is very much prepared to make the case that Arthur was a Scot. Adam Ardrey has written two books - Finding Merlin and Finding Arthur - and he is prepared to put forward his evidence that the legendary Arthur was based on a real person, a Scottish prince called Arthur Mac Aedan, the sixth century son of a Scottish king called Aedan. So is he right?
This column has always concerned itself with factual matters, with stories that derive from history, usually but not always backed by written sources, photographs or film. I am now calling for a debate on the "real" Arthur, for there are competing claims. It is surely time the mystery was solved, and the arrival of Warner Bros' epic film King Arthur: Legend of the Sword next year will surely see a huge debate on all the Arthurian tales. The film is directed by Guy Ritchie and judging by the trailer it looks to be a cross between Game of Thrones and any number of sword-and-sandal epics.
The trailer also shows elephants, and that makes Ardrey laugh, as the world's largest land animal was completely unknown in sixth century Britain. Ardrey said:
"The film looks like good fun, although there were no elephants here in the Age of Arthur. Its release, next year, gives us, in Scotland, a chance to engage with the established view that the historical Arthur was a man of England or Wales. They have no evidence of any weight and no historical Arthur to attach it to, even if they did. Scotland has Arthur Mac Aedan and all the evidence anyone could wish for."
Unfortunately, there are huge gaps in Scotland's written history. From the time of the Romans until St Adomnan's 'Life of Columba', there is very little written history about the land we now call Scotland, and hardly any of it was contemporary or written by Scottish historians. That's because the ancient Picts and Scots and north Britons who lived here at the time had an oral history tradition, handed down probably from one bard to another. In time, these people would be called seannachies, and each clan would have at least one, especially in the Gaelic-speaking Highlands and Islands where the ancient Picts were long forgotten - we still do not know what language they spoke.
The only Scottish writer of note in the first 600 years of the Common Era was St Gildas, a monk born on the banks of the Clyde who wrote the tract De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae (On the ruin and conquest of Britain). Funnily enough, writing before Scotland's Arthur, he doesn't mention any King Arthur at all. It's that kind of omission and other evidence that points Ardrey to a Scottish Arthur. He said:
"The legendary Arthur is usually said to have been a Christian English king. In reality, he was an historical figure, a man of the old way of the druids, a Scot and a warlord. Merlin, too, lived in history: he was the pre-eminent druid of the sixth century. Unlike Arthur, Merlin was too closely associated with the old ways of the druids to be Christianised and so he was 'made safe' - he was portrayed as an old, avuncular, somewhat scatter-brained figure. He was not like this at all. Merlin's twin-sister, the equally important Gwyneth, known as Languoreth - The Golden One - the Lioness of Damnonia and the Swan-necked Woman, was all but written out of history, simply because she was a woman. Typical, but I have written her back into history. For 1,500 years, the Christian Church and its temporal partners-in-power deleted historical evidence anent Arthur and fabricated a legend that, literally, suited their book."
One of his main points, in keeping with his assertion that Arthur was a real person, is that the fantastical elements of the hero's life can be explained in more prosaic terms. In brief, the sword in the stone was a real thing, for on becoming a warlord leading his people in battle, Arthur Mac Aedan would have put his foot in the stone at the holy site of Dunadd in Argyll, while holding on to the sword. Ardrey explained:
"It will be no surprise to anyone that the trailer shows a southern British Arthur pulling a magical sword from a magical stone. The sword is shown stuck into the stone. In fact, there was no Arthur in any possible Age of Arthur in the south of Britain. The real, historical Arthur was Arthur Mac Aedan of Scotland - born around 559, died in 596. There are no such things as magical swords or magical stones, far less combinations of the two that can recognise members of the aristocracy. What happened was that in an inauguration ceremony in 574 CE, Arthur Mac Aedan placed his foot into the footprint cut into the stone on the summit of the hillfort of Dunadd, Argyll, and was given a sword to hold, just as our current Queen was given a sword to hold at her coronation. When, as part of the inauguration ceremony, Arthur Mac Aedan stepped out of the footprint cut into the stone, holding the sword, he literally took a sword from a stone."
Ardrey rightly points out that the Excalibur legend is very much a creation of the later so-called chroniclers of Arthur's life. The sword didn't appear until the late Middle Ages. One of the most intriguing suggestions by Ardrey is that after dying in battle, Arthur may well have been carried off on a boat to a mystical island of Avalon set in the Western Seas - Ardrey says Avalon is none other than Iona, burial place of Scottish kings from time immemorial.
There are many, many experts ready to dispute Ardrey's version of the Arthurian tale. Some point to the obvious fact that Scotland's Arthur lived in the latter years of the sixth century, when most of the accounts of matters like the Battle of Badon place it in the fifth century or even earlier. By then, the people known as the Britons were squeezed into the west side of the island of Great Britain, as the Angles pushed deeper into the country. The British Kingdom at one point stretched from the south of Argyll all the way down to Wales. But gradually the invaders conquered much of southern Britain, leaving only the Picts and Scots - who were too warlike for them - in the Scottish end of the British kingdom. That "North British Kingdom" was called Strathclyde and, as it says on signs around the town of Dumbarton, the fort of the Britons, it was the ancient capital of that kingdom. Ardrey said:
"Arthurian locations in Scotland range from Argyll to the Borders. He was the warlord who led an allied army of Scots, Picts and Britons against invading Angles attacking Edinburgh - hence Arthur's Seat. If it was not for Arthur, there would be no Scotland today. What happened down south would have happened up here."
The Battle of Camlann - Camelot - did take place, says Ardrey, and it was at Camelon near Falkirk. Ardrey said:
"Now, up here, people can see the very stone from which Arthur really did take a sword - no magic involved; the site of the 'Round Table'; the Isle of Avalon, the lot. The Camlann where the legendary Arthur died is Camelon, Falkirk, the exact spot now lies under the car park of Alexander Dennis bus factory. Fortunately, there are other, more-picturesque locations."
Intriguingly, the debate might happen. As Ardrey said:
"Time for a friendly exchange of views?"
He is working with VisitScotland to exploit the tourism benefit of the Arthur story and the film - many of whose exterior shots were filmed in Scotland, which, of course, still doesn't have a decent film studio. A spokesperson for VisitScotland told The National:
"Scotland has provided stunning backdrops to a host of high-profile movies in recent years, including The BFG, Macbeth and Skyfall. Guy Ritchie's King Arthur: Legend of the Sword is another exciting opportunity to promote Scotland, not only as a wonderful set-jetting destination, but to highlight this country's connections to the man behind the myth."
Ardrey says pound signs should get tourism bosses thinking. He said:
"Ask 100 Americans who Columba was and you will be lucky to find 10 who knew. Ask 100 Americans who Arthur was, who Merlin was, and you will be lucky to find 10 who do not know. The legend of Arthur is one of the foundation stories of the western world, and now it is history, too, Scottish history. We should be looking forward to inviting people to visit us, to see the legendary and the historical sites. In the film, The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, it was said, if you know the truth and you know the legend, print the legend. Well, we can print both."
This, I think, is one story that is going to run and run.
"Following in royal footsteps"
Susan Welsh, The Press and Journal , Monday 26th December 2016
Links to the Highlands are celebrated in the new blockbuster film, 'King Arthur: Legend of the Sword'.
Most of us are familiar with tales of King Arthur - ruler of Camelot, head of the Knights of the Round Table, King of England and pretty handy with a special sword called Excalibur. But the legendary knight may have been Scottish …
Next year, a new blockbuster film, King Arthur: Legend of the Sword, directed by Guy Ritchie - who himself has links to the Highlands as it was there he tied the knot with singer Madonna - hits the UK cinemas on March 24, 2017. It stars Charlie 'Sons of Anarchy' Hunnam, as the protagonist, alongside Jude Law, Eric Bana and David Beckham. Some of the scenes for the movie were shot in the stunning Quiraing on the Isle of Skye. It's said that once you've seen the landscape of the Quiraing, you never forget it. This landslip on the northernmost point of the Trotternish Ridge is defined by cliffs, sweeping hillsides and awesome pinnacles and looks strangely supernatural.
The area has already featured in movies such as 'Macbeth' starring, Michael Fassbender, 'The BFG', 'Star Dust', starring Michelle Pfieffer, and 'The Land That Time Forgot'. Scenes for 'Transformers: The Last Knight', due to be released next year, were also shot there at this north part of the island which can be reached by car, following the road to Uig from Portree. There's parking at the top of the hill on the road in between Uig and Staffin. In addition, there are bus services from Portree which pass the Quiraing.
Elsewhere in Scotland, there are many places with connections to the Arthurian legend, indeed some academics believe Arthur was not an English monarch but a general in the fifth or sixth century, who fought his battles in southern Scotland and northern England. In Edinburgh, visitors can walk up Arthur's Seat. This hollow hill which overlooks the historic city is said to be where Merlin watches over Arthur and his sleeping knights, while Stirling Castle is home to a Round Table, also known as the King's Knot, which is in a field below the castle and which some experts believe belonged to King Arthur. Drumelzier, a small town in the Scottish Borders, has an association with the King Arthur legend; Merlin is portrayed as a wild prophet of the woods, and it is said the grave of Merlin is located there.
There are other sites that are said to have links to the legend: Arthur's Craigs in the west of Lanark; Arthurshiels Farm, north of Biggar and Loch Arthur in Dumfries. Geoffrey of Monmouth tells of an offensive by King Arthur against the Picts and Scots at Loch Lomond.
Guinevere also has her place in Scottish mythology. Outside Meigle, in Perthshire, a Pictish standing stone is said to depict Guinevere's death. She is shown being pulled apart by dogs, punishment for her infidelity.
But if you want to enjoy a glimpse of mediaeval life, be captivated by a thousand years of history, wild natural beauty - and be in with a chance of spotting a Scottish dragon, in the shape of Nessie - then a visit to Urquhart Castle on the banks of Loch Ness is a must.
As 2017 has been declared Scotland's Year of History, Heritage and Archaeology, now is the perfect time to start planning your trip into the past and where you can discover Scotland�s fascination stories. For more information go to www.visitscotland.com
Links
Tintagel Castle Merlin carving sparks 'Disneyfication' row A rock carving of Merlin at a coastal cave reputedly linked to the legend of King Arthur has been branded a "Disneyfication" of the site.
Knights of the Roundtable: King Arthur is an upcoming epic adventure film directed by Guy Ritchie and written by Joby Harold. The film stars Charlie Hunnam as King Arthur and is scheduled to be released on 24 March 2017.
The History Files A review of the 14 principal Celtic cultures claiming King Arthur as their own: Breton, Riothamus, Dumnonian, Cumbrian, Pennine, Elmet, Saxon Ally, Merionydd, Scotti, Powysian, Rhos, Dyfed, Glamorgan, St Arthmael and Roman.
The Deadliest Blogger: Military History Page A thirteen part examination of Britain in the "Age of Arthur" - the 5th through the mid-6th centuries A.D. - being a period when the classical age of Greece and Rome gave way to the Germanic "Dark Ages".
Arthurian Legend Comprehensive Arthurian Legend website with search engine exclusively devoted to the Arthurian Legend
Arthurian Archaeology Article detailing the controversial link between legend and history.
Discovery of King Arthur's Tomb - Medieval Sourcebook Excerpt of a 1228 document by Gerald of Wales tells of the purported discovery of Arthur's body at the monastery in Glastonbury.
Melkin's Prophesy Document makes reference to a Celtic soothsayer's prophesy that locates the grave of Joseph of Arimathea, an Arthurian figure.
Time-line of Arthurian Britain Chronology includes both the events in Britain after the Roman exit, and the documentary evidence for Arthur's existence.
What Do Modern Historians Think of King Arthur ? Eighteen scholars from different backgrounds give their opinions as to the validity of historical claims for Arthur's existence.
Arthuriana Scholarly online journal about King Arthur and his era. Research dates and places, peruse the reading list, or access the newsletter and related links.
Celtic Twilight, The Resource dedicated to the legends and mythology of the Round Table. Find renderings of various tales, poetry, and an artist's gallery.
Early British Kingdoms Excerpts from the Britannia Travels as related to King Arthur and his court. Find a narrative history, an Arthurian time-line, and texts.
King Arthur - texts, images, and introductions Learn the background of King Arthur and other characters. Also offers a vast index of writings that examine and perpetuate the legend.
King Arthur on Britannia Link to sites entitled Tom Green's Arthurian Pages, Legends - King Arthur and the Matter of Britain, The Saxon Shore, and Llys Arthur.
The Labyrinth - Arthurian resources Contains links to 27 online sources including the Camelot Project, Arthuriana, the Oxford Arthurian Society and Avalon.
[1] "Roman Britain and the English Settlements", 1936, 515 pages, Robin George Collingwood, John Nowell Linton Myres, Biblo & Tannen Publishers, 1936. English history from the Roman to Anglo Saxon period.
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Which character did the diminutive John Louis Mansi play in the TV series ''Allo 'Allo'? | Louis Mansi - IMDb
IMDb
Actor
Louis Mansi was born on November 8, 1926 in London, England as John Patrick Adams. He was an actor, known for 'Allo 'Allo (1982), The Italian Job (1969) and Hard Road (1988). He died on August 6, 2010 in Berwick, East Sussex, England. See full bio »
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'Allo 'Allo Herr Engelbert von Smallhausen / Gestapo Man
(1985-1992)
The Italian Job Computer Room Official
(1969)
Kelly's Father (as John Louis Mansi)
1984 Cockles (TV Series)
1980 Robin's Nest (TV Series)
Pedro
1979 Play for Today (TV Series)
Hostage
1978 Edward & Mrs. Simpson (TV Mini-Series)
Dante Busclia
1977 Ripping Yarns (TV Series)
1st native
1977 Spaghetti Two-Step (TV Movie)
Chef
1973 7 of 1 (TV Series)
Little Duckett
1973 Whoops Baghdad! (TV Series)
The Pigeon Post
1972 Doctor in Charge (TV Series)
Victor
1971-1972 Tottering Towers (TV Series)
'Fingers' Fish
1970 Thirty-Minute Theatre (TV Series)
Carlos Garcia
1969 Department S (TV Series)
Maxime
- Tea or Coffin (1968) ... (as John Louis Mansi)
1967 Vendetta (TV Series)
1965 The Newcomers (TV Series)
Benny
1965 Gideon C.I.D. (TV Series)
Weasel
1963 The Sentimental Agent (TV Series)
Waiter
1955 Music and Macaroni (TV Series)
Luigi
1953 The Prodigal Son (TV Movie)
Alab (as John Mansi)
Member of Paris Committee (as John Mansi)
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John Louis Mansi died at his home in the village of Berwick, East Sussex. He had moved there from East Anglia in 1998. His funeral took place on 18 August 2010 in Bexhill-on-Sea. At the time of his death, newspapers confused his place of death with the location of his funeral. See more »
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Which ace nicknamed ‘Dogsbody’ was a prisoner in Colditz as WW2 came to an end? | Louis Mansi - IMDb
IMDb
Actor
Louis Mansi was born on November 8, 1926 in London, England as John Patrick Adams. He was an actor, known for 'Allo 'Allo (1982), The Italian Job (1969) and Hard Road (1988). He died on August 6, 2010 in Berwick, East Sussex, England. See full bio »
Born:
a list of 32 people
created 26 Dec 2010
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'Allo 'Allo Herr Engelbert von Smallhausen / Gestapo Man
(1985-1992)
The Italian Job Computer Room Official
(1969)
Kelly's Father (as John Louis Mansi)
1984 Cockles (TV Series)
1980 Robin's Nest (TV Series)
Pedro
1979 Play for Today (TV Series)
Hostage
1978 Edward & Mrs. Simpson (TV Mini-Series)
Dante Busclia
1977 Ripping Yarns (TV Series)
1st native
1977 Spaghetti Two-Step (TV Movie)
Chef
1973 7 of 1 (TV Series)
Little Duckett
1973 Whoops Baghdad! (TV Series)
The Pigeon Post
1972 Doctor in Charge (TV Series)
Victor
1971-1972 Tottering Towers (TV Series)
'Fingers' Fish
1970 Thirty-Minute Theatre (TV Series)
Carlos Garcia
1969 Department S (TV Series)
Maxime
- Tea or Coffin (1968) ... (as John Louis Mansi)
1967 Vendetta (TV Series)
1965 The Newcomers (TV Series)
Benny
1965 Gideon C.I.D. (TV Series)
Weasel
1963 The Sentimental Agent (TV Series)
Waiter
1955 Music and Macaroni (TV Series)
Luigi
1953 The Prodigal Son (TV Movie)
Alab (as John Mansi)
Member of Paris Committee (as John Mansi)
Hide
- Episode #1.1 (1964) ... Himself - Guest
Hide
1958 ITV Television Playhouse (TV Series)
Italian
Did You Know?
Trivia:
John Louis Mansi died at his home in the village of Berwick, East Sussex. He had moved there from East Anglia in 1998. His funeral took place on 18 August 2010 in Bexhill-on-Sea. At the time of his death, newspapers confused his place of death with the location of his funeral. See more »
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Which German Ace gave his name to two classic flying manoeuvres, involving ‘turns’? | Reviews of aviation films
"A Yank In The RAF"
"Aces High" (1976)
This is a remake of the 1930 First World War film "Journey's End" with the action transposed to the air. Directed by Jack Gold, it has an impressive British cast including Malcolm McDowell, Christopher Plummer, Simon Ward, Peter Firth, John Gielgud and Trevor Howard. The aerial sequences are excellent.
"Air America" (1990)
This is an attempt - which fails - to cover a serious subject in a humorous manner: the CIA's secret war, largely operated through fake airlines, in Laos during the ill-fated Vietnam War (in fact, it was filmed in Thailand). Mel Gibson and Robert Downey Jnr play pilots in this covert operation and there is some good flying, but the political message is weakened by the buddy approach to war.
"Air Force" (1943)
Any film directed by the great Howard Hawks is worth seeing but this is definitely a movie of its time so it is really a work of propaganda. It starts on the eve of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and tells the story of one particular bomber crew in a 'gung ho' style in which everyone speaks very fast and shows considerable enthusiasm and courage.
The aircraft in question is 'Mary Ann', a B-17 Flying Fortress, which takes off from California for Hawaii only for the crew to learn of the Japanese assault as they are about to land. Subsequently they see action at Wake Island, the Philippines, and the Battle of the Coral Sea. Actual newsreel footage was expertly inserted into the film, including scenes from the Battle of the Coral Sea.
The aircraft used to play 'Mary Ann' was a converted B-17B, one of 19 that had the gunners' bubbles replaced by the flush gun positions of the B-17C and B-17D. The U.S. Army Air Force aircraft that appeared in the film were 10 Boeing B-17C/D Flying Fortresses from Hendrick Field, Sebring, Florida, North American AT-6 Texans (as Japanese fighters) and Bell P-39 Airacobras, Curtiss P-40Cs and Republic P-43A Lancers from Drew Field, Tampa, Florida ,and six Martin B-26C Marauders from McDill Field, Tampa, Florida as the Japanese bombers.
The real 'Mary Ann' was used on a tour to promote the film and then assigned to Hobbs Army Air Field in New Mexico. Later, when it returned to combat duty, it was lost in the Pacific.
"Amelia" (2009)
Hilary Swank is a fine actress who has done good work since I first saw her a decade ago in "Boys Don't Cry", for which she received a well-deserved Academy Award, and she is rarely off the screen as the eponymous American aviatrix Amelia Earhart in this bio-pic for which she was also an executive producer. She really looks and sounds like her subject and the evocation of the period (late 1920s and early 1930s) is well-done, while the cinematography - the movie was shot mainly in Canada with some scenes in South Africa - is superb.
All the support roles are male: Richard Gere as Earheart's publicist and husband, Ewan McGregor as her colleague and lover, and Christopher Eccleston as her navigator on the ill-fated round-the-world effort in 1937. Surprisingly though the director is an Indian woman: Mira Nair who gave us the wonderful "Monsoon Wedding". Sadly the film has an undistinguished script and a fragmented structure, giving the whole thing a rather pedestrian feel, but at least there is plenty of flying and beautiful-looking aircraft, notably the Lockheed Electra of the final flight.
Link: Wikipedia page on Amelia Earheart click here
"Angels One Five" (1952)
The word "angels" in the title was Second World War Royal Air Force slang for altitude in thousand of feet and so "angels one five" refers to an height of 15,000 feet. This film about the Battle of Britain in 1940 was released only 12 years after the event, but the Hurricanes doing the take-offs and landings had to be borrowed from the Portuguese and sadly the dog fights use models. It is a stiff, upper lip account of life on an RAF station during that fateful summer.
The stars are John Gregson and Jack Hawkins. Ronald Adam plays the part of a Group Controller and, during the actual Battle, he was Squadron Leader Ronald Adam, the Group Controller at Hornchurch. Both screenwriter Derek Twist and and cinematographer Christopher Challis spent the war with the RAF Film Unit.
"The Aviator" (2004)
Any movie directed by Martin Scorsese has to be worth watching and this ambitious, if flawed, biopic of Howard Hughes is certainly well worth the price of a cinema ticket. As he did in "Gangs Of New York", Scorsese works with Leonard DiCaprio who here has the most challenging role of his career so far as the eponymous businessman, womaniser, flyboy, movie mogul, and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder-sufferer. Thirty-year old DiCaprio works hard at the role and captures the manic energy, tortured expression and obsessive mannerisms of Hughes, but ultimately his boyish looks make this less than ideal casting. Except for a brief and unsatisfactory childhood scene, the film covers only the twenty years 1927-1947 of Hughes' 70 years, a period which enables Scorsese to present a remarkably sympathetic portrait of this complex character which underlines his great vision and commitment to competition - twin virtues of modern-day capitalism.
Cinema is first and foremost a visual medium and this movie is wonderful to look at. The grand sets and contemporary clothing - enhanced by music of the period - provide a rich evocation of the era, while the appearance in the narrative of so many movie stars of the time enhances the feeling that we have stepped back to a time when Americans were assuming leadership of the world. The realisations of these famous personages is uneven: while Cate Blanchett is brilliant as Katherine Hepburn and a paunchy Alec Baldwin convincing as Juan Trip, Kate Beckinsale is weak as Ava Gardner and Jude Law is disappointing as Errol Flynn.
The real stars of the movie, in many ways, are the aircraft, most of which are necessarily CGI creations. We feel with Hughes as he films from the sky swirling dog fights for his film "Hell's Angels", takes Hepburn night flying over Los Angeles, sets a new speed record in the H-1, crashes in the experimental reconnaisance XF-11, enthuses over the purchase of the Lockheed Constellation, and finally lifts the mammoth 'Spruce Goose' (properly called the H-4 Hercules) a few feet off the water (the aircraft used to be on public display in Long Beach, California and is now to be found in an air museum in McMinnville, Oregon). This film of almost three hours is longer than it should have been, but it is at its most entertaining and exhilerating when it conveys the adrenalin excitement and social transformation of modern aviation.
Link: official web site click here
"Bat 21" (1988)
This is an unusal subject for an aviation film because it concerns the story - based on a true incident - of a rescue mission in Vietnam of an American intelligence officer played by Gene Hackman, as the result of the persistence and bravery of a Forward Aircraft Controller portrayed by Danny Glover. It is well-done with a fair number of flying sequences.
"Battle Of Britain" (1969)
Almost 30 years after the most decisive air battle in history, producer Harry Saltzman and director Guy Hamilton made this commemorative film that collected together the greatest collection of Second World War aircraft ever marshalled for a movie. Although the cast list boasted many well-known actors of the day � led by Laurence Olivier as Air Chief Marshall Sir Hugh Dowding � much of the acting is wooden and the script is weak, but, not withstanding some obvious use of models and sets, it is the aircraft that make this film.
Over a period of three years, the producers pulled together more than 100 1940-vintage aircraft. A total of 36 Spitfires were collected - one-third of them in flying condition, another third capable of taxiing, and the other third only useable as props on airfields - and three Hurricanes; a whole bunch of 28 Messerschmitt Me 109s was bought at auction; and 31 Heinkel He 111 bombers and a Junkers Ju 52 were borrowed from the Spanish Air Force. The aerial filming was done from a specially modified B25 Mitchell bomber and some 40 minutes of aerial combat appears on the screen in some terrific sequences.
Great efforts were made to ensure that the film was authentic and the technical advisers included air aces Robert Stanford Tuck and Adolf Galland. The whole enterprise was the subject of a book by Leonard Mosley.
"Behind Enemy Lines" (2001)
Based very, very loosely on an incident in which an American was shot down and evaded capture in former Yugoslavia, "Behind Enemy Lines" delivers an adrenalin rush, but the style is too gung-ho for it to last long. The plot concerns the shooting down of an American jet which is 'off mission' over Serb-occupied Bosnia-Herzegovina. The American military has co-operated fully with the hardware, so - in a return to "Top Gun" territory - there are terrificly atmospheric shots of the aircraft carrier that is the crew's base and some really exciting film of the F-18 Hornet that is their 'mount'. Slovakia stands in for Bosnia but fits the bill convincingly.
It was a shrewd move not to cast a star in the lead role, but instead the newcomer, blond-haired, pinched-nosed Owen Wilson. In fact, the only really well-known actor in the movie is Gene Hackman, playing a characteristically gruff role as the admiral of the carrier, but he is sadly under-used, even when stupidly he is shown leading the helicopter rescue operation ("Let's go get our boy!").
First time director John Moore deploys some flashy camera-work and provides plenty of pyrotechnics but, besides the fact that it has been done before (in the more intelligent "Bat 21"), the whole thing is just too formulaic and simplistic to make a lasting impression.
"Black Hawk Down" (2001)
Never have I seen a film which demonstrates so effectively the way combat troops and helicopters can be integrated as a fighting force. In this case, the choppers are the formidable UH-60 Black Hawk and the snub MH-6 Little Bird. The helicopter action is monitored by a Lockheed P-3 Orion spotter plane which relays pictures back to the Joint Operations Centre (JOC).
The movie depicts in savagely graphic form the outcome of an October 1993 operation in the Somalian capital of Mogadishu when an attempt to detain henchmen of the local warlord gave rise to a 15-hour 'firefight' in which 18 American soldiers lost their lives and some 73 were injured, while something like five hundred Somalians - men, women ands children - were killed.
Élite soldiers of the Rangers and Delta Force regiments go in, ferried by Black Hawk and Little Bird helicopters but, from the start, it is a mess, as one soldier falls from a Black Hawk, resulting in it being downed by the local militia. This is war as we have never seen it before on the big screen: brutal and confused combat in city streets and houses where the enemy does not wear a uniform or fight by the rules and rescue is far from hand.
This was always going to be a better work than the contemporary "Behind Enemy Lines" because it is helmed by one of the finest directors around and presents a very much less 'gung ho' depiction of war. Fresh from his success with the wonderful "Gladiator", British Ridley Scott � the son of a Royal Marine - has taken locations in Morocco and used magnificent camerawork to produce a stunning visual and visceral record based closely on the book by journalist Mark Bowden. Indeed such is the verisimilitude of Scott's action that one can't always hear what is said or understand what is happening.
Like "Behind Enemy Lines", this is a movie rushed out in the aftermath of the World Trade Center horror, apparently on the assumption that it will make Americans feel better about themselves. It would seem that, in the US, there has been a �Let�s kick ass� response but, to this British viewer at least, such a reaction is hard to fathom. Certainly the film is a celebration of comradeship and heroism, but it reminds us of an appalling military misjudgement by the Americans and a lack of political will by the international community.
"The Blue Max" (1966)
The title of this film comes from the British nickname for the German medal awarded to First World War aces who scored a minimum of 20 'kills' and derives from the flying skills of the German pilot Max Immelmann. It is one of the better movies concerning this war's aviation exploits because the flying sequences are for real, even if the nine aircraft are replicas, and they are extended and superior. The aircraft in action are the British SE5A and RE8 and the German Pfalz DIIIA and Fokker Dr I and the star of the film, George Peppard (playing the German Bruno Stachel), took flying lessons so that he could actually pilot his plane for the filming in Ireland.
"The Bridges At Toko-Ri" (1954)
Few films have been made about the Korean war and, so far as I know, only two about the air war in Korea. In a sense, this is surprising - it was the last air war when there was close up and personal combat and United Nations pilots claimed sone 800 MiGs for the loss of only 58 Sabres. "Toko-Ri" was the first movie about the air war, followed four years later by "The Hunters". Based on a novel by James a Mitchener, this focuses on the experience of a Navy bomber pilot, played by William Holden (Grace Kelly is his wife), flying the F9F Panther from a carrier. It is a more thoughtful and political film than most war movies.
"The Dam Busters" (1954)
On the night of 16/17 May 1943, a special unit of Lancaster bombers, 617 Squadron of the Royal Air Force, using a special type of bomb that could 'bounce' across water, made an audacious and successful attack on the Moehne and the Eder dams in Hitler's Germany. The legendary tale was published as a book by Paul Brickhill in 1951 and told in this film, directed by the then unknown Michael Anderson and written by distinguished author R C Sherriff, three years later. The movie celebrates the brilliance of the bomb's inventer, Barnes Wallis (played by Michael Redgrave), as much as the bravery of the crews who dropped it, led by Victoria Cross-winner Guy Gibson (Richard Todd). The whole thing was made in almost documentary style, enhanced by the use of monochrome instead of colour.
At the time that the film was made, the Avro Lancaster was still in service with the RAF operating with Coastal Command but, for the movie, four were taken out of storage at Aston Down in Gloustershire. All of these were built by Austin Motors in 1945 as Mark VIIs and were too late to see operational service. They were NX673, NX679, NX782 and RT686. A fifth Lancaster that took part was Boscombe Down's NX739. This was used as a back-up and for some aerial filming (most of the aerial shooting was done from a borrowed RAF Vickers Varsity). Only one aircraft - NX679 - was painted up as Gibson's 'AJ-G' with the correct serial number ED932 for a key scene. Several Avro Lincolns were used in long shots to pass off as Lancasters. Also a Vickers Wellington makes a brief appearance.
The 'bouncing bomb' - actually a depth charge codenamed Upkeep - was still on the secret list in 1954, so the film propoerty department mocked up something that in fact looked more impressive than the real thing. Barnes Wallis co-operated fully with the making of the film and even loaned the makers equipment that he used and some personal possessions.
Footnote: In 1969-1970, I was full-time President of the Students' Union at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology and my office was in the Union building named after Barnes Wallis.
"Dark Blue World" (2001)
I was desperate to see this film because it concerns the wartime record of Czechoslovak pilots with the RAF and my wife's father was the top scorer of these brave men. However, I had to wait a full year after it came out in Prague before I could see it London and it played to tiny British audiences.
The film - titled "Tmavomodrý svět" in Czech - focuses on two contrasting personalities: Spitfire pilots Franta Sláma (played by Ondřej Vetchý) and Karel Vojtíšek (Kryštof Hádek). I'd like to think that the names of these two characters are allusions to Josef František, who shot down 17 fighters in the Battle of Britain, and Karel Kuttelwascher (my wife's father), who shot down 15 bombers on night intruder raids plus three fighters.
The script is loosely based on books by two Czech veterans, František Fajtl and Antonín Liška, both of whom I have met. One of the technical advisers on the film was my good Czech friend Zdeněk Hurt and on the official Czech web site for the movie the Czech edition of my book "Night Hawk" is mentioned as source material. Most amazingly, pilot insignia ("wings") worn by the two main stars belonged to Karel Kuttelwascher and his friend Gustav Pristupa and the leather pilot cap and gloves worn by Vetchÿ the principal hero belonged to Kuttelwascher.
On the aircraft front, viewers might be surprised to learn that there were only two flying Spitfires in the movie: Nigel Lamb flew Spitfire Mk Vb (BM597) from Duxford and Robs Lamplough flew Spitfire Mk.VIIIc (MV154) which he owns. All the other fighters were there due to the marvels of computer graphics and modelling plus some clever recycling of material from the 1969 film "The Battle Of Britain". However, in a short scene, there is a lovely flying shot of a B-25 Mitchell bomber. Meanwhile on the ground, in an erotic opening scene, we see a pre-war trainer.
Links:
Official Web site in Czech: click here
Czechoslovaks in the wartime RAF: click here
Link: Wikipedia page click here
"The Right Stuff" (1983)
This is not really an aviation film, but instead a stirring account of the Mercury space programme and the training and missions of the first seven American astronauts. Based on Tom Wolfe's book of the same title, it is a long (193 minutes) but inspiring - and often by turns amusing and moving - tale of great risk and great bravery. Bookending this space movie are flights from Edwards Air Force base by someone who had the right stuff in spades, one of the greatest pilots of all time, the famous Chuck Yeager, played by the ruggedly handsome Sam Shepard.
Early on in the movie, we see the breaking of the sound barrier for the first time on 14 October 1947 with the Bell X-1 named - after Yeager's wife (Barbara Hershey) -"Glamorous Glennis". The film tells the true story of how, two evenings before the historic flight, Yeager broke two ribs in a horse-riding accident and so could only make the difficult transition from the B-29 mother ship into the Bell craft by using a sawn-off broom handle.
Towards the end of the movie, we see the most life-threatening flight of Yeager's career when on 12 December 1963 he took up an Lockheed F-104 Starfighter, went through Mach 2 and reached 104,000 feet, only to go into a flat spin. He stayed with the aircraft for 13 of the 14 spins before bailing out.
Chuck Yeager himself appears in the film in a tiny cameo role as a bartender. Today "Glamorous Glennis" hangs from the ceiling of the entrance hall in the magnificent National Air and Space Museum in Washington, my favourite museum in the world which I must have visted around a dozen times.
The Bell X-1 "Glamorous Glennis"
in Washington's National Air & Space Museum
"633 Squadron" (1964)
This is the tale of a 1944 Mosquito squadron on a dangerous mission to destroy a munitions factory in German-occupied Norway by bombing the cliff overhanging it. The pilots are led by Cliff Robertson in this enjoyable movie, enhanced by Ron Goodwin�s rousing score.
"The Sound Barrier" (1952)
At the end of this famous film, a British pilot solves the mystery of the sound barrier by reversing the controls at the critical moment during the power dive. There are just two problems with this account. It was actually an American, Chuck Yeager, who first broke the sound barrier (see �The Right Stuff�) and reversing the controls in the transonic zone is likely to kill the pilot. In his book �The Right Stuff�, Tom Wolfe describes how Yeager was invited to the American premiere of the movie and, when asked afterwards for his reaction, responded that the picture was �utter shuck from start to finish�.
In fact, the film is something of a classic of aviation cinema. It was inspired by the death of Geoffrey de Havilland in his father�s DH 108 in 1946 and involved an array of British talent: Malcolm Arnold as composer, Terence Rattigan as screenwriter, David Lean as director, and Ralph Richardson and Nigel Patrick (the pilot) as members of the cast. The aerial sequences were shot by a specialist called Anthony Squire and focused on the Vickers Supermarine swept-wing jetfighter, prototype 535 the Swift.
"The Spirit Of St Louis" (1957)
In 1927, the American Charles Lindbergh became the most famous hero in aviation history when he made the first solo crossing of the Atlantic in an astonishing non-stop flight of 3,600 miles from New York to Paris. Thirty years later, the achievement was commemorated in this film co-written and directed by Billy Wilder (better known for �Some Like It Hot�). James Stewart portrays the pilot in a movie which is bound to drag at times, given that a 33 hour flight by a man alone can only contain so much interest. Sadly Lindbergh�s image was later seriously tarnished by his avowed sympathy for European fascism. Meanwhile �The Spirit Of St Louis� � a specially-constructed Ryan monoplane with no forward vision - can be seen in the entrance hall to Washington�s National Air & Space Museum.
"The Spirit Of St Louis"
in Washington's National Air & Space Museum
"Strategic Air Command" (1955)
James Stewart is a baseball player recalled to US air force duty and June Allyson is his wife in an Anthony Mann film full of Cold War and sexist attitudes. Once the flying scenes kick in - Boeing B-36 and B-47 bombers - it becomes a little better.
"Sully: Miracle On The Hudson" (2016)
On 15 January 2009, Captain Chesley B "Sully" Sullenberger III had to take over the controls of US Airways flight 1549 when when a flock of Canada geese hit his Airbus 320 and knocked out both engines. The aircraft had only just taken off from New York's La Guardia airport and he judged that he did not have enough altitude to return to La Guardia or reach nearby Teterboro and decided to land on the freezing waters of the Hudson River. All 155 passengers and crew survived. Between the engines dying and the splashdown on the Hudson, there were just 3 minutes and 32 seconds. How doe one make a film about such a short period of time when the outcome was known to the world at the time?
Well, master craftsman Clint Eastwood (now in his mid 80s), who produced and directed, has done it - and extremely well - by deploying three techniques. First, he revisits those few minutes again and again, showing different perspectives, including a nightmare and simulation exercises, and each time the tension is almost paralysing. Second, he examines the subsequent investigation by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) which questioned Sully's decision - something I had not appreciated until the publicity for the film. Third, he has the perfect casting of Tom Hanks as Sully who is totally credible as the eponymous and heroic pilot.
Clever visual effects and superb sound put the viewer right into the action. But, if there is any need to remind you that this actually happened, the credits are enlivened with photographs of the aircraft on the river, with passengers stretched out along both wings, and a clip of Sully, his wife and some of the passengers having an emotional reunion. Over his long career, Eastwood has had a recurrent theme of the lone hero acting without the full support of authority - all the way from "Dirty Harry" to "American Sniper" - and, in that vein, a criticism that one unfortunately has to make of "Sully" is that it unfairly represents the NTSB officials as hostile to the pilots rather than doing a professional job designed to learn lessons and make recommendations.
For aviation buffs, there is some facinating detail about cockpit procedures, air traffic control, and flight simulations. Plus the NTSB inquiry shows the complexity of modern aviation (the film suggests that the hearings followed hard on the incident but it was a process that in reality took some 15 months). A interesting note: Sully had never flown before with his co-pilot Jeff Skiles (ably played by Aaron Eckhart). Finally, although this is a wonderfully feel-good movie for the viewer, we should remember that most of those involved - including Sullenberger - suffered serious post-traumatic stress disorder.
"Tactical Assault" (1998)
As a conventional movie, this is truly awful: a thin and utterly implausible plot, a dire script and indifferent acting. It features the revenge of a US pilot, shot down over Iraq by his commander, when he somehow reappears six years later and is assigned back to duty on his former commander's base. If the USAF admitted psychopaths like this to fly military jets, the world would be in even more trouble than it already is. The mystery is how they persuaded (a paunchy) Rutger Hauer ("Blade Runner") and Robert Patrick ("Terminator 2") to appear in such rubbish (money, I guess).
On the other hand, as an aviation film, this work does sport a fair amount of action cinematography of a wide range of military flyware: AWACS, combat helicopters (Mi-17 HIP and Mi-24 HIND), and fighter jets (F-4 Phantom, F-16 Falcon, MiG-29 and L-39) in bewidering markings. In fact, there are so many clips of different aircraft that the continuity goes totally awry. Then, if (like me) you've ever been to Budapest, you'll enjoy the location shoting in the Hungarian capital.
"Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo" (1944)
Jay Chladek writes:
I am very certain that this film was done right after WW2 considering the aircraft used in it appeared to be correct B-25B model Mitchells like those used in the raid. It covers the Doolittle raid on Japan in 1942 as seen through the eyes of the crew of "The Ruptured Duck" and does it from early training, through the raid, and to the end when the crew makes it out of China and back to the States. Spencer Tracy stars as Jimmy Doolittle with Van Johnson as the captain of "The Ruptured Duck" and Robert Mitchum as the commander of another B-25.
This film makes a nice companion to "Tora Tora Tora" and is much superior to the raid as portrayed in "Pearl Harbor". But it does drag a bit in spots towards the end as a delerious Van Johnson, injured in the crash of his plane, thinks about his wife and how his injuries might complicate their marriage. Still, it is a good story and the footage of the bombing raid is very well done.
I have no idea how they filmed it, but it looks like they really are flying over Japan and not some redressed American countryside. Some of the footage shown came from the actual launch off the "USS Hornet" from that raid, but I really don't know how they did the rest of it. Sharp-eyed viewers might notice that some of the footage filmed for "30 seconds" was also reused in the opening credits for the 1970s film "Midway". I think this film is worth a look see as it doesn't seem to have the type of melodrama that many air pictures filmed during WW2 (like "Flying Tigers") seem to have, making it much more fun to watch in my humble opinion.
"Those Magnificent Men In Their Flying Machines" (1964)
The majority of the aircraft used in this comedy were built especially for the film. Most of the replicas remain in existence and the Avro Triplane and the Bristol Boxkite, 'flown' in the movie by Terry Thomas and Stuart Whitman respectively, still delight the crowds annually at the summer air events of the Shuttleworth Collection at Old Warden Aerodrome in Bedfordshire, England.
"The Thousand Plane Raid" (1969)
This low-budget American movie describes a raid by a thousand bombers - a technique started by the British - to attack the Third Reich whose Führer claimed that it would last a thousand years. Most of the flying footage is taken from wartime filming.
"Top Gun" (1986)
In terms of the actual flying sequences, this has to be the best aviation movie ever made. Producers Jerry Bruckheimer & Don Simpson (who made a string of action moneyspinners) and director Tony Scott (who cut his teeth on television advertisements) had the full backing of the United States Navy which allowed them access to the Navy�s Fighter School (known as Top Gun), an actual aircraft carrier, and above all the mighty F-14 Tomcats. The F-5 as stands in as the "MiG-28" (of which there is no such aircraft.)
The film is the story of a naval aviator � codename �Maverick� � who has to learn to be less self-centred and more a part of the team. On the ground, it is much too slow, with a poor script and weak characterisation, but in the air it is if anything too fast with superb aerial photography of practice and real dogfighting. �Maverick� is played by the good-looking Tom Cruise, while the love interest comes from a blonde Kelly McGillis (whatever happened to her?) as Charlie. There is an excellent soundtrack, notably the opening sequence by Harold Faltermeyer and the song �Take My Breath Away�. Definitely a film best seen at the cinema with 70mm and Dolby stereo.
"Tora! Tora! Tora!" (1970)
At least two other war films of this period, �The Battle Of Britain� and �Patton� (both issued the previous year), took pains to show the enemy point of view, complete with use of German dialogue, but �Tora!� � the word means �Tiger!� in Japanese - took the process a stage further by presenting the enemy�s point of view equally, in this case the American and Japanese versions of the infamous attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. Indeed the technical advisors included Kuranosuke Isoda, a member of Admiral Yamamoto�s staff, and Kanoe Sonokawa, a former Zero pilot.
This �balanced� approach dampens the emotions and the real stars of the movies are definitely the aircraft � more than 70 of them. Not all of them are what they seem: 12 North American AT-6 Texan aircraft were modified to duplicate the Japanese Mitsubishi A6M2 type 21 �Zero� fighter, nine Vultee BT-13 Valiant trainers were modified to duplicate the Aichi D3A1 �Val� dive bomber, and a combination of AT-6 and BT-13 airframes made up the nine Nakajima B5N2 �Kate� torpedo bombers. Real enough were the five Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses, the two Curtiss P-40 Warhawks, and the Consolidated PBY Catalinas.
Link: Pearl Harbor Remembered click here
"The Tuskegee Airmen" (1995)
The title is a reference to the American base in Alabamba which saw the training of black (or "coloured", as they were called then) aircrew in the United States Army Air Force of World War Two and this HBO televsion film is based on the actual experience of the 332nd Fighter Group known as "The Red Tails" because of their aircraft markings. All the pilots were graduates and skilled at their craft, but blantant prejudice kept them away from active operations until intervention by the White House. This is a noble - and little known - story utilising some good flying footage.
Footnote: A war-time report submitted to the Pentagon stated: "The negro type has not the proper reflexes to make a first-class fighter pilot". The Red Tails escorted bombers on 200 missions over Europe without losing an aircraft. The US Air Force was finally desegregated in 1949.
Link: Wikipedia page click here
"Twelve O'Clock High" (1949)
Set in 1942 and made only seven years later, this is an account of Gregory Peck�s high minded leadership of a �hard luck� unit of Flying Fortress crews. There is little flying until the end when some actual aerial photography taken in the war is used to good effect.
"United 93" (2006)
Although there have already been a couple of television programmes on the seismic events of 11 September 2001, this is the first feature film. There will, of course, be many more, but it is difficult to imagine a more stunning and impactful one. In a sense, therefore, it is ironic that the writer and director Paul Greengrass is British and that most of the filming was done at the Pinewood studio just outside London, using the inside of a salvaged Boeing 757.
The style adopted by Greengrass so effectively is an utterly sparse one. The hand-held camera work and rapid cutting give the whole thing the feel of a documentary. There is no preamble or scene-setting, no flash-backs, no explanations, no star actors. Instead the narrative is simply linear and the confusion self-evident. The research as to events and dialogue is meticulous, members of the aircrew are played by actual stewardesses and pilots, and many of the air traffic controllers and military personnel are playing themselves.
There may be no analysis or commentary but many of the messages are stark. The nearest F-16 was 100 miles away and the military knew nothing of the airliner's fate until four minutes after it struck the ground. Neither the President nor the Vice-President was in contact. They and we were totally unprepared for an event of this nature.
Since United Airlines flight 93 took off from Newark airport 40 minutes later than scheduled, the passengers were able to learn of the suicide missions carried out by the three other sets of hijackers. Since the time to elapse from the first jet slamming into the World Trade Center to the crashing of United 93 was around an hour, this film is able to adopt a real-time narrative.
The tension, as the 40 passengers gradually understand more about their dilemma and plan a last-ditch effort to gain control of the plane, is almost unbearable. The mobile calls to relatives and friends makes one's eyes well with tears. The timing and nature of the final shot - the actual crash and a totally black scene - is stunning.
This impressive and compelling work was produced in full co-operation with the relatives of the passengers and it is a fitting tribute to them, their bravery and their sacrifice.
"Victory Through Air Power" (1943)
This is a real oddity: a Walt Disney documentary cum animation feature to promote radical new theories on the importance of strategic bombing. Made in 1943, it was wartime propaganda which estolled the arguments previously set out in a book of the same name by Major Alexander de Seversky. Apparently, after seeing the movie (at Winston Churchill's urging), the American President Franklin Delano Roosevelt finally committed to a full strategic air campaign against Germany.
The Second World War did not fully underline the validity of the theories - air power alone did not break Germany and it was the atomic bomb which defeated Japan - but more latterly the two Gulf Wars have demonstrated the continued potency of air power.
"The Way To The Stars" (1945)
A lot of talent - but not much flying - went into this account of life on an airfield and a nearby hotel in wartime Britain. Terence Rattigan and Anatole de Grunwald wrote the screenplay and the cast featured a host of established actors (led by John Mills and Michael Redgrave) and stars-to-be (including Trevor Howard and Jean Simmons). The action - set in 1940, 1942 and 1944 - surrounds the use of the base by British and then American pilots and it's clear that, whatever your nationality, if your name is Johnny your number is going to come up. There are glimpses of Hurricanes and Blenheims, then A-20 Bostons, and finally B-17 Flying Fortresses, but the plot really concerns the effects of war on relationships and, as such, shows the effect on women (Renée Asherson and Rosamunde John).
"We Were Soldiers" (2002)
This is an account of one of the very few full-scale battles between American troops and North Vietnamese regulars which occurred in November 1965 in the Ia Drang Valley in the Central Highlands (recreated in central California). Some 400 US soldiers took on around 2,000 Vietnamese in a fire fight lasting three days and nights.
War movies will never be the same since "Saving Private Ryan". "We Were Soldiers" - like "Black Hawk Down" - presents a brutally visceral version of war in which we are left in no doubt of the terrible sound and awesome destruction of modern ordnance. Indeed there are so many similarities between these two films issued within weeks of one another. Both are based on books and show the essential role of the helicopter in modern warfare to both deliver and sustain ground troops and the all-decisive nature of air power; both involve US troops being massively outnumbered by local forces, inflicting far more deaths than they suffered, and having to fight by night as well as day; and, above all, both portray ill-conceived and ultimately failed American operations in an heroic light.
The American soldiers in this conflict were members of Custer's old unit but,instead of horses, their mode of transport was the ubiquitous Huey helicopter. When their commanding officer (played by Mel Gibson) realised that his men are about to be overrun by the North Vietnanese, he issues the message "Broken Arrow", whereupon a whole variety of warplanes bomb the hell out of the enemy. For some of this section, footage is borrowed from the earlier Vietnam movie "Flight Of The Intruder".
"A Yank In The RAF" (1941)
This sounds as if it should offer some good flying sequences, but the aircraft are models and poor at that. Instead we have a limp romance between the titular Tyrone Power and Betty Grable in wartime London.
All reviews by ROGER DARLINGTON.
Last modified on 8 December 2016
Links:
Wikipedia list of aviation film titles click here
Comprehensive listing of aviation films click here
| Max Immelmann |
In which county is Clacton-on-Sea? | Reviews of aviation films
"A Yank In The RAF"
"Aces High" (1976)
This is a remake of the 1930 First World War film "Journey's End" with the action transposed to the air. Directed by Jack Gold, it has an impressive British cast including Malcolm McDowell, Christopher Plummer, Simon Ward, Peter Firth, John Gielgud and Trevor Howard. The aerial sequences are excellent.
"Air America" (1990)
This is an attempt - which fails - to cover a serious subject in a humorous manner: the CIA's secret war, largely operated through fake airlines, in Laos during the ill-fated Vietnam War (in fact, it was filmed in Thailand). Mel Gibson and Robert Downey Jnr play pilots in this covert operation and there is some good flying, but the political message is weakened by the buddy approach to war.
"Air Force" (1943)
Any film directed by the great Howard Hawks is worth seeing but this is definitely a movie of its time so it is really a work of propaganda. It starts on the eve of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and tells the story of one particular bomber crew in a 'gung ho' style in which everyone speaks very fast and shows considerable enthusiasm and courage.
The aircraft in question is 'Mary Ann', a B-17 Flying Fortress, which takes off from California for Hawaii only for the crew to learn of the Japanese assault as they are about to land. Subsequently they see action at Wake Island, the Philippines, and the Battle of the Coral Sea. Actual newsreel footage was expertly inserted into the film, including scenes from the Battle of the Coral Sea.
The aircraft used to play 'Mary Ann' was a converted B-17B, one of 19 that had the gunners' bubbles replaced by the flush gun positions of the B-17C and B-17D. The U.S. Army Air Force aircraft that appeared in the film were 10 Boeing B-17C/D Flying Fortresses from Hendrick Field, Sebring, Florida, North American AT-6 Texans (as Japanese fighters) and Bell P-39 Airacobras, Curtiss P-40Cs and Republic P-43A Lancers from Drew Field, Tampa, Florida ,and six Martin B-26C Marauders from McDill Field, Tampa, Florida as the Japanese bombers.
The real 'Mary Ann' was used on a tour to promote the film and then assigned to Hobbs Army Air Field in New Mexico. Later, when it returned to combat duty, it was lost in the Pacific.
"Amelia" (2009)
Hilary Swank is a fine actress who has done good work since I first saw her a decade ago in "Boys Don't Cry", for which she received a well-deserved Academy Award, and she is rarely off the screen as the eponymous American aviatrix Amelia Earhart in this bio-pic for which she was also an executive producer. She really looks and sounds like her subject and the evocation of the period (late 1920s and early 1930s) is well-done, while the cinematography - the movie was shot mainly in Canada with some scenes in South Africa - is superb.
All the support roles are male: Richard Gere as Earheart's publicist and husband, Ewan McGregor as her colleague and lover, and Christopher Eccleston as her navigator on the ill-fated round-the-world effort in 1937. Surprisingly though the director is an Indian woman: Mira Nair who gave us the wonderful "Monsoon Wedding". Sadly the film has an undistinguished script and a fragmented structure, giving the whole thing a rather pedestrian feel, but at least there is plenty of flying and beautiful-looking aircraft, notably the Lockheed Electra of the final flight.
Link: Wikipedia page on Amelia Earheart click here
"Angels One Five" (1952)
The word "angels" in the title was Second World War Royal Air Force slang for altitude in thousand of feet and so "angels one five" refers to an height of 15,000 feet. This film about the Battle of Britain in 1940 was released only 12 years after the event, but the Hurricanes doing the take-offs and landings had to be borrowed from the Portuguese and sadly the dog fights use models. It is a stiff, upper lip account of life on an RAF station during that fateful summer.
The stars are John Gregson and Jack Hawkins. Ronald Adam plays the part of a Group Controller and, during the actual Battle, he was Squadron Leader Ronald Adam, the Group Controller at Hornchurch. Both screenwriter Derek Twist and and cinematographer Christopher Challis spent the war with the RAF Film Unit.
"The Aviator" (2004)
Any movie directed by Martin Scorsese has to be worth watching and this ambitious, if flawed, biopic of Howard Hughes is certainly well worth the price of a cinema ticket. As he did in "Gangs Of New York", Scorsese works with Leonard DiCaprio who here has the most challenging role of his career so far as the eponymous businessman, womaniser, flyboy, movie mogul, and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder-sufferer. Thirty-year old DiCaprio works hard at the role and captures the manic energy, tortured expression and obsessive mannerisms of Hughes, but ultimately his boyish looks make this less than ideal casting. Except for a brief and unsatisfactory childhood scene, the film covers only the twenty years 1927-1947 of Hughes' 70 years, a period which enables Scorsese to present a remarkably sympathetic portrait of this complex character which underlines his great vision and commitment to competition - twin virtues of modern-day capitalism.
Cinema is first and foremost a visual medium and this movie is wonderful to look at. The grand sets and contemporary clothing - enhanced by music of the period - provide a rich evocation of the era, while the appearance in the narrative of so many movie stars of the time enhances the feeling that we have stepped back to a time when Americans were assuming leadership of the world. The realisations of these famous personages is uneven: while Cate Blanchett is brilliant as Katherine Hepburn and a paunchy Alec Baldwin convincing as Juan Trip, Kate Beckinsale is weak as Ava Gardner and Jude Law is disappointing as Errol Flynn.
The real stars of the movie, in many ways, are the aircraft, most of which are necessarily CGI creations. We feel with Hughes as he films from the sky swirling dog fights for his film "Hell's Angels", takes Hepburn night flying over Los Angeles, sets a new speed record in the H-1, crashes in the experimental reconnaisance XF-11, enthuses over the purchase of the Lockheed Constellation, and finally lifts the mammoth 'Spruce Goose' (properly called the H-4 Hercules) a few feet off the water (the aircraft used to be on public display in Long Beach, California and is now to be found in an air museum in McMinnville, Oregon). This film of almost three hours is longer than it should have been, but it is at its most entertaining and exhilerating when it conveys the adrenalin excitement and social transformation of modern aviation.
Link: official web site click here
"Bat 21" (1988)
This is an unusal subject for an aviation film because it concerns the story - based on a true incident - of a rescue mission in Vietnam of an American intelligence officer played by Gene Hackman, as the result of the persistence and bravery of a Forward Aircraft Controller portrayed by Danny Glover. It is well-done with a fair number of flying sequences.
"Battle Of Britain" (1969)
Almost 30 years after the most decisive air battle in history, producer Harry Saltzman and director Guy Hamilton made this commemorative film that collected together the greatest collection of Second World War aircraft ever marshalled for a movie. Although the cast list boasted many well-known actors of the day � led by Laurence Olivier as Air Chief Marshall Sir Hugh Dowding � much of the acting is wooden and the script is weak, but, not withstanding some obvious use of models and sets, it is the aircraft that make this film.
Over a period of three years, the producers pulled together more than 100 1940-vintage aircraft. A total of 36 Spitfires were collected - one-third of them in flying condition, another third capable of taxiing, and the other third only useable as props on airfields - and three Hurricanes; a whole bunch of 28 Messerschmitt Me 109s was bought at auction; and 31 Heinkel He 111 bombers and a Junkers Ju 52 were borrowed from the Spanish Air Force. The aerial filming was done from a specially modified B25 Mitchell bomber and some 40 minutes of aerial combat appears on the screen in some terrific sequences.
Great efforts were made to ensure that the film was authentic and the technical advisers included air aces Robert Stanford Tuck and Adolf Galland. The whole enterprise was the subject of a book by Leonard Mosley.
"Behind Enemy Lines" (2001)
Based very, very loosely on an incident in which an American was shot down and evaded capture in former Yugoslavia, "Behind Enemy Lines" delivers an adrenalin rush, but the style is too gung-ho for it to last long. The plot concerns the shooting down of an American jet which is 'off mission' over Serb-occupied Bosnia-Herzegovina. The American military has co-operated fully with the hardware, so - in a return to "Top Gun" territory - there are terrificly atmospheric shots of the aircraft carrier that is the crew's base and some really exciting film of the F-18 Hornet that is their 'mount'. Slovakia stands in for Bosnia but fits the bill convincingly.
It was a shrewd move not to cast a star in the lead role, but instead the newcomer, blond-haired, pinched-nosed Owen Wilson. In fact, the only really well-known actor in the movie is Gene Hackman, playing a characteristically gruff role as the admiral of the carrier, but he is sadly under-used, even when stupidly he is shown leading the helicopter rescue operation ("Let's go get our boy!").
First time director John Moore deploys some flashy camera-work and provides plenty of pyrotechnics but, besides the fact that it has been done before (in the more intelligent "Bat 21"), the whole thing is just too formulaic and simplistic to make a lasting impression.
"Black Hawk Down" (2001)
Never have I seen a film which demonstrates so effectively the way combat troops and helicopters can be integrated as a fighting force. In this case, the choppers are the formidable UH-60 Black Hawk and the snub MH-6 Little Bird. The helicopter action is monitored by a Lockheed P-3 Orion spotter plane which relays pictures back to the Joint Operations Centre (JOC).
The movie depicts in savagely graphic form the outcome of an October 1993 operation in the Somalian capital of Mogadishu when an attempt to detain henchmen of the local warlord gave rise to a 15-hour 'firefight' in which 18 American soldiers lost their lives and some 73 were injured, while something like five hundred Somalians - men, women ands children - were killed.
Élite soldiers of the Rangers and Delta Force regiments go in, ferried by Black Hawk and Little Bird helicopters but, from the start, it is a mess, as one soldier falls from a Black Hawk, resulting in it being downed by the local militia. This is war as we have never seen it before on the big screen: brutal and confused combat in city streets and houses where the enemy does not wear a uniform or fight by the rules and rescue is far from hand.
This was always going to be a better work than the contemporary "Behind Enemy Lines" because it is helmed by one of the finest directors around and presents a very much less 'gung ho' depiction of war. Fresh from his success with the wonderful "Gladiator", British Ridley Scott � the son of a Royal Marine - has taken locations in Morocco and used magnificent camerawork to produce a stunning visual and visceral record based closely on the book by journalist Mark Bowden. Indeed such is the verisimilitude of Scott's action that one can't always hear what is said or understand what is happening.
Like "Behind Enemy Lines", this is a movie rushed out in the aftermath of the World Trade Center horror, apparently on the assumption that it will make Americans feel better about themselves. It would seem that, in the US, there has been a �Let�s kick ass� response but, to this British viewer at least, such a reaction is hard to fathom. Certainly the film is a celebration of comradeship and heroism, but it reminds us of an appalling military misjudgement by the Americans and a lack of political will by the international community.
"The Blue Max" (1966)
The title of this film comes from the British nickname for the German medal awarded to First World War aces who scored a minimum of 20 'kills' and derives from the flying skills of the German pilot Max Immelmann. It is one of the better movies concerning this war's aviation exploits because the flying sequences are for real, even if the nine aircraft are replicas, and they are extended and superior. The aircraft in action are the British SE5A and RE8 and the German Pfalz DIIIA and Fokker Dr I and the star of the film, George Peppard (playing the German Bruno Stachel), took flying lessons so that he could actually pilot his plane for the filming in Ireland.
"The Bridges At Toko-Ri" (1954)
Few films have been made about the Korean war and, so far as I know, only two about the air war in Korea. In a sense, this is surprising - it was the last air war when there was close up and personal combat and United Nations pilots claimed sone 800 MiGs for the loss of only 58 Sabres. "Toko-Ri" was the first movie about the air war, followed four years later by "The Hunters". Based on a novel by James a Mitchener, this focuses on the experience of a Navy bomber pilot, played by William Holden (Grace Kelly is his wife), flying the F9F Panther from a carrier. It is a more thoughtful and political film than most war movies.
"The Dam Busters" (1954)
On the night of 16/17 May 1943, a special unit of Lancaster bombers, 617 Squadron of the Royal Air Force, using a special type of bomb that could 'bounce' across water, made an audacious and successful attack on the Moehne and the Eder dams in Hitler's Germany. The legendary tale was published as a book by Paul Brickhill in 1951 and told in this film, directed by the then unknown Michael Anderson and written by distinguished author R C Sherriff, three years later. The movie celebrates the brilliance of the bomb's inventer, Barnes Wallis (played by Michael Redgrave), as much as the bravery of the crews who dropped it, led by Victoria Cross-winner Guy Gibson (Richard Todd). The whole thing was made in almost documentary style, enhanced by the use of monochrome instead of colour.
At the time that the film was made, the Avro Lancaster was still in service with the RAF operating with Coastal Command but, for the movie, four were taken out of storage at Aston Down in Gloustershire. All of these were built by Austin Motors in 1945 as Mark VIIs and were too late to see operational service. They were NX673, NX679, NX782 and RT686. A fifth Lancaster that took part was Boscombe Down's NX739. This was used as a back-up and for some aerial filming (most of the aerial shooting was done from a borrowed RAF Vickers Varsity). Only one aircraft - NX679 - was painted up as Gibson's 'AJ-G' with the correct serial number ED932 for a key scene. Several Avro Lincolns were used in long shots to pass off as Lancasters. Also a Vickers Wellington makes a brief appearance.
The 'bouncing bomb' - actually a depth charge codenamed Upkeep - was still on the secret list in 1954, so the film propoerty department mocked up something that in fact looked more impressive than the real thing. Barnes Wallis co-operated fully with the making of the film and even loaned the makers equipment that he used and some personal possessions.
Footnote: In 1969-1970, I was full-time President of the Students' Union at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology and my office was in the Union building named after Barnes Wallis.
"Dark Blue World" (2001)
I was desperate to see this film because it concerns the wartime record of Czechoslovak pilots with the RAF and my wife's father was the top scorer of these brave men. However, I had to wait a full year after it came out in Prague before I could see it London and it played to tiny British audiences.
The film - titled "Tmavomodrý svět" in Czech - focuses on two contrasting personalities: Spitfire pilots Franta Sláma (played by Ondřej Vetchý) and Karel Vojtíšek (Kryštof Hádek). I'd like to think that the names of these two characters are allusions to Josef František, who shot down 17 fighters in the Battle of Britain, and Karel Kuttelwascher (my wife's father), who shot down 15 bombers on night intruder raids plus three fighters.
The script is loosely based on books by two Czech veterans, František Fajtl and Antonín Liška, both of whom I have met. One of the technical advisers on the film was my good Czech friend Zdeněk Hurt and on the official Czech web site for the movie the Czech edition of my book "Night Hawk" is mentioned as source material. Most amazingly, pilot insignia ("wings") worn by the two main stars belonged to Karel Kuttelwascher and his friend Gustav Pristupa and the leather pilot cap and gloves worn by Vetchÿ the principal hero belonged to Kuttelwascher.
On the aircraft front, viewers might be surprised to learn that there were only two flying Spitfires in the movie: Nigel Lamb flew Spitfire Mk Vb (BM597) from Duxford and Robs Lamplough flew Spitfire Mk.VIIIc (MV154) which he owns. All the other fighters were there due to the marvels of computer graphics and modelling plus some clever recycling of material from the 1969 film "The Battle Of Britain". However, in a short scene, there is a lovely flying shot of a B-25 Mitchell bomber. Meanwhile on the ground, in an erotic opening scene, we see a pre-war trainer.
Links:
Official Web site in Czech: click here
Czechoslovaks in the wartime RAF: click here
Link: Wikipedia page click here
"The Right Stuff" (1983)
This is not really an aviation film, but instead a stirring account of the Mercury space programme and the training and missions of the first seven American astronauts. Based on Tom Wolfe's book of the same title, it is a long (193 minutes) but inspiring - and often by turns amusing and moving - tale of great risk and great bravery. Bookending this space movie are flights from Edwards Air Force base by someone who had the right stuff in spades, one of the greatest pilots of all time, the famous Chuck Yeager, played by the ruggedly handsome Sam Shepard.
Early on in the movie, we see the breaking of the sound barrier for the first time on 14 October 1947 with the Bell X-1 named - after Yeager's wife (Barbara Hershey) -"Glamorous Glennis". The film tells the true story of how, two evenings before the historic flight, Yeager broke two ribs in a horse-riding accident and so could only make the difficult transition from the B-29 mother ship into the Bell craft by using a sawn-off broom handle.
Towards the end of the movie, we see the most life-threatening flight of Yeager's career when on 12 December 1963 he took up an Lockheed F-104 Starfighter, went through Mach 2 and reached 104,000 feet, only to go into a flat spin. He stayed with the aircraft for 13 of the 14 spins before bailing out.
Chuck Yeager himself appears in the film in a tiny cameo role as a bartender. Today "Glamorous Glennis" hangs from the ceiling of the entrance hall in the magnificent National Air and Space Museum in Washington, my favourite museum in the world which I must have visted around a dozen times.
The Bell X-1 "Glamorous Glennis"
in Washington's National Air & Space Museum
"633 Squadron" (1964)
This is the tale of a 1944 Mosquito squadron on a dangerous mission to destroy a munitions factory in German-occupied Norway by bombing the cliff overhanging it. The pilots are led by Cliff Robertson in this enjoyable movie, enhanced by Ron Goodwin�s rousing score.
"The Sound Barrier" (1952)
At the end of this famous film, a British pilot solves the mystery of the sound barrier by reversing the controls at the critical moment during the power dive. There are just two problems with this account. It was actually an American, Chuck Yeager, who first broke the sound barrier (see �The Right Stuff�) and reversing the controls in the transonic zone is likely to kill the pilot. In his book �The Right Stuff�, Tom Wolfe describes how Yeager was invited to the American premiere of the movie and, when asked afterwards for his reaction, responded that the picture was �utter shuck from start to finish�.
In fact, the film is something of a classic of aviation cinema. It was inspired by the death of Geoffrey de Havilland in his father�s DH 108 in 1946 and involved an array of British talent: Malcolm Arnold as composer, Terence Rattigan as screenwriter, David Lean as director, and Ralph Richardson and Nigel Patrick (the pilot) as members of the cast. The aerial sequences were shot by a specialist called Anthony Squire and focused on the Vickers Supermarine swept-wing jetfighter, prototype 535 the Swift.
"The Spirit Of St Louis" (1957)
In 1927, the American Charles Lindbergh became the most famous hero in aviation history when he made the first solo crossing of the Atlantic in an astonishing non-stop flight of 3,600 miles from New York to Paris. Thirty years later, the achievement was commemorated in this film co-written and directed by Billy Wilder (better known for �Some Like It Hot�). James Stewart portrays the pilot in a movie which is bound to drag at times, given that a 33 hour flight by a man alone can only contain so much interest. Sadly Lindbergh�s image was later seriously tarnished by his avowed sympathy for European fascism. Meanwhile �The Spirit Of St Louis� � a specially-constructed Ryan monoplane with no forward vision - can be seen in the entrance hall to Washington�s National Air & Space Museum.
"The Spirit Of St Louis"
in Washington's National Air & Space Museum
"Strategic Air Command" (1955)
James Stewart is a baseball player recalled to US air force duty and June Allyson is his wife in an Anthony Mann film full of Cold War and sexist attitudes. Once the flying scenes kick in - Boeing B-36 and B-47 bombers - it becomes a little better.
"Sully: Miracle On The Hudson" (2016)
On 15 January 2009, Captain Chesley B "Sully" Sullenberger III had to take over the controls of US Airways flight 1549 when when a flock of Canada geese hit his Airbus 320 and knocked out both engines. The aircraft had only just taken off from New York's La Guardia airport and he judged that he did not have enough altitude to return to La Guardia or reach nearby Teterboro and decided to land on the freezing waters of the Hudson River. All 155 passengers and crew survived. Between the engines dying and the splashdown on the Hudson, there were just 3 minutes and 32 seconds. How doe one make a film about such a short period of time when the outcome was known to the world at the time?
Well, master craftsman Clint Eastwood (now in his mid 80s), who produced and directed, has done it - and extremely well - by deploying three techniques. First, he revisits those few minutes again and again, showing different perspectives, including a nightmare and simulation exercises, and each time the tension is almost paralysing. Second, he examines the subsequent investigation by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) which questioned Sully's decision - something I had not appreciated until the publicity for the film. Third, he has the perfect casting of Tom Hanks as Sully who is totally credible as the eponymous and heroic pilot.
Clever visual effects and superb sound put the viewer right into the action. But, if there is any need to remind you that this actually happened, the credits are enlivened with photographs of the aircraft on the river, with passengers stretched out along both wings, and a clip of Sully, his wife and some of the passengers having an emotional reunion. Over his long career, Eastwood has had a recurrent theme of the lone hero acting without the full support of authority - all the way from "Dirty Harry" to "American Sniper" - and, in that vein, a criticism that one unfortunately has to make of "Sully" is that it unfairly represents the NTSB officials as hostile to the pilots rather than doing a professional job designed to learn lessons and make recommendations.
For aviation buffs, there is some facinating detail about cockpit procedures, air traffic control, and flight simulations. Plus the NTSB inquiry shows the complexity of modern aviation (the film suggests that the hearings followed hard on the incident but it was a process that in reality took some 15 months). A interesting note: Sully had never flown before with his co-pilot Jeff Skiles (ably played by Aaron Eckhart). Finally, although this is a wonderfully feel-good movie for the viewer, we should remember that most of those involved - including Sullenberger - suffered serious post-traumatic stress disorder.
"Tactical Assault" (1998)
As a conventional movie, this is truly awful: a thin and utterly implausible plot, a dire script and indifferent acting. It features the revenge of a US pilot, shot down over Iraq by his commander, when he somehow reappears six years later and is assigned back to duty on his former commander's base. If the USAF admitted psychopaths like this to fly military jets, the world would be in even more trouble than it already is. The mystery is how they persuaded (a paunchy) Rutger Hauer ("Blade Runner") and Robert Patrick ("Terminator 2") to appear in such rubbish (money, I guess).
On the other hand, as an aviation film, this work does sport a fair amount of action cinematography of a wide range of military flyware: AWACS, combat helicopters (Mi-17 HIP and Mi-24 HIND), and fighter jets (F-4 Phantom, F-16 Falcon, MiG-29 and L-39) in bewidering markings. In fact, there are so many clips of different aircraft that the continuity goes totally awry. Then, if (like me) you've ever been to Budapest, you'll enjoy the location shoting in the Hungarian capital.
"Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo" (1944)
Jay Chladek writes:
I am very certain that this film was done right after WW2 considering the aircraft used in it appeared to be correct B-25B model Mitchells like those used in the raid. It covers the Doolittle raid on Japan in 1942 as seen through the eyes of the crew of "The Ruptured Duck" and does it from early training, through the raid, and to the end when the crew makes it out of China and back to the States. Spencer Tracy stars as Jimmy Doolittle with Van Johnson as the captain of "The Ruptured Duck" and Robert Mitchum as the commander of another B-25.
This film makes a nice companion to "Tora Tora Tora" and is much superior to the raid as portrayed in "Pearl Harbor". But it does drag a bit in spots towards the end as a delerious Van Johnson, injured in the crash of his plane, thinks about his wife and how his injuries might complicate their marriage. Still, it is a good story and the footage of the bombing raid is very well done.
I have no idea how they filmed it, but it looks like they really are flying over Japan and not some redressed American countryside. Some of the footage shown came from the actual launch off the "USS Hornet" from that raid, but I really don't know how they did the rest of it. Sharp-eyed viewers might notice that some of the footage filmed for "30 seconds" was also reused in the opening credits for the 1970s film "Midway". I think this film is worth a look see as it doesn't seem to have the type of melodrama that many air pictures filmed during WW2 (like "Flying Tigers") seem to have, making it much more fun to watch in my humble opinion.
"Those Magnificent Men In Their Flying Machines" (1964)
The majority of the aircraft used in this comedy were built especially for the film. Most of the replicas remain in existence and the Avro Triplane and the Bristol Boxkite, 'flown' in the movie by Terry Thomas and Stuart Whitman respectively, still delight the crowds annually at the summer air events of the Shuttleworth Collection at Old Warden Aerodrome in Bedfordshire, England.
"The Thousand Plane Raid" (1969)
This low-budget American movie describes a raid by a thousand bombers - a technique started by the British - to attack the Third Reich whose Führer claimed that it would last a thousand years. Most of the flying footage is taken from wartime filming.
