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Tommy and Tuppence Beresford were the leading characters in which drama series?	Partners in Crime: meet the cast of the new BBC1 Agatha Christie drama starring Jessica Raine and David Walliams By Ben Dowell Sunday 26 July 2015 at 8:30PM After ITV’s dominant Poirot and Miss Marple years, Agatha Christie's less well-known detectives Tommy and Tuppence are featuring in a new BBC1 series starring David Walliams and Jessica Raine in the roles. There are two self-contained stories over three episodes each. The first is The Secret Adversary, which updates Christie’s 1922 story to 1952 and kicks of the Cold War mystery with a chance encounter on a Paris train between the husband-and-wife sleuths and an agitated young woman who suddenly disappears. Whilst Tommy is focussed on his fledgling honey business, Tuppence is much more concerned about this missing person, and her investigations bring them into contact with Tommy’s uncle, and Secret Service bigwig, Major Anthony Carter. We learn that the missing woman was carrying a secret recording that will reveal the identity of a legendary Soviet assassin, known only as Mr Brown. Things then get really interesting…. So who are the main characters in The Secret Adversary? David Walliams (plays Tommy Beresford) Tommy is a bit of a lost soul at the beginning of the drama, desperately trying to get a bee keeping business going. During the Second Second World War, he was hit by a catering van on his first day as a soldier so he never got to prove himself on the frontline. So when his wife Tuppence stumbles on an intriguing case of a missing woman and dastardly espionage activities it's his chance to finally become a hero. David Says: "Tuppence is definitely more forthright. She’s braver than Tommy, he’s more on the back-foot, but he means well. Tommy is a bit more of a klutz than Tuppence and is sometimes more of a burden. Together however, Tommy and Tuppence make a good team." Where have you see him before? Where haven’t you seen him? Little Britain star, Britain’s Got Talent judge, star of the BBC comedy Big School, Walliams is one of the most successful performer/entertainers in Britain today. Jessica Raine (plays Tuppence Beresford) Happily married to Tommy, if a little frustrated at being a housewife, Tuppence has definitely reached a point where she feels ready to actively have an adventure rather than read about them in her beloved books. Curious, quick-witted and adventurous she often leaps before she looks. Jessica says: "When I read this script I was struck by what a unique and fabulous part it was for a woman. Tommy and Tuppence are a team, and there's no sense of her playing second fiddle to her husband. Sometimes when you play a character they can rub off on you, and I felt more adventurous and energised while being Tuppence. She is an enormous amount of fun to play." Where have you seen her before? Perhaps best known for her performance as Call the Midwife's Jenny Lee, Raine is becoming increasingly prolific and has recently been seen in Sky Arts crime drama series Fortitude and Wolf Hall, where she played Jane Boleyn. Matthew Steer (plays Albert Pemberton) Albert Pemberton is a friend of Tommy's from the war, who now works as a chemistry teacher at a boy’s school with plenty of equipment and techniques at his disposal that are useful to them. He is a bubbly character with lots of enthusiasm, ideas and inventions but he's not necessarily the guy you want in the field. Something of a young Q from Bond, he has a prosthetic (wooden) hand following a mishap while working for the bomb squad during the war. Matthew says: "The Albert I play is very different to the original; [scriptwriter] Zinnie [Harris] had really developed and transformed him, also giving him a wooden hand, so in that respect I was free to create and go with what I felt was right. He is however a little bored of life in the classroom and wants a bigger piece of the action and is envious of Tommy and Tuppence and their adventures." Where have you seen him before? Recently appeared in British film Urban Hymn, Kenneth Branagh’s Cinderella, and BBC3’s sitcom Siblings. Clarke Peters (plays Julius Hersheimmer) Julius is a self-made man who has potentially found a way to challenge the dominance of the sugar industry by introducing a substitute called Sweeterelle. He hires Tommy and Tuppence in the first story to help find his missing cousin. Clarke says: "I’m an actor on a mission to entertain you and take you to another world. It’s been a real gas. David and Jess are fun actors and I know their job was very difficult because they were filming every day, it was a real graft for them. But when we worked together I hoped I could bring some levity to their job and be a good supporting actor for them." Where have you seen him before? Best known for his work with celebrated US showrunner David Simon he starred as Albert "Big Chief" Lambreaux in Simon’s smoky New Orleans-set HBO drama Treme. But he is perhaps best known for playing the smart cool cop Lester Freamon in all five series of Simon’s mega hit epic The Wire, considered by some to be the finest television series ever made. James Fleet (plays Major Anthony Carter) Major Anthony Carter, more commonly known as Carter, or ‘Uncle’ to his nephew Tommy, is the head of the Third Floor, a secretive branch of British Military Intelligence. The Cold War is a relatively new concept, and Carter is still adapting himself to the intricacies of this new frontier in spying. Carter has a paternal relationship with his hapless nephew Tommy, and tries to protect him the best he can. It's not always easy... Where have you seen him before? Perhaps most well known for his comic performances as Tom in Four Weddings and a Funeral and Hugo in The Vicar of Dibley, he has recently performed in the American series Outlander and will be seen in The Hollow Crown: The Wars of the Roses, the forthcoming BBC adaptation of Shakespeare’s history plays. Partners in Crime starts on BBC1 on Sunday 26th July at 9pm	Partners in Crime
The Plaka is the old historical neighbourhood of which capital city?	Partners in Crime (BBC TV series) \| Agatha Christie Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Partners in Crime (BBC TV series) 338pages on Share Promotional poster Partners in Crime is a British drama television series that is set to broadcast on BBC One on 26 July 2015. The six-part series is an adaptation of two detective novels by Agatha Christie . The first three episodes are an adaptation of The Secret Adversary , written by Zinnie Harris and the last three episodes are of N or M? by Claire Wilson. Contents Edit Partners in Crime was commissioned by Ben Stephenson and Charlotte Moore for the BBC to mark the 125th anniversary of Agatha Christie's birth. The adaptation was produced by Endor Productions in partnership with Agatha Christie Productions. The series was not renewed for a second series by the BBC. [1] Conception Edit David Walliams and Hilary Strong (Agatha Christie Group) approached Hilary Bevan Jones and Tom Nash (development producer) of Endor Productions with the idea of re-inventing the Agatha Christie characters Tommy and Tuppence Beresford. Walliams liked the idea of married amateur detective duo bickering over a dead body. Agatha Christie wrote the stories between 1922 and 1973 and featured stories before Tommy and Tuppence were married to old age with grown up children. It was decided to set the series in the 1950s in the context of the Cold War and suit the stories that had already been written