"Top Gun" (1986)
In terms of the actual flying sequences, this has to be the best aviation movie ever made. Producers Jerry Bruckheimer & Don Simpson (who made a string of action moneyspinners) and director Tony Scott (who cut his teeth on television advertisements) had the full backing of the United States Navy which allowed them access to the Navy�s Fighter School (known as Top Gun), an actual aircraft carrier, and above all the mighty F-14 Tomcats. The F-5 as stands in as the "MiG-28" (of which there is no such aircraft.)
The film is the story of a naval aviator � codename �Maverick� � who has to learn to be less self-centred and more a part of the team. On the ground, it is much too slow, with a poor script and weak characterisation, but in the air it is if anything too fast with superb aerial photography of practice and real dogfighting. �Maverick� is played by the good-looking Tom Cruise, while the love interest comes from a blonde Kelly McGillis (whatever happened to her?) as Charlie. There is an excellent soundtrack, notably the opening sequence by Harold Faltermeyer and the song �Take My Breath Away�. Definitely a film best seen at the cinema with 70mm and Dolby stereo.
"Tora! Tora! Tora!" (1970)
At least two other war films of this period, �The Battle Of Britain� and �Patton� (both issued the previous year), took pains to show the enemy point of view, complete with use of German dialogue, but �Tora!� � the word means �Tiger!� in Japanese - took the process a stage further by presenting the enemy�s point of view equally, in this case the American and Japanese versions of the infamous attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. Indeed the technical advisors included Kuranosuke Isoda, a member of Admiral Yamamoto�s staff, and Kanoe Sonokawa, a former Zero pilot.
This �balanced� approach dampens the emotions and the real stars of the movies are definitely the aircraft � more than 70 of them. Not all of them are what they seem: 12 North American AT-6 Texan aircraft were modified to duplicate the Japanese Mitsubishi A6M2 type 21 �Zero� fighter, nine Vultee BT-13 Valiant trainers were modified to duplicate the Aichi D3A1 �Val� dive bomber, and a combination of AT-6 and BT-13 airframes made up the nine Nakajima B5N2 �Kate� torpedo bombers. Real enough were the five Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses, the two Curtiss P-40 Warhawks, and the Consolidated PBY Catalinas.
Link: Pearl Harbor Remembered click here
"The Tuskegee Airmen" (1995)
The title is a reference to the American base in Alabamba which saw the training of black (or "coloured", as they were called then) aircrew in the United States Army Air Force of World War Two and this HBO televsion film is based on the actual experience of the 332nd Fighter Group known as "The Red Tails" because of their aircraft markings. All the pilots were graduates and skilled at their craft, but blantant prejudice kept them away from active operations until intervention by the White House. This is a noble - and little known - story utilising some good flying footage.
Footnote: A war-time report submitted to the Pentagon stated: "The negro type has not the proper reflexes to make a first-class fighter pilot". The Red Tails escorted bombers on 200 missions over Europe without losing an aircraft. The US Air Force was finally desegregated in 1949.
Link: Wikipedia page click here
"Twelve O'Clock High" (1949)
Set in 1942 and made only seven years later, this is an account of Gregory Peck�s high minded leadership of a �hard luck� unit of Flying Fortress crews. There is little flying until the end when some actual aerial photography taken in the war is used to good effect.
"United 93" (2006)
Although there have already been a couple of television programmes on the seismic events of 11 September 2001, this is the first feature film. There will, of course, be many more, but it is difficult to imagine a more stunning and impactful one. In a sense, therefore, it is ironic that the writer and director Paul Greengrass is British and that most of the filming was done at the Pinewood studio just outside London, using the inside of a salvaged Boeing 757.
The style adopted by Greengrass so effectively is an utterly sparse one. The hand-held camera work and rapid cutting give the whole thing the feel of a documentary. There is no preamble or scene-setting, no flash-backs, no explanations, no star actors. Instead the narrative is simply linear and the confusion self-evident. The research as to events and dialogue is meticulous, members of the aircrew are played by actual stewardesses and pilots, and many of the air traffic controllers and military personnel are playing themselves.
There may be no analysis or commentary but many of the messages are stark. The nearest F-16 was 100 miles away and the military knew nothing of the airliner's fate until four minutes after it struck the ground. Neither the President nor the Vice-President was in contact. They and we were totally unprepared for an event of this nature.
Since United Airlines flight 93 took off from Newark airport 40 minutes later than scheduled, the passengers were able to learn of the suicide missions carried out by the three other sets of hijackers. Since the time to elapse from the first jet slamming into the World Trade Center to the crashing of United 93 was around an hour, this film is able to adopt a real-time narrative.
The tension, as the 40 passengers gradually understand more about their dilemma and plan a last-ditch effort to gain control of the plane, is almost unbearable. The mobile calls to relatives and friends makes one's eyes well with tears. The timing and nature of the final shot - the actual crash and a totally black scene - is stunning.
This impressive and compelling work was produced in full co-operation with the relatives of the passengers and it is a fitting tribute to them, their bravery and their sacrifice.
"Victory Through Air Power" (1943)
This is a real oddity: a Walt Disney documentary cum animation feature to promote radical new theories on the importance of strategic bombing. Made in 1943, it was wartime propaganda which estolled the arguments previously set out in a book of the same name by Major Alexander de Seversky. Apparently, after seeing the movie (at Winston Churchill's urging), the American President Franklin Delano Roosevelt finally committed to a full strategic air campaign against Germany.
The Second World War did not fully underline the validity of the theories - air power alone did not break Germany and it was the atomic bomb which defeated Japan - but more latterly the two Gulf Wars have demonstrated the continued potency of air power.
"The Way To The Stars" (1945)
A lot of talent - but not much flying - went into this account of life on an airfield and a nearby hotel in wartime Britain. Terence Rattigan and Anatole de Grunwald wrote the screenplay and the cast featured a host of established actors (led by John Mills and Michael Redgrave) and stars-to-be (including Trevor Howard and Jean Simmons). The action - set in 1940, 1942 and 1944 - surrounds the use of the base by British and then American pilots and it's clear that, whatever your nationality, if your name is Johnny your number is going to come up. There are glimpses of Hurricanes and Blenheims, then A-20 Bostons, and finally B-17 Flying Fortresses, but the plot really concerns the effects of war on relationships and, as such, shows the effect on women (Renée Asherson and Rosamunde John).
"We Were Soldiers" (2002)
This is an account of one of the very few full-scale battles between American troops and North Vietnamese regulars which occurred in November 1965 in the Ia Drang Valley in the Central Highlands (recreated in central California). Some 400 US soldiers took on around 2,000 Vietnamese in a fire fight lasting three days and nights.
War movies will never be the same since "Saving Private Ryan". "We Were Soldiers" - like "Black Hawk Down" - presents a brutally visceral version of war in which we are left in no doubt of the terrible sound and awesome destruction of modern ordnance. Indeed there are so many similarities between these two films issued within weeks of one another. Both are based on books and show the essential role of the helicopter in modern warfare to both deliver and sustain ground troops and the all-decisive nature of air power; both involve US troops being massively outnumbered by local forces, inflicting far more deaths than they suffered, and having to fight by night as well as day; and, above all, both portray ill-conceived and ultimately failed American operations in an heroic light.
The American soldiers in this conflict were members of Custer's old unit but,instead of horses, their mode of transport was the ubiquitous Huey helicopter. When their commanding officer (played by Mel Gibson) realised that his men are about to be overrun by the North Vietnanese, he issues the message "Broken Arrow", whereupon a whole variety of warplanes bomb the hell out of the enemy. For some of this section, footage is borrowed from the earlier Vietnam movie "Flight Of The Intruder".
"A Yank In The RAF" (1941)
This sounds as if it should offer some good flying sequences, but the aircraft are models and poor at that. Instead we have a limp romance between the titular Tyrone Power and Betty Grable in wartime London.
All reviews by ROGER DARLINGTON.
Last modified on 8 December 2016
Links:
Wikipedia list of aviation film titles click here
Comprehensive listing of aviation films click here
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In which county are Hailes Abbey, Sudeley Castle and Berkeley Castle? | Castles, Monuments & Heritage Sites in Gloucestershire
Berkeley Castle | Chedworth Roman Villa | Clearwell Caves Ancient Iron Mines | Dean Heritage Centre | Hailes Abbey | Odda's Chapel | Prinknash Abbey and Pottery | Sudeley Castle & Gardens | Uley Long Barrow
Berkeley Castle
Berkeley Castle is an amazingly well preserved fortress overlooking the River Severn. It has been the home of the Berkeley family since it was first built 1153. After nearly 1000 years of rich history the castle still stands intact, including its massive keep and dungeons. Formal gardens and rose-clad terraces surround the elegant castle buildings.
Opening times: Apr~Oct, Tue-Sat & BHs 11am - 4pm, Sun 2pm - 5pm
Admission Charge
Location: Berkeley GL13 9BQ (on A38 between Bristol & Gloucester) - Tel: 01453 8l0332 - Website
Facilities: parking, cafe, shop and garden centre. Can be hired for weddings.
Chedworth Roman Villa
Said to be Britain's oldest Romano-British county house and one of the largest villas of its kind discovered in England. The excavated remains contain many fine 4th century mosaics, a detailed and well preserved hypocaust system, plus several bath houses and a temple.
Run by the National Trust - parking and entrance fees may apply, see website for details.
Location: Yanworth, Gloucestershire, GL54 3LJ - Tel: 01242 890256
Facilities: parking, audio tours, shop, disabled facilities. Children's activities and trails. Access for school groups.
Clearwell Caves Ancient Iron Mines
A network of natural caves that were once mined for paint pigment and iron ore in ancient times. Pre-booked tours of the deep underground caverns are available for the more adventurous visitors.
Opening times: Mar~Oct: daily 10am - 5pm, Jan~Feb: Sat-Sun 10am - 5pm. Admission Charge
Location: Clearwell, GLl6 8JR - Tel: 01594 832535 - Website
Facilities: parking, cafe and gift shop, disabled facilities. Access for school groups.
Dean Heritage Centre
Museum, with galleries and outside displays, that recount the story of the local area and its heritage.
Opening times: all year, daily, Winter 10am - 4pm, Summer 10am - 5.30pm (closed Xmas). Admission Charge
Location: Camp Mill, Forest of Dean (on the B4227), GL14 2UB - Tel: 01594 822170 - Website
Facilities: parking (charged), cafe, shop, disabled facilities.
Hailes Abbey
Once a place of great pilgrimage - now all that remains of this great 13th century medieval abbey is a field of serene ruins. An on-site museum tells the story of its long history.
Run by English Heritage - parking and entrance fees may apply, see website for details.
Location: Hailes (near Winchcombe), Gloucestershire, GL545PB - Tel: 01242 602398 Website
Facilities: parking, shop, disabled access.
Odda's Chapel
Restored Saxon chapel, built in 1056 by Earl Odda.
Opening times: Apr~Oct: daily 10am - 6pm; Nov~Mar, daily 10am - 4pm. (closed Xmas). Free Entry
Location: Deerhurst, Gloucestershire.
Facilities: parking (charged)
Prinknash Abbey and Pottery
The abbey site dates from the 14th century. In 1928 it was given back to the Benedictine monks as an abbey. The New Abbey was consecrated in 1972. The site is also home to a reconstruction of the Great Orpheus Pavement - the largest mosaic in Britain. The grounds contain a bird and deer park .
Opening times: all year: Abbey Church: Apr~Oct: 9am - 5.30pm, Nov~Mar: 10am - 4.30pm (closed Good Fri & Xmas). Admission free to grounds. Admission Charge to Orpheus Pavement
Location: Cranham (near Painswick), GL4 8EX - Tel: 01452 812066 - Website
Facilities: parking, cafe, gift shop, disabled facilities.
Sudeley Castle & Gardens
Once an important English palace and home to Henry VIII's wife, Catherine Parr, who lies buried in its Chapel. Many other important historic royal visitors have stayed here, such as Anne Boleyn, Lady lane Grey and Elizabeth I. Surround by very ancient formal gardens and parkland.
Opening times: opening times vary, phone or see website for details. Admission Charge
Location: Winchcombe, GL54 5JD - Tel: 01242 602308 - Website
Facilities: parking, restaurant, shop, garden centre.
Uley Long Barrow & Nympsfield Long Barrow
The Neolithic long barrow near Uley (known locally as Hetty Pegler's Tump), comprises a stone central passage, and three burial chambers. The Nympsfield Long Barrow (another Neolithic burial mound), is located nearby.
Run by English Heritage - free entry, see website for opening times.
Location: On the B4066, just north of Uley
Other Gloucestershire Attractions
City Museum | Cathedral | Docks | Folk Museum | Regiments Museum | St Oswald's
Attractions & Theme Parks:
Bourton-on-the-Water Model Village | Cotswold Motoring Museum | Dean Forest Railway | Edward Jenner Museum | Gloucestershire Warwickshire Steam Railway | Keith Harding's World of Mechanical Music
Castles, Monuments & Heritage Sites:
Berkeley Castle | Chedworth Roman Villa | Clearwell Caves Ancient Iron Mines | Dean Heritage Centre | Hailes Abbey | Odda's Chapel | Prinknash Abbey and Pottery | Sudeley Castle & Gardens | Uley Long Barrow
Gardens & Historic Houses:
Bourton House Garden | Chavenage House | Dyrham Park | Hidcote Manor Garden | Kiftsgate Court Gardens | Littledean Hall | Lodge Park Sherborne Estate | Sezincote | Snowshill Manor | Westbury Court Garden | Westonbirt National Arboretum
Nature, Wildlife & Scenic Sites:
Select Another Region To Visit
Towns & Cities in Gloucestershire
Cheltenham, Cirencester , Gloucester , Painswick, Stroud, Tewkesbury
Please note that the above information was accurate at the time this page was last updated. This information is subject to change at any time (opening times in particular), therefore if you plan on visiting any of the above attractions, please check the owner's website first or phone them for the latest details.
Information:
| Gloucestershire |
Which group, 'one hit wonders', topped the UK charts in 1976 with 'Mississippi'? | Hailes Church, Gloucestershire Heritage Guide
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HERITAGE HIGHLIGHTS: Wonderful collection of pre-1300 wall paintings.
The small Norman church at Hailes, Gloucestershire, stands on the edge of a farm field, directly opposite the ruins of Hailes Abbey . The church predates the Cistercian abbey by a century, but later came under abbey control until the Dissolution of the Monasteries turned Hailes Abbey into a poignant ruin. Hailes church was begun around 1135, with a wide chancel, nave, and tiny south porch. Chancel and nave are of almost the same width; an unusual feature in a Norman church. There is no tower, only a small west turret. The walls are of rubble, supported on the south by buttresses which may be Norman. The church stands within a small, curving churchyard which may be a remnant of a medieval ringwork.
HISTORY OF HAILES CHURCH
The church is attributed to one Ralph de Worcester. Sir Ralph did what many Norman lords did when they wanted land - he took it and claimed it as his own. He seized land at Hailes and erected a castle and the church. He then asked the Bishop of Worcester to consecrate the church, but the Abbot nearby Winchcombe Abbey objected, claiming that the abbey should have the right to the manor at Hailes. The dispute dragged on until 1175 when Pope Alexander issued a bull (a papal writ) confirming that Winchcombe Abbey had the right to all local churches. The church at Hailes could then be consecrated, but only after appropriate payment was made to the abbey. When the new abbey at Hailes was founded in 1246 the church served as a Capella Ante Portas (literally 'chapel before the gates').
You might wonder why the Cistercians chose to settle here, beside an existing church which served a small rural village. The Cistercians generally settled in remote areas, far from worldly influence. At Hailes the solution was obvious; move the village. When the abbey was established the villagers were moved to nearby Didbrook, leaving their parish church behind to serve as a chapel to the abbey. Today there is little more than a few farmhouses to mark the former settlement at Hailes.
Not surprisingly the church had a close relationship with the Abbey. The abbey was founded by Richard, Earl of Cornwall, as thanks for his deliverance from a shipwreck. Earl Richard gave the monks a precious gift; a vial said to contain the blood of Christ. The vial of blood made Hailes a popular destination for pilgrims during the medieval period. Many of those pilgrims paused at the little church outside the abbey gates to pray before entering the abbey itself. It seems odd when you see the quiet church and the narrow country lane today, but this must have been a busy place by medieval standards.
If the exterior of Hailes church is unassuming, the interior is a marvel, a glimpse back in time. As you enter, you see directly opposite you on the north wall, a very large painted figure of St Christopher, bearing the Christ child. St Christopher was the patron saint of travelers, and his likeness is almost always found opposite the entrance, where people entering or leaving the church will see him.
This is perhaps the most faded and indistinct of the Hailes wall paintings, but better awaits. On the south wall, facing St Christopher across the nave, is a wonderful scene of a huntsman and three hounds chasing a hare. The figures are so full of life and vitality they seem like they will jump off the wall at any moment.
THE CHANCEL
The chancel arch is Norman, with simple scalloped capitals, to which vivid red paint clings. The arch is half hidden by a beautifully carved wooden screen. The screen must surely have been brought here from somewhere else, as the chancel arch has had to be cut back to allow the screen to fit. The screen is divided into 8 traceried sections, witrh a beautifully carved vine scroll along the top edge.
In the chancel, both north and south walls are covered in vivid paintings, and there are further paintings around the large east window. Among the painted designs are repeated crests and symbols, including a castle, symbolising Eleanor of Castile, wife of Edward I, and an eagle, sybolising Eleanor's uncle Richard, King of the Romans and Earl of Cornwall, founder of the abbey. These same heraldic symbols are to be found in the ruins of Hailes Abbey. There are wonderful beasts over the windows, including what looks like a winged elephant and a dragon symbol, amid other peculiar figures from the medieval repertoir of imaginery beasts. There are further wall paintings in the very deep Norman window splays, including a very vivid figure of St Catherine of Alexandria on the north, recogisable by the wheel on which she was martyred, and St Margaret of Antioch with a dragon symbol on the south.
The east window is extremely attractive, with large sections of medieval glass showing figures of saints. The stained glass came from the abbey. It was moved to Toddington church in 1789, but when the owner of the Toddington estate, Hugh Andrewes, decided to restore Hailes Church in the early 20th century, he removed the glass from Toddington and installed it here.'brought it home' to Hailes.
Well worn 14th century grave slabs are set into the floor of the sanctuary on the northeither side of the altar. These may have also come from the abbey. The northern slab shows a very nice foliated design, while the southern slab has a more simple cross. There is a third 14th century slab, well hidden, between the north choir stalls, protected by a wooden 'trap door'.
As far as we know the wall paintings at Hailes all date from the late 13th century, after the abbey was established. Certainly the heraldic symbols of Richard of Cornwall and Eleanor of Castile would have been painted as a mark of respect to the abbey patrons.
There are lovely medieval encaustic tiles by the altar, and on the north side of the chancel floor. These also came from Hailes Abbey and were moved here after the Dissolution. The font is 13th century, in an unadorned hexagonal shape, and some very attractive box pews fill most of the nave. The pulpit is undecorated, but has a nicely carved tester. This dates to the early Jacobean period, around 1606.
The pews in the chancel were at one time arranged around the exterior of the chamber, with a stone altar table in the centre of the space. This arrangement is seen elsewhere nearby, for example at Deerhurst. When the church was renovated in the early 20th century the pews were replaced in a more conventional collegiate arrangement as choir seats.
OUR VIEW
It is easy to overlook Hailes Church if you have your heart set on a visit to the abbey. But this seemingly insignificant little gem of a building has as much historic interest as the abbey itself. It doesn't look impressive on the outside, but once you enter into the church you'll see why its one of my favourite historic sites in the Cotswolds.
CHURCH OPENING
The official church website giives no details of opening times, but every time I have visited, the door has been open, so I think that qualifies as 'open at any reasonable time'.
NB. You will sometimes see this church mentioned as 'Hailes Old Church' or simply 'Hailes Chapel'.
About Hailes
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Which of the world's seas has no shoreline but lots of seaweed? | What is the Sargasso Sea?
Home Ocean Facts What is the Sargasso Sea?
What is the Sargasso Sea?
The Sargasso Sea, located entirely within the Atlantic Ocean, is the only sea without a land boundary.
Mats of free-floating sargassum, a common seaweed found in the Sargasso Sea, provide shelter and habitat to many animals. Image credit: University of Southern Mississippi Gulf Coast Research Laboratory.
The Sargasso Sea is a vast patch of ocean named for a genus of free-floating seaweed called Sargassum . While there are many different types of algae found floating in the ocean all around world, the Sargasso Sea is unique in that it harbors species of sargassum that are 'holopelagi' - this means that the algae not only freely floats around the ocean, but it reproduces vegetatively on the high seas. Other seaweeds reproduce and begin life on the floor of the ocean.
Sargassum provides a home to an amazing variety of marine species. Turtles use sargassum mats as nurseries where hatchlings have food and shelter. Sargassum also provides essential habitat for shrimp, crab, fish, and other marine species that have adapted specifically to this floating algae. The Sargasso Sea is a spawning site for threatened and endangered eels, as well as white marlin, porbeagle shark, and dolphinfish. Humpback whales annually migrate through the Sargasso Sea. Commercial fish, such as tuna, and birds also migrate through the Sargasso Sea and depend on it for food.
While all other seas in the world are defined at least in part by land boundaries, the Sargasso Sea is defined only by ocean currents. It lies within the Northern Atlantic Subtropical Gyre . The Gulf Stream establishes the Sargasso Sea's western boundary, while the Sea is further defined to the north by the North Atlantic Current, to the east by the Canary Current, and to the south by the North Atlantic Equatorial Current. Since this area is defined by boundary currents, its borders are dynamic, correlating roughly with the Azores High Pressure Center for any particular season.
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| Sargasso Sea |
In which country will you find the Negev desert? | Caribbean Hit Hard by Sargassum Seaweed Invasion | Inter Press Service
Caribbean Hit Hard by Sargassum Seaweed Invasion
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Desmond Brown
ST. JOHN'S, Antigua, Feb 29 2012 (IPS) - When scientists speak of the Sargasso Sea, which occupies part of the Atlantic Ocean, there is usually little mention of things drifting out because of the immobile currents.
That is until now. Over the past few weeks, seaweed from the Sargasso Sea has been making its way towards the Caribbean, washing up en masse on beaches as surrounding currents change with weather and temperature patterns.
It’s a situation that is posing serious problems for local ecosystems and critical industries such as tourism and fishing.
“It’s the first time in history that I or anyone in the fishermen association have seen so much sargassum weed invading our shores,” Gerald Price, communications officer for the Antigua and Barbuda Fishermen Association, told IPS.
He said the seaweed was clogging the engines of most of the boats used by the fishermen.
While it the cause remains unclear, the Antigua Fisheries Division notes that “strong and unusual currents from recent storms have probably brought the mass of seaweed from the Sargasso Sea to the Caribbean.
Related IPS Articles
CLIMATE CHANGE: Barbados Looks to Beaches as First Line of Defence
“It is anticipated that the masses of seaweeds could increase as more tropical storms are predicted for this hurricane season,” it adds.
Changing currents and more powerful storms due to climate change are one possibility. Another is rising ocean temperatures, and the resulting effects on the growth rates of different marine species.
Vince Best, an environmental scientist and lecturer at Antigua State College, told IPS, “It is possible that climate change could be indirectly responsible for the proliferation of this particular weed which is currently affecting many global coastlines.
“Increased temperatures and the associated effects may be the precursor which is somehow affecting the overall physiology of the various species of this weed causing, maybe, excessive growth; hence the excessive amounts of the weed seen in aquatic environments.”
The species being observed is a brown, macro-algae called Sargussum fluitans (sargassum seaweed), a free-floating algae found on the open sea surface and known to occur in this region. It is often found in association with Sargasso weed (Sargassum natans) that is native to the Caribbean.
“It’s hard to tell the real reason why the sargassum weed is washing up on shores in the Caribbean without some kind of technical assessment,” Sandra Prescod Dalrymple, environmental resource management specialist with ESP Consultants (Caribbean) Inc. told IPS.
“It could be as a result of strong winds that cause strong wave action, winter swells or a combination of things.”
Regardless of the cause, she noted that that the effects are both immediate – such as flies and other vermin, putrid scent, and inconvenience for beach users – as well as long term, and that there could be serious health issues if the situation is not dealt with in a timely and effective manner.
“The tourism industry will be impacted since tourists usually come to the region primarily for its sea and sand,” Dalrymple said, adding that “other longer term impacts could be seen in beach erosion since seaweed usually protects the beach by absorbing wave energy thereby reducing the impacts of waves on the ocean.”
Marine environmentalist Eli Fuller urged governments to quickly develop a comprehensive plan to deal with the problem.
“A lot of the Sargasso weed is caught up in the regular currents bringing them back to Antigua, and we have found out that the west coast of Africa has it much worse than we do here in Antigua.
“I saw a photograph of Sierra Leone that showed that they have a serious problem with the weed. It’s an event, this is a historical event which is unfolding,” he added.
The Antigua and Barbuda government has been urging citizens to be cautious, assuring them in the process that there was no immediate health risk associated with the sargassum weed.
“The unusually large mats of algae in bays and on beaches could disrupt recreational, fishing and boating activities, disrupt the movement of marine turtles coming to beaches to lay their eggs, cause fishing gear and vessels to become entangled or obstruct general vessel traffic,” the government said in a statement.
“The general public is advised that while this new invasion is a nuisance, it poses no immediate threat to human health but all must exercise due care and caution if working continuously and directly within its environs. The sulphurous odour associated with it is primarily a result of decaying processes once the weed becomes stagnant in an area and is allowed to die.”
Price explained that the impact was also severe in the tourism sector after the sargassum weeds washed ashore, creating a “nasty stink” and driving tourists away from the beaches in a country which promotes itself as having 365 beaches – one for each day of the year.
The upscale St. James’s Club Resort and Villas located on a 100-acre peninsula on the southeastern coast of Antigua was forced to close its doors for several weeks late in 2011 as management devised ways to cope with the sargassum weed that has overtaken many beaches on the east and southeast coasts.
The hotel’s vice president, Alex Debretto, said the resort has employed more than two dozen people to clear the beaches.
Apart from Antigua and Barbuda, the seaweed has also affected other Caribbean islands, including Grenada, Barbados, St. Lucia and St. Bartholomew.
Dalrymple warns that while it’s important to remove the seaweed, countries also have to be careful since grazers rely on these plants for food and in turn provide sustenance for other creatures in the food chain. In addition, she said that these plants provide natural habitats for many living organisms and these too would suffer.
“One could see a decline in near-shore fisheries but this depends on the extent of the damage and the ability of the seagrass beds to recover after such events,” she said, adding “as such, the implications could differ depending on the coastal characteristics of the particular area and the state of the fisheries and seagrass beds prior to the event.”
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Cmay
It’s also very bad at the Grand Cayman Island. There are mounds 1-2 feet tall full of little sand fleas or some kind of little bug in it. I love it here but it is a turn off when it takes up all of the beach when your trying to walk down the beach.
kathy
over here on the Caribbean coast of Mexico but the Gulf coast does not have it (at least along the flat coast of the peninsula.
http://www.goldenkeymanagement.com/ Golden Treasures
The North Coast of the Dominican Republic is free of the seaweed, so the areas of Puerto Plata, Cabarete and Sosua are clear for visitors. This is Sosua beach today
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Which Frenchman won the Alpine triple-crown at the 1968 Winter Olympics? | About: 1968 Winter Olympics
About: 1968 Winter Olympics
An Entity of Type : societal event , from Named Graph : http://dbpedia.org , within Data Space : dbpedia.org
The 1968 Winter Olympics, officially known as the X Olympic Winter Games (French: Les Xes Jeux olympiques d'hiver), were a winter multi-sport event which was celebrated in 1968 in Grenoble, France and opened on 6 February. Thirty-seven countries participated. Norway won the most medals, the first time a country other than the USSR had done so since the USSR first entered the Winter Games in 1956.The year 1968 marked the first time the IOC first permitted East and West Germany to enter separately, and the first time the IOC ever ordered drug and gender testing of competitors.
Property
أقيمت الألعاب الأولمبية الشتوية لسنة 1968 في مدينة غرونوبل الفرنسية.32x28pxبوابة ألعاب أولمبية32x28pxبوابة الرياضات الشتوية32x28pxبوابة عقد 196032x28pxبوابة فرنسا
(ar)
Los Juegos Olímpicos de Grenoble 1968, oficialmente conocidos como los X Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno, fueron un evento multideportivo internacional, celebrado en Grenoble, Francia, entre el 6 al 18 de febrero de 1968. Estos fueron los primeros Juegos Olímpicos en los que se permitió la participación de la Alemania Federal y la Alemania Democrática como 2 naciones independientes. Compitieron 1158 atletas (947 hombres y 211 mujeres) de 37 países. El deportista más destacado fue el francés Jean-Claude Killy, oro en todas las pruebas de esquí.
(es)
Les Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 1968, officiellement connus comme les Xes Jeux olympiques d'hiver, ont lieu à Grenoble du 6 au . Grenoble obtient les Jeux dès sa première candidature en s'imposant face à Calgary, Lahti, Sapporo, Oslo et Lake Placid. Elle est la deuxième ville française à accueillir les Jeux olympiques d'hiver après Chamonix en 1924. L'ensemble des sites de compétition se situent dans le département de l'Isère, à Grenoble pour les épreuves de patinage artistique, de hockey sur glace et de patinage de vitesse, ainsi que dans les stations de sports d'hiver qui entourent la ville pour les autres épreuves. Les Jeux rassemblent 1 158 athlètes de 37 pays, ce qui constitue un record à l'époque pour les Jeux d'hiver. Ils se mesurent dans dix disciplines qui regroupent un total de 35 épreuves officielles, soit une de plus qu'en 1964. Pour la première fois, l'Allemagne de l'Est et l'Allemagne de l'Ouest sont présentes séparément, tandis que le Maroc effectue sa première participation. La Norvège finit en tête du classement des nations en remportant 14 médailles dont 6 en or. L'équipe de France obtient son meilleur total jusqu'alors dans l'histoire des Jeux avec neuf médailles, un résultat couronné par la performance individelle de Jean-Claude Killy, qui remporte trois médailles d'or dans les trois disciplines de ski alpin.
(fr)
Die X. Olympischen Winterspiele fanden vom 6. bis 18. Februar 1968 in Grenoble statt, der Hauptstadt des französischen Départements Isère. Frankreich war zum zweiten Mal Gastgeber von Winterspielen, nach 1924 in Chamonix. Die Spiele waren geprägt von einer noch nie da gewesenen Dezentralisierung, die Wettkampforte lagen bis zu 65 Kilometer vom Stadtzentrum entfernt in den umliegenden Gebirgszügen. Mit 1158 Sportlern aus 37 Ländern wurde ein neuer Teilnehmerrekord erzielt. Erfolgreichster Sportler war der französische Skirennläufer Jean-Claude Killy, der in allen drei ausgetragenen Rennen die Goldmedaille gewann. Die schwedische Langläuferin Toini Gustafsson war mit zwei Gold- und einer Silbermedaille die erfolgreichste Teilnehmerin. Die meisten Medaillen gewann die Mannschaft aus Norwegen. Erstmals überhaupt waren die Bundesrepublik Deutschland und die Deutsche Demokratische Republik mit zwei getrennten Mannschaften vertreten, wenn auch noch mit gleicher Flagge und Hymne. Zum ersten Mal bei Olympischen Spielen wurden Dopingkontrollen durchgeführt und Fernsehübertragungen in Farbe angeboten.
(de)
The 1968 Winter Olympics, officially known as the X Olympic Winter Games (French: Les Xes Jeux olympiques d'hiver), were a winter multi-sport event which was celebrated in 1968 in Grenoble, France and opened on 6 February. Thirty-seven countries participated. Norway won the most medals, the first time a country other than the USSR had done so since the USSR first entered the Winter Games in 1956. Frenchman Jean-Claude Killy won three gold medals in all the alpine skiing events. In women's figure skating, Peggy Fleming won the only United States gold medal. The games have been credited with making the Winter Olympics more popular in the United States, not least of which because of ABC's extensive coverage of Fleming and Killy, who became overnight sensations among teenage girls. The year 1968 marked the first time the IOC first permitted East and West Germany to enter separately, and the first time the IOC ever ordered drug and gender testing of competitors.
(en)
I X Giochi olimpici invernali (in francese Xes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) si sono svolti a Grenoble (Francia) dal 6 al 18 febbraio 1968.
(it)
グルノーブルオリンピックは、1968年2月6日から2月18日まで、フランスのグルノーブルで行われた冬季オリンピックである。記録映画『白い恋人たち』（監督クロード・ルルーシュ、フランソワ・レシャンバック）が有名。
(ja)
X Zimowe Igrzyska Olimpijskie odbyły się we francuskiej miejscowości Grenoble w 1968 roku. Igrzyska te przeszły do historii jako zawody, na których po raz pierwszy, na szeroką skalę, przeprowadzono badania antydopingowe (bezpośrednio po każdej konkurencji) oraz testy płci. Sporym utrudnieniem dla sportowców oraz obserwatorów były duże odległości pomiędzy obiektami sportowymi oraz miejscami zakwaterowania sportowców (wioska olimpijska znajdowała się w kilku niepowiązanych ze sobą osadach). W przeprowadzeniu rywalizacji w konkurencjach alpejskich utrudnieniem była gęsta mgła panująca w górnych partiach tras narciarskich. Do historii przeszła ceremonia zapalenia znicza olimpijskiego - francuski łyżwiarz Alain Calmat przed zapaleniem olimpijskiego ognia pokonywał 96 schodów, a bicie jego serca dzięki pomocy aparatury nagłaśniającej, słyszane było przez wszystkich uczestników ceremonii.
(pl)
De Xe Olympische Winterspelen werden in 1968 gehouden in Grenoble, Frankrijk. Ook Calgary (Canada), Lahti (Finland), Åre (Zweden), Sapporo (Japan), Oslo (Noorwegen) en Lake Placid (Verenigde Staten) stelden zich kandidaat.
(nl)
Os Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno de 1968, oficialmente X Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno, foram um evento multiesportivo realizados em Grenoble, na França. Contou com a participação de 1158 atletas, sendo 947 homens e 211 mulheres representando 37 países. Competindo em 10 modalidades esportivas, os jogos foram disputados de 6 a 18 de fevereiro. A Noruega liderou o quadro de medalhas com 14 conquistas no total sendo 6 de ouro, tornando-se a primeira nação a superar a União Soviética desde sua entrada nos Jogos em 1956.
(pt)
X зимние Олимпийские игры — международное спортивное соревнование по зимним видам спорта, которое проходило под эгидой Международного олимпийского комитета в городе Гренобль, Франция с 6 по 18 февраля 1968 года. Открывал игры Шарль де Голль.В этих играх приняли участие 1158 спортсменов из 37 стран, из них мужчин — 947, женщин — 211. Это явилось рекордом для зимних игр. Было разыграно 35 комплектов наград в 6 видах спорта. В них впервые приняли участие представители Марокко, а спортсмены ГДР и ФРГ , которые составляли в период с 1956 год по 1964 годах Объединенную команду, выступали самостоятельно.
(ru)
第十届冬季奥林匹克运动会（英语：the X Olympic Winter Games，法语：les Xes Jeux olympiques d'hiver），于1968年2月6日至2月18日在法国格勒诺布尔举行。
(zh)
أقيمت الألعاب الأولمبية الشتوية لسنة 1968 في مدينة غرونوبل الفرنسية.32x28pxبوابة ألعاب أولمبية32x28pxبوابة الرياضات الشتوية32x28pxبوابة عقد 196032x28pxبوابة فرنسا
(ar)
Los Juegos Olímpicos de Grenoble 1968, oficialmente conocidos como los X Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno, fueron un evento multideportivo internacional, celebrado en Grenoble, Francia, entre el 6 al 18 de febrero de 1968. Estos fueron los primeros Juegos Olímpicos en los que se permitió la participación de la Alemania Federal y la Alemania Democrática como 2 naciones independientes. Compitieron 1158 atletas (947 hombres y 211 mujeres) de 37 países. El deportista más destacado fue el francés Jean-Claude Killy, oro en todas las pruebas de esquí.
(es)
I X Giochi olimpici invernali (in francese Xes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) si sono svolti a Grenoble (Francia) dal 6 al 18 febbraio 1968.
(it)
グルノーブルオリンピックは、1968年2月6日から2月18日まで、フランスのグルノーブルで行われた冬季オリンピックである。記録映画『白い恋人たち』（監督クロード・ルルーシュ、フランソワ・レシャンバック）が有名。
(ja)
De Xe Olympische Winterspelen werden in 1968 gehouden in Grenoble, Frankrijk. Ook Calgary (Canada), Lahti (Finland), Åre (Zweden), Sapporo (Japan), Oslo (Noorwegen) en Lake Placid (Verenigde Staten) stelden zich kandidaat.
(nl)
Os Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno de 1968, oficialmente X Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno, foram um evento multiesportivo realizados em Grenoble, na França. Contou com a participação de 1158 atletas, sendo 947 homens e 211 mulheres representando 37 países. Competindo em 10 modalidades esportivas, os jogos foram disputados de 6 a 18 de fevereiro. A Noruega liderou o quadro de medalhas com 14 conquistas no total sendo 6 de ouro, tornando-se a primeira nação a superar a União Soviética desde sua entrada nos Jogos em 1956.
(pt)
第十届冬季奥林匹克运动会（英语：the X Olympic Winter Games，法语：les Xes Jeux olympiques d'hiver），于1968年2月6日至2月18日在法国格勒诺布尔举行。
(zh)
The 1968 Winter Olympics, officially known as the X Olympic Winter Games (French: Les Xes Jeux olympiques d'hiver), were a winter multi-sport event which was celebrated in 1968 in Grenoble, France and opened on 6 February. Thirty-seven countries participated. Norway won the most medals, the first time a country other than the USSR had done so since the USSR first entered the Winter Games in 1956.The year 1968 marked the first time the IOC first permitted East and West Germany to enter separately, and the first time the IOC ever ordered drug and gender testing of competitors.
(en)
Die X. Olympischen Winterspiele fanden vom 6. bis 18. Februar 1968 in Grenoble statt, der Hauptstadt des französischen Départements Isère. Frankreich war zum zweiten Mal Gastgeber von Winterspielen, nach 1924 in Chamonix. Die Spiele waren geprägt von einer noch nie da gewesenen Dezentralisierung, die Wettkampforte lagen bis zu 65 Kilometer vom Stadtzentrum entfernt in den umliegenden Gebirgszügen. Mit 1158 Sportlern aus 37 Ländern wurde ein neuer Teilnehmerrekord erzielt.
(de)
Les Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 1968, officiellement connus comme les Xes Jeux olympiques d'hiver, ont lieu à Grenoble du 6 au . Grenoble obtient les Jeux dès sa première candidature en s'imposant face à Calgary, Lahti, Sapporo, Oslo et Lake Placid. Elle est la deuxième ville française à accueillir les Jeux olympiques d'hiver après Chamonix en 1924. L'ensemble des sites de compétition se situent dans le département de l'Isère, à Grenoble pour les épreuves de patinage artistique, de hockey sur glace et de patinage de vitesse, ainsi que dans les stations de sports d'hiver qui entourent la ville pour les autres épreuves.
(fr)
X Zimowe Igrzyska Olimpijskie odbyły się we francuskiej miejscowości Grenoble w 1968 roku.Igrzyska te przeszły do historii jako zawody, na których po raz pierwszy, na szeroką skalę, przeprowadzono badania antydopingowe (bezpośrednio po każdej konkurencji) oraz testy płci. Sporym utrudnieniem dla sportowców oraz obserwatorów były duże odległości pomiędzy obiektami sportowymi oraz miejscami zakwaterowania sportowców (wioska olimpijska znajdowała się w kilku niepowiązanych ze sobą osadach). W przeprowadzeniu rywalizacji w konkurencjach alpejskich utrudnieniem była gęsta mgła panująca w górnych partiach tras narciarskich. Do historii przeszła ceremonia zapalenia znicza olimpijskiego - francuski łyżwiarz Alain Calmat przed zapaleniem olimpijskiego ognia pokonywał 96 schodów, a bicie jego serca
(pl)
X зимние Олимпийские игры — международное спортивное соревнование по зимним видам спорта, которое проходило под эгидой Международного олимпийского комитета в городе Гренобль, Франция с 6 по 18 февраля 1968 года. Открывал игры Шарль де Голль.В этих играх приняли участие 1158 спортсменов из 37 стран, из них мужчин — 947, женщин — 211. Это явилось рекордом для зимних игр. Было разыграно 35 комплектов наград в 6 видах спорта.
(ru)
| Jean-Claude Killy |
In the context of food, Eccles in Lancashire is famous for what? | 1968 Winter Olympics : Wikis (The Full Wiki)
Stade Lesdiguières
The 1968 Winter Olympics , officially known as the X Olympic Winter Games, were a winter multi-sport event which was celebrated in 1968 in Grenoble , France and opened on February 6. Thirty-seven countries participated. Norway won the most medals, the first time a country other than the USSR had done so since the USSR first entered the Winter Games in 1956.
Frenchman Jean-Claude Killy won three gold medals in all the alpine skiing events. In women's figure skating , Peggy Fleming won the only United States gold medal. The games have been credited with making the Winter Olympics more popular in the United States, not least of which because of ABC 's extensive coverage of Fleming and Killy, who became overnight sensations among teenage girls.
The year 1968 marked the first time the IOC first permitted East and West Germany to enter separately, and the first time the IOC ever ordered drug and gender testing of competitors.
Contents
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Highlights
Grenoble 1968 is the first Olympiad to adopt a mascot , although unofficially. Schuss, the mascot, is a styled skier. [1]
Norway came away from the Games with the most medals: 6 gold, 6 silver, and 2 bronze.
In the downhill skiing event, French hero Jean-Claude Killy won the gold medal with a time of 1:59.85.
Killy also swept the other men’s Alpine events, but only after one of the greatest controversies in the history of the Winter Olympics. Austrian superstar Karl Schranz claimed that a mysterious man in black crossed his path during the slalom race, causing him to skid to a halt. Given a restart, Schranz beat Killy’s time. However, a Jury of Appeal disqualified Schranz and gave the medal to Killy. [2]
The East German women’s luge team, who had won gold, silver, and fourth, were all disqualified for heating their runners.
Swedish skier Toini Gustafsson was a star in women’s cross-country events, winning both individual races and earning a silver medal in the relay.
American figure skater Peggy Fleming built up a huge lead after the compulsory figures and easily won the first-place votes of all nine judges. [3]
Elegant married couple Lyudmila Belousova and Oleg Protopopov successfully defended their pairs figure skating title from Innsbruck for the Soviet Union.
Fabled Italian bobsleigh pilot Eugenio Monti drove both the two-man and four-man events to win gold.
All bobsleigh contests had to be scheduled to start before sunrise and end shortly after dawn because the track at L'Alpe d'Huez was designed with insufficient cooling capability and could not keep the ice solid in bright daylight.
In speed skating, the women’s 3,000m event turned out to be particularly fast, with the first 10 finishers beating the previous Olympic record set in Squaw Valley in 1960. However, the gold medallist, the Netherlands’ Johanna “Ans” Schut, was unable to beat the world record—until the next year on the same oval in Grenoble.
Sex tests for women were introduced.
This Olympics was the first to use Bugler's Dream by Leo Arnaud as the theme for Olympic television coverage by ABC. It was also the first Olympics to be broadcast in color.
Venues
Opening Stadium (Stade Inaugural) - opening ceremonies
Speed Circuit¹ (L'Anneau de Vitesse) - speed skating
Ice Stadium ¹ (Le Stade de Glace) - ice hockey, figure skating, closing ceremonies
Municipal Skating Rink² (La Patinoire Municipale) - ice hockey
Mountain venues
Recoin de Chamrousse - women's alpine skiing
Autrans - cross-country skiing, biathlon
Bobsleigh Run¹ (Piste de Bobsleigh), Alpe d'Huez - bobsleigh
Toboggan Run¹ (Piste de Luge), Villard-de-Lans - luge
70-meter Ski Jump¹ (Tremplin de 70 Mètres), Autrans - ski jumping
90-meter Ski Jump¹ (Tremplin de 90 Mètres), Saint-Nizier-du-moucherotte - ski jumping
¹ New facilities constructed in preparation for the Olympic Games.
² Existing facilities modified or refurbished in preparation for the Olympic Games.
Medal winners
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Which former EastEnders actor was once married to Colleen Nolan of The Nolans? | Loose Women's Coleen Nolan leaves son Shane mortified | Daily Mail Online
comments
Last year her son Jake admitted his mother Coleen Nolan's confession that she had made a sex tape left him mortified and now it is Shane Jr's turn to be embarrassed by her.
For Coleen admitted on ITV's Loose Women that her now 26-year-old son, whose father is EastEnders actor Shane Richie, once accidentally called her voicemail while he was having sex and she listened to it for four-and-a-half minutes.
While Coleen quipped live on TV, 'I was impressed,' a horrified Shane took to Twitter and wrote: 'Mum, why oh why @loosewomen !!! In my defence, it was longer that 4 and a half minutes. @loosewomen x.'
Scroll down for video
Embarrassing mother: Coleen Nolan revealed on ITV's Loose Women that her son Shane Jr once accidentally dialled her number while he was having sex and left an explicit voicemail
Mortified: Shane Jr was horrified and took to Twitter to share his embarrassment
However, he soon saw the funny side and added: 'Form a queue ladies #best4minutesofyourlife haha.'
Coleen went into detail on Wednesday's show about how the incident occurred.
She told her fellow panellists, and the British viewing public: 'I came down one morning and had a missed call from Shane Junior and I'd missed it at 4 in the morning and I knew he'd been out so I was panicking, thinking all my God, he might be in hospital and all that.
'And it had gone to voicemail and I was listening to it for about the first ten seconds and I was I was thinking what the hell is that and then I realised his phone had gone off during... his night of passion. And I hope he's not watching today but let me say I listened for four-and-a-half minutes, four-and-a-half, I was dead impressed.'
Live on TV: Coleen made the confession on her TV show to the delight of the audience
And to make matters worse, Coleen kept the recording and played it for him and his girlfriend.
When Janet Street-Porter commented, 'I think that's really creepy!', Coleen replied: 'It's really creepy and even more creepy that when he came round I played it for him and his girlfriend. I had to embarrass him.'
Shane's tweets were then read out live on air to the delight of the audience.
This comes a month after Rixton frontman, Jake, 22, found out while sitting in the ITV studio during a taping for the popular show that his parents once made a sex tape.
'Most embarrassing moment': Rixton's Jake Roche revealed mother Coleen's sextape confession back in 2009 on Loose Women left him red-faced as he sat and listened live in the studio
'It was hard going to school the next day': The 22-year-old singer is Coleen's youngest son from her marriage to ex-husband EastEnders' star Shane Richie
Speaking to the Daily Mirror the rising star deemed his mother's revelation in 2009 as the 'most embarrassing moment' of his life.
Seated in the audience with his brother Shane, Jake told how they listened on as their mother shared details of the raunchy home video which she made with their father Shane Richie.
Hiding their shame as Coleen described scenes from the footage as 'two sea lions that needed clubbing', the brothers held their hands to their faces as they squirmed in their seats.
Speaking about the aftermath of the revelation, Roche said: 'It was hard going to school the next day.'
Hoe they were: Coleen admitted that her raunchy home video with Shane only lasted a mere two minutes
Cringe! Back in 2009, Jake was joined by his older brother Shane as they got the shock of their live while seated in the audience for a taping of the popular ITV show
Not impressed: The brothers looked so uneasy as they heard their mother describe scenes from the tape looking like 'two sea lions that needed clubbing'
But despite his mother's cringe-worthy antics, last month Jake told how his mother is the first person he contacts when he's looking for a little advice in the bedroom department.
More than happy to help when it comes to dishing out tips on matters of a sexual nature, Jake said how Coleen is always there for him and his Rixton bandmates.
Talking to the Daily Mirror , the Wait On Me singer said: 'I send a text to my mum if I've got a problem. She's always there for me and my mates.'
No secrets: Last month Jake revealed his mum Coleen Nolan gives him and his Rixton bandmates sex advice
Agony mummy: The Loose Women star apparently helped one of Rixton learn how to use a condom
Jake said he is completely comfortable speaking to his mum about such matters, adding: 'I'm not embarrassed of her, she's great.'
And it would seem the TV star is so comfortable with dishing out sex education that she even taught Rixton guitarist Danny Wilkin how to use a condom.
'She taught me to pinch the end and roll it down,' he said.
Props for my mum: Jake said he is pleased that his mum Coleen is around to give him help on girls and love
Read more:
| Shane Richie |
Which popular, free computer operating system owes its existence to Linus Torvalds? | Coleen Nolan Biography from Biogs.com
England
clear
Coleen Nolan was born on 12 March 1965 in Blackpool. Her parents Tommy and Maureen Nolan were singers.
Coleen Nolan first came to the public attention as a solo singer and then Coleen became a member of the The Nolans in 1980 aged 15.
She was the last sister to join The Nolans, and the group had already had their greatest success with the first release of I'm In the Mood For Dancing.
In 1994, Coleen left The Nolans.
In the meantime she had married actor Shane Ritchie in 1990 and they had two sons.
According to the BBC's profile of Shane Richie, he has a tattoo saying 'Co' on his backside. He was going to get 'Coleen' tattooed but he stopped the tattooist from going further because he couldn't stand any more pain.
Coleen Nolan and Shane Richie divorced in 1999.
Since 2000, Coleen Nolan has been a regular member of daytime ITV's Loose Women panel.
In November 2007, Coleen Nolan married musician Ray Fensome, who had proposed to her on her 40th birthday. They already had a daughter.
Apart from Loose Women, Coleen Nolan's TV credits include co-presenting This Morning with Twiggy after Richard & Judy had left in 2001.
Additionally Coleen Nolan lost nearly two stone on TV's Celebrity Fit Club.
She revealed to The Mirror on 20 November 2006 that after Celebrity Fit Club, she felt no motivation to keep it up so the weight went back on, but then she proceeded to lose a lot of weight through the Lighterlife plan.
In 2008 she released a DVD, Coleen Nolan's DiscoBurn.
In 2009, Coleen Nolan partnered Stuart Widdall on Dancing on Ice.
In spite of scoring relatively low with the judges, Coleen and Stuart managed to reach the semi-finals of Dancing on Ice. They ended up fourth.
Coleen Nolan's hectic schedule on Dancing on Ice was revealed by her diary in The Mirror.
In 2009, Coleen Nolan's autobiography Upfront and Personal hit the bestseller charts.
In 2010 she was a co-host of Dancing On Ice Friday.
In March 2011, Coleen Nolan announced that she would be leaving her role as regular panellist on Loose Women.
In the summer of 2012, Coleen Nolan became a housemate on Celebrity Big Brother.
She returned to the show in 2017 as one of the All-Stars on Celebrity Big Brother series 19.
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In the UK, what is the value of the letter P in Scrabble? | Scrabble: Should letter values change? - BBC News
BBC News
Scrabble: Should letter values change?
By Laura Gray BBC News
15 January 2013
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The values of the letters in Scrabble were assigned according to the front page of a US newspaper in the 1930s. Is it time the scoring system was updated to reflect today's usage?
All Scrabble players know that Q and Z are the highest scoring tiles. You can get 10 points for each, in the English language version of the game.
But according to one American researcher, Z really only deserves six points.
And it's not just Z that's under fire. After 75 years of Scrabble, some argue that the current tile values are out of date as certain letters have become more common than they used to be.
"The dictionary of legal words in Scrabble has changed," says Joshua Lewis, researcher and creator of a software program which allocates new, up-to-date values to Scrabble tiles.
"Among the notable additions are all of these short words which make it easier to play Z, Q and X, so even though Q and Z are the highest value letters in Scrabble, they are now much easier to play."
Joshua Lewis's program is called Valett and it recalculates the letter valuations by looking at three things.
What is Scrabble?
Players make words on a board and earn points according to the value of the letters they use
They have seven letters each
Every word has to join a word already on the board
So to get rid of all your letters, you would usually need to think of an eight-letter word
The winner is the player with the most points when all the spare letters have been used and one player has no letters left
How to win at Scrabble
Firstly, there is the frequency of the letters in the English language. Secondly, the frequency by word length - how many times a letter appears in two, three, seven, and eight-letter words.
And finally, he looked at how easy it is to play the letter with other letters. For example, Q is a difficult letter to play so would warrant a higher score than S, which can be played with many more.
According to Lewis's system, X (worth eight points in the current game) is worth only five points and Z (worth 10 points now) is worth six points.
Other letter values change too, but less radically. For example, U (one point currently) is worth two in the new version, G (two points) becomes three and M (three points) becomes two.
Not all letters change under these proposals but those that do tend to have fallen in value. In explaining why his overall point distribution is lower, Lewis blames Q which, as he puts it, is an "outlier", much harder to play than other letters.
It is a game of luck and changing the tile values wouldn't achieve anything
Philip Nelkon, Mattel, Scrabble manufacturer
"You get this justified separation between Q at 10 and Z and J at six, and in general the non-Q letters are a bit more compressed in value."
He looked at increasing the value of Q to 12, but decided against putting too much power in a single tile.
Lewis is not the first to propose an updated version of Scrabble, says John Chew, co-president of the North American Scrabble Players Association. He says he hears from people once or twice a year saying that the tile values are incorrect.
In fact this has been happening ever since the game was invented in 1938 by the American architect Alfred Butts, who calculated a value for each tile by measuring how frequently each letter appeared on the front page of the New York Times.
Letter scores that would change
Source: Joshua Lewis
"Alfred Butts had a selection bias in favour of printed newspaper English which many people have suggested ought to be rectified," says Chew.
But is there a market for a revised version of Scrabble?
If the tile values changed there would be "catastrophic outrage", says Chew.
"Some people would just continue playing with the old tile distributions because people who've played the game often enough tend to remember that the Q is worth 10 points, the Z is worth 10 points and so on."
What's more, he says, seasoned Scrabble players know there is an important difference between the value written on a Scrabble tile and that tile's real value when played in a game, a notion he calls "equity value". So a blank tile or an S have an equity value that far outstrips their face value because they can easily earn a player so many points.
So could Scrabble tiles really be changed to adapt to our evolving vocabulary?
No, according to Mattel, the company which manufactures Scrabble in Europe.
"Mattel has no plans to change Scrabble tiles. It is not a game where fairness is paramount, it is a game of luck and changing the tile values wouldn't achieve anything," says Philip Nelkon, Scrabble's UK representative.
More or Less: Behind the stats
Listen to More or Less on BBC Radio 4 and the World Service, or download the free podcast
More stories from More or Less
Even Joshua Lewis, inventor of the new system believes the traditional valuations can make the game more exciting.
"You're really lucky if you pick an X because it's over-valued and unlucky if you pick a V. So if they were to re-do the values of the tiles that would reduce the level of luck.
"That might be desirable in tournaments but it might not be as good in casual play where you want the less skilled players to have a shot periodically at beating the more highly skilled players."
So those players who rely on good luck when playing Scrabble can breathe a sigh of relief.
You can follow the Magazine on Twitter and on Facebook
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Kept in many schools, in which landlocked Asian country did the Gerbil originate? | Scrabble Tile Distribution and Point Values
By Erik Arneson
Updated September 29, 2016.
One of the first things that beginner Scrabble players should learn is the game's tile distribution. It's vital to know that, for example, only one J, K, Q, X and Z are in the bag -- and that they provide the best opportunities for high scores.
Scrabble Tiles Listed by Point Values
0 points: blank/wild (2)
1 point: E (12), A (9), I (9), O (8), N (6), R (6), T (6), L (4), S (4), U (4)
2 points: D (4), G (3)
3 points: B (2), C (2), M (2), P (2)
4 points: F (2), H (2), V (2), W (2), Y (2)
5 points: K (1)
8 points: J (1), X (1)
10 points: Q (1), Z (1)
Scrabble Tiles Listed Alphabetically
Blank/Wild: 2 tiles, 0 points
A: 9 tiles, 1 point
B: 2 tiles, 3 points
C: 2 tiles, 3 points
D: 4 tiles, 2 points
E: 12 tiles, 1 point
F: 2 tiles, 4 points
G: 3 tiles, 2 points
H: 2 tiles, 4 points
I: 9 tiles, 1 point
J: 1 tile, 8 points
K: 1 tile, 5 points
L: 4 tiles, 1 point
M: 2 tiles, 3 points
N: 6 tiles, 1 point
O: 8 tiles, 1 point
P: 2 tiles, 3 points
Q: 1 tile, 10 points
R: 6 tiles, 1 point
S: 4 tiles, 1 point
T: 6 tiles, 1 point
U: 4 tiles, 1 point
V: 2 tiles, 4 points
W: 2 tiles, 4 points
X: 1 tile, 8 points
Y: 2 tiles, 4 points
Z: 1 tile, 10 points
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Which 1993 Disney film starred Bette Midler and Sarah Jessica Parker as witches? | Hocus Pocus (1993) - IMDb
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17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC
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| Comedy , Family , Fantasy | 16 July 1993 (USA)
After three centuries, three witch sisters are resurrected in Salem, Massachusetts on Halloween night, and it is up to two teenagers, a young girl, and an immortal cat to put an end to their reign of terror once and for all.
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2 wins & 9 nominations. See more awards »
Videos
A paranormal expert and his daughter bunk in an abandoned house populated by three mischievous ghosts and one friendly one.
Director: Brad Silberling
Story of a wonderful little girl, who happens to be a genius, and her wonderful teacher vs. the worst parents ever and the worst school principal imaginable.
Director: Danny DeVito
After learning she is a witch, a girl (Kimberly J. Brown) helps save a town full of other supernatural creatures.
Director: Duwayne Dunham
Jack Skellington, king of Halloween Town, discovers Christmas Town, but his attempts to bring Christmas to his home cause confusion.
Director: Henry Selick
A woman kidnaps puppies to kill them for their fur, but various animals then gang up against her and get their revenge in slapstick fashion.
Director: Stephen Herek
Edit
Storyline
300 years have passed since the Sanderson sisters were executed for practicing dark witchcraft. Returning to life thanks to a combination of a spell spoken before their demise and the accidental actions of Max, the new-kid-in-town, the sisters have but one night to secure their continuing existence... Written by anonymous
It's just a bunch of Hocus Pocus!
Genres:
Rated PG for some scary sequences, and for language | See all certifications »
Parents Guide:
16 July 1993 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
£1,430,123 (UK) (12 November 1993)
Gross:
Did You Know?
Trivia
When Bette Midler takes the stage at the town Halloween Party, she says "Hello Salem, my name is Winifred. What's yours?". This is a take-off of the famous line, "Hello world, my name is Rose, what's yours?" that is spoken by Mama Rose in the musical "Gypsy". Midler played Mama Rose in the television version, Gypsy (1993), the same year this film was released. See more »
Goofs
During the adult's Halloween party scene, Dani tries to tell her mother about the Sandersons, and Jenny, thinking she's just on a sugar high, asks "How much candy have you had, honey?" To which Dani replies "I haven't OD'd! I haven't even had a piece!" This is a lie. She had a chocolate witch lollipop at Allison's Halloween party earlier, though she could've forgotten with all the excitement. See more »
Quotes
See more »
Crazy Credits
The Walt Disney logo at the start is tinted blue (the one at the end has the usual coloring). See more »
Connections
| Hocus Pocus |
Ruby Catherine Stevens first became famous in the 1930s under which name? | Rumor: Disney Is Developing A 'Hocus Pocus' Sequel - /Film
/Film
Rumor: Disney Is Developing A ‘Hocus Pocus’ Sequel
Posted on Friday, July 6th, 2012 by Germain Lussier
My memories of the 1993 Kenny Ortega film Hocus Pocus are of its purple VHS box sitting on a shelf in my local video store, always rented out. The film starred Bette Midler, Sarah Jessica Parker and Kathy Najimy as witches who terrorize a small town on Halloween and was a moderate hit for Disney, raking in about $40 million at the box office. It still remains a fan favorite among adults who saw it in their formative years too, largely in part to those video rentals.
Almost 20 years later, Moviehole.net reports Disney is developing a sequel called Hocus Pocus 2: Rise of the Elderwitch. Could the witches ride again? Read more after the jump.
Moviehole.net says the film is strictly at the development stage and none of the principals are likely to return, however, we’re calling it a rumor because a Disney spokesperson denies it. Does that mean it’s not true? Not necessarily. If it is, though, expect some kind of official news break soon as Moviehole’s source believes Disney wants to have the film out next year.
Now, assuming this is true (which is admittedly a big assumption) there’s no indication if it’ll be a full theatrical release or a direct-to-DVD project. That likely depends on the cast, which in turn depends on the script. It’s also important to note that since Rich Ross left Disney, the company has slowly started moving away from the huge mega blockbusters. Maybe a moderately priced nostalgic trip like this is the new direction the studio is taking. If that’s the case, I think it’s probably a smart move.
And what do you make of the title, Rise of the Elderwitch? For me, it obviously signifies an expansion of the Hocus Pocus universe, hinting as some supreme being, but also sounds suspiciously like something from Lord of the Rings. That will make a marketing team happy.
Do you have fond memories of Hocus Pocus? Do you think this is a smart move if it’s happening?
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Whose music looms large in the novel (and its film version) 'A Clockwork Orange'? | A Clockwork Orange Audiobook | Anthony Burgess | Audible.com
"Great book, great narration, but not for everyone"
On the surface, A Clockwork Orange is a depiction of an apalling young man who commits a variety of violent acts and the government's attempts to redeem him. On a deeper level, it is also a social commentary on youth violence, psychiatry, morality, and other social issues (this is much more apparent in the book than it is in the film). It alternates between being humorous, shocking, and thought-provoking. Overall it is an amazing book, and the narration is phenomenal.
However, this book employs some rather extreme violence, (e.g., the raping of young girls, the beating of an old man) to convey its messages. If you think this might be a problem for you, then you should probably not purchase this audiobook.
Also, the book employs a great deal of slang, called Nadsat. It makes the story a bit difficult to comprehend at first, but you get used to it before long. The narrator also does a wonderful job with it (pausing in all the right places, etc.), and makes it much more comprehensible. I thought it added humor to the story and made it more enjoyable, but other listeners may find it to be overwhelming.
"This audio book beats written and even the movie"
No matter whether you've seen the Stanley Kubrick movie, or read the book - "Clockwork Orange" demands the spoken word, especially all the bits of British accents but also a made-up language and a very neat "voice" for "little Alex" (the Malcolm McDowell character in the iconic picture, bowler hat, eye makeup and stiletto).
This audio book adds-back the last chapter, deleted from the US book and the film. Burgess explains his logic, while admitting the reasons why we may agree with the US editor (I agree with Burgess, myself, but then I'd been utterly unaware of the question).
Burgess personally speaks an introduction, and at the end, reads aloud 3 critical chapters, adding surprising depth to the minor characters even as you can feel his identification with little Alex.
There is substance here, though it works neatly just as "ultra-violence" with minimal human depth.
With the added arc of character, and Burgess reading key bits of little Alex narrating, and even adding some of the capital-R Romantic classical music that's interwoven with ultra-violence in little Alex's soul, "voice" seems the best word for the way Burgess uses linguistic razzle-dazzle to get us all inside little Alex.
A note on "ultra-violence," especially the graphic rapes clearly motivated more by violent hatred than anything like merely erotic desire. The plot and Alex's arc are about free will, good and evil, and may even work as an odd Christian apologetic. The violence is central and deeply thought-out, about as far from gratuitous exploitation as I can imagine.
Still and all, the violence is horrible, terrible and even a bit nauseating - but then that's what makes "evil" a meaninful word, yes?
"Excellent!"
I read this in high school, and I was initially concerned that the "language" would be difficult to understand in audio form.
No worries! The reader is PERFECT for this book. He reads with a Cockney accent that is very entertaining for this subject matter. The story itself is ultra-violent, the first person account of a violent criminal describing his horrible misdeeds in a colorful slang dialect. The main character refers himself as "your most humble narrator" and to the reader as "oh my brothers", both of which come off perfectly in the Cockney accent of the reader.
Think: Michael Caine relating the events of the movie "Pulp Fiction" in the first person. I loved it.
A warning though: the main character, with whom we are to sympathize, is a despicable character. If you don't like extreme violence, this is not for you. But it's almost a comic-book type of violence (again, think Pulp Fiction) and there are parts that are really laugh-out-loud funny.
Also, if you don't like Cockney accent, you won't like this.
The slang dialect turned out to be no problem at all for me. There are times when you might not get every word, but you get enough to understand what's going on, and after a while you really start to learn the lingo.
Highly recommended.
"Real Horrorshow, O My Brothers.........."
I'm really resisting the urge to write this entire review using the brilliant slang spoken by the "humble narrator" who tells this wickedly captivating story. If you listen, you'll understand. However, since I've read entries by several reviewers who have already gone there, I will do my best to avoid it.
I watched the movie when I was 12 and have never been able to completely untwist my mind. I read the book years later and found it to be even more fascinating and horrifying than the movie. Now with this audio version I am, once again, overwhelmed - it is truly an inspired work of art. The added bonus of the chapters read by the author at the end...... so freakin cool I can't stand it!
If you are unable to tolerate brutality and violence - even when absolutely essential and appropriate to the story - then steer clear of this. But I dare you to stop listening once you've started - and eventually you will come to understand the deep and powerful messages woven within. Five stars are not enough.
"One of the best audiobooks I've ever heard"
I experienced Stanley Kubrick's film A CLOCKWORK ORANGE as a precocious 12 year old at my big brother's apartment. I never listened to Beethoven the same way again! This novel remains one of my favorites since reading the actual piece of literature as an adult. Burgess creates a colloquial slang for futuristic JD's that just lends itself to being heard. Mr. Hollander's performance was perfectly executed with all of the quasi-Polish slang. I found myself taking notes on particular words. The loss of a "glossary" in this audiobook does not mar the perfection of the production. Lastly, the final chapter -- that was edited out of American editions of the novel and not even mentioned in the Kubrick film -- gives the novel a poignancy and depth that is otherwise lost in ultra-violence and sex. This novel is NOT for that precocious 12 year old who watched the film. It is, however, for readers who want to be transported to a dystopian world where violence and sex have psychological implications far beyond their victims.
| Ludwig van Beethoven |
Which hot drink did J S Bach enjoy so much he wrote a cantata for it? | A Clockwork Orange: Amazon.co.uk: Music
1. Title Music From A Clockwork Orange - Walter Carlos
2. The Thieving Magpie (Abridged) - A Clockwork Orange ST
3. Theme from A Clockwork Orange (Beethoviana) - Walter Carlos
4. Ninth Symphony, Second Movement (Abridged) - A Clockwork Orange ST D
5. March From A Clockwork Orange (Ninth Symphony, Fourth Movement, Abridged) - Walter Carlos
6. William Tell Overture (Abridged) - Walter Carlos
7. Pomp and Circumstance March No.1 - Stanley Kubrick
8. Pomp And Circumstance March No.4 (Abridged) - Stanley Kubrick
9. Timesteps (Excerpt) - Walter Carlos
10. Overture To The Sun - Stanley Kubrick
11. I Want To Marry A Lighthouse Keeper - Ericka Eigen
12. William Tell Overture (Abridged) - A Clockwork Orange ST
13. Suicide Scherzo (Ninth Symphony, Second Movement, Abridged) - Walter Carlos
14. Ninth Symphony, Fourth Movement (Abridged) - A Clockwork Orange ST
15. Singin' in the Rain - Gene Kelly
Product Description
Amazon.co.uk
This music, like Stanley Kubrick's controversial film and the book by Anthony Burgess on which it was based, has a strange timelessness, seeming to exist in an immediate future that never quite arrives yet has always been with us. Music is central to the whole concept of the story, in that the violent impulses of the delinquent Alex are inseparably bound up with the emotional force of the music he loves, notably Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. At the same time, Alex's debased moral values are reflected in the debased aesthetic values of the world he lives in. All this is manifest in the music featured in the film, which mixes bona fide classical excerpts with perverse, fizzy electronic versions and original pieces. These are mainly by the pre-Wendy Walter Carlos, doyen(ne) of the classical synthesiser whose Switched-On Bach defined the genre, and are spookily jarring in their effectiveness. Scariest of all, perhaps, is Gene Kelly's classic rendition of "Singin' in the Rain" that provides a rhythmic accompaniment to one of Alex's assaults. If you've experienced the film, or the book or intend to do either, you'll want this disc.--Roger Thomas
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In 1643 Evangalista Torichelli invented the world's first what? | Barometer invented by Evangelista Torricelli in year 1643
Invented by : Evangelista Torricelli
Invented in year : 1643
A Barometer is an instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure. It can measure the pressure exerted by the atmosphere by using water, air, or mercury. There are two common types of Barometer, these are the Aneroid Barometer And the Mercurial Barometer which was invented first. The classic Mercury Barometer is typically a glass tube about 3 feet high with one end open and the other end sealed. The tube is filled with mercury. This glass tube sits upside down in a container, called the reservoir, which also contains mercury. The mercury level in the glass tube falls, creating a vacuum at the top. Pressure tendency can forecast short term changes in the weather. The barometer works by balancing the weight of mercury in the glass tube against the atmospheric pressure just like a set of scales. If the weight of mercury is less than the atmospheric pressure, the mercury level in the glass tube rises. If the weight of mercury is more than the atmospheric pressure, the mercury level falls. Atmospheric pressure is basically the weight of air in the atmosphere above the reservoir, so the level of mercury continues to change until the weight of mercury in the glass tube is exactly equal to the weight of air above the reservoir. In areas of low pressure, air is rising away from the surface of the earth more quickly than it can be replaced by air flowing in from surrounding areas. This reduces the weight of air above the reservoir so the mercury level drops to a lower level. In contrast, in areas of high pressure, air is sinking toward the surface of the earth more quickly than it can flow out to surrounding areas. There is more air above the reservoir, so the weight of air is higher and the mercury rises to a higher level to balance things out. Numerous measurements of air pressure are used within surface weather analysis to help find surface troughs, high pressure systems, and frontal boundaries.
The Invention
Evangelista Torricelli invented the first barometer. It was also known as the Torricelli's Tube. He was born October 15, 1608, in Faenza, Italy. He was a physicist and mathematician. It was Galileo that suggested Evangelista Torricelli use mercury in his vacuum experiments. Torricelli filled a four-foot long glass tube with mercury and inverted the tube into a dish. Some of the mercury did not escape from the tube and Torricelli observed the vacuum that was created. He became the first scientist to create a sustained vacuum and to discover the principle of a barometer. Torricelli realized that the variation of the height of the mercury from day to day was caused by changes in the atmospheric pressure. Torricelli built the first mercury barometer around 1644. Pump makers of the Grand Duke of Tuscany attempted to raise water to a height of forty feet or more, but found that thirty-two feet was the limit to which it would rise in the suction pump. Strange enough, Galileo, who knew all about the weight of the air, had recourse to the old theory that Nature Abhors a Vacuum, modifying the law by stating that the horror extended only to about thirty-two feet. Torricelli at once conceived the correct explanation. He tried the experiment with quicksilver, a liquid fourteen times as heavy as water, expecting the column which would counterbalance the air to be proportionally smaller. He filled a tube three feet long, and hermetically closed at one end, with mercury and set it vertically with the open end in a basin of mercury, taking care that no air-bubbles should get into the tube. The column of mercury invariably fell to about twenty-eight inches, leaving an empty space (Torricellian vacuum) above its level .
Role of Barometer in the Improvement Of Human Life
Barometer became a commonly used instrument for weather predictions. This further helped in weather forecasting which helped farmers, geologists, scientists and people in general
As barometers measure air pressure, they were also used for measuring altitude, or height above the ground, such as the height of a mountain, and they were often used to measure altitude aboard a hot air balloon.
They are also used by miners in caves to determine the depth of a mine.
The barometer is today one of the most important scientific instruments, while the Torricellian method of getting a very high vacuum is still often employed.
Other Inventions
| Barometer |
Who invented the first safety razor in 1895? | How Torricelli first invented the barometer - Howard Walwyn Fine Antique Clocks
How Torricelli first invented the barometer
Posted on 16 September 2015
Derived from the Greek words ‘baros’ and ‘metron’, meaning weight and measure respectively, the barometer is an instrument used to measure air pressure, and is extremely important in predicting weather patterns.
During the beginning of the early 17th century, several Italian scientists were in fact working to discover the principles of vacuums and air pressure. Galileo was recognised as the first to experiment with water-type vacuum apparatus in 1642, though this was solely to verify the ‘vacuum theory’ and was not applied to measuring air pressure. Scientist Evangelista Torricelli studied the works of Galileo, and created the first publicised working barometer in 1643.
In his development of the barometer, Torricelli utilised the principle of using a vacuum to measure the weight of the air – outdoor air pressure causes water in a partial vacuum to rise.
The average outdoor air pressure would mean that the water would need to rise by 35 feet, and so Torricelli created a 35-foot high tube experiment in his home. This barometer prototype rose up out of the roof of his home, and Torricelli placed a dummy on top of it to chart the air pressure and weather changes.
This large addition to his home caused much concern in his local neighbourhood, with many of the townsfolk believing he was up to some sort of sorcery. The 17th century was a time when science and religion were still in conflict, with religious clerics of the day against the notion of a vacuum in particular, as God was believed to be everywhere.
Due to the rumours circulating throughout the neighbourhood, Torricelli realised he needed to be more discreet with his experiments, else he may run the risk of being arrested. In order to shorten his barometer prototype, he needed to use a liquid heavier than water. Turning to the work of Galileo, he deducted that mercury was 14 times heavier than water, meaning that a tube only 32 inches high would be needed, rather than 35 feet.
Unfortunately, due to the debate surrounding vacuums between religion and science, Torricelli went unrecognised for over a hundred years, and was buried in an unmarked grave with little fanfare upon his death. Every barometer that has followed, however, has followed his basic principles, and his work has opened up study in a new field of meteorology.
His work has also inspired many of the antique barometers available from Howard Walwyn Fine Antique Clocks – visit our website to browse our excellent collection.
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What is the capital city of Sicily? | Palermo, Sicily - Information and Culture | The Thinking Traveller
A guide to Palermo, the bustling and fascinating capital of Sicily
TOWNS AND CITIES IN SICILY
An introduction to Palermo
Villas in Sicily near Palermo >>
Palermo, the regional capital of Sicily, is one of those cities with its own very distinct, almost tangible atmosphere, a place of mystery where reality often outperforms the traveller’s imagination and preconceived stereotypes. It is a buzzing Mediterranean centre whose 1 million inhabitants are a fascinating cocktail of apparently conflicting characteristics.
Palermo’s history has been anything but stable as the town passed from one dominating power to another with remarkable frequency. Its strategic position in the middle of the Mediterranean brought wave upon wave of invaders including the Phoenicians, the Carthaginians, the Greeks, the Romans, the Saracen Arabs, the Normans, the Swabians, the French and the Spanish Bourbons just to name the most influential. The result of this quilted history is evident today in the vast range of architectural styles, the intriguing fusion of ingredients used in many local dishes and in many place names which are obviously not of Italian origin.
Visiting Palermo is still somewhat of an adventure in a world where so many places have become tourist-friendly to a fault. You won’t find many restaurants with menus translated into 5 different languages, you may have trouble communicating in English in many places, and some parts of the old town centre have remained untouched since they were bombed during the war. There are many back streets that have only just opened up to those from without and it is still often difficult to obtain any information worth having. However, this is also a stimulus to those who wish to embark on a little adventure, to discover things for themselves, to dig into the very fabric of the city and to try to understand what really makes Palermo (and its people) tick.
The often faded grandeur of many of Palermo’s wonderful palaces and churches in the centre gives way to popular areas whose way of life doesn���t fully belong to the 21st Century. This is particularly true of the markets, whose Arabic origins are still evident today thanks to their noise, smells, colours, narrow labyrinthine streets, the splendid array of food and other goods on display and the general ‘souk’ atmosphere.
Artistic delights abound at every corner, maybe most strikingly in the spectacular mosaics in the Palatine Chapel in Palermo and the Duomo of Monreale.
In his book “The Normans in Sicily” John Julius Norwich described the Palaine Chapel as follows: “It is in this building, with more stunning effect than anywhere else in Sicily, that we see the Siculo-Norman political miracle given visual expression - a seemingly effortless fusion of all that is most brilliant in the Latin, Byzantine and Islamic traditions into a single harmonious masterpiece.”
In 2015, Arab-Norman Palermo and its neighbouring cathedrals were granted status as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Spread over a combined 6,235 hectares and including nine monuments - the Royal Palace and Palatine Chapel, the Zisa Palace, Palermo Cathedral, the Palermitan Churches of San Giovanni degli Eremiti, Santa Maria dell’Ammiraglio and San Cataldo, the Admiral’s Bridge, and the cathedrals of Monreale and Cefalù - the site provides, in UNESCO's words, "an outstanding example of a socio-cultural syncretism between Western, Islamic, and Byzantine cultures. This interchange gave rise to an architectural and artistic expression based on novel concepts of space, structure, and decoration that spread widely throughout the Mediterranean region... The innovative re-elaboration of architectural forms, structures, and materials and their artistic, decorative, and iconographic treatments – most conspicuously the rich and extensive tesserae mosaics, pavements in opus sectile, marquetry, sculptural elements, paintings, and fittings – celebrate the fruitful coexistence of people of different origins".
The aim of this little guide to Palermo is to give The Thinking Traveller some practical advice on how to get the most out of a visit to Palermo, where to park if coming by car, alternative ways of getting to Palermo, how to move round Palermo once there, what you can comfortably see in a given amount of time, where and what to eat etc.
Click on map to enlarge
We have put together three “itineraries” both of a general and of a specific nature to help you choose from the bewildering amount of possibilities. Our ideas may give you the start you need, though of course they are only suggestions and the real discovery will be in your hands….
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What is the state capital of New Jersey? | (Accurate) Sicily Facts from Best of Sicily
4
Monthly Averages
NOTE: These are statistical generalities; January and February in Sicily can be unpredictably cool and wet. In January 2009 there were 199 millimeters of precipitation , more than Sicily sometimes gets in an entire year. These figures reflect general averages for the entire island but some regions get more rain (and snow) than others, as indicated in the precipitation map . See the Celsius-Fahrenheit chart on the weather page for specific temperature conversions.
Employment - Approximately 72 percent in real terms, i.e. defined as employment sufficient to support one person (able to work) between 21 and 65 over the course of at least 12 months. ISTAT figures contradict this statistic because their standard ascribes the status of "full employment" even to an adult who works only one day of the year and earns virtually nothing, while those not "actively" seeking employment are not considered "unemployed." Many Sicilians are "underemployed" on a part-time basis and Italy has no minimum wage. Italy has what is estimated to be the highest level of emigration for employment reasons of any G-8 nation, and suffers a severe "Brain Drain" because even jobs for highly-trained applicants are few. Only about 35 percent of Sicilian women are employed at all (legally or otherwise); the national figure is around 50 percent. Youth unemployment in Sicily (persons between 19 and 34 who desire jobs) is approximately 42 percent. Figures reported here are for 2014. (See the jobs page for additional information.)
Highest Peaks - Mount Etna (western Europe's largest volcano) at 3,329 meters (10,922 feet) above sea level, followed by Pizzo Carbonara (or Principessa) at 1,979 meters and several other summits in the Madonie range, and Mount Soro (in the Nebrodi range) at 1,817 meters.
Longest Rivers - The Salso, rising in the Madonie Mountains and flowing southward past Enna to Licata, is Sicily's longest at 144 kilometers (89 miles), marking Sicily's continental divide. A tributary of the Simeto in western Sicily coincidentally shares the same name. To supply drinking water, there are several man-made lakes along rivers, but Sicily boasts very few natural ones, notably Pergusa near Enna and a few in the Nebrodi and Etna regions. None of Sicily's rivers is navigable today. Among the principal rivers – now little more than streams – are the Simeto (114 km), the Belice (107 km), the Dittaino (105 km) and the Platani (103 km).
Language - Italian (officially since 1861). Several dialects of the Modern Sicilian language are spoken in Sicily. After Tuscan (Italian), Sicilian is the most widely spoken language in Italy, followed by Neapolitan, French (in Aosta), German (in South Tirol) Arabic and Romanian – there are around 900,000 Arabic-speakers and some 700,000 Romanians in Italy. Until circa 1200 the principal spoken languages were Siculo-Arabic (similar to Maltese) and Byzantine-Greek, with documents published in Greek, Arabic and Latin. Medieval Sicilian, a Latin language, developed during the time of Ciullo of Alcamo , coinciding with the Normans' latinization of the island.
Religion - Italy has no state religion but the majority of Italians (around 73%) declare themselves to be Roman Catholic. Statistically, following these (often nominal) Catholics, the largest numbers consist of Eastern Orthodox (mostly Romanians), Muslims (mostly North Africans) and declared non-believers (atheists and agnostics).
Vital Statistics - In Italy life expectancy (at birth) is 79.2 years for men and 84.6 years for women; it is thought that it may be slightly longer in Sicily and Sardinia but the presumed difference is not significant statistically. Owing to the large number of foreign-born brides resident in Italy, and the high emigration rate of males, the national male/female gender ratio is estimated at approximately 48/52 percent. Marriage, though decreasing, is the norm and divorce is increasing. Births outside marriage account for around 20 percent of the total in Sicily; the national Italian average is 25 percent.
Principal Universities - Palermo and Catania, both public institutions, neither ranked very highly academically in Italy or internationally.
Principal Opera Houses - Teatro Massimo and Teatro Politeama in Palermo, Teatro Massimo Bellini in Catania.
Principal Airports - Palermo, Catania, Trapani. There is a new commercial airport at Comiso and a NATO air base at Sigonella near Catania.
And for the record . . .
Historic Government - Following Greek, Roman, Gothic and Byzantine rule, several Fatimid emirates in the century immediately preceding 1061, then a sovereign Norman county until 1130 when the Kingdom of Sicily was founded. This monarchical state existed until 1816 – though often ruled from afar after 1400. The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ("Naples and Sicily") existed from 1816 until 1861, when it was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy, predecessor state of the Italian Republic established by popular referendum in June 1946. Until the 19th century when it was claimed by Britain, Malta was part of the Kingdom of Sicily.
The Catholic Church - In Italian law, the Catholic Church is considered a "state within a state," and the legacy of the Kingdom of Sicily survives in one interesting sense. The honorific title of the Cardinal Archbishop of Palermo as Primate of Sicily dates from the island's medieval status as a sovereign kingdom and very few bishops are accorded distinctions of this kind – the Patriarch of Venice and the Primate of All Ireland (Archbishop of Armagh) are rare examples. In Italy south of Rome only the archbishops of Naples and Palermo are elevated to the rank of Cardinal. As Sicily's highest-ranking cleric, the Archbishop of Palermo is head of the Sicilian Bishops' Conference.
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Whom did a jealous Athena turn into a spider? | Myth of Arachne, the spider woman - Greeka.com
Discover the myth of Arachne, the spider woman
The offence to the gods
Arachne in Greek mythology, was a Lydian woman, thought by some to be a princess, who was highly gifted in the art of weaving. Born to Idmon, a famous dyer in Lydia, Arachne was no ordinary weaver and the very act of her weaving was sheer magic and a sight to behold.
Soon news of Arachne's artistry spread far and wide and it is said that nymphs from the forests left their frolicking and gathered around Arachne to watch her weave. So moved were they by her skills that they remarked that she surely must have been trained by none other than Goddess Athena, the goddess of weaving.
The weaving contest
All this adulation was more than Arachne could handle and being an ordinary mortal who was quite vulnerable to human failings, she became quite arrogant about her superior skills. She was annoyed at being regarded as a pupil of Athena and began bragging about her skills, proclaiming herself to be far more superior to even Athena.
Now, when the goddess of weaving heard of Arachne's bold claims, she was upset, but nonetheless decided to give the young woman a chance to regret her folly. Disguised as an old woman, Athena appeared before Arachne and warned her of the consequences of provoking the wrath of the gods, but Arachne was not a bit remorseful and challenged Athena to a contest, declaring that if she lost, she would accept any punishment that Athena would decide for her.
That time Athena revealed her true form and accepted the challenge. The stage was set for a battle in which a god and a mortal pitted their artistic skills to decide who the better artist was. The nymphs who had come to watch Arachne weave shrank back, horrified at Arachne's audacity, but Arachne was unshakable and stood her ground. And so the contest began, Athena at her loom and Arachne at hers, each working with threads of gold and a splendid array of colors to decide who would outdo the other in this ultimate trial.
What unfolded next was a feast for the eye. Athena created a tapestry replete with scenes from the history of the gods. She portrayed Zeus at the center of the Olympic pantheon as well as her own contest with Poseidon and her victory, which ultimately made the people of Athens name their city after her. At the corner of her tapestry, she artfully depicted humans who had dared to defy the gods and who had been punished without a trace of mercy.
As for Arachne, she deliberately chose scenes that depicted the infidelities and amours of the gods. She vividly portrayed Zeus and his string of indiscretions. She showed how Zeus had turned into a swan to rape the Spartan queen Leda; a bull to entice Europa; an eagle to abduct Aegina; as a shower of gold to seduce Danae; and as a satyr to seduce Antiope. Arachne's work of art, according to the Latin narrative, featured twenty-one scenes of the various misdemeanors of the mighty gods, including Poseidon, Apollo, Dionysus and others.
The transformation into a spider
Although Arachne had shown little respect for the gods by choosing a subject that made a mockery of the supreme deities of the Olympus, even Athena had to admit that her work was brilliant and flawless. That, however, was not enough to calm down Athena who was incensed by Arachne's humiliating portrayal of the gods. At last, Athena destroyed in anger Arachne's tapestry and loom.
Arachne, like many other foolish mortals, had dared to question the supremacy of the gods. She had, in her arrogance over her art, been blind to the consequences of challenging the gods. Still in anger, Athens transformed Arachne into a disgusting insect. She turned her into a spider ("arachni" in Greek), proclaiming that Arachne and all her descendants would henceforth hang forever from threads and be skillful weavers.
An interesting fact that relates myth to history is that the art of weaving is said to have originated in Anatolia, a part of modern Turkey and spiders have been a constant source of inspiration for man to perfect his weaving skill. The story of Arachne from Greek myhology has also been immortalized by science and the taxonomical class name for spiders is Arachnida.
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Who was the beautiful sister of the twins Castor and Pollux and mother to Hermione? | ATHENA MYTHS 4 WRATH - Greek Mythology
Roman Name
Minerva
Perseus and Athena holding head of Medusa, Apulian red-figure krater C4th B.C., Museum of Fine Arts Boston
ATHENA was the Olympian goddess of wisdom, war, heroism and crafts.
This page contains tales of the goddess' wrath which was, for the most part, directed at those who had violated the sanctity of her shrines. The most famous of these stories include the curiosity of the Kekropides (Cecropides), the transformation and beheading of the Gorgon Medousa, and the shipwreck of Aias Oileïs (Oilean Ajax).
(1) WRATH SACRILEGE
AGRAULOS (Agraulus) A princess of Athens (southern Greece) who opened the secret box containing the infant Erikhthonios against the express orders of Athena, and proceeded to slander the virgin goddess. In anger, Athena caused the girl to become inflamed with jealousy over the wooing of her sister by the god Hermes. When she tried to obstruct him, he transformed Agraulos into a stone.
AIAS OÏLEUS (Oilean Ajax) A prince of Opuntian Lokris (central Greece) who raped the Trojan princess Kassandra within the goddess' holy precincts at the fall of Troy. To avenge herself upon Aias and the Greeks, who failed to punish him, Athena sent a storm to devastate their fleet. Aias was shipwrecked and drowned, while his people, the (historical) Opuntians, were compelled to appease the goddess for 1000 years with the despatch of sacrificial maidens to the Trojan land. [See Athena & the Trojan War: Shipwreck of Ajax ]
AUGE A princess of Arkadia (southern Greece) and a priestess of Athena, who birthed her illegitimate son within the sacred precincts of the goddess. As punishment for the sacriligeous act, Athena made the land barren until the king had the girl exiled and sold into slavery.
"CROW" A bird familiar of Athena, who angered the goddess either by revealing the secret of the baby Erikhthonios to the daughters of Kekrops, or by reporting to her as an overly keen tell-tale that the girls had opened the secret chest. In either case the goddess punished him by turning his white feathers to black and banishing him from her company.
IODAMA A priestess of Athena in Koroneia, Boiotia (central Greece) who was turned to stone when the goddess appeared before her wearing the Gorgoneion (Medousa's head) displayed upon her breast. Presumably the girl was so punished for some religious sacrilege.
ILOS (Ilus) The first king of Troy (Asia Minor) who was blinded by Athena when he removed the Palladium from the burning shrine of the goddess. It was forbidden for a man to gaze upon the image.
ISMENE A princess of Thebes in Boiotia (central Greece) who had intercourse with her lover in the sacred precinct of Athena. The goddess urged the hero Tydeus to slay her for this infraction.
KEKROPS, DAUGHTERS OF (Cecrops' Daughters) Three princesses of Athens (southern Greece)--named Aglauros, Herse and Pandrosos--who were entrusted by Athena with a chest containing her foster-son, the infant Erikhthonios. She forbade them to open it, but they were overcome by curiousity and did so anyway. As punishment for the sacrilege she drove them mad and they leapt to their deaths from the heights of the Akropolis.
LOKROI (Locrians) The people of Opuntian Lokris (central Greece) were struck down by a deadly plague sent by Athena, as punishment for the desicration of her Trojan temple by their king Aias. An oracle declared that they must thenceforth despatch two maidens to Troy regularly for a thousand years in order to appease the goddess.
MEDOUSA (Medusa) A beautiful nymph who Athena transformed into a hideous monster with serpents for hair. Some say it was because she had intercourse with Poseidon in the goddess' sacred precints, others that she had claimed to be more beautiful than the goddess. Athena also later assisted the hero Perseus in his quest to bring back the Gorgon's head.
TEIRESIAS (Tiresias) A seer of Thebes in Boiotia (central Greece) who accidentally came across the goddess Athena bathing in a mountain stream. As punishment for seeing her naked she took away his sight, but in recompense also bestowed him with gifts, since his crime was not a deliberate one.
(2) WRATH HUBRISTIC BOASTS
ARAKHNE (Arachne) A girl of Kolophon in Lydia (Asia Minor) who in her hubris dared challenge the weaving goddess to a contest of skill. She lost, and as punishment for her sacriligeous boasts and offensive portrayal of the gods in her art was transformed into a spider.
MEROPIS A princess of the island of Kos (Greek Aegean) who Athena transformed into an owl as punishment for despising the gods and mocking the goddess for her grey eyes.
(3) WRATH PATRON GODDESS
ALKINOE (Alcinoe) A princess of Korinthos (southern Greece) who was cursed by Athena into betraying her own husband as punishment for refusing to pay a spinner named Nikandra the wages which were her due.
(4) WRATH OTHER
AIAS TELAMANIOS (Telamonian Ajax) A prince of the island of Salamis (southern Greece) who fought in the Trojan War. When he lost the contest for the Arms of Akhilleus to Odysseus, Athena drove him to madness when he threatened to slay some of the Greek leaders. [See Athena & the Trojan War: Madness of Ajax ]
HARMONIA A queen of Thebes in Boiotia (central Greece) who, at her weddding to King Kadmos was presented with a cursed necklace and robe by the gods Athena and Hephaistos. The two divinities cursed her as punishment for her mother Aphrodite's immoral behaviour: for Harmonia was the child born of the goddess' adulterous affair with Ares.
LAOKOON (Laocoon) A priest of Poseidon at Troy (Asia Minor). When he would reveal the secret of the Trojan Horse to his comrades, Athena sent two giant serpents forth from the sea to destroy him and his sons. [See Athena & the Trojan War: Death of Laocoon ]
TEUTHIS A prince of Arkadia (southern Greece) who in the course a quarrel with Agamemnon at Aulis, wounded Athena in the thigh with a spear. Teuthis was sent home, and the goddess then afflicted his people with a wasting disease until she was properly appeased.
CLASSICAL LITERATURE QUOTES
ATHENA WRATH : THE CECROPIDES & THE CROW
Gaea, birth of Erichthonius, and Athena, Athenian red-figure calyx krater C5th B.C., Virginia Museum of Fine Arts
LOCALE : Athens, Attika (Southern Greece)
For the PRELUDE to this story see Athena & the Birth of Erichthonius
VERSION 1
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3. 14. 6 (trans. Frazer) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"Athena brought him [Erikhthonios] up unknown to the other gods, wishing to make him immortal; and having put him in a chest, she committed it to Pandrosos, daughter of Kekrops, forbidding her to open the chest. But the sisters of Pandrosos opened it out of curiosity, and beheld a serpent coiled about the babe; and, as some say, they were destroyed by the serpent, but according to others they were driven mad by reason of the anger of Athena and threw themselves down from the acropolis."
Callimachus, Hecale Fragment 1.2 (from Papyri) (trans. Trypanis) (Greek poet C3rd B.C.) :
"Pallas laid him [Erikhthonios], the ancient seed of Hephaistos within the chest, until she set a rock in Akte (attika) for the sons of Kekrops; a birth mysterious and secret, whose lineage I neither knew nor learnt, but they themselves [the daughters of Kekrops] declared, according to report among the primeval birds [the crows], that Gaia (earth) bare him to Hephaistos. Then she [Athena], that she might lay a bulwark [the Akropolis] for the land which she had newly obtained by vote of Zeus and the twelve other immortals and the witness of the Snake [Kekrops], came unto Pellene in Akhaia [to fetch the rock]. Meanwhile the maidens that watched the chest bethought them to do an evil deed ((lacuna)) . . and undoing the fastings of the chest . . [rest of papyrus text missing]."
Callimachus, Hecale Fragment 1.3 (from Papyri) :
"We crows alone are rejected of the gods: for never did I vex they heart, O Lady [Athena] . . ((lacuna)) but I would that I had been voiceless then [i.e. reavealing the secret of Erikhthonios]. So much she abhors our voice and suffers not our race to call upon her name. Mayst thou never fall from her favour: ever grievous is the anger of Athene."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 1. 18. 2 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
"It was to Aglauros and her sisters, Herse and Pandrosos, that they say Athena gave Erikhthonios, whom she had hidden in a chest, forbidding them to pry curiously into what was entrusted to their charge. Pandrosos, they say, obeyed, but the other two (for they opened the chest) went mad when they saw Erikhthonios, and threw themselves down the steepest part of the Akropolis."
Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 166 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"When Minerva [Athena] was secretly caring for him [the infant Erikhthonios], she gave him in a chest to Aglaurus, Pandrosus, and Herse, daughters of Cecrops, to guard. A crow gave the secret away when the girls opened the chest, and they, driven made by Minerva [Athena], threw themselves into the sea."
Suidas s.v. Drakaulos (trans. Suda On Line) (Byzantine Greek lexicon C10th A.D.) :
"Drakaulos : Sophokles in Tympanistai uses the word. Since Athena seems to place the snake among them, for the daughters of Kekrops. Because they dwell in the same courtyard, as you would expect, as Kekrops, who is of double nature. Because one of them, spending the day with the goddess, dwells on the Akropolis with the Drakon."
VERSION 2
Ovid, Metamorphoses 2. 550 ff (trans. Melville) (Roman epic C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"To learn the latest news a garrulous Crow flapped quickly after him [Apollon's Raven], and when it heard his journey's aim, ‘To no good end,’ it said, ‘You make your way. Heed my prophetic tongue! See what I was, what I am now, and ask did I deserve it. Frank good faith you'll find was my undoing. Once upon a time a baby, Erichthonius, was born without a mother. Pallas [Athena] hid the child safe in a box of wicker wood and gave the box to Cecrops' three unmarried daughters, with strict instructions not to pry inside. I hid among the delicate foliage of a large leafy elm and watched to see what they would do. Two, Pandrosos and Herse, impeccably observed their trust; but one, Aglauros, called them cowards and untied the fastenings, and there inside they saw the baby, and beside him stretched a Draco (Snake). I told the goddess. All the thanks I got was to be banished from Minerva's [Athenas] sight, reduced to rank below the bird of night [the owl]! My punishment might well warn birds to watch their tongues and take no risks. No doubt you think I pestered her, and not that she chose me: asks Pallas then herself! Of course she's angry, but not too angry to admit the truth . . . I [the crow] was given to Minerva [Athena], her companion without stain. But what good was it, if Nyctimene, she who was made a bird [the owl] for her foul sin, supplants me in my place of privilege?’"
Ovid, Metamorphoses 2. 748 ff :
"She [Agraulos] looked at him [the god Hermes when he had come to woe her sister Herse] with those hard eyes that spied not long ago fair-haired Minerva's [Athena's] mystery [i.e. the baby Erikhthonios], and asked a golden fortune for her services, and pending payment forced him from the house. The warrior goddess [Athena] turned her angry eyes upon the girl and heaved a sigh so deep that breast and aegis shuddered. She recalled it was Aglauros whose profaning hand laid bare that secret when the oath she swore was broken [i.e. opening the forbidden box] and she [Aglauros] saw the infant boy [Erikhthonios], great Lemnicola's [Hephaistos'] child, the babe no mother bore; and now she would find favour with the god and with her sister too, and grow so rich with all that gold her greed had planned to gain. Straighway she [Athena] sought the filthy slimy shack were Invidia (Envy) dwelt [and summoned her to lay her curse upon the girl] . . . Tritonia [Athena] filled with loathing, forced a few curt words : ‘Inject your pestilence in one of Cecrops' daughters; that I need; Aglauros is the one.’ . . .
Into the room of Cecrops' child she [Invidia] went and did as she was bid. On the girl's breast she laid her withering hand [and infected her with jealous heart] . . . She sat herself outside her sister's door to bar Cyllenius' [Hermes'] access [but was turned by the angry god into a stone]."
ATHENA WRATH : MEDUSA
Perseus, beheaded Medusa and Athena, Athenian red-figure hydria C5th B.C., British Museum
LOCALE : Kisthene Island (perhaps in the Red Sea)
I. METAMORPHOSIS
Ovid, Metamorphoses 4. 790 ff (trans. Melville) (Roman epic C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"Her [Medousa's] beauty was far-famed, the jealous hope of many a suitor, and of all her charms her hair was loveliest; so I was told by one who claimed to have seen her. She, it's said, was violated in Minerva's [Athena's] shrine by the Lord of the Sea (Rector Pelagi) [Poseidon]. Jove's [Zeus'] daughter [Athena] turned away and covered with her shield her virgin's eyes. And then for fitting punishment transformed the Gorgo's lovely hair to loathsome snakes. Minerva [Athena] still, to strike her foes with dread, upon her breastplate wears the snakes she made."
II. BEHEADING
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2. 46 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"It is affirmed by some that Medousa was beheaded because of Athena, for they say the Gorgon had been willing to be compared with Athena in beauty."
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2. 37-41 :
"Perseus took flight and made his way to the ocean, where he found the Gorgones sleeping . . . All who looked at them were turned to stone. Perseus, therefore, with Athena guiding his hand, kept his eyes on the reflection in a bronze shield as he stood over the sleeping Gorgones, and when he saw the image of Medousa, he beheaded her."
For MORE information on the Gorgon see MEDOUSA
ATHENA WRATH : AUGE
LOCALE : Tegea, Arkadia (Southern Greece)
For the PRELUDE to this story see Athena Favour: Heracles' Spartan War
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2. 146 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"On his way past Tegea Herakles deflowered Auge, without realizing that she was the daughter of Aleus [his wartime ally]. She gave birth to her child secretly and placed it in the temenos of Athena. Since the land was being ravished by a pestilence [sent by the goddess], Aleus entered the temenos and there tracked down the evidence of his daughter's travail. He set the infant out for exposure on Mount Parthenon . . . and gave Auge to Poseidon's son Nauplios to sell abroad [into slavery]."
ATHENA WRATH : ARACHNE
LOCALE : Kolophon, Lydia (Anatolia)
Ovid, Metamorphoses 6. 1 ff (trans. Melville) (Roman epic C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"Then to herself [Athena said]--‘To praise is not enough; I should have praise myself, not suffer my divinity to be despised unscathed.’ She had in mind Arachne's doom, the girl of Lydia, who in the arts of wool-craft claimed renown (so she had heard) to rival hers. The girl had no distinction in her place of birth or pedigree, only that special skill. Her father was Idmon Colophonius, whose trade it was to dye the thirsty wool with purple of Phocaea. She had lost her mother, but she too had been low-born and matched her husband. Yet in all the towns of Lydia Arachne's work had won a memorable name, although her home was humble and Hypaepae where she lived was humble too. To watch her wondrous work the Nymphae would often leave their vine-clad slopes of Tmolus, often leave Pactolus' stream, delighted both to see the cloth she wove and watch her working too; such grace she had. Forming the raw wool first into a ball, or fingering the flock and drawing out again and yet again the fleecy cloud in long soft threads, or twirling with her thumb, her dainty thumb, the slender spindle, or embroidering the pattern--you would know Pallas [Athena] had trained her.
Yet the girl denied it [all such gifts were god-given so her denial was blasphemous], a teacher so distinguished hurt her pride, and said, ‘Let her contend with me. Should I lose, there's no forfeit that I would not pay.’ Pallas [Athena] disguised herself as an old woman, a fringe of false grey hair around her brow, her tottering steps supported by a stick, and speaking to the girl, ‘Not everything that old age brings,’ she said, ‘we'd wish to avoid. With riper years we gain experience. Heed my advice. Among the world of men seek for your wool-craft all the fame you will, but yield the goddess place, and humbly ask pardon for those rash words of yours; she'll give you pardon if you ask.’
With blazing eyes Arachne stared at her and left her work. She almost struck her; anger strong and clear glowed as she gave the goddess (in disguise) her answer : ‘You're too old, your brain has gone. You've lived too long, your years have done for you. Talk to your daughters, talk to your sons' wives! My own advice is all I need. Don't think your words have any weight. My mind's unchanged. Why doesn't Pallas come herself? Why should she hesitate to match herself with me?’ Then Pallas said, ‘She's come!’ and threw aside the old crone's guise and stood revealed.
The Nymphae and Lydian women knelt in reverence. Only Arachne had no fear. Yet she blushed all the same, a sudden colour tinged her cheeks against her will, then disappeared; so when Aurora [Eos] rises in the dawn, the eastern sky is red and, as the sun climbs, in a little while is pale again. She stood by her resolve, setting her heart, her stupid heart, on victory, and rushed to meet her fate. Nor did the child of Jove [Zeus] refuse or warn her further or postpone the contest. Then, with no delay, they both, standing apart, set up their separate looms and stretched the slender warp. The warp is tied to the wide cross-beam; a cane divides the threads; the pointed shuttles carry the woof through, sped by their fingers. When its through the warp, the comb's teeth, tapping, press it into place. Both work in haste, their dresses girdled tight below their breasts; the movements of their arms are skilled and sure; their zeal beguiles their toil. Here purple threads that Tyrian vats have dyed are woven in, and subtle delicate tints that change insensibly from shade to shade. So when the sunshine strikes a shower of rain, the bow's huge arc will paint the whole wide sky, and countless different colours shine, yet each gradation dupes the gaze, the tints that touch so similar, the extremes so far distinct. Threads too of golden wire were woven in, and on the loom an ancient tale was traced [Athena depicted her contest with Poseidon for Athens] . . .
Yet to provide examples to instruct her rival what reward she should expect for her insensate daring, she designed in each of the four corners four small scenes of contest, brightly coloured miniatures . . . That was the end, and she finished her picture with her own fair tree.
Maeonis [Arakhne] shows [in her weaving the seduction of various mortals by gods in animal disguise] . . . Round the edge a narrow band of flowers she designed, flowers and clinging ivy intertwined.
In all that work of hers Pallas could find, envy could find, no fault. Incensed at such success the warrior goddess, golden-haired, tore up the tapestry, those crimes of heaven, and with the boxwood shuttle in her hand (box of citrus) three times, four times, struck Arachne on her forehead. The poor wretch, unable to endure it, bravely placed a noose around her neck; but, as she hung, Pallas in pity raised her. ‘Live!’ she said, ‘Yes, live but hang, you wicked girl, and know you'll rue the future too: that penalty your kin shall pay to all posterity!’ And as she turned to go, she sprinkled her with drugs of Hecate, and in a trice, touched by the bitter lotion, all her hair falls off and with it go her nose and ears. Her head shrinks tiny; her whole body's small; instead of legs slim fingers line her sides. The rest is belly; yet from that she sends a fine-spun thread and, as a spider, still weaving her web, pursues her former skill. All Lydia rang; the story raced abroad through Phrygia's towns and filled the world with talk."
Virgil, Georgics 4. 246 ff (trans. Fairclough) (Roman bucolic C1st B.C.) :
"The spider, hateful to Minerva [Athena], hangs in the doorway her loose-woven nets."
ATHENA WRATH : HARMONIA
LOCALE : Thebes, Boiotia (Central Greece)
Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 148 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"From their [Aphrodite and Ares' adulterous] embrace Harmonia was born, and to her Minerva [Athena] and Vulcanus [Hephaistos] gave a robe ‘dipped in crimes’ as a gift. Because of this, their descendants are clearly marked as ill-fated."
ATHENA WRATH : TEUTHIS
LOCALE : Aulis, Boiotia (Central Greece) & Teuthis, Arkadia (Southern Greece)
Pausanias, Description of Greece 8. 28. 5-6 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
"Adjoining the land of Theisoa is a village called Teuthis [in Arkadia], which in old days was a town. In the Trojan war the inhabitants supplied a general of their own. His name according to some was Teuthis, according to others Ornytos. When the Greeks failed to secure favorable winds to take them from Aulis, but were shut in for a long time by a violent gale, Teuthis quarrelled with Agamemnon and was about to lead the Arkadians under his command back home again. Whereupon, they say, Athena in the guise of Melas, the son of Ops, tried to turn Teuthis aside from his journey home. But Teuthis, his wrath swelling within him, struck with his spear the thigh of the goddess, and actually did lead his army back from Aulis. On his return to his native land the goddess appeared to him in a vision with a wound in her thigh. After this a wasting disease fell on Teuthis, and its people, alone of the Arkadians, suffered from famine. Later, oracles were delivered to them from Dodona, telling them what to do to appease the goddess, and in particular they had an image of Athena made with a wound in the thigh. This image I have myself seen, with its thigh swathed in a purple bandage."
ATHENA WRATH : ILUS
LOCALE : Troy, the Troad (Anatolia)
Pseudo-Plutarch, Greek and Roman Parallel Stories 17 (trans. Babbitt) (Greek historian C2nd A.D.) :
"When the shrine of Athena in Ilion was in flames, Ilos [the first king of Troy] rushed up and seized the Palladion, a statue which had fallen from heaven, and was blinded: for the Palladion might not be looked upon by man. But later, when he had placated the goddess, he regained his sight. So says Derkyllos in the first book of his Foundations of Cities."
For other MYTHS of the Palladium see:
For the PRELUDE to this story see Athena & the Trojan War: Shipwreck of Ajax
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca E6. 20-22 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"Lokrian Aias, when he saw Kassandra clinging to the wooden statue of Athena, raped her . . . Athena was enraged at . . . the impious act of Aias [and destroyed his ship] . . . The [rest of Aias'] Lokrians regained their own country with difficulty [after returning from the Trojan War], and three years afterwards, when Lokris was visited by a plague, they received an oracle bidding them to propitiate Athena at Ilion [Troy] and to send two maidens as suppliants for a thousand years. The lot first fell on Periboia and Kleopatra. And when they came to Troy they were chased by the natives and took refuge in the sanctuary. And they did not approach the goddess, but swept and sprinkled the sanctuary; and they did not go out of the temple, and their hair was cropped, and they wore single garments and no shoes. And when the first maidens died, they sent others; and they entered into the city by night, lest, being seen outside the precinct, they should be put to the sword; but afterwards they sent babes with their nurses. And when the thousand years were passed, after the Phokian war they ceased to send suppliants."
Callimachus, Aetia Fragment 1. 8 (from Scholiast on Iliad 13. 66) (trans. Trypanis) (Greek poet C3rd B.C.) :
"Athena compelled the Lokrians for a space of a thousand years to send to Ilios maidens selected by lot. The story in Callimachus Aitia 1."
Callimachus, Aetia Fragment 2.1 (from Scholiast on Lycophron 1141) :
"A plague having come on Lokris through the assault of Aias upon Kassandra, the god [Apollon] told them by an oracle that for a thousand years they must send maidens every year to Troy for Athena. When they arrived they were slain by the Trojans who met and stoned them. Any who escaped made their way secretly to the temple of Athena and became for the future her priestesses."
Strabo, Geography 13. 1. 40 (trans. Jones) (Greek geographer C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"The present Ilians [Trojans] further tell us that the city was, in fact, not completely wiped out at its capture by the Akhaians and that it was never even deserted. At any rate the Lokrian maidens, beginning a little later, were sent every year. But this too is non-Homeric, for Homeros knows not of the violation of Kassandra . . . and yet he does not so much as mention any violation of her or say that the destruction of Aias in the shipwreck took place because of the wrath of Athena or any such cause . . . But the fact is that the Lokrian maidens were first sent when the Persians were already in power."
Other sources not quoted here: Tzetzes on Lycrophon; Polybius xii.5; Scholiast on Homer's Iliad xiii.66; Iamblichus, De Pythagorica vita, viii.42; Suidas, s.v. poinê; Servius on Virgil's Aeneid 1.41
ATHENA WRATH : IODAMA
LOCALE : Koroneia, Phokis (Central Greece)
Pausanias, Description of Greece 9. 34. 1 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
"Iodama, who served the goddess [Athena] as priestess [at the shrine of Koroneia in Phokis], entered the precinct by night, where there appeared to her Athena, upon whose tunic was worked the head of Medousa the Gorgon. When Iodama saw it, she was turned to stone. For this reason a woman puts fire every day on the altar of Iodama, and as she does this she thrice repeats in the Boiotian dialect that Iodama is living and asking for fire."
ATHENA WRATH : ALCINOE
LOCALE : Korinthos (Southern Greece)
Parthenius, Love Romances 27 (trans. Gaselee) (Greek poet C1st B.C.) :
"From the Curses of Moero [of Byzantium, Greek poetess C3rd B.C.]: Alkinoe, so the story goes, was the daughter of Polybos of Korinthos and the wife of Amphilokhos the son of Dryas; by the wrath of Athene she became infatuated with a stranger from Samos, named Xanthos. This was the reason of her visitation: she had hired a woman named Nikandra to come and spin for her, but after she had worked for her for a year, she turned her out of her house without paying her the full wages she had promised, and Nikandra had earnestly prayed Athene to avenge her for the unjust withholding of her due. Thus afflicted, Alkinoe reached such a state that she left her home and the little children she had borne to Amphilokhos, and sailed away with Xanthos; but in the middle of the voyage she came to realise what she had done. She straightway shed many tears, calling often, now upon her young husband and now upon her children, and though Xanthos did his best to comfort her, saying that he would make her his wife, she would not listen to him, but threw herself into the sea."
SOURCES
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Jocasta was the wife of Laius and the mother of which other famous individual? | Jocasta from "Oedipus the King" - Jocasta's Monlogue
This dramatic female monologue comes from the Greek play Oedipus the King , Sophocles’ most famous tragedy.
Some Necessary Background Information
Queen Jocasta (Yo-KAH-stuh) is one of Greek mythology’s most ill-fated characters. First, she and her husband King Laius (LAY-us) learn from the Delphic Oracle (a sort of ancient fortune teller) that their newborn child is destined to kill his father and marry his mother. So, in the play’s first attempt by characters to outwit Fate , they pierce their baby’s ankles to bind them together and leave the child out in the wilderness to die.
Little does Jocasta know that a kindly herdsman saves her child. The baby is called Oedipus (ED-uh-pus) – which means swollen ankles - by his adoptive parents, King Polybus (PAH-lih-bus) and Queen Merope (Meh-RUH-pee) from the nearby city state of Corinth.
When Oedipus grows up, completely unaware that he was a “ foundling ,” he learns of the prophecy that claims that he will commit both patricide and incest.
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Because he believes that this prediction applies to Polybus and Merope, the parents that he loves, he quickly leaves town believing that he can avoid that terrible fate. This is the play's second attempt by a character to outwit Fate.
His escape route has him heading towards the city of Thebes . On his way there, he is almost run over by the chariot of an arrogant king. This king just happens to be King Laius (Oedipus’s biological father). They fight and guess what? Oedipus slays the king. Prophecy Part One fulfilled.
Once in Thebes, Oedipus solves a riddle that saves Thebes from a monstrous Sphinx and therefore he becomes the new king of Thebes. Since the previous king died in an incident of ancient road rage, which for some reason no one ever connects to Oedipus, the current queen Jocasta is a widow and needs a husband. So Oedipus weds the older but still beautiful Queen Jocasta. That’s right, he marries his mother! And over the years, they produce four children. Prophecy Part Two fulfilled – but almost everyone, including Oedipus himself, remains unaware of all of the thwarted efforts to trick Fate.
Just prior to the monologue below, news has arrived that the king Oedipus believes to be his father has died – and it was not at Oedipus’s hand! Jocasta is exceedingly pleased and relieved, but Oedipus is still bothered by the second part of the prophecy. His wife tries to ease the fears of her husband (who is also her son – but she has not figured this out yet) in this speech.
JOCASTA:
Why should a mortal man, the sport of chance,
With no assured foreknowledge, be afraid?
Best live a careless life from hand to mouth.
This wedlock with thy mother fear not thou.
How oft it chances that in dreams a man
Has wed his mother! He who least regards
Such brainsick fantasies lives most at ease.
See another translation of the same monologue in a copy of the script translated by Ian Johnston . (Locate Line 1160.) This translation is more modern than the one above and will help you understand the heightened language. (It's also worth looking through this version of the play for additional monologues by Jocasta.)
Many Freudian scholars have paid particular attention to this short dramatic monologue. Read up on Freud’s Oedipal Complex and you will understand why.
Resources
If you want to learn more about the ancient Greek playwright, Sophocles, read this article .
Video Resources
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In the 'Eagle', who was Dan Dare's greatest enemy? | Who was Oedipus' Mother? | Study.com
Who was Oedipus' Mother?
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Instructor: Becky Kowalczyk
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In this lesson, you'll learn about the character and characterization of Jocasta, a figure in Greek mythology who was both mother and wife of Oedipus, King of Thebes, and is mostly remembered for that fact.
The Oedipus Complex
If you consume Western pop culture in any quantity, you've probably heard the term 'Oedipus Complex' at some point. You might know it's a Freudian concept; that is, one developed by famous psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. And if you've ever taken a psych class, then you also know it describes a theoretical stage of child development when a boy has an unconscious wish for his mother's exclusive love, and resents his father for sharing it.
But were you aware that Freud named his concept after the Greek myth of Oedipus? It's an understandable source of inspiration, given that Oedipus unknowingly killed his father and married his mother. Discussions of Freud's complex, as well as of the tragic myth for which it's named, usually center on the son, Oedipus. But what about the mom in this story? Who is Jocasta?
The Devoted Wife
Illustration of Jocasta by Giovanni Boccaccio
If we overlook a couple icky details, we can see Jocasta as a loving and devoted wife to each of her two husbands. In her first marriage, to King Laius, the Queen clearly puts her man before all else. Just take a look at her reaction to the prophecy she and Laius receive early in their marriage: An oracle tells them they're destined to have a son who will grow up and murder Laius. How do you choose between your husband and your child? For Jocasta, it's a no-brainer. When her son is born, she orders a servant to leave the poor baby up on a mountain to die. If this weren't a tragic Greek myth, I'd recommend a romantic dinner to get the point across, but I guess it shows how important her hubby is to her.
Years later, the widowed Queen marries Oedipus, the new king of Thebes. Again she shows her wifely devotion, this time by reassuring Oedipus when he worries over a prophet's disturbing claims that he killed the former King Laius (which he did... but they don't know that yet). In Sophocles' dramatization of the story, Jocasta tells Oedipus he has nothing to fear because there are no such things as prophets and prophecies. She takes him inside the palace to comfort him, saying sweetly, 'All my care is you, and all my pleasure yours.' (Icky detail alert: he's also her son, who didn't die up on that mountain after all. Oops! But they don't know that yet, either).
The Progressive Woman
In ancient Greece, though, even the most wonderful wives had no authority and virtually no rights. Women were not considered citizens; the men in their lives were in charge of them. Even a Queen would probably have had little involvement in the affairs of men, yet Jocasta shows signs of challenging these gender norms.
Arriving in the middle of a heated argument between her husband Oedipus and her brother Creon, she breaks up the fight with some pointed advice for the men to turn their attention to more important matters. To criticize and advise any man would be unusual and even unwise for a woman in this ancient society...and these men are royalty! Jocasta is pretty gutsy to show her progressive streak in such an oppressive time.
The Skeptic
Speaking of gutsy, gender roles aren't the only societal norms she challenges. She also resists the prevailing religious beliefs of the time.
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As leader of the Teen Titans, ‘Robin’ aka Dick Grayson took on which other identity? | Robin | Teen Titans Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
[ show ]
Physical Appearance
Robin is usually shown in just his costume that is consisted of green tights with black ankle-high steel-toed boots, green elbow-high gloves, a short-sleeve green t-shirt underneath a red armored vest with a yellow letter "R" inside a black circle over his left pectoral muscle, a yellow utility belt and a black cape that has a yellow interior. He always has on a black-and-white domino mask, has his black hair spiked backwards, light skin and an athletic-build. When he is briefly shown as Slade's apprentice, he wears a black bodysuit with armor plating on the legs, knees, forearms, shoulders, the top-half of his suit is split into black and orange sides and an ash-gray utility belt.
Robin's appearance in "Trouble in Tokyo".
The most notable costume change he goes through is during the movie " Teen Titans: Trouble in Tokyo ", he briefly changes into a costume with his hair down with black shades and a skinny black suit with a long jacket in order to hide from Tokyo Troopers when he was wanted for the "murder" of Saico-Tek . He took a man into an alley and switched clothes with him. He also wore a tux briefly in Date With Destiny .
Robin might be short for his age. Out of his four companions, Beast Boy seems to be the only one shorter, and it should be noted that whilst Raven is usually depicted as the same height or a little shorter than Robin, there are occasions when she is taller. Also, in Calling All Titans , when he gave Bushido the communicator, Bushido seemed to be at least a couple inches taller than him.
In the Season 3 episode Revolution , Mad Mod drains Robin's youth which makes Robin a frail old man and him young again. As an old man, Robin is so weak he can't even walk, he also seems to be very thin and his arms and legs are like bones. Robin is thin everywhere on his body except for his stomach where he seems to have grown a potbelly. While the young Robin wears his hair spiked backwards, the old and frail Robin has white hair which seems to be slicked back.
When Robin is Nightwing, he has long hair which almost touches his shoulders, he also doesn't spike his hair anymore. He also has a more muscular build and has grown much taller, his costume is a black jumpsuit with steel bracelets and a utility belt, he also still wears his steel toed boots. Nightwing's costume also has a symbol of a bird like a hawk, on his torso and it is a dark shade of blue. The bird on his costume also seems to be spreading its wings out as if it is flying.
It might also be true that he is around 4 ft. with reference to the episode Divide and Conquer when Cyborgs says " ....is 4 ft. tall and smells like cheap hair gel!" However this is unlikely as 4 ft is very, very short, and logic would suggest that Robin would be closer to 5 ft.
Personality
Robin is a natural-born leader. He is heroic, noble, kind, selfless, stubborn, brooding and usually serious in tone, but has had his number of funny moments. In DC Comics and other incarnations, Robin is even toned and playful despite some outbursts of rage; such as when he learns of his parents' killer and when he eventually stops working as Batman's sidekick (a situation that is mentioned in a roundabout way in the episode Go! ). However, in this series, Robin is closer to Batman; serious, stern, strict and obsessed with hunting down criminals, which is most prominently displayed in the first season, where he goes so far as to masquerade as a villain to catch Slade. Despite this, Robin does maintain a more relaxed, at times even playful side, which he sometimes expresses when the team is not actively engaged in crime fighting.
Out of all the villains the team has faced, the one that is most hated is Slade. Robin will stop at nothing to defeat Slade. Robin insists that the two are nothing alike, despite Slade's claims to the contrary. Several encounters with him have lead dangerously close to causing rifts between Robin and his friends.
Another flaw Robin has is he is competitive and still a bit immature but, despite his struggles, Robin has time and again proven to be a great leader. He cares for all of his friends deeply, and will fight to the finish to defend them. Despite that Robin still remains as a calm, level-headed and intelligent leader who comes up with clever strategies, shows a lot of intellectual strength, and keeps a calm head most of the time.
Robin is a bit of a loner. Beast Boy and Cyborg hang around with each other more than him, Raven and Starfire are both independent but still interact with others, yet Robin often spends long days locked in his own room, planning. He insists on doing everything himself, such as being Slade's apprentice and battling Red X . In the episode Go! when the Titans first met, Beast Boy (who implied that he was a loner and hasn't had anybody to talk to since he left the Doom Patrol) wanted to befriend everybody, Robin made it clear that he doesn't want to be part of a team but eventually does form the Titans. Throughout the series, the team and everybody in it is very important to Robin.
He cares deeply about each of his friends, but for Starfire it is shown that Robin has romantic feelings for her. Everyone on the team can very well see their feelings for each other including the villains, but neither of them admitted their feelings until the movie Teen Titans: Trouble in Tokyo . During the film, Robin expresses horror when Starfire kisses a random Japanese boy to learn Japanese. Later, he and Starfire talk and nearly kiss twice, before they finally confess their true feelings for each other and actually kiss at the end of the film.
Character History
Pre-Teen Titans
Robin was born as Richard "Dick" Grayson to John and Mary Grayson. As a child he and his parents were a family of circus acrobats known as The Flying Graysons . While he was once preparing for a performance he overheard two gangsters who worked for a crime boss named Tony Zucco attempt to extort protection money from the circus owner. The owner refuses and the two gangsters sabotaged the trapeze wiring with acid. During their next performance on the trapeze his parent were swinging from ropes when they suddenly broke of falling to their deaths.
Before he could go to the police, Batman appears to him and warned him that the two gangsters worked for Tony Zucco, a very powerful crime boss, and that revealing his knowledge could lead to his death. He was adopted by Bruce Wayne after his parents were killed by Zucco and became Robin. Together, Batman (Bruce) and he disrupted Zucco’s extortion rackets and gambling rackets and then successfully baited the riled Zucco into visiting a construction sight where they captured him. Through the years of working with the Dark Knight as his sidekick to fight crime in Gotham he was greatly trained mentally and physically that in ways no other child was. For reasons undisclosed in the show, but the actual reason being that after being shot Batman tried to take Robin out of the field, Robin thought he was being treated like a kid and was about to give up being a hero with Batman (calling it “ Kid Stuff”). Robin eventually left Batman and moved to another city (though it is known to still be close to Gotham) to continue fighting crime, though this time he intended to go solo. He was 15 when he left Batman.
Joining Teen Titans
Robin met up with Beast Boy, Cyborg, and Raven when Starfire came to Earth and started destroying the city. After a brief yet fierce confrontation where even the Boy Wonder appeared to meet his match, Robin helped Starfire get free from her chains, and then she kissed him to learn English, and then told him to leave her alone unless he wanted to be destroyed. Robin and the others teamed up to find her and later fought the aliens who came to find and imprison Starfire. Shortly after defeating them, Robin gave the others communicators and later created the Teen Titans and became the leader. [1]
Season One
Robin's first appearance in the show was at the Titan Tower. He had a discussion with Starfire about light-speed travel. After finding out that their refrigerator was filled with mold, Robin went with the other Titans to a pizza parlor. When he and his teammates went outside, they stumbled across three H.I.V.E. Academy students.
Robin fought alongside his teammates and managed to put up a good fight, before a hole began to open in the midst of the battle. The hole was large enough that Robin accidentally fell in. After his teammates regrouped, they discovered that Robin was missing.
It is unknown how Robin managed to get out of the hole. However, he did and regrouped with the rest of his teammates. He came up with a plan to retake the Titan Tower, which in his absence had been taken over by the H.I.V.E Academy students. He and the others invaded the tower and attacked the three. Robin grabbed Gizmo by the neck and tried to interrogate him.
Robin was able to obtain the name of "Slade" during his interrogation of Gizmo. Having no idea who this "Slade" was, Robin was anxious to find out. After defeating the H.I.V.E Academy students and retaking the Titan Tower, Robin stayed concerned about the identity of Slade.
Robin went to a fair with the rest of his teammates. He enjoyed himself until he and the others saw an alien probe. He and his teammates went to fight it off and succeeded. Robin and the others wondered where it came from before returning to Titan Tower. He and his teammates met Starfire's sister Blackfire , who decided to come over to Earth for a visit. Robin's cape caught Blackfire's eye and was complimented by her. Robin liked her compliment and went with her and the others to a disco. He danced for a while before noticing Starfire's sad mood.
Robin tried to talk to her until Blackfire dragged him off. After Starfire was captured by alien probes, Robin went after her with the other Teen Titans and Blackfire. After Starfire was saved and Blackfire destroyed the alien probes, Robin watched as Cyborg offered her a spot on the team and as Starfire gave up her position and left.
Luckily, Robin convinced her to stay before Starfire was attacked by the alien probes for the third time. After wondering what they might want, the alien probes revealed they were looking for a Tamaranean thief. Robin believed they most have been talking about Blackfire, who then tried to leave the planet. He watched as Starfire fought her sister and watched as the Centauri police captured Blackfire.
Robin fought Cinderblock with the rest of his teammates. He used a maneuver called "The Sonic Boom" alongside Cyborg to stop Cinderblock from escaping. However, when their plan failed Robin started to argue with Cyborg. Robin watched as Cyborg quit the team due to his jealousy and anger towards Robin always making orders and rules for him and his teammates to follow.
At first, Robin did not care at all about Cyborg leaving. However, after having to perform some of Cyborg's chores he started to regret the argument the two had and to top it all of, he had no one to play video games with. Robin watched as Beast Boy, Raven and Starfire became saddened over his leaving of the team as well. However, Robin knew he could not allow his team to fall apart over the leaving of a single member and tried to maintain a grip on everyone.
Later, he went to confront Plasmus at a waste plant. He and the other Teen Titans attacked him, but watched as he separated into smaller pieces. As Robin heard of Cinderblock attacking another city, he insisted his teammates go fight Cinderblock while he held off Plasmus. After his teammates chose to stay and were consumed by Plasmus, Robin almost fell in a tub of acid before being saved by Cyborg. The two fought alongside each other and defeated Plasmus. Robin welcomed Cyborg back to the team.
Robin in the Red X suit.
With his fellow Teen Titans, self-appointed protectors of Jump City , Robin encountered Slade , the mastermind villain who is Robin's arch rival, responsible for the majority of the villains the Titans clashed with during this time, including the H.I.V.E. and Thunder and Lightning . To infiltrate Slade and learn his plans, Robin became his alter- ego, Red X , and tried to make a deal with Slade. However, Slade outsmarted Robin and discovered his true identity. Later, Slade made Robin his apprentice, threatening to "annihilate" Robin's friends with nanoscopic probes, which had been injected into them unknowingly while they were diverted. If Robin refused, they would be killed from the inside out. Having no choice, Robin joined Slade and committed many crimes in his favor, until finally he infected himself with the nanites and threatened Slade with the fact that if he didn't deactivate them, he would lose his "apprentice".
Season Two
In Season Two, the Titans met Terra , who had the tremendous ability to control the earth. Robin was concerned about Terra joining the team, due to her unstable control over her powers. He tells Terra about it, but she runs away after mistakenly thinking Beast Boy revealed it to the others when Robin had actually realized the truth by himself. Upon her return, he gives her a chance to prove herself to the team, because she had somehow learned to fully control her powers. Titans Tower is soon attacked by Slade's mechanical worms, and thanks to Raven and Terra working together, they manage to stop Slade's plans. As a result, Robin fully trusts Terra and accepts her as an official Teen Titan.
Robin begins to get competitive in a fierce card game with the Titans. Suddenly, Robin, Beast Boy, and Cyborg are transported to a tournament with other male heroes, leaving Starfire and Raven wondering where they have gone. Robin competes in a game where he has to battle the other competitors. Haven beaten everyone, Robin learns the Master of Games is just using the tournament in order to capture and steal the abilities of the heroes. Robin manages to free his friends and together, they defeat the Master of Games.
After being on the team for a while, Terra betrays the Titans and deactivates the Titans Tower's security codes to allow Slade's robot commandos to enter the tower. Robin leads the Titans into a battle against Slade's robots and becomes upset that Terra has betrayed them. Not long after, Larry arrives from another dimension and helps the Titans stop Johnny Rancid after Robin's arm had been fractured while on his R- cycle chasing the villain. Slade and his new apprentice, Terra , appear and attack the Titans off-guard. It is revealed that Slade offered her control over her powers, something the Titans could never offer her, in exchange for her loyalty.Beast Boy manages to convince Robin to give Terra another chance. Robin fights Terra after she had taken down the other Titans, but hesitates when he tries to strike the final blow.
Terra takes advantage of this and finishes off Robin. Luckily, Robin had survived, and regrouped with the other Titans underground, who proved to only sustain minor injuries. The Titans resurfaced and attacked Terra without mercy, catching her off guard and making them gain the upper hand. Terra asked Slade for help and he sent Plasmus , Overload , and Cinderblock (and fused them into one creature) to fight the Titans in her place while she would return to Slade's secret base. As soon as she arrived, he reprimanded Terra for not winning in her fight with the Titans and physically abused her via Terra's suit (which had been fitted with a device that allowed Slade to control her actions) to teach her a lesson. Beast Boy left the Titans to look for Terra and when he arrived at Slade's headquarters, Slade attacked him through Terra. Just as she was about to destroy him, Robin and the other Titans arrived and pleaded to her to not kill Beast Boy and to break free of Slade's control. Terra finally realized her mistakes and she fought against Slade but in all her fury, she awakened a dormant volcano. She knocked him into the molten lava and sent the evil mastermind to his doom. The Titans told her that they had to get out of the city as fast as they could before the volcano destroyed it, but Terra said she's the only one who can stop it and sacrificed herself to save Jump City by tapping into the volcano's lava flow. But, as a consequence of this action, she was turned to stone, becoming one with the earth itself.
Season Three
In the third season of the show Red X returns, and this time it's not Robin in the suit (which Starfire assures herself of by prodding Robin repeatedly to make sure he was not a hologram). Instead of wanting to cause chaos and destroy the city, this Red X only wants Xenothium (a chemical that powers his suit) and to be "number one". Robin takes the blame on himself and goes out to stop X personally. Eventually he is brought back to the lair of a new villain, Professor Chang, and aids Robin with defeating him and freeing the rest of the Titans, though he doesn't take himself as an ally and escapes.
An aged and decrepit Robin as Mad Mod's prisoner.
Robin's obsessive personality once more gets the better of him in this season, as a Slade mask covered in a hallucinogenic drug made him see, hear and feel Slade (who was supposedly killed by Terra a the end of season two). Robin becomes obsessed and enraged by Slade's return, even more so when Slade runs right past Starfire, who does not see him at all. Robin yells at her and grabs her arm, hurting her, but shows little remorse in his quest to kill Slade one and for all.
Though the others keep telling him that Slade isn't real, he won't listen and eventually fights an imaginary Slade to near-death. While the Titans worry that he might be going crazy, Raven enters Robin's mind (seeing the death of The Flying Graysons and Robin performing his oath before Batman), and sees that, to Robin at least, Slade is real. [2]
Luckily, Robin managed to understand that what he's seeing is just a powerful illusion just in time to get out alive. In the episode Revolution, Robin and the Titans celebrate the fourth of July but it gets interrupted when Mad Mod takes over the city and turns it into England. While trying to stop Mad Mod, Robin is separated from the Titans and Mad Mod uses his high tech cane to drain Robin of his youth force. Mad Mod becomes young again (as he is the episode where he first appears but that was an illusion) while Robin is turned into a frail old man not strong enough to even walk. He is then held as Mod's prisoner. Eventually Starfire, Beast Boy, Raven, and Cyborg had a strategy and Beast Boy stole Mad Mod's cane giving it to Robin. Robin then uses it to reverse it's aging effects turning him back to normal and Mod back to an old man. Robin destroys the high tech cane by snapping it in half, this turns the city which Mad Mod made England, back into what it used to be, Jump City.
Season Four
Robin expresses deep concern for Raven , and is the one who most fully realizes that there is something she is concealing from the other Titans, saying that they have a bond from the events of Haunted , but Raven declines to tell him initially, saying there were places in her mind one should never go. The Titans are shocked when Slade resurfaces against the Titans, but is quick to engage him, though he is defeated along with the other Titans. As Robin is about to be crushed by a structure in the collapsing site, compliments of Slade, a distressed Raven taps into her inner power (or, rather, a birthday "gift" from Trigon ) and stops time itself briefly. Raven then escapes with Robin, whose efforts to hold Slade back were met with little avail, instead sustaining great harm at his hand, though recovers sufficiently to save Raven from falling down into the streets, saying to her, "Let's go home," and promises her that while not all may be clear, she is safe for now and the danger is over, to which Raven comments that it has "just begun."
Season Five
In season five, Robin and the Teen Titans are on a globe-spanning adventure, traveling far and wide to warn other heroes around the world about the Brotherhood of Evil and their evil plans. Robin, not knowing it was really Madame Rouge , gave a Titans Communicator to Hot Spot (not real), which helped the Brotherhood of Evil track down every young superhero across the globe. Ding Dong Daddy steals a briefcase from Robin, containing his most prized possession. Robin manages to recover the briefcase, with some help from Red X. [3] Robin is captured by Madame Rouge and joins some of the Honorary Titans in captivity at the Brotherhood's base. However, after reinforcements arrive with Beast Boy, Starfire, Raven and Cyborg, Robin is freed and participates in the final battle against the Brotherhood of Evil, defeating the Brotherhood of Evil with the help of the gathered Titans and Honorary Titans. [4] Robin and the other Titans return to Jump City, only to fight a white creature that can transform into its surroundings and use their respective elements as attacks against its enemies. Robin tries to convince a desperate Beast Boy that he didn't really see Terra (knowing of his obsession with seeing Slade in " Haunted "), while he himself wonders if Terra has truly returned. [5]
Future
Nightwing: Robin's future self.
Nightwing is Robin's twenty-year old future self who serves as the sole guardian of Jump City . [6] A break-in by Warp , a thief from 100 years in the future who returns to the past to steal a priceless clock, forces the Titans to confront this new enemy. But Starfire is accidentally thrown 20 years into the future after she snatches a part of Warp's time machine before Warp manages to reach his future. The Teen Titans have disbanded after she had left them 20 years ago. Every one of them is worse off than before, with the exception of Robin, who still enjoys fighting crime by himself. Starfire gets attacked by Warp, who needs the final piece in his time machine so he can return to his future. Robin, who has now become Nightwing, saves Starfire from Warp, but Warp escapes with the final piece needed to fix his time machine. Nightwing uses his old Titans Communicator to reunite the Titans and together they return to the museum where their troubles all started. After Warp attaches the final piece onto his time machine and opens a portal into the future, Nightwing and the rest of the reunited Titans interrupt him. The Titans, led by Nightwing, launch an all-out assault on Warp , defeating him and destroying his time machine. Before the portal can close, the future Cyborg keeps it open with his sonic cannon and begs Starfire to hurry up and return to the past to ensure that the break-up of the Teen Titans would never occur. Nightwing tells her to return the clock that Warp has stolen. Starfire begins to doubt if she could change their future but Nightwing reassures her that she need not worry. Starfire jumps through the portal, while Nightwing and the rest of the future Titans waved good bye.
Nightwing has also appeared in Issue #31 of the Teen Titans Go! comics. When an evil Robin from an alternate future teams up with Warp, Nightwing somehow returns to Titans Tower and enlists help from the Teen Titans in order to fight the two villains. When Starfire and Robin fight, she whispers something indiscernible in evil Robin's ear, and he vanishes with a gasp. After Warp retreats, Nightwing goes back to his own timeline and the Teen Titans are enjoying pizza when the good Robin suddenly turns up with no memory about the battle. The evil Robin may have been the good Robin, brainwashed by Warp after returning to Robin's childhood and replacing Batman with himself as Robin's mentor.
Relationships
Starfire
Starfire is Robin's best friend and main love interest throughout the series. Ever since the day the two of them first met both Robin and Starfire have had romantic feelings for each other, but are completely unaware of how the other feels. However though they remain unaware, it's obvious to everyone of how they truly feel about each other as even a few enemies have also realized their feelings.
Though Robin and Starfire try to hide their feelings they are shown to have jealous moments; Starfire is very pretty and boys often flirt with her, which infuriates Robin to no end. Starfire also becomes extremely jealous when girls flirt with Robin as shown when she was distraught when he spends so much time with Blackfire or when he took Kitten to her prom. It is also seen throughout the series Robin is always at the side of Starfire and vice versa. [7] [8] [9]
Though their feelings are seen in almost every episode, there are five main episodes that focuses entirely on their relationship, showing just how much stronger they are becoming while also showing Robin and Starfire growing more closer towards each other. The five main are Sisters , Date with Destiny , Betrothed , Stranded and Go! .
In Betrothed , Robin is heartbroken when he finds out Starfire had an arranged marriage, especially to a prince she had never met. Whilst in the T-Ship on the way to Tamaran, Robin keeps repeating "you're getting married" likely still in shock, when hearing more information about the groom Robin climbs out of his section of the ship and to shouts to Starfire "you're getting married and to someone you've never met?!" but is forced to climb back inside before he suffocates.
Before the ceremony, Robin scales the castle walls in order to reach the balcony to try to find Starfire and convince her not to go through with the marriage. In the end, it was Robin who crashed Starfire's wedding, informing her it was a set-up. Starfire's last words of the episode were "...I shall choose my own husband. Who is to know? Perhaps there is a groom for me on Earth". Then she continues to walk back to their ship side-by-side with Robin, a clear foreshadowing of the future. [10]
In Date with Destiny , Robin is forced to to take Killer Moth 's bratty daughter, Kitten , to her junior prom, or else Killer Moth will destroy the city with a swarm of hostile mutant moths. At first, Starfire thinks "Prom" is a duel, and slaps Kitten with a glove (a medieval custom indicating a duel is accepted), but is horrified to learn that Prom is a date. Starfire goes out of her mind with jealousy to have to see Robin with another girl, and so obtains a prom dress and shows up at the dance with Robin and Kitten, having found a loophole in Robin's orders to "investigate the girl". Robin is clearly happy to see her and spends a long time admiring her. When Kitten arrives, she tells Robin to "Take my arm and lead me in, and would it kill you to smile?" to which Robin forces a smile and replies "maybe" through gritted teeth.
Seeing Robin holding Kitten's arm, Starfire seethes with jealousy and is seen grinding her teeth and punching the hood of Kitten's limo so hard it crumples it and causes the opposite end to lift into the air. Later, while she watches Robin and Kitten dancing, she becomes so angry, her powers activate, and she melts the punch bowl. When Robin is given the ultimatum of either having the city destroyed or having to kiss Kitten, he refuses by saying, "Not even if you paid me!" delighting Starfire. As they battle for the Moths' control, Kitten's ex-boyfriend, Fang , attacks from behind, shouting, "Get your hands off my girl." As Robin falls to the ground, Starfire shoots a starbolt at Fang, replying, "Keep your legs off my boy!" In the end when Kitten, Fang, and Killer Moth are being taken away, the DJ pronounces Robin and Starfire Prom King and Queen. While looking at each other in confusion, Robin replies, "I guess one more dance wouldn't kill me." Then he takes Starfire's hand and he leads her onto the dance floor willingly, a marked difference from earlier, where Kitten had had to force him to dance. [11]
In Apprentice Part 2 , it is seen many times that when Robin battles the Titans on the Wayne Enterprises building, he is actively more merciful toward Starfire . Robin instead battles the other Titans. When it looks as if he will battle Starfire, he goes to battle the Titan next to her. Then, when Slade tells Robin to use his new thermal blaster, Robin aims it at Starfire, who is already aiming a starbolt at him. She had not fired, but is stern. Before Robin can fire the blaster, however, Starfire states;
"Robin, you are my best friend. I cannot be in a world where we must fight. If you are truly evil, than go ahead. Do what you must."
She then lowers her hand and her starbolt fades, indicating she will not fight him, and if he truly wants to hurt her, she will not stop him. At this, Robin hesitates, and lowers the blaster. Then, despite strict orders from Slade not to, he says, "Starfire, no ... I ..." thus showing that Robin feels more strongly about her than any other Titan, given that he would talk to her (which was disobeying Slade and would result in their deaths) and not to the others.
After Robin and the others defeat Slade and go back to Titans Tower , Robin approaches Starfire, who looks upset, to ask if everything is OK. Starfire gives an apology to Robin, saying "I'm sorry." Robin interrupts her apology by saying "You're sorry?" with a shocked look on his face. Starfire continues her apology by explaining why she is sorry, stating, "When things were bad, there was a moment where I truly believed that you were like Slade. I doubted you and for that, I am sorry." Robin admits that he and Slade are alike, but the difference between him and Slade is that Slade doesn't have any friends, which makes Starfire's face light up and the two have a touching moment.
In Troq , when Val Yor made notice of Starfire, he simply stated that she's a Tamaranean. Robin responds by using her name. Robin is also confused as to why Starfire is seemingly keeping her distance from the others, (actually it was Val Yor). And when Val Yor sent Starfire into imminent danger, Robin was deeply concerned and even attempted to try to leave the ship to help her, but Val Yor didn't allow it. Later, when Cyborg learned what Val Yor had been calling Starfire, (Troq, a Tamaranean slur meaning "nothing") Cyborg insisted that Robin know. And upon finding out, Robin was outraged and even wanted Val Yor to apologize.
In Stranded , Robin gets both annoyed and embarrassed when Cyborg teases Robin by saying Starfire is his girlfriend. He accidentally hurts Starfire's feelings by shouting angrily, "SHE'S NOT MY GIRLFRIEND!" Misunderstanding, Starfire takes it to mean she is not Robin's friend at all. She acts indifferently to him, and becomes so troubled, her powers stop working. Shortly afterwards, the two fall off crumbling cliffs on an isolated planet and Robin saves Starfire when she reveals that she can't fly because she is emotionally distressed.
They end up stuck in a cave where they begin to talk about how they feel for each other. Still convinced he does not view her as a friend, Starfire asks that Robin be honest with her at least this once, and tell her how he feels, unaware of the full scale of what that means, given that she does not know Robin likes her. Attempting to show his remorse for his earlier outburst, Robin goes so far as to admit that he thinks that "it's awesome the way [Starfire] shoots starbolts" and that "it's cool that [she's] brave and the strongest girl ever". Starfire then asks him if he minds having a friend who is a girl. It is assumed that he is about to say that he doesn't mind it at all, before they are interrupted by a vicious alien monster. It is only after Robin takes her hand he admits that "as long as [they're] together, it'll be okay" that Starfire is once again able to use her powers again. After the monster has fallen down, Starfire flies with Robin towards the ground and the two share a heartwarming hug. [12]
In the future Nightwing (Robin in the future) is seen to be protective and a bit more romantic, suggesting either more emotional maturity, or the fact that he never got to tell Starfire how he felt before she "disappeared" into the future. He also developed a nickname for her - Princess, which could either be affectionate or a trope to her royal birth on Tamaran. When Starfire was leaving they shared one last romantic moment holding hands before she returned to her time.
Robin and Starfire's first real kiss.
In the movie Teen Titans: Trouble in Tokyo , it served as not only the series finale to the show, but it finally brought closure to Robin and Starfire's relationship. At the start of the film, when the Titans are chasing after the villain Saico-Tek , he makes Starfire fall out of the sky, but luckily Robin saves her and they continue to pursue Saico-Tek on Robin's R-Cycle together.
When the Titans first arrive in Tokyo they have trouble with the language. Starfire reveals and she might be able to help, and much to Robin's shock and jealously, Starfire walks up to a random stranger and kisses him and immediately starts to speak Japanese. Robin then asks Starfire why she kissed him, Starfire reveals that on Tamaran that through lip contact Tamaraneans are able to learn any language. Cyborg finds this incredible, but Robin is shown to think otherwise, and follows the team dejectedly.
Later, when the Titans separate, Robin and Starfire explore Tokyo together where they do many activities as watching a sumo wrestling match, have a boat ride through sakura trees and finally go to an arcade, where Starfire does so well at the game she attracts a large crowd of boys (much to Robin's ire). They are later seen on the rooftop of the Tokyo tower. While there Starfire brings up about how she had kissed the boy from earlier, presumably to apologize for the obvious discomfort she caused Robin, Robin asks if that is why she kissed him when they first met. Starfire replies that it is, and this causes Robin and Starfire to start discussing the topic of kissing. Starfire explains that on Tamaran, it's merely a way to learn a new language, but also reveals that she has now learned that on Earth it means "more", which makes Robin blush. They finally start to express their true feelings for each other as Robin confesses to Starfire she is his best friend, and she replies that he is hers, while at the same time they slowly to start to hold hands, intertwining their fingers.