by Agatha Christie. The two stories chosen "The Secret Adversary" and "N or M" would be made into three hours each over six episodes. Casting David Walliams as the main driving force and executive producer would play Tommy with his usual wit and humour. Jessica Raine was chosen for her ability to move between drama and humour. Filming Edit Creating 1950's England led to filming in central and greater London, Essex, Buckinghamshire, Surrey, Oxfordshire, Kent, Hertfordshire, and Norfolk. Didcot Railway Centre and North Norfolk Railway, Sheringham were used for period railway locations. Cromer in Norfolk was used for its coastline and pier and many unspoilt buildings and streets in the town. Englefield House and derelict industrial wastelands by the Thames. Characters Edit Thomas "Tommy" Beresford ( David Walliams ) in his early 40's is clever and logical man whose business ventures never quite work out just as his university and army days were never successful. He tries to look after his spirited wife, Tuppence, and his son George by various money making schemes. While he does not realize he has no head for business he has a knack for espionage and crime solving in a 'Cold War' world full of double agents and assassins. It is a perilous world in which Tommy flourishes. Prudence "Tuppence" Beresford ( Jessica Raine ) is a quick witted, irrepressible woman with a tendency to leap without looking. The daughter of a country archdeacon; one of five children. She misses the sense of purpose she had as a nurse in the war and cannot settle as a housewife despite her love for Tommy and son George. When the opportunity is presented to aide British Intelligence in the defence of her country she jumps at the chance to put herself, and her less willing husband, in harms way. Major Anthony Carter (James Fleet) is Tommy's uncle and head of 'The Third Floor', a branch of British Military Intelligence. In the war Carter knew who the enemy was but now in the 1950's the adversary is a new type of spy. Carter tries to protect his hapless nephew Tommy and his wife Tuppence as they become involved in his new war. Albert Pemberton (Matthew Steer) is a chemistry teacher and part-time agent for Carter. He met Tommy in hospital when he was recovering from losing a hand while working for a bomb disposal unit. He assists Tommy and Tuppence when they require more technical knowledge and revels in their adventures. Cast James Fleet as Major Anthony Carter Matthew Steer as Albert Pemberton Miles Roughley as George Beresford Guest stars Clarke Peters as Julius Hersheimmer (Episodes 1-3) Alice Krige as Rita Vandemeyer (Episodes 1-3) Paul Brennen as Lucky (Episodes 1-3) Jonny Phillips as Whittington (Episodes 1-3) Andrew Havill as James Peel (Episodes 1-3) Camilla Marie Beeput as Jane Finn (Episodes 1-3) Ed Speleers as Carl Denim (Episodes 4-6) Roy Marsden as Commander Haydock (Episodes 4-6) Alyy Khan as Major Khan (Episodes 4-6) Danny Lee Wynter as Gilbert Worthing (Episodes 4-6) Christina Cole as Mrs Sprot (Episodes 4-6) Aoife McMahon as Sheila Perenna (Episodes 4-6) Pinar Ogun as Veronika Urbanowicz (Episodes 4-6) Robert Hands as Mr Hinton (Episodes 4-6) Issy Van Randwyck as Mrs Hinton (Episodes 4-6) Tam Williams as Harrison (Episodes 4-6) Hannah Waddingham as Blonde Assassin (Episodes 4-6) (The actors David Walliams and Christina Cole have also had minor roles in the TV series Agatha Christie's Marple , respectively in the episodes "The Body in the Library" and "The Murder at the Vicarage" ). Episodes	i don't know
Which instrument was primarily played by band leader Count Basie?	Count Basie, 79, Band Leader And Master of Swing, Dead Count Basie, 79, Band Leader And Master of Swing, Dead by JOHN S. WILSON Count Basie, the jazz pianist whose spare, economic keyboard style and supple rhythmic drive made his orchestra one of the most influential groups of the Big Band era, died of cancer yesterday morning at Doctors' Hospital in Hollywood, Fla. He was 79 years old and lived in Freeport, the Bahamas. Mr. Basie was, along with Duke Ellington and Benny Goodman, one of the pre-eminent bandleaders of the Big Band era in the 1930's and 40's. Mr. Basie's band, more than any other, was the epitome of swing, of jazz that moved with a built-in flowing intensity. This stemmed primarily from the presence in the rhythm section, from 1937 to the present, of both Mr. Basie on piano and Freddie Green on guitar. As one critic put it, they "put wheels on all four bars of the beat," creating a smooth rhythmic flow over which Mr. Basie's other instrumentalists rode as though they were on a streamlined cushion. Among his band's best-known numbers were "One O'Clock Jump," "Jumpin' at the Woodside," "Li'l Darlin'" and "April in Paris." Mr. Basie, a short, stocky, taciturn but witty man who liked to wear a yachting cap offstage, presided over the band at the piano with apparent utmost casualness. He flicked out tightly economical, single-finger passages, directing his musicians with a glance, a lift of an eyebrow or a note hit gently but positively in passing. His piano style, which often seemed bare and simple, was an exquisitely realized condensation of the florid "stride" style of Fats Waller and James P. Johnson with whom Mr. Basie started. Unostentatious as Mr. Basie appeared, his presence was a vital factor in directing his band or any group of musicians with whom he might be playing. There was a memorable concert at Town Hall several years ago when a number of musicians, including Mr. Basie, were scheduled to perform in a variety of combinations. A group that included some Basie sidemen was on stage, playing in a ragged, desultory fashion, when Mr. Basie arrived. The pianist in the combo gave up his seat to Mr. Basie who sat down, tinkled a few introductory notes, looked up at the drummer, nodded at the rest of the group and, when the combo took off, the musicians were playing as brilliantly and cleanly as they had been disheveled only a few moments before. Started Out a Drummer Mr. Basie was born in Red Bank, N.J., on Aug. 21, 1904, an only child who was christened William. He started out to be a drummer. But the obvious talents of another young Red Bank drummer, Sonny Greer, who was Duke Ellington's drummer from 1919 to 1951, discouraged young Basie and he switched to piano. While he was in his late teens, he gravitated to Harlem, where he encountered Fats Waller. "I had dropped into the old Lincoln Theater in Harlem," Mr. Basie once recalled, "and I heard a young fellow beating it out on an organ. From that time on, I was a daily customer, hanging onto every note, sitting behind him all the time. He got used to seeing me, as though I were part of the show. One day he asked me whether I played the organ. 'No,' I said, 'but I'd give my right arm to learn.' "The next day he invited me to sit in the pit and start working the pedals. I sat on the floor watching his feet and using my hands to imitate him. Then I sat beside him and he taught me." Beginning in Vaudeville Through Mr. Waller, Mr. Basie got a job as an accompanist with a vaudeville act called Katie Crippen and Her Kids. He became an accompanist to the blues singers Clara Smith and Maggie Jones and he worked in a 14th Street dance hall. Then he joined a touring show headed by one Gonzel White, playing piano in a four-piece band. The Gonzel White show was stranded in Kansas City, Mo., a fateful location for Mr. Basie. For a year he played piano accompaniment to silent moves and then joined Walter Page's Blue Devils in Tulsa, Okla., a band that included--in addition to Mr. Page, a bassist--Jimmy Rushing, the blues signer, both of whom would be key members of Mr. Basie's band. When the Page band broke up in 1929, Mr. Page, Mr. Basie and Mr. Rushing all joined Bennie Moten's orchestra, the leading big band in the Southwest, which became even stronger with their presence. When Bennie Moten died in 1935, the band disintegrated and Mr. Basie organized a small band to play at the Reno Club in Kansas City that became the nucleus of the band with which he gained his initial fame. Scale for the musicians at the Reno Club, where beer was a nickel and whisky was 15 cents, was $15 a week for playing from 8 P.M. to 4 A.M., except Saturdays when it was 8 P.M. until 8 A.M. And it was a seven-day week. From Bill to Count The band broadcast from the Reno Club on an experimental radio station. It was on one of these broadcasts that Bill Basie became Count Basie. "One night the announcer called me to the microphone for those usual few words of introduction," Mr. Basie once recalled. "He commented that Bill Basie was a rather ordinary name and that there were a couple of well-known bandleaders named Earl Hines and Duke Ellington. Then he said, 'Bill, I think I'll call you Count Basie from now on. Is that all right with you?' I thought he was kidding, shrugged my shoulders and replied, 'O.K.' Well, that was the last time I was ever introduced as Bill Basie. From then on, it was Count Basie." The broadcast was picked up one night by John Hammond, the jazz enthusiast who had discovered Billie Holiday and helped Benny Goodman start his band. Mr. Hammond spread the word about the Basie band, went to Kansas City to hear it and support it and brought it to the attention of booking agents. As a result, the band got a date at the Grand Terrace in Chicago. To go on the road, Mr. Basie expanded his nine-piece band to 13 pieces. Pop Tunes With a Kick "I wanted my 13-piece band to work together just like those nine pieces," he explained. "I wanted 13 men to think and play the same way. I wanted those three trumpets and two trombones to bite with real guts. But I wanted that bite to be just as tasty and subtle as if it were the three brass I used to use. In fact, the only reason I enlarged the brass was to get a richer harmonic structure. I said the minute the brass got out of hand and blared and screeched instead of making every note mean something, there'd be some changes made. "Of course, I wanted to play real jazz. When we played pop tunes--and, naturally, we had to--I wanted those pops to kick! Not loud and fast, understand, but smoothly and with a definite punch." Fletcher Henderson's band was playing at the Grand Terrace just before the Basie band arrived there. Mr. Basie's musicians had been playing "head" arrangements in Kansas City--treatments of the blues or pop tunes that were worked out on the stand. When the band left for Chicago it had only 12 written arrangements in its book. To help it through the Grand Terrace engagement, Fletcher Henderson, who had provided Benny Goodman with the arrangements that enabled his band to break through a year earlier, lent Mr. Basie some of his arrangements. "He was the only leader in the business who ever went out of his way to help me," Mr. Basie said later. Despite the presence of Lester Young and Herschel Evans in the saxophone section, Buck Clayton in the trumpet section, Jo Jones on drums, with Jimmy Rushing and, briefly, Billie Holiday as vocalists, the Basie band struggled for a year after it left Kansas City. From the Grand Terrace, it moved on to New York and Roseland Ballroom (playing opposite Woody Herman's new, young band) where listeners complained that it was out of tune (not a surprising reaction since many of Mr. Basie's musicians were blowing patched-up horns and saxophones held together by rubber bands). The band flopped at a Pittsburgh hotel that had never booked a jazz band before. Even in Harlem, it puzzled the aware audiences at the Savoy Ballroom. Breakthrough on 52d Street Finally, Willard Alexander, a booking agent, in an effort to get the band on 52d Street, then the jazz center of New York, made a deal with the Famous Door, a shoebox of a room, 25 feet wide and about 50 feet long, which was having trouble doing business in the summer because it had no air-conditioning. Mr. Alexander agreed to lend the club $2,500 to install an air-conditioner if it would book the Basie band. With Mr. Basie's 13 men in full cry at one end of this elongated closet, the sound ricocheting off the walls and rocketing down from the low ceiling, no listener could escape the exhilarating power of the band. "When they let you in the door," Ralph Gleason, the jazz critic, reported, "it was like jumping into the center of a whirlwind. The sound was almost frightening. Even more important was the fact that the Famous Door had national and local radio wires. "And that's when the whole fire started," said Mr. Alexander. By then a series of records by the Basie band had begun appearing (under a contract with Decca Records by which Mr. Basie was paid a total of $750 for 24 sides with no royalties--"probably the most expensive blunder in Basie's history," said Mr. Hammond) that included hit after hit--"Swingin' the Blues," "Jumpin' at the Woodside," "One O'Clock Jump" (his theme) and many others now considered jazz classics. Jazz Stars in the Band The "book" of this early Basie band was based on blues and riffs developed on a blues structure. It was a loose and swinging band, built around distinctively individualistic solos by Lester Young, Hershel Evans, Buddy Tate, Buck Clayton, Harry Edison, Dickie Wells, Vic Dickenson and, primarily, Mr. Basie himself. During the 1940's, many of the great jazz musicians of the decade passed through the band, among them Illinois Jacquet, Don Byas, Wardell Gray, Paul Quinichette, Lucky Thompson, J. J. Johnson, Paul Gonsalves and Clark Terry. In 1950, when big bands were falling apart, Mr. Basie cut down to an eight-piece group but by 1952 he was leading a big band once again. This second-generation big band differed from the early one in that it depended on arrangers for its basic style, a smooth, rolling, highly polished swing style for which Neal Hefti ("Li'l Darlin'"), Ernie Wilkins and Frank Foster ("Shiny Stockings") were among the most notable orchestrators. One of the band's most popular arrangements, "April in Paris," was written in 1955 by Wild Bill Davis, a jazz organist who had originally developed it for his own small group. The key factor in popularizing it was a series of repetitions of the final few bars when, as the orchestra seemingly came to the end of the piece, Mr. Basie held up a finger and called out, "One mo' time!" Played for Presidents Soloists were less prominent in this second edition of the Basie band although it included some of the major jazz musicians of the post-50's years, such as Thad Jones, Joe Newman, Al Grey, Eddie (Lockjaw) Davis, Frank Wess, Jimmy Forrest and the blues singer Joe Williams. The Basie band played at President John F. Kennedy's inaugural ball, and in 1965 toured with Frank Sinatra. In 1981, Mr. Basie was honored along with Cary Grant, Helen Hayes and other stars as a recipient of Washington's Kennedy Center honors for achievement in the performing arts. At a White House reception, President Reagan said that Mr. Basie was "among the handful of musicians that helped change the path of American music in the 30's and the 40's" and that he had "revolutionized jazz." In 1976, Mr. Basie suffered a heart attack. While he recuperated his band continued to fulfill engagements, frequently