Robin and Starfire are just about to share their first real kiss with each other, but Robin backs away at the last second, as Starfire's comment of "then we have nothing to fear" in regard to their friendship possibly being ruined by the pursuit of a romantic relationship leads Robin to figure out something else about Brushogun. Robin is suddenly more focused on the mission than ever before, and tells Starfire that they are only heroes and that they can't be in a romantic relationship. Starfire tries to convince Robin otherwise; saying that that there has always been something more between them, but Robin denies any feelings towards her; again saying that a hero is all he is and all he can ever be. Heartbroken, Starfire flies off and starts to cry.
When Robin takes on the disguise of a Tokyo mugger and is being chased by Commander Daizo and the Tokyo Troopers, he is surrounded and is almost captured, but is saved by Starfire's sudden appearance as they grab hands and fly to safety. Robin and Starfire are later shown at a safe-house where Starfire explains to Robin that he was not the only Titan attacked, and gives him a copy of his uniform. Starfire is about leave to give Robin time to change, but Robin grabs her arm before she even gets up. He shuffles closer to her, and they attempt to kiss again but are interrupted as the other Titans walk in on them.
With the battle finally ended and with them rain washing away the ink, Robin admits to Starfire he was wrong about earlier, revealing that they can be "more" than heroes and finally starts to reveal his true feelings for her, but Starfire cuts him off and says "Robin... Stop talking". Robin and Starfire at long last finally share their first real, official kiss while Cyborg comments, "Well, it's about time". During the award ceremony, near the end of the movie, the two of them are seen holding each other's hands and smiling, confirming that they have finally become a couple. Cyborg, in reference to the fact that Robin is no longer a fugitive, states "So I guess you're not a wanted man anymore." to which Robin replies "I wouldn't say that." of course meaning he is a "wanted man" in terms of being Starfire's boyfriend. [13]
Another kiss between the two occurs in Teen Titans Go! , #Issue 47 after the events of Trouble in Tokyo. It focuses on the fact that it was a solemn day for Robin; the anniversary of his parents' deaths, and Robin had been close to tears for the entire story. Starfire later goes onto the pier and sees Robin without his mask on, crying. She comforts him, allowing him to vent. Later he says that she helps him remember there's more to life than fighting crime. At the end of the story, they kiss, much to Batman 's happiness, knowing that Robin will be fine with Starfire.
Raven
Raven hugging Robin in the aftermath of Trigon's defeat.
Raven and Robin have an extremely tight bond and she claims that he knows her better than anyone. The two have a very healthy relationship and actively respect each other's privacy and interests. As partners, they really care about the other's safety and well being; as evident in Birthmark .
They have deep and finely interwoven friendship due to similar personalities and instincts and the two seemed to get along well from the very beginning. Robin was also able to give Raven enough hope and courage for her to defeat Trigon and he told Raven that she was the most hopeful person he knew. It is obvious Robin cares a lot about Raven, as he willingly traveled into a literal "Hell" created by Trigon in order to save her. Robin is the only one serious enough to truly understand her even after having been through the psychological labyrinth that is her mind. Robin helps her out whenever he can and always puts her well-being and consideration before his without a moment's hesitation. When they first met, Raven told Robin, Beast Boy and Cyborg, "If you knew what I really am, you wouldn't want me around." Robin responded by saying, "I know enough," implying that he didn't care what Raven was or if she was different and knew that she wasn't evil or bad.
In attempt to help rid him of his self-imposed curse of obsessing over Slade and the danger to his team, Raven has also entered Robin's mind, seeing parts of his life ranging from his traumatic memory of the death of his family to his oath before Batman, establishing thereafter between she and him a powerful psychic bond. They are two of the closest people on the team and as such Raven often finds comfort in Robin, telling him about things no one else knows. Raven is seen by Robin as a very close friend/companion as they can understand each other and are on extremely good terms. Even when the other Titans are unsure of Raven's attitude, disposition and intentions towards others, Robin often dismisses their apprehensions and respects Raven for who she is. [14]
Cyborg
An example of Cyborg and Robin's friendship
It is obvious that Cyborg 's laid-back nature and Robin's serious demeanor sometimes clash on missions. Cyborg doesn't like people telling him what to do and is often annoyed by Robin's leadership position.
Cyborg and Robin arguing
In "Titans East", Cyborg says he is staying with the Titans East because he "finally has a team of his own, he is finally a man now," suggesting that he coveted Robin's leadership position. Cyborg has clashed with Robin on a few occasions which resulted in Cyborg quitting the Teen Titans more than once. Despite their differences, they are close friends with a mildly competitive relationship. They even invented a move together called the Sonic Boom. Cyborg is also well aware of how Robin truly feels about Starfire, and he tends to tease to Robin about his feelings for her. It is his comment in Stranded that causes the events between Robin and Starfire throughout the episode. However, he does support them and was very happy to see that they finally confessed their feelings for each other. His comment after they finally kissed was "Well it's about time".
It is revealed that Cyborg is Robin's second-in-command.
Terra
Terra making an awkward introduction
Robin's relationship with Terra is complicated, to say the least. It can be assumed that Terra initially greatly respected Robin, having easily identified him upon their first encounter and was clearly enthused to meet him and the rest of the Titans. In turn, Robin along with the rest of the Titans, with the exception of Raven, marveled at her great geokinetic abilities upon her demonstration during a training session back at Titan headquarters. Robin had always wanted Terra to join the Teen Titans, however when he noticed and expressed concern over her evident lack of complete control over her powers, it caused Terra to believe Beast Boy betrayed her trust and told Robin and the others of her lack of control, despite it being evident, and left the Titans, feeling betrayed and hurt. Robin however did not get the chance to explain to Terra that he was still willing to allow her to join despite her lack of mastery of her powers. This misunderstanding caused a rift between the two, and even after rejoining the Teen Titans, it appears that Terra still harbored some dislike towards Robin. This may have also been one of the reasons why she betrayed the Titans to Slade . Robin, however, had consistently believed in Terra, even convincing Raven to work alongside Terra when she had suspected her to be hiding a secret. When she finally did betray the Titans and fought them to bring them down, Robin was her last target to be vanquished. After a fight in which Robin wins, he did not deal the final blow, still asking Terra to join them and become good, telling her of his previous ties to Slade. Terra takes advantage of Robin's moment of weakness and defeats him with a boulder. When the Titans resurface and attack her, Robin and the rest of the Titans finally hold nothing back, showing no more mercy for her betrayal, and are almost effortlessly able to overpower her. Robin ultimately forgave her for her crimes when she turned against Slade, and sacrificed herself to save the city from a triggered volcano. After her sacrifice, Robin continues to honor her bravery and her final decision to help the Titans.
Slade
Slade has always been Robin's worst enemy. Robin hated Slade from the moment he learned Slade's name. Slade had constantly been testing Robin to see if he was a worthy apprentice, but abandons this mission after he replaces Robin with Terra , because she was more willing to follow instructions than Robin. The relationship between Robin and Slade had never been easy. Robin hates Slade with every bone in his body. He will do anything to bring
Slade mistreats his apprentice
down Slade, even if it means giving up his life in the process. Due to his stubborn determination, he has fallen into Slade's traps many times before. Although Robin doesn't realize it, Slade actually doesn't treat Robin as an enemy, as seen in the episode Masks , where Slade actually saves Robin's life; Robin has never been grateful for this. However, they are forced to team up after Trigon threatens to destroy the world. Together they venture into the underworld, each in search of something different. Robin is trying to recover Raven and return before Trigon destroys her. Slade, however, is only trying to reclaim his soul after he is raised from the dead by Trigon , only to be double-crossed and stripped of his mortality, leaving him as a living dead. During a battle with Trigon's minions, Slade's mask came off and revealed that his face is actually a skull. For the first time they are united under a single cause, albeit reluctantly. However they help each other during their quest and eventually they both get what they had come to get. During the final battle with Trigon , Slade helps out by slicing off one of Trigon 's horns, proving to Raven that her father can be hurt. During this brief alliance Robin and Slade get to understand each other better, but after Trigon is defeated by Raven, Slade escapes before he can be captured by the Titans, rekindling Robin's burning desire to hunt him down.
This is, however, Slade's final appearance in the show, including the events of Trouble in Tokyo . This is most likely because Season 5 focused on the Brotherhood of Evil , and one main driving point of Trouble in Tokyo was that Robin realized he didn't have to be a hero (moreover, a hero only) to be someone worthwhile.
Powers and Abilities
Though Robin technically possesses no true superhuman powers, he has undergone a vigorous and intensive training regimen under Batman , conditioning his body and mind to peak human levels, to such a scale that he has been called a "one-man army" by the Master of Games . Some versions of the Teen Titans have suggested that the reason for his obsessive training is that he feels he must be at his very best at all times in order to be the same level as his teammates, as they all have superhuman powers of some sort.
Peak Human Condition: Robin represents the pinnacle of human physical ability possible for his age, with his physical characteristics greater than that of even an Olympic level athlete. He was raised in an acrobat family known as the "Flying Graysons" and began agility training at the earliest age, and continues to engage in intense regular rigorous exercise (including aerobics, weight lifting, gymnastics, and simulated combat) to keep himself in peak condition.
He is arguably one of the strongest non-metahumans on Earth, seen punching out nearly invulnerable opponents like Cinderblock, and he could support a large bear guardian on his back. [17] He has often defeated opponents whose size, strength, or other powers are much higher than his own. Robin's durability is such that he can be struck large amounts of blunt force trauma, and his endurance allows him to go a long period of time without stopping, both in the physical and mental sense. He is shown to be able to scale city buildings, leap the length of a rooftop, and maneuver through the air in battle with ease. Robin is particularly stealthy, and can infiltrate and sneak up on opponents, and silently leave an area without a trace. His balance and coordination are superb, and he has incredibly quick reflexes, which allows him to dodge energy blasts and gunfire at close range. He can also run at an above average speed for a human in small bursts, sufficient to chase down vehicles.
Other Skills
Martial Arts & Hand-to-Hand Combat: Robin is one of the finest human combatants on Earth, his skills honed to such a level even superhumans and armed adversaries can be overpowered by them. He has mastered several different martial arts styles from across the world, learned from Batman and the True Master. He also has knowledge of Tamaranean fighting techniques.
Genius Intellect: Robin holds expertise in numerous areas, both academic and physical. He is the second most technologically adept Titan (after Cyborg), and helps maintain the security and computer systems of Titan's Tower. He has impressive understanding of various sciences, like physics and chemistry, and is a skilled mechanic and engineer, building all of his own gadgets and equipment. He is a trained detective, with a keen eye and experience in forensics. He is an expert interrogator, and has a very logical mind; he is able to create plans and strategies to effectively take down his opponent. Robin is a master escapologist, marksman, pilot, thief and impersonator, having masqueraded as various identities for infiltration.
Exceptional Leadership Skill - He is the most driven of the team (sometimes to a fault) and is very good at focusing on his goal, having a one-track mind. He is well disciplined and exercises what he has learned from his mentor onto his teammates, occasionally to the point of their aggravation - as Cyborg said in The Quest , "[Robin] takes himself way too seriously."
Equipment
Robin suit: Robin's costume is composed of light body armor that protects from forceful impact (including bullets), yet still allows for ease of movement. It incorporates a cape made of high-density polymerized titanium that serves as flexible armor, and has resilience to heavy artillery and various kinds of high-intensity flame, even that generated by superhumans, such as Hot Spot . His boots have platforms made of metal, giving traction in most terrains and weighing his kicks for considerably more power. He has mentioned upon occasion that parts is his uniform (namely his cape) is one of a kind, but in The Quest we see that he has many versions of his uniform.
Utility Belt: Robin wears a utility belt, giving him access to a wide array of tools and weapons inside the various compartments. These include:
| Nightwing |
Joe Shlabotnik is which fictional character's favourite (and also fictional) baseball player? | Red X | Teen Titans Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Red X is an anti-hero and a former "villain identity" employed by Robin.
Contents
[ show ]
Physical Appearance
Red X's appearance is that of a person dressed in a completely black bodysuit that has a red-x placed right over his left pectoral muscle, an ash-gray utility belt with matching gloves that have red Xs on the palms and back of the hands, a pair of black boots with steel-soles and a black cape that has an ash-gray interior.
His mask consists of a white skull, which has no lower jaw, on a black full-face mask and a red x starting on his forehead and with a point of the x is ending beneath his right eye. The eyes are white reflective lens, which seem to act like Robin's mask as making facial changes to his actions, and are outlined in black.
The new wearer of this outfit is shown to be of similar built yet a couple inches taller than Robin.
Character History
Robin
Red X was originally a cover identity Robin had conceived as an attempt to get closer to Slade . Mystified by the enigma the shady villain presented, Robin approached Professor Chang for the necessary items - particularly Xenothium for a power source - to create the Red X suit, and, posing as a superpowered master thief, Robin stole several computer chips Slade was after and offered them with a proposition to enter a partnership.
Robin as Red X.
However, Robin's haste in trying to get too close exposed his identity to Slade, and in fear that if he told his teammates about his plans, they wouldn't play their parts convincingly, he chose not to tell them. But the plan went awry; Slade revealed his knowledge of Robin's identity, and while Robin managed to retrieve the chips, Slade managed to elude him yet again. Robin was back at square one, with one additional step backwards: he had lost the trust of his friends.
Since the Xenothium power core could not be disposed of safely, Robin stored the suit inside a vault in Titans Tower, never to be used again.
The New Red X
The Red-X suit has found a new owner.
Some time later , however, the suit came into the possession of an unknown culprit who intended to use it for his own financial gain. Because the Xenothium supply in the suit's power belt was nearly exhausted, Red X stole a scanner which could locate the substance. Not knowing where to look for him, Robin coerced Professor Chang into revealing the most likely location where Red X could get his hands on more Xenothium: a highly secured tech company at the city's south end. Red X managed to penetrate the facility, with the Teen Titans in pursuit—but Professor Chang's henchmen were following them; Chang intended to swipe the Xenothium for his own to power a gigantic disintegrator cannon of his own construction. In order to ensure no interference from Robin, he captured the other Titans and held them hostage.
Robin confronted Red X about his self-serving attitudes, while Red X kept taunting Robin about the one mistake which helped create him. Unimpressed and willing to make amends, Robin went after Chang himself, but almost ended up his victim as well. At the last moment, Red X saved Robin from certain death and aided him in freeing his teammates, including preventing Chang from attacking the Titans with his laser, and eventually helped Robin bring him down. With Chang defeated, the Titans and Red X were back to being enemies. Red X attempted to abscond with enough Xenothium to last him a while, until Robin showed Red X that he had his power belt, rendering the Xenothium useless to him. Red X then threw the Xenothium tube on the ground as a diversion to jump off the edge and quickly get away.
Later on, Red X was seen as a recruit among the ranks of the Brotherhood of Evil . With his power belt replaced, he participated in a race initiated by Ding Dong Daddy for Robin's most prized possession, his intention being to sell it to the highest bidder. A bomb dropped by Daddy blew him off the road, but he was saved by Robin at the last instant. Red X ungraciously remarked that "Saving me was a mistake!", but then proceeded to attack the other villains participating in the race, thoroughly disabling their vehicles. His last target was a bus driven by Raven and Starfire , from which he withheld after recognizing them. He asked the two girls to "Tell Robin we're even... For now", and disappeared.
Red X did not appear in the final confrontation with the Brotherhood afterward, implying he quit the organization. His current whereabouts and activities are unknown.
Personality
Red X and Robin teaming up against Professor Chang
Robin: I thought you didn't like playing the hero!
Red X: Doesn't mean I don't know how.
— Red X and Robin
Red X's personality is the one major difference between him and Robin. While Robin was Red X, he was even more serious than normal and kept his goal of capturing Slade as his top priority. The new X, however, is a thief who is "just looking out for number one", stealing purely for monetary gain. This Red X is revealed to be far less serious, finding his battle with the Titans amusing and voicing derogatory quips as he immobilizes them with his gadgets. He even flirts with Starfire , indicating that he and Robin both share similar tastes when it comes to girls though it might also be an example of his flippant sense of humor.
On the other hand, despite being a self-serving robber, he is not without heroic qualities. He rarely preforms acts of true evil and, when the time comes for him to use his powers to prevent disaster, he tends to rise to the occasion. In his initial appearance, in the episode " X ", he ends up helping Robin against Professor Chang and freeing the rest of the Titans. Later, in " Revved Up ", he enters the race for Robin's personal secret, but, after Robin saves his life, he repays the favor by taking out the other villains participating in the race and disappears right afterwards. He has since become one of the most popular characters to have appeared on the series.
Powers and Abilities
— Raven
Beast Boy's theories on the identity of Red X.
Many fans of the series believe Red X's identity to be Jason Todd , who served as Robin after Dick Grayson, the current Robin in the series, left Batman and became Nightwing. In the episode " X ", a humorous reference to this possibility is made through a theory table set by Beast Boy about the identity of the new Red X, which includes Jason Todd as a candidate.
BB's other theories included: an evil twin; "a bionic monkey infused with Robin's DNA"; Larry , the inter-dimensional imp that the Titans had met in " Fractured "; or a time-traveling version of Nightwing, Robin's future identity. (In DC comics, Dick Grayson gave up the identity of Robin in Tales of the Teen Titans #44 (July 1984) and became Nightwing.)
These theories were poked fun at in the New Teen Titans short " Red X Unmasked ", in which they capture him and tie him to a chair. At first, it appears that Beast Boy may be correct, as removing his mask reveals him to be Jason Todd. But this also turns out to be a mask covering a mask of Speedy . As more masks come off, the Titans see the faces of Newfu , Alfred Pennyworth , Batman , Silkie , Larry and Slade , at which point the body turns out to be a bomb which detonates. As the Titans recover from the shock, the real Red X appears and tells them to "Keep guessing, kids!" before making his escape. Beast Boy sticks to his theory by indignantly shouting at Red X, "I still think you're Jason Todd!" upon which X throws a gag on his mouth to shut him up. The true identity of X is still unknown.
Relationships
Robin
Red X seems to respect Robin, despite their difference in morality, and they're very much alike; perhaps one reason why Red X finds himself supporting Robin in the end. There is a possibility that Red X is Jason Todd; however, this theory has never been proven.
Starfire
Red X trying to flirt with Starfire
In one of their battles, Red X flirted with Starfire after pinning her to the wall with one of his gadgets. He called her "cutie" and remarked that the "only crime" between them was that they hadn't gone on a date, but she blasted him with her starbolts through her eyes in response.
Brotherhood of Evil
At the end of the episode " Homecoming - Part 2 ", Red X is among the many recruits to the Brotherhood of Evil , joining forces with the Brain in order to destroy the Titans and their allies. Later in " Revved Up ", he and many of the other villains participate in a race for Robin's most prized possession, organized by Ding Dong Daddy . However, when Robin saves his life, X returns the favor by attacking and disabling his fellow Brotherhood members and their vehicles. When Gizmo splutters "Whose side are you on, barf-brain?", X simply answers "Mine!", before destroying Gizmo's own vehicle. He is not present at the final battle between the Brotherhood and the Titans.
Appearances
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The title of whose best-known book translates into English as 'My Struggle'? | My Struggle Review - AskMen
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This was not supposed to happen. This is meant to be the age of diminished attention spans, of lists and memes, of the destructively opportunistic microbes that are brought to mind by the phrase “ going viral .” So how is it that a sprawling, serialized, six-part account of growing up in 1970s Norway has become the shaggy darling of the literary world? Is there anything, save some sort of perverse editorial dare, that might explain the publication of a 3,600-page autobiography by a 45-year-old man? Whose title (Min Kamp in the original Norwegian) was first made famous by Adolf Hitler?
On the tenth page of Karl Ove Knausgaard’s epic of the examined self, we find ourselves in a suburban backyard on the Norwegian island of Tromøya, where the author’s (for this is only nominally a novel) father is splitting rocks with a sledgehammer. Though the situation is mundane, the detail with which it is recalled is fantastical. Between young Karl Ove’s arrival on the scene and his father’s next attack on the stone lies a four-page digression on the senior Knausgaard’s marital history, career trajectory, political leanings, and academic background. We learn that he owns two cars and spends his winters collecting stamps — a hobby for which he has become regionally prominent. He is interested in botany and watches the news on television. Karl Ove is afraid of him.
“When my father raised the sledgehammer above his head and let it fall on the rock that spring evening in the mid-1970s,” writes Knausgaard, “he was doing so in a world he knew and was familiar with. It was not until I myself reached the same age that I understood there was indeed a price to pay for this.”
The cost of familiarity, or the degree to which life’s demands come to obscure its mysterious grandeur, is the true subject of My Struggle (whose third installment will be made available to English-speaking readers in May). When the first book was published in Norway in 2009, it created a furor; there were lawsuits and recriminations, and reporters scurried to all corners of Scandinavia to speak with anyone whose name or likeness was featured in its pages.
For English-speaking readers, however, these issues — the familial outrage, the charges of misrepresentation and betrayal — are more distant. When a small, Brooklyn-based non-profit by the name of Archipelago Books published Don Bartlett’s translation of Book One in May 2012, few among its audience were up-to-date regarding the headlines of the Oslo tabloids. This, I think, was something of a mercy. I am not sure whether such things as literary scandals are still possible in the America of 2014, but I do know that wounded accusations, desperate apologies and severed families are much easier (and more immediately rewarding) things to discuss than the natures of life and death and the struggle to give one’s life meaning. For readers of the translated editions, our separation-by-language-and-time from the initial uproar was probably beneficial.
In Book One, the novelist-as-young-father recalls his childhood, the crushingly quotidian demands of adulthood (“apart from the details, everything is always the same”) and the squalid death-by-drinking of his own father. The notes of elegy that are present are not directed at Knausgaard Sr. but rather at the absurd phantasmagoria that is pre-adolescent life.
When the author’s young daughter sits across from him at a café and rattles off a list of improbable questions (“Is the sky fixed? Can anything stop autumn coming? Do monkeys have skeletons?”), he allows himself a qualified happiness, “perhaps even, at certain moments, joy.” When the young Knausgaard watches a news report of a helicopter crash on television, the forces of “the realm of death” — that hideous, blank world of “lamps, suitcases, carpets, door handles, windows, fields, marshes” and eventually us — somehow coalesce into a face he (and he alone) sees rising through the sea. He is frightened and goes to tell his father, who mocks and dismisses his concerns. By the book’s end, when the senior Knausgaard is lying in a casket and the author requests to see his body for a second time, the world of the dead has been stripped of its lurid trappings. “There was no longer any difference,” writes Knausgaard, “between what had once been my father and the table he was lying on […] for humans are merely one form among many, which the world produces over and over again.”
What is this process by which our most haunting and terrible fears are numbed, are replaced by an insensate ability to respond to the day’s demands? What is its price? In Book Two, we join Knausgaard as he enacts the existence (“Everyday life […] was something I endured, not a thing I enjoyed”) of a family man in Sweden, where he lives with his second wife and their three young children. Following the birthday party of his daughter’s classmate — a party at which his daughter behaves somewhat poorly — we find him unhappily smoking in their small kitchen. “This had nothing to do,” he writes, “with a lack of desire to wash floors or change diapers but rather with something more fundamental: the life around me was not meaningful.”
| Adolf Hitler |
According to his business card, the gangster Al Capone dealt in what? | German, French versions of 'Mein Kampf' readied as copyright ends
German, French versions of 'Mein Kampf' readied as copyright ends
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One of two rare copies of "Mein Kampf" signed by Adolf Hitler on February 25, 2014 (AFP Photo/Frederic J. Brown)
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Paris (AFP) - "Mein Kampf", Adolf Hitler's manifesto containing autobiographical, anti-Semitic and militaristic screeds, falls out of copyright next year, and already annotated German and French reprints are being prepared, a Paris publisher confirmed on Wednesday.
The book -- whose title means "My Struggle" in German -- originally came out in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, but was banned in Germany after Hitler and the Nazis were defeated in World War II.
No French reprint has been made since 1934. Various translated English versions, however, have been made and are widely available online through retailers such as Amazon.
But now the copyright on the work, held by the Bavarian State, is due to expire at the end of this year -- 70 years after the death of its infamous author.
Fayard, a French publishing company, said in a statement it was going ahead with an annotated French print, after pondering on it for the past four years.
"The publication of this book central to the history of the 20th century will be accompanied by a critical analysis established by a scientific committee of French and foreign historians," Fayard said in a statement.
It did not say when the new translation would come out.
The upcoming German-language reprint will be handled by the government-funded Institute of Contemporary History in Munich, which emphasises the book's historical importance. It too, will be providing annotations to the text.
Hitler dictated the lengthy tome while in prison following a failed putsch he staged to try to grab power in Munich in 1923 while leader of the Nazi party.
Sales and royalties from it generated a small fortune for him, and its popularity enhanced his profile and helped him rise to become chancellor of Germany in 1933.
The book set out two ideas that he put into practice as Germany's leader going into World War II: annexing neighbouring countries in the name of "lebensraum", or creating "living space" for Germans; and his hatred of the Jews, which he turned into the Holocaust.
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Agrippina married her uncle, later having him poisoned. Which Roman Emperor was he? | How Empress Agrippina the Younger Scandalized Rome
By N.S. Gill's Ancient/Classical History Glossary
Roman Empress Julia Agrippina, also known as Agrippina the Younger, lived from A.D. 15 to 59. The daughter of Germanicus Caesar and Vipsania Agrippina, Julia Agrippina was the sister of the Emperor Caligula, or Gaius. Her influential family members made Agrippina the Younger a force to be reckoned with, but her life was plagued by controversy and she would die in a scandalous manner as well.
Marriage Woes
In A.D. 28, Agrippina married Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus. He died in A.D. 40, but before his death Agrippina bore him a son, the now notorious Emperor Nero. After a short time as a widow, she married her second husband, Gaius Sallustius Crispus Passienus, in A.D. 41, only to be accused of fatally poisoning him eight years later.
That same year, A.D. 49, Julia Agrippina married her uncle, the Emperor Claudius. The union may not have been the first time Agrippina was involved in an incestuous relationship. She is also rumored to have had sexual relations with Caligula when he served as emperor.
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Historical sources on Agrippina the Younger include Tacitus, Suetonius, and Dio Cassius. Historians indicated that Agrippina and Caligula might have been lovers as well as enemies, with Caligula exiling his sister from Rome for allegedly conspiring against him. She wasn’t banished forever but returned to Rome two years later.
Thirst for Power
It’s unlikely that Julia Agrippina, described as power hungry, married Claudius for love. A year after they wed, she persuaded Claudius to adopt her son, Nero, as his heir. He agreed, but that proved to be a fatal move. Early historians argued that Agrippina poisoned Claudius. She certainly profited after his death, as it led to Nero, then roughly 16 or 17 years old, assuming power, with Julia Agrippina as regent and Augusta, an honorary title given to women in imperial families to highlight their status and influence.
Unexpected Turn of Events
Under Nero’s reign, Agrippina did not end up exerting more influence over the Roman Empire. Instead, her power waned. Because of her son’s young age, Agrippina tried to rule on his behalf, but events did not turned out as she’d planned. Nero eventually exiled Agrippina. He is said to have considered his mother overbearing and wanted to distance himself from her. Their relationship grew especially strained when she objected to his romance with his friend’s wife, Poppaea Sabina, according to the editors of Encyclopaedia Brittanica. His mother also challenged his right to rule, arguing that her stepson Brittanicus was the real heir to the throne, the History Channel notes. Brittanicus later died in mysterious circumstances likely orchestrated by Nero. The young emperor also plotted to kill his mother by arranging for her to board a boat designed to sink, but that ploy failed when Agrippina swam safely back to shore. Still determined to commit matricide, Nero later ordered his mother be assassinated in her home. All in all, a scandalous woman met a scandalous end.
Nero would rule Rome until his suicide in A.D. 68. Debauchery and religious persecution characterized his reign.
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Besides Agatha Christie who is the most widely translated English author? | Nero - Ancient History Encyclopedia
Nero
by Donald L. Wasson
published on 29 June 2012
Emperor Nero was the last of the Julio-Claudians to rule the Roman Empire (54 AD to 68 AD). His fourteen year reign represents everything decadent about that period in Roman history. He was self-indulgent, cruel and violent as well as a cross-dressing exhibitionist. His lavish parties combined with the burning of Rome continued the economic chaos that had plagued the Roman citizenry since the days of Tiberius . According to the historian Suetonius in his The Twelve Caesars, upon hearing of the death of Nero, “…citizens ran through the streets wearing caps of liberty as though they were freed slaves.”
Nero was born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus in 37 AD but renamed Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus when his mother, Agrippina, married Emperor Claudius in 49 AD. Some believe Nero’s fate was inevitable. His father, Gnaeus Domitius, who died when Nero was three, was extremely violent in his own right -- described by his contemporaries as “a despicable character”. He once deliberately ran over a young boy with his chariot as he drove through a local village. When his friends congratulated him upon hearing of the birth of his son, Nero’s father said that anything born to Agrippina and him would be unlikeable and a disaster.
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Nero’s mother was daughter of Agrippina the Elder and the great-granddaughter of Emperor Augustus (her grandmother was his daughter Julia) – both women, as well as Agrippina’s older brothers, were starved to death (the brothers by the order of Tiberius). Her youngest brother was Emperor Caligula whose short reign came to a violent end when he was murdered by his own Praetorian Guard thereby bringing her Uncle Claudius to the throne. After the death of her husband, Agrippina set her sights on the recently widowed Claudius, whose third wife Messalina had been murdered on his orders for among other reasons, adultery and attempted treason. After a short courtship, they married, and Nero (at his mother’s insistence) was soon adopted in 50 AD.
To the general public Nero was a welcomed change and the early part of Nero’s reign was considered by many to be a mini-golden age.
However, by this time, Agrippina had already taken the next step -- the death of Claudius, placing Nero upon the emperor’s throne. In 54 AD Claudius mysteriously died after eating a bowl of mushrooms -- probably poisoned ones. Some evidence exists suggesting that Nero knew of the poisoning when he later called mushrooms the “food of the gods.” There was also fear that Britannicus (Claudius’s legitimate son) might be chosen as emperor ahead of Nero. Suetonius wrote, “He (Nero) tried to poison Britannicus being not merely jealous of his voice … but afraid that the common people might be less attached to Claudius’s adopted son than to his real one.” Nero’s fears soon abated (temporarily) when he was chosen as the new emperor in 54 AD. With his ascent to the imperial chair, Agrippina became the woman behind the man (but not for long).
Among Nero’s first acts as emperor was to cancel many of Claudius’s edicts and decrees -- referring to his predecessor as a “doddering old fool.” To the general public Nero was a welcomed change. Like those before him, the early part of Nero’s reign was considered by many to be a mini-golden age -- the populace believed him to be generous, kind and accessible. There were lavish games, plays, concerts, chariot races and gladiatorial tournaments, and taxes were even reduced. He restored much of the Senate’s power that had been lost over the years, but this restoration had a hidden agenda; it was only done to enable the young emperor to pursue his worldly pleasures, to sing (he did not possess a great voice) and play his lyre . While he sang, no one in the audience was permitted to leave the performance. Suetonius wrote, “We read of women in the audience giving birth, and of men being so bored with the music and the applause that they furtively dropped down from the wall at the rear… and were carried away for burial .”
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Although Nero found time for his concerts and games, he had bigger problems at home -- his overly protective mother who still believed herself to be the true force behind the throne. Agrippina even was bold enough to boast of her influence to others. Nero, of course, found this interference intolerable and made plans to end it. First, he moved her out of the palace. Next, he denied her the protection of her Praetorian Guard and banned her from all gladiatorial contests. Realizing that she was losing her grip on Nero, she fought back by throwing her support behind Britannicus, Nero’s step-brother and Claudius’s son, but he mysteriously died at a family banquet: another poisoning victim. It didn’t take long for Agrippina to realize she was next.
Nero’s planned his mother’s death with great care -- even bringing specialists to Rome from Alexandria to assist in the planning. He had an elaborate device created for her bedchamber ceiling which would collapse and crush her in her sleep; however, it proved to be too complicated to build and install. Next, he tried a specially designed boat that would collapse and sink, but she proved too smart and swam to the shore. Finally, his last attempt was the simplest and easiest: he had her stabbed to death, but her death would haunt him for the rest of his life.
Nero’s marriages and affairs also proved to be troublesome. He was married to the very popular Octavia, the daughter of Claudius and Messalina (a marriage made at his mother’s urging) but also having an affair with the very pregnant Poppaea Sabina (his mother detested her). In order to marry her he accused Octavia of adultery and exiled her, later to be murdered (but made to look like a suicide). Poppaea, whose first husband was Rufius Crispinus (a Roman soldier), was married to the future Emperor Otho at the time of her affair with Nero. On the emperor’s orders, Otho was dispatched to the far reaches of the empire .
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In 1934, who wrote 'The Thin Man'? | The Thin Man Movie Review & Film Summary (1934) | Roger Ebert
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William Powell is to dialogue as Fred Astaire is to dance. His delivery is so droll and insinuating, so knowing and innocent at the same time, that it hardly matters what he's saying. That's certainly the case in "The Thin Man" (1934), a murder mystery in which the murder and the mystery are insignificant compared to the personal styles of the actors. Powell and Myrna Loy co-star as Nick and Nora Charles, a retired detective and his rich wife, playfully in love and both always a little drunk.
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Nick Charles drinks steadily throughout the movie, with the kind of capacity and wit that real drunks fondly hope to master. When we first see him, he's teaching a bartender how to mix drinks ("Have rhythm in your shaking ... a dry martini, you always shake to waltz time"). Nora enters and he hands her a drink. She asks how much he's had. "This will make six martinis," he says. She orders five more, to keep up.
Powell plays the character with a lyrical alcoholic slur that waxes and wanes but never topples either way into inebriation or sobriety. The drinks are the lubricant for dialogue of elegant wit and wicked timing, used by a character who is decadent on the surface but fundamentally brave and brilliant. After Nick and Nora face down an armed intruder in their apartment one night, they read about it in the morning papers. "I was shot twice in theTribune," Nick observes. "I read you were shot five times in the tabloids," says Nora. "It's not true," says Nick. "He didn't come anywhere near my tabloids."
After a prologue set three months earlier, most of the movie takes place over the holiday season, including cocktail parties on Christmas Eve and Christmas Day, and the exposure of the killer at a dinner party sometime around New Years' Eve. The movie is based on a novel by Dashiell Hammett, one of the fathers of noir, and it does technically provide clues, suspects and a solution to a series of murders, but in tone and intent it's more like an all-dialogue version of an Astaire and Rogers musical, with elegant people in luxury hotel penthouses and no hint of the Depression anywhere in sight.
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"The Thin Man" was one of the most popular films of 1934, inspired five sequels, and was nominated for four Oscars (best picture, actor, direction and screenplay). Yet it was made as an inexpensive B-picture. Powell and Loy had been successful together earlier the same year in "Manhattan Melodrama" (the last film John Dillinger ever saw), and were quickly cast by MGM in this crime comedy that was filmed, incredibly, in only two weeks. The quick shooting schedule was possible because there are very few sets and negligible exteriors, because there is much dialogue and little action, and because the director, W. S. Van Dyke, was known for sticking to a schedule. That "The Thin Man" cost so little and looks so good is possibly because the interiors are simple and elegant, and the black and white photography flatters the loungewear and formalwear worn by a great-looking cast (which in addition to Powell and Loy, included Maureen O'Sullivan and a young Cesar Romero ). And there is a kind of grace in the way the 6-foot Powell hovers protectively over the 5-6 Loy (or sometimes simply leans as if blown in her direction).
Although Dashiell Hammett was known for hard-boiled fiction, and John Huston's 1941 film of Hammett's The Maltese Falcon was one of the first examples of film noir, "The Thin Man" is essentially a drawing-room comedy with dead bodies. The plot is so preposterous that no reasonable viewer can follow it, and the movie makes little effort to require that it be followed. Nick Charles typically stands in the midst of inexplicable events with a drink in his hand, nodding wisely as if he understands everything and is not about to share. When a reporter asks him, "Can't you tell us anything about the case?" Nick replies: "Yes. It's putting me way behind in my drinking."
Briefly, the film involves the mysterious disappearance of an inventor (Edward Ellis); the concern of his daughter (O'Sullivan), who is an old friend of Nick and Nora; the greed of the inventor's ex-wife (Minna Goimbell); the even greater greed of her gold-digging husband (Romero); the suspicious motives of the inventor's mistress (Natalie Moorhead), and various other thugs, gunsels, cops, reporters and the untiring cast of partygoers who turn up nightly at the Charles' suite for free drinks.
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One of the movie's charms is the playfulness with which Nick and Nora treat each other, and life. During one ostensibly serious scene, Nick pretends to find a piece of lint on her blouse, and then flicks her on the nose when she looks down; she jabs him in the side; he pretends to be about to sock her, and then they both try to put on serious faces. On Christmas morning, Nick tests the new air-rifle he got as a present by firing at the balloons on their Christmas tree. Nick throws a dinner party for all of the suspects, with plainclothes cops as waiters, and Nora tells one of them: "Waiter, will you serve the nuts? I mean, will you serve the guests the nuts?"
The movie's only real skullduggery comes when Nick goes on a midnight prowl through the inventor's laboratory, and even then the real sleuthing is done by Asta (Skippy), the couple's high-spirited terrier. Nick and Nora included him in all of their activities, and Asta became one of the most famous movie dogs of his time, in part through his ability to shield his eyes with his paws when life grew too disturbing to contemplate.
Assuming as we must that "The Thin Man" is not about a series of murders and their solution (that entire mechanism would be described by Hitchcock as the MacGuffin), what is it about? It is about personal style. About living life as a kind of artwork. Of the early lives of Nick and Nora we learn little, except that he was once a famous San Francisco detective and retired after marrying Nora. As Nick explains vaguely to a friend, her father left her a small-gauge railroad and "oh, a lot of other things," and he looks after them. As a consequence, Nick and Nora have a lot of money and spent their time traveling, seeing old friends, making new ones, and drinking pretty much all day long.
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At one point in the film, when Nora wakens Nick in the middle of the night, he immediately pours himself a drink and one for her, and then as she leaves the room he greedily drinks from her glass. They are alcoholics in any realistic definition of the term, but not in the terms of the movie, because their drinking has no particular effect on themselves or the plot. It is simply a behavior, like smoking, that gives them something to do with their hands, something to talk about, and an excuse to move around the room. Even when Nora appears with an ice bag on her head, it looks more like clowning than like a hangover.
Myrna Loy was a delightful foil to Powell, but in this film she is essentially just his playmate; Powell dominates the picture with his deep, rich voice, his gliding, subtly unsteady physical movements, and his little mustache that he hopes makes him look more grownup than he feels. For audiences in the middle of the Depression, "The Thin Man," like the Astaire and Rogers musicals it visually resembles, was pure escapism: Beautiful people in expensive surroundings make small talk all the day long, without a care in the world, and even murder is only an amusing diversion.
Powell's career began on the stage in 1912. He worked in silent films from 1922 and in talkies from their birth until 1955, when his last role was " Doc " in "Mister Roberts." He was nominated for best actor for this film, the wonderful " My Man Godfrey " (1937) and "Life with Father" (1947). But he never won an Oscar. Powell lived until 1984, when he was 92, and was fit and active until toward the end. All through the 1960s and 1970s his fans urged the Motion Picture Academy to give him an Oscar for lifetime achievement, but the Academy never did. To see "The Thin Man" is to watch him embodying a personal style that could have been honored, but could never be imitated.
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| Dashiell Hammett |
Who was the author of 'Gulliver's Travels'? | Adaptation of the week: The Thin Man (1934) | Film | The Guardian
Adaptation of the week
Friday 25 June 2004 19.56 EDT
First published on Friday 25 June 2004 19.56 EDT
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Author: Dashiell Hammett (1894-1961) was born in Maryland, and in 1915 joined the Pinkerton's detective agency. In 1923 he began selling detective stories to Black Mask magazine, and in 1929 published his first novel, Red Harvest.
Its success - and that of his subsequent novels, The Dain Curse (1929) and The Maltese Falcon (1930) - saw Hammett take the Hollywood dollar and accept a scriptwriting contract from Paramount. There he met Lillian Hellman (then a script reader for MGM) and their relationship quickly became legendary.
Hammett's erratic, heavy-drinking lifestyle, as much as screenplay commitments, meant that The Thin Man, his next novel, took longer to complete. His literary output subsequently dried up and Hammett threw his energy into political activities. In the McCarthy era Hammett stood bail for communist party members, and was imprisoned for six months in 1951 after four of them skipped the country. He died in 1961.
Story: The Thin Man is clearly a thinly veiled portrait of Hammett and Hellman's own relationship. Nick Charles (né Charalambides) is a retired Pinkerton's man; his wife Nora a "lanky brunette with a wicked jaw". The "thin man" of the title is scientist Clyde Wynant, whose secretary Julia Wolf is found murdered in the opening pages. Through acquaintance with Wynant's daughter Dorothy, and lawyer Herbert Macaulay, Charles is drawn into the case. Wynant never actually appears; the reason becomes clear when Macaulay is unmasked as the murderer, having also killed Wynant before the narrative begins. The meat of the novel is, however, devoted to the Charles' unconventional relationship, with the sarcastic Nora her husband's equal when it comes to one-liners as well as matching his alcoholic intake.
Film-makers: WS Van Dyke (1889-1943) was a vaudeville performer in childhood, before getting involved in cinema in its early days. He was an assistant director on DW Griffith's Intolerance (1916), before becoming a reliable contract director at MGM, where he earned the nickname "One-Take Willie". He committed suicide in 1943. Husband and wife team Albert Hackett and Frances Goodrich wrote the screenplay, which put them in the top Hollywood bracket - later credits include It's a Wonderful Life (1946) and Father of the Bride (1950). William Powell was a veteran of silent movies who never achieved stardom until the switch to sound; Myrna Loy had started as a silent-movie vamp before joining Powell at MGM in Manhattan Melodrama (1934).
How book and film compare: Van Dyke reportedly instructed Hackett and Goodrich to concentrate on the central characters' repartee and slim down the novel's convoluted plot. Most of the peripheral characters are retained, but in much sketchier detail. The film's most radical departures, though, are a prologue in which Wynant actually appears (he never does in the book) and Nick Charles's solo discovery of Wynant's body, followed by a conventional dinner-party unmasking of the villain.
Inspirations and influences: With its two fast-talking leads, The Thin Man is a pacesetting example of screwball comedy. The film also turned Hammett into a literary icon, leading to a string of adaptations. The Huston-Bogart Maltese Falcon came out in 1941, and Kurosawa reworked Red Harvest into Yojimbo (1961) - itself reworked by Sergio Leone as A Fistful of Dollars (1964) - thereby cementing Hammett's place in popular culture.
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Who wrote the stories 'Billy Budd' and 'Moby Dick'? | Review: Melville by Andrew Delbanco | Books | The Guardian
Melville: His World and Work
by Andrew Delbanco
415pp, Picador, £25
Andrew Delbanco's life of Herman Melville is beautifully shaped, lucid and shrewd as a psychological portrait of a tormented writer whose work and world were often at terrible odds. Up to now, Melville (1819-91) has had no satisfactory biographer, although a fair number have tried their hand at this puzzling story of the man who wrote Moby-Dick and Billy Budd as well a number of unforgettable stories, such as "Bartleby, the Scrivener".
It's a puzzle because Melville left few traces of himself: his letters have largely disappeared, and his contemporaries said little about him. Rather mysteriously, he withdrew from the public sphere during the second half of his adult life, during which time he worked as a lowly agent at a customs house in New York, toiling in self-imposed obscurity for decades. His astonishing late masterpiece, Billy Budd, lay in manuscript form, unpublished, until decades after his death, by which time his name had disappeared from view. Even the New York Times could not spell his name correctly in its obituary.
Like biographers of Shakespeare, those who approach Melville must draw important conclusions about the life from the work. This is unstable ground for any biographer, who may in frustration choose to write around his subject (as did Hershel Parker, author of two exhaustive and exhausting volumes on Melville) or attempt to tease the author's "real" opinions and feelings from the fiction, risking misrepresentation. Andrew Delbanco, a professor at Columbia and a well-known critic, has chosen a middle ground, artfully reading the fiction (and even Melville's late, ungainly poems) for evidence of the author's attitudes toward such things as his strained marriage to Lizzie Shaw, the daughter of a prominent Boston judge, or his own reputation.
Unlike Parker, Delbanco knows when to shut up. He never gives the reader an excess of historical detail, but he understands that Melville's books were hardly written in a vacuum. Even though Melville was reticent on the major issues of the day, such as slavery or the politics of Tammany Hall, his work often reflects his genuine interest in such topics. Sometimes the political undercurrents of the work actually drive its reputation. Indeed, Benito Cereno - his brilliantly compact novel about rebellion on a slave ship - has "in our own time of terror and torture" says Delbanco, "emerged as the most salient of Melville's works".
The Melville story is compelling on any number of fronts. The son of a well-known family in decline, Melville struggled throughout his life to keep up appearances. In the usual search for adventure, he went to sea as a young man, and most of his fiction - certainly his best work - takes place aboard ships, often in exotic locations. Indeed, "Melville's four years at sea were the seedtime for his imagination," Delbanco says. Working aboard various commercial and naval vessels, he visited England, the Galapagos and the South Seas, acquainting himself with the world in all its tumult and variety. His earliest novels, the sensationalist Typee and Oomo, were essentially memoirs, and Delbanco treats them as such. They made a name for the young writer, and confirmed him in his career as author.
Home from sea and newly married, Melville lived for several years (1847-50) in New York City before retreating to the lovely Berkshire mountains of western Massachusetts, where he bought a farm that spread out over 160 acres below Mount Greylock. The house itself, still a target for pilgrims, was called Arrowhead. A summer neighbour from nearby Lenox was Nathaniel Hawthorne, and the two met at a picnic one afternoon in 1850. This friendship peaked early, however. Melville proved a difficult friend, moody and unforthcoming. Yet the two remained in contact until Hawthorne's death. One would have to call this friendship the highpoint of Melville's public life as a writer.
Melville appears to have grown jealous of Hawthorne, whose reputation soared as his own - in the wake of several disappointing and dull novels, such as Mardi and Redburn - began to sink. The great irony here, of course, is that Melville was writing Moby-Dick at this time. "With his obligations mounting," Delbanco notes, "the gap between his artistic achievement and his public standing was more and more galling."
Moby-Dick, as it should, lies at the gravitational centre of this book. That novel impressed countless modern readers as a prophetic work. "What all these readers recognised," Delbanco explains, "is that though Melville had been born and had died in the 19th century, Moby-Dick was the work of a 20th-century imagination. As we begin our transition into the 21st century, this book has lost none of its salience. In Captain Ahab, Melville had invented a suicidal charismatic who denounces as a blasphemer anyone who would deflect him from his purpose - an invention that shows no sign of become obsolete any time soon."
With dramatic skill and genuinely synthetic powers, Delbanco portrays the making of this massive narrative. It was a monumental achievement for Melville, whose visionary powers blazed during this period, resulting in a work of such poetic expansiveness and spiritual frenzy that anyone who reads it seriously must bow before its terrifying depths. It's a tale of "the reciprocal love between a demagogue and his adoring followers", a novel with such allegorical resonance that it seems endlessly adaptable to local political or social circumstances, hence meaningful for new generations of readers.
The story itself, about a whale who refused to take no for an answer, was based on at least one well-known account. Yet Melville transmogrified this material, turning a tall fishing tale into a sublime spiritual quest, while adding a number of indelible characters - Ahab, Queequeg, Ishmael, Starbuck - to the pantheon of major fictional presences. In prose nicely called "ejaculatory" by FO Matthiessen, one of Melville's best early critics, the novel seems to have exhausted its creator.
He followed Moby-Dick with a peculiar novel, Pierre, about a writer with strange erotic obsessions. Melville may, as Delbanco explains, have experienced a good deal of sexual confusion, suffering a degree of frustration that is difficult to understand in our age of polymorphous perversity (Freud's term). In any case, the harshly negative response to Pierre drove Melville deeply into hiding, although he continued to write for some time, publishing Benito Cereno and a number of decent stories in subsequent years.
For the most part, he subsided into obscurity, moving back to New York, where he spent his days inspecting cargo. He suffered the loss of one son from suicide, of another from poor health brought on by a sense of failure. The marriage to Lizzie did not end in separation, although the few shreds of evidence we have suggest that nobody in the Melville household was very happy. Melville wrote a fair number of poems in his later years, most of them quite bad, but he wrote no fiction until taking up Billy Budd, a novel that Thomas Mann once called "the most beautiful story in the world".
Although not published in the author's lifetime, Billy Budd redeems the final years. Delbanco offers a rich analysis here of what must considered a pivotal work of American literature, the story of a likeable innocent condemned to death for murdering his snide and unreliable accuser aboard a naval ship during the Napoleonic wars. "By the time Melville wrote Billy Budd," says Delbanco, "he had seen his country go from being the vanguard nation of what he had once called 'divine equality' to a nation deeply divided between poverty and wealth." Although set in the distant past, Melville's novel commented shrewdly on the lure of anarchy, the ambiguities of the rule of law, and the nature of innocence.
One can hardly imagine a more artful or succinct biography of Herman Melville, one that makes his fiction seem not only relevant but urgent, presenting the familiar facts in a fashion that makes the life and work luminously comprehensible.
· Jay Parini has written biographies of Steinbeck, Frost, and Faulkner and published several volumes of fiction
| Herman Melville |
Who was nicknamed 'Queen of the Blues', but was later elevated to 'Empress'? | Billy Budd, Sailor » Melville House Books
Melville House Books
Billy Budd, Sailor
Herman Melville
Herman Melville’s final masterpiece, found unpublished on his desk at his death, and the book in which he discusses homosexuality most openly.
Herman Melville’s career as a bestselling author collapsed after he wrote Moby-Dick and Bartleby the Scriviner (and essentially created American modernism). Dropped by his publishers and reduced to a life of poverty, he toiled in obscurity for thirty years before passing away … and leaving this unpublished book in manuscript behind. Finally published in 1924, Billy Budd, Sailor is Melville’s final masterpiece.
In it, Melville returns to the sea to tell the story of Billy, a cheerful, hard working, and handsome young sailor, conscripted to work against his will on another ship, where he soon finds himself persecuted by Claggart, the paranoid master-at-arms. As things escalate beyond the naive Billy’s control, tragedy looms on the horizon like Melville’s great white whale, and the story become Melville’s final, sublime plunge into the classic tussle between civilization and chaos, between oppression and freedom, as well as the book in which he discusses homosexuality most openly.
A major work of American literature.
HERMAN MELVILLE was born in New York City in 1819. At eighteen, he set sail on a whaler, and upon his return, wrote a series of bestselling adventure novels based on his travels, including Typee and Omoo, which made him famous. Starting with Moby-Dick in 1851, however, his increasingly complex and challenging work drew more and more negative criticism, until 1857 when, after his collection Piazza Tales (which included “Bartleby the Scrivener”), and the novel The Confidence Man, Melville stopped publishing fiction. He drifted into obscurity, writing poetry and working for the Customs House in New York City, until his death in 1891.
“The most studied and admired of Melville’s works except for Moby-Dick.” —John Updike
“[A] late-life masterpiece.” —The New York Review of Books
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Who famously set James Thomson's poem, 'Rule, Britannia' to music? | Rule Britannia Poem by James Thomson - Poem Hunter
Rule Britannia Poem by James Thomson - Poem Hunter
Rule Britannia - Poem by James Thomson
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When Britain first, at Heaven's command,
Arose from out the azure main;
This was the charter of the land,
And guardian angels sung this strain:
"Rule, Britannia, rule the waves;
Britons never will be slaves."
The nations, not so blest as thee,
Must, in their turns, to tyrants fall:
While thou shalt flourish great and free,
The dread and envy of them all.
"Rule, Britannia, rule the waves;
Britons never will be slaves."
Still more majestic shalt thou rise,
More dreadful, from each foreign stroke:
As the loud blast that tears the skies,
Serves but to root thy native oak.
"Rule, Britannia, rule the waves;
Britons never will be slaves."
Thee haughty tyrants ne'er shall tame:
All their attempts to bend thee down,
Will but arouse thy generous flame;
But work their woe, and thy renown.
"Rule, Britannia, rule the waves;
Britons never will be slaves."
To thee belongs the rural reign;
Thy cities shall with commerce shine:
All thine shall be the subject main,
And every shore it circles thine.
"Rule, Britannia, rule the waves;
Britons never will be slaves."
The Muses, still with freedom found,
Shall to thy happy coast repair:
Blest isle! with matchless beauty crown'd,
And manly hearts to guard the fair.
"Rule, Britannia, rule the waves;
Britons never will be slaves."
Rule, Britannia, rule the waves;
Britons never will be slaves.
and from these verses by James Thomson, set to music by Thomas Arne in 1740, the British patriotic song, ''Rule, Britannia! '' originated....
| Thomas Arne |
Whose estranged wife Ingrid was granted a 'quickie divorce' at London's High Court? | Rule, Britannia! (T. Arne) - Free Flute Sheet Music | flutetunes.com
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Friday 9 January 2015
Tune of the Day: Rule, Britannia!
British patriotic song
This famous song originates from the poem “Rule, Britannia” by James Thomson, which was set to music by composer Thomas Arne in 1740. It is strongly associated with the Royal Navy, but also used by the British Army.
The melody was reused by many composers. It was the theme for a set of variations for piano by Ludwig van Beethoven (WoO 79), who also used it in “Wellington's Victory”, Op. 91. Richard Wagner wrote a concert overture in D major based on the theme in 1837 (WWV 42). Johann Strauss I quoted the song in full as the introduction to his 1838 waltz “Homage to Queen Victoria of Great Britain”, Op. 103. Arthur Sullivan, Britain's leading composer during the reign of Queen Victoria, quoted from “Rule, Britannia!” on at least three occasions in music for his comic operas written with W.S. Gilbert and Bolton Rowe.
Thanks to Sebastian for suggesting this tune!
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Patriotic:
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Which Indian 'Celebrity' thanked Tony Blair for his support during her torrid time on TV? | Big Brother star meets Tony Blair - Wikinews, the free news source
Big Brother star meets Tony Blair
From Wikinews, the free news source you can write!
(Credit: Fayyaz Ahmed)
Tony Blair
The winner of the British television reality show Celebrity Big Brother , Shilpa Shetty expressed her gratitude to Prime Minister Tony Blair during a meeting at the U.K. Houses of Parliament.
The Bollywood actress observed prime minister's question time in the Commons before meeting Mr Blair himself. She thanked him for his support, describing him as "very sweet."
The visit took place following an invitation by Labour MP for Leicester South, Keith Vaz , who led calls for action against the treatment of Ms Shetty during her stint on the reality TV show. Celebrity Big Brother was criticised by public and politicians alike last month after Ms Shetty's treatment by other contestants erupted in an international race row.
Today, she told reporters she had thanked the PM for his support "to me and my country".
Her visit drew widespread media attention and she was greeted at Parliament by a media scuffle, including over 20 reporters from her native India .
"To see how so much respect has been bestowed upon me has truly been an honour," she added.
According to organisers, the Commons chef had even prepared a special dessert in her honour "Shilpa's delight" and she was also introduced to Culture Secretary Tessa Jowell.
The actress was crowned winner of Celebrity Big Brother, following confrontations with fellow housemates Jade Goody, Jo O'Meara and Danielle Lloyd who were accused of bullying and racism. Despite denying the claims, all three lost most of their major endorsements and Jade and Danielle's partners are said to have left them.
Politicians became embroiled in the proceedings when media regulator Ofcom received more than 40,000 complaints from viewers.This resulted in the row reached both the House of Commons and India, where chancellor Gordon Brown's bridge-building visit was overshadowed by controversy caused by the programme.
In the evening, Ms Shetty travelled to the city of Leicester to meet with members of Keith Vaz' constituency. Reena Combo, editor of British Asian entertainment magazine Ikonz, was one of the guests. Ms Combo felt the visit would boost a sense of belonging amongst Leicester-South's largely Asian population.
"I think it's wonderful to see Shilpa Shetty taking the time to visit the people of Leicester. There has been a great deal of national interest in Shilpa since her appearance on Big Brother but many of the people here, especially the Asian community, have been fans of the Bollywood star for much longer so it’s nice to see her rewarding her loyal supporters."
"She has over the last few weeks become an inspiration to many and become very much a part of British life."
As yet, the Bollywood actress continues her tour of the country as an unofficial ambassador for the Indian film industry and has been invited to attend a Commonwealth reception at London's Marlborough House on March 12, where she will be meeting with the Queen.
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| Shilpa Shetty |
At the beginning of a game of chess, which pieces are found on b1, b8, g1 and g8? | Shilpa Shetty - Debs Dresses 2014
Debs Dresses 2014
Shilpa Shetty at the 2007 IIFA Awards in Sheffield .
Born
Official website
Shilpa Shetty ( Tulu : ಶಿಲ್ಪಾ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ; born 8 June 1975) is an Indian film actress and model . Since making her debut in the film Baazigar (1993), she has appeared in nearly 40 Bollywood , Tamil , Telugu and Kannada films , her first leading role being in the 1994 Aag . Although she has been through years of decline during her career, Shetty has been willing to reinvent herself quite often. Her performances in Dhadkan (2000) and Rishtey (2002) were appreciated, while her portrayal of an AIDS patient in Phir Milenge (2004) won her many accolades. Her younger sister Shamita Shetty is also a Bollywood film actress.
Shetty has been embroiled in various controversies including suspected mafia links . In 2006 she was issued with a warrant on charges of obscenity . After taking part in the British Celebrity Big Brother TV show in 2007, Shetty was crowned the winner with 63% of the final vote, [4] after an international racism controversy involving her and fellow contestants Jade Goody , Jo O'Meara and Danielle Lloyd . This was followed by a re-establishment of her status in the film industry in 2007 when she appeared in two successive movies, Life in a... Metro and Apne , with her performance in the former drawing positive reviews. [5]
Contents
10 External links
Biography
Shilpa Shetty was born in a traditional close-knit family in Mangalore [6] that hails from the Bunt community. [1] [7]
She is the eldest daughter of Surendra and Sunanda Shetty, manufacturers of tamper-proof caps for the pharmaceutical industry, [6] and her native language is Tulu although she speaks several other languages at differing levels, including English, Kannada , Marathi , Hindi , Tamil , Gujarati , Telugu , Urdu and basic French . [8]
In Mumbai , she attended St. Anthony Girls' High School in Chembur , and later attended Podar College in Matunga . A trained Bharatanatyam dancer, she is also into sports, was the captain of the volleyball team in school, has earned a black belt in karate and is currently a dancesport expert and enthusiast. [9]
Shetty's younger sister Shamita Shetty is also a Bollywood actress. They worked together once in the film Fareb (2005).
At 5 ft 10 inches (178 cm), Shilpa Shetty is among the tallest actresses in Bollywood. It was revealed on 29 March 2009 that Shilpa had purchased a house on Saint George's Hill in Surrey , England with her husband Raj Kundra. [3]
Career
Film career
Shetty at the Miss Bollywood-The musical
Shetty started her career by modelling for Limca in 1991 at age 16, [10] and made her film debut in 1993 with Baazigar , portraying a woman murdered by her psychopathic boyfriend. Shetty took the supporting role of Seema, co-starring alongside Shahrukh Khan and Kajol ; the film was a major success and earned her a nomination for Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award . [11]
Her first leading role was in the film Aag in 1994, which was averagely received at the box office. She had a hit that same year with the film Main Khiladi Tu Anari opposite Akshay Kumar . [12] This was followed by many films which were average to poor performers at the box office. Shetty starred in another big film that year, Aao Pyaar Karen , followed in 1995 by Hathkadi , where she was working alongside actors such as Saif Ali Khan , Govinda and Madhoo , but they failed at the box office. 1997 was one of her busiest years: she appeared in six different films, beginning with the Telugu language film Veedeva Dani Babu. Her first major Bollywood film of that year was the action thriller Auzaar . Shilpa portrayed the character of Prathna Thakur alongside actors Salman Khan and Sanjay Kapoor . In 1998, she had one release, Pardesi Babu , for which she received critical acclaim and won the Bollywood Movie Award for Best Supporting Actress. In 2000, Shetty received much acclaim for her role in Dhadkan which earned reasonable takings at the Indian box office. [13] She received several nominations under the Best Actress category in different award ceremonies. She would later go on to star with Anil Kapoor and Karisma Kapoor in the film Rishtey (2002). Her comic performance as an eccentric fisherwoman was appreciated and she received a nomination under the Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award category and various nominations for Best Comedian as well. [14]
2004 was also a good year for Shetty with the release of Garv in which she portrayed a Muslim orphan and disillusioned table dancer starring opposite Salman Khan . According to Shetty, she chose to do the film because she liked the subject. The film was a cop drama . [15] However, she received much acclaim for her performance in Phir Milenge , where she made a sensitive portrayal of a successful city high-flyer who contracts HIV via unprotected sex and becomes a social outcast as a result. The film, based on 1993's Philadelphia , was perceived to have tackled a social taboo as yet unaddressed by Bollywood. [16] The film earned Shetty a Filmfare Best Actress nomination, and provided an impetus for her HIV-related charity work ( see below ). Film critic Taran Adarsh from indiaFM noted, "Phir Milenge belongs to Shilpa Shetty completely. She delivers, what can be rightly called, the performance of her career. The viewer feels and empathizes with the character mainly because of her effective portrayal. She conveys the pain and the emotional upheaval through her expressive eyes, making it amongst the most memorable performances the year has seen so far." [17] This marked a break from the previous trend of superficial song-and-dance items in favour of roles which have a greater depth of character, [15] exemplified by her film Dus (2005), an action thriller. Although it received average returns at the box office, [18] Shetty stated that she had taken the role in order to reinvent herself by portraying the rather unconventional character of an anti-terrorist squad member. [15] She also starred with her sister in the film Fareb in 2005. Shilpa had one release in 2006, the much delayed Shaadi Karke Phas Gaya Yaar . The film was a box office flop, but she got good reviews for her role as a not entirely likeable wife. [19] In 2006, she was a judge on Jhalak Dikhlaja, a Sony Entertainment Television dance show based on the original UK show Strictly Come Dancing .
Shetty was once featured in Mani Ratnam's stage show, Netru, Indru, Naalai .
2007 proved to be Shetty's most successful year at the box office so far. Her first release, Life In A... Metro , won a significant reception, and became the first Bollywood movie to premiere at Leicester Square . [20] The film performed well at the box office, and was declared a semi-hit within three weeks. Additionally, the film was critically acclaimed and Shetty's performance was appreciated, with Rajeev Masand of CNN-IBN writing, "It's a terrific performance and unquestionably Shilpa's best to date." [21] Her second release, alongside three Deols, Dharmendra , Sunny and Bobby , the drama Apne , was also a box office success.
Celebrity Big Brother 2007
Shetty was a contestant in and the winner of Celebrity Big Brother UK . [22] and was the first Indian celebrity included in the Celebrity version. Reportedly paid Rs. 31.5 m (£367,500 GBP ) for her participation, [23] she said to presenter Davina McCall , "I just want every Indian to be extremely proud that I'm in here". [24] As for her participation, she stated: "I have zero expectations. The only thing I really hope to keep is my self-respect and my dignity." [25] Her sister Shamita told the Times of India that this "is the boldest decision Shilpa has taken hitherto." [26]
During her time, Shetty instructed fellow housemates Carole Malone and Ken Russell in meditation , [27] and flirted with Dirk Benedict [28] but tempers started to fray by Day 7 as a clique formed in the house disapproving of Shilpa's presence. [29] [30] Following a worldwide controversy that publicised her as a target of racist bullying within the house (see below ), Shetty won the contest after gaining 63% of the public vote and described the experience as "incredible and overwhelming". She further thanked the public for "a fantastic opportunity to make my country proud". [31]
Post Celebrity Big Brother
In February 2007, Shetty attended a reception at the House of Commons by invitation of Keith Vaz MP to meet with then Prime Minister Tony Blair . n:Big Brother star meets Tony Blair She was also invited to meet with Queen Elizabeth II at Marlborough House in London in March 2007. During an interview on This Morning , Shetty confirmed that she had been asked to act in the British EastEnders soap opera , and turned it down as it would mean all her other arrangements would have to go on hold. [32]
She was the subject of a Sky One documentary entitled The Real Shilpa Shetty, which was produced by British television production company Twofour . The large number of commercial offers that Shilpa received after winning Celebrity Big Brother themselves became reason for controversy with an increasing number of accusations about her riding the 'racism' wave to commercial gain. [33] She was on the cover of the first issue of OK! Magazine to be sold in India. [34]
In early September 2007 she modelled at the Wills Lifestyle India Fashion Week , which also displayed some famous Bollywood actresses including Lara Dutta and Celina Jaitley . [35] As of October 2007, Shilpa will be seen in a musical titled Miss Bollywood. On her agenda next is a cookery book titled Soul Curry and the role of Sita in Uru Patel's international venture Hanuman. [36]
Bigg Boss
In August 2008, Shetty began hosting the second season of Bigg Boss , the Indian version of Big Brother. Controversially, Jade Goody was one of the initial housemates. Goody left the Bigg Boss House early in the series after receiving news that she had cervical cancer , of which she later died on 22 March 2009.
Indian Premier League
In February 2009 Shilpa and her husband Raj Kundra became part owners of the Indian Premier League franchise cricket team Rajasthan Royals by paying approximately US $15.4 million for a 11.7% stake.
Other commitments
As well as modeling and acting, Shetty has associated herself with several other commercial and non-profit organizations.
HIV-AIDS
In February 2006 Shetty lent support to a BBC World Service Trust television show designed to tackle the problem of HIV-AIDS in India. [37] The project, which also involved other celebrities Vivek Oberoi , Dia Mirza , and Raveena Tandon in separate episodes, featured Shetty as she shadowed a young achiever whose work involved raising awareness about the condition. According to reports, she participated in order to show solidarity with HIV-AIDS sufferers. [37]
The issue is particularly close to Shetty's heart as she had portrayed an HIV-positive sufferer in her 2004 movie Phir Milenge . Speaking about the movie and HIV in general, Shetty said: "Why not a film on HIV positive patients? It is a social stigma in our society. We made this film to highlight this problem ... This film will bring about a social awareness about AIDS in our country. It is high time we talked about this in our society". [15]
PETA
PETA campaign advertisement
In March 2006 various sources reported Shetty's joining PETA as part of an advertising campaign against the use of wild animals in circuses. [38] According to a PETA India press release, Shetty is a long-time PETA supporter and has assisted the campaign by posing for photographs in a figure-hugging tiger costume. She explained that her crouching in a cage was uncomfortable during the photoshoot, but that her discomfort was insignificant compared to the pain suffered by the creatures. "These once dignified animals only leave their cages, which are barely larger than the size of their bodies, for a few minutes each day to be forced into the ring to perform tricks which make no sense and are upsetting to them. The best way to help animals suffering in circuses is to boycott the circus". [39]
Shetty revealed in a later interview that she felt strongly about this cause and that she was appalled to hear of the cruel treatment suffered by such animals. "I thought I should stop that. If I can make a little difference to their lives, why not go for it?" [15]
Personal life
Shetty is a frequent subject of speculation regarding romance. [40] She previously dated Akshay Kumar , but the couple broke up in 2000 after he started dating Shetty's friend and fellow actress Twinkle Khanna after a previous indiscretion, [41] which led to Shetty's successful suing of Stardust Magazine for publishing a "damaging" report about the affair. [16]
In an interview for The Times of India , Shetty quashed rumours of a romance with film director Anubhav Sinha and claimed to have changed her mobile phone number in order to concentrate on her busy schedule . [42] But in a later interview for The Sunday Mirror , a friend of Shetty said that she was "in love" with Sinha and that he was her " soulmate ", but that she could not be with him for fear of parental disapproval, social stigma (Sinha is married with two children, although currently separated) and adverse public perception. [41] She married Raj Kundra on 22 November 2009 and announced on her web site that "I am officially Shilpa Shetty Kundra now!!" [43] [44]
Controversies
Alleged mafia links
In May 2003 a controversy erupted over alleged links between Shetty's parents and the Indian underworld . The Surat police issued arrest warrants against her parents on charges of extortion. [45] The Police Commissioner of Surat, D.K. Gupta, told the media that the owners of Praful Sarees had lodged complaints with them after claiming to receive threatening telephone calls from Mumbai-based underworld figures asking for money on behalf of the Shettys. The dispute between the two parties related to a 1998 modelling assignment where Shilpa endorsed Praful Sarees and had only been paid Rs. 50 lakh ( US$ 111,500) out of a contractually agreed Rs. 3 crore ( US$ 669,000). [45] Agarwal claimed that the full sum had been paid in advance, but he had no knowledge of how much had been paid to Shilpa. Surendra Shetty was refused bail by a Mumbai court although bail was granted to Sunanda, as she had been travelling abroad at the time the warrant was issued. The police further claimed to possess a record of a telephone call between Shilpa's parents and Pankaj Agarwal, the owner of Praful Sarees. The parents denied this and claimed the tape had been "manipulated". Sunanda Shetty held a press conference on 5 June in which she denied that the family had underworld connections and said that the whole fracas was a "plot to tarnish the image of my daughter."She further said that she was "definitely innocent" of the charges and was falsely implicated by Agarwal after he had failed to fully reimburse Shilpa for her work.On June 13 it was reported that after interrogation by the police, Surendra had confessed to establishing contact with associates of Fazl-ur-Rehman, leader of the Mumbai gang.A contradictory story surfaced that although the Shettys' driver, Dilip Pashekar, admitted to introducing Surendra to Rehman's associates, Surendra continued to deny that any links were forged. [53] A senior police official confirmed that Surendra had "vehemently denied" his links even though he and Pashekar were interrogated side by side. Shetty's lawyer later clarified that the reports of confessing to Mafia links were false. [54]
Court hearings revealed that, despite Shetty's denials, print-outs of cellular phone records proved that contact between Shetty and the gang had taken place. [55] On 20 June Surendra Shetty was formally arrested after surrendering to the police, later telling news reporters that the entire issue was designed to malign him and his family. When asked about the underworld's involvement, Shetty said "I do not know, I talked to them only after they called up and said they were agents of Agarwal." [56] Further court hearings cast doubt on the veracity of the evidence tapes; Shetty's defence claimed that it was Agarwal who recorded the telephone calls rather than the police, and that the possibility of dubbing or manipulation could not be ruled out. [57] Shilpa was quizzed by police upon her return to India from overseas filming assignments and denied all knowledge of any involvement between her parents and underworld figures, claiming that she had no knowledge of the case until it became public through the media. [58] She further stated that her mother had power of attorney over her financial affairs and disclaimed any knowledge of payment for the Praful Sarees affair. Sunanda's bail hearing was adjourned three times on health grounds. [59]
Another twist occurred when the Shettys' driver, Dilip Pashekhar, was arrested. [60] On 5 November it was reported that Surendra and Sunanda Shetty, among three others, were chargesheeted, paving the way for a trial commencement in a local court. [61] The trial is still pending. In August 2006 Sunanda said that Shilpa had no involvement with the case and that the arrest of Fazl-ur-Rehman earlier that month would not have a negative effect on her career. Shilpa has threatened to claim damages after an unnamed local tabloid allegedly printed incorrect information about the case. [62] In an interview for Filmfare , she said that she was very "cut up" and "devastated" with the way the case had turned into a trial by media and that they had behaved "unethically". [63] She also said that this was the worst controversy she had ever been through, and expressed her thanks to several film figures for standing by her, including Rajkumar Santoshi and Anil Kapoor .
Obscenity charges
In April 2006, a Madurai court issued non-bailable warrants against Shetty and Reema Sen for "posing in an obscene manner" in photographs published by a Tamil newspaper. [64] The report stated that the two actresses had failed to comply with earlier summons for the same reason, hence the issuance of the warrants. [64] The petitioner submitted that the paper had published "very sexy blow-ups and medium blow-ups" in its December 2005 and January 2006 issues, and alleged that these violated the Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act 1986, Young Persons (Harmful Publications) Act 1956, and the Indian Penal Code Section 292 (Sale of Obscene Books). The petitioner further demanded that the images be confiscated under the terms of the Press and Registration of Book Act 1867.
Shetty responded that she had not received any court summons and also discounted the charges. She further claimed that the pictures were freeze-frame shots from a recent movie that only exposed her navel . "As far as my photographs go, what is obscene about it? If navel-showing is obscenity, then our traditional Indian outfit - the traditional sari - should be banned in the first place." [65]
In January 2007 outgoing Chief Justice Y.K. Sabharwal confirmed that Shetty had written to him requesting that he enunciate guidelines against frivolous lawsuits against artists, but that he had refused her plea on the grounds that she should have filed a formal petition instead of writing a letter .[66]
Main article: Celebrity Big Brother racism controversy
Shetty in 2007
During her time on Celebrity Big Brother , Shetty was allegedly a target of racism and bullying by other housemates, chiefly by Jade Goody , Jo O'Meara and Danielle Lloyd . [67] After mocking the east London dialect of Jade Goody's mother, who mispronounced her name as 'Shiwpa', Shetty was mocked for her Indian accent and was branded "The Indian" and a "dog". Disparaging conversations took place among the other housemates about Indian eating habits, and Shetty's cooking was criticised for giving O'Meara diarrhea . [68] After Shetty attempted to dispose of left-over chicken soup down the toilet and caused a blockage, Jack Tweed suggested that she should pick the bones out with her teeth [68] and allegedly referred to her as a "fucking Paki ", [69] although show producers denied this and stated that the word used was " cunt ". [70] [71] During a fierce argument, Goody told Shetty that she needed to "spend a day in the slums", although the media falsely reported this as "go back to the slums". [72] Claiming that she did not know Shilpa's surname, Jade referred to her as "Shilpa Fuckawallah", "Shilpa Durupa", and "Shilpa Poppadom ", later claiming that they were non-racist references to Indian food. [73] [74] Lloyd had opined that Shetty's English-speaking skills were lacking and verbally indicated her desire that Shetty would "fuck off home". [75] Shetty had been reduced to tears on several occasions, confiding to fellow housemate Ian Watkins : "I feel like I'm losing my dignity." [68]
Shetty speculated that she might be a victim of racism, [76] but later retracted it by claiming: "People say things in anger." [73] A record 40,000 complaints were received jointly by OFCOM and Channel 4 about the treatment of Shetty, 30 of which were formally investigated by Hertfordshire police . [70] [77]
Carphone Warehouse suspended its sponsorship of the show [78] and Louise Burfitt-Dons , the founder of the Act Against Bullying charity, branded Jade Goody 's behaviour as "unforgivable". [79] [80] The controversy reached the British Parliament as an early day motion in the House of Commons was tabled. [81] [82] The row then escalated into an international diplomatic incident after a formal complaint from Indian Minister of State for External Affairs Anand Sharma lodged with then British PM Tony Blair that threatened to sour relations and damage trade between the two countries. In the city of Patna in Bihar, India, angry protestors marched in the streets and burned effigies in protest of the show, terming it 'Bigot Brother'. [83] [84]
During a parliamentary Prime Minister's Question Time session Blair responded that "We should oppose racism in all its forms." [83] Gordon Brown , then Chancellor of the Exchequer , who was in India on a goodwill visit, condemned the controversy as "offensive" and the opposite of what Britain stood for: "I want Britain to be seen as a country of fairness and tolerance. Anything that detracts from that I condemn." [70] [85] In an official statement, Channel 4 denied that overt racial abuse or behaviour had been directed at Shetty, but acknowledged that a "cultural and class clash" was responsible for the disputes. [76] After a thorough investigation, OFCOM made an unprecedented move and issued a ruling that Channel 4 were guilty of broadcasting potentially racist material, and required them to make multiple apologies on air during the next Big Brother season. [86] [87]
Richard Gere kissing incident
On 15 April 2007, Richard Gere kissed Shetty on the cheek several times in jest during an AIDS-awareness event. [88] The pair were appearing at a press conference in New Delhi as part of a campaign to preach safe sex to truck drivers in India and promote AIDS awareness. [89] The kiss, considered an attack on India's cultural and moral values, prompted protesters - alleged members of the extremist Hindu group Shiv Sena - to beat burning effigies of Gere with sticks. [90] Others set fire to glamour shots of Shetty. People demanded an apology from her and threatened to ban her movies in the state. [91] Shiv Sena leaders denied involvement in the protests, but Shiv Sena member of parliament Sanjay Raut observed that the protests are "just a manifestation of the anger of the general public" and that there was "nothing wrong with expressing contempt at such an act". [92]
Similar protests broke out in other cities, including Varanasi , Hinduism 's holiest city, and the northern town of Meerut , where crowds of hundreds of thousands chanted "Down with Shilpa Shetty!" The STAR News office was also attacked. The protests did not take any violent turn and the situation was quickly brought under control, with some activists being detained. [93]
Shetty responded to these protests by saying, "I understand this (kissing) is his (Gere's) culture, not ours. But this was not such a big thing or so obscene for people to overreact in such a manner. I understand people's sentiments, but I do not want a foreigner to take bad memories from here." [93]
On 26 April 2007, an Indian court in Rajasthan issued a warrant for Shetty and Gere's arrest. [94]
The legal action against both Shetty and Gere has been suspended by the Indian Supreme Court until the court decides on the case's proper jurisdiction. Gere has since expressed regret for causing any offense and Shetty has said, "so much has been blown out of proportion". [95]
Awards and honours
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Which poker variant features cards referred to as 'the flop' or 'the river'? | Texas Hold'em Poker Rules & Strategy - PokerVIP
Texas Hold'em Poker Rules & Strategy
Texas Hold'em Poker Rules & Strategy
Adam Jones • 4,855 Views • 0 Comments • on 18/5/15
Texas Hold'em is by far the most popular format of poker played all over the World. This article will teach you how to play Texas Hold'em.
History
The general consensus
is that Texas Hold'em had its origins in Texas in the early 1900s. It was first introduced to Las Vegas in 1967 where it was modified from its original form so that Aces were now high instead of low.
It became the main event of the newly established World Series of Poker in 1972 where there were 8 entrants. By 1982 there were over 100 entrants, and by 1991 over 200.
The popularity of NLHE continued to grow after the inception of online poker in 1998. However, one event singlehandedly initiated the biggest explosion of poker, often named “the poker boom”. It occurred in 2003 when an unknown online qualifier by the name of Chris Moneymaker won the WSOP. By 2004 interest in the Series had tripled. Regular every-day people now saw it was possible to make it big if they had just a few dollars in their online account.
To date, Texas no-limit hold'em remains the most popular poker variant, although admittedly the “Texas” part is often omitted these days. Generally if someone tells us they are playing poker we should assume they are referring to No Limit Hold'em. The majority of films with poker scenes depict no-limit hold'em, whereas older movies would typically show stud or draw games. The 1998 cult classic “Rounders” also played a big role in boosting the popularity of poker as we know it.
"Poker boom" started after an online qualifier, Chris Moneymaker, won WSOP Main Event in 2003
Texas Holdem Poker Rules
Keeping Score
Similar to all other variants of poker each player starts with a number of “chips”. These are small circular bits of plastic or clay used for betting and keeping score. Generally these chips can be traded in for their monetary value after the game is over.
The objective of any poker game – to win your opponents chips. In a poker tournament, you win by accumulating all of the chips on the table.
Blinds/Position
A poker table can consist of anywhere between 2 and 10 players, with one player being the dealer. The dealer will have a button indicator beside him, which is a plastic disc marked “dealer”. This moves round the table clockwise after every hand to indicate whose turn it is to deal. In a home game the player with the dealer button will generally shuffle and deal the cards, although in a casino this job is performed solely by a designated dealer. The dealer button will still be used in such cases to indicate the various positions players occupy at the table.
To create a starting “pot”, certain players must make mandatory blind payments before any cards are dealt. These players are located immediately to the left of the dealer button: firstly, the “small-blind” (SB) position, and to the left of the SB is the “big-blind” (BB). Both these players must make the mandatory blind payments.
In most games the BB blind be will be twice as much as the SB blind is, although this can vary depending on the casino.
The best position at the table is generally considered to be the BTN, while the worst is considered to be either the SB or UTG
Immediately to the right of the “button” (BTN), is the “cut-off” (CO), followed by “middle position” MP, and “under-the-gun” (UTG). Specifically on a 9 or 10 handed table, the position directly to the right of the CO may be referred to as the “hi-jack”, while the position to the right of the “hijack” may be referred to as the “lo-jack”. Generally the main difference between a 6-handed table and a 10-handed table is that the 10-handed table will have 3 middle positions and 3 under-the-gun positions whereas a 6-handed table has only one of each.
Position is very important in NLHE because it determines the order of betting. The best position at the table is generally considered to be the BTN, while the worst is considered to be either the SB or UTG.
Playing a Hand of Poker
Now that we have our players all set, let's get into playing a hand of poker!
The game-flow is broken down into rounds known as “streets”. Each hand of Texas hold'em is broken down into 4 streets referred to as “preflop”, “flop”, “turn” and “river”.
On each street, a round of betting takes place. If more than one player is left in the hand by the river we reach what is referred to as “showdown”. All remaining players show their hands and the best hand takes the chips or “pot” that is in the middle.
Round 1 – Preflop
Before any action takes places, all players are dealt 2 “hole-cards” starting with the player on the dealers left and moving clockwise. These cards are kept secret and should not be shown to any other player. By the time the cards are dealt, the SB and BB have already posted their mandatory blind payments.
Before any additional cards are dealt a round of betting takes place. UTG (to the immediate left of the BB) is first to act, and we move round the table clock-wise. BB will be last to act preflop. Once all the betting has taken place we move on to the next street. (More on how the betting works later.)
"Hole cards" are to be kept secret and not shown to anyone.
On each street players have the option to bet/call/raise or fold. Depending on the situation not all of these options will be valid and this will be fully described below after the betting rounds.
Postflop
The betting order changes slightly on the flop. On each street, SB will be first to act, with BTN now acting last. This is why BTN is considered the most favourable position on the table. The BTN gets to see what all other players do before he acts.
Round 2 - Flop
Before any betting takes place, three “community cards” referred to as the “flop” are dealt face-up in the centre of the table. All players may make use of these cards to construct a 5-card hand along with one or both of their hole-cards.
Again, players may 'Check', 'Bet', 'Fold' or 'Raise'.
Round 3 - Turn
After this round of betting is complete, an additional community card is dealt face-up, referred to as the “turn” card. Another round of betting takes place.
Round 4 – River
Finally, one last community card is dealt face-up, referred to as the “river” card. A final round of betting takes place. After this round of betting any remaining players must reveal their hole-cards. The player with the strongest hand takes the pot.
Showdown
Betting
The following is a list of the available actions players may take during the betting round.
Bet – A player wishes to bet some of his chips on the outcome of the hand. Generally betting implies that no-one has acted yet on the current street (And therefore cannot be performed pre-flop, since a blind bet has already been placed). Players should place their wager chips into the centre of the table or “pot”. This is done automatically online.
Check – A player wishes to take no action. The game-flow passes to his left where it is now the next players' turn to act. Note that checking is only a valid option when no bet has been made on the current street (and therefore cannot be performed pre-flop). If someone has already made a bet, the only valid options are “call”, “raise” or "fold".
Call – Call is a valid option when a player who has acted before us has made a bet on the current street. In order to continue with the hand we need to match the bet made by the previous player. If the player before us bets 5 chips, we need to place 5 chips into the pot to stay in the hand. Assuming we don't wish to continue with our hand it's necessary that we “fold”.
Depending on action before them, every player has an option to either check, bet, call, fold or raise
Fold – Assuming we are facing a bet from another player that we don't want to match we have the option to discard our hand. When we fold our hand we agree that we are no longer involved in the hand and have no possible way of winning. Our folded hand will generally be returned face-down to the dealer.
Raise – Raise is an option when a player before us has made a bet. We can increase the bet by “raising” to a higher amount of chips. Players acting after us, including the original raiser, must now call, fold, or re-raise. A round of betting will only end when either one player calls a bet, hence closing the action, or he decides to fold.
Players may continue re-raising each other until one player is “all-in”, at which point the other player may only call or fold. It is not possible to re-raise a player for more than the chips they have at the table. Sometimes in movies we see players re-raising each other for watches, phones, houses and private yachts. In pretty much any casino game, players may only wager what they bring to the table ("table stakes"). While a standard “bet” may also be considered a “raise”, it's common to only use the terminology “raise” when a player before us has already made a wager and we wish to increase the size of the wager.
Texas Holdem Hand Rankings
Naturally the above information is not of too much help if we don't understand how to read the strength of our hand. The following is a list of the hand rankings used in NLHE (and many other popular poker variants). Keep in mind that all hands in No-Limit Hold'em are comprised of 5 cards.
For example, assuming that we hold the same “pair” as another player, the strength of the remaining 3 cards or “kickers” will be used to determine who wins the pot. In a situation where these kickers are identical then the pot is a tie and will be split up evenly between the winners.
Royal Flush – T, J, Q, K, A all of the same suit. This is the strongest hand in NLHE and is made quite rarely as a result.
Straight Flush – 5 cards in a row, all of the same suit. For example 7,8,9,T,J all of hearts.
Four-of-a-Kind – 4 cards of the same value. For example QQQQ, or 8888. Usually referred to as “Quads”
Full-House – 3 cards of the same value along with 2 cards of the same value. QQQ44, or KKKJJ. Often referred to as a “boat”.
Flush – Any 5 cards of the same suit.
Straight – Any 5 cards in ascending order. For example 7,8,9,T,J but not all of the same suit.
Three-of-a-Kind – Three cards of the same value, for example KKK, or QQQ. Since all hands are 5 card hands the other two cards are referred to as “kickers”. KKKT7 loses to KKKAT for example. Commonly referred to as “trips” when made with one hole-card and a “set” when made with both hole-cards as in the case of holding a “pocket-pair” such as KK.
Two-Pair – 2 cards of the same value along with 2 other cards of the same value. For example KKQQ5 or JJ447.
[image:=pokerimage]https://www.pokervip.com/uploads/backend/twopair.png[/image]
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Now at 38 St Mary Axe, London, which ‘exchange’ started in a coffee house in 1744? | Omaha Poker Rules & Strategy - PokerVIP
Omaha Poker Rules & Strategy
Omaha Poker Rules & Strategy
Adam Jones • 2,182 Views • 0 Comments • on 20/5/15
Learn everything you need to get you started in Omaha poker games and find resources to continue improving your knowledge
History
The exact origins of the Omaha
variant of poker are unknown, although it first appeared in a casino setting at the Las Vegas Golden Nugget Casino. The full name of the variant was originally “Omaha Hold'em” as outlined in Doyle Brunson's super system. Omaha Hold'em is synonymous with a variant of Hold'em poker known as “Tight Hold'em” where players must use both of their holecards to construct a 5 card hand. (In the modern version of Hold'em players can use both, one, or none of their hole-cards to create a 5card hand).
The “Omaha” part of the name “Omaha Hold'em” reflects this rule of using exactly 2 hole-cards. “Hold'em”, refers to the fact that players share a pool of community cards which they can use to make their 5-card hand. This is different from draw games where players have purely face-down hole-cards, and stud games where players have a mixture of face-up and face-down hole-cards but no community cards.
Omaha Poker Rules
The action and betting rounds are identical to no-limit-hold'em but there are some important differences that must be kept in mind.
a) Players are dealt 4 hole-cards instead of the 2 in Texas Hold'em.
AAKK
b) Players must use exactly 2 of hole-cards to make a 5-card hand.
Player A: AAKK
Player B: 43QQ
Board: 56789
Because of the "both card" rules, this is not the split pot (e.g. both players playing the board); instead Player B wins creating 7-high straight using his 34
c) Omaha is more frequently played with a pot-limit betting structure meaning it is not possible to go “all-in” unless the pot size is sufficiently large.
Keeping Score
Similar to all other variants of poker each player starts with a number of “chips”. These are small circular bits of plastic which are used for betting and keeping score. Generally these chips can be traded in for their monetary value after the game is over. The objective of the game – to win your opponents chips. In a poker tournament, you win by accumulating all of the chips on the table.
Omaha is more frequently played with a pot-limit betting structure meaning it is not possible to go “all-in” unless the pot size is sufficiently large.
Blinds/Position
As with Texas Hold'em, a hand of Omaha can consist of anywhere between 2 and 10 players, with one player being the dealer. The rules on blinds and position are again exactly the same as Texas Hold'em.
Again like Texas Hold'em, Position is very important in Omaha because it determines the order of betting. The best position at the table is generally considered to be the BTN, while the worst is considered to be either the SB or UTG.
Playing a Hand of Omaha
Again the same as Texas Hold'em - The gameflow is broken down into rounds known as “streets”. Each hand of Omaha is broken down into 4 streets referred to as “preflop”, “flop”, “turn” and “river”.
On each street a round of betting takes place. If more than one player is left in the hand by the river we reach what is referred to as “showdown”. All remaining players show their hands and the best hand takes the chips or “pot” that is in the middle.
Betting
Betting rounds and actions are exactly the same as Texas Hold'em. Pre-flop, Flop, Turn and River mark the rounds of play in Omaha.
Players may either check, bet, call or raise during each round.
Hand Rankings
Are all exactly the same as Texas Hold'em hand rankings. Please see our poker hand rankings article here.
Betting Structure
The most popular
version of Omaha is the pot-limit version. There is a cap on the amount we can raise in any given situation (more on calculating a pot-sized bet shortly). However it's also possible to find Limit-Omaha games, (raising in small fixed increments) and No-Limit Omaha games.
In Pot-Limit-Omaha (PLO) we can raise only to the pot-size at any given time. The only way the betting action can continue after this is if our opponent chooses to re-raise us. He will then also be again limited to a pot-sized re-raise. Calculating a pot-size raise sounds simple but causes much confusion in the poker world. The majority of poker players possibly do not even know how to calculate a pot-sized raise because-
a) it's automated in an online environment
b) it's possible to ask the dealer what a pot-sized raise is in a live setting
However, it can be useful to know for ourselves how to calculate it. We can use the following formula
3 * size of opponents bet(or)raise + size of the initial pot
So imagine there is $10 in the pot and our opponent bets $5, what would be a pot-sized raise here?
Probably our instinct might tell us that we raise an extra $15 for a total raise size of $20. But this is where we'd be wrong.
Let's apply the formula
(3*$5) + $10 = $25
We can raise to $25 here. If formulas are not your strong point – we are effectively imagining that we call first to see what the total pot is. In other words the total pot would be $20 if we just called. So we raise that extra $20 on top of our opponents $5 to give us our total raise size of $25. And remember, if you are not sure, ask the dealer – they are paid for stuff like this.
Why Play Omaha
So what is it that makes Omaha so exciting? And why do many players make this their game of choice as opposed to No-Limit-Hold'em?
Omaha has sometimes been described as “Hold'em on steroids.” The fact that we are now dealt 4 hole cards instead of 2 means that big hands are a lot more common. The fact is that most of the time in No-Limit Hold'em we are simply going to miss the flop. We'll still miss the flop a fair amount in Omaha, but a lot less often. More big hands can result in more action.
The game is tougher to pick up than No-Limit-Hold'em. For some this is a bad thing, while others enjoy the increased complexity of the game. Even reading our own hand takes a lot more work since we have twice as many hole-cards to think about. Establishing exactly how strong our holdings are when we have a made hand and several draws is a skill in itself. We may even need to question how strong our holdings are when we hold the stone cold nuts. We can't automatically get all of the money in even in these circumstances. Our opponent could also hold the nuts along with a strong redraw which makes putting our stack in unprofitable.
Establishing exactly how strong our holdings are when we have a made hand and several draws is a skill in itself
Similar to No-Limit Hold'em, Omaha is also a game of skill that can be beaten in the long term with enough work. The good news is that the average competition at Omaha games is a lot weaker than in Hold'em games. So even though it takes a little longer to figure out the basic rules, it can potentially be more lucrative than playing No-Limit Hold'em.
Omaha Tips for Beginners
We need to use exactly two of our hole-cards and three cards from the board to make a 5-card hand. Can't stress this enough. This is easily the most common mistake players transitioning from NLHE make.
Play 4 cards which work well together. The best starting hands in Omaha are comprised of hole-cards that work well together as a 4 such as AA10J. Non co-ordinated cards are sometimes referred to as “danglers”. It should be easy to see why the 3 in the hand AA103 is not really that useful. We would also rather have AA10J than AA10J. Since we can only use two of our hole-cards, having the J means we block some of our spade-flush outs. The worst hand in Omaha is considered to be 2222. It will hardly ever improve since the cards it needs are no longer in the deck.
Stronger hands. If we come from a Hold'em background, we will need to up our standards for what constitues a strong hand. Bottom set in NLHE is considered a relative monster. Bottom set in Omaha will get us into a ton of trouble. If our opponent wants to stack off he will have a higher set the vast majority of the time. As such our stacking off range in any spot should be the nuts or at least very close to it. Even 2nd nut flushes are huge problem hands for beginners since they will nearly always be up against the nut-flush when there is a lot of action.
Nuts is not always nuts. Even with the stone cold nuts there may be situations where folding is correct. If we have the nuts and no redraw it will be a losing play to stack off vs our opponent who also has the nuts but with a strong redraw.
Wraps. Wraps are very strong hands in Omaha and are straight-draws with additional fire power. They will have significantly more outs than a straight-draw in NLHE. For example we hold T-9-6-5 on a board of 8-7-2. We have 20 possible outs to make a straight!
Even with the stone cold nuts there may be situations where folding is correct.
For more Omaha content, I suggest you check out the following videos and articles:
| i don't know |
Arranged alphabetically, which would be the first book of the Old Testament? | Old Testament Books | CARM Christian Apologetics & Research Ministry
The Old Testament has 39 books total, which consist of . . .
Pentateuch - 5 books
Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy
Historical Books - 12 books
Joshua, Judges, Ruth, First Samuel, Second Samuel, First Kings, Second Kings,
First Chronicles, Second Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther
Poetic books - 5 books
Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon
Prophetic books - 17 books
Major Prophets - Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Daniel
Minor Prophets - Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk,
Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi
A list of books with brief descriptions of contents.
Pentateuch - 5 books
Genesis - Creation, the Fall, the Flood, spread of the nations, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph. Enslavement in Egypt.
Exodus - Enslavement, Moses, 10 plagues, Passover, Leave Egypt, Red Sea Crossing, Mt. Sinai and the 10 Commandments
Leviticus - Instructions on sacrificial system and the priesthood. Instructions on moral purity.
Numbers - Still at Mt. Sinai, people make false idol, punishment, 40-years wandering begins.
Deuteronomy - Moses' discourses on God's Acts for Israel the Decalogue, the ceremonial, civil, and social Laws, and covenant ratification.
Historical Books - 12 books total
Joshua - First half of Joshua describes the 7-year conquest of the Land of Promise. The last half deals with partitioning the lands to the people.
Judges - Time of Judges. This was a bad time period. The Israelites did not drive out all the inhabitants of Canaan and began to take part in their idolatry. 7 cycles of foreign oppression, repentance, and deliverance. In the end, the people failed to learn their lesson.
Ruth - Kinsman redeemer in Boaz, redeeming Ruth, a Moabitess. Speaks of righteousness, love, and faithfulness to the Lord.
The next 6 books trace the time from Samuel to the Captivity
First Samuel - Samuel carries Israel from judges to King Saul
Second Samuel - David as King, adultery, and murder.
First Kings - Solomon, Israel is powerful. Solomon dies, then division of tribes: 10 to the north and 2 to the south.
Second Kings - The Divided Kingdom. All 19 kings of Israel were bad, therefore, captivity in Assyria (722 B.C.). In Judah, 8 of 20 rulers were good but went into exile, too.
First Chronicles - A recounting of the history of Israel to the time of Solomon.
Second Chronicles - continued recounting of the life of Solomon, building of temple, to the captivity. History of Judah only.
The Next 3 books deal with Israel's Restoration.
Ezra - Cyrus let most of the Jews return to their land of Israel. Zerubbabel led the people (539 B.C.). Ezra returned later with more Jews (458 B.C.) Built the temple.
Nehemiah - Building the walls of Jerusalem. Nehemiah got permission from the king of Persia to rebuild the walls (444 B.C.). Revival in the land.
Esther - Took place during chapters 6 and 7 of Ezra. Mordecai. Plot to kill the Jewish people.
Poetical - 5 books
Job - a righteous man tested by God. Deals with God's sovereignty.
Psalms - Consists of 5 divisions. Worship in song. Large variety of subjects.
Proverbs - Practical wisdom in everyday affairs.
Ecclesiastes - All is vanity. The wisdom of man is futility.
Song of Solomon - A song (between Solomon and his Shulammite bride) displaying the love between a man and a woman.
Prophetical - 17 books
Major Prophets - 5 books
Isaiah - Looks at the sin of Judah and proclaims God's judgment. Hezekiah. Coming restoration and blessing.
Jeremiah - Called by God to proclaim the news of judgment to Judah, which came. God establishes a New Covenant.
Lamentations - 5 lament poems. Description of defeat and fall of Jerusalem.
Ezekiel - He ministered to the Jews in Captivity in Babylon. Description of the end of times.
Daniel - Many visions of the future for the Gentiles and the Jews.
Minor Prophets - 12 books
Hosea - Story of Hosea and his unfaithful wife, Gomer. Represents God's love and faithfulness and Israel's spiritual adultery. Israel will be judged and restored.
Joel - Proclaims a terrifying future using the imagery of locusts. Judgment will come, but blessing will follow.
Amos - He warned Israel of its coming judgment. Israel rejects God's warning.
Obadiah - A proclamation against Edom, a neighboring nation of Israel that gloated over Jerusalem's judgments. Prophecy of its utter destruction.
Jonah - Jonah proclaims a coming judgment upon Nineveh's people, but they repented and judgment was spared.
Micah - Description of the complete moral decay in all levels of Israel. God will judge but will forgive and restore.
Nahum - Nineveh has gone into apostasy (approx. 125 years after Jonah) and will be destroyed.
Habakkuk - Near the end of the kingdom of Judah, Habakkuk asks God why He is not dealing with Judah's sins. God says He will use the Babylonians. Habakkuk asks how God can use a nation that is even worse than Judah.
Zephaniah - The theme is developed of the Day of the Lord and His judgment with a coming blessing. Judah will not repent except for a remnant, which will be restored.
Haggai - The people failed to put God first by building their houses before they finished God's temple. Therefore, they had no prosperity.
Zechariah - Zechariah encourages the Jews to complete the temple. Many messianic prophecies.
Malachi - God's people are lax in their duty to God. Growing distant from God. Moral compromise. Proclamation of coming judgment.
| Amos |
Arranged alphabetically, which would the last book of the Old Testament? | Old Testament Books | CARM Christian Apologetics & Research Ministry
The Old Testament has 39 books total, which consist of . . .
Pentateuch - 5 books
Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy
Historical Books - 12 books
Joshua, Judges, Ruth, First Samuel, Second Samuel, First Kings, Second Kings,
First Chronicles, Second Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther
Poetic books - 5 books
Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon
Prophetic books - 17 books
Major Prophets - Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Daniel
Minor Prophets - Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk,
Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi
A list of books with brief descriptions of contents.
Pentateuch - 5 books
Genesis - Creation, the Fall, the Flood, spread of the nations, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph. Enslavement in Egypt.
Exodus - Enslavement, Moses, 10 plagues, Passover, Leave Egypt, Red Sea Crossing, Mt. Sinai and the 10 Commandments
Leviticus - Instructions on sacrificial system and the priesthood. Instructions on moral purity.
Numbers - Still at Mt. Sinai, people make false idol, punishment, 40-years wandering begins.
Deuteronomy - Moses' discourses on God's Acts for Israel the Decalogue, the ceremonial, civil, and social Laws, and covenant ratification.
Historical Books - 12 books total
Joshua - First half of Joshua describes the 7-year conquest of the Land of Promise. The last half deals with partitioning the lands to the people.
Judges - Time of Judges. This was a bad time period. The Israelites did not drive out all the inhabitants of Canaan and began to take part in their idolatry. 7 cycles of foreign oppression, repentance, and deliverance. In the end, the people failed to learn their lesson.
Ruth - Kinsman redeemer in Boaz, redeeming Ruth, a Moabitess. Speaks of righteousness, love, and faithfulness to the Lord.
The next 6 books trace the time from Samuel to the Captivity
First Samuel - Samuel carries Israel from judges to King Saul
Second Samuel - David as King, adultery, and murder.
First Kings - Solomon, Israel is powerful. Solomon dies, then division of tribes: 10 to the north and 2 to the south.
Second Kings - The Divided Kingdom. All 19 kings of Israel were bad, therefore, captivity in Assyria (722 B.C.). In Judah, 8 of 20 rulers were good but went into exile, too.
First Chronicles - A recounting of the history of Israel to the time of Solomon.
Second Chronicles - continued recounting of the life of Solomon, building of temple, to the captivity. History of Judah only.
The Next 3 books deal with Israel's Restoration.
Ezra - Cyrus let most of the Jews return to their land of Israel. Zerubbabel led the people (539 B.C.). Ezra returned later with more Jews (458 B.C.) Built the temple.
Nehemiah - Building the walls of Jerusalem. Nehemiah got permission from the king of Persia to rebuild the walls (444 B.C.). Revival in the land.
Esther - Took place during chapters 6 and 7 of Ezra. Mordecai. Plot to kill the Jewish people.
Poetical - 5 books
Job - a righteous man tested by God. Deals with God's sovereignty.
Psalms - Consists of 5 divisions. Worship in song. Large variety of subjects.
Proverbs - Practical wisdom in everyday affairs.
Ecclesiastes - All is vanity. The wisdom of man is futility.
Song of Solomon - A song (between Solomon and his Shulammite bride) displaying the love between a man and a woman.
Prophetical - 17 books
Major Prophets - 5 books
Isaiah - Looks at the sin of Judah and proclaims God's judgment. Hezekiah. Coming restoration and blessing.
Jeremiah - Called by God to proclaim the news of judgment to Judah, which came. God establishes a New Covenant.
Lamentations - 5 lament poems. Description of defeat and fall of Jerusalem.
Ezekiel - He ministered to the Jews in Captivity in Babylon. Description of the end of times.
Daniel - Many visions of the future for the Gentiles and the Jews.
Minor Prophets - 12 books
Hosea - Story of Hosea and his unfaithful wife, Gomer. Represents God's love and faithfulness and Israel's spiritual adultery. Israel will be judged and restored.
Joel - Proclaims a terrifying future using the imagery of locusts. Judgment will come, but blessing will follow.
Amos - He warned Israel of its coming judgment. Israel rejects God's warning.
Obadiah - A proclamation against Edom, a neighboring nation of Israel that gloated over Jerusalem's judgments. Prophecy of its utter destruction.
Jonah - Jonah proclaims a coming judgment upon Nineveh's people, but they repented and judgment was spared.
Micah - Description of the complete moral decay in all levels of Israel. God will judge but will forgive and restore.
Nahum - Nineveh has gone into apostasy (approx. 125 years after Jonah) and will be destroyed.
Habakkuk - Near the end of the kingdom of Judah, Habakkuk asks God why He is not dealing with Judah's sins. God says He will use the Babylonians. Habakkuk asks how God can use a nation that is even worse than Judah.
Zephaniah - The theme is developed of the Day of the Lord and His judgment with a coming blessing. Judah will not repent except for a remnant, which will be restored.
Haggai - The people failed to put God first by building their houses before they finished God's temple. Therefore, they had no prosperity.
Zechariah - Zechariah encourages the Jews to complete the temple. Many messianic prophecies.
Malachi - God's people are lax in their duty to God. Growing distant from God. Moral compromise. Proclamation of coming judgment.
| i don't know |
By what other name is La Giaconda much better known? | La Gioconda: mystery, regret and controversy behind the painting | Italy
La Gioconda: mystery, regret and controversy behind the painting
Submitted by annadefilippo on Tue, 12/22/2015 - 12:04
La Gioconda: mystery, regret and controversy behind the painting
One of the greatest paintings of Italian art is certainly La Gioconda, Leonardo da Vinci's masterpiece.
The painting, better known abroad as "Monna Lisa" ("Monna" is the abbreviation for Madonna and corresponds to the current term "woman") is kept in the museum of the Louvre in Paris. This 77 x 53 cm painting is unsigned, but it is sure the work was painted by the Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci in 1500. However, the artist never considered the work completed and he never gave it to his commissioner. This has often raised questions which, together with many others, haven't found any answer, yet.
La Gioconda
Many years have passed since its creation, but the secrets surrounding La Gioconda are far from being revealed: mystery dominates all that relates to this amazing work of art. Mistery created by the penetrating, yet ambiguous gaze of Monna Lisa herself, the identity of whom we do not know.
La Gioconda is a typical Renaissance painting characterized by harmony of colors and nuances. The portrait divides the canvas into two main sectors: one where the protagonist predominates the scene, and the second where we can see a landscape with rocks, streets, rivers and vegetation, considered an imaginative place.
The painting and its elements have been given several different interpretations. The identity of the subject remains still uncertain, but its image well known: an enigmatic woman, smiling. According to research conducted by Florentine scholars, La Gioconda really existed in the past and she corresponds to Lisa Gherardini, the second wife of the Florentine silk trader Francesco Del Giocondo. The Del Giocondos knew Leonardo's family: it was the artist's father, it seems, who put them in touch with one another.
Other women have been linked to the identity of the painting and it has also been hypothesized she may have been pregnant due to the way she rested her hands on her belly.
Another interesting position on the matter, often considered hazardous, is the theory according to which the subject of the painting is Leonardo himself. This thesis was elaborated not only for the similarity between the painting and Leonardo's face, but also because the reason Leonardo never returned the painting to its commissioner has never been clarified. The attachment of Leonardo to the painting is still unexplained, but that's the same for the identity of the person portrayed, which may remain a mystery.
La Gioconda, in spite of its popularity, is fundamentally a work of mystery: the smile, the eyes, the subject, all contributed to create an aura of mystery and enigma around it. The eyes and the smile of La Gioconda have been considered the key to reveal its secrets by many. Proof of it is the number of studies carried out on their analysis in the hope to solve, once and for all, the mystery of the Monna Lisa.
| Mona Lisa |
Between 1901 and 1904 Which painter’s career was described as his 'Blue period' ? | La Gioconda, Restaurant Review: Plenty to smile about at new Soquel eatery
La Gioconda, Restaurant Review: Plenty to smile about at new Soquel eatery
By Ann Parker , Sentinel restaurant reviewer
Posted:
Luca Viara, Beppe Vitagliano and Francesco Baldini bring the best of Italian food and friendship to La Giocanda. (Shmuel Thaler -- Santa Cruz Sentinel)
restaurant Rating
La Gioconda
Where: 3101 North Main St., Soquel
Hours: Lunch noon to 3 p.m. Saturday and Sunday; dinner 5-9:30 p.m. Wednesday through Sunday. Closed Monday and Tuesday.
Service: ★★★
Food: ★★★
Value: ★★★
Ambiance: Modern decor in a classic Craftsman-style house with garden in back. Can be very noisy.
Cost: Reasonable to moderate, main courses $15 to $24
Details: 477-9265, www.giocondarestaurant.com
Read more dining reviews at www.santacruzsentinel.com/food
SOQUEL >> In case your art history is rusty, “La Gioconda” is the Italian title of perhaps the most famous painting in the world, known to most of us as the Mona Lisa. It’s also the name of the restaurant newly opened in Soquel’s former Main St. Garden location.
The appellation has a double meaning, both for the painting and for the restaurant. Leonardo da Vinci’s model for the painting was Lisa del Giocondo (Gioconda is the feminine form); but the word also means happy or jovial in Italian. There’s that enigmatic little smile.
More about La Gioconda
La Gioconda’s head chef and co-owner, Luca Viara, is used to being in the limelight; the Turin native was one of the first chefs to be televised in Italy, where he opened a number of restaurants before coming to the U.S. Viara co-owns both La Gioconda and Seabright’s Tramonti with fellow Italian Beppe Vitagliano.
Headwaiter Francesco Baldini, who helps with front-of-house duties, is also Italian; one of the pleasures of dining at La Gioconda is listening to him describing dishes to customers in his rich Tuscan accent.
‘People enjoy our cuisine and the menu changes seasonally,’ says Baldini. ‘Definitely the artichoke salad and meat board are our most popular appetizers — and for main courses, the lamb shank and our homemade ravioli, and the wild salmon. For me, I’m a big fan of seafood dishes like the one we have coming up this week: clams and pasta with white wine sauce.’
Francesco explains that fans of Tramonti are sometimes surprised by how different La Gioconda is.
‘It’s not the same menu and this is a very different concept,’ he said. ‘And we’re not making pizza here: we leave that to Tramonti.’
The history of the restaurant site deserves mention. For almost 30 years, the cottage was home to Theo’s, renowned for its upscale Continental California cuisine and elegant décor. Main St. Garden took over in 2009, creating a more laidback setting that included removing the carpeting to uncover red oak floors; its chef, Brad Briske, now heads the kitchen at La Balena, considered one of Carmel’s best new restaurants. La Gioconda opened about two months ago.
And the evening that Claudia and I went for dinner at La Gioconda, the restaurant was certainly jovial. When we walked into the pretty little house, the sound level was basically a happy roar. The friendly hostess started to seat us in the main dining room in the center of the tumult, but graciously granted our request to move to a quieter side area instead.
Other La Gioconda seating areas include a room with a large community table and an intriguing space that looked like a wine cellar. Outside seating is available in a small front courtyard; the back patio, near a large kitchen garden, opens soon. Before starting our meal, we strolled around the garden area with its fruit-laden lemon trees, herbs, artichokes, mixed greens and thriving fava beans.
Back inside, we ordered smooth, lightly spicy Ronco dei Tassi Pinot Grigio 2013 (glass, $11) to sip with the light and flaky housemade breadsticks and our tasty bruschetta amuse-bouche. From a list of tempting starters including a cured meat board, artichoke salad and carrot-fennel vegan bisque, we chose Zucchini Soufflé ($13) and Our Garden Salad ($9). La Gioconda advertises “100 percent organic ingredients” and features free-range chicken, grass-fed beef and wild salmon.
Our enthusiastic server, Brittany, brought two plates of salad; because we planned to split the order, she’d thoughtfully had the kitchen divide it. The handsome, simple salad consisted of greens, beautifully roasted beet slices and a generous handful of crunchy toasted hazelnuts, topped with a cool and creamy housemade “farm” (ranch-style) dressing. Our only criticism was that the greens were almost entirely kale; more lettuce or spinach would have softened the salad.
The soufflé, described on the menu as a “zucchini soft salty flan, fontina d’Aosta and real saffron crème fundue,” was just as dreamy as it sounded. Even without the rich, sumptuous cheese sauce, the soufflé was marvelous; we loved its melt-in-your-mouth texture and delicately earthy flavor, which was enhanced by the accompanying thin-sliced roasted and salted zucchini.
A sensuously surreal painting of Venice positioned above our table intrigued us so much that we walked around the restaurant admiring other work by the talented local artist, James Scoppettone. His pieces ranged from other vivid, impressionistic scenes of Italy to classically serene still life paintings.
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For her entrée, Claudia ordered the Baked Chicken Thigh ($17) with country-style ratatouille. I chose an Italian classic, Tagliatelle al Pomodoro ($14) — egg noodle fettuccini with fresh marinara sauce, extra virgin olive oil and Parmagiano Reggiano.
Claudia’s chicken, served with roasted potato and infused with the flavor of white wine, lemon and fresh herbs, was remarkably juicy and tender. The vegetables — carrots, celery, zucchini, red onion, potato, red pepper, eggplant — were bright and lively, though the carrots and celery were a bit crunchy for my taste.
My own dish transported me straight back to my first visit to Northern Italy. The pasta was perfectly al dente, toothsome and tender, the touch of EVOO adding a nutty, vegetative flavor. And the marinara, dense with pieces of sun-flavored tomato, hinted of summer days to come. Rich, salty Parmagiano cheese supplied the crowning touch.
From four housemade desserts, we chose Mint-Infused Panna Cotta with Chocolate Praline ($7) and Vanilla Bean Gelato with Wild Orange Sucanat Caramel ($6). Claudia’s panna cotta (“cooked cream”) was splendidly presented, meandering stripes of dark chocolate leading to the barely-baked pudding, which was intensely flavored with fresh mint. The crunchy, chocolate-gilded praline tasted just like sea-foam candy. My gelato was dense and creamy, the tangy caramel adding a nice edge to the vanilla sweetness. In contrast to the showy panna cotta, this white-on-white dish looked a little plain without garnish.
La Gioconda is already being warmly embraced by the public, and for good reason. The cottage setting is comfortable and attractive, our service was extremely attentive and the focus on organic, sustainable and very local products is admirable.
Popularity does bring its challenges: the crowded restaurant was sometimes so noisy that we had trouble conversing across our small table. Adding tablecloths might help, softening some of the flat surfaces in the room as well as contributing to the already charming ambiance.
Like its sister restaurant, the more casual Tramonti on Seabright Avenue, La Gioconda is owned by head chef Luca Viara and Giuseppe “Beppe” Vidaliono. But while Tramonti resembles a traditional pizzeria, La Giconda embodies what in Italy would be called a trattoria: a welcoming and unpretentious family eatery with a seasonal menu and fresh local produce.
What the two restaurants do share is an authentic sense of what Italians call “la dolce vita” — the sweet life.
Highlights
Would return for >> That heavenly zucchini soufflé
Don’t miss >> The dazzling impressionistic artwork by Scotts Valley artist James Scoppettone
Down the garden path >> Take a stroll around the garden in back
Sound bites >> The restaurant can be quite loud, particularly in the main dining room
Very veggie >> La Gioconda has a number of appealing non-meat items on the menu
Ann Parker welcomes comments, feedback and suggestions about reviews for area restaurants. Contact her at [email protected].
| i don't know |
Which 17th century Dutch painter did the forger Hans van Meegeren most often copy? | The forger who fooled the world - Telegraph
The forger who fooled the world
Han van Meegeren's The last supper (1940-1941)
Serena Davies
12:01AM BST 05 Aug 2006
Frank Wynne tells the extraordinary story of Han van Meegeren, the Dutch artist whose ‘Vermeer' made him a folk hero
I've always loved a forger. It's difficult not to feel a surge of joy at the thought of an eminent critic waxing lyrical over the glories of a "17th-century masterpiece" on which the paint is barely dry. If the pinnacle of Western art is arguably Leonardo da Vinci, his shadow self in the pantheon of forgers is Han van Meegeren.
In May 1945, shortly after the liberation of Holland, two officers arrived at the studio of van Meegeren, then just a little-known Dutch painter and art dealer. The officers, from the Allied Art Commission, were responsible for repatriating works of art looted by the Nazis. They had come about a painting discovered among the collection of Hermann Göring: a hitherto unknown canvas by the great Johannes Vermeer, entitled The Supper at Emmaus.
Since the Nazis had kept detailed records, it had been easy to trace the sale of the painting back to van Meegeren. Now, they wanted only the name of the original owner so that they might return his priceless masterpiece. When van Meegeren refused to name the owner, they arrested him and charged him with treason. If found guilty, he faced the death penalty.
The artist was entirely innocent of the charges against him, a fact he could easily have proved. But in doing so, he would have to confess to a series of crimes which he had plotted for decades and which, in five short years had earned him the equivalent of $60 million. Han van Meegeren was a forger.
He loathed modern art - he thought it childish and decadent, a passing fad for ugliness which would soon fade. For years he had eked out a living painting gloomy portraits of rich patrons in a faux-Rembrandt style and had winced as he heard his work ridiculed by his peers. A prominent critic reviewing van Meegeren's second solo exhibition wrote, "A gifted technician who has made a sort of composite facsimile of the Renaissance school, he has every virtue except originality."
The time had come, van Meegeren felt, to revenge himself on his critics. He devised a plan to paint a perfect Vermeer - neither a copy, nor a pastiche, but an original work - and, when it had been authenticated by leading art experts, acquired by a major museum, exhibited and acclaimed, he would announce his hoax to the world.
His first step was concocting an ingenious mixture of pigments that "would pass the five tests which any genuine 17th-century painting must pass". Now he had only to paint a masterpiece.
The Supper at Emmaus was unlike any acknowledged Vermeer. Van Meegeren, true to his perversely moral scheme, painted it in his own style, adding only subtle allusions to works by the Dutch master, before signing it with the requisite flourish. He had it submitted to Abraham Bredius, the most eminent authority on Dutch baroque art of his day, and the critic took the bait.
Writing in the Burlington magazine, Bredius opined: "It is a wonderful moment in the life of a lover of art when he finds himself suddenly confronted with a hitherto unknown painting by a great master… And what a picture! We have here a - I am inclined to say the - masterpiece of Johannes Vermeer of Delft."
Suddenly the world was at van Meegeren's feet. The Supper at Emmaus was bought by the prestigious Boijmans Gallery in Rotterdam for the equivalent of $6 million. More importantly for van Meegeren, it was advertised as the centrepiece, the crowning glory of the gallery's exhibition, 400 Years of European Art.
During the exhibition, van Meegeren would loudly proclaim the painting a forgery, a crude pastiche, and listen as the finest minds of his generation persuaded him that his painting was a genuine Vermeer. His triumph was now complete. He had only to do what he had promised himself: to stand up and claim the work for himself, thereby making fools of his critics. Instead, within a month, he was working on a new forgery.
In less than six years, van Meegeren would paint a further six "Vermeers", earning the equivalent of $60 million. With money, came vice - he revelled in fine champagne, became addicted to morphine and was compulsively unfaithful to his wife.
He bought dozens of houses and hotels, but even then he could not exhaust his wealth, so he hid hundreds of thousands of guilders in gardens, heating ducts and under the floorboards of his many properties. Often he would forget where he had hidden the money, and 30 years after his death, the Dutch were still turning up cashboxes stuffed with pre-war notes.
As van Meegeren's addictions to alcohol and morphine took hold, and the standard of his forgeries plummeted, still experts accepted them as genuine. He discovered that, regardless of how incompetent his painting, how crude his anatomy, how uncertain the provenance, the most erudite Vermeer critics were prepared to sanctify his work. His one mistake had been to allow one of his paintings to fall into enemy hands.
No expert eye discovered van Meegeren's forgery. He was unmasked only because, after six weeks in prison, he cracked: "‘Fools!" he roared at his jailers. "You think I sold a priceless Vermeer to Göring? There was no Vermeer - I painted it myself."
There was one thing van Meegeren had not counted on: no one believed his confession. It was one of the officers who naively suggested that if van Meegeren had painted Göring's Vermeer, he could paint a copy from memory. Van Meegeren arrogantly refused. "To paint a copy is no proof of artistic talent. In all my career I have never painted a copy! But I shall paint you a new Vermeer. I shall paint you a masterpiece."
And so, surrounded by reporters and court-appointed witnesses, and supplied with liberal quantities of alcohol and morphine, he worked for six weeks painting one final "Vermeer", in a desperate attempt to prove himself guilty.
Having been denounced by the press as a traitor, a "Dutch Nazi artist", van Meegeren was now a folk hero - the man who had swindled Göring. The Reichsmarschall was told that his beloved Vermeer was a forgery while awaiting execution in Nuremberg. According to a contemporary account: "[Göring] looked as if for the first time he had discovered there was evil in the world."
In the wake of his confession and the scandal it caused, van Meegeren truly knew the fame he had craved. The trial, when it came, was a three-ring circus. Experts tripped over each other to exculpate themselves. Van Meegeren - more than the prosecuting counsel - was determined that he should be found guilty of committing these "masterpieces", but even now, experts conspired against him, arguing that at least one of his forgeries might be genuine.
In the end, however, van Meegeren got his wish: on November 12, 1947 he was found guilty of obtaining money by deception and sentenced to one year's imprisonment.
But he would never serve a day of his sentence. While prosecution and defence wrangled to secure a full public pardon from the Queen, the forger - long a consummate hypochondriac - finally succumbed to angina. He was hospitalised on the day before he was scheduled to serve his sentence and died some weeks later.
Han van Meegeren's greatest gift to the art world is doubt. If forgers throughout the ages have taught us anything, it is to re-examine why we love what we love, to overcome our obsession with simple authenticity and appreciate the work for itself. Is a minor Rothko truly worth more than the finest Ellsworth Kelly? Are we captivated by the serenity and light of a Corot watercolour, or simply the signature?
"Perhaps," as the art critic Emily Genauer wrote, "we are almost at the point of sophistication where we are able to enjoy a work of art for what it is."
Perhaps. Then again, as Theodore Rousseau pointed out, "We should all realise that we can only talk about the bad forgeries, the ones that have been detected; the good ones are still hanging on the walls."
Frank Wynne is the author of 'I Was Vermeer: The Legend of the Forger Who Swindled the Nazis', published by Bloomsbury (£14.99) on Mon.
| Johannes Vermeer |
Which psychological response is seen in the way some hostages react to their captors? | Han van Meegeren - Example Problems
Han van Meegeren
Han van Meegeren, byname of Henricus Antonius van Meegeren (Deventer, October 10 , 1889 - Valeriuskliniek Amsterdam, December 30 , 1947 ), was a Dutch painter and master art forger .
Van Meegeren's life was linked to that of the great Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer , who died in 1675 . Vermeer had not been particularly famous until around the beginning of the 20th century, and only about 40 of his works had survived.
At the end of the Second World War , the Allies came upon a salt mine in Austria where the top Nazis had hidden works of art they had plundered from the occupied countries of the Reich . The military brought in art experts to ensure that the treasures were properly handled, identified, and repatriated. Among the treasures were artworks from the collection of Nazi Reichsmarshall Hermann Göring . Göring's collection included a Vermeer that none of the experts were familiar with, and investigation traced it back to a Dutch citizen who was running a nightclub in Amsterdam named Han van Meegeren.
The Dutch authorities pegged him as a collaborator when he could not explain the origins of the Vermeer, and arrested him in May 1945 . Van Meegeren was potentially in very serious trouble, as he could be charged with treason , which carried the death penalty . After several days of intense interrogation, he told the authorities the truth, which they did not believe at first: He had painted the Vermeer himself.
Exactly how Van Meegeren became a fraud is an interesting story, because he didn't do it for the money, at least not at first. He had been born in Deventer , the Netherlands in 1889 . Though he initially studied architecture at the Delft institute of technology , he developed skills as a painter and a strong interest in the Dutch classic painters. His father violently opposed his work as a painter, but Han van Meegeren had a passion for it and could not be swayed from his life's work. From his early period as a student in architecture, one of his lesser known works still survives. It is the building (1914) of the local rowing club in Delft of which van Meegeren was a member. Ironically, this building was built in a 17-th century style, making it hard to recognize today that it is in fact much younger.
Still, he had chosen a difficult path. He had turned away from modern art and there was no way he could achieve recognition for painting in the styles that were popular centuries earlier. He was belittled by the critics to the extent that he could no longer exhibit his work.
Van Meegeren thought the local art critics were mean and ignorant, and he decided to prove it by publicly embarrassing them. Van Meegeren was intimately familiar with the painting techniques of the Dutch masters, and decided to produce a fake Vermeer. He would let the art critics praise it, and then reveal that it was a fraud, proving their ignorance. His specific target was Dr. Abraham Bredius, who was a recognized authority on Vermeer and who Van Meegeren particularly despised.
Van Meegeren was a painstakingly methodical forger. The painting not only had to be executed in Vermeer's style and skill, it had to look ancient as well. Van Meegeren found a 17th-century canvas to paint on, created his own paints from raw materials by old formulas to ensure that they were authentic, and used the same kind of brushes that Vermeer was known to have used. He came up with a scheme of using phenol and formaldehyde to cause the paints to harden after application, as if they were centuries old. After completing the painting, he baked it to dry it out completely, rolled it over a drum to crackle it a bit, and later washed it in black ink to fill in the cracks.
File:SupperatEmmaus-Meegeren.jpg
The Supper at Emmaus by van Meegeren
It took Van Meegeren several years to work out his techniques, and when he was done he was pleased with his work. It wasn't just that he thought it was a convincing fraud. He had always wanted to walk in the steps of the masters, and he felt that his forgery, The Supper at Emmaus, was a fine work in its own right.
Van Meegeren put his fraud in motion, and Dr. Bredius was completely taken in, just as Van Meegeren had hoped. The Dutch art establishment was completely fooled as well, though when the painting was shown in Paris one perceptive or possibly merely cynical critic called it a "rotten fake".
Van Meegeren was enjoying this wild ride, but it was only starting. He wanted to reveal the fraud, but when he sold the fake Vermeer for the equivalent of what would now be several million dollars, he unsurprisingly had second thoughts. He had proven to his own satisfaction that the Dutch art establishment was ignorant, and that would have to do as long as he could make good money.
Between 1938 and 1945 , he produced six more fake Vermeers, as well as fakes of works by Frans Hals and Pieter de Hooch . It would seem that people would have become suspicious after a while, but with the distractions of the war and Nazi occupation Van Meegeren was able to continue his activities essentially unmolested. Since there was an active and secretive trade in artwork anyway during the occupation, his fakes could ride along with the process as parasites.
One of Van Meegeren's forgeries was sold in 1942 for 1.6 million Dutch guilders, making it one of the most expensive paintings ever sold. The last of Van Meegeren's fakes was Christ With The Adultress, which changed hands a number of times and finally ended up in the collection of Reichsmarshall Göring, who handed over an outrageous sum for it. Göring wasn't too concerned about the money, however, since he paid in counterfeit currency.
Christ With The Adultress was found in the Austrian salt mine by Allied forces, and led to Van Meegeren's arrest. When he told the police that it was a forgery, they didn't believe him, and challenged him to show he could paint a copy of one of the supposed fakes. He replied that he could create an entirely new fake.
He was put under house arrest, and in three months he painted a new forgery, The Young Christ Teaching In The Temple, under the eyes of undoubtedly flabbergasted police. The story got into the press and attracted worldwide media attention. The charge was changed to one of forgery. In the week before the trial, a poll showed he was the second most popular man in the Netherlands, after the prime minister.
The trial began on 29 October 1947. Van Meegeren, then 58 and in failing health, was delighted with the show and the media attention. He really wanted to be found guilty, simply as confirmation that he was a master forger. The art experts didn't want to testify, since it would confirm they had been duped, but a committee was put together to investigate the forgeries.
Van Meegeren knew his paintings would be X-rayed to see what was painted on the old canvas underneath, and he told the committee what they would find. They did so, and after only two days on trial, Van Meegeren was found guilty of forgery. He was sentenced to two years in prison.
His health was so bad, however, that he went to a clinic instead of prison. He died on 29 December 1947. Although Van Meegeren may have not been much of a role model, he had walked in the steps of the Dutch masters as he had always wanted to do; made a fortune for himself in trying times; made fools of the art establishment that had reviled him, and who nobody else liked; even tricked the Nazis; become an international celebrity and a national hero of sorts; and then made an exit effectively unscathed.
Reference
Template:Vectorsite This article was originally based on Goebel's: The Confidence Artists
External links
Site dedicated to Han van Meegeren which also shows and discusses most of his forgeries.
Van Meegeren's architecture: walltower and rowing club , buildings van Meegerens designed (sites have pictures, but comments in Dutch)
Literature
Bredius, Abraham, A New Vermeer. Burlington Magazine 71 (November 1937), pp. 210 - 211; An Unpublished Vermeer, Burlington Magazine 61 (October 1932), p. 145.
Tietze, Hans, Genuine and False (London: Max Parrish & Co., 1948).
Coremans, P.B., Van Meegeren’s Faked Vermeers and de Hooghs, trans. A Hardy and C. Hutt (London: Cassel, 1949).
Schüller, S.: Falsch oder echt? Der Fall van Meegeren. Bonn 1953. Language: German.
Goll, Joachim: Kunstfälscher. pp. 179 – 187. E.A.Seemann Publishing House Leipzig, First Edition 1962 (with pictures Number 106 – 122 and Literature pp. 249 - 250). Language: German.
Godley, John, Van Meegeren, Master Forger. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1967.
Lord Kilbracken: Fälscher oder Meister? Der Fall van Meegeren. Wien/Hamburg: P. Zsolnay 1968, 291 S., with 38 pictures, 22 x 14 cm. Language: German.
Exhibition catalog Essen and Berlin: Fälschung und Forschung. ed.: Museum Folkwang, Essen, and Staatliche Museen Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin. 1976. Language: German. ISBN 3-7759-0201-5 .
Werness, Hope B., Han van Meegeren fecit in: Denis Dutton , ed., The Forger’s Art: Forgery and the Philosophy of Art. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.
Jones, Mark, ed., Fake? The Art of Detection. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
Ahrens, Klaus and Handlögten, Günter: Echtes Geld für falsche Kunst, Remchingen 1992. Language: German.
Exhibition catalog Rotterdam: Han van Meegeren , ed.: H. van Wijnen. Den Haag 1996. 17 x 24 cm, 128 p., 30 Black and white- und 16 color pictures, Language: Dutsch. nl:Han van Meegeren
| i don't know |
Based on real events, which 2005 film earned Steven Spielberg his 6th Oscar nomination? | 2005 Academy Awards® Winners and History
(WALLACE & GROMIT IN) THE CURSE OF THE WERE-RABBIT (2005, UK)
Howl's Moving Castle (2004, Jp.)
(Tim Burton's) Corpse Bride (2005)
Actor:
PHILIP SEYMOUR HOFFMAN in "Capote," Terrence Howard in "Hustle & Flow," Heath Ledger in "Brokeback Mountain," Joaquin Phoenix in "Walk the Line," David Strathairn in "Good Night, and Good Luck."
Actress:
REESE WITHERSPOON in "Walk the Line," Judi Dench in "Mrs. Henderson Presents," Felicity Huffman in "Transamerica," Keira Knightley in "Pride & Prejudice," Charlize Theron in "North Country"
Supporting Actor:
GEORGE CLOONEY in "Syriana," Matt Dillon in "Crash," Paul Giamatti in "Cinderella Man," Jake Gyllenhaal in "Brokeback Mountain," William Hurt in "A History of Violence"
Supporting Actress:
RACHEL WEISZ in "The Constant Gardener," Amy Adams in "Junebug," Catherine Keener in "Capote," Frances McDormand in "North Country," Michelle Williams in "Brokeback Mountain"
Director:
ANG LEE for "Brokeback Mountain," George Clooney for "Good Night, and Good Luck.," Paul Haggis for "Crash," Bennett Miller for "Capote," Steven Spielberg for "Munich"
The Academy Award honorees for this year, for the most part, continued the trend away from big-budget, mega-blockbusters and aimed at smaller independent efforts. Four of the five Best Picture nominees were independently financed, including the winner Crash. In recent memory, the last time this happened was in 1996, when four of the five top nominees (The English Patient, Fargo , Secrets & Lies, Shine - and Jerry Maguire) were independent productions.
Many of the themes of the nominees were focused on sociopolitical issues (corporate corruption), provocative socially-relevant ideas (racial tension and terrorism), and intimate personal themes (gay and transgender). There was a perceived backlash against flashy, "popcorn" Best Picture nominees/winners, such as Gladiator (2000), Chicago (2002), and The Lord of the Rings: Return of the King (2003) in this decade. Mega-budget box-office blockbusters that received minimal nominations included:
Peter Jackson's remake of King Kong (with only 4 technical nominations, and three wins: Best Visual Effects, Best Sound Editing and Best Sound Mixing)
director Andrew Adamson's The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe (with 3 technical nominations and one win for Best Makeup), an adaptation of C. S. Lewis' second book in Narnia series about good and evil in a magical land
Steven Spielberg's sci-fi thriller remake War of the Worlds (with 3 technical nominations)
the adaptation of best-seller J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (with only 1 nomination, Best Art Direction) - the fourth Harry Potter film in five years
Christopher Nolan's comic-book superhero film Batman Begins (with 1 nomination, Best Cinematography)
George Lucas' Star Wars: Episode III - Revenge of the Sith (with 1 nomination, Best Makeup)
Tim Burton's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (with 1 nomination, Best Costume Design)
The five low-budget Best Picture nominees fairly evenly split the major nominations - no film received more than 8 nominations. This was also the first time since 1947 that no picture won more than 3 Oscars. They were all modest in scope, and challenged political, sexual and intellectual mores. Two were biopics. Focus Features topped all other studios with 16 nominations, including its Best picture contender Brokeback Mountain (8), The Constant Gardener (4) and Pride & Prejudice (4). Of the five nominees, only one of them had a budget over $14 million (Spielberg's Munich at $70 million), and three of them were budgeted at about $7 million. The combined gross of all five nominees was a very low $187 million, and none of the films grossed more than $53 million at the box-office at the time of the nomination's announcements in late January.
When the final tally of Oscars was determined, the awards were sparsely divided among all the major film nominees. For the first time in 49 years (since 1956) and only the third time in Oscar's 78-year history (it also occurred in 1952), six different films split the top six Oscars (Best Picture, Director, Actor, Actress, Supporting Actor, and Supporting Actress).
The Best Picture winner was a major upset sleeper film - Crash (with 6 nominations and three wins, also for Best Film Editing and director Paul Haggis' Best Original Screenplay) - it was an ensemble film about racism involving whites, blacks, Latinos, Koreans, and Iranians that was centered around a killing in Los Angeles which might have been racially motivated. For two consecutive years, therefore, the Best Picture winner was set in Los Angeles (the previous year's winner was Million Dollar Baby (2004)). [Some noted its aggressive studio campaign that sent pre-release DVDs of the film to nearly every person involved in the motion picture industry -- possibly a new trend in future marketing campaigns. Reportedly, Lions Gate Films spent $4 million promoting a film that cost only about $6.5 million to make.]
Crash was an anomaly winner for many reasons:
it was originally released in 2004, but did not qualify for the 2004 Academy Awards because it did not play at least one week in L.A.; when it officially opened in L.A. in May of 2005, it then qualified for Oscars consideration
it marked the first time a film-festival acquisition (after its premiere at the September 2004 Toronto Film Festival) won Best Picture
at the time of this win, it was no longer playing in theaters (but was available on DVD); short-term memory (sometimes a factor) may have been the reason it was overlooked in the pre-Oscar awards season
it won the fewest Oscars for a Best Picture winner since Rocky (1976) (both won 3 Oscars)
it had only six nominations (the front-runner Brokeback Mountain had 8) - only four times in the past twenty-five years has the Best Picture winner not also been the film with the most nominations
it didn't win any acting awards
it didn't win Best Director also
it was an independent film made on a budget of $6.5 million; it was bankrolled by Bob Yari, another real estate developer turned film producer
it had the lowest Best Picture theatrical gross total ($53.4 million) since Best Picture-winning The Last Emperor (1987) (at $44 million), while favored nominee Brokeback Mountain had over twice the box-office results at $120 million worldwide (the highest grossing film of the five nominees)
it won the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) ensemble award, the Chicago Critics award (due to strong endorsements by Roger Ebert), and an Image Award - and not much else before the Oscars ceremony
it wasn't even nominated for Best Picture by the Golden Globes - (a nomination that has occurred in 18 of the previous 22 years for Best Picture winners); only once, in 1973, did a film that wasn't nominated for the Golden Globe's Best Picture go on to win the Academy Award (that movie was The Sting (1973), and it wasn't nominated because of a mix-up at the Golden Globes over category confusion (drama vs. comedy))
it was poorly received by most critics and ratings before the Oscars ceremony: its "metacritic" score (69) was the lowest among the Best Picture nominees: Capote (88), Brokeback Mountain (87), Good Night, and Good Luck (80), and Munich (74)
critical rankings for films of the year in both Premiere Magazine's and Entertainment Weekly's polling showed it to be way behind the front-runner, Brokeback Mountain
it told a personal story with an ensemble cast about a divisive social issue
it marked the first time that a film (Brokeback Mountain) that had won the Writer's Guild, Director's Guild, and Producer's Guild awards, did not go on to win the Academy Award for Best Picture - some argued that homophobia was mostly to blame
The other four nominees for Best Picture were:
Brokeback Mountain (with 8 nominations and three wins for Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Original Score), a melodrama about two young cowboys who had an unexpected tryst while shepherding in 1963, and how it affected their married lives in the following three decades; the most honored movie in cinematic history (it had more Best Picture and Director wins than previous Oscar winners Schindler's List (1993) and Titanic (1997) combined), it was the critical darling of the media and the expected favorite to win [If it had won the top award, it would have been the first predominately gay-themed film to accomplish that feat]; the film was adapted from an eleven-page 1997 short story by E. Annie Proulx originally published in The New Yorker Magazine
Capote (with 6 nominations, and only one win for Best Actor), was a biopic about gay author Truman Capote's journalistic relationship with troubled serial killer Perry Smith while researching his 1966 'non-fiction' book In Cold Blood (later made into the noted film starring Robert Blake), and how the situation ruined his mental health, leading to an early death at the age of 59
Good Night, and Good Luck (with 6 nominations and no wins), was a B/W biopic about legendary radio and CBS television news reporter Edward R. Murrow, focusing on his challenging attack in the mid 50s on red-baiting Senator Joseph R. McCarthy and McCarthyism; historical politician McCarthy "played" himself in archival footage, rather than being portrayed by an actor; nominated director George Clooney was also nominated for his Best Original Screenplay; it was the first completely black-and-white film to be nominated for Best Picture since The Elephant Man (1980)
Munich (with 5 nominations and no wins), was Steven Spielberg's box-office failure - a political thriller/morality play 'inspired by real events' -- that followed the 1972 massacre of Israeli athletes at the Olympic Games in Munich, involving a secret Israeli squad assigned by prime minister Golda Meir to kill those who perpetrated the attack; this was the only film among the top nominees that was 100% underwritten by a major studio (Universal)
Other notable multiple award winners/nominees were:
Chicago (2002) director Rob Marshall's overblown and over-hyped Memoirs of a Geisha (with 6 (mostly technical) nominations including three wins for Best Cinematography, Best Costume Design and Best Art Direction/Set Decoration)
the conventional musical biopic Walk the Line (with 5 nominations and only one win for Best Actress) from director James Mangold based on Johnny Cash's own books Man in Black and Cash: The Autobiography
Traffic (2000) screenwriter Stephen Gaghan's similarly-convoluted Syriana (with a win for Best Supporting Actor for George Clooney and a nomination for Best Original Screenplay), which focused on oil companies' effects on geopolitics
All five of the Best Picture-nominated directors were nominated for Best Director - the first occurrence in 24 years! This was very rare and happened only three other times in Oscar history: 1957, 1964, and 1981. [Note: Of the five nominees, only Steven Spielberg has been a beneficiary both times - in 1981, Spielberg's Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) was nominated in both categories.]
The Best Director winner was veteran director Ang Lee for Brokeback Mountain (he was previously nominated for directing and producing the foreign-language film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) - the best Foreign Language Film winner!). He was notable for being the first Asian (or non-white) filmmaker to win the top film-making honor. The only other nominated veteran director was six-time Best Director-nominated and two-time Best Director winner Steven Spielberg, for Munich -- (previously winning three Oscars: Best Director for Best Picture-winning Schindler's List (1993) and Best Director for Saving Private Ryan (1998)). Spielberg was also nominated for producing Munich.
Two other Best Director nominees, both first-timers, also attained milestones in Oscar history:
actor/director George Clooney was nominated for Good Night, and Good Luck (his second feature film)
[Note: With two of his three nominations this year, the first nominations in his career, George Clooney was the first to receive directing and acting nominations for two different films in the same year. He didn't win any awards for Good Night, and Good Luck, however]
Canadian director/writer/producer Paul Haggis was nominated for his directorial debut film Crash (he received his 2nd-4th career nominations, for Best Original Screenplay, Best Picture (Producer), and Best Director for the film)
[Note: With his two Academy Awards Oscars, for Best Original Screenplay and Best Picture, he became the first person to have written two consecutive Best Pictures (he wrote the screenplay for last year's Million Dollar Baby (2004))]
The fifth Best Director nominee was Bennett Miller (with his first nomination) for his first narrative feature film Capote.
Special mention should be made of the fact that Woody Allen earned his 14th career writing nomination (all for Best Original Screenplay) for Match Point - it was his 21st career nomination. He has won the Best Original Screenplay Oscar twice, for Annie Hall (1977) and Hannah and Her Sisters (1986), the only Allen films nominated for Best Picture, and he won the Best Director Oscar for Annie Hall (1977) . The next closest nominee remained Billy Wilder, with 12 career writing nominations and 3 career writing wins.
For the first time in the short history of the Best Animated Feature Film category, none of the three nominees were CGI films, although that could be accounted for since Pixar (winner of last year's award for The Incredibles (2004)) took the year off. All three were only moderately successful, scarcely making $100 million in total. The winner was: Aardman Animation's second feature-length 'claymation' and first feature-length Wallace and Gromit film from co-directors Nick Park and Steve Box (with this being his third Oscar win) - Wallace & Gromit in The Curse of the Were-Rabbit, about eccentric, cheese-loving inventor Wallace (voice of Peter Sallis) and his faithful mute dog assistant Gromit. This was the first stop-motion/'claymation' film to win the Best Animated Feature award.
[Nick Park's prior Wallace and Gromit short films, A Grand Day Out (1989), The Wrong Trousers (1993), and A Close Shave (1995) were all nominated for Best Animated Short Oscars, with the latter two winning, and the former losing to another of Park's nominated short films Creature Comforts (1989) - giving him his first Oscar. This Oscar, his fourth, maintained Park's streak of winning every category he'd been nominated for.]
The other nominees in the Best Animated Feature Film category were:
famed anime director Hayao Miyazaki's traditionally cel-animated Howl's Moving Castle (aka Hauru no ugoku shiro), about a young girl who was transformed by a jealous witch into an old woman, and fell in love with a brash young sorceror [Note: In the second year of this category, Miyazaki won the Best Animated Feature Film Academy Award in 2002 for his enchanting fantasy Spirited Away (2001, Jp.)]
producer/director Tim Burton's macabre stop-motion animated Tim Burton's Corpse Bride about a shy, bumbling groom-to-be Victor (voice of Johnny Depp) who accidentally married a recently dead, wedding dress-wearing woman (voice of Helena Bonham Carter) [Note: Unbelievably, this was the first Oscar nomination for the long-neglected producer/director Tim Burton, who was overlooked for Best Director for such films as Pee-Wee's Big Adventure (1985), Batman (1989) , Edward Scissorhands (1990), Ed Wood (1994), Sleepy Hollow (1999) and Big Fish (2003)]
The Best Documentary Feature category featured among its five nominees three strong contenders, with the winner: Luc Jacquet's absorbing March of the Penguins - the highest-grossing nature documentary to date (at $77.4 million), about the mating rituals and breeding cycle of flightless Emperor penguins in Antarctica. March of the Penguins was the first nature documentary to win Best Documentary Feature since The Hellstrom Chronicle (1971). The other nominees included:
a polished, well-researched, and spellbinding Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room about the rise and scandalous bankruptcy-fall of the 7th largest company in the US - Enron, a major energy company in Texas
the disturbing, cautionary nature film Darwin's Nightmare about a socio-economic disaster - how a single invasive species of alien fish (the Nile perch or Lates niloticus), introduced 40-50 years ago, has had a devastating ecological effect upon a thriving Tanzanian biosystem, Lake Victoria - coexisting with the people's famine and poverty
All four winners in the acting categories were first-time nominees - marking the first time this has happened since 1961 (Maximilian Schell, Sophia Loren, George Chakiris, Rita Moreno). In fact, 14 of the twenty nominees were first-timers, the highest number in nine years! (Four of the six remaining veterans had won one Oscar: William Hurt in 1985, Frances McDormand in 1996, Judi Dench in 1998, and Charlize Theron in 2003. Joaquin Phoenix and Catherine Keener had never won.) The average age of this year's nominees, at the time of the announcement of nominations, was 38, younger when compared to the average of 41 in 2004. Nine of the 20 acting nominees were aged 35 or under - four more than last year - while six of them were in their 20s. Four of the nominees: Matt Dillon, David Strathairn, Philip Seymour Hoffman, and George Clooney - finally received nominations after dozens of films and many years in the business.
Three of the five Best Actor nominations were characterizations of real-life persons, and four of the five nominations were also for first-time nominees.
The winner in the Best Actor category was 38 year-old Philip Seymour Hoffman (with his first nomination) as squeaky-voiced, effete, eccentric, mentally-deteriorating, pop icon/biographer Truman Capote in Capote [Hoffman had long been considered a perennial Oscar snub, for worthy unnominated roles in Boogie Nights (1997), Happiness (1998), Flawless (1999), Magnolia (1999), Almost Famous (2000), Punch-Drunk Love (2002), and Cold Mountain (2003).] His strongest competition came for another nominee portraying a gay/bisexual man: 26 year-old Heath Ledger (with his first nomination), as Wyoming ranch hand Ennis Del Mar who experienced an illicit affair with another cowboy in the ill-fated love story of Brokeback Mountain.