with Nat Pierce taking Mr. Basie's place at the piano and sometimes with guest conductors such as the trumpeter Clark Terry, who was a member of the Basie band in the 1940's. Within less than six months, however, Mr. Basie was back at the keyboard. During his last years, he had difficulty walking and rode out on the stage on a motorized wheelchair which he sometimes drove with joyful abandon. The Black Music Association honored Mr. Basie in 1982 with a gala at Radio City Music Hall. Lena Horne, Stevie Wonder, Joe Williams, Oscar Peterson and Quincy Jones were among the stars to pay tribute. "He certainly made a notch in musical history," said Benny Goodman, 75 years old, the jazz clarinetist and bandleader. "He was a wonderful man. He was a big force in music." The jazz pianist George Shearing said that Mr. Basie's greatest trademark was the three sweet, soft notes that ended many of his great swing-era compositions. "Can you imagine a man who kind of romps around the piano," Mr. Shearing said, "and those tiny tinkling things. You never got tired of that business at the end." The band will continue under the guidance of Aaron Woodward, an adopted son of Mr. Basie who has worked closely with the orchestra leader during the last year. Mr. Basie's wife, Catherine, died in April 1983. He is survived by a daughter, Diane Basie of Freeport. There will be a viewing at Benta's Funeral Home, 630 St. Nicholas Avenue at 141st Street, on Sunday from 1 to 7 P.M. The funeral service will be at noon on Monday at the Abyssinian Baptist Church, 132 West 138th Street.	Piano
What nationality was the first woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest?	COUNT BASIE, 79, BAND LEADER AND MASTER OF SWING, DEAD - NYTimes.com COUNT BASIE, 79, BAND LEADER AND MASTER OF SWING, DEAD By JOHN S. WILSON Published: April 27, 1984 Correction Appended Count Basie, the jazz pianist whose spare, economic keyboard style and supple rhythmic drive made his orchestra one of the most influential groups of the Big Band era, died of cancer yesterday morning at Doctors' Hospital in Hollywood, Fla. He was 79 years old and lived in Freeport, the Bahamas. Mr. Basie was, along with Duke Ellington and Benny Goodman, one of the pre-eminent bandleaders of the Big Band era in the 1930's and 40's. Mr. Basie's band, more than any other, was the epitome of swing, of jazz that moved with a built-in flowing intensity. This stemmed primarily from the presence in the rhythm section, from 1937 to the present, of both Mr. Basie on piano and Freddie Green on guitar. As one critic put it, they ''put wheels on all four bars of the beat,'' creating a smooth rhythmic flow over which Mr. Basie's other instrumentalists rode as though they were on a streamlined cushion. Among his band's best-known numbers were ''One O'Clock Jump,'' ''Jumpin' at the Woodside,'' ''Li'l Darlin' '' and ''April in Paris.'' Directing With a Glance Mr. Basie, a short, stocky, taciturn but witty man who liked to wear a yachting cap offstage, presided over the band at the piano with apparent utmost casualness. He flicked out tightly economical, single-finger passages, directing his musicians with a glance, a lift of an eyebrow or a note hit gently but positively in passing. His piano style, which often seemed bare and simple, was an exquisitely realized condensation of the florid ''stride'' style of Fats Waller and James P. Johnson with whom Mr. Basie started. Unostentatious as Mr. Basie appeared, his presence was a vital factor in directing his band or any group of musicians with whom he might be playing. There was a memorable concert at Town Hall several years ago when a number of musicians, including Mr. Basie, were scheduled to perform in a variety of combinations. A group that included some Basie sidemen was on stage, playing in a ragged, desultory fashion, when Mr. Basie arrived. The pianist in the combo gave up his seat to Mr. Basie who sat down, tinkled a few introductory notes, looked up at the drummer, nodded at the rest of the group and, when the combo took off, the musicians were playing as brilliantly and cleanly as they had been disheveled only a few moments before. Mr. Basie was born in Red Bank, N.J., on Aug. 21, 1904, an only child who was christened William. He started out to be a drummer. But the obvious talents of another young Red Bank drummer, Sonny Greer, who was Duke Ellington's drummer from 1919 to 1951, discouraged young Basie and he switched to piano. While he was in his late teens, he gravitated to Harlem, where he encountered Fats Waller. ''I had dropped into the old Lincoln Theater in Harlem,'' Mr. Basie once recalled, ''and I heard a young fellow beating it out on an organ. From that time on, I was a daily customer, hanging onto every note, sitting behind him all the time. He got used to seeing me, as though I were part of the show. One day he asked me whether I played the organ. 'No,' I said, 'but I'd give my right arm to learn.' ''The next day he invited me to sit in the pit and start working the pedals. I sat on the floor watching his feet and using my hands to imitate him. Then I sat beside him and he taught me.'' Beginning in Vaudeville Through Mr. Waller, Mr. Basie got a job as accompanist with a vaudeville act called Katie Crippen and Her Kids. He became an accompanist to the blues singers Clara Smith and Maggie Jones and he worked in a 14th Street dance hall. Then he joined a touring show headed by one Gonzel White, playing piano in a four-piece band. The Gonzel White show was stranded in Kansas City, Mo., a fateful location for Mr. Basie. For a year he played piano accompaniment to silent movies and then joined Walter Page's Blue Devils in Tulsa, Okla., a band that included, in addition to Mr. Page, a bassist, Jimmy Rushing, the blues singer, both of whom would be key members of Mr. Basie's band. When the Page band broke up in 1929, Mr. Page, Mr. Basie and Mr. Rushing all joined Bennie Moten's orchestra, the leading big band in the Southwest, which became even stronger with their presence. When Bennie Moten died in 1935, the band disintegrated and Mr. Basie organized a small band to play at the Reno Club in Kansas City that became the nucleus of the band with which he gained his initial fame. Scale for the musicians at the Reno Club, where beer was a nickel and whisky was 15 cents, was $15 a week for playing from 8 P.M. to 4 A.M., except Saturdays when it was 8 P.M. until 8 A.M. And it was a seven-day week. From Bill to Count The band broadcast from the Reno Club on an experimental radio station. It was on one of these broadcasts that Bill Basie became Count Basie. ''One night the announcer called me to the microphone for those usual few words of introduction,'' Mr. Basie once recalled. ''He commented that Bill Basie was a rather ordinary name and that there were a couple of well-known bandleaders named Earl Hines and Duke Ellington. Then he said, 'Bill, I think I'll call you Count Basie from now on. Is that all right with you?' I thought he was kidding, shrugged my shoulders and repled, 'O.K.' Well, that was the last time I was ever introduced as Bill Basie. From then on, it was Count Basie.'' 1	i don't know
What on the human body are the supercilia?	BIOGENESIS COMPANY Supercilia – the eyebrows COMPOSITION OF THE HAIR The major part of hair contains Keratin refers to a family of fibrous structural protein Keratin is the key structural material making up the outer layer of human skin. It is also the key structural component of finger and toe nails. The chemical composition of hair varies with its color. Darker hair has more carbon and less oxygen; the reverse is true for lighter hair. Average hair is composed of 50.65% carbon, 6.36% hydrogen, 17.14% nitrogen, 5.0% sulfur, and 20.85% oxygen. PARTS OF THE HAIR Full- grown human hair is divided into two principal parts: the root and the shaft. The hair root is that portion of the hair structure located beneath the skin surface. This is the portion of the hair enclosed within the follicle. The hair shaft is that portion of the hair structure extending above the skin surface. NATURAL COLOR OF THE HAIR The natural color of hair, strength, and texture depend mainly on genetics. The cortex contains coloring matter in the form of minute grains of melanin pigment. Although there is no conclusive scientific proof, it appears that pigment is derived from color- forming substances in the blood, as are all pigments of the human body. The color of a person’s hair depends on the number of grains of melanin in each strand. A person born with hair lacking colour, but appearing white, is called Albino. This is the result of absence of coloring matter in the hair shaft. For successful hair lightening and tinting services, one needs to know about natural hair color and distribution of hair pigment. Graying of Hair Gray hair is caused by an absence of color pigment in the cortical layer. It is actually mottled hair; spots of white or whitish yellow scattered about in the hair shafts. Gray hair grows in that manner from the hair bulbs, and not as another color that turns gray. In most cases, the graying of hair is a result of the natural aging process in humans, although graying also can occur as a result of an illness or psychosomatic disorder. An early diminishing of pigment brought of by emotional tensions may also be a factor causing hair to turn gray. Premature graying of hair in a young person is usually the result of a genetic defect in pigment formation from birth. Often it will be found that several members of a family are affected with premature grayness	Eyebrow
The chairman of which committee oversees Conservative Party leadership elections?	HUMAN ANATOMY Kathryn Watson, MD. Introduction to Anatomy (a) Illustrations in slides: © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. - ppt download Download Presentation is loading. Please wait. HUMAN ANATOMY Kathryn Watson, MD. Introduction to Anatomy (a) Illustrations in slides: © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Published by Kassandra Bartle Modified over 2 years ago Embed Similar presentations More Presentation on theme: "HUMAN ANATOMY Kathryn Watson, MD. Introduction to Anatomy (a) Illustrations in slides: © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings."— Presentation transcript: 1 HUMAN ANATOMY Kathryn Watson, MD 2 Introduction to Anatomy (a) Illustrations in slides: © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (unless otherwise indicated) 3 Overview of Anatomy Anatomical terminology from ancient Greek and Latin Branches of anatomy  Gross anatomy  Microscopic anatomy Cytology Histology  Developmental anatomy Embryology  Comparative anatomy Hierarchy of structural organization from simplest to most complex Scale uses metric system 4 Structural organization from simplest to most complex Chemical Cellular Tissue – group of cells similar in structure and function Organ – 2 or more tissue types performing specific function Organ system – group of organs acting together to perform specific function Human organism 5 Organ systems Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic/immune Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive 6 Branches of anatomy  Gross anatomy  Microscopic anatomy Cytology Histology  Developmental anatomy Embryology  Comparative anatomy 7 Gross Anatomy  The anatomical position (see right)  Directional and regional terms  Body planes and sections  Anatomical variability  The human body plan Anterior Posterior Superior Inferior Medial Lateral Proximal Distal Superficial Deep Cephalic Vertebral Thoracic Appendicular Brachial Lumbar 8 Body planes and sections - cut into sections along a flat surface called a plane (also called XS – cross section) (also called coronal) 9 The human body plan  Humans are vertebrates and share basic features Tube-within-a-tube Bilateral symmetry Dorsal hollow nerve cord Notochord and vertebrae Segmentation Pharyngeal pouches 10 11 Body cavities and membranes  Dorsal cavity divided into cranial and vertebral  Ventral cavity containing viscera (visceral organs) divided into two main cavities Thoracic cavity  2 lateral pleural cavities  Central mediastinum containing pericardial cavity Abdominopelvic cavity  Abdominal cavity  Pelvic cavity  Serous cavities are slit-like spaces lined by serous membranes (serosa): Parietal serosa forms the outer wall of the cavity Visceral serosa covers the visceral organ  Other smaller cavities: in head, between joints 12 13 Serosa 14 1.) parietal or visceral 2.) pericardial, pleural, or peritoneal* Naming of serous membranes (serosa) with 2 adjectives: Parietal serosa forms the outer wall of the cavity Visceral serosa covers the visceral organ *The 2 nd adjective can become a noun: pericardium, pleura, peritoneum Pericardial: heart Pleural: lungs Peritoneal: abdominal 15 9 abdominal regions; 4 quadrants epigastric inguinal, (or iliac) umbilical flank (side but in back) The important regions: The 4 quadrants: RUQ LUQ RLQ LLQ 16 What’s underneath…… 17  Branches of anatomy Gross anatomy Microscopic anatomy  Cytology: internal structure of cells  Histology: see next Developmental anatomy Comparative anatomy 18 Histology  Microscopic examination of the fine structure of organs, tissues and cells  Tissues are prepared by fixation (preserved) and then cut into thin sections  Artifacts (distortions; not real) 19 Ciliated epithelium (a) 300x (b) 1700x (c) 2600x 20  Gross anatomy  Microscopic anatomy Cytology Histology  Developmental anatomy: embryology later  Comparative anatomy Different animals  Additionally Pathology: structural changes caused by disease Clinical anatomy Medical imaging  X-ray imaging  Advanced radiological studies  Computed tomography (CT)  Dynamic spatial reconstruction (DSR)  Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)  PET scans (positron emission tomography)  Sonography (ultrasound imaging)  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 21 X-ray: electromagnetic rays; denser tissues block more and are whiter (photographically they’re negatives) 22 23 Ultrasound – high frequency sound waves, like sonar 24 “CT” – computed tomography; a form of x-ray 25 “DSA” – digital subtraction angiography 26 “PET” scan – positron emission tomography 27 “MRI” – magnetic resonance imaging 28 Terminology Study and memorize the Greek and Latin prefixes and suffixes: (or see copied on next pages) Many medical terms are built from Greek and Latin prefixes. Knowing the common words enables one to quickly comprehend and understand many long, complicated terms. Find definitions and memorize terms: Anterior Posterior Superior Inferior Medial Lateral Proximal Distal Superficial Deep Cephalic Vertebral Thoracic Appendicular Brachial Lumbar 29 Latin and Greek Prefixes and Suffixes (http ://www.technion.ac.il/~medicine/Students/latin&Greekprefixes.html )ttp ://www.technion.ac.il/~medicine/Students/latin&Greekprefixes.html Acro- extremity. Acrophobia is a fear of heights. Adeno- gland. Adenoid is a lymph gland found in the nasopharynx. Alba- white. Albinsm is the white appearance of skin lacking melanin. Algia- pain. Neuroalgia is a pain following the course of a nerve. Angi- vessel. Angioplasty is the repair of a blood vessel. Arthro- joint. Arthritis is the inflammation of skeletal joints. Auto- self. Autolysis is the destruction of body cells by bodily enzymes. Bio- living. Biology is the study of living organisms. Blast- germ, bud. Osteoblast is the germ of a bone cell. Blephar- eyelid. A blepharoplasty is eyelid surgery. Brachi- arm. The brachialis muscle moves the arm. Broncho- trachea, windpipe. Bronchitis is the inflammation of the respiratory system. Bucc- cheek. The buccinator muscle is in the cheek. Capit- head. De-capitate means "Off With the Head!" Carcin- cancer. A carcinogen is a substance which triggers cancer formation. Cardia- heart. Cardiologist is a heart specialist. Cephal- head. Cephalon is another term for the brain. (see capit-) Cerebro- brain. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is fluid circulating within the brain and spinal cord. Chole- bile, gall. Cholecestectomy is removal of the gallbladder. Chondro- cartilage. A chondrocyte is a cartilage cell. Chroma- color. Chromosomes are so named because they took color easily when dye is added to a cell. Cili- eyelash. Supercilia are eyebrows -- the hairs above the eyelashes. Corpus- body. Corpus albicans is the white body inside an ovary. Corona Crown. Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle run along the heart, encircling it like a crown.The coronary ligaments of the liver (which encircle the liver like a crown), the coronal suture and the corona of the glans penis, all structures which encircle something (like a crown). Cost- rib. Costal cartilages attach ribs to the sternum. Cut- skin. Cutaneous tissue is skin tissue. 30 Cysti- sac, bladder. Cyto- cell. Cytology is the study of cells. Dactyl- digits. Polydactylism is the presence of more fingers than is normal. Derma- skin. Dermatologists are skin specialists. (see cut-) Dura- tough, hard. Dura mater is the tough covering around the brain and spinal cord. Entero- intestine. Enteritis is inflammation of the intestines. Erythro- red. Erythrocytes are red blood cells. Galacto- milk.Galactose-Milk Sugur; Galactosemia is the lack of ability to digest one of milk's sugars. Gastro- stomach, belly. Gastric juices are produced in the stomach. Glosso- tongue. Hypoglossal means "below the tongue". Glyco- sugar. Glycosuria is sugar in the urine. Hema- blood. Hemaglobin is a large molecule of the red blood cell. Hepato- liver. The hepatic vein drains blood away from the liver. Hyster- uterus. Hysterectomy is the removal of the uterus. Ileo- ileum. Part of the small intestine. Ilio- ilium. Part of the hip bone. Lachry- tears. Lacrimal glands secrete tears. Leuko- white. Leukocytes are white cells of the blood. (see alba-) Lingua- tongue. Sublingual glands are beneath the tongue. (see glosso-) Lipo- fat. Liposuction is the removal of fat by suction tube. Lith- stone. Shock wave lithotripsy is a treatment for breaking up kidney stones. Lumbo- lower back. Lumbar vertebrae are located in the lower back. Macul- spot, blotch. The macula lutea is a spot on the retina of an eyeball. Mamm- breast. Mammogram is a picture of a breast, usually a female breast. Mast- breast. Aren't we showing our obsession with breasts? Meningo- membrane. Meninges are the coverings of the brain and spinal cord. Metro- uterus. Endometrium is the inner lining of the uterus. (see hystero-) Morpho- shape. Endomorphs are people whose physical shape extends to the limits of human dimension. Myelo- spinal cord. Poliomyelitis is inflammation of the grey matter of the spinal cord. 31 Myo- muscle. Myo-cardiac infarction is a problem with the heart muscle. Necro- death. Necrosis is death of cell tissue. Nephro- kidney. Nephrons are the functional units of a kidney. Neuro- nerve. Neurons are individual nerve cells. Oculo- eye. An oculist supplies eyeglasses. Odont- tooth. Othodontics refers to repair of teeth. Onco- tumour. Oncology is not doctors wearing pagers; it is the study of cancerous tumours. Ophthalm- eye. Ophthalmology is the study of eye and its diseases. Oro- mouth. The oral cavity is the other name for the mouth. Orchido- testicle. Orchidectomy is removal of a testicle. Osse-, Osteo- bone. Osteoporosis is porosity of bone. Oto- ear. Otosclerosis is the formation of bone in the ear.Otomycosis-fungal infection in ear Patho- disease. Pathogens are agents which cause disease. Peps- digestion. Pepsin is an enzyme found in the digestive system. Phago- eat. Phagocytes are cells (cyto-) which eat foreign material. Philo- love, to have an affinity for. Hydrophilic molecules are attracted to water (hydro-) Phleb- vein. Phlebitis is inflammation of the veins. Phren- diaphragm. Phrenic refers to a diaphragm. Pneumo- lung. Pneumonia is a disease of the lungs. Pulmo- lung. Are lungs related to breasts? Pyo- pus. Pyruria is pus in the urine. Ren- kidney. Renal artery supplies blood to the kidney. Rhin- nose. Rhinoplasty is a nose job Scler- hard. Atherosclerosis is hardening of the arteries. (see dura-) Stasis- stand still. Homeostasis is the process of maintaining constant conditions within the body. Thromb- clot, lump. Thrombosis refers to a clot in the heart or blood vessel. Trich- hair. Trichosis is a disease of the hair. Vas- vessel, duct. Vas deferens is the vessel which carries sperm from the epididymus. Viscer- organ. Visceral refers to organs. Zoo- animal. Zoology refers to the study of animals.	i don't know
Which small marine creatures make up the genus hippocampus?	New Kids on the Block: How Scientists Identify New Species \| Dive Training Magazine May 13, 2004 New Kids on the Block: How Scientists Identify New Species Go Back To The Library > Marine Life > New Kids on the Block: How Scientists Identify New Species Library Dive Shop Locator The picture didn’t match the name. The small red sea horse didn’t look like a juvenile pygmy sea horse even if that’s what the photographer said it was, and even if it was found on a gorgonian fan, which is where you’d find a pygmy sea horse if you were inclined to look for one. But there was no bulbous snout, or tubercles, or three rings on the tail, all of which you’d expect to see in a Hippocampus bargibanti. Well, then, if it’s not H. bargibanti, what is it? If you’re a taxonomist, you worry about these things. Especially when you’re writing a sea horse identification guide. So there sat sea horse scientists Sara Lourie, Amanda Vincent, and Heather Hall, with a bunch of questions and no answers — and no Corpus dilecti to examine as evidence. It’s no wonder that several years later, while doing field work for her doctoral dissertation in Indonesia, Lourie couldn’t help but look for the little buggers. Imagine her surprise when she found several hiding among the branches of gorgonian sea fans. Then imagine when she discovered the smallest of them was pregnant. Well, now. These aren’t juvenile anything. Ladies and gentlemen, meet Hippocampus denise, the world’s newest sea horse — and, at less than 2 cm from nose to tail — also its smallest. “I always imagined all the species in the world had been named,” says Lourie, who earned the honor of naming the new critter after Denise Tackett, the underwater photographer who sent that curious picture. “But there are quite a few out there that haven’t been identified yet.” Apparently so — discovering a new species is surprisingly common these days, given that only a handful of scientists are actually looking to add to the rolls of living creatures. Within the past two years, new species of coral, fish, phytoplankton, giant jellyfish, and a whale — yes, a whale — have been discovered. Some, such