The remaining three Best Actor nominees included:
36 year-old Terrence Howard (with his first nomination, and the only nominee of color this year) for his breakout role as DJay, a menacing pimp-turned-rapper in Memphis, in the independently-produced Hustle & Flow (with 2 nominations, including a win for Best Song: "It's Hard Out Here For a Pimp") (Some argued that his performance should have been nominated in the supporting category)
57 year-old David Strathairn (with his first nomination) as crusading, unflappable television and radio reporter Edward R. Murrow in Good Night, and Good Luck [Strathairn had previously never been recognized - and overlooked for his roles in Matewan (1987), Eight Men Out (1988), City of Hope (1991) and L.A. Confidential (1997)]
31 year-old Joaquin Phoenix (with his second nomination, with a previous supporting role nomination for Gladiator (2000)) as black-clad, troubled country singer Johnny Cash in Walk the Line
Three of the five Best Actress nominations were for first-time nominees. The winner in the category was 29 year-old Reese Witherspoon (her first nomination) as June Carter, a country-western singer who toured with and eventually married fellow performer Johnny Cash in Walk the Line. [Note: This marked the fifth time that both Best Actor and Best Actress went to portrayals of real-life persons, and the first time since 1980 (when Robert De Niro won as Jake La Motta in Raging Bull (1980) and Sissy Spacek won for her role as Loretta Lynn in Coal Miner's Daughter (1980)).]
The other Best Actress nominees were:
71 year-old Judi Dench (with her fifth nomination), the most honored acting nominee, as the title character Laura Henderson, a war-time widow who transformed a run-down theater into a flashy nude burlesque revue of showgirls, and battled government censorship in WWII in director Stephen Frears' Mrs. Henderson Presents (with two nominations, including Best Costume Design) [Dench had two previous nominations for lead roles in Mrs. Brown (1997) and Iris (2001), and two nominations for supporting roles in Shakespeare in Love (1998) - for which she won - and Chocolat (2000)]
30 year-old Charlize Theron (with her second nomination, after her win for her leading role in Monster (2003)) as single mother miner Josey Aimes (loosely based on Lois Jenson) who successfully sued her mining company for sexual harassment in North Country (with 2 nominations and no wins)
43 year-old Desperate Housewives ABC-TV sitcom star Felicity Huffman (with her first nomination) in a gender-bending role as Bree, a pre-operative transgendered woman (or male-to-female transsexual) (with the given name of Stanley) who discovered (s)he had fathered a surly, drug-abusing 17-year-old gay hustler named Toby (Kevin Zegers) in the low-budget, independent road film Transamerica (with 2 nominations, including Best Song)
20 year-old Keira Knightley (with her first nomination) as eldest daughter Elizabeth Bennet who had an affair with the older, cynical Mr. Darcy (Matthew MacFadyen) in the classic Jane Austen tale of romantic comedy from director Joe Wright, Pride & Prejudice (with 4 nominations and no wins)
The winner in the Best Supporting Actor category was 44 year-0ld George Clooney as over-the-hill CIA agent Bob Barnes, who became a tortured hostage while investigating an oil company conspiracy in Syriana (Clooney also received a Best Director nomination and Best Screenwriting nomination for Good Night, and Good Luck). Clooney was joined by three other first-time nominees:
38 year-old Paul Giamatti, for his performance as underdog James J. Braddock's (Russell Crowe) Depression-era boxing trainer/corner man Joe Gould in Cinderella Man (with 3 nominations). [His nomination followed notable consecutive snubs for his roles in American Splendor (2003) and Sideways (2004) in the previous two years]
41 year-old Matt Dillon, as racist Officer Ryan, who sexually assaulted a black woman (Thandie Newton) in front of her husband (Terrence Howard) during a pat-down in Crash
25 year-old Jake Gyllenhaal, as bisexual, free-spirited married cowboy Jack Twist in Brokeback Mountain (a supporting nominee despite his lead role in the film, some argued)
The remaining Best Supporting Actor nominee was 55 year-old, four-time nominee William Hurt, in a powerfully unsettling, creepy 10-minute role as volatile mobster Richie Cusack in A History of Violence (with 2 nominations, including Best Screenplay Adaptation). [Hurt's prior three nominations were all for lead roles, including a win for Kiss of the Spider Woman (1985), and nominations for Children of a Lesser God (1986) and Broadcast News (1987).]
The winner in the Best Supporting Actress category was 34 year-old Rachel Weisz (with her first Oscar nomination and win) as Tessa, the murdered wife of foreign diplomat Justin Quayle (Ralph Fiennes), whose activism against a corrupt pharmaceutical company in a poor Third World African country contributed to her death, in Brazilian director Fernando Meirelles' drama The Constant Gardener (with 4 nominations). The other nominees in the Best Supporting Actress category were:
26 year-old Amy Adams (with her first nomination), as the free-spirited, pregnant North Carolinian high-schooler Ashley, who became dazzled by her sophisticated and worldly new sister-in-law, in director Phil Morrison's low-budget independent film Junebug (the film's sole nomination)
25 year-old Michelle Williams (with her first nomination) as Alma, an understanding young wife who becomes lost and lonely after learning of her Wyoming ranch hand/husband Ennis' (real-life boyfriend Heath Ledger) affair with another cowboy, in Brokeback Mountain
45 year-old Catherine Keener (with her second nomination, after her similar nod for Being John Malkovich (1999)) as To Kill a Mockingbird author Nelle Harper Lee, Truman Capote's childhood friend and confidant, in Capote
48 year-old Frances McDormand (with her fourth career nomination) as Glory - another sexually-harassed coal miner (stricken with Lou Gehrig's disease) in North Country [she was previously nominated twice in a supporting role for Mississippi Burning (1988) and Almost Famous (2000), and won her sole lead nomination for Fargo (1996) ].
Robert Altman received a Lifetime Achievement Oscar for his contributions to motion picture history. His most obvious innovations including the use of multiple storylines and characters, overlapping dialogue, and improvised original performances from large ensemble casts. The iconoclastic 81 year-old writer/director/producer and seven-time Academy Award nominee never won a competitive Oscar. He received five directorial nominations for: the anarchic M*A*S*H (1970) (with five nominations and one win for Best Adapted Screenplay), Nashville (1975) (with five nominations and one win for Best Song), The Player (1992) (with three nominations and no wins), Short Cuts (1993) (with one nomination), and Gosford Park (2001) (with seven nominations and one win for Best Original Screenplay). He also directed such films as the acclaimed McCabe & Mrs. Miller (1971), The Long Goodbye (1973) with Elliott Gould as Philip Marlowe, California Split (1974), 3 Women (1977), Popeye (1980), Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean (1982), Vincent & Theo (1990), Prêt-à-Porter/Ready to Wear (1994), Kansas City (1996), and Dr. T and the Women (2000). He passed away less than a year after receiving the Honorary Oscar, during the same year in which his final film was released, A Prairie Home Companion (2006).
This year, composer John Williams earned his incredible 44th and 45th Oscar nominations for Best Original Score for Memoirs of a Geisha and Munich. (He has a total of 40 nominations for Best Score, and five nominations for Best Original Song.) It was also the eighth time he'd been nominated twice in a single category (also in 1972, 1977, 1982, 1984, 1987, 1989, and 2001). He had "only" previously won four Best Original Score Oscars for Jaws (1975) , Star Wars (1977) , E.T.: The Extraterrestrial (1982) , and Schindler's List (1993) , and one Best Scoring: Adaptation and Original Song Score Oscar for Fiddler on the Roof (1971).
Gary Demos received the honorary Gordon E. Sawyer Award for his pioneering CGI work in such films as TRON (1982) and The Last Starfighter (1984). He had won three technical awards in 1984, 1994 and 1995 for his revolutionary work in film.
Oscar Snubs and Omissions:
Contrary to form, George Lucas' sixth and final installment of his galactic epics, that made more than $380 million at the box-office, Star Wars: Episode III - Revenge of the Sith (with only 1 nomination, Best Makeup) did not receive an Oscar nomination for Best Visual Effects. All five previous movies either were recognized in the category or received a Special Achievement Award for the work of his own high-tech company, Industrial Light & Magic (ILM).
The biggest omissions of the year overlooked two legendary auteurs:
Woody Allen had two 2005 releases that were almost completely overlooked, including two major Best Actress snubs:
(1) Melinda and Melinda (no nominations), featured Radha Mitchell's dual-role as Melinda in two parallel stories (one tragic, one comedic), as well as Will Ferrell's role in the comic story as Hobie, a married man obsessed with Melinda, and two actors in the tragic story: Chiwetel Ejiofor as Ellis Moonsong, a jazz musician who dumped Melinda for one of her best friends and Brooke Smith as Cassie, Melinda's straightforward, realistic friend.
(2) Match Point (1 nomination only, for Allen's screenplay), the December-released absorbing erotic thriller, with Scarlett Johansson snubbed as femme fatale American actress Nola Rice, as well as Jonathan Rhys-Meyers as Irish tennis pro Chris Wilson, involved in a destructive, tragic affair with Nola; also with Emily Mortimer's supporting role as Chris' naive upper-class wife Chloe Hewett
Ingmar Bergman's Saraband (no nominations), a sequel to his classic character study Scenes From a Marriage (1973) with Liv Ullman and Erland Josephson, with snubs for Best Picture, Best Director (Bergman), Best Original Screenplay (Bergman), and the returning leads from the first film portraying ex-spouses who met again after 30 years
Other films that failed to earn a Best Picture and/or a Best Director nomination included:
Rob Marshall's melodramatic Memoirs of a Geisha (with 6 nominations and three wins for Best Art Direction, Best Costume Design, and Best Cinematography), adapted from Arthur Golden's best-selling faux-autobiography
James Mangold's autobiographical musical drama Walk The Line (with 5 nominations including two major nominations for its lead performers, and only one win for Best Actress)
Joe Wright's polished adaptation of Jane Austen's Pride & Prejudice (with 4 nominations, including Best Actress, Best Original Score, Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design and no wins)
Peter Jackson's King Kong (with 4 technical nominations and three wins), a monumental remake of the original classic adventure film King Kong (1933)
Brazilian director Fernando Meirelles' political thriller The Constant Gardener (with 4 nominations, and one win for Best Supporting Actress)
Ron Howard's inspirational boxing story Cinderella Man (with 3 nominations and no wins)
Craig Brewer's Hustle & Flow (with 2 nominations and one win for Best Original Song)
David Cronenberg's incisive A History of Violence (with 2 nominations and no wins)
Terrence Malick's sprawling historical epic The New World (with only 1 nomination, for Best Cinematography)
Sam Mendes' even-handed Gulf War movie Jarhead (with no nominations), similar in structure to Stanley Kubrick's Full Metal Jacket (1987)
Danish director Lars von Trier's Manderlay, his follow-up film to his own Dogville (2003)
Ridley Scott's historical epic Kingdom of Heaven (with no nominations), set during the Crusades
David Dobkin's block-buster R-rated comedy Wedding Crashers (with no nominations)
Acting Omissions:
Russell Crowe lacked a Best Actor nomination for his role as lower-class, come-back heavyweight boxing champion James J. Braddock in Cinderella Man
Ralph Fiennes, likewise, was overlooked for his performance as soft-spoken British diplomat Justin Quayle, who investigated his wife's secret past in The Constant Gardener
Taraji P. Henson lacked a supporting nomination as one of DJay's prostitutes, Shug, in Hustle & Flow
Donald Sutherland has often been snubbed by Oscar - this time for his supporting role as family patriarch Mr. Bennett in Pride & Prejudice
Nicolas Cage was denied nominations for roles as self-doubting arms dealer Yuri Orlov in Lord of War (with no nominations), and as conflicted meteorologist David Spritz in Gore Verbinski's The Weather Man (with no nominations)
Catherine Keener, nominated for Capote, could also have been nominated for her supporting role as Trish, a mall shop owner and the love interest of the titular character in the gross-out comedy The 40 Year Old Virgin (with no nominations)
Brokeback Mountain's Heath Ledger could have been nominated for his supporting role as substance abusing, self-destructive skateboarder Skip Engblom in Lords of Dogtown (with no nominations), based on Stacy Peralta's autobiographical documentary Dogtown and Z-Boys (2001)), while co-star Jake Gyllenhaal could have been nominated for his lead role as Marine sniper Anthony Swofford in Jarhead
Anne Hathaway was overlooked as rodeo queen Lureen Newsome, wife of Jake Gyllenhaal's sexually-confused Jack, in Brokeback Mountain
George Clooney, nominated and winning for his supporting role in Syriana, should have been nominated for his role as Murrow's supportive producer Fred Friendly in Good Night, and Good Luck; and Frank Langella was neglected for his role as concerned CBS founder William Paley
Ed Harris went unnominated for his chilling, villainous role as mobster Carl Fogarty in A History of Violence, as was Maria Bello as lawyer wife Edie Stall
Other worthy performances included:
Johnny Depp as the famed, mischievous chocolatier Willy Wonka in Tim Burton's remake Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (with 1 nomination for Best Costume Design)
Orlando Bloom as Balian, a widower knight during the Crusades, in Kingdom of Heaven
Claire Danes as the titular character Mirabelle in Shopgirl (with no nominations)
Naomi Watts as "the Beauty" Ann Darrow in Peter Jackson's remake of King Kong
Tilda Swinton as the frosty villainess White Witch in The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
Q'orianka Kilcher in her breakthrough debut film (15 years old) as the young teenaged Pocahontas in The New World
Cillian Murphy as two creepy villains: Dr. Jonathan Crane/The Scarecrow in Batman Begins (with 1 nomination for Best Cinematography), and as a devilish assassin, ominously named Jackson Rippner in Wes Craven's suspense thriller Red Eye (with no nominations); also Rachel McAdams as his seatmate victim Lisa Reisert
Presley Chweneyagae as the titular protagonist who takes care of the 3 month-old child of his carjacking victim in the widely acclaimed Best Foreign Language film winner from South Africa, Tsotsi
Chiwetel Ejiofor in a breakout role (Golden Globe Best Actor-nominated) as drag queen Lola in Kinky Boots
Documentary and Best Animated Feature Film Omissions from Nominees:
the ribald, profanity-rich documentary The Aristocrats, featuring dozens of famous stand-up comedians refashioning the world's dirtiest joke about a family circus act (the similar punchline always being: "What do you call yourselves?" "The Aristocrats"); also the first NC-17 rated studio release documentary Inside Deep Throat, about the making of the infamous hard-core adult film Deep Throat (1972), starring Linda Lovelace
Hoodwinked, a hip, manic and clever Rashomon (1950)-inspired (by Akira Kurosawa) CGI-animated satire of the fairy tale Little Red Riding Hood; other worthy CGI films included: PDI/DreamWorks' Madagascar, Blue Sky/20th Century Fox's Robots, and Disney's first in-house fully-CGI film Chicken Little
| Munich |
Which Oscar winner played the title role in the 1964 Hollywood film 'The Pawnbroker'? | DreamWorks Pictures
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Our History
DreamWorks Pictures is a production label of Amblin Partners. Amblin Partners is a content creation company formed by the former DreamWorks Studios, Participant Media, Reliance Entertainment and Entertainment One (eOne).
DreamWorks Pictures was originally founded as DreamWorks Studios in 1994 by Spielberg, Jeffrey Katzenberg, and David Geffen. One of the studio’s first forays into the entertainment marketplace was the long-running sitcom “Spin City.” Under the direction of Walter Parkes and Laurie MacDonald (1994-2005), the co-heads of the motion picture division, DreamWorks released its first feature film in September 1997—the action thriller "The Peacemaker," starring George Clooney and Nicole Kidman. This was followed by Spielberg's first film for the studio, "Amistad," which was nominated for four Academy Awards™, including Anthony Hopkins for Best Supporting Actor. Spielberg also received his eighth Directors Guild of America (DGA) nomination for “Amistad.”
In 1998, DreamWorks released Spielberg’s critically acclaimed World War II drama, “Saving Private Ryan,” as well as its first two animated features, “Antz” and “The Prince of Egypt.” “Saving Private Ryan,” which was a co-production with Paramount, was the highest grossing release (domestically) of the year, and was nominated for 11 Academy Awards, of which it won five, including Best Director for Spielberg. He was also honored with the DGA’s award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Feature Film.
In 1999, DreamWorks released the Academy Award winning “American Beauty,” starring Kevin Spacey and Annette Bening and directed by first-time director Sam Mendes. The following year, the studio released “Gladiator” (a co-production with Universal Studios), which won that year’s Oscar for Best Picture, “Almost Famous” (a co-production with Sony), “Meet the Parents” (a co-production with Universal), “The Contender” and “Castaway” (a co-production with 20th Century Fox). At the box office, DreamWorks’ releases in 2000 totaled over $2 billion worldwide.
In 2001, DreamWorks and Universal Pictures produced the Academy-Award winning film, “A Beautiful Mind.” That same year, Steven Spielberg and Tom Hanks partnered to executive produce the landmark HBO miniseries, “Band of Brothers.” DreamWorks’ other releases for 2001 included the debut of everyone’s favorite ogre, “Shrek,” and Spielberg’s “A.I.: Artificial Intelligence” (a co-production with Warner Bros.). “Shrek,” which featured the voice talents of Mike Myers, Cameron Diaz, and Eddie Murphy, won the first ever Best Animated Feature Film Oscar®.
In 2002, the studio released “Minority Report,” a co-production with 20th Century Fox, starring Tom Cruise and directed by Spielberg, “Road to Perdition,” starring Tom Hanks, Paul Newman, Jude Law, and Daniel Craig and directed by Sam Mendes, “The Ring,” a remake of the Japanese horror film “Ringu,” and Spielberg’s second film of 2002, “Catch Me If You Can,” starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hanks. Over the next few years, the studio continued to produce a slate of successful films including 2003’s “Old School,” “House of Sand and Fog,” and “Seabiscuit” (a co-production with Universal,” as well as 2004’s “Anchorman” “Collateral,” and popular sequels like “Meet the Fockers” and “Shrek 2.”
In the Fall of 2004, the animation division of the studio was spun-off into a publicly traded company named DreamWorks Animation (DWA). DreamWorks founder Jeffrey Katzenberg moved with DWA becoming its CEO. Now a separate company, DWA solely produces animated feature films and television programs.
With Katzenberg overseeing the new DWA, David Geffen and Steven Spielberg focused on the live-action arm of DreamWorks Studios. In 2005, Spielberg released two films—the successful remake of the H.G. Wells classic “War of the Worlds,” starring Tom Cruise, and the historical drama, “Munich,” starring Eric Bana.
In January 2006, the company was sold to the Viacom owned studio, Paramount Pictures. DreamWorks had developed and produced “Dreamgirls,” as well as the Clint Eastwood-directed World War II films “Flags of Our Fathers” and “Letters From Iwo Jima” (both co-productions with Warner Bros.), which Paramount distributed within the first year of acquiring the studio. “Dreamgirls” earned eight Oscar® nominations, including a win for Best Supporting Actress for Jennifer Hudson, “Flags of Our Fathers” earned two nominations, and “Letters From Iwo Jima” collected four, including Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Original Screenplay. A few months after Paramount’s purchase of DreamWorks, Stacey Snider joined the team of Geffen and Spielberg. Snider had been Chairman at Universal Studios where she experienced remarkable success with a consistent output of films that were both domestic and international box-office hits, while garnering wide critical praise.
Snider’s arrival as DreamWorks’ CEO and Co-Chair began a notable run for the new company. Its first four releases of 2007 all debuted in the #1 spot at the box office and each earned over $100 million worldwide. The four films included the Eddie Murphy comedy “Norbit,” “Blades of Glory” starring Will Ferrell, “Disturbia,” starring Shia LaBeouf, and the Michael Bay directed “Transformers,” which alone grossed over $700 million worldwide. The studio finished out the year with the critically acclaimed films “The Kite Runner,” based on the beloved novel by Khaled Hosseini, and “Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street,” starring Johnny Depp and directed by Tim Burton. “Sweeney Todd” won the Golden Globe for Best Motion Picture, Musical or Comedy and Depp won for Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture, Musical or Comedy, as well as earning an Oscar® nomination for Best Actor for playing the titular role.
The following year, DreamWorks released the comedy “Tropic Thunder,” directed by and starring Ben Stiller, along with Robert Downey, Jr., Jack Black, Jay Baruchel, Brandon T. Jackson, Nick Nolte, and an unforgettable cameo with Tom Cruise. Robert Downey, Jr.’s bravura portrayal as an Australian actor playing an African American in the Vietnam movie-within-a-movie, earned him accolades across the board including Best Supporting Actor nominations for the Academy Awards™, the Broadcast Film Critics, the Golden Globes, and the Screen Actors Guild. 2008 was capped off with director Sam Mendes’ third film for DreamWorks, “Revolutionary Road.” Based on the 1961 novel by Richard Yates, the film reunited Kate Winslet and Leonard DiCaprio on the screen for the first time since “Titanic.” “Revolutionary Road” was a critic favorite and Winslet won the Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture, Drama for her role as April Wheeler.
At the end of 2008, Geffen departed the company, while Spielberg and Snider charted a path for their new partnership. With Geffen’s assistance, the two found a financial partner in Anil Ambani, chairman of The Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group. After a year of deal making, DreamWorks secured $325 million from Reliance, which was matched by a consortium of investment banks.
In 2009, Paramount released the remainder of the films produced by DreamWorks. Those releases included the Paul Rudd and Jason Segal starrer “I Love You, Man,” the blockbuster “Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen,” the box office phenomenon “Paranormal Activity,” the critically acclaimed “Up in the Air” starring George Clooney and directed by Jason Reitman, and the Peter Jackson directed film adaptation of Alice Sebold’s best-seller “The Lovely Bones” and the romantic comedy “She’s Out Of My League.”
The debut of DreamWorks Television’s show, “The United States of Tara,” came in January 2009. Starring Toni Collette and John Corbett, the Showtime series was created by Academy Award™ winner Diablo Cody and is based on an idea by Steven Spielberg, who was also an executive producer. Collette won both the Emmy and Golden Globe for Best Lead Actress in a Comedy for her role as a mother struggling with multiple personalities (dissociative identity disorder (DID)).
In 2010, Spielberg and Tom Hanks re-teamed for DreamWorks’ next television project, “The Pacific.” An unofficial companion piece to their “Band of Brothers,” “The Pacific” follows the United States Marine Corps' actions in the Pacific Theater of Operations during World War II. The 10-part DreamWorks Television and Playtone series debuted on HBO on March 14, 2010 and went on to win an Emmy for Best Miniseries.
The first films released under the new partnership with Reliance included 2010’s “Dinner For Schmucks,” (a co-production with Paramount and Spyglass Entertainment), starring Paul Rudd and Steve Carell, and directed by Jay Roach. Releases in 2011 included “I Am Number Four,” “Cowboys & Aliens” (a co-production with Universal), starring Daniel Craig and Harrison Ford, “Fright Night,” and “Real Steel,” starring Hugh Jackman and directed by Shawn Levy. Also released in 2011 was Steven Spielberg’s "War Horse," based on Michael Morpurgo’s award-winning book and was nominated for six Academy Awards® including Best Picture, and "The Help," which resonated with audiences around the country and earned over $200 million at the box office and received four Academy Award® nominations with Octavia Spencer winning for Best Supporting Actress.
In 2012, the studio released “People Like Us” and Spielberg's "Lincoln," starring Daniel Day-Lewis, Sally Field and Tommy Lee Jones. The film grossed over $250 million at the worldwide box office and was nominated for twelve Academy Awards® with Daniel Day-Lewis winning for Best Actor.
Releases for 2013 included the Wikileaks drama “The Fifth Estate,” starring Benedict Cumberbatch as Julian Assange, as well as Daniel Brühl, Laura Linney, Anthony Mackie, David Thewlis, Peter Capaldi, Dan Stevens, Alicia Vikander and Carice van Houten and the comedy “Delivery Man,” starring Vince Vaughn, Chris Pratt and Cobie Smulders.
For 2014, the studio had the car racing actioner “Need for Speed” based on the popular EA video game series and starring Aaron Paul, Dominic Cooper, Imogen Poots and Michael Keaton, as well as the drama "The Hundred-Foot Journey" starring Helen Mirren and directed by Lasse Hallstrom. In September of 2014 DreamWorks Studios announced that Michael Wright would be joining the company as Chief Executive Officer. As CEO, Wright oversees the creative and financial aspects of all film development and production. Prior to joining DreamWorks, Wright was president, head of programming for TBS, TNT, and Turner Classic Movies (TCM). He was responsible for all original programming for the networks, including original content for their digital extensions. He also oversaw program scheduling for TBS and TNT.
In 2015, the company released “Bridge of Spies” directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Tom Hanks. The Cold War spy thriller opened in U.S. theaters on October 16, 2015.
The first film to be released under the new DreamWorks Pictures banner will be “The Girl on the Train” based on The New York Times best-selling novel by Paula Hawkins. The film is scheduled for release in U.S. theaters on October 7, 2016.
| i don't know |
He died in 1965, who has a statue in Dockwray Square, North Shields (erected in 1989)? | Newcastle upon Tyne and Northumberland Daily Photo: Stan Laurel
Newcastle upon Tyne and Northumberland Daily Photo
mainly photos from around Newcastle upon Tyne and Northumberland, but not quite daily any more.
Saturday, 13 March 2010
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Stan Laurel was born Arthur Stanley Jefferson on the 16th June 1890. He grew up in Bishop Auckland, County Durham where his father was a theatre manager; he later attended Kings School, Tynemouth. He lived in Dockwray Square, North Shields, from 1897 to 1902 where this statue was erected in 1989 . He was to become one half of the famous Hollywood comedy duo, Laurel and Hardy. He died on 23 February 1965 aged 74.
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This brought back fond memories of watching Laurel and Hardy with my dad when I was a kid, thank you. It's a sweet and loving tribute to a man who brought so much laughter to the world.
Love the beautiful yellow and blue colors in your photo too!
| Stan Laurel |
Which order in the class Insecta includes the butterflies, skippers, and moths? | Stan Laurel blue plaque in North Shields | Blue Plaque Places
Stan Laurel blue plaque in North Shields
Stan Laurel blue plaque in North Shields
Stan Laurel. Born Arthur Stanley Jefferson in Ulverston, Cumbria on 16th June 1890, the "thin one" of the world famous Hollywood comedy team of Laurel and Hardy lived at No 8 Dockwray Square between 1897-1901. He died in Santa Monica, California, on 23rd February 1965, aged 74 years
Erected: 1 January 1990
Subject Commemorated: Stan Laurel
Arthur Stanley Jefferson (born 16 June 1890 – 23 February 1965), better known by his stage name Stanley "Stan" Laurel was an English comic actor, writer and film director, most famous as Laurel of Laurel and Hardy–Hardy being Oliver Hardy. Laurel began his career in the British music hall, from where he took a number of his standard comic devices: the bowler hat, the deep comic gravity, and the nonsensical understatement. He was a member of "Fred Karno's Army," where he was Charlie Chaplin's understudy. The two arrived in the US on the same ship from Britain with the Karno troupe. Laurel went into films in the United States, with his acting career stretching between 1917 and 1951, and from "silents" to "talkies." It included a starring role in the film The Music Box (1932), which won an Academy Award.In 1961, Laurel was given a Lifetime Achievement Academy Award for his pioneering work in comedy. He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7021 Hollywood Blvd. In a 2005 UK poll to find The Comedians' Comedian, Laurel and Hardy ranked top among best double acts and seventh overall. In 2009, a bronze statue of the duo was unveiled in Laurel's hometown of Ulverston, Cumbria.
| i don't know |
Broccoli belongs to which family of plants? | Diseases and Insects
Broccoli is a cool-weather vegetable that can easily be grown in the garden in early spring or fall. Broccoli belongs to the Brassica family. Research shows that plants from this family are extremely healthy to consume and have the potential to reduce certain types of cancer.
Starting the Plants from Seeds
For a late spring harvest, start seeds indoors or in a cold frame or greenhouse at the beginning of February. Seedlings should be hardened off before planting them in March by leaving them outside for a few hours every day. After three days, plants can be left overnight. For a fall harvest, start seeds indoors at the end of July. Plant them in the garden by the end of August.
Soil Requirements
Broccoli can grow well in a wide range of soils but does best in heavily organic- amended, well-drained areas. Broccoli grows best in soils with a pH between 6.0 and 6.8. Clay soils, like those in Georgia, should definitely receive the addition of some topsoil, compost or manures in order to increase drainage and available nutrients. A soil test should be completed to accurately determine soil pH and increase the chances of planting success.
Planting
Find a garden location that will have at least six to eight hours of sun per day for optimum plant growth. Till the bed to a depth of 8 to 10 inches and remove any sticks and stones. In the absence of a soil test, incorporate 3 to 4 pounds of 5-10-10 fertilizer per 100 square feet of the garden area. Smooth the soil with a rake and plant the seedlings 18 to 20 inches apart.
Irrigation, Fertilization and Weed Control
Broccoli requires proper irrigation to achieve optimum growth. Water plants daily for the first week to get the crop established. Continue to irrigate broccoli every four to five days, as needed, to keep the plants healthy.
Broccoli is a fairly heavy feeder and will require additional nutrients. After initial fertilization at planting, apply 2 pounds of 5-10-15 fertilizer or equivalent per 100 square feet of bed each month during the growing season. Mulch broccoli with pine straw or leaves to keep weeds away and to preserve moisture in the soil.
Variety Selections
There are many varieties to try, including: Marathon, Packman, Patriot, Premium Crop, Bravo and Decathion.
Harvest
Harvest the heads when the florets around the edges of the head start to loosen a bit but the center of the head is still tight and green. Removing the heads when they are younger and 6 to 8 inches across will help ensure a tastier crop. Cut the stems at an angle to keep water and diseases at bay. After cutting the initial head, broccoli stems will produce smaller secondary heads. Continue to harvest these throughout the growing season.
Cooking and Storage
Cook or steam broccoli or refrigerate the heads soon after harvesting. Broccoli can be frozen by steam-blanching prior to freezing.
Diseases and Insects
The most serious broccoli pest is cabbageworm. Cabbage root maggots can also be a problem. Both diseases and insects can be controlled by using sound cultural garden practices and recommended chemicals when necessary.
Status and Revision History
| Brassica |
Which animal can you find in a shallow depression or flattened, grass nest called a 'form'? | Seed Starting Broccoli – Tips For Saving Seeds From Broccoli Plants
Image by Dan Meineck
By Amy Grant
Growing broccoli from seed may not be anything new, but saving seeds from broccoli plants in the garden may be for some. This is a great way to put those bolted broccoli plants to work since they’re really no good for much else. Keep reading to learn how to save broccoli seeds.
Seed Starting: Broccoli History
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea) belongs to the large family Brassicaceae/Crucifera, which includes other vegetables like Brussels sprouts , kale , collard greens , cauliflower , cabbage and kohlrabi . Broccoli is a cool weather plant originating from Asia Minor and the eastern Mediterranean. This Brassica has been harvested from at least the first century AD, when the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder wrote of his people’s enjoyment of broccoli.
In modern gardens, broccoli took a while to catch on. Eaten in Italy and other Mediterranean areas, the name broccoli means “little sprout” and it was in these Italian neighborhoods of North America that broccoli first made its appearance. While broccoli was grown in the 1800s, it wasn’t until 1923 when it was first shipped from the West that it gained in popularity.
Nowadays, broccoli has been bred to improve its adaptability, quality, and resistance to disease, and can be found in every supermarket. Seed starting broccoli plants have also caught on; the plants are commonly grown in many home gardens today and growing broccoli from seed isn’t too difficult.
Saving Seeds from Broccoli
Broccoli plants can be a bit more difficult than other vegetables when saving seeds. This is because broccoli is a cross-pollinator; it needs other broccoli plants nearby in order to pollinate. As the broccoli plant is so closely related to other members of the mustard family, cross-pollination may occur among other plants of this same species, creating hybrids.
While these hybrids are often purposely created and have been seen in the grocery store of late, not all hybrids lend themselves to a good marrying. Hence, you will no doubt never see a cauli-kale and should probably plant only one type of Brassica if you want to save the seed.
How to Save Broccoli Seeds in the Garden
To save broccoli seeds, first choose broccoli plants that show the traits you wish to carry over into next year’s garden. The unopened flower buds, which in turn will be your seeds, are the area of the broccoli plant that we eat. You may have to sacrifice eating your most delectable head and use it instead for seeds.
Allow this broccoli head to mature and turn from green to yellow as the flowers bloom and then turn into pods. The pods are what contain the seeds. Once the pods are dry on the broccoli plant, remove the plant from the ground and hang to dry for up to 2 weeks.
Remove the dried pods from the broccoli plant and crush them in your hands or with a rolling pin to remove the seeds. Separate the chaff from the broccoli seeds. Broccoli seeds remain viable for five years.
Planting Broccoli Seed
To plant your broccoli seeds, start them indoors six to eight weeks before the last frost in warm, moist soil.
Keep broccoli starts in direct sun to keep them from getting spindly and then transplant at four to six weeks, 12-20 inches apart. Broccoli may also be started directly in the garden after the danger of frost, ½ to ¾ inch deep and 3 inches apart.
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Which festival in the Western Church gave its name to a bay and city of S.W. Texas? | EXPLORATION | The Handbook of Texas Online| Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)
Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)
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EXPLORATION
EXPLORATION. Human exploration of the future Texas began during the Pleistocene, when lower sea levels exposed a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska and Homo sapiens sapiens migrated into what is now North America. The first explorers and perhaps colonizers possibly reached the continent during a convenient interglacial period, perhaps some 24,000 or more years ago. Other theories of Pre-Columbian exploration suggest that mariners from China, Africa, and the Mediterranean may have reached the New World by following favorable ocean currents. Numerous legends support the idea of transoceanic contacts, but the material evidence remains inconclusive. The first known explorers of Texas were the Clovis people of the Paleo-Indian Stage. An unmistakable presence of bone and stone evidence points to human exploratory and colonizing activity in Texas after 11,500 B.P. Clovis stone projectile points have been found in playas and ancient springs in the far north (Blackwater Draw, the Lake Theo Site,qqv Lubbock Lake, and Miami), and in rockshelters and stratigraphic layers in South and Central Texas (Aquarena Springs and the Levi Siteqqv). These points tell us of remarkable hunters and gatherers-men, women, and children whose daily existence was often tied to challenging exploration and later adaptation to a changing climate. For the Clovis and their probable Folsom and Plainview descendants, Pleistocene Texas was an extraordinary environment: full of dangerous species, paleosavannas noisy with game animals, high-quality lithic resources, plentiful rockshelters, and tremendous springlands. Though never numerous, perhaps a thousand or so on the great Llano mesa, the Clovis people explored Texas vigorously from a network of base camps, overlooks, kill sites, quarries, and hunting camps. Although the Paleo-Indians were likely more sedentary and vegetarian than the mammoth hunters of popular imagination, they ranged through and beyond the present state, widely exploited favored environmental niches at the end of the last Ice Age, and diffused flint from distant sources like the renowned Alibates Flint Quarries , the "Paleolithic Pittsburgh" along the Canadian River outcroppings.
From the Clovis people forward the confederacy of peoples and ecosystems now called Texas has experienced most of the possible American discovery process. For 11,000 years or so each arriving human culture-Clovis, Pandale, Pedernales, Perdiz, Tonkawa, Coahuiltecan, Comanche, Spanish, French, English, Scots, Irish, African, and many others-has engaged in a spatial-environmental learning process of continual exploration and reexploration in Texas. The process was certainly vital to Archaic and Pre-Contact hunting and gathering peoples. Hunting, trading, climatic shifts, limited agriculture, transhumance, and sheer curiosity led to Archaic Stage exploration of the region that merged so conveniently the coast and mountain, plain and swamp. But even modern Texans must learn to explore and master a complicated world of satellite-city urbanization, internodal transportation, and ranching and agricultural enterprises. An important change in exploration over the past eleven millennia has been the means and ends of the ancient search. The Clovis Texans walked, hunted game trails, and used ordinary eyesight to open the secrets of a new continent; Texans at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston or the University of Texas McDonald Observatoryqv travel by other means and use advanced technology to open the secrets of the universe.
European discovery and early exploration. Because of its size and strategic location, Europeans encountered Texas early in their exploration of the New World. After the historical conquest, subjugation, and depopulation of the Greater Antilles, the Spanish turned their attention westward, where a new continent awaited. The discoveries of Florida and Mexico left a large gap between these two realms. Perhaps, they thought, this terra incognita also held the fabled Strait of Anian, the reputed open waterway in the New World that led straight to Asia. One of Cortés's rivals, the overextended governor of Jamaica, Francisco de Garay , authorized an expedition in 1519 to explore the unknown country between the Río Pánuco of Mexico and the "island" of Florida. Lt. Alonso Álvarez de Pineda set out with four ships and 270 men to explore the coast of the Gulf of Mexico on behalf of Garay. He sailed to Florida, explored the western coast, and cast serious doubt on the theory that Florida was an island. The ships then turned and navigated along the mainland Gulf Coast from east to west, sailing into the sunset for weeks. Álvarez noted the mighty Mississippi River on June 2, and thereafter reached the low coast and barrier islands of Texas in late June and July of 1519, a land he called Amichel . His journals and other records are lost, but a pilot's chart from the expedition, now in the Archivo General de Indias in Seville, Spain, provided a remarkable outline of the Gulf Coast, including the Texas portion. Indeed, Álvarez de Pineda's expedition discovered that the Gulf Coast was simply part of a vast contiguous mainland. Although there is no evidence that expedition members went ashore in Texas, it is possible that needs for water, fuel, and fresh food may have taken small parties ashore. Another and equally luckless rival of Cortés brought Spanish explorers back to the Texas coast in the fall of 1528. Pánfilo de Narváez 's expedition came to grief in the humid Gulf Coast of Florida, with the men reduced to eating their horses and employing their ingenuity in building a small flotilla of barges. These primitive vessels carried them westward along Álvarez de Pineda's newly discovered mainland coast back to the Spanish settlement at Pánuco.
Posterity is fortunate that the disintegration of the Narváez expedition along the Texas coast was recorded in considerable detail by the incomparable Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca , the greatest of the early discoverers. Cabeza de Vaca was not an explorer in the traditional or scientific sense. He had no specific royal charge, scientific mission, pilots, captains, instruments, writing utensils, or maps available to him in Texas. He was a lucky survivor, a castaway whose storm-tossed barge washed up on San Luis Island , off the west end of Galveston Island , on November 6, 1528. Cabeza de Vaca survived first as an abused captive and then as a small trader, living off the land and among the tribal peoples of the Texas coast. This experience was excellent preparation for exploration of the highest order, precisely because it involved the mental as well as the physical. Hitherto the Spanish had hugged the Texas coast, sending the occasional shore party to land perhaps, but ignoring the interior and its mysterious inhabitants. Now, without any choice in the matter, some eighty Spanish survivors were thrown into Texas from the coast to make their way home. Only "Four Ragged Castaways" managed to do so. For the four-Andrés Dorantes de Carranza, Alonso Castillo Maldonado, Dorantes's African slave Estevanico,qqv and Cabeza de Vaca-daily life and survival involved not only an understanding of the physical and ecological realities of the Texas Gulf Coast, but a good deal of intuitive understanding of the Indians they encountered. Their sudden and miraculous appearance in 1536 near Culiacán on the Pacific coast greatly excited the geographic imagination in New Spain. Such leaders as Melchor Díaz, Francisco Vázquez de Coronado , and the viceroy Antonio de Mendoza personally heard the survivors relate their adventures in the "northern mysteries." There were curiosities, including a buffalo robe, but it was the carefully considered hearsay reports of settlements, cultivated lands, and possible riches to be found deeper in the north that inspired Viceroy Mendoza to dispatch a reconnaissance under Fray Marcos de Niza and Estevanico. Marcos's subsequent glowing report of the Seven Cities of Cíbola launched an ambitious economic and military penetration of the Southwest from 1540 to 1542 under Mendoza's captain-general, Vázquez de Coronado. One of Coronado's conquistadors, Capt. Hernando de Alvarado , was first to penetrate the buffalo plains to the east. While on the plains in or near Texas, a captive known as El Turco related to Alvarado grand stories of a rich realm called Quivira . The Coronado expedition penetrated Texas from the west in 1541, while the survivors of Hernando De Soto's expedition, under the command of Luis de Moscoso after De Soto's death, penetrated Texas from the east in 1542.
Missionary exploration of New Spain. The missionary exploration of Texas, which began in the west and then broadly swept the state, involved important personages for longer than a century and a half. The beginnings were humble enough. From the raw mining town of Santa Bárbara on the frontier of northern New Spain, a small party of friar-priests and soldiers entered Texas in the summer of 1581. Organized by Fray Agustín Rodríguez with soldiers under Francisco Sánchez (better known as Chamuscado), the party of three Franciscans , nine soldiers, and sixteen Indian servants followed the Conchos River of Chihuahua to its junction with the Rio Grande . From the rancherías at La Junta de los Ríos the Rodríguez-Sánchez expedition advanced up the Rio Grande through the Jumano country of Texas to reach the pueblos of New Mexico, where the friars elected to stay and proselytize. In November 1582 Antonio de Espejo led a relief expedition down the Conchos River. Diego Pérez de Luxán accompanied the party as chronicler, and Fray Bernardino Beltrán volunteered to search for the Franciscan order's remote brethren. At the junction of the rivers the Espejo-Beltrán expedition lingered for 2½ weeks before it too ascended the Rio Grande, passed the Jumano rancherías, and reached the Puebloan settlements. There the searchers learned of the martyrdom of the priests left behind. Espejo explored deeply to the west and then turned eastward to reconnoiter the buffalo plains. Once on the Pecos River, the expedition followed it downstream toward the Rio Grande. This course brought them into West Texas and the Trans-Pecos . Near the site of modern Pecos, Indians advised them of an overland shortcut to the Rio Grande, which they took, thereby passing through the scenic country where Toyah Creek, Balmorhea, Fort Davis, and Marfa are now located, before reaching the Rio Grande just above La Junta de los Ríos.
Two more unauthorized expeditions in the early 1590s completed the probe initiated by the Franciscans. Gaspar Castaño de Sosa led 170 people and their carts and stock across Coahuila in 1590. They started from Monclovaqv, crossed the Rio Grande at an unknown location, advanced upstream, then turned up the Pecos River at its junction with the Rio Grande in what is now Val Verde County. Castaño de Sosa's carts thus rumbled through a long stretch of West Texas on their way to Pecos Pueblo. Eventually royal agents chased Castaño down, arrested him, and dispersed his party. The second unauthorized expedition, under Francisco Leyva de Bonilla and Antonio Gutiérrez de Humaña,qqv not only reached the Puebloans, but penetrated deep into the buffalo plains of Texas last seen by the martyred Fray Padilla and Coronado's men. Legends of a rich Quivira lured Leyva and Gutiérrez to the plains, where they were likely the first Spanish in half a century to explore the Canadian River valley of the Panhandle . The expedition disintegrated farther north on the Great Plains; Leyva was murdered in a quarrel, and the rest were killed or enslaved by hostile Indians.
Successful or not, the unauthorized explorers awakened official interest in the Pueblo country of New Mexico. In one giant leap that moved the frontier far to the north, the enterprising Juan de Oñate led a large and duly authorized entrada through the landmark El Paso del Norte to establish a new colony. From a far-flung outpost soon relocated to Santa Fe, Oñate dispatched his nephew, Vicente de Zaldívar , in the fall of 1599 to explore the buffalo plains to the east. One key to the success of the Spanish explorers was their ability to find Indian guides and utilize members of prior expeditions. Zaldívar made use of a Christianized Indian named Jusephe, who had survived the Leyva-Gutiérrez expedition eastward into the Texas Panhandle. Jusephe guided the group down the Canadian River valley until they encountered nomadic Plains tribes and large bison herds in the western Panhandle. Oñate himself had heard the Coronadoan legends of Quivira, and thither he launched an impressive expedition in 1601. With Jusephe guiding once more, Oñate, two Franciscans, seventy men, eight carts, and hundreds of draft animals entered the Canadian River valley of Texas in the summer of 1601. As the High Plains encompassed them, they observed the rocky outliers, "which the mountains of this land give off," and noted with favor the temperate climate, abundant plums, vast herds of buffalo, and the "springs of good water and groves of trees" found in the valley. A 1602 map of their route, prepared by a Portuguese mariner named Juan Rodríguez, prominently displays the "Río de Magdalena," or Canadian River. This map is said to be the earliest extant map of the American Trans-Mississippi West prepared by an actual observer.
With the gradual Spanish settlement and colonization in New Mexico, a second wave of missionary scouts soon continued the exploration of West Texas. In particular the Jumanos of the South Plains evinced great energy in attracting missionary attention to their rancherías. By this time horses, weapons, disease, and demographic and cultural upheavals were pressuring many tribes; perhaps the Jumanos sought Spanish religious and trade connections partly as a means to find new allies in the desperate wars and migrations. Catholic scholars still debate the claim of a mystical Franciscan nun, María de Jesús de Agreda , to bilocate miraculously while in a religious trance from her cell in Agreda, Spain, and appear before the Jumanos and other tribes of Texas; but accounts of appearances of the "Lady in Blue," a beautiful woman in a blue cloak who walked into remote rancherías and encampments to preach and exhort Texas Indians to seek conversion, circulated in church circles for a century. In any event the Jumanos sought missionaries, and Fray Alonso de Benavides of New Mexico dispatched two friars, Juan de Salas and Diego León, into the southern High Plains of Texas in 1629. Led by Jumano guides, the priests struck out across the flat immensity of the plains to reach Jumano rancherías along the Middle Concho River of the Colorado River country. They were pleased by their reception, wrote favorably of the local pecans, and discovered that the mussels scooped from the river sometimes contained large freshwater pearls. Fray Ascencio de Zárate and Fray Juan de Ortega returned to the same area in 1632 to proselytize and explore.
The Franciscan reports of pearls brought at least two commercial forays from New Mexico: the Martín-Castillo expedition (1650) and the expedition of Diego de Guadalajara (1654). These were large, well-financed operations that penetrated as far as the future Tom Green County. Indian allies were set to work harvesting pearls for many months, while Spanish scouting parties explored the surrounding country and looking for a reputed "Kingdom of the Teyas." In 1656 Fray Juan Pérez and Fray Juan Cabal started a small church near El Paso del Norte. From new bases in Coahuila and Nuevo León other small parties of Franciscans also penetrated beyond the Rio Grande into Texas. Fray Francisco Peñasco de Lozano and Fray Manuel de la Cruz ventured beyond the Rio Grande in 1674 on conversion missions in what later became Val Verde and Kinney counties. As Spanish pressure intensified toward the Rio Grande, several tribes attacked them, thus eliciting punitive expeditions from the Saltillo and Monterrey regions. In 1663 troops under Juan de la Garza attacked Cacaxtle Indians near the vicinity of modern Eagle Pass. It is possible that Juan de la Garza crossed the rio Grande and traveled as far as sixty-five miles north of the site of present-day Eagle pass. In 1665 Fernando de Azcué definitely crossed the Rio Grande near the same site. At the head of a large company of soldiers and Indian allies, he eventually routed the Cacaxtles at a battle some sixty-five miles into Texas, possibly near the Nueces River. In 1675 a larger expedition under Fernando del Bosque and the devout Franciscan Fray Juan Larios may have crossed the lower Rio Grande at Paso de Francia (see SAN ANTONIO CROSSING ). The Bosque-Larios expedition penetrated West Texas for many leagues, returned to the Rio Grande via the Pecos River, and made strong recommendations to establish more missions in the region. This sentiment was echoed by Juan Domínguez de Mendoza and Fray Nicolás Lópezqqv after their journey into the Edwards Plateau in 1683. Domínguez's prior experience with the Guadalajara pearling foray proved useful when he left El Paso del Norte in December of 1683. He descended the Rio Grande to La Junta, where Father López and another friar joined the expedition. The Mendoza-López party turned northeast, traversed a long stretch of what is now West Texas to reach the Pecos River, followed the river to the vicinity of Horsehead Crossing , then struck out east-northeast across the flat, featureless plains that intergrade the Edwards Plateau with the Southern High Plains. After returning to the Pecos River crossing by a new southern route, Mendoza and López retraced their prior route through the future Pecos, Brewster, and Presidio counties to reach La Junta.
By the latter seventeenth century, other distractions, problems, and opportunities diminished the Franciscan exploration impulse for West Texas. Nevertheless, the missionary pathfinders had blazed the essential trails across West Texas and into South Texas, trails that others now used for exploratory, commercial, punitive, and eventual colonization efforts to the north and east. Franciscan place names often endured. And after the various Spanish disasters along the inhospitable Gulf Coast, the plains and riverine corridors of the Rio Grande, the Pecos, the Canadian, the Concho, and the upper Colorado were now known and considered pleasant enough. With the Great Pueblo Revolt in New Mexico (1680), the exploration of Texas from the west or New Mexican side subsided. Many of the beleaguered Spanish survivors established themselves at El Paso del Norte (present-day Ciudad Juárez). But even as they lost the province of New Mexico, the northern frontier of New Spain had advanced to the Río Bravo or Rio Grande. Other far-flung outposts now superseded the mining district around Santa Bárbara as a staging area for exploration to the north and east. The new outposts of El Paso del Norte, La Junta de los Ríos, and the trail to Paso de Francia on the lower Rio Grande all laid the foundation for future endeavors.
French and Spanish exploration. Shortly after the Pueblo Revolt, a feared European rival turned all Spanish attention to the Gulf Coast and coastal interior. The dramatic appearance of René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle , at Matagorda Bay in 1685 spurred the Spanish into new rounds of military, economic, and religious exploration of coastal and East Texas in the latter 1600s. French rivalry with the Spanish proved a boon to exploration, however, as both sides fought for-and sometimes shared-information, trade, and control of the inhospitable intervening territory, the infamous costa brava of Texas, which most mariners feared as a relentlessly hostile environment. The French exploration of Texas was long-lasting and adaptive, but largely commercial. The Spanish reacted vigorously to the alarming disclosures of French presence accumulating from captured deserters, pirates, and Indian reports. From 1685 to 1689 they launched five maritime expeditions and a half dozen overland efforts to search for Fort St. Louis . Further, newly arriving Franciscans such as Fray Damián Massanet and Fray Francisco Hidalgoqqv now found their attention and missionary interest drawn eastward to the Tejas or Hasinai Confederacy of East Texas. Even a French expedition under Henri de Tonti entered Texas to search for survivors of La Salle's coastal colony. The most important of the Spanish maritime expeditions in search of La Salle's fort was the Rivas-Iriarte expedition . Two specially commissioned, shallow-draft ships, the Rosario and Esperanza, were placed under the command of captains Martín de Rivas and Pedro de Iriarteqqv respectively. These so-called "Two Ladies" carried the explorers along the entire length of the Texas coast in the spring of 1687; indeed, Rivas and Iriarte circumnavigated the Gulf of Mexico. Using the accurate celestial navigation skills of Juan Enríquez Barroto , the group prepared outstanding reports, maps, and records of coordinates for the entire Gulf coastline. Their voyage along the Texas coast was the most thorough and advanced to that date. Among other achievements, they accomplished a reasonably precise latitudinal fix of 25°55' west latitude for the mouth of the Río Bravo (Rio Grande), a long sail past Padre Island with Indians running along the dunes to observe them, a sounding of Aransas Pass , a detour into Cedar Bayou, a reckoning of Cavallo Pass into Matagorda Bay , the discovery of the wrecked French ship Belle, a reconnaissance of Palacios Point and Lavaca Bay , a fix on Caney Creek, an important exploration-perhaps the first with any scientific basis-of Galveston Bay on April 25, 1687, and finally a detailed study inside Sabine Pass , to which they were led by the abundant discharge of freshwater into the sea. Even before the return of Rivas and Iriarte, nervous officials dispatched a further maritime expedition up the Texas coast. Two frigates under Francisco López de Gamarra and Andrés de Pezqqv sailed in the summer of 1687 along the Texas coastline and sighted Corpus Christi Bay and Galveston Bay. Tales, rumors, a deserter's hoax, and the failure to determine accurately the fate of Fort St. Louis led to the second dispatch of the Rosario and Esperanza to Texas waters in August of 1688 under captains Rivas and Pez. After anchoring their ships in the mouth of Rio Grande, they sent a number of canoes bearing armed Europeans up the river from September 3 to 7. After penetrating the riverine interior as far as Starr County, the canoes returned, and the "Two Ladies" sailed for Matagorda Bay. Once more they failed to find the fort on Garcitas Creek.
Although the Spanish maritime expeditions had charted the coast as never before, of necessity officials turned to a remarkable and experienced overland explorer to solve the French mystery. Alonso De León , who bore the same name as his soldier-explorer father, had already explored the lower Rio Grande in the summer of 1686. The Marqués de Aguayo dispatched him again in the spring of 1687 for a deeper reconnaissance. De León was named governor of Coahuila shortly after his return. After hearing ominous reports of a strange white war chief, very likely a Frenchman, living among the tribes to the north, he was off to Texas for the third time in March 1689. A small party under his leadership found the amazing deserter Jean Jarry "tattooed like a Chichimeco" and living as a tribal chief in what is now Kinney County. Jarry willingly served as a guide. The expedition crossed into Texas at the Paso de Francia, by then a well-known ford, and subsequently followed the broad, grassy parallel of the outer Coastal Plain to avoid the wetlands near the coast. On April 22, 1689, De León found the abandoned Fort St. Louis and the deserted rough dwellings of the colonists, with smashed, torn, and broken belongings strewn everywhere. There were three skeletons, including that of a murdered woman, still unburied. After gathering in two more Frenchmen hiding among the Indians, he returned at last with accurate news on the destruction of the French intruders. The result was De León's expedition of 1690. On April 2, 1690, De León, Massanet, and a large contingent of presidio soldiers crossed the Paso de Francia into Texas. They revisited the Fort St. Louis site; Massanet set fire to the depressing buildings, then De León blazed a trail northeast across the Colorado, Brazos, and Trinity rivers to reach the distant Neches River. There, among the agricultural Hasinai villages, the Spanish ransomed five French survivors who became adventurers themselves; among them was Pierre Talon, one of the Talon children . The Spanish expedition organized the first East Texas barrier to French intrusion, San Francisco de los Tejas Mission. After its affairs seemed in order, De León and Massanet left the new mission with three priests and three soldiers.
At De León's death in March 1691, the process of exploration and expansion into Texas entered a new phase. The further travels and records of Domingo Terán de los Ríos and Father Massanet in establishing additional missions extended Spanish presence and led to the exploration of the Caddoan villages of the Red River country in 1691. Preoccupied with internal affairs and frontier troubles, the Spanish launched fewer large expeditions into Texas from 1684 to 1714. Instead, both Spanish and French explorers concentrated on consolidating the approaches. Importantly, Diego Ramón relocated the mission outpost of San Juan Bautista to a more favorable site near the Paso de Francia in 1700. At this gateway on the south bank of the Rio Bravo, now thirty-five miles below the site of Eagle Pass, Texas, the mission settlement San Juan Bautista became the new staging area on the "Camino de Francia y de los Tejas." San Juan Bautista del Río Grande eventually grew to three missions and a presidio. Its occupants carried the seeds of destruction for many Coahuiltecans recruited for new missions, for a devastating outbreak of smallpox raged among the crowded camps and settlement in 1706 and spread north into Texas. From the missions and presidio a new generation of explorers also set out for Texas in the early 1700s. Though some of these were veterans of the De León or Terán expeditions, others were officers, adventurers, and the anonymous Indian explorers routinely used as spies on the French to the east. In 1709 the Espinosa-Olivares-Aguirre expedition advanced inland from San Juan Bautista to the fabulous tributary springlands along the San Antonio River. Before pushing on to the Colorado River, Fray Espinosa and Fray Olivares explored San Pedro Springs and Los Olmos Springs, finding the fountains and fertile lands sufficient for an entire city.
Spanish lethargy was shaken again in July 1714 with the unexpected arrival at San Juan Bautista of a brilliant Frenchman, Louis Juchereau de St. Denis , a cousin of the French explorer Sieur d'Iberville. St. Denis had been charged by Governor Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac with opening trade connections to the east. After boldly crossing Texas, he was amiably arrested by Commandant Diego Ramón at San Juan Bautista, where he nevertheless charmed the Spanish entirely, married into the Ramón family, and eventually reemerged from Mexico City with a Spanish commission to help reestablish Spanish settlement in East Texas. Spanish exploration thus entered another reactive phase, a burst of activity leading directly this time to the settlement of interior Texas. From 1716 to 1790, more than a score of major expeditions, other reconnaissances and inspections, and an ambitious network of settlements and trails all gave the Spanish undeniable claims to the region. Inspired by St. Denis, supported by the missionary colleges of Zacatecas and Querétaro, and funded by the crown, Domingo Ramón 's entrada left San Juan Bautista and reached the Tejas tribes of East Texas in late June 1716. Fray Francisco Hidalgo and Fray Antonio Margil de Jesús supervised the establishment of four new missions, expanded a few months later with two more missions and a presidio. A new viceroy, the Marqués de Valero, authorized a second strategic way station in Texas with the entrada of Martín de Alarcón . A feuding Alarcón and Fray Olivares crossed separately into Texas in April of 1718 and rendezvoused on the San Antonio River. On May 1, 1718, Alarcón gave possession of the projected San Antonio de Valero Mission (the Alamo ) to Olivares, who had just arrived. A small nearby fort, San Antonio de Béxar Presidio, provided a tenuous sense of security for the ten families or so making up the villa of San Fernando de Béxar . Fear of a widespread French invasion, after a small French expedition under Philippe Blondel seized the new settlement at Los Adaes in what became known as the "Chicken War ," caused the Spanish to abandon East Texas to the French. The Spaniards withdrew to San Antonio under Fray Margil while awaiting further action.
The subsequent expeditions of the wealthy Marqués de San Miguel de Aguayo in 1721 and 1722 displayed the increasing elaboration of Spanish exploration into settlement. The Spanish visionary and colonizer Col. José de Escandón settled thousands of colonists from 1749 to 1755 in some twenty new towns, many on the Rio Grande frontier. Under his auspices the enduring Mexican borderland communities of Reynosa (1749), Camargo (1749), Revilla (Guerrero) (1750), and Mier (1753), as well as Roma (1751) and Laredo (1755), Texas, came into being. Escandón, the greatest of the eighteenth-century empresarios, laid the foundation for almost half the Texas borderland and much of South Texas.
By the 1740s three further areas of expansionary interest were the San Gabriel River, the lower Trinity basin, and the San Saba River country. Under Fray Mariano Francisco de los Dolores y Viana , the short-lived San Xavier missions were established in the San Gabriel River valley, which had been known to the Spanish since Ramón's visit in 1716. The missions were moved to the San Marcos River in 1755. Capt. Joaquín de Orobio y Basterraqv of La Bahía explored the lower Trinity basin in 1746. Small parties reconnoitered the San Saba River valley in the Hill Country shortly after the founding of San Antonio de Béxar in 1718.
The contemporary French explorers of Texas were on the whole equally capable and intelligent, with an aptitude for scientific cartography and a ready supply of experienced traders and frontiersmen as pathfinders. Indeed French commercial forays into Texas were routine by the 1740s. Two remarkable French brothers and adventurers discovered a natural trade route between New Orleans and Santa Fe in 1739–40. After boldly crossing the Great Plains from the Missouri River, Pierre and Paul Mallet'sqqv party of traders arrived in Santa Fe to the delight of settlers and the consternation of officials. The sheer bravado of the Mallets' feat inspired initial respect from the Spanish authorities, even if the desired commercial connection was denied owing to the usual mercantilist fears; indeed, the Spanish arrested the Mallets in 1751, when they had the audacity to show up again in Santa Fe. Some of the finest eighteenth-century explorers of Texas were undoubtedly the obscure contrabandistas, traders of mostly French extraction that roamed East Texas, the Red River country, the lower Trinity and Brazos River basins, and rarely the Canadian River valley in the far north. Culturally adept with local Indians, skilled at survival, and commercially prominent in the vital weapons, powder, and lead shot trade, contrabandistas often settled among the Texas tribes to trade, repair guns, hunt, and explore new lands.
With the 1763 Treaty of Paris, Spain dramatically acquired French Louisiana and its vast territory, as well as the unwelcome advances of more determined eastern rivals-the English initially, but steadily after 1776 an insurgent and growing nation known as the United States of America. After delay and confusion, Spanish officials reversed themselves and displayed a new interest in connecting New Orleans and Natchitoches, Louisiana, with Santa Fe and San Antonio. To aid in this task Spanish officials tolerated the services of an important generation of talented French explorers-Athanase de Mézières, Pedro Vial,qqv and Gaignard-for the east and north of Texas, while using its own explorers and inspectors for the critical west, central, and south regions of Texas. West and Central Texas suffered alarmingly from Apache and Comanche raids. The Marqués de Rubí finished a long inspection tour in 1767 by recommending that the appalling frontier presidios of Texas be closed. His recommendations, largely implemented in 1772, led once more to a forced retreat from East Texas. The journeys of Mézières in the 1770s and Vial in the 1780s epitomized the adaptive Spanish use of French explorer-diplomats and traders in the reorganization of the northern frontier during the 1780s. Mézières, a talented administrator, diplomat, and linguist, was born in Paris but began service with the Spanish in an expedition to the Red River (1770). He worked relentlessly to win the allegiance of the disturbed northern tribes-the Tawakonis, Tonkawas, and Taovayas-in 1778, while traveling between Natchitoches, the Taovaya villages on the Red River, Quiscat 's villages of the Tawakonis, and San Antonio. Perhaps the most colorful and unorthodox French explorer to serve the Spanish was the former French contrabandista Pierre (Pedro) Vial. Where a large force might have encountered difficulty in Comanche country, small parties under Vial and José Mares proved to be extraordinary trailblazers. After departing from San Antonio in 1786, Vial traveled up the Colorado River, turned to Quiscat's villages of the Waco Indians, and advanced to the Taovaya villages on the upper Red River. He made friends with the Comanches, including the great chief Ecuerocapa, then crossed the High Plains to the Canadian River, and rode thence to Santa Fe. In the search for an even shorter route authorities dispatched Mares, a retired corporal, who in 1787–88 blazed an admirable trail between San Antonio and Santa Fe across the High Plains, the Caprock canyonlands, the Rolling Plains, and Central Texas. Shortly after Mares's return, the New Mexican governor sent Vial and the diarists Fragoso and Fernández on a further journey, this time to find a direct route to Natchitoches, Louisiana. On his return voyage Vial traveled across the Llano Estacado , noted the playas, descended Palo Duro Canyon on July 4, 1788, and shortened the time and distance back to San Antonio. Vial and his companions returned to Santa Fe in 1789, exploring Blanco Canyon and crossing "el llano"-the vast flatland of the Southern High Plains. This area, the Llano Estacado, was increasingly the focus of eastward exploration by ciboleros and Comancherosqqv from New Mexico. The trails of Vial and Mares revealed the secrets of the Red River sources to the Spanish and promised to link New Mexico, Texas, and Louisiana together. The trade caravans never materialized, however, and new rivals appeared.
American exploration. The American exploration of Texas begins with small streams of castaways, runaways, traders, and adventurers, then suddenly swells into a mighty current of colonizers and United States emigrants, officers and troops, diarists and scientists, hunters and farmers, all cascading across an insurgent province that won its independence as a republic in 1836. One of the first legendary travelers was John Rozée Peyton, who was captured in the Gulf of Mexico and marched with his Jamaican servant up the Rio Grande to Santa Fe. With the apparent help of the jailer's daughter, Peyton and two companions escaped Santa Fe in the winter of 1774 and made their way eastward across Texas and on to St. Louis. Spanish officials tolerated Americans like Moses Austin , who pioneered settlements in Missouri, as the price of peopling the land. But they widely feared expansionist Americans looking to build contraband trade with Spanish Texas. The most worrisome of the new Americans was Philip Nolan . This protégé of Gen. James Wilkinson first traveled to Texas in 1791 at the age of twenty. After being relieved of his goods by Spanish officials, the youth wandered extensively among the Comanches and Taovayas, who proved as friendly to American contrabandistas as to French ones. Within a decade, Nolan's trading and mustanging activities had taken him to San Antonio, Nacogdoches, and Central Texas, and to many more remote camps of Comanches and Taovayas. He was one of the best informed Americans about Texas, and a decided expert on the strategic Red River country. His explorations provided key insights for the expansionist Americans. He has often been credited as the first American to map Texas, but no map of his has been found. His observations, however, were used to draw up a map of the Texas-Louisiana frontier around 1804. Operating from Natchez, Mississippi, Nolan was also a dedicated spy. His journey into Texas in late 1800 was a fatal mistake, for Spanish soldiers killed him somewhere in Central Texas in 1801.
For the United States the key to westward expansion toward Texas lay with European wars. Emperor Napoleon I reacquired Louisiana in 1800 for the French, plotted a projected colonial empire, and then broke all understandings with Spain by selling the territory in 1803 to the United States. With the stroke of a pen, the fortunate young nation acquired a new boundary, a new realm in which to exercise the Enlightenment passion for exploration, and a new course of empire. Under Thomas Jefferson's direction American explorers begin probing the new southwestern frontier. In 1804, at the urging of Jefferson, the scientists William Dunbar and George Hunter attempted an expedition up the mysterious Red River. They explored the Ouachita River area and the region near the site of present-day Hot Springs, Arkansas, but never explored the Red River region. Jefferson was more successful with the 1806 Red River expedition . The surveyor Thomas Freeman and the youthful naturalist Peter Custis assembled a flotilla of flatboats and canoes and ascended the Red River in the spring of 1806, bypassing the Great Raft. At Spanish Bluff a superior Spanish force under Francisco Viana confronted and turned back the party, but Freeman and Custis had already studied and mapped more than 600 miles of the Red River.
Barely six weeks after Freeman and Custis were turned back, six American traders under John. S. Lewis and William C. Alexander slipped past Spanish patrols and followed the Red River to the plains. They delivered an American flag to the Taovaya villages and went mustanging with the Comanches. Indeed, despite Spanish protestations and patrols, American traders thoroughly penetrated the lower and upper Red River. "Captain" Anthony Glass entered Texas in 1808 at an Alabama-Coushatta village, followed the "Pani-Conchetta Trace" along the Sulphur River, hunted buffalo on the Blackland Prairie near the site of modern Paris, Texas, and reached the Taovaya villages on the upper Red River. Glass and several companions traveled deeper into the Rolling Plains, coveted a sacred meteorite near the site of modern Albany in Shackelford County, saw the Callahan Divide , and descended the Colorado River before returning home. George Schamp, Ezra McCall, and other traders returned in 1809 to the middle Brazos River country to take the fantastic meteorite, which they supposed to be a valuable mass of platinum. American frontiersmen and squatters soon crossed to the south side of the Red River near the Great Bend. Worried authorities in the Provincias Internas correspondingly dispatched more Spanish military patrols and even an occasional large expedition. In 1808 Capt. Francisco Amangual led a 200-man force to reconnoiter the distant plains between San Antonio and Santa Fe. He and his men traveled north from San Antonio and the old San Luis de las Amarillas Presidio, parleyed with the Comanches, ascended the Llano Estacado at Blanco Canyon, and crossed the hot, dusty plains to reach the Canadian River and thence Santa Fe. Amangual laid out the shortest route from San Antonio to Santa Fe, then returned to San Antonio via El Paso.
A decade later Mexico won her independence, and a veritable tide of American settlers and squatters soon took advantage of the new nation's generosity with land grants. Geographic interest in the Red River boundary had accelerated after the conclusion of the Adams-Onís Treaty in 1819. The United States dispatched Maj. Stephen Harriman Long to the sources of the Red River in 1820, but Long bungled his assignment by following the Canadian River all the way through the Texas Panhandle. In noticeable contrast to the Spanish explorers' simple diarios y derroteros, secreted soon after the expeditions in the archives, Stephen Long's expedition narrative and scientific measurements were soon published for an eager eastern readership. The narrative was printed by a London publisher. American exploration thus opened a distinctive romantic horizon, where the explorer-hero narrated thrilling incidents in the West. Long employed a journalist-naturalist, Edwin James, and an artist, Samuel Seymour, to document the new visions. Long's vision of the High Plains led to the unfortunate label "Great American Desert," but for the day and time his expedition was a model of the new approach to exploration then spreading under Alexander von Humboldt's influence from Europe to Texas. In 1827 the Mexican government launched an expedition under the command of Manuel de Mier y Terán . The group, which included mineralogist Rafael Chovell and naturalist Jean L. Berlandier , was prevented from fulfilling one of its goals-a survey of the northeastern boundary of Texas-but succeeded in gathering significant collections of natural history material and taking various scientific measurements.
With the de facto independence of an American-dominated Texas in 1836, the exploration goals and process changed significantly between 1836 and 1845. The northern Indians were still friendly to such well-armed Americans with trade goods as Josiah Gregg , who explored a Canadian River trail to Santa Fe. Gregg's Commerce of the Prairies (1844) contained valuable botanical and geographical information about Texas, as did his map of the southern plains (1845). The pushy, slave-holding Texans to the south, however, were considered dangerous foes to the Indians. After Indian raids, counter-raids by Texas Rangersqv increased exploration and the acquisition of new land beyond the outermost farms, plantations, and towns. The Cross Timbers , the Canebrakes, the Hill Country, the Rolling Plains, the Big Thicket , the Rio Grande, and ultimately Comanchería itself became centers of contact and reexploration for hundreds of new Texans. What was largely old ground for Spanish and Mexican explorers was often a new world for American arrivals such as Albert Pike and William A. (Bigfoot) Wallace.qqv The country awaited their names, discoveries, trails, and towns. Many a Texan frontiersman, trailblazer, or peripatetic pioneer often saw himself as the "first white man" to discover a feature or place-an ethnocentric perception applied to the existing Indian and Spanish worlds. Two important Republic of Texas expeditions furthered the enmity between Mexico and Texans. The privateering Snively expedition set out across the interior plains in 1843 to waylay supposedly rich caravans, while the Texan Santa Fe expedition of 1841 disastrously sought to force Texan trade and control over Santa Fe. The great failure of the latter expedition underscored the problems of large groups with inadequate maps trying to make their way among hostile Indians across the unknown plains of Texas.
The annexation of Texas in 1845 and the subsequent Mexican War launched a fresh wave of less amateur exploration into the new state. Engineers under Zachary Taylor surveyed the Gulf Coast and mapped a victorious army's progress from Texas into Mexico. More importantly, a new generation of government-sponsored western explorers, often officers from the Corps of Topographical Engineers and civilian professionals, took to the field after the war. In a dozen years, a remarkable series of well-trained and experienced officer-explorers carried a transnational culture of science into Texas as they traversed, measured, plotted, observed, classified, and described much of the annexed state. Their expeditions provided vivid accounts, scientific data, information on natural history, important maps, and ethnographic studies of great worth. Moreover, advances in lithographic illustration added a strong visual component to the mid-nineteenth century exploration of Texas. Important new directions in Texas exploration involved surveying the Mexican boundary (William H. Emory and John R. Bartlettqqv), blazing westward trails (John S. Ford, Nathaniel Michler, William H. C. Whiting, Randolph Marcy,qqv and James H. Simpson), locating Indian reservations (Robert S. Neighborsqv), establishing frontier defense posts and patrols (Marcy), surveying potential routes for the projected transcontinental railroad (Amiel W. Whipple, John Pope, Andrew B. Grayqqv), and opening the remaining terrae incognitae (James W. Abert, George B. McClellan , and Marcy). The federal exploration of Texas began in earnest with the 1845 expedition of Lt. James William Abert, an offshoot of John C. Frémont's third expedition. Abert left Bent's Fort in August of 1845 to reconnoiter the Canadian River country. He encountered and sketched numerous Comanches in the Texas Panhandle. With the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, attention shifted to the sensitive Texas borderland and the strategic far West. Emory, Michler, and others overcame chaos and supply problems for years to survey the difficult Rio Grande. Emory rose to become chief astronomer of the Boundary Commission, then replaced the troubled Bartlett as commissioner. Some idea of the obstacles is gleaned from the adventures of W. M. T. Chandler's party, which surveyed the treacherous canyons of the Big Bend and passed the Comanche War Trail. One member of this hungry, ragged surveying crew, Charles Abbott, shot the rapids of Santa Elena Canyon in a rubber boat in order to draw a crude map of the area. The published and illustrated reports of the surveyors, particularly Emory's three-volume work Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, made Under the Direction of the Secretary of the Interior (1857–59) and John R. Bartlett's Personal Narrative (1854), stirred the Victorian interest in southwestern landscapes.