as H. denise, were there all along; they were just misidentified. Others swam under the radar until a particularly observant scientist happened to be in the right place at the right time. As a result, between 200 and 300 new species of fishes are “described” in the scientific literature each year, thereby officially becoming a new species. But that’s only a fraction of the unidentified species that are actually collected. The difference comes from the strict process scientists like Lourie have to go through to ensure that what they’re looking at isn’t a rose by any other name. It also says something about how we think about natural science. Naming Names The act of naming plants and animals was formalized in the 18th century, and it’s traced back to Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus. As his colleagues scoured the world on their historic voyages of discovery and collection, Linnaeus and other scientists at European universities were left to name the array of creatures and plants. Considering that even common plants often had more than one “scientific” name, this was no small task. Linnaeus used a system whereby collections of animals with similar traits were collected into a hierarchical system of classification, in family-tree fashion. Genera (more than one genus) were collected into orders, orders grouped into classes, and classes into kingdoms. That’s the basic framework used today, though modern scientists have added to it. In 1758, he published the 10th edition of his encyclopedia of animal names, Systema Naturae. This was the first time he used a binomial naming system — genus and species — and since he adhered to his own classifications most religiously, when other scientists didn’t, its publication is considered the birth of scientific nomenclature, with him as its patriarch. Under the Linnaeus system, Lourie’s sea horse belongs in Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata (because it has a spinal chord), Class Actinopterygii (fishes with ray-fins), Subclass Neopterygii (modern ray-finned fishes), Division Teleostei (modern bony fishes), Subdivision Euteleosti (advanced bony fishes), Superorder Acanthopterygii (spiny-rayed fishes), Order Gasterosteiformes (includes sticklebacks, tubesnouts, and sand eels), Suborder Syngnathoidei (fishes with tube-shaped snout), Family Syngnathidae (sea horses and pipefishes), and Genus Hippocampus (fishes with horselike heads and prehensile tail). In polite company, it’s all shortened to Hippocampus denise. At its most basic definition, a species designates a separate species, or a population of individuals that can interbreed and produce offspring that can also reproduce. Think baby horse (Equus caballus) versus baby mule (a hybrid, noted as Equus assinus x Equus caballus). Usually, they evolve in different geographical areas, and often they’ll fill similar ecological niches, say, on a reef. Do note that this definition isn’t without its exceptions. For example, cichlids can breed with other species of cichlids creating fertile hybrids. Meanwhile, sticklebacks from different geographical locations won’t readily breed with other sticklebacks of the same species if they grew up in different conditions, such as shallow and deep water. The Challenge Presently, there are about 25,000 species and subspecies of fishes, according to the Catalog of the Species of Fishes, maintained by the California Academy of Sciences. Actually, according to the catalog, there are about 53,000 named fishes, but about half of those are duplicates — fishes “rediscovered” by other scientists, often in different parts of the world. Herein lies the challenge. Is that unidentified finned object indeed a new species, or does it match something that’s already on a shelf in a museum somewhere, pale and pickled under 50 years of dust? “You need an extensive knowledge of the group just to recognize that it might be new and to be able to say you can’t identify it to anything you know,” says Jeff Williams, collection manager in the Division of Fishes at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History, who has named a few species of his own. “And most of the time you aren’t able to see it’s a new species underwater.” The first step, after collecting samples from, often as not, a location no one in his or her right mind would consider diving, is a thorough scouring through all the biological literature that could conceivably have published a description of your animal since 1758, to see if anything sounds familiar. If it’s in the literature, it’s probably also in a museum somewhere, waiting for closer scrutiny. If that sounds tedious, it is, Williams says. It pays to be lucky. In Lourie’s case, someone already did the legwork; in 1915 a German scientist named Duncker published his monograph Revision der Syngnathidae, eliminating all the known duplicates in the family incurred over the previous 150-odd years. That kind of living right can save a decade of research, Williams says. When the unidentified fish is determined to be true cryptic ichthyofauna (literally, “hidden fish”), a sample is analyzed to craft a formal description of the species. That single sample becomes the holotype, the perfect older sibling that all subsequent examples are compared against. It is the heir, stored for perpetuity in preservative goo. The spares are called paratypes, and they show some of the natural variation you’ll see in a given species. Please don’t let anything happen to the holotype-in-a-jar, or some poor soul will have to prove the paratype is indeed identical to the departed holotype, thus declaring that sample the neotype. For the record, Lourie’s holotype — a female — and her paratypes are stored in the Museum Zoologicum Boboriense in Cibinong, Indonesia, the Bishop Museum in Hawaii, the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C., the Australian Museum in Sydney, and the Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia. The analysis is nearly as tedious as the literature review. Among other things, Lourie measured head length, trunk length, eye diameter, coronet height, snout length, dorsal fin length, tail length, width of trunk, and the depth of the trunk at several points along the fish, and compared the proportions of those measurements, then compared all of that with two similar species — H. bargibanti and H. minotaur (bullneck sea horse). She analyzed an X-ray to count the number of trunk rings and tail rings, and she counted the number of rays in the dorsal, pectoral, and anal fins — all on an animal about the size of a thumbnail. Those measurements, taken as a whole, make up the scientific description that shows how this fish is different from any look-alike cousins. With data in hand, Lourie and collaborator John Randall, senior ichthyologist (emeritus) at the Bishop Museum, put fingers to keyboard to write a research paper to present their findings to the world. “A New Pygmy Seahorse, Hippocampus denise (Teleostei: Syngnathidae) from the Indo-Pacific” was published in the journal Zoological Studies last summer. And so, there are now 33 species of sea horse. With all the Hoopus scientificus researchers must jump through, it’s a little surprising the process happens even 200 times a year. “It’s overwhelming,” says Williams, who might be working on a dozen or more species at a time, typically fishes from the Pacific Rim. “I don’t have time to work on different taxa.” Actually, there aren’t many people who describe fish — by one estimate, there may only be about 500 scientists in the world who specialize in taxonomy. It’s