The discovery of gold in California brought an immediate military-commercial need for wagon roads and trails across Texas. Capt. Randolph Marcy and Lt. James H. Simpson of the Topographical Engineers opened the Fort Smith-Santa Fe Road in 1849, when they escorted a large wagontrain of gold seekers across the unsettled Panhandle. Marcy explored even farther on his return trek over the Trans-Pecos, across the Monahans Sandhills and lower Llano Estacado, through the Rolling Plains and Cross Timbers (where he noted new sites for frontier defense), and then back to Fort Smith. Marcy's travels proved invaluable in finding sites for new army forts. Such outposts as Fort Belknap, Fort Phantom Hill, and Fort Chadbourne not only provided a closing ring of staging areas for exploration and conquest, but also served as convenient way stations for the 1858 Butterfield Overland Mail route. Early civilian efforts to link San Antonio to El Paso began in 1848 when Texas Ranger John Coffee Hays and Capt. Samuel Highsmithqqv focused on opening a trail across West Texas. In 1850–52 Lt. Col. Joseph E. Johnston commanded a party of topographical engineers that surveyed and explored potential wagon roads and future railroad lines across Texas. Texas Ranger "Rip" Ford and Robert S. Neighbors blazed a northern route across the Edwards Plateau to the Horsehead Crossing on the Pecos River, a route resurveyed by Lt. Francis T. Bryan of the Topographical Engineers. A southern route to El Paso was first surveyed by topographical engineers under Lt. W. H. C. Whiting. The Topographical Engineers thus explored and surveyed the most important trails in West Texas, Central Texas, and the Trans-Pecos. In general the military exploration of Texas satisfied the complex political, economic, and scientific demands now made by an evolving national interest. The growing professionalism of exploration is evidenced in the "Great Reconnaissance" of the 1850s, when government teams of engineers, surveyors, soldiers, and scientists explored two of the four parallels for a projected transcontinental railroad within Texas. Captain Amiel Whipple conducted a masterly sweep across the thirty-fifth parallel. In the winter of 1853–54 surveying parties under John G. Parke and John Pope found excellent prospects for a railroad on the southern crossing of the thirty-second parallel. Andrew Belcher Gray led a private expedition financed by the Texas Western Railroad into the field to tout the southern route as well. Sectional rivalry postponed any construction, but the voluminous reports of the Pacific Railroad stand as monuments to the national exploration impulse in Texas and elsewhere.
Two of the finest explorers of this period were Indian agent Robert S. Neighbors and Capt. Randolph Marcy. Authorized to find sites for Indian reservations, Neighbors and Marcy explored together the upper Brazos and Wichita River and much of Northwest Texas in 1854. As typical explorers of the age, they examined the geography, mapped the topography, collected specimens, parlayed with Penatekas and other Indians, inventoried resources, found routes for roads, reconnoitered new sites for forts and towns, and recorded climatic and ethnographic data. As stories of expeditions gained popularity, William B. Parker's Through Unexplored Texas (1856) narrated the Marcy expedition to a reading public. Marcy, already an author, earned national attention with his classic Exploration of the Red River of Louisiana in the Year 1852 (1853). Americans were still uncertain of the sources of the Red River in 1851, although it was no secret to the Comanches, Wichitas, or comancheros. To penetrate this terra incognita, Marcy assembled in 1852 a model expedition of military and civilian professionals, including Capt. George B. McClellan, engineer and later presidential candidate against Abraham Lincoln, Black Beaver, a trusted and skilled Delaware guide, and Dr. George G. Shumard , a pioneer Texas geologist. In exploring the upper reaches of the Red River-Palo Duro Canyon, Tule Canyon, and the Prairie Dog Town and North forks-Marcy's men settled the mystery of the Red River while compiling a Wichita vocabulary, recording meteorological data, and collecting hundreds of plant, animal, and mineral specimens for examination by eastern scientists.
Many other naturalists and collectors were also busy exploring the Texas landscape. At a time when the scientific frontier coincided with the geographic frontier, Texas enjoyed a superabundance of naturalist-explorers. John James Audubon, Alexander Dallas Bache, Francis C. Baker, Viktor Friedrich Bracht,qqv Edwin James, Jules Marcou, and George Shumard labored to uncover the nature of the state. A long line of botanists, including Jean L. Berlandier, Thomas Drummond, Charles Wright, Julien Reverchon,qqv Frederick Adolphus Wislizenus, and John M. Bigelow, collected and classified many of the state's 5,000 wildflower species. German naturalists such as Ferdinand Lindheimer, Louis C. Ervendberg, and the distinguished explorer Ferdinand von Roemer roamed the Hill Country, identifying endemic species and collecting fossils. The frontiersman and doctor Gideon Lincecum traveled widely, collected voluminously, and became an outstanding naturalist who corresponded with Charles Darwin, among others.
By the time of the Civil War , Texas exploration was a multifaceted, often federally funded, military-commercial enterprise, a thrilling learning process that fielded teams of trained specialists to scan a romanticized landscape. Officers, scientists, engineers, artists, and Indian guides reexplored the entire state as new demands required. A national audience not only admired these heros, but also explored Texas vicariously through the well-illustrated reports and books. Though the Civil War retarded exploration, the return of federal soldiers after 1865 and their successful campaigns to defeat the hostile Texas tribes provided a new round of exploration activity. United States Army troops under Christopher (Kit) Carson had already penetrated the Panhandle in 1874. In fighting that year along the Canadian River the explorer-scout William (Billy) Dixon earned the Medal of Honor. Two army leaders who epitomized the exploration-conquest of North and West Texas were William R. (Pecos Bill) Shafter and Ranald S. Mackenzie,qqv who drove the last Comanches and Wichitas onto Oklahoma reservations in 1875, while vigorously traveling and exploring the landscapes, trails, and resources of the foe. Shafter's men conducted a systematic survey of the southern Llano Estacado and Big Bend region as Mackenzie's men did farther north. Their activities, trails, scouts, and geographic knowledge prepared the way for settlers. Follow-up expeditions like the Ruffner survey in Palo Duro Canyon also provided a wealth of natural-history data prior to pioneer settlement and railroad colonization.
In truth the Texas frontier was gone by 1890. The old, broad exploration impulse never died, however, but shifted into dozens of specialties in science and commerce over the following decades. The instrumentation grew more sophisticated and the terminology became more arcane, but the learning process itself continued with passion and precision. Texans began to explore the nether regions of the state after 1900, turning the age-old human search downward toward underground water, ancient fossils, Paleo-Indian artifacts, geological formations, and enough oil and gas reservoirs to fuel giant new industries. The modern spelunkers of karsts, the scuba divers in the coral gardens, and the petroleum engineers all continue exploration in the state. The search also led twentieth-century Texans to the heavens. A nation watched breathlessly in the 1960s and 1970s as NASA's Mission Control in Houston coordinated the exploration of outer space and the moon. Astronauts, astronomers, programmers, scientists, teachers, businessmen, technicians, and many other Texans are increasingly part of a vast global web of exploration activity at the beginning of the Third Millennium.
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Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $2,549,178 completed in 1997
Camp-Scott-Couch-Lampe-House
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $450,000 completed in 2006
Casa DE Palmas
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $3,319,235 completed in 2003
Chapman House
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $110,000 completed in 2008
City Sewing Machine Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $1,158,552 completed in 2002
Clendenan-Carleton House
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $130,000 completed in 1998
Coale Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $2,156,167 completed in 2006
Col. John Dewberry Home
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $202,040 completed in 2003
Collin County Prison
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $190,648 completed in 2000
Comal Power Plant
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $19,302,137 completed in 2007
Commercial National Bank
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $4,000,000 completed in 2003
Continental Gin Company
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $4,200,000 completed in 1998
Continental Supply Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $13,032,500 completed in 2005
Crouch Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $193,905 completed in 1997
Dallas National Bank Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $29,508,177 completed in 2009
Dallas Power & Light Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $15,566,500 completed in 2007
Davis Bldg.
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $28,867,617 completed in 2004
Dullnig Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $1,400,000 completed in 2001
E. S. Levy Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $1,700,000 completed in 2001
East End Triplets (1) (f)
Galveston, TX
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $18,000 completed in 1996
Elks Lodge Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $1,005,200 completed in 2002
Elzner Corner Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $250,000 completed in 1996
Eugene Bremond House
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $386,659 completed in 2000
Felix G. Stehling Home (f)
Fredericksburg, TX
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $81,000 completed in 1996
Ferdinand And Mary Meckel Home
Frederickburg, TX
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $64,000 completed in 1999
Fidelity Union Life Tower
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $86,000,000 completed in 2009
First City Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $488,082 completed in 2009
Freeze Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $260,000 completed in 1998
Ft. Worth Club,1916;winfree, 1890
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $8,000,000 completed in 2002
George H. Burnett
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $225,289 completed in 2004
Goad-Riata Cadillac Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $8,900,000 completed in 2000
Goodman Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $752,965 completed in 2003
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. Building
Dallas, TX
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $1,756,738 completed in 2002
Grace Garage/Rhodes Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $1,426,051 completed in 2001
Grove Drug Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $510,526 completed in 1999
Guadalupe-Schmitz Hotel
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $275,000 completed in 1996
Gulf States Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $16,000,000 completed in 2008
Hall Furniture Store
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $106,000 completed in 2000
Hamilton Hotel
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $1,004,598 completed in 2001
Harlan Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $2,315,217 completed in 2008
Harrison County Courthouse
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $10,862,011 completed in 2010
Heiman Building/I. & G.n. Hotel
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $2,542,810 completed in 2004
Henry Brashear Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $210,000 completed in 1996
Historic 1850 Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $36,000 completed in 1998
Historic 1852 Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $69,098 completed in 1998
Historic 1880 Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $320,000 completed in 2006
Historic 1900 Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $458,500 completed in 2001
Historic 1900 Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $198,231 completed in 2004
Historic 1900 Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $130,366 completed in 2004
Historic 1903 Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $36,666 completed in 2000
Historic 1903 Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $41,666 completed in 2000
Historic 1909 Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $67,000 completed in 1999
Historic 1910 Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $1,403,625 completed in 2000
Historic 1912-1913 Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $84,950 completed in 2006
Historic 1918 Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $65,889 completed in 2000
Historic 1918 Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $65,889 completed in 2002
Historic 1918 Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $65,889 completed in 2002
Historic 1918 Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $65,889 completed in 2002
Historic 1918 Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $65,888 completed in 2002
Historic 1918 Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $65,889 completed in 2002
Historic 1920 Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $1,377,000 completed in 2001
Historic 1921 Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $72,160 completed in 2004
Historic 1922 Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $100,000 completed in 1998
Historic 1923 Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $3,346,375 completed in 2000
Historic 1923 Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $181,197 completed in 2009
Historic 1925 Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $75,635 completed in 1998
Historic 1928 Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $526,851 completed in 2006
Historic 1929 Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $90,678 completed in 2010
Historic 1930 Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $344,309 completed in 2004
Historic 1936 Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $702,668 completed in 2004
Historic Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $25,000 completed in 2001
Historic Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $738,535 completed in 2004
Holiday Hammond Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $1,600,000 completed in 2001
Holland Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $2,800,000 completed in 1998
Holt Hotel
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $6,493,200 completed in 2006
Holz-Forshage-Krueger Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $673,940 completed in 1998
Hoopes House
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $510,000 completed in 1998
Hotel Beaumont
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $5,750,000 completed in 2007
Hotel Texas
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $268,000 completed in 1996
Hotel Wooten
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $8,600,000 completed in 2005
Houston Post Dispatch Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $32,000,000 completed in 2003
Howe House
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $27,945 completed in 1997
Humble Oil Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $53,135,348 completed in 2003
Irion House
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $301,000 completed in 2003
J.p. Dowell Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $774,000 completed in 2006
J.p. Schneider Store
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $596,000 completed in 2005
Jefferson Davis Hospital
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $7,019,888 completed in 2006
Jefferson Theatre
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $5,953,807 completed in 2004
John E. Mitchell Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $6,500,000 completed in 2000
Joyslin Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $1,100,000 completed in 2009
LA Salle Apartments
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $1,160,557 completed in 2007
Lamar-Calder House
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $436,316 completed in 2004
Lamb Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $1,080,647 completed in 2006
Lasalle Crossing
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $575,000 completed in 2004
Los Corralitos Ranch
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $274,500 completed in 2007
Lucas General Store & Undertakers
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $113,636 completed in 2001
Ludwig Hein Home
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $75,000 completed in 1997
Lyons Home
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $37,400 completed in 1999
M.b. Lockett Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $800,000 completed in 2000
Magnolia Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $31,500,000 completed in 2000
Manuel's Hardware/First National Bank
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $425,000 completed in 2003
Markeen Apartments
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $751,685 completed in 2001
Mayview Flats
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $733,445 completed in 1998
Merimax Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $1,040,000 completed in 2004
Michael B. Menard House
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $88,438 completed in 1996
Model Laundry Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $837,000 completed in 2002
Moore Grocery Co.
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $4,062,484 completed in 2009
Murray Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $1,920,000 completed in 1998
Myers-Spalti Manufacturing Plant
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $17,443,658 completed in 2004
National Bank & Trust
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $909,377 completed in 2006
National Bank & Trust
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $806,429 completed in 2006
Navy Park District
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $27,000 completed in 1998
Navy Park District
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $52,000 completed in 1998
Navy Park District
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $30,000 completed in 1998
Navy Park District
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $30,000 completed in 1998
Navy Park District
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $27,800 completed in 1998
Navy Park District
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $27,500 completed in 1998
Navy Park District
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $30,000 completed in 1998
Navy Park District
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $30,000 completed in 1998
Navy Park District
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $30,000 completed in 1998
Navy Park District
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $26,000 completed in 1998
Navy Park District
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $27,000 completed in 1999
Navy Park District
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $26,000 completed in 1999
Navy Park District
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $27,500 completed in 1999
Navy Park District
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $27,500 completed in 1999
Navy Reserve Bldg/ Us San Antonio
San Antonio, TX
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $7,562,017 completed in 1999
Neches Electric Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $3,600,000 completed in 2009
Newkirk-Wallerich Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $470,108 completed in 1999
Oilwell Supply Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $3,481,000 completed in 2000
Old Bexar County Jail
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $3,035,576 completed in 2006
Old City Public Service Building
San Antonio, TX
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $4,000,000 completed in 2000
Old Fire Station #5
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $517,067 completed in 1999
Old First National Bank Building
Jayton, TX
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $339,124 completed in 1997
Old Seguin Post Office
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $293,000 completed in 2002
Old State Bank Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $360,855 completed in 2004
Old T & P Passenger Depot
Abilene, TX
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $1,226,608 completed in 1997
Palace Hotel
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $767,881 completed in 2007
Parkview Apartments
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $749,592 completed in 2009
Phillips Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $675,277 completed in 2000
Purvin-Hexter Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $349,481 completed in 2005
Republic Center Tower 1
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $23,352,976 completed in 2008
Rice Hotel
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $28,600,000 completed in 1999
Robert E. Lee Hotel
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $5,294,319 completed in 1999
Roseland Theater
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $900,000 completed in 2001
Roy And Margaret Farrar House
Houston, TX
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $475,000 completed in 2005
S.h. Kress & Company Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $8,868,000 completed in 2000
Sam Houston Hotel
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $15,500,000 completed in 2003
Santa Fe II Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $14,700,000 completed in 1999
Santa Fe Terminal #4
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $30,000,000 completed in 2010
Sawyer Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $1,100,000 completed in 2009
Scalan Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $5,000,000 completed in 2003
Scholibo Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $327,666 completed in 2000
Sheridan Apartments
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $352,700 completed in 2002
Sherman/Jones/Nueces Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $6,750,000 completed in 2010
Silver Street Grocery Store
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $40,855 completed in 1997
Simpson Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $325,000 completed in 2001
Southern Pacific Depot
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $4,395,000 completed in 1999
Staacke Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $950,000 completed in 2000
Stanard-Tilton Mill
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $6,030,026 completed in 1998
Stephen F. Austin Hotel
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $29,694,973 completed in 2001
Stevens Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $950,000 completed in 2000
Stoneleigh Hotel
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $24,575,000 completed in 2008
Sweeny Coombs Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $807,649 completed in 1999
T & P Freight Warehouse
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $962,094 completed in 1999
Texas State Hotel
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $9,000,000 completed in 2007
Texas Textile Mills/L.l. Sams Hd
Waco, TX
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $11,750 completed in 2002
Thaison/Russell Home
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $1,000,000 completed in 2000
Thomas H. Spooner House
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $140,000 completed in 1998
Titche Goettinger Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $8,000,000 completed in 1999
Tyler Grocery Co.
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $855,260 completed in 2009
Union National Bank
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $16,000,000 completed in 2004
United States National Bank Building
Galveston, TX
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $2,204,372 completed in 2010
Universal Manufacturing Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $106,720 completed in 2000
Vandergriff Chevrolet Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $2,196,000 completed in 2009
Vine Street Studios
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $1,025,783 completed in 2000
W. A. Strain Residence
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $166,621 completed in 2000
Waco Drug Company
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $3,400,000 completed in 2006
Waco High School
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $9,217,569 completed in 2010
William Richter House
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $118,500 completed in 2002
Wilson Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $17,000,000 completed in 2000
Windows On Main
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $316,230 completed in 2010
Winter Hammond House
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $172,855 completed in 2005
Wroe-Bustin House
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $197,325 completed in 2006
Zapp Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $213,845 completed in 2003
the Bishop Arts Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $325,000 completed in 2001
the Cohn Bldg.,the Nat'l Bank of TX
Fort Worth, TX
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $127,000 completed in 1997
the Forest Park Apartments
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $1,540,296 completed in 1997
the Maverick Building
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $5,324,554 completed in 1998
the Philip M. Helfrich House
Houston, TX
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $150,000 completed in 2000
the Popular (1946 Addition)
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $611,452 completed in 2003
the Rogers-Drummond-Perkins House
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $280,000 completed in 2008
the Vaught House
Historic Preservation Tax Credit - project total $93,719 completed in 2004
the Wright Building
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $500,000 grant, 2004
Partner: City of Alamo
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $500,000 grant, 2004
Partner: City of Allen
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $50,000 grant, 2007
Partner: City of Vernon
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $500,000 grant, 2009
Partner: Nueces County
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $823,500 grant, 2001
Partner: Tx. Dept. of Parks & Wildlife
Bastrop State Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $690,721 grant, 2002
Partner: Tx. Dept. of Parks & Wildlife
Bastrop State Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $550,061 grant, 2005
Partner: Tx. Dept. of Parks & Wildlife
Bastrop State Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $170,065 grant, 2006
Partner: Tx. Dept. of Parks & Wildlife
Benbrook Ranch Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $500,000 grant, 2007
Partner: City of Leander
Big Bend Ranch State Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $136,063 grant, 2002
Partner: Tx. Dept. of Parks & Wildlife
Big Bend Ranch State Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $1,260,000 grant, 2009
Partner: Tx. Dept. of Parks & Wildlife
Brazos Bend State Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $49,007 grant, 2002
Partner: Tx. Dept. of Parks & Wildlife
Brushy Creek Regional Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $300,000 grant, 2002
Partner: Williamson County
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $40,096 grant, 2007
Partner: City of Driscoll
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $50,000 grant, 2007
Partner: City of Windthorst
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $44,500 grant, 2007
Partner: City of Edgewood
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $400,000 grant, 2007
Partner: City of Kennendale
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $500,000 grant, 2006
Partner: City of Bellville
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $881,749 grant, 2002
Partner: City of League City
Community Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $500,000 grant, 2004
Partner: City of Celina
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $50,000 grant, 2007
Partner: City of Tuscola
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $249,368 grant, 2011
Partner: City of Los Fresnos
Devils River Ranch
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $0 grant, 2011
Partner: Tx. Dept. of Parks & Wildlife
East Williamson County Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $400,000 grant, 2007
Partner: City of Taylor
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $500,000 grant, 2005
Partner: City of Huntsville
Estero Llano Grande State Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $312,500 grant, 2010
Partner: Tx. Dept. of Parks & Wildlife
Fanthorp Inn State Historical Site
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $38,300 grant, 2008
Partner: Tx. Dept. of Parks & Wildlife
Fort Bend County Regional Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $500,000 grant, 2007
Partner: Fort Bend County
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $350,000 grant, 2002
Partner: Tx. Dept. of Parks & Wildlife
Garner State Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $531,366 grant, 2010
Partner: Tx. Dept. of Parks & Wildlife
Garner State Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $305,000 grant, 2011
Partner: TX Dept. of Parks & Wildlife
Government Canyon State Natural Area
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $2,900,000 grant, 2002
Partner: Tx. Dept. of Parks & Wildlife
Harris County Bane Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $500,000 grant, 2005
Partner: Harris County
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $237,500 grant, 2006
Partner: City of Haslet
Hays County Five Mile Dam Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $500,000 grant, 2005
Partner: Hays County
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $81,900 grant, 2005
Partner: City of Texarkana
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $500,000 grant, 2003
Partner: City of Ingleside
Jaqueline A. Cryan Memorial Town Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $500,000 grant, 2010
Partner: City of Sealy
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $81,900 grant, 2005
Partner: City of Texarkana
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $44,548 grant, 2007
Partner: City of Brownfield
Lost Maples State Natural Area
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $433,231 grant, 2009
Partner: Tx. Dept. of Parks & Wildlife
Lost Maples State Natural Area
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $129,388 grant, 2010
Partner: Tx. Dept. of Parks & Wildlife
Martin Luther King, Jr. Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $40,000 grant, 2007
Partner: City of Edna
Matagorda Bay Park And Preserve
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $2,000,000 grant, 2003
Partner: Lower Colorado River Authority
May Valley Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $500,000 grant, 2009
Partner: Harris-Montgomery Counties Mud #386
Medina River Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $351,350 grant, 2002
Partner: City of San Antonio
Memorial Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $231,050 grant, 2006
Partner: City of Trenton
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $615,062 grant, 2005
Partner: Tx. Dept. of Parks & Wildlife
Muehlbrad-Albers City Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $37,600 grant, 2007
Partner: City of Carmine
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $50,000 grant, 2007
Partner: City of Lamesa
Old Sabine Bottom Wildlife Management Area
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $288,410 grant, 2004
Partner: Tx. Dept. of Parks & Wildlife
Oso Conservation And Interpretive Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $500,000 grant, 2009
Partner: City of Corpus Christi
Palo Duro Canyon State Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $600,000 grant, 2002
Partner: Tx. Dept. of Parks & Wildlife
Palo Duro Canyon State Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $1,500,000 grant, 2006
Partner: Tx. Dept. of Parks & Wildlife
Palo Duro Canyon State Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $1,860,000 grant, 2008
Partner: Tx. Dept. of Parks & Wildlife
Pendleton Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $500,000 grant, 2006
Partner: City of Harlingen
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $500,000 grant, 2005
Partner: City of Progreso
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $400,000 grant, 2007
Partner: City of Brady
Rio Grande River Regional Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $350,000 grant, 2001
Partner: El Paso County
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $218,779 grant, 2010
Partner: Kenedy County
San Jacinto Battleground State Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $220,004 grant, 2004
Partner: Tx. Dept. of Parks & Wildlife
San Marcos Springs Conservation Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $400,000 grant, 2007
Partner: Hays County
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $400,000 grant, 2007
Partner: City of Houston
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $50,000 grant, 2007
Partner: City of Farmersville
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $400,000 grant, 2007
Partner: City of Fate
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $1,000,000 grant, 2007
Partner: Montgomery County
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $36,601 grant, 2007
Partner: City of Rockdale
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $500,000 grant, 2004
Partner: Scurry County
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $930,500 grant, 2002
Partner: City of Arlington
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $162,943 grant, 2002
Partner: Tx. Dept. of Parks & Wildlife
Weldon Bumblebee Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $50,000 grant, 2007
Partner: City of Gladewater
Wimberley Blue Hole Regional Park
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $1,908,500 grant, 2005
Partner: City of Wimberley
Land & Water Conservation Fund - $500,000 grant, 2011
Partner: Kendall County
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
1879 Houston Waterworks
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
1884 Houston Cotton Exchange Building
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
1911 Kinney County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
1915 Taylor County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
1918 State Office Building and 1933 State Highway Building
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
1926 Republic National Bank
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
4928 Bryan Street Apartments
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2008
Abdou Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Aber and Haberle Houses
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Abercrombie--Cavanaugh House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Abilene Christian College Administration Building
Abilene, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Abilene Commercial Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
Abilene Fire Station No. 2
Abilene, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Abilene Street Railway Company Barn
Abilene, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Abilene and Northern Railway Company Depot
Abilene, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Ackers, William and Mary, House
Abilene, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Ada Belle Oil Well
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Adamson, F. R., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Administration Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Administration Building, Decatur Baptist College
Decatur, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Alamo Methodist Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Alamo National Bank Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Alamo National Bank Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
Alamo Plaza Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Alamo Portland and Roman Cement Works
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Alamo, The
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1966
Alcalde Street--Crockett School Historic District
Dallas, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Alden, C. R., Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Alderdice, J. M., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Alderman, G. H., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Aldridge Sawmill
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2001
Alexander--Campbell House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
All Saints Roman Catholic Church
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Allbach House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Allcorn--Kokemoor Farmstead
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Allen Academy Memorial Hall
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Allen Block
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Allen Chapel AME Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Allen Water Station
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2009
Allen, I. R., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Allen, R. O., House-Allen Academy
Bryan, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Allen, Robert C., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Allen-Bell House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Alley-Carlson House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1969
Almeda Road Bridge over Brays Bayou
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2007
Alonso, Frank, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Amarillo College Administration Building and Gymnasium
Amarillo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Amarillo Globe Dream House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Amarillo US Post Office and Courthouse
Amarillo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2000
American Airways Hanger and Administration Building
Fort Worth, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2008
Amos, Martin C., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Anderson Camp Ground
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Anderson County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Anderson County Jail
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Anderson Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Anderson House and Store
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Anderson, John W., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Anderson, L.C., Hall
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Anderson, Neil P., Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Angelina River Bridge
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Angelo Heights Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Angle, D. M., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Annunciation Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Antioch Missionary Baptist Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Apollo Mission Control Center
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Applewhite, Isaac, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Aransas Pass Light Station
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Archer County Courthouse and Jail
Archer City, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Arlington Post Office
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2000
Armstrong House-Allen Academy
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Armstrong-Adams House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Arnold Bakery
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Arnold--Torbet House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Arnold-Simonton House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Arnot House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Artesian Manufacturing and Bottling Company Building
Waco, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Ascension of Our Lord Catholic Church
Moravia, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Ashbel Smith Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1969
Ashton Villa
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1969
Astin, J. P., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Astin, R. Q., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Aston Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Atascosa County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Company Depot and Locomotive No. 5000
Amarillo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Depot, Panhandle
Panhandle, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Atkinson House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Atkinson--Morris House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Atwood, E. K., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Aue Stagecoach Inn
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Austin Central Fire Station #1
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2000
Austin County Jail
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Austin Daily Tribune Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2000
Austin Public Library
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Austin US Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2001
Austin and Northwestern Railroad Historic District--Fairland to Llano
Kingsland, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Austin, F. K. and Mary, House
Belton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Austin, Stephen F., Elementary School
Fort Worth, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Autry, James L., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Aviary at the Houston Zoo
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Aynesworth-Wright House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Azalea Residential Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Aztec Cleaners and Laundry Building
San Angelo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Aztec Theater
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
B'nai Isreal
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Bacon, Warren and Myrta, House
Lubbock, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Badu Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Baggett, Ele, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Baggett, Silas and Ellen, House
Belton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Bailetti House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Bailey--Ragland House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Baines, George Washington, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Baker Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Baker House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Baker, Charles H. and Catherine B., House
Goliad, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Baker, J. T., Farmstead
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Baker--Carmichael House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Baldwin, Benjamin and Adelaide, House
Paris, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Ballinger Carnegie Library
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Bandera County Courthouse and Jail
Bandera, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Banker, Willie, Jr., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Bankhead Highway Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Banks, W.R., Library
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Banks--Ogg House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Banta House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Barbee-Berry Mercantile Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Barber House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Barclay-Bryan House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Barden--O'Connor House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Baring, Otto H., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Barker House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Barkley--Floyd House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Barnard's Mill
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Barnes, Charles W., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Barnes, W. C., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Barnes--Laird House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Barr Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Barr, William Braxton, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Barret, Tol, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Barrington House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Barrio Azteca Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Bartlett Commercial Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Barton House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Base Administration Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Bassett and Bassett Banking House
Brenham, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Bassett, O. T., Tower
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Bastrop County Courthouse and Jail Complex
Bastrop, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Bastrop State Park
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Bates--Sheppard House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Battle Hall
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Batts, Judge Robert Lynn, House
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Baty--Plummer House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Bay City Post Office
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2009
Bay City USO Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
Baylor Female College Historic District
Belton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Bayou Bend
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Beaconsfield
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Beamer, William, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Beaumont Commercial District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Beaumont Commercial District (Boundary Increase)
Beaumont, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2008
Beaumont Y.M.C.A.
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Beaver Creek Bridge
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Beck, Frederick, Farm
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Becker--Hildebrandt House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Bedford School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Bee County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2001
Beeville Post Office
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2007
Behannon--Kenley House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Beissner, Henry, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Bekken, J. H., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Belford Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Belger-Cahill Lime Kiln
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Bell County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Bell, John Y., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Belo, Alfred Horatio, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Belton Academy
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Belton Commercial Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Belton Farmers' Gin Coop
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Belton Standpipe
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Belton Yarn Mill
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Belvin Street Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Bendt, E. H. D., House
Victoria, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Benjamin Apartments
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Bennett, M. D., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Benton, M. A., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Bernstein, Moses, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Berry House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Berry, J. S., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Bethel Baptist Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Bethlehem Lutheran Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Bettin, Max, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Beverly--Harris House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Bexar County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Bianchi, Didaco and Ida, House
Dallas, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Billow--Thompson House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Bingham, John H., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Binion--Casper House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1989
Birdwell, T. Hamp and Beulah, House
Belton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Birge, Capt. Noble Allan, House
Sherman, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Birge--Beard House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Bishop's Palace
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Bivins House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Bivins, Miles and Myda, House
Amarillo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Black, E. B., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Blackstone Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Blackstone Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Blake-Beaty-Orton House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Blakeney, J. B., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Blanco Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
Blanton School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
Blanton, Thomas L., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Blazek, E. J., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Blinn College
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Blount, Capt. Thomas William, House
San Augustine, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1973
Blount, Eugene H., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Blount, Stephen William and Mary Price, House
Nacogdoches, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
Blue Bell Creameries Complex
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Blue Star Street Industrial Historic District
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Bluebonnet Tourist Camp
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Bluff Dale Suspension Bridge
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Bluitt Sanitarium
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
Board--Everett House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Boardman-Webb-Bugg House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Bolton--Outlar House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Bomar, E.P. and Alice, House
Gainesville, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Bonham, James Butler, Elementary School
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Booker T. Washington Emancipation Proclamation Park
Mexia, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Booth--Dunham Estate
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Border Theater
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Boren, E. T., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Borgstrom House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Bosque County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Bosque County Jail
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Botts--Fowler House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Boulevard Oaks Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Bowers--Felts House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Bowie County Jail
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Bowlen House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Boyd--Hall House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Boynton--Kent House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Braches House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Brady Building--Empire Theater
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Braman House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Brambletye
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Brandhagen Houses
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Bratton, Andrew "Cap" and Emma Doughty, House
Mansfield, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Braun, George, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Brauntex Theater
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2008
Brazelton, Thomas and Bettie, House
Paris, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Brazoria Bridge
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
Breeden--Runge Wholesale Grocery Company Building
Cuero, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Bremond Block Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Brenham Downtown Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Brenham High School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Brenham High School Gymnasium
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Brenham School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Brenham Water Works
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Breustedt, Andreas, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Brewer, John Henry and Minnie Tate, House
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Brewster County Courthouse and Jail
Alpine, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Brick Streets Neighborhood Historic District
Tyler, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Bridges-Johnson House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Briggs State Bank
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2000
Brinkmann, Otto, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Briones, Genaro P. and Carolina, House
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Britton-Evans House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Brizendine House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Broadacres Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Broadway Bluff Improvement
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Brockschmidt--Miller House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Brogdon Farm
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Bromberg, Alfred and Juanita, House
Dallas, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2008
Bronstad House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Brooke Army Medical Center
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2001
Brooks, Samuel Wallace, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Brooks, William and Blanche, House
Forney, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Brookshire, Houston--Yeates House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Broome, C. A., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Brown Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Brown County Jail
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Brown, J. T., Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Brown, John R., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Brown, R. Wilbur, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Brown--Mann House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Brown-Dorsey House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Browne-Wagner House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Browning, W. W., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1972
Brownsville City Cemetery and Hebrew Cemetery
Brownsville, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2010
Broyles, William and Caroline, House
Palestine, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Bryan Carnegie Library
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Bryan Compress and Warehouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Bryan Ice House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Bryan Municipal Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Bryan--Peak Commercial Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Bryant, William, Jr., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Bryce Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Bryce, William J., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Bryson Stage Coach Stop
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Buchanan-Hayter-Witherspoon House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Buchel, Floyd, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Buckeye Park Gate
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Buena Vista Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Buhler, Theodore, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Builders Exchange Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Building 98, Fort D.A. Russell
Marfa, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Building at 113--119 East Concho
San Angelo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Building at 1921-1921 1/2 Avenue D
Galveston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Building at 1925-1927 Market Street
Galveston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Building at 205 East Constitution
Victoria, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Building at 3525 Turtle Creek Boulevard
Dallas, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2008
Building at 441 East Main
Waxahachie, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Building at 500--502 East Main
Waxahachie, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Bullard, T. J., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Bungalow Colony Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Bunkley, Dr. E. P., House and Garage
Stamford, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Bunton Branch Bridge
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Burcham House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Burford, R. F. and Lena, House
Belton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Burge House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Burleson-Knispel House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Burlingame, George L., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Burnet County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2000
Burnett House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Burnett, Burk, Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Burns Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Burns, Arthur, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Burns, John W., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Burr's Ferry Bridge
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Burrough--Daniel House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Burrus--Finch House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Burton Commercial Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
Burton Farmers Gin
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
Burton High School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
Busch Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Busch--Kirby Building (Boundary Increase)
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Bush, George W., Childhood Home
Midland, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Bushnell
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Bute, James, Company Warehouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Byron Farmstead
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2007
Byus--Kirkland House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
CSPS Lodge--Griesser Bakery
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Cactus Theater
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Calcasieu Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Caldwell County Courthouse Historic District
Lockhart, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Caldwell Hall
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Caldwell House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Calhoun Bakery
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Callaway--Gillette House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Callender House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Calvert Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Cameron County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Cameron County Jail, Old
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Camp Ben McCulloch
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Camp Mabry Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Camp, William and Medora, House
Greenville, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Canon Ranch Railroad Eclipse Windmill
Sheffield, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Cape House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Caples, Richard, Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Carden, David A., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Carlock Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Carlton--Gladden House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Carmelite Monastery
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Carnegie Public Library
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Carnegie Public Library
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Carrington-Covert House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Carroll, J. J., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Carson County Square House Museum
Panhandle, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1973
Carson, Ira and Wilma, House
Ozona, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Carter, W. T., Jr., House
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Cartwright, Matthew, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Cartwright, Matthew, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Carver, George Washington, Library and Auditorium
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Casey House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Cash, W. A. V., House
Abilene, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Cass County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Cass, Dr. Nathan and Lula, House
Cameron, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
Cassinelli Gin House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Castle Heights Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2009
Castle, David S., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Castolon Historic District
Big Bend National Park, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Castroville Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Caswell House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Caswell, Daniel H. and William T., Houses
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Cave Creek School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Cavitt House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Cedar Lawn Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Cedar Springs Place
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
Celaya, Augustine, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Celaya--Creager House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Celina Public School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2009
Cemetery Chapel, San Marcos Cemetery
San Marcos, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Cen--Tex Wool Mill Historic District
San Marcos, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Central Christian Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Central Christian Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Central Congregational Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Central Fire Station
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Central Handley Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Central Presbyterian Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Central Presbyterian Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
Central Roanoke Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2008
Central Trust Company Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Chaddock, J. B., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Chambers County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2008
Chambers, Samuel A., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Chambersea
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Chamizal National Memorial
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Chance, James O., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Chapman, Oscar H., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Chappell Hill Circulating Library
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Chappell Hill Methodist Episcopal Church
Chappell Hill, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Chappell Hill Public School and Chappell Hill Female College Bell
Chappell Hill, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Charnwood Residential Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Cherry Spring School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Chesser--Morgan House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Chevrolet Motor Company Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Chilton, Dr. L.W. and Martha E.S., House
Goliad, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Chinese Sunken Garden Gate
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Chorn, Lester H. and Mabel Bryant, House
Mansfield, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Christ Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Church Street Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Church of Nuestra Senora de la Candelaria y Guadalupe
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Queen of Peace
Sweet Home, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Church of the Guardian Angel
Wallis, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Church of the Immaculate Conception of Blessed Virgin Mary
St. Mary's, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Cine El Rey
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Cisco Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
City Cemetery
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
City Hall
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
City National Bank
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
City National Bank Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2000
City Public Service Company Building
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
City Water Works
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
City of San Antonio Municipal Auditorium
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1981
City of Victoria Pumping Plant--Waterworks
City of Victoria, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Clanton, Moses A., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Clardy, U. P., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Clare, J. H., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Claremont Apartments
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Clarendon Motor Company Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Clark Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Clark House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Clark, Robert, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Clark--Whitton House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Clarke & Courts Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Clarksville Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Clay County Courthouse and Jail
Henrietta, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Clayton House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Clayton, William L., Summer House
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Cleburne Carnegie Library
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Clegg, John H., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Clegg, L. B., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Clement--Nagel House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Clements Hall
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Clendenen-Carleton House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Cleveland, A. S., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Cleveland-Partlow House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Cline--Bass House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Cloud-Stark House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Cock House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1973
Coggins, J. R., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Cohn, Arthur B., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Cohn, Joe, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Coke County Jail
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Cole--Hipp House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Coleman--Cole House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Collin County Mill and Elevator Company
McKinney, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Collyns House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Colonial Hill Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Colorado County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Colorado County Courthouse Historic District
Columbus, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Colorado River Bridge
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Colorado River Bridge at Bastrop
Bastrop, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Colston--Gohmert House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Colwick, John and Mary, Farm
Clifton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Comal County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Comal Hotel and Klein-Kuse House
New Braunfels, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Comal Power Plant
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Combs-Worley Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Comfort Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Commercial Building at 4113 Guadalupe Street
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Community Center
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Concho County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Congress Avenue Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Conn, Adrian Edwards, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Connally, Roy, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Connelly--Yerwood House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Conner, Dr. Beadie E. and Willie R., House and Park
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Continental Gin Company
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Cook, Charles, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Cooke County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
Coombs, Charles E., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Coop, Dr. B. F., House
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Cooper, Jesse and Sara, House
Georgetown, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Cooper, Madison, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Copeland, Austin, House I
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Copeland, Austin, House II
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Copperas Cove Stagestop and Post Office
Copperas Cove, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Cornelison House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Corralitos Ranch
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Corsicana Commercial Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Corsicana Oil Field Discovery Well
Corsicana, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Corstone Sales Company
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Cortez Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Coryell County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Cottle County Courthouse Historic District
Paducah, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Cotton Belt Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Cotton Belt Railroad Industrial Historic District
Grapevine, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Cotton Exchange Building, Old
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Countryman House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Courtlandt Place Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Covert, Frank M. and Annie G., House
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Cow Bayou Swing Bridge
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2010
Cox--Craddock House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2001
Crabapple School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Crain, F. H., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Crain, W. H., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Cranfill, Thomas, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Crescent Laundry
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Crim, Elias and Mattie, House
Henderson, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Crocheron-McDowall House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Crockett County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Croom, Wiley J., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Crouch--Perkins House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Cuero Commercial Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Cuero Gin
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Cuero High School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Cuero Hydroelectric Plant
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Cullen, Ezekiel, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Cummings House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Cummins Creek Bridge
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Curtis, Alice Ghormley, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Cyrus, Ben C. and Jenetter, House
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
D'Hanis Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Dahl, Peder, Farm
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Dallam County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Dallas County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Dallas Downtown Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
Dallas Downtown Historic District (Boundary Increase)
Dallas, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2009
Dallas Fire Station No. 16
Dallas, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Dallas Hall
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Dallas High School Historic District
Dallas, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Dallas National Bank
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Dallas Scottish Rite Temple
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Dallas Tent and Awning Building
Dallas, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Dallas Times Herald Pasadena Perfect Home
Dallas, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
Dallas Union Terminal
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Daniel, J. M. and Emily, House
Paris, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Daniels Farm House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1989
Dannon, F. F., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Daughtrey, E. M., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Daule, E. A., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Davidson, Dr. Green, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Davidson, Maria A., Apartments
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Davis House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Davis, Ben and Mary, House
Wharton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Davis, George R., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Davis, H. L., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Davis, William and Anna, House
Gainesville, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Davis--Hill House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Davison, Frank B., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Dawson, James A., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Day, Edwin and Hattie, House
Ballinger, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
De Witt County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
DeGolyer Estate
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
DeLeon Plaza and Bandstand
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
DePelchin Faith Home
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Dealey Plaza Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Deep Eddy Bathing Beach
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Del Rio Cemeteries Historic District
Del Rio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Denby Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Denison Commercial Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Denton County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Denton County Courthouse Square Historic District
Denton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2000
Denver Court Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Depot Square Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Develin House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Devine Opera House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Dewberry, Col. John, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Dexter House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Dial-Williamson House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Dickens County Courthouse and Jail
Dickens, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Diebel--Hyak House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Dienger, Joseph, Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Dilley, G. E., Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Dillingham, O. D. and Ada, House
Abilene, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Dillon, George C., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Dimmit County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Dimmitt, John J., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Dionicio Rodriguez Bridge in Brackenridge Park
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Dixon--Moore House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Doan's Adobe House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Dobie, J. Frank, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
Dobie, John R., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Dodd--Harkrider House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Donley County Courthouse and Jail
Clarendon, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Donnybrook Duplex Residential Historic District
Tyler, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Donoghue, Thomas J., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Doom, Col. Randolph C., House
Jasper, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Dorrance, John M., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Doughty, Lula J., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Douglas, John B. and Ketura (Kettie), House
Tyler, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Dow, Alden B., Office and Lake Jackson City Hall
Lake Jackson, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2010
Dowell, J. S., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Downes-Aldrich House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Downtown Buda Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Draughn-Moore House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Driskill Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1969
Droemer Brickyard Site
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Dubina Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Duke, Holmes, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Dulaney, Joe E., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Dulaney, Joseph Field, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Dunham Hill
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Dunkerly, G. G., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Dunn Ranch, Novillo Line Camp
Corpus Christi, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Durazno Plantation
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Durham, Jay L., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Durst--Taylor House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
ELISSA
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Eagle Lake Commercial Historic District
Eagle Lake, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2007
Earl--Rochelle House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Earle-Napier-Kinnard House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Easley, S. A., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
East Brenham
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
East Columbia Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
East End Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
East Ferguson Residential Historic District
Tyler, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
East Main Street Residential Historic District
Cuero, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
East Side Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Eastham, D. D., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Eaton House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Eckert House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Eckhardt Stores
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Eddleman-McFarland House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Edge, Eugene, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Edgemont
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Edwards County Courthouse and Jail
Rocksprings, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Eiband's
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Eichholz, William and L. F., House
Cuero, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Eighth Avenue Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
El Fortin del Cibolo Historic District
Shafter, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
El Paisano Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
El Paso County Water Improvement District No. 1
El Paso, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
El Paso High School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
El Paso US Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2001
El Paso Union Passenger Station
El Paso, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Electric Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Elgin Commercial Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Elizabeth Boulevard Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Elkins House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Elkins, Nettie, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Elks Club Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Ellingson Farm
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Elliott, E. Clyde and Mary, House
Wharton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Elliott, Joel, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Ellis County Courthouse Historic District
Waxahachie, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Ellis, Dr. Billie V., House
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Ellis, James H. and Molly, House
Dallas, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Elmendorf, Emil, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Emanuel Lutheran Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Emmanuel Episcopal Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Emmanuel Episcopal Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
English--Dansby House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
English--Poindexter House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
English-German School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Ennis Commercial Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Ennis Cotton Compress
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Ennis High School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Eola School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Episcopalian Rectory
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Epperson-McNutt House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1969
Eppes, Ned A. and Linda S., House
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Erath County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Erickson, Even and Petrine, Farm
Clifton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Erskine House No. 1
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Erwin, J. R., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Espada Aqueduct
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1966
Estes House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Evans Industrial Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Evans, Annie Laurie, Hall
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Evans, J. W., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Everett Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Everitt--Cox House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Excelsior Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1969
Ezzell House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Fain House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Fair Oaks Ranch
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2007
Faires, F. C., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Faires--Bell House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Fairmount Hotel, The
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Fairmount--Southside Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Fairmount--Southside Historic District (Boundary Increase)
Fort Worth, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Fairview H&TC Railroad Historic District
Fairview, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2010
Faison, Nathaniel W., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2010
Falls County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2000
Fannin, James W., Elementary School
Dallas, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Farmers National Bank
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Farmers Union Gin Company
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Farmers and Merchants Cotton Gin Warehouse
Victoria, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Farmersville Masonic Lodge No. 214, A.F. and A.M
Farmersville, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Farnsworth & Chambers Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2009
Farrar House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Farrar, Roy and Margaret, House
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
Farris, J. B., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Faulk and Gauntt Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Faust Street Bridge
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2009
Fayette County Courthouse Square Historic District
La Grange, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2001
Fayette County Courthouse and Jail
La Grange, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Fayetteville Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2008
Federal Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Felder, E. King, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Fence at Alamo Cement Company
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Fenley Commercial Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Ferguson House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Ferguson, James A., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Ferguson, James E. and Miriam, House
Belton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Ferguson, John H., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Fernandez, Miguel, Hide Yard
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Ferris School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Fidelity Union Life Insurance Building
Dallas, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2009
Finley, Eugene L., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Finstad, Ole and Elizabeth, Homesite
Clifton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Fire Engine House No. 9
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Fire Station and City Hall
San Marcos, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
First Baptist Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
First Baptist Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
First Christian Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
First Christian Church Parsonage
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
First Church of Christ, Scientist
Paris, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
First Evangelical Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
First Evangelical Lutheran Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
First Methodist Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
First Methodist Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
First Methodist Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
First Methodist Church of Rockwall
Rockwall, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2007
First Methodist Episcopal Church South, Old
Wharton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
First Mortage Company Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
First National Bank Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
First National Bank Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
First National Bank Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
First National Bank Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
First National Bank Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2009
First National Bank and Trust Building
Bryan, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
First National Bank of San Antonio
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1972
First Presbyterian Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
First Presbyterian Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
First Presbyterian Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
First Presbyterian Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
First Presbyterian Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
First Presbyterian Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
First Presbyterian Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
First Protestant Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
First State Bank and Trust Building
Bryan, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
First United Methodist Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
First United Methodist Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Fischer House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Fisher Hall
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Fisher, O. C., Federal Building
San Angelo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Fisk, Greenleaf, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Flatiron Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Fleming--Welder House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Floore Country Store
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Florence, Fred, Hall
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Fluegel, William F., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Fogel, Seymour and Barbara, House
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Foley, W. L., Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Foote--Crouch House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Forest Avenue High School, Old
Dallas, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Forrest, W. B., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Forsgard Homestead
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Fort Anahuac
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1981
Fort Belknap
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1966
Fort Bend County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Fort Bliss Main Post Historic District
El Paso, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Fort Brown
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1966
Fort Clark Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Fort Concho Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1966
Fort D.A. Russell Historic District
Marfa, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
Fort Davis National Historic Site
Fort Davis, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1966
Fort Duncan
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Fort Griffin
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Fort Griffin Brazos River Bridge
Fort Griffin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Fort House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Fort Lancaster
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Fort Leaton
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1973
Fort McIntosh
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Fort McKavett Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Fort Phantom Hill
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1972
Fort Richardson
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1966
Fort Ringgold Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Fort Sam Houston
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Fort Stockton Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1973
Fort Street Presbyterian Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Fort Travis
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Fort Worth Botanic Garden
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2009
Fort Worth Club Building--1916
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Fort Worth Elks Lodge 124
Fort Worth, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Fort Worth High School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Fort Worth Public Market
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Fort Worth Stockyards Historic District
Fort Worth, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Fort Worth US Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2001
Fort Worth and Denver South Plains Railway Depot
Lubbock, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Fortin de la Cienega
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Forum of Civics
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Fossati's
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
Fossati, E. J., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Foster House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Fountain at Alamo Cement Company
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Fourth Ward School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Fowler House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Fowler, D. D., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Fox, Jacob, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Fox, S. H., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Franklin Canal
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Franklin Carnegie Library
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Franklin County Courthouse and Jail
Mount Vernon, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
Franklin, Thomas H., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Frazier, Dr. Jacob Moore, House
Belton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Fredericksburg Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Fredericksburg Memorial Library
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Freedmen's Town Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Freeman Farm
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2000
Freeman Plantation House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1969
Freeze Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
French Home Trading Post
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
French Legation
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1969
Friar, Alfred, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Friedrich Complex
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Fritz, David C. and Docia, House
Abilene, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Frobese, William, Sr., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Fry-Barry House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Fulton, George W., Mansion
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
G & J Manufacturing
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Galveston Causeway
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Galveston Orphans Home
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Galveston Seawall
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Galveston US Post Office, Custom House and Courthouse
Galveston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2001
Galvez Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Gantt-Jones House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Garcia-Garza House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Garland Community School Teacherage
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Garner, John Nance, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Garrett, Henry B., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Garrett, John A. and Sophie, House
Wharton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Garrett, William, Plantation House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Garten Verein Pavilion
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Garza County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2001
Gates Memorial Library
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1981
Gatewood-Shelton Gin
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Gaylord--Levy House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Gazebo for Alber Steves
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Gazebo for James Richard Marmion
Sweeny, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Gebhardt Bakery
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
General Mercantile Store
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
George Washington Carver Library
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Georgetown Light and Water Works
Georgetown, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Gervais House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Gethsemane Lutheran Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Gethsemane Lutheran Church and Luther Hall (Boundary Increase)
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Gibbons, John Chisum, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Gibbs--Flournoy House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Giddings-Stone Mansion
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Giddings-Wilkin House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Gifford, George C. and Annie, House
Wharton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Gilbert, Samuel and Julia, House
Farmers Branch, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Gilfillan House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Gillette House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Ginocchio Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Glass, D.R., Library at Texas College
Tyler, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2007
Glenrio Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2007
Goad Motor Company Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Godager, Adolf and Christine, Homesite
Clifton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Goforth-Harris House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Goldman's Cotton Gin Warehouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Goldman, A., Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Goliad County Courthouse Historic District
Goliad, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Goliad State Park Historic District
Goliad, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2001
Gonzales Commercial Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Gonzales County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1972
Gonzales County Jail
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Gonzales Memorial Museum and Amphitheater Historic District
Gonzales, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Good, Isham Jones, Homestead
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Goodloe, Albert S. and Ruth, House
Abilene, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Goodman Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1973
Goodman-LeGrand House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Goodner, Jim B., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Goodnight, Charles and Mary Ann (Molly), Ranch House
Goodnight, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2007
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Building and B.F. Goodrich Building
Dallas, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Gough--Hughston House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Governor's Mansion
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Grace Episcopal Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Grace Episcopal Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Grace Methodist Episcopal Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Graham Post Office
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Graham, Dr. L. H., House
Waxahachie, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Gramann House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Grand Avenue Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Grand Opera House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Grand Opera House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Granger House and the Perch
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
Grapevine Commercial Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Grapevine Commercial Historic District (Boundary Increase II)
Grapevine, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Grapevine Commercial Historic District (Boundary Increase)
Grapevine, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Gray County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Gray Rental Houses
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Greater St. Paul AME Church
San Angelo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Green Pastures
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Green and Faris Buildings
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Green, Henry G. and Annie B., House
Kendleton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Green, Roland A. D., House
Abilene, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Greenway Parks Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2008
Greer, George C., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Gregory Road Bridge at Duck Creek
Sanger, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Grierson-Sproul House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Grimes Garage
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Grimes House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Grimland, Gunsten and Lofise, House
Clifton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Grimland, Keddel and Liv, Farm
Clifton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Groos, Carl W.A., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2000
Gruene Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Guadalupe Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Guadalupe Ranch
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Guenther, Carl Hilmar, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Guerra, Fred and Nell Kain, House
Rio Grande City, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Gugenheim, Simon, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Guinn, James E., School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Gulf Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Gulf Oil Distribution Facility
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2010
Gulf, Colorado and Sante Fe Railroad Passenger Station
Fort Worth, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Gunter Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2007
Haden House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Haehnel Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Hagelstein Commercial Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Hagemann, John, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Hagerty House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Halff, A. H., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Hall County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2008
Hall Furniture Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Hall, R. A., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Hall, Robert, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Halley, Capt. Robert, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Hamilton County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Hamilton Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Hamilton, Joseph Andrew, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Hamilton, William Benjamin, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Hammersmith, John P., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Hammond House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Hancock, John, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1973
Hangar 9
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Hardin, R.F.,High School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Hardy-Williams Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Harlan Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Harper--Chesser House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Harrell, Moses, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Harris County Courthouse of 1910
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1981
Harris Drug Store
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2001
Harris, Capt. Andrew Jackson, House
Belton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Harris, E. M., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Harris, Ethel Wilson, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2001
Harrison County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Harrison, Gerard A., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Harrison, John S., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
Harrison--Dennis House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Harrison--Hastedt House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Hart, Meredith, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Hartley County Courthouse and Jail
Channing, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Hartley House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Hasse, Heinrich and Fredericka, House
Art, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Hatfield Plantation
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Hauschild, George H., Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Hauschild, George and Adele, House
Victoria, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Havana, The
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Hawes, Edwin, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Hawes, Edwin, Jr., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Hawkes, Z. T. (Tip), House
Cedar Hill, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Hawkins House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Hawnen, A. W., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Haynes-DeLashwah House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Hays County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Hays County Courthouse Historic District
San Marcos, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Hays County Jail
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Hayter Office Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Heard House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Heard--Craig House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Heidgen, Johann and Anna, House
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Heights Boulevard Esplanade
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Heights Christian Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Heights State Bank Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Heimann Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Henderson Commercial Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Henderson, S. L., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Henderson, S. W.--Bridges House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Hendrickson--Caskey House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Hensley--Gusman House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
Herff-Rozelle Farm
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2009
Heritage Park Plaza
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2010
Hewitt, M. S., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Heyne, Fred J., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Hicks-Gregg House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2009
Higginbotham, J. G., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Higgs, Walter J., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
High House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Highland Park Shopping Village
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Highway Garage
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Hildreth--Flanagan--Heierman House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Hill County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Hill County Jail
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1981
Hill Street Bridge over Buffalo Bayou
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2007
Hill, Abraham Wiley, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Hill, Ben, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Hill, John B., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Hill, Moran, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Hill, R.J., Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2009
Hill, W. R., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Hill--Howard House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Hill--Webb Grain Elevator
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Hiller House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Hiller House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Hilliard Hall
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Hills, W. S., Commercial Structure
El Paso, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Hillsboro Cotton Mills
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Hillsboro Residential Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Hilton Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Hilton Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Hilton Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Hinchee House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Hines, E. M., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Hippodrome
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Hirshfeld, Henry, House and Cottage
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1973
Hochwald House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Hodde Drugstore
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
Hodge--Taylor House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Hodges-Hardy-Chambers House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Hoff-Ulland Farm
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Hofheintz-Reissig Store
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Hofheinz, Augusta, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Hofheinz, Walter, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Hogg Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Hogg, Alexander, School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Holcomb--Blanton Print Shop
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Holden Properties Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Holden, William Curry and Olive Price, House
Lubbock, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Holle, Edmund, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Holz--Forshage--Krueger Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Hood County Courthouse Historic District
Granbury, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Hoopes--Smith House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Hopkins County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Horn-Polk House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Horton-Porter, Goldie, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Hot Springs
Big Bend National Park, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Hotel Adolphus
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Hotel Blessing
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Hotel Cortez
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Hotel Faust
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Hotel McCartney
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Hotel Paso del Norte
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Hotel Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Hotel Turkey
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
House at 1002 Stockdale
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
House at 1017 South David
San Angelo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
House at 104 Kaufman
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 106 East Denton
Ennis, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 106 Kaufman
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 109 N. Sterling
Bryan, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
House at 111 Brown
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 111 Williams
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 1111 Heights Boulevard
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
House at 112 W. 4th Street
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
House at 1127 Ash Street
Abilene, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
House at 113 East Ross
Waxahachie, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 1170 San Bernard Street
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
House at 1210 Harvard Street
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
House at 1217 Harvard
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
House at 122 East Fifth Street
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
House at 1220 Harvard
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
House at 1222 Harvard Street
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
House at 1227 Rutland Street
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
House at 123 Allen
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
House at 1230 Oxford Street
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
House at 1237 Rutland Street
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
House at 1301 East Marvin
Waxahachie, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 1303 W. Louisiana
McKinney, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
House at 1304 Cortlandt Street
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
House at 1325 South David
San Angelo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
House at 1343 Allston Street
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
House at 140 Allen
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
House at 1400 Canterbury Street
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
House at 1401 Baker
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
House at 1421 Harvard St.
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
House at 1421 Heights Boulevard
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
House at 1421-1423 Waverly Street
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
House at 1423 Sycamore
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 1435 Heights Boulevard
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
House at 1437 Heights Boulevard
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
House at 1437 Waverly Street
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
House at 1443 Allston Street
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
House at 1509 Allston Street
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
House at 1515 Allston Street
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
House at 1517 Cortland Street
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
House at 1537 Tulane Street
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
House at 1602 North Moody
Victoria, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 1621 North Chadbourne
San Angelo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
House at 1640 Harvard Street
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
House at 1907 Southwest Ben Jordan
Victoria, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 201 N. Graves
McKinney, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
House at 201 W. 15th Street
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
House at 2017-2023 Avenue I
Galveston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
House at 2035 Rutland Street
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
House at 214 W. University
Georgetown, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 217 E. 5th Street
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
House at 221 North Magdalen
San Angelo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
House at 2402 Rutland Street
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
House at 2528 Postoffice St.
Galveston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
House at 301 E. Lamar
McKinney, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
House at 301 Turner
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 304 West Stayton
Victoria, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 306 East Forrest
Victoria, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 320 East Marvin
Waxahachie, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 401 East Stayton
Victoria, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 401 North Richmond
Wharton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
House at 402 E. 11th Street
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
House at 402 N. East St.
Belton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
House at 402 W. Colorado
Victoria, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
House at 404 East Crockett
Ennis, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 404 Stockdale
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
House at 405 Preusser
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
House at 407 East Convent
Victoria, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 407 N. Parker
Bryan, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
House at 418 North College
Waxahachie, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 419 West Avenue C
San Angelo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
House at 421 West Twohig
San Angelo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
House at 427 West Twohig
San Angelo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
House at 4402 East Juan Linn
Victoria, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 444 West 24th Street
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
House at 500 North Main, East
Ennis, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 501 North Grand
Waxahachie, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 501 North Swenson
Stamford, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 502 South Orient
Stamford, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 505 W. 18th Street
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
House at 508 North Dallas
Ennis, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 509 West Brown
Ennis, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 512 North Grand
Waxahachie, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 512 North Resident
Wharton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
House at 521 West Highland Boulevard
San Angelo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
House at 523 Highland
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 532 Harvard Street
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
House at 600 N. Washington
Bryan, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
House at 603 E. Thirty-first
Bryan, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
House at 604 E. Twenty-seventh
Bryan, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
House at 604 East Santa Rosa
Victoria, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 609 East Live Oak
Cuero, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
House at 610 East Oliver
Stamford, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 610 Tucker
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
House at 625 Cantrell
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 700 South Rogers
Waxahachie, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 702 Siegfried
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 703 South College
Waxahachie, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 704 Parker
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
House at 705 3rd Street, SE
Paris, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
House at 706 Siegfried
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 708 East Brown
Ennis, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 709 East Reynolds
Stamford, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 712 East Marvin
Waxahachie, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 715 Austin
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
House at 719 East Reynolds
Stamford, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 722 West Madison
Ennis, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 730 N. Beal St.
Belton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
House at 731 Preusser
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
House at 801 West
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 802 East Ennis
Ennis, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 803 Cantrell
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 804 Siegfried
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 806 South Dallas
Ennis, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 807 North Preston
Ennis, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 810 North Preston
Ennis, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 815 East Campbell
Stamford, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 816 Cantrell
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 816 West Water
Waxahachie, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 828 Heights Boulevard
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
House at 844 Columbia Street
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
House at 844 Courtlandt
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
House at 901 Cantrell
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 907 Pine
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
House at 912 Magoffin Avenue
El Paso, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
House at 917 Heights Boulevard
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
House at 943 1/2 Cortlandt Street
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Household Furniture Co.
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Houses at 406 and 408 Heard
McKinney, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Houston City Hall
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Houston County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2010
Houston Fire Station No. 7
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Houston Heights Fire Station
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Houston Heights Waterworks Reservoir
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Houston Heights Woman's Club
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Houston Negro Hospital
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Houston Negro Hospital School of Nursing Building
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Houston Post-Dispatch Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Houston Public Library
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Houston Street Viaduct
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Houston Turn-Verein
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Houston, Mrs. Sam, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Houston, Sam, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Houston, William Buckner and Sue, House
Gonzales, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Howard House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Howard, Robert E., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Hoxey, Asa, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Hoya Land Office Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Hubbard Creek Bridge
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Hudson, Dr. Taylor, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Hudspeth County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Huebner--Onion Homestead and Stagecoach Stop
Leon Valley, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Hughes, Ed S., Company Warehouse
Abilene, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Hull House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Humason--Pinkerton House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Humble Oil Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Humphries, William H. and Molly P., House
Edgewood, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Humpty Dumpty Store
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Hunt County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Hutcheson-Smith House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Hutchings, Sealy, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Hutchison House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Hyde Park Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Hyde Park Presbyterian Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Hyer Hall
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Hyer, Dr. Robert, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Hygieostatic Bat Roost
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
I.O.O.F. Lodge
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Ideson, Julia, Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Idle Hours
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Iglesia Santa Maria
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Illies Building--Justine Apartments
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Imhoff House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Immaculate Conception Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Immanuel Lutheran Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Independence Heights Residential Historic District
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Independence Park
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Inn at Brushy Creek
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
International & Great Northern Railroad Passenger Depot
Rockdale, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
International & Great Northern Railroad Passenger Station
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
International Boundary Marker
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Interstate Forwarding Company Warehouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Irion County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Irvin, Robert, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Irvine, George, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Isabella Court
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Isbell House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
J A Ranch
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1966
Jacala Restaurant
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Jackson, A. J., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Jacksonville Post Office
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
James House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Jasper County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Jean Lafitte Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Jecker, E. J., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Jecker, J. T., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Jeff Davis County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Jefferson County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Jefferson Davis Hospital
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Jefferson Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Jefferson Ordnance Magazine
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Jefferson Playhouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1969
Jefferson Theater
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Jenkins, Edward J., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Jenkins, Edwin and Mary, House
Paris, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Jenkins--Harvey Super Service Station and Garage
Tyler, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Jensen, James L., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Jenson, James Jens and Martha, House
Clifton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Jernigan, A. J., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Jobe, Phillip W., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Johnson County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Johnson Farm
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Johnson House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Johnson, C. E., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Johnson, Charles, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Johnson, J. J., Farm
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Johnson, John, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Johnson, Joseph F., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Johnson, Morris and Mary, House
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Johnson, Thomas, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Johnson--McCuistion House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Johnson-Elliott House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Johnston, Joseph E., Confederate Reunion Grounds
Mexia, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Joiner--Long House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Jolesch House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Jones County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Jones Farm
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Jones House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Jones, A. T., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Jones, J. M., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Jones, Roland, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Jones-Hunt House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Jons--Gilvin House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Jordan--Koch House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Joshua Chapel A.M.E. Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Jureczki House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Katy Depot
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Kaufman, E. C., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Keef--Filley Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Keith House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Kell, Frank, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Keller House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Keller--Grunder House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Kellum-Noble House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Kelly Field Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Keltys Worker Housing
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Kemp, E. A., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Kempner, Daniel Webster, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Kendall County Courthouse and Jail
Boerne, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Kendall Inn
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Kennard House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Kennedy Bakery
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Kennedy, A. C.--Runnells House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Kennedy, Marshall W., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Kennedy, R. A.--J. M. Lowrey House
Lufkin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Kessler Park Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Kessler Park Historic District (Boundary Increase)
Dallas, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Kinchion, L. B., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
King William Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1972
King's Highway Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
King, Henrietta M., High School
Kingsville, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
King, Mrs. J. C., House
McKinney, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
King, Richard, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Kirby--Hill House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Kirkpatrick, E. W., House and Barn
McKinney, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Kirven, J. D., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Kleberg County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2010
Klein, Stephen, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Kleinhaus House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Kneip--Bredthauer House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
Knights of Pythias Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Knittel House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Knudson, Christen and Johanne, Farm
Clifton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Koger, William, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Kohl, Ernst Martin, Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Kone-Cliett House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Korus Farmstead
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Kouns--Jackson House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Kraitchar, Thomas, Jr. and Mary, House
Caldwell, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Kreische, Henry L., Brewery and House
La Grange, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Krenek House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Kress Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Kress Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Kress Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2007
Kronenberger House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Kurth, J. H., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Kurth--Glover House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Kyle City Hall
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Kyle Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Kyle, Claiborne, Log House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1981
La Lomita Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
La Madrilena
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
La Morita Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
La Nueva Libertad
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
La Salle County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2007
La Salle Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2000
La Villita Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1972
LaBorde House, Store and Hotel
Rio Grande City, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Laas, Dr. Charles, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
Laguna Gloria
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Lahlum, A. H., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Lake Cliff Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Lake Fannin Organizational Camp
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2001
Lamar Boulevard Bridge
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Lamar County Hospital
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Lamar--Calder House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Lamesa Farm Workers Community Historic Ditrict
Los Ybanez, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Lampasas Colored School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Lampasas County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Lampasas Downtown Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Lancaster Avenue Commercial Historic District
Dallas, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Lander--Hopkins House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Landergin-Harrington House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Landmark Inn Complex
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1972
Lane--Riley House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Lane--Tarkington House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Langford, B.F., Jr. and Mary Hay, House
Bandera, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Langsford, Samuel, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Lanius, C. A., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Laredo US Post Office, Court House and Custom House
Laredo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2001
Larson, Martin, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Lasker Home for Homeless Children
Galveston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Latimer, William and Etta, House
Paris, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Lavaca County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Lavaca Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2000
Lawrence House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Lawrence, G. E., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Lawrence, Stephen Decatur, Farmstead
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Lay-Bozka House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Leake, Will and Mary, House
Georgetown, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Leavell, John, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Ledbetter, Charles P., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Lee County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Lee, Robert E., Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Lee, Walter J., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Leesville Schoolhouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Leffland, Jules, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
Leinhardt, Albert and Kate, House
Cuero, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Lemmon, Mark and Maybelle, House
Highland Park, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
Lenert, Dr. Robert, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Leon County Courthouse and Jails
Centerville, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Leonardt, Emil, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Leske Bar
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Lester, L. T., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Leuda--May Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Levi--Moses House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Levi--Topletz House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Levi--Welder House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Levy, E.S., Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Lewis Apartment Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Lewis, Ella, Store and Rental Houses
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Lewis, William, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Ley, Valentine, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Liberty County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Lichtenstein, S. Julius, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Liendo Plantation
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Limerick--Frazier House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Linberg, Eric and Martha, Farm
Clifton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Lincoln High School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Lincoln Paint and Color Company Building
Dallas, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Lindenburg, Emil, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Lindheimer House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Lindsay, Oscar, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Link House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Link--Lee House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2000
Linn Street Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Lipscomb County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2008
Little Campus
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Little House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Littlefield House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Live Oak County Jail
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Livingston--Hess House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Llano Cemetery Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Llano County Courthouse Historic District
Llano, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1989
Llano County Courthouse and Jail
Llano, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Lockett, M. B. and Annie, House
Georgetown, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Lockhart Vocational High School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Locust Grove
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Logue House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Lomita Boulevard Commercial Historic District
Mission, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Lone Wolf Crossing Bridge
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Los Nogales
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1972
Los Ojuelos
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Lott, Howard L. and Vivian W.,House
Mineola, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Louisiana--Rio Grande Canal Company Irrigation System
Hidalgo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Love, Frank and Mellie, House
Georgetown, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Loving County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
Lower South Grape Creek School
Fredericksburg, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Lowry, Fayette C., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Lubbock High School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Lubbock Post Office and Federal Building
Lubbock, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Lucas Gusher, Spindletop Oil Field
Beaumont, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1966
Lucas, Joseph and Annie, House
Orange, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Luce Hall
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Luckenbach School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Lufkin Land--Long Bell--Buck House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Lumpkin Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Luna Jacal
Big Bend National Park, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Lund House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Lutcher Memorial Church Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Luther Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2010
Lynch--Probst House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park
Johnson City, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1969
Lynn County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
M and J Nelson Building
McAllen, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2008
Macatee, Leonard W., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Macedonia Baptist Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Mackey, William, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Maddox, John W., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Magee, J. D., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Magnolia Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Magnolia Petroleum Company City Sales and Warehouse
Dallas, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Magnolias, The
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Magoffin Homestead
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Main Building, Blinn College
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Main Building, Southwest Texas Normal School
San Marcos, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Main Street Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Main Street/Market Square Historic District
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Main Street/Market Square Historic District (Boundary Increase)
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Main and Military Plazas Historic District
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Majestic Theatre
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Majestic Theatre
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Makemson, W. K. and Kate, House
Georgetown, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Man, Ralph Sandiford and Julia Boisseau, House
Mansfield, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Manautou House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Manhattan Heights Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Mann, John Wesley, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1972
Mansbendel, Peter and Clotilde Shipe, House
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Mansfield House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Marconi Tower at Port Arthur College
Port Arthur, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2008
Marie, Frank, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Marine Commercial Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2001
Mariscal Mine
Big Bend National Park, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Markeen Apartments
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2001
Marschner Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Marsh--Smith House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Marshall US Post Office
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2001
Martin Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Martin Hall at Texas College
Tyler, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Martin--Fiek-Thumford, Vera, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Martin--Lowe House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Marvin Methodist Episcopal Church, South
Tyler, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2000
Mary Allen Seminary for Colored Girls, Administration Building
Crockett, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Mary Apartments
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Mason Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Mason Historic District (Boundary Increase)
Mason, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
Mason--Hughes House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Masonic Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Masonic Lodge 570
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Masonic Widows and Orphans Home Historic District
Fort Worth, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Matagorda Cemetery
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
Matagorda Island Lighthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Matchett, Edgar, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Mather-Kirkland House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Mathews-Powell House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Mathis, T. H., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Matthews--Atwood House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Matthews--Templeton House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Maverick Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Maverick County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Maverick--Carter House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Maxey, Samuel Bell, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
May--Hickey House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Mayfield Dugout
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1973
Mayfield--Gutsch Estate
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Mayo Hall
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
McAllen Ranch
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2007
McBride Ranch House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
McCabe Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
McCain, Henry Hicks, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
McCallum, Arthur N. and Jane Y., House
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
McCan--Nave House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
McCanless--Williams House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
McCardell, William Keenan and Nancy Elizabeth, House
Livingston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
McCartney House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
McCauley, Robert H. and Edith Ethel, House
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
McClelland, J. T. and Minnie, House
San Angelo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
McClendon--Abney Hardware Company
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
McClennan County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
McCollum, D. C., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
McCormic--Bishop House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
McCroskey, John, Cabin
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
McCulloch County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
McCulloch House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1972
McDaniel, George W. and Lavina, House
Abilene, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
McDermott Motors Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
McDonald Hall
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
McDonald House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
McDonald House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
McDougal--Jones House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
McFaddin House Complex
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
McFaddin, James, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
McFadin House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
McFarlin Memorial Auditorium
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
McGilbert House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
McGloin, James, Homestead (Boundary Increase)
San Patricio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
McGown, Floyd, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
McIntosh, Roger D., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
McKee Street Bridge
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
McKie-Bass Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
McKinney Commercial Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
McKinney Cotton Compress Plant
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
McKinney Cotton Mill Historic District
McKinney, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
McKinney Homestead
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
McKinney Hospital, Old
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
McKinney Residential Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
McKinney-McDonald House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
McKnight--Ebb House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
McMillen Apartments
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2010
McMurray House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
McMurry College Administration Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
McNamara--O'Conner House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
McWhirter, George and Martha, House
Belton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Means, V. R., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Means--Justiss House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Medical Dental Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2000
Medina Dam
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Medio Creek Bridge
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Meek, James V., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Meerscheidt, Otto, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Meissner--Pleasants House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Meitzen House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Melrose Apartment Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Menard County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Menard, Michel B., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Menger Soap Works
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1973
Merchants Ice and Cold Storage Company
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Merchants and Manufacturers Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Meredith--McDowal House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Merimax Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Merrell, Capt. Nelson, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Merrell--Roten House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Mesa Pump Plant
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2009
Methodist Church Concord
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Meusebach Creek School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Michaelis, M.G., Ranch
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Michaux Park Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Mifflin Kenedy Warehouse and Old Starr County Courthouse
Rio Grande City, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Milam County Courthouse and Jail
Cameron, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Mildred Buildings
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Miller House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Miller and Stemmons Historic District
Dallas, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Miller, Ezekial and Mary Jane, House
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Miller, Fannie Moss, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2008
Miller, J. Z., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Miller, John Hickman, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Miller, Sam and Marjorie, House
McAllen, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Miller--Ellyson House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Miller-Curtis House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Millett Opera House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Mills County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2000
Mills County Jailhouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Mills Place Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Milroy House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Milroy, John, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Milroy-Muller House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Mimosa Hall
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Minchen, Simon and Mamie, House
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2000
Minella, Angelo and Lillian, House
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
Minter, William A., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Miraflores Park
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
Mission Canal Company Second Lift Pumphouse
Mission, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Mission Citrus Growers Union Packing Shed
Mission, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Mission Concepcion
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Mission Parkway
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Mission San Francisco de la Espada
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1972
Mission San Francisco de la Espada (Boundary Increase)
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Mission San Juan Capistrano
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1972
Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad Bridge at the Leon River
Belton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Missouri, Kansas and Texas Land Co. House
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Missouri-Kansas-Texas Company Railroad Station
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Mitchell, Guy, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Mitchell, John E., Company Plant
Dallas, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
Mobley Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1981
Model Laundry
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Moeller House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Mohris--Abschier House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Monastery of Our Lady of Charity
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Monogram Square
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Monroe Shops
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2007
Monroe-Crook House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Montana Avenue Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Monte Vista Residential Historic District
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Montgomery Ward Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Montgomery Ward and Company Building
Fort Worth, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Montopolis Bridge
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Moonlight Towers
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Moore Grocery Co. Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Moore Grocery Company
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Moore House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Moore House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Moore's Crossing Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Moore, Col. Hugh B. and Helen, House
Texas City, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Moore, John M. and Lottie D., House
Richmond, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2001
Moore, W. B., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Moore--Hancock Farmstead
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Moran--Moore House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Moreland, Charles B., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Morey House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Morgan's Point Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Morning Chapel Colored Methodist Episcopal Church
Fort Worth, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Morningside Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Morris Ranch Schoolhouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Morris, Glenn W., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Morris--Browne House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
Morris--Moore House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Morrison, William J., Jr., House
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Morton Brothers Grocery
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Morton House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Mosquito Fleet Berth, Pier 19
Galveston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Mother Neff State Park and F. A. S. 21-B(1) Historic District
Moody, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Motz, Charles, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Mount Vernon African Methodist Episcopal Church
Palestine, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Mount Zion United Methodist Church
Belton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Mrs. Baird's Bread Company Building
Dallas, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Mt. Zion Methodist Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Mueller Bridge
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2007
Mugge, Edward, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Mulberry Creek Bridge
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Mulcahy House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Munger Place Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Municipal Power Plant
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Municipal Swimming Pool
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Murphy, Mrs. J. V., House
Victoria, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Murrah House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Myer, Sterling, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Myers--Spalti Manufacturing Plant
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
NAS Chase Field--Building 1001
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
NAS Chase Field--Building 1009
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
NAS Chase Field--Building 1015
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
NAS Chase Field--Building 1040
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
NAS Chase Field--Building 1042
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
NAS Chase Field--Quarters R
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
NAS Chase Field--Quarters S
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Nacogdoches Downtown Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2008
Nagel, Chester and Lorine, House
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Nairn, Forrest A., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
Naismith, Robert, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Nance--Jones House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
Nash, William R., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
National Biscuit Company Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
National Compress Company Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
National Theater
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Nativity of Mary, Blessed Virgin Catholic Church
High Hill, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Navarro County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Navarro, Jose Antonio, Elementary School
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Navarro, Jose Antonio, House Complex
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1972
Navasota Commercial Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Nave, Royston, Memorial
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Navy Park Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Neal House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Near Southeast Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Neathery, Sam, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Nebgen School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Neese, William, Sr., Homestead
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Neill-Cochran House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Nelson Farmstead
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2007
Nenney, J. P., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Neuhaus, C. L., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Neuhaus, Hugo V., Jr. House
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Neumann, William, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
Newberry, J. J., Company
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Newman, I.M. and Margaret, House
Sweetwater, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Newsom--Moss House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Newsome, R. F., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Newsome--King House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Newton County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Newton House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Newton, William Walter, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Ney, Elisabet, Studio and Museum
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1972
Nienstedt, Herbert, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
Nienstedt, William, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
Nolte--Rooney House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
North Bishop Avenue Commercial Historic District
Dallas, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
North Fort Worth High School
Fort Worth, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
North Rogers Street Historic District
Waxahachie, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
North Side Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Northcutt House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Northwest Texas Hospital School of Nursing
Amarillo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Norton--Orgain House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Norway Mill
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Noto House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Novy, Joe, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Nueces County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Nuggett Hill Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Number 4 Hook and Ladder Company
Dallas, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1981
O'Bryne, John and Eva, House
Union Grove, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
O'Connor, Thomas M., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
O'Connor--Proctor Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Oak Lawn Methodist Episcopal Church, South
Dallas, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Oakes Hotel Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Oakhurst Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2010
Oakwood Cemetery Annex
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Oblate Park Historic district
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Offenhauser Insurance Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Ogle, Joseph, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Oil Springs Oil Field Discovery Well
Woden, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Old Algerita Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Old Alton Bridge
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Old Bakery
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1969
Old Beer and Ice Warehouse
Cuero, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Old Bnai Zion Synagogue
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Old Brazoria County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Old Brownson School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Old Brulay Plantation
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Old Bryant--Link Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Old City Mills
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Old Continental State Bank
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Old Federal Building and Post Office
Victoria, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Old Federal Building--Federal Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Old Fort Bliss
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1972
Old Frio County Jail
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Old Galveston Customhouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Old Georgetown High School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Old Hidalgo Courthouse and Buildings
Hidalgo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Old Hidalgo School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Old Houston National Bank
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Old Land Office Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Old Lone Star Brewery
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1972
Old Lone Star Brewery (Boundary Increase)
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Old Lyford High School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Old Market House Museum
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1972
Old Masonic Hall
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Old McCulloch County Jail
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Old Mercantile Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Old Morris County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Old Municipal Assembly Hall
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Old Nacogdoches University Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Old Nazareth Academy
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Old Penick--Hughes Company
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Old Pierce House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1973
Old Post Sanitarium
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Old Reagan County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Old Rock Saloon
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Old San Francisco Historic District
El Paso, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Old Sherman Public Library
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Old Sixth Ward Historic District
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Old St. Anthony's Catholic Church
Violet, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Old St. Luke's Episcopal Church
Belton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Old Taylor County Courthouse and Jail
Buffalo Gap, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Old Town Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2000
Old Town Residential Historic District
Palestine, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
Old U.S. Post Office and Courts Building
Jefferson, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1969
Old Victoria County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Old West Austin Historic District
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Old West Austin Historic District (Boundary Increase)
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Old West Texas Utilities Company
Stamford, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Old Wooten, H. O., Grocery
Stamford, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Oldham Avenue Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Oldham, Mary and Frank House
Waxahachie, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Oliphant House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Oliphant--Walker House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Oliver, Dr. William Holt, House
Bryan, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Olson, Joseph and Anna, Farm
Clifton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Olson-Hanson Farm
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Olson-Nelson Farm
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Onion Creek Post Office and Stagecoach House
Buda, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Orange Show, The
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
Oriental Textile Mill
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Original Town Residential Historic District
Grapevine, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Ott, Charles J. and Alvina, House
Cuero, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Ott, S. I., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Otto House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Our Lady of Lourdes Church
Victoria, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Our Lady of Mount Carmel and St. Therese Church
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Our Lady of Victory Academy
Fort Worth, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Our Mother of Mercy Catholic Church and Parsonage
Fort Worth, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Our Mother of Mercy School
Fort Worth, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
P. A. Smith Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Paddock Viaduct
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Page--Gilbert House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Paggi, Michael, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Paige--DeCrow--Weir House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Paillet House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Palace Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
Palace Theatre
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Palapa Table for James Richard Marmion
Sweeny, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Palestine Carnegie Library
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Palestine High School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Palmer, Edward Albert, Memorial Chapel and Autry House
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Palmito Ranch Battlefield
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Palo Alto Battlefield National Historic Site
Brownsville, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1966
Palo Pinto County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Palo Pinto County Jail
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Pampa City Hall
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Pampell-Day House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Panna Maria Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Panola County Jail
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Paramount Theater
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Paramount Theatre
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Paris Commercial Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Park Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Parker County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Parker Lumber Company Complex
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Parker, James F. and Susie R., House
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Parker, John W., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Parker, Milton, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Parker--Bradshaw House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Parramore Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
Parramore, D. D., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Partee, Hiram, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Patrick, Marshall T., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Patrick, Woodson and Margaret, House
Georgetown, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Patterson, Stanley, Hall
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Paul Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Payne, M. S., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Peak's Suburban Addition Historic District
Dallas, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Pecan Creek School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Peck, Capt. Barton, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Peden, D. D., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
Pederson, John, Farm
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Pegues House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Pela House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
People's National Bank Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Percy, Dr. Edward--Abney House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Perkins Hall of Administration
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Perkins, James I. and Myrta Blake, House
Rusk, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Perry Estate--St. Mary's Academy
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2001
Perry, A. F. and Myrtle--Pitmann House
Lufkin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Perry, C. W. Archie--Hallmark House
Lufkin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Perry, Capt. William, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Perry-Swilley House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Pershing House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Peterson, George A., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Petroleum Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2009
Pettey House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2008
Phillips and Trosper Buildings
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Phillips, E. F., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Phillips, Judge Alexander H., House
Victoria, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Pickering House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Pierson, Ole and Ann, Farm
Clifton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Pilot Point Commercial Historic District
Pilot Point, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2007
Pine Bluff--Fitzhugh Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Pinery Station
Gaudalupe Mountain National Park, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Pines Theatre
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Pippert House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Pix Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Plainview Commercial Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Plainview Hardware Company Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Plano Station, Texas Electric Railway
Plano, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Planters Bank Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Plaza Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Plaza Theatre
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Pleasant Hill School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Plehwe Complex
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Plemons--Mrs. M. D. Oliver-Eakle Additions Historic District
Amarillo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Plumhoff House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Point Bolivar Lighthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Point Isabel Lighthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Polhemus, Joseph O., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Polk County Courthouse and 1905 Courthouse Annex
Livingston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2001
Polk Street Methodist Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Pollock-Capps House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1972
Pomeroy Homestead
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Pompeiian Villa
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1973
Ponton, Dr. Arvel and Faye, House
Fort Worth, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
Popular Department Store
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Port Arthur Federated Women's Clubhouse
Port Arthur, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Port Arthur--Orange Bridge
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Porter, Katherine Anne, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Porter, Walter C., Farm
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1966
Porter, William Sidney, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1973
Post Chapel, Fort Sam Houston
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Post Office Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Post Office Building, Old
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Post Office--Palestine
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Potter County Courthouse and Library
Amarillo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Potton-Hayden House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Potts, Arthur, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Pound, Dr. Joseph M. and Sarah, Farmstead
Dripping Springs, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Powhatan House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Praeger Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Praetorian Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Pratt, Wallace, Lodge
Gaudalupe Mountain National Park, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Presbyterian Iglesia Nicea
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Presbyterian Manse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1969
President's House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2001
President's House at Texas College
Tyler, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2007
Presidio Chapel of San Elizario
San Elizario, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1972
Presidio Nuestra Senora de Loreto de la Bahia
Goliad, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1967
Preslar--Hewitt Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Preston, Thaddeus and Josepha, House
Paris, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Price, R. H. and Martha, House
Georgetown, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Price-Farwell House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2009
Prigden, O. F. and Mary, House
Cuero, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Princess Ice Cream Co.
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Proctor House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Proctor--Vandenberge House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Prospect Hill Missionary Baptist Church
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Purvin--Hexter Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
Pytlovany, Simon, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Quadrangle, The
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Quanah Commercial Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2000
Quanah, Acme and Pacific Depot
Quanah, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Quarters Number 1
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Queen City Heights Historic District
Dallas, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Questad, Carl and Sedsel, Farm
Clifton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Quitaque Railway Tunnel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Rackley, J. J., Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Radford, James M., Grocery Company Warehouse
Abilene, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Ragland House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Ragland, John B., Mercantile Company Building
Kingsville, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Ragland, R. A., Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Ragsdale-Jackman-Yarbough House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Railroad Produce Depot
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Rainey Street Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Rains County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Ralston, Mary, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Ramey House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Ramsey, F. T. and Belle, House
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Rancho Estelle
Big Bend National Park, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Rancho Toluca
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Ranchotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Randall Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Randlett House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Randolph Field Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Ransom House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Raphael House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Rastus--Read House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Rather House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Rawlins, Capt. R. A., House
Lancaster, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Ray, M. B., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Rayburn, Sam, Library and Museum
Bonham, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Rayburn, Samuel T., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1972
Raymond-Morley House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Reading, Jhules, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Reagan, John H., Monument
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Rector Road Bridge at Clear Creek
Sanger, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Red House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Red River County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Red Schoolhouse, Old
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Redlands Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Reed, Thomas B., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Reeder-Omenson Farm
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Reedy Chapel-AME Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Reedy, J. H., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Reeves--Womack House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Refugio County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Regan, D. H., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Regency Suspension Bridge
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Reichardt--Low House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Reierson, Hans and Berthe, House
Clifton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Reinmiller, W. B., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Republic National Bank
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Resaca de la Palma Battlefield
Brownsville, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1966
Reue--Eickenhorst House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Reuss, J. M., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Reuter, Louis and Mathilde, House
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Reynolds-Seaquist House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Rhea, John C., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Rheingold School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Rialto Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Rialto Theater
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2001
Rice Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Richardson, Asher and Mary Isabelle, House
Asherton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Rig Theater
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Ringness, Jens and Kari, Farm
Clifton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Rio Grande Avenue Historic District
El Paso, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Rio Grande City Downtown Historic District
Rio Grande City, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Rio Vista Farm Historic District
Socorro, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Riverside Public School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Riverside Swinging Bridge
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Robbins, Alice H., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Roberts Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Roberts County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Roberts, Dr. Rufus A., House
Cedar Hill, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Roberts, Nathan J. and Nancy, House
Abilene, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Roberts-Banner Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Robertson County Courthouse and Jail
Franklin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Robertson, Col. Elijah Sterling Clack, Plantation
Salado, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Robinson Bank Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Robinson Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Robinson, Florence, Cottage
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2000
Robinson-Macken House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Rockett, Paris Q., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Rodgers--Wade Furniture Company
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Roesler House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Roessler, Charles, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Rogers, Edward H., Homestead
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Rogers, Ghent W., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Rogers, William S., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Rogers--Bell House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Rogers-Drummond House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Rogers-O'Daniel House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Rogstad, Tom and Martha, Farm
Clifton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Roma Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1972
Roma-San Pedro International Bridge
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Romine Avenue Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Roosevelt School Auditorium and Classroom Addition
Mission, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Roper Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Rose Hill
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Rose, Maj. A. J., House
Salado, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Roselle--Smith House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Rosemont Crest Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Rosemont House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Rosenberg Library
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Rotan-Dossett House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Rothko Chapel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2000
Round Mountain Stage-Coach Inn and Stable
Round Mountain, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Round Rock Commercial Historic District
Round Rock, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Round Rock Post Office and William M. Owen House
Round Rock, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Rouser House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Route 66 Bridge over the Chicago, Rock Island and Gulf Railroad
Shamrock, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2007
Route 66, TX 207 to I-40
Conway, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2007
Routt, J. R., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Roy--Hardin House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Royal Arch Masonic Lodge
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Royse City Lodge No. 663 A.F. & A.M.
Royse City, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Ruckman, John, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Rush--Crabb House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Russell--Arnold House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Rylander-Kyle House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
SMS Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Saathoff House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Sabine Street Bridge over Buffalo Bayou
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2007
Sacred Heart Catholic Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Sacred Heart Catholic Church and School
Palestine, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Saenger Theater
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Saffold Dam
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Saint Andrew's Episcopal Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Saint Anthony Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Saint Anthony's Catholic Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Saint James Second Street Baptist Church
Fort Worth, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Saint John's Methodist Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Saint John's Methodist Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Saint Mary's Catholic Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Saint Paul's Episcopal Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Salado United Methodist Chruch
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Sam Houston Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Sampson, George W., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
San Angelo City Hall
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
San Angelo National Bank Building
San Angelo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
San Angelo National Bank, Johnson and Taylor, and Schwartz and Raas Buildings
San Angelo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
San Angelo Telephone Company Building
San Angelo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
San Antonio Casino Club Building
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
San Antonio City Cemeteries Historic District, Old
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2000
San Antonio Drug Company
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
San Antonio Loan and Trust Building
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
San Antonio National Cemetery
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
San Antonio US Post Office and Courthouse
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2000
San Antonio Water Works Pump Station No. 2
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1981
San Augustin de Laredo Historic District
Laredo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1973
San Augustine Commercial Historic District
San Augustine, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2007
San Augustine County Courthouse and Jail
San Augustine, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
San Augustine Residential Historic District
San Augustine, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
San Elizario Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
San Felipe Courts Historic District
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
San Jacinto Battlefield
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1966
San Jacinto County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
San Jacinto County Jail
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
San Jacinto Street Bridge over Buffalo Bayou
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2007
San Marcos Milling Company
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
San Marcos Telephone Company
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
San Pedro Springs Park
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
San Saba County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
San Ygnacio Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1973
Sanborn, Henry B. and Ellen M., House
Amarillo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Sanders House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Sanders, William Edward, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
Sanderson, James S., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Sanger Brothers Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Sanger Brothers Complex
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Sanguinet, Marshall R., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Sansom--Schmalenbeck House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Santa Fe Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Santa Fe Passenger Depot
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Santa Fe Passenger Depot
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1989
Santa Fe Railroad Station
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Santa Fe Railway Company Freight Depot
Brenham, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Santa Fe Railway Freight Depot
San Angelo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1989
Santa Fe Terminal Buildings No.1 and No. 2
Dallas, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Santa Fe-Frisco Depot
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Santa Rita Courts
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2008
Saturn V Launch Vehicle
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Sausley House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Saxon Motor Car Store
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Sayles Boulevard Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Sayles, Henry, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Scanlan Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Schauer Filling Station
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Schemedes, Kurt and Meta, House
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2000
Schlenker, Almot, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Schlenker--Kolwes House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Schlesser-Burrows House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Schmidt House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Schneemann, William, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Schneider Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Schneider, J. P., Store
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Scholz Garten
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Schreiner, Capt. Charles, Mansion
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Schroeder House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Schroeder, Fritz Paul and Emma, House
Brenham, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Schroeder-Yturri House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Schubert House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Schuerenberg, F. W., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Schuerenberg, R. A., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Schulenburg Cotton Compress
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Schultz, Tobias and Wilhelmine, Farm
Clifton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Schulze, Walter, House and Industrial Structure
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Schummacker Company Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Scott, A. M., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Scott, L. A., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Scott, Zachary T. and Sallie Lee, Sr. House
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Scott--Roden Mansion
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Scott-Majors House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Scottish Rite Cathedral
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Scottish Rite Cathedral
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Scottish Rite Dormitory
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Seagoville School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Seale, Wynn, Junior High School
Corpus Christi, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Sealy, George, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1969
Sears, Rev. Henry M. and Jennie, House
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Sebastopol
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Second Trinity University Campus
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Sedberry House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Seelhorst, W. E., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Seguin Commercial Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Seguin Commercial Historic District (Boundary Increase)
Seguin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Sengele, Alphonse T., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Sengelmann Hall and City Meat Market Building
Schulenburg, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2009
Sessums--James House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Sewall, Cleveland Harding, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Shackelford County Courthouse Historic District
Albany, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Shadow Lawn Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Shafter Historic Mining District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Shapira Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Sharp House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Shary, John, Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Shaw, M. W., Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Shaw, Thomas and Marjorie, House
Fort Worth, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Sheeks-Robertson House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Shefstad, Gunarus and Ingerborg, House
Clifton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Shelby County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Shelby County Courthouse Square (Boundary Increase)
Center, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Shelton-Houghton House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Shepperson House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Sheridan Apartments
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Sherman US Post Office and Courthouse
Sherman, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2000
Shiels, Thomas, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Shipe, Col. Monroe M., House
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Shoaf, John H., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Short-Line Residential Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Shotgun at 1206 Canterbury Street
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Shotguns at 1203--1205 Bob Harrison
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Shrader, Henry, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Sidbury,Charlotte,House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Sigmund House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Silberstein, Ascher, School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Silk Stocking Residential Historic District
Galveston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Sillure, A. W., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Silver Dollar Cafe
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Simms House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Simon Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Sims House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Sims, O. B., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Sinclair Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Sinclair Station, (Old)
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Singer Sewing Company
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Singleton, Capt. William E., House
Jefferson, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Sisterdale Valley District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Sixth Street Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Smathers-Demorse House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Smith County Jail, 1881
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Smith House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Smith Ranch
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2007
Smith, John Sterling, Jr., House
Chappell Hill, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Smith, W. D., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Smith--Barron House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Smith--Marcuse--Lowry House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Smith--Young Tower
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
Smith-Clark and Smith-Bickler Houses
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Smithville Commercial Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Smithville Residential Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Smoot, Richmond Kelley, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Smyth, Andrew, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Snider Hall
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Snyder, Fred and Annie, House
Lubbock, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Socorro Mission
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1972
Solon, John, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Somervell County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
South Alamo Street-South Mary's Street Historic District
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
South Boulevard-Park Row Historic District
Dallas, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
South Bridge Street Historic District
Victoria, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
South Center Street Historic District
Arlington, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
South Main Street Historic District
Fort Worth, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2009
South Overton Residential Historic District
Lubbock, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
South Side Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
South Side Masonic Lodge No. 1114
Fort Worth, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
South Side Residential Historic District
Bay City, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2007
South Texas National Bank
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Southern Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Southern Pacific Depot Historic District
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Southern Pacific Railroad Depot
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Southern Pacific Railroad Freight Depot
Brenham, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Southern Pacific Railroad Passenger Depot
Brownsville, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Southern Pacific Railroad Passenger Station
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Southgate-Lewis House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Southwestern Telegraph and Telephone Building
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Southwestern University Administration Building and Mood Hall
Georgetown, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Space Environment Simulation Laboratory
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Spake, Jacob and Eliza, House
Dallas, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Spanish Governor's Palace
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Speaker, J. H., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Spooner, Thomas Harrison and Mollie, House
Gonzales, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
St. David's Episcopal Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
St. Edward's University Main Building and Holy Cross Dormitory
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1973
St. James Colored Methodist Episcopal Church
Tyler, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
St. James Episcopal Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
St. John the Baptist Catholic Church
Ammansville, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
St. John's AF & AM Lodge
Tyler, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
St. John's Episcopal Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
St. John's Evangelical Lutheran Church
Wharton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
St. Joseph's Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
St. Louis Hall at St. Mary's University
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2008
St. Louis Southwestern Railway (Cotton Belt) Passenger Depot
Tyler, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2001
St. Mark's Episcopal Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
St. Mary of the Assumption Church
Fort Worth, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
St. Mary's Cathedral
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1973
St. Mary's Cathedral
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1973
St. Mary's Catholic Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
St. Mary's Catholic Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
St. Mary's Catholic Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
St. Mary's Church of the Assumption
Praha, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
St. Michael's Catholic Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
St. Patrick Cathedral Complex
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
St. Paul's Baptist Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church
Lindsay, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Staacke Brothers Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Stafford Bank and Opera House
Columbus, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1973
Stage Coach Inn
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Stagecoach Inn
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Stamford City Hall
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Stanard--Tilton Flour Mill
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Standley House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Star Drug Store
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Star Engraving Company Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Stark, W. H., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Starr House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
State Cemetery of Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
State Epileptic Colony Historic District
Abilene, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
State Highway 16 Bridge at the Brazos River
Benjamin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
State Highway 19 Bridge at Trinity River
Riverside, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
State Highway 23 Bridge at the Clear Fork of the Brazos River
Albany, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
State Highway 27 Bridge at Johnson Fork
Junction, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
State Highway 27 Bridge at the Guadalupe River
Cuero, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
State Highway 27 Bridge at the South Llano River
Junction, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
State Highway 29 Bridge at the Colorado River
Buchanan Dam, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
State Highway 3 Bridge at the Colorado River
Columbus, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
State Highway 3 Bridge at the Nueces River
Uvalde, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
State Highway 3 Bridge at the Trinity River
Liberty, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
State Highway 3-A Bridge at Cibolo Creek
Schertz, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
State Highway 3-A Bridge at Plum Creek
Luling, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
State Highway 34 Bridge at the Trinity River
Rosser, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
State Highway 35 Bridge at the West Fork of the San Jacinto River
Humble, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
State Highway 5 Bridge at High Creek
Brookston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
State Highway 53 Bridge at the Leon River
Belton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
State Highway 71 Bridge at the Colorado River
La Grange, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
State Highway 89 Bridge at the Brazos River
Millsap, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
State Highway 9 Bridge at the Llano River
Mason, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
State Highway Bridge 5 at Big Pine Creek
Brookston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
State Lunatic Asylum
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
State National Bank
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
State National Bank Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Stations of the Cross and Grotto at the Shrine of St. Anthony de Padua
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Stavely-Kunz-Johnson House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Steele House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Steffens--Drewa House Complex
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Stephens County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Sterling, Ross,S., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Sterling-Berry House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Sterne, Adolphus, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Sterne--Hoya Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Stevens Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Stevens, Elisha, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Stevenson, Joseph R. and Mary M., House
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Stewart, Dr. James M. and Dove, House
Katy, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Stilley--Young House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Stillman, Charles, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Stinson, John R., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Stith, William and Evla, House
Abilene, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Stoddard, Jessie W., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Stone, Robert and Lula, House
Georgetown, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Stone, Roy C., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Stoneleigh Court Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2007
Story, Jesse and Mary, House
Ennis, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Strain Farm--Strain, W.A., House (Boundary Increase)
Lancaster, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2001
Strain, W. A., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Strand Historic District, The
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Straus House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Street, Spencer Boyd, Houses
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Strickland-Sawyer House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Sts. Cyril and Methodius Church
Shiner, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Stuart House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Sturgis National Bank
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Sunset Heights Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Sutton County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Swedish Hill Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Sweeney, Coombs & Fredericks Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Sweeney-Royston House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Sweet Home Vocational and Agricultural High School
Seguin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Sweetwater Commercial Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Swenson, A. J., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Swenson, William and Shirley, House
Abilene, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Swiss Avenue Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Synagogue B'nai Abraham
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Tabernacle Baptist Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Tarlton Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Tarpon Inn
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Tarrant County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Tasin House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Taylor Downtown Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Taylor National Bank
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Taylor, J. H., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Taylor, Judson L., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Taylor--Cooper House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Teachers State Association of Texas Building
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Teatro La Paz
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Telephone Road Bridge over Brays Bayou
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2007
Telfair House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Temple Beth Israel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Temple Beth-El
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Temple Commercial Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Temple Freda
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Temple, Henry G., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Templeton, Judge M. B., House
Waxahachie, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Tenney, Levi, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Tenth Street Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Terlingua Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Terrell Carnegie Library
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
Terrell Times Star Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Terrell--Reuss Streets Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Tewes, Edward and Texanna, House
Seguin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Texana Presbyterian Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Texas & Pacific Steam Locomotive No. 610
Fort Worth, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Texas Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Texas Centennial Exposition Buildings (1936--1937)
Dallas, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Texas Company Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Texas Company Filling Station
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Texas Farm and Ranch Building
Dallas, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Texas Federation of Women's Clubs Headquarters
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Texas Hall, Old Trinity University
Tehuacana, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Texas Heroes Monument
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Texas Highway Department Building, Warehouse and Motor Vehicle Division
San Angelo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Texas Highway Department Complex
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Texas State Capitol
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Texas State Hotel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2008
Texas Technological College Dairy Barn
Lubbock, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Texas Technological College Historic District
Lubbock, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Texas Textile Mills--L.L. Sams Company Historic District
Waco, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Texas Theatre
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Texas Tourist Camp
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Texas and New Orleans Railroad Bridge
Wharton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Texas and New Orleans Railroad Depot
Wharton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Texas and Pacific Railroad Depot
Bonham, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Texas and Pacific Terminal Complex
Fort Worth, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
The Gem
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
The Settlement Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2010
Thiele House and Thiele Cottage
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Thiele, J., Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Thomas Jefferson High School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Thomas, Oscar P., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Thomason, John W., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Thomason-Scott House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Thompson House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Thompson, D. H., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Thomson, W. F., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Thornton, Dr. Penn B., House
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Throckmorton County Courthouse and Jail
Throckmorton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Thurber Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Tinnen House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Titche--Goettinger Department Store
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Toltec Club
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Tom Green County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Tom Green County Jail
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Toole Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Tower Station
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Townsend--Wilkins House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Traweek House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
Treue Der Union Monument
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Trevino--Uribe Rancho
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1973
Trigg, W. S. and Mary, House
Paris, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Trinity Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Trinity County Courthouse Square
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Trinity English Lutheran Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Trinity Lutheran Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Trinity Protestant Episcopal Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Trinity and Brazos Valley Railroad Depot and Office Building
Teague, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Trippet-Shive House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Trolley Stop in Alamo Heights
Alamo Heights, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Trost, Henry C., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Trout, Thomas and Katherine, House
Honey Grove, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Trout, Walter C.--White House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Trueheart, Henry M. and Annie V., House
Fort Davis, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Trueheart-Adriance Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Tubbs--Carlisle House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Tulahteka
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Turner, Fred and Juliette, House
Midland, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Turner, James, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Turner, Joe E., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Turner-White-McGee House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Turtle Creek Pump Station
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2001
Twelve Oaks
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Tyler City Hall
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2007
Tyler Grocery Company
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Tyler House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Tyler Hydraulic-Fill Dam
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Tyler US Post Office and Courthouse
Tyler, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2001
U.S. Customhouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
U.S. National Bank
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
U.S. Post Office
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
U.S. Post Office
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
U.S. Post Office and Federal Building
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
U.S. San Antonio Arsenal
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1969
U.S. Weather Bureau Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
U.S.S. Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
US 190 Bridge at the Colorado River
Lometa, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
US 190 Bridge at the Neches River
Jasper, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
US 281 Bridge at the Brazos River
Santo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
US 83 Bridge at the Salt Fork of the Red River
Wellington, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
US Post Office
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
US Post Office
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
US Post Office and Federal Building
Port Arthur, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
US Post Office--Federal Building--Brenham
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
US Post Office--Pampa Main
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
US Route 66--Sixth Street Historic District
Amarillo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
USS CAVALLA (submarine)
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2008
USS STEWART
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2007
Uhl, Gustav, House and Store
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Umphress--Taylor House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Underwood, Ammon, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Union Station
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Union Transfer and Storage Building
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2001
Universal Manufacturing Company Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
University Avenue-Elm Street Historic District
Georgetown, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
University Baptist Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
University Junior High School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2001
University of the Incarnate Word Administration Building
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2010
Upchurch House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Upper Settlement Rural Historic District
Granfills Gap, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Urban, Fred, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Ursuline Academy
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1969
Vaden, W. C. and Kate, House
Georgetown, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Val Verde County Courthouse And Jail
Del Rio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Valenzuela Ranch Headquarters
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Van Pelt House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Vandenberge, J. V., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Varner-Hogg Plantation
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Vaught House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Vega Motel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2006
Venable, W. J., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Veterans Administration Hospital Historic District
Waco, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Veterninary Hospital
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Vickery, Richard, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Vickrey House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Victoria Colored School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Victoria Grist Windmill
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Victory Grill
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Viola Courts Apartments
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Virginia Avenue Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Virginia Hall
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Vogel Belt Complex
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Waco Drug Company
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2008
Waco High School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2009
Waco Suspension Bridge
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Waddill, R. L., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Waggoner Mansion
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Waggoner, W. T. Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Wahrenberger House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Walker, Howard, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Walker, J. A., House and Rogers, R. B., House
Brownwood, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
Walker, James, Log House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1989
Wallace--Hall House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2003
Walsh, C. C., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Waples-Platter Buildings
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Ward House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Wardlaw, Dr. Herbert A., House
San Angelo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Ware, H. A. and Helena, House
Belton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Warren School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2008
Warren-Crowell House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Washburn Tunnel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2008
Washington Avenue Bridge
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Washington County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Washington Square Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Waverly
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Waxahachie Chautauqua Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1974
Waxahachie Lumber Company
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Weatherford Downtown Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Weatherford House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Weatherford-Mineral Wells and Northwestern Railroad Depot
Mineral Wells, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Webb County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1981
Webber House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Webber, Samuel H., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Weber--Schuchert House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Webster Chapel United Methodist Church
Victoria, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Weekley, John M., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Weeks House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Wehring Shoe Shop and Residence
Burton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
Weisman-Hirsch House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Welder, Robert H., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Wesley Brethren Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Wesley Chapel A.M.E Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Wesley United Methodist Church
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
West Eleventh Place Historic District
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
West End Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
West Line Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
West Log House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
West Milam Street Mercantile Historic District
Wharton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
West Side Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
West Texas Utilities Company Power Plant
Abilene, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
West Texas Utilities Office
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
West, James and Jessie, Mansion
Pasadena, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Westbrook, John C., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Westbrook, Roy A. and Gladys, House
Fort Worth, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2009
Westend Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Western Union Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Westhill
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Westmoreland Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Westover Manor
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Westphalia Rural Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Whaley House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Wharton County Courthouse Historic Commercial District
Wharton, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1991
Wharton-Scott House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Wheatley Place Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1995
Wheeler, William, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Whitaker House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Whitaker-McClendon House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1982
White Deer Land Company Building
Pampa, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2000
White House Department Store and Hotel McCoy
El Paso, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
White, R.L., Ranch
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2008
White-Aiken House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
White-Pool House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Whitehall
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Wichita Falls Route Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Wilcox, D. K. and Inez, House
Georgetown, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Wilcox--Graves House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Wiley, Thomas W., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Wilkins House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Willeke, John and Anton, House
San Angelo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Willeke, John, Jr., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Willeke, John, Sr., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Williams Creek School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Williams, B. F., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Williams, Porter L., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Williams, Samuel May, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Williams, W. T. and Clotilde V., House
Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Williams--Anderson House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Williams-Brueder House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Williams-Erwin House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Williams-Tarbutton House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Williamson County Courthouse Historic District (Boundary Increase)
Georgetown, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Williamson County Courthouse Historical District
Georgetown, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1977
Williamson, E. D., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Willis--Moody Mansion
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Willow City School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Willow Street Pump Station
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Willow-Spence Streets Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Wilson Block
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Wilson Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Wilson County Courthouse and Jail
Floresville, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Wilson Homesite
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Wilson House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Wilson, A. G., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Wilson, Ammie, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Wilson, Homer, Ranch
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Wilson, Ralph, Sr., and Sunny, House
Temple, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Wimberly House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Winedale Inn Complex
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Winnetka Heights Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Winters--Wimberley House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Wise County Courthouse
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Wise--Fielding House and Carriage House
Paris, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Wisnoski House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Withers, M. A., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1976
Witte--Schmid House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Witten, Pat, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Wittenbert, Dane, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Wittmer, Charles, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Wofford--Finney House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Wolflin Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Woman's Club of Beaumont Clubhouse
Beaumont, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Women's Club
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Wood, John Howland, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Wood--Hughes House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1990
Woodard House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Woodhouse House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Woodlawn
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1970
Woodlawn Garden of Memories Cemetery
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Woodmen of the World Building
Nacogdoches, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Woodmen of the World Lodge--Phoenix Camp No. 32
Orange, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Woods, B. Ray and Charlotte, House
Katy, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Woods, Perry M., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1971
Woodward House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Woodward, David J. and May Bock, House
San Antonio, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Woodward, Dr. M. M., House
San Angelo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Wooldridge Park
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1979
Woolfolk, G.R., Social and Political Science Building
Prairie View, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1999
Woolls Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2002
Woolworth, F. W., Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1994
Wooten, Goodall, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1975
Wooten, Horace O., Grocery Company Warehouse
Abilene, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Wooten, Horace O., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Worrell--Ettlinger House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2004
Worthing, Louis F., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Wray, Andrew Jackson and Margaret Cullinan, House
Houston, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
Wrede School
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Wright Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2009
Wright, Edgar and Annie, House
Paris, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1988
Wright, L. T., House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Wright-Henderson-Duncan House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1978
Wroe--Bustin House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Wunderlich, Peter and Sophie, Farm
Klein, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Wunsche Bros. Saloon and Hotel
Spring, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1984
Wyatt Street Shotgun House Historic District
Waxahachie, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Wyatt--Hickie Ranch Complex
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
XIT General Office
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1985
Ximenes Chapel
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
Ysleta Mission
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1972
Yturri--Edmunds House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1996
Yzaquirre--Longoria House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2005
Zabloudil--Hendrick House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1992
Zahn, Herman and Alvina, House
Victoria, Texas
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1986
Zapp Building
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1983
Zidell House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 2009
Zilker Park Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1997
Ziller House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1998
Zimmerman, Minnie Zulch, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1987
Zion Hill Historic District
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1993
de Montel, Charles, House
National Register of Historic Places - listed 1980
de la Pena, Silverio, Drugstore and Post Office
Rio Grande City, Texas
Preserve America - $132,870 grant, 2007
Partner: City of Brownsville - $132,870 contribution
Community-Based Cemetery Interpretation: Linking Heritage, Preservation, GIS, Curriculum, and Web Services
Preserve America - $250,000 grant, 2008
Partner: City of Nacogdoches - $250,000 contribution
Cultural & Heritage Tourism Initiative for the City of Abilene
Preserve America - $111,832 grant, 2006
Partner: City of Abilene - $155,422 contribution
Documenting community Histories in Hearne
Preserve America - $35,635 grant, 2006
Partner: City of Hearne, Texas - $35,780 contribution
El Camino Real Heritage Tourism Plan
Preserve America - $50,350 grant, 2006
Partner: City of El Paso - $53,240 contribution
Fair Park Interpretation Program
Preserve America - $250,000 grant, 2008
Partner: Dallas - $250,000 contribution
Preserve America - $30,000 grant, 2008
Partner: City of Galveston - $30,000 contribution
Heritage Tourism Plan for City of Castroville's Biry House Complex
Preserve America - $29,400 grant, 2006
Partner: City of Castroville - $29,400 contribution
Heritage Trails of Bastrop, Texas
Preserve America - $70,000 grant, 2007
Partner: City of Bastrop - $92,645 contribution
Llano County Red Top Jail Museum Planning
Preserve America - $40,236 grant, 2010
Partner: City of Llano - $40,236 contribution
Marshall History Museum and Memorial Hall Planning Project
Preserve America - $65,000 grant, 2008
Partner: City of Marshall - $65,000 contribution
McKinney Wayfinding Program
Angelina County Multi-Use Trail System
Colorado River Corridor Protection And Restoration
Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Project - 2 trail miles, 2007
Partner: City of Austin Center For Environmental Research
Corpus Christi Oso Creek - Oso Bay Greenbelt
Corpus Christi Trails
Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Project - 15 trail miles, 2011
Partner: River Systems Institute (stream Team)
Dahlstrom Ranch
Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Project - 22 trail miles, 2008
Partner: Groundwork Dallas
El Paso - Mountains To River Trail & Park
Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Project - 1,000 park acres, 2009
Partner: El Paso Parks And Recreation
Gonzales Independence River Trail
Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Project - 5 trail miles, 2007
Partner: Gonzales Historical Commission
Hill At Sims Educational Nature Preserve
Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Project - 3 trail miles, 2009
Partner: Nature Heritage Society
Lake Houston Regional Park & Linkages
Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Project - 5,000 park acres, 2008
Partner: City of Houston
Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Project - 20 trail miles, 2010
Partner: Lake Meredith National Recreation Area
Lower Rio Grande Valley Trails Network
Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Project - 13 trail miles, 2010
Partner: Los Caminos Del Rio
Mexican American Conflict Heritage Collaborative
Montopolis Tributary Trail Network
Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Project - 2 trail miles, 2011
Partner: Montopolis Tributary Trail Association
Northeast Texas Trail
Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Project - 130 trail miles, 2011
Partner: Friends of the Trail
Poteet Trail
Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Project - 2 trail miles, 2011
Partner: El Camino Real DE Los Tejas Nht Association
Project Activate Recreation Course (parc)
San Antonio Greenways
San Marcos River Greenspace Corridor
Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Project - 10 trail miles, 2007
Partner: Texas State University River Systems Institute
Somervell County Trails
Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Project - 25 trail miles, 2011
Partner: City of Glen Rose, Somervell County, Water District
Tioga Equestrian And Recreational Trails Network
Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Project - 3 trail miles, 2008
Partner: Tioga Economic Development Corporation
Waco Brazos And Bosque River Corridors
West Houston Energy Corridor Trail System
Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Project - 25 trail miles, 2010
Partner: Energy Corridor District
Save America’s Treasures - $173,930 grant, 2007
Partner: University of Texas At Austin - $173,930 contribution
Bishop's Palace / Walter Gresham House
Save America’s Treasures - $371,600 grant, 2008
Partner: Galveston Historical Foundation, Inc. - $371,600 contribution
Centennial Building Murals At Fair Park
Save America’s Treasures - $300,000 grant, 2005
Partner: City of Dallas Park And Recreation Department - $300,000 contribution
Comal County Courthouse
Save America’s Treasures - $150,000 grant, 2009
Partner: City of New Braunfels, Texas - $150,000 contribution
Durst-Taylor House
Save America’s Treasures - $274,000 grant, 2001
Partner: City of Nacogoches - $274,000 contribution
Elisabet Ney Studio
Save America’s Treasures - $250,000 grant, 2003
Partner: Austin City Parks Department - $383,040 contribution
Fort Concho Officers Quarters
Save America’s Treasures - $250,000 grant, 2001
Partner: Fort Concho National Historic Landmark - $250,000 contribution
Fort Davis, Post Hospital
Save America’s Treasures - $200,000 grant, 2004
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Hispanic Literacy Heritage
Save America’s Treasures - $500,000 grant, 1999
Partner: Nea - $500,000 contribution
Save America’s Treasures - $345,000 grant, 2008
Partner: Chisholm Trail Heritage Museum, Inc. - $345,000 contribution
Laguna Gloria
Save America’s Treasures - $320,000 grant, 2001
Partner: Austin Museum of Art - $320,000 contribution
Layland Museum, Carnegie Library Project
Save America’s Treasures - $150,000 grant, 2009
Partner: City of Cleburne, Texas - $151,394 contribution
Mission Concepcion
Save America’s Treasures - $215,000 grant, 2003
Partner: San Antonio Missions National Historic Park - $216,716 contribution
Mukai Farm & Garden
Save America’s Treasures - $150,000 grant, 2000
Partner: Island Landmarks - $150,000 contribution
National Bank Building, Galveston
Save America’s Treasures - $250,000 grant, 2006
Partner: Galveston Arts Center - $442,670 contribution
Peter Wolf Adm. Bldg.
Save America’s Treasures - $3,000,000 grant, 1999
Partner: the Women's Museum: An Institute For the Future - $4,340,334 contribution
Plaza Theater
Save America’s Treasures - $197,535 grant, 2004
Partner: City of El Paso - $582,465 contribution
Rayburn Library
Save America’s Treasures - $197,221 grant, 2005
Partner: University of Texas At Austin - $325,667 contribution
Waco Texas Mammoth Paleontology Site
Save America’s Treasures - $197,058 grant, 2006
Partner: City of Waco - $200,808 contribution
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Whom did both Debbie Reynolds and Elizabeth Taylor marry? | Debbie Reynolds on losing husband Eddie Fisher to Elizabeth Taylor | Daily Mail Online
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When Debbie Reynolds, actress, singer and all-American girl next door, married crooner Eddie Fisher, who was then rivalling Frank Sinatra in popularity, it was the show business wedding of the year.
He would proudly introduce her on stage as 'my princess'. She would look up at him adoringly and call him 'my handsome prince'. It was the stuff of fairytale romance.
But two years later, the dream was shattered. Lonely at home, while Eddie was away on tour, she telephoned her best friend Elizabeth Taylor at her hotel for a chat.
To her great shock, Fisher answered.
Betrayed: Singin' In The Rain star Debbie Reynolds lost first husband Eddie Fisher to Liz Taylor
'Suddenly, a lot of things clicked into place,' she recalls. 'I could hear her voice asking him who was calling - they were obviously in bed together. I yelled at him, "Roll over, darling and let me speak to Elizabeth".
Fisher slammed the receiver down and rushed home for a face-to-face confrontation. 'I'm sorry,' he told her. 'Elizabeth and I are in love and I want a divorce.'
Debbie replied: 'If you marry her, she will throw you out within 18 months'.
'And Elizabeth did get rid of him, just as I had warned, when she met Richard Burton on the set of Cleopatra,' Debbie says now.
Debbie - currently touring Britain with her one-woman show, which opens in London's West End next week - recalls her first marriage without bitterness.
'Elizabeth had been recently widowed when her husband Mike Todd had died in a plane crash. We had all been good friends.
Good friends: Eddie Fisher, centre, split from Debbie Reynolds, right, for Elizabeth Taylor, left. But Debbie said she remains good friends with her rival
Oscars 1960: Elizabeth Taylor with her fourth husband Eddie Fisher, with her award for best actress for her role in Butterfield 8
'Eddie had been best man at their wedding and I had been a bridesmaid. We saw a lot of each other and I never suspected that she was going to entice my husband away.
'I might not have been as surprised were it anyone else. But how it all happened was rather scandalous in that they didn't take more care to avoid hurting me. I understand when I look back on it. Who would pass by Elizabeth? No woman living was as beautiful as her. And Eddie had even tried to act like Mike Todd, smoking big cigars.
'I was the last to find out about the affair. There had been hints in the papers and I had noticed that when I turned up at functions or parties on my own my friends were whispering.
'Although I didn't want to find out the truth, I had to face up to it. Even so, it was a great shock to find them together. It left me shattered.'
The shock of discovering the affair, she says, was the day she lost her innocence.
'I was a virgin when I married Eddie, but Elizabeth had been married three times. I was devastated because I had two children.
'I was very religious so I didn't believe in divorce, but they laid guilt on me that I was keeping them and true love apart. So, I finally let Eddie off the hook. I told him to go.'
For seven years, the two women avoided contact - until Debbie boarded the Queen Elizabeth with her second husband, Harry Karl, a wealthy shoe manufacturer, and found that Miss Taylor was on the ship.
Foursome: Mike Todd, left, with Liz Taylor, Eddie Fisher and Debbie Reynolds
She recalls: 'Liz was with Richard Burton and her whole family, all the children and the nannies. I sent a little note to her, saying: "Let's get together to have dinner. It's silly to carry on this fight now that we've both remarried and it's all just sort of ridiculous, isn't it?"
'It turned out she'd sent one to me at the same time, so they criss-crossed. We had dinner that night in the main dining room. Heads turned. Cameras were everywhere. People were hiding behind plants taking pictures.'
To this day, she remains in touch with Elizabeth, the past forgotten and forgiven.
'I call her, I don't visit. She's not very well and everyone should pray for her. She has great courage and a great verve for living. I have to give her A for effort. I mean, she went deep sea diving last year.'
Her biggest regret was being unable to help her friend Marilyn Monroe. Evangelist Dr Billy Graham warned her Monroe was in danger and said to pass the message on.
But Debbie had just had a miscarriage and couldn't contact her. Monroe died, of a drugs overdose, the next day.
Debbie Reynolds: She is performing a one-woman show in London
Debbie believes she was murdered because of her affairs with President Kennedy and his brother Bobby, which threatened their political careers.
'For all her fame and beauty, men took advantage of her,' Debbie says.
And while Debbie was blessed with fame and fortune, becoming a star in Hollywood's golden era, she has suffered from terrible knocks three disastrous marriages and bankruptcy twice.
‘Some people think I’m tough,’ she says. ‘But you have to be in order to make a living
in show business for more than 60 years.
‘Besides, I don’t care about what people say about me any more. I am thicker skinned than when I started out.’
Debbie admits that when it came to men she made some bad choices. She only slept with four men and three of them were her husbands.
She says: ‘I happen to have married idiots. I made terrible mistakes. I believed men who said: “I love you, you’re fabulous, you’re wonderful, I want to spend my life with you”. I was a gullible fool.’
But she long ago gave up on men. ‘I’ve had enough,’ she says. ‘How long would you want me to go on? I don’t think one wants to walk into a thrashing machine and be beaten up all the time.
‘Three dreadful marriages is quite enough. I was too trusting with men, but I always
thought that you should be. I mean, love is like that.’
When she fell in love with Eddie Fisher, Frank Sinatra privately tried to put her off marrying him. He warned her it was ‘a difficult life’ to be married to a singer. Fisher was at his peak with hit records, his own TV show, major tours and was a huge Las Vegas attraction.
‘But my heart was ruling my head and I didn’t want to listen,’ she says. She married the crooner in 1955 in what was described as the ‘show business wedding of the year’.
Everyone, especially Debbie, who married him on her 24th birthday, thought they were the ideal couple. But, as Sinatra had warned, the marriage had problems from the start.
'By the time our daughter Carrie was six months old Eddie was not at home or not talking to me when he was.'
And there was even more tension when her record Tammy went to number one. After all, Eddie felt he had always been the recording star of the family.
Her toughest job was filming with Gene Kelly, in Singin’ In The Rain.
‘I didn’t like him because he would make me dance a scene 40 times. My feet would be bleeding.’
She was 26 when she realised Fisher had been beguiled by Elizabeth Taylor, who at just a month older, had already been divorced twice and widowed once.
By the time she reached her forties, Debbie was facing bankruptcy, despite having earned a fortune in her own right and being married for a second time to multi-millionaire Harry Karl, who was 27 years older.
This marriage lasted 13 years between 1960 and 1973.
'I discovered he had gambled all our money away - $50million of his and $100million of mine. I lost my five houses and all my cars - everything I had made from my movies and my records. It took me 14 years to pay off his debts.'
Her third marriage to Richard Hamlett, a property developer, also led to disaster .
Married between 1984 and 1996, they invested in a hotel and casino in Las Vegas, where Debbie had been a main attraction. But eventually he was responsible for losing her money and she was declared bankrupt in 1997, with the entire business venture crumbling.
Perhaps her life would have taken a different course if she had married her first love, the actor Robert Wagner.
Singin' In The Rain: Debbie Reynolds with Gene Kelly in the iconic film
'Oh, what might have been. I was 16 and he was a couple of years older. I had a crush on him and the studios fixed up our dates,' she says.
'All we did was kiss, though. He was adorable and so good looking. If I'd married him, I' m sure I would have been happy.'
She recently bumped into Wagner, who at 80 remains married to his third wife, Jill St John, and she reminded him of when they used to sit and cuddle.
'He said: "It's too bad you didn't give me more." I told him: "Well, that's just how it was at the time. A pity, maybe. But you are always going to be my first love."'
Now, at the age of 78, she is at last enjoying a good relationship with her actress daughter Carrie Fisher (who played Princess Leia in Star Wars), although it wasn't always easy.
'For a long time, as a little girl, she was jealous of having to share me with so many other people. Why couldn't I be like other girls' mothers and bake cookies in the kitchen all day, instead of going out making movies? There was a definite resentment.
'Then, when she went into acting, she realised that I'd taken the hard option, not the easier one of staying home.
'It's good that we are such friends now that I haven't got a lot of time left.'
Debbie is planning on staging an exhibition of her collection of Hollywood movie memorabilia in London's Royal Albert Hall next year.
She has some 5,000 items, from Judy Garland's ruby slippers in The Wizard Of Oz to Audrey Hepburn's Ascot dress from My Fair Lady and some of John Wayne's many guns.
'All the items come from a time when stars had real glamour. For me, it's not just a hobby, it's a fantastic investment.
'I have put all my savings into my private museum - I don't waste money on men any more.'
Debbie Reynolds Alive And Fabulous is at the Apollo Theatre, London, from April 28th to May 9th. For tickets, call 0844 4124658 or visit ticketmaster.co.uk
| Edward Fisher |
What was the name of William Wordsworth's sister? | Elizabeth Taylor, 1932-2011: She Was an Actress and an Activist
Elizabeth Taylor, 1932-2011: She Was an Actress and an Activist
March 29, 2011
Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor in 1969 in Monaco
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BARBARA KLEIN: I’m Barbara Klein.
STEVE EMBER: And I’m Steve Ember with PEOPLE IN AMERICA in VOA Special English. Today we tell about the film star Elizabeth Taylor. She made over sixty films during her long career in Hollywood. She was famous for her striking beauty, violet eyes and shining black hair. Taylor was equally known for her complex private life and eight marriages. Beginning in the nineteen eighties, she also raised millions of dollars to support AIDS research.
CLEOPATRA: “Without you, Antony, this is not a world I want to live in, much less conquer. Because for me, there would be no love anywhere. Do you want me to die with you? I will. Or do you want me to live with you? Whatever you choose.”
BARBARA KLEIN: That was Elizabeth Taylor playing the queen of Egypt in the nineteen sixty-three movie “Cleopatra.” She earned over one million dollars for her work in this movie. At the time, this was the most money ever paid to an actor for a single film. It was also one of the most costly movies ever made. “Cleopatra” was a larger-than-life movie for a larger-than-life actress.
Elizabeth Taylor in 1946
STEVE EMBER: Elizabeth Rosemund Taylor was born in nineteen thirty-two to American parents living in London. Her father Francis was an art dealer. Her mother Sara had worked as a stage actress before her marriage. The Taylors left England in nineteen thirty-nine and moved to southern California. Elizabeth’s beauty soon caught the attention of movie studio officials.
She made her first movie, “There’s One Born Every Minute,” at the age of ten. This was followed a year later by “Lassie Come Home.” But it was the nineteen forty-four film, “National Velvet” that made her a star.
Twelve-year-old Elizabeth Taylor starred as Velvet Brown, a girl living in a village in England. She saves a horse and trains him for an important race, which she wins.
BARBARA KLEIN: During the nineteen forties Elizabeth Taylor played many roles in movies about families. Not all child actors in Hollywood were successful later playing adult roles. But Taylor easily went from playing children to playing teenagers and adults. In nineteen fifty, she played the bride in the popular film “Father of the Bride.”
That was also the year of her first marriage, to the wealthy businessman Conrad “Nicky” Hilton. But their marriage ended in divorce the next year. Speaking after her first divorce, Taylor reportedly said that she had been able to fit in the clothing of a sexy woman since she was fourteen years old. She said her troubles started because she had a woman’s body and a child’s emotions.
Elizabeth Taylor with her husband Mike Todd in 1957
STEVE EMBER: Elizabeth Taylor would quickly become as famous for her private life as she was for her acting career. The media often wrote about her many marriages and love affairs. In nineteen fifty-two she married the British actor Michael Wilding, with whom she had two sons.
Five years later they divorced, and she married the film producer Mike Todd. The couple had one daughter, Liza. Mike Todd died in nineteen fifty-eight in a plane crash. One of his close friends was the singer Eddie Fisher. He was married to a good friend of Elizabeth Taylor, the popular actress Debbie Reynolds. Eddie Fisher left his wife in order to marry Elizabeth Taylor. Many people were shocked and angered by this behavior.
(MUSIC)
BARBARA KLEIN: Elizabeth Taylor once said that during the first part of her career, she did not make a huge effort as an actress. She said this changed in nineteen fifty-one with the movie “A Place in the Sun.” It tells a tragic story about a young man and his relationship with two women. Here is a famous scene with her co-star, Montgomery Clift.
GEORGE: “I am the happiest person in the world.”
ANGELA: “The second happiest.”
GEORGE: “Oh, Angela, if I could only tell you how much I love you, if I could only tell you all.”
ANGELA: “Tell Mama, tell Mama all.”
STEVE EMBER: Critics praised Elizabeth Taylor for the depth she brought to this movie. She expressed both innocence and intense sensuality. She began to receive wide praise for her fine and expressive acting. And, she began to receive richer, more interesting roles.
One of these was in the movie “Giant” with Rock Hudson and James Dean. It tells the story of a wealthy cattle rancher in Texas and his family.
JETT: “I guess you’re about the best looking gal we’ve seen around here in a long time, I think. Prettiest I think I’ve seen down here.”
LESLIE: “Why thank you, Jett. That’s a very nice compliment. And I’m going to tell my husband I’ve met with your approval.”
BARBARA KLEIN: The movie was a big success. James Dean did not live to see the movie completed. He died in a car accident in nineteen fifty-five before the movie was released the next year. Elizabeth Taylor received Academy Award nominations for several films she made starting in the late nineteen fifties. The first was for the nineteen fifty-seven movie “Raintree County.”
The next year she starred in a film version of the Tennessee Williams play, “Cat on a Hot Tin Roof.” She plays a beautiful wife who is having marriage troubles. Her alcoholic husband is played by Paul Newman. Many critics consider this one of her best movies.
MAGGIE: “Oh Brick! How long does this have to go on, this punishment? Haven’t I served my term? Can’t I apply for a pardon?”
BRICK: “Lately, that finishing school voice of yours sounds like you was running upstairs to tell someone the house is on fire.”
MAGGIE: “Is it any wonder? You know what I feel like? I feel all the time like a cat on a hot tin roof.”
BRICK: “Then jump off the roof, Maggie, jump off it. Now cats jump off roofs and they land uninjured. Do it. Jump.”
MAGGIE: “Jump where! Into what?”
Elizabeth Taylor holds the Academy Award she won for her role in "Butterfield 8"
STEVE EMBER: Taylor’s third Academy Award nomination was for another movie based on a Tennessee Williams play called “Suddenly Last Summer.”
In nineteen sixty, it was her turn to win. She received her first Academy Award for her work in “Butterfield 8”. Her second Academy Award for acting came six years later for her role in “Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?” She starred in this movie opposite her husband at the time, the Welsh actor Richard Burton.
MARTHA: “In fact, he was sort of a flop. A great big, fat flop.”
GEORGE: “Stop it, Martha.”
MARTHA: “I hope that was an empty bottle, George. You can’t afford to waste good liquor. Not on your salary. Not on an associate professor’s salary.”
BARBARA KLEIN: The movie was based on a play by Edward Albee. For this role, Elizabeth Taylor gained a great deal of weight in order to look the part of the aging wife of a college professor. “Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?” received great praise. But it was Taylor’s first movie with Burton that had made history.
“Cleopatra” received a great deal of attention for bringing together Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton. Both stars were married to other people at the time. But they began a widely publicized love affair while filming the movie. Burton and Taylor would eventually marry and divorce each other twice. They made many movies together and led a life of extreme fame and wealth.
Elizabeth Taylor as "Cleopatra"
STEVE EMBER: Taylor later said she remained madly in love with Burton for his entire life. She said she would have married him a third time had he not died unexpectedly in nineteen eighty-four.
Elizabeth Taylor’s last two marriages also ended in divorce. She was married to Senator John Warner of Virginia and, later, to a builder named Larry Fortensky.
(MUSIC)
BARBARA KLEIN: Throughout her life, Elizabeth Taylor faced many health problems. She nearly died twice of pneumonia. She had back, hip, heart and weight problems. In the nineteen eighties, she battled drug and alcohol abuse. She entered a medical center for treatment and was very open with the public about her struggles.
She spent much of her time working on her charity and business projects. She gave her name to several hugely successful perfumes.
STEVE EMBER: In nineteen eighty-five, she helped create amFAR, the American Foundation for AIDS Research. She did this during a period when many people believed those infected with the disease were immoral and few recognized its danger. Reports say she helped raise over a hundred million dollars for AIDS research and patients. In nineteen ninety-one she started the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation. The organization helps people around the world who are living with AIDS.
BARBARA KLEIN: Elizabeth Taylor died of heart failure in two thousand eleven at the age of seventy-nine. AIDS researcher Mathilde Krim told USA Today that the actress was always known for her beauty, success and jewelry. But she said Elizabeth Taylor was also a woman of extreme intelligence, independence, courage and a deep concern for others.
STEVE EMBER: This program was written and produced by Dana Demange. I’m Steve Ember.
BARBARA KLEIN: And I’m Barbara Klein. Our programs are online with transcripts and MP3 files at voaspecialenglish.com. And you can find us on Facebook and YouTube at VOA Learning English. Join us again next week for PEOPLE IN AMERICA in VOA Special English.
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The 'Giant's Causeway' and nearby Bushmills, famed for its distillery are in which county? | Bushmills | Ireland.com
Bushmills
Bushmills, County Antrim
Bushmills Irish Whiskey is made at Ireland's oldest working distillery on the beautiful North Coast. Read more
Giant's Causeway Visitor Information Centre
Bushmills, County Antrim
Take advantage of the excellent practical help and assistance at the Giant’s Causeway Visitor Centre Read more
Carnside Guest House
Bushmills, County Antrim
Panoramic views of North Antrim Coast, closest B&B to the Giants Causeway. Ideal for walking holiday Read more
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| Antrim |
Which Yorkshire city has two city-centre railway stations, Kirkgate and Westgate? | Discover Northern Ireland | Giant's Causeway
Festive Family Fun in Northern...
The Giant's Causeway
The Giant's Causeway is a magnificent, mysterious geological formation on the North East coast of Co Antrim steeped in myth and legend.
The setting is a spectacular dynamic coastal landscape of Atlantic waves, rugged cliffs, fascinating geographical antiquity, secluded bays and magnificent views. The Causeway forms a jagged headland of neatly packed columns which point towards Scotland. Visitors can walk along the basalt columns which are at the edge of the sea, just over 1km from the entrance to the site.
During your visit, why not call in to the Causeway Hotel for high tea, or travel by steam train along the coast to the historic town of Bushmills where there are ample places to stay . Accommodation includes the warm and welcoming Bushmills Inn , an award winning hotel, which originates from an old Coaching Inn and Mill House. Bushmills is also the home of the world famous “Old Bushmills” Distillery .
Guided day tours to the Giant's Causeway are available from Belfast, or take a few days and explore the sights along the Causeway Coastal Route , which includes the spectacular Antrim coast road and the Glens of Antrim .
Changes ahead at the Causeway
October 2010 - Summer 2012
Visitor Facilities
Construction work commences on site and existing visitor facilities removed. There will be no Audio Visual during this time. Visitor facilities relocated to Causeway Hotel will include shop, refreshments and tourist information (adjustment to existing site). External toilet facilities will be provided.
Over the coming months, until works complete in summer 2012, there will be significant activity on site.
Click here to download an information leaflet.
Parking
Car parking on site will be restricted to cars and disabled access only, and a coach/bus pick up and drop off facility will be operational.
Park and Ride facilities and off site coach/bus parking will be operational from Dundarave in nearby Bushmill’s, located 1.5miles away from the Giant’s Causeway.
Given the amount of operation onsite delays are inevitable but will be kept to a minimum.
Open Topper – new pick up and drop off at Giant's Causeway
Translink wish to advise passengers that from Monday 26th July 2010 the Open Topper 177 service will now drop and collect passengers from the bus stops on the road outside the Giant's Causeway. The bus will be unable to access the site due to building work on the new visitor centre. This arrangement will be in force until further notice.
Find accommodation near the Giant's Causeway.
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At the Kennington Oval in 1872, who did Wanderers beat in the very first FA Cup final? | 1872 FA Cup Final | Football Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
1872 FA Cup Final
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The 1872 FA Cup Final was a football match between Wanderers and Royal Engineers on 16 March 1872 at Kennington Oval in London. It was the final of the first staging of the Football Association Challenge Cup (known in the modern era as the FA Cup ), which became the primary cup competition in English football and the oldest football competition in the world. Fifteen teams entered the competition in its first season and, due to the rules in place at the time, Wanderers reached the final having won only one match in the four preceding rounds. In the semi-finals, they drew with the Scottish club Queen's Park , but reached the final when the Scots withdrew from the competition as they could not afford to return to London for a replay.
The final was decided by a single goal, scored after fifteen minutes by Morton Betts of Wanderers, who was playing under the pseudonym "A.H. Chequer". The Engineers were praised for their innovative use of passing, then referred to as the "Combination Game", at a time when most teams relied almost solely on dribbling tactics. Despite this they could not manage to score a goal. The winning Wanderers team did not receive the trophy until the following month, when it was presented to them at a special reception at the Pall Mall Restaurant.
Contents
Main article: 1871–72 FA Cup
Wanderers and Royal Engineers were among fifteen teams who entered the inaugural FA Cup competition, and both were allocated home matches in the first round. Wanderers were paired with Harrow Chequers, a team consisting of former pupils of Harrow School, and the Engineers were set to face Reigate Priory. Neither match actually took place, however, as in both cases the away team withdrew from the competition, sending the home team through to the next round on a walkover. In the second round, both teams played away matches and emerged victorious. Wanderers defeated Clapham Rovers 3–1 in December and the Engineers beat Hitchin 5–0 the following month.
At the quarter-final stage, Wanderers drew 0–0 with Crystal Palace (a different club to the modern club of the same name ). Rather than be made to replay the match, however, both teams were permitted to go through to the semi-finals under one of the competition's original rules, which stated that in the event of a drawn match the teams would either be made to play again or both progress to the next round, at the organising committee's discretion. The Engineers beat Hampstead Heathens 2–0. In the semi-finals Wanderers took on the leading Scottish club Queen's Park who, due to a combination of walkovers and byes, had reached this stage of the competition without actually playing a match. The rules of the competition stated that all matches from the semi-final stage onwards would take place at Kennington Oval in London and, after being held to a 0–0 draw, the Scottish club could not afford to make the lengthy trip from Glasgow a second time for a replay and withdrew from the competition, sending Wanderers into the final. The Engineers also drew their semi-final at the Oval 0–0, and beat Crystal Palace 3–0 in the replay.
Match
Summary
As was common at the time, both teams focused mainly on attack rather than defence, the Engineers lining up with seven forwards and Wanderers with eight. Wanderers forward Morton Betts played under the pseudonym "A. H. Chequer", derived from his membership of the Harrow Chequers club. Some sources state that he played under an assumed name to disguise the fact that he was cup-tied , having been a registered player of the Chequers club at the start of the competition and therefore ineligible to play for another club in that season's cup. This, however, is unlikely to be true, as in the early amateur era of football players were not required to be formally registered with clubs.
Wanderers captain C. W. Alcock won the coin toss and chose to defend the Harleyford Road end of the ground, meaning that the Engineers, who were considered the favourites at the start of play, initially had the sun and wind in their faces. Early in the game, Edmund Creswell of the Royal Engineers suffered a broken collar bone in a melee. He refused to leave the pitch but due to his injury was forced to spend the remainder of the match as a "passenger" on the wing . Wanderers' tactics centred on the dribbling skills of individual players, while the Engineers favoured passing the ball, a style then known as the "Combination Game" and considered innovative, of which they were leading exponents.
Wanderers took the lead fifteen minutes into the game when Betts opened the scoring from an acute angle after Robert Vidal 's long dribble. Under the rules in use at the time, the teams changed ends after each goal, but the Engineers were unable to take advantage of the fact that the sun and wind were now behind them, and the Wanderers players remained dominant. After twenty minutes Alcock put the ball past the Engineers' goalkeeper, William Merriman , but the goal was disallowed because Charles Wollaston had handled the ball. Wanderers continued to exert further pressure on the Engineers' goal and only Merriman's skill was able to prevent them from increasing their lead. One newspaper later described his performance as "perfect". Despite a late rally from the Engineers, Wanderers were able to hold on to their lead and the game ended in a 1–0 victory. Newspaper The Field called the final "the fastest and hardest match that has ever been seen at The Oval" and said that the Wanderers displayed "some of the best play, individually and collectively, that has ever been shown in an Association game".
Details
30 minutes extra-time if scores are level, at captains' discretion.
Replay if scores still level.
No substitutes.
Post-match
The Cup was presented by the President of the Football Association , Mr E. C. Morley , at the annual dinner of the Wanderers at the Pall Mall Restaurant, Charing Cross , on 11 April. The Football Association also gave each player in the winning team a silk badge commemorating the victory and the Wanderers' committee presented each player with an inscribed gold medal. As cup-holders, Wanderers received a bye straight to the final of the following year's FA Cup, in keeping with the original concept of the competition being a "challenge cup". This was the only time this rule was used.
In 1938, The Times published an obituary for Thomas Hooman and stated that he had scored the winning goal in the 1872 cup final, citing an interview the player gave shortly before his death. This claim is not backed up by contemporary newspaper reports, all of which list Betts as the goalscorer, and, as other quoted aspects of Hooman's reminiscences about the match were incorrect, it seems that in his old age he was confusing the 1872 final with another match in which he played.
In 2010, the only known surviving medal from the final was offered for sale at an auction in London. It had been purchased by a jeweller as part of a house clearance in the 1950s and was expected to sell for up to £50,000, but was ultimately purchased by the Professional Footballers' Association for £70,500.
On 7 November 2012, the match was replayed by the reformed Wanderers side and the Royal Engineers team at the original venue, The Oval . The result went in a completely opposite direction to the actual final, as the Royal Engineers won 7–1.
| Royal Engineers |
Built in 1776, which T was the name of the first submarine used for military purposes? | Spurs - FA Cup History
Spurs - FA Cup History
yid4eva Forum IT Guru ( Geek ) ;)
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FA Cup History for our beloved SPURS. Had some time on my hands and did some searching..
1872 Above
The first ever FA Challenge Cup trophy was won by Battersea-based club Wanderers, who edged past Royal Engineers of Chatham 1-0 in the 1872 final at Kennington Oval. It was the first of five victories for Wanderers in the Cup's first seven years. Known as the 'Little Tin Idol', the trophy was used every year until 1895 when it was stolen.
1901 Above
The first final featuring a big-name London club, even though Spurs were a non-League club at the time, drew an incredible 110,000 fans to Crystal Palace. Spurs faced previous winners Sheffield United. The match was drawn 2-2 thanks to a contentious goal, which the linesman felt was a corner but the ref decided was a goal. The replay took place at Burnden Park in Bolton, with Spurs triumphing 3-1.
1921 Above
Stamford Bridge was the venue of the 1921 final featuring two previous winners, Spurs and Wolverhampton Wanderers. A heavy shower turned the pitch into a mud-bath, preventing any constructive play and Spurs won by a single goal in the 55th minute scored by Jimmy Dimmock.
1961 Above
Spurs secured the first League and Cup double since 1897 with a 2-0 win over Leicester City. Again, Leicester suffered an early injury to full-back Len Chalmers and Spurs capitalised with goals from Bobby Smith and Terry Dyson, who beat Gordon Banks in the Leicester goal.
1962 Above
The 'Super Spurs' side led by Bill Nicholson and featuring legends such as Jimmy Greaves, Danny Blanchflower and Dave Mackay won the 'Chessboard Final' against Burnley 3-1, so-called because patient play rather than blistering action were on display at Wembley. Bobby Smith, who scored in the 1961 Final, scored again, a feat that wouldn't be repeated until 2001.
1967 Above
The 'Cockney Cup Final' as it became known was the first to be contested between two London sides, with Spurs taking on Chelsea. Bill Nicholson's Spurs featured several of the Cup winners from the early 1960s including Jimmy Greaves and Dave Mackay plus new talent like Pat Jennings and Terry Venables. Spurs took the lead through Jimmy Robertson and Frank Saul, with Bobby Tambling scoring Chelsea's consolation goal.
1981 Above
The 100th Cup Final to be contested went to a replay with both matches being played at Wembley. Manchester City's Tommy Hutchison managed to score at both ends to ensure a rematch. The second game was a more explosive affair with early goals from Ricardo Villa and Steve Mackenzie making honours even. A penalty put City ahead but Spurs equalised through Garth Crooks. The winner is considered one of the finest FA Cup goals ever, with Ricky Villa dribbling through the City defence to score.
1982 Above
It was Spurs again in 1982 and another replay after underdogs Queen's Park Rangers, under manager Terry Venables, held the holders to a 1-1 draw at Wembley, with Glenn Hoddle and Terry Fenwick scoring in extra time. The replay saw only one goal, a penalty scored by Hoddle early on.
1991 Above
It should have been Paul Gascoine's final. The Spurs player had performed incredibly all season and had been a major factor in the London side appearing in the final at all. But the occasion seemed to get to Gazza, who unleashed a couple of rash tackles early on, one which led to Nottingham Forest's opening goal from a fee-kick and to his own injury. Gascoine was stretchered off after 17 minutes. Spurs went on to miss a penalty and have a valid goal disallowed, but still won in extra time thanks to Paul Stewart and a Des Walker own goal.
And alot more history here:
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