expensive work, and it’s not en vogue anymore, Williams says. It’s a science of the 19th century, while in the 21st century research funding goes to ecologists who describe — and attempt to fix — unhealthy ecosystems, not identify each individual component of that system. According to a recent National Academy of Sciences study, we know of less than 10 percent of the biodiversity found on a reef. Not that fixing ecosystems isn’t important, but in a way, trying to do anything with only a little knowledge of what’s supposed to be there is like cooking a gourmet dinner without a recipe and only the peanut butter and cream of mushroom soup left over in your pantry. Or like building a house out of cards. “The basic data gathering of what we have in the world isn’t being emphasized,” he says. “We really need to know the stocks of food eaten by the fish, eaten by the fish, eaten by the fish we eat. If they disappear, you’ll wipe out all the species. And you can’t do comparative biology if you don’t know what you’re comparing.” In other words, it’s hard to study fish ecology, diversity, relationships, life history, and population biology — or to improve our understanding of the effects of human activities on marine life — if we don’t know exactly what we’re looking at. Lourie’s H. denise is a perfect example of that. It’s not the first adult that was thought to be a juvenile of another species. That’s a good way to do bad science. And then there are all those sea creatures out there that may be the source of new drugs to fight human diseases. Given that there are some very real threats to those as-yet unknown fishes, scientists are eager to get identification work done quickly, even if it’s only a few more a year. “My guess is we’ll probably have 35,000 species [of fishes], possibly even more,” Williams says. “But it could all disappear before we know it’s there.” And if you’re a taxonomist, you worry about these things. For More Information “Seahorses: An Identification Guide to the World’s Species and Their Conservation,” written by Sara A. Lourie, Amanda C.J. Vincent and Heather J. Hall, and published by Project Seahorse, London “A New Pygmy Seahorse, Hippocampus denise (Teleostei: Syngnathidae) from the Indo-Pacific,” written by Sara A. Lourie, and John E. Randall and published in the April 2003 issue of the journal Zoological Studies.	Sea Horses
Which river has Newport at its head and Cowes at its mouth?	Hippocampus zosterae Dwarf seahorse They all range in size from 6 - 12 inches although most fall in the 6 inch category. The color range of sea horses is enormous! They can be white, yellow, red, brown, black, gray, spotted or banded. Sea horses are pieced together with many different parts and abilities of other animals. They have the head of a horse with the snout of an aardvark, spines like a puffer fish, a pouch of a kangaroo, eyes like a lizards, the tail of a monkey, an armor plated body like Stegosaurus, the ability to change colors like a chameleon and to wrap their tails around things. Each one of the special features plays an important role in the life of a sea horse. The seahorse has the eyes of a lizard which mean one eye looks left while the other eye looks right. Both eyes do not look ahead like our eyes do. This unique ability allows the seahorse to look for enemies with one eye while searching for food with the other eye. It is also believed that with this binocular vision seahorses have, they can see their microscopic prey. The tube-shaped snout lent to the sea horse by the aardvark is its mouth. It is made of an upper and lower jaw, both of which are toothless! The seahorse opens and closes its jaw in a rapid snapping movement while lowering the floor of its mouth to increase volume. The snout is designed to suck up microscopic animals that live in the water. These animals include small crustaceans, brine shrimp, plankton, worms and other invertebrates. Seahorses usually ambush these microscopic animals as they swim past. The bony plate of armor that Stegosaurus loaned the seahorse covers its entire body. This suit of armor consists of many bony plates that interlock throughout the seahorses body that are arranged into "rings". Each species has a distinct number of rings but that number varies between different members of the Hippocampus family. The joints where the armor interlocks are marked by the spines of the puffer fish. These two features provide the seahorse with protection from predators but also limits their flexibility. The prehensile monkeys tail also provides a very important function in the every day life of a sea horse. Anybody who has every been in the ocean knows that there is a strong undercurrent or under toe that can be very overwhelming. So they are not swept away by this current, sea horses wrap their tales around coral, sea grass or any other convienent object on the ocean floor. Because sea horses wear such heavy armor, they are very poor swimmers. They spend most of the day resting by anchoring themselves with their tail. They have no caudal or tail fin like all other fishes do. When they do swim, they majestically glide through the water without any visible effort. This is because they have a transparent fin on their back, called a dorsal fin, that beats 20-30 times per second, so fast we can't see it! The dorsal fin moves the seahorse forward. The pectoral fin controls which way the seahorse is going to turn. When they do swim, it is in an up and down fashion. They regulate whether then swim up or down by controlling the volume of gas in their bodies (like a shark!). The sea horse relies on its ability to camouflage itself for protection against predators like large fish, birds, crabs and sea turtles. With its camouflaging ability, it can change colors in the blink of an eye. Did you know that the male sea horse carries the young and that when a male and female sea horse mate, it's for life?! Seahorses mate during the full moon. They normally go through a series of courtship rituals that lasts several days before they mate. The courtship ritual involves such things as color changes and synchronised swimming. The female makes between 200 - 600 eggs which are a pinkish color. The size of the eggs varies from .5 to 1.5 millimeters, depending on the species. The female then deposits them in the males brood pouch where he fertilizes them and lets them grow. The developing embryos are oxygenated and maintained for 3 - 6 weeks. When the male gives birth, he may actually experience birth pain. When they hatch, the baby sea ponies are about 1 centimeter long. When the baby seahorses are born, they must fend for themselves because the male will not care for them. They will live for about 4 years. The trade of seahorses is legal. But if we are not careful, then we could push this amazing creature into extinction. The Chinese, Indonesians and Central Filipinos use sea horses in their medicines as cures for illnesses, as aphrodisiacs and as food. Medicinal purposes for seahorses include using them as "cures" for asthma, arteriosclerosis, incontinence and impotence, thyroid disorders, skin ailments, broken bones and heart disease. Some areas even use seahorses as an aid in childbirth. The price of dried seahorses can fetch up to US $550 a pound! The use of sea horses in aquariums, especially in North America, is also steadily growing but many populations are now coming from seahorse farms. Their inshore habitats are also being destroyed which in turn destroys them. Water pollution is also aiding in the destruction of these wonderous creatures. LINKS TO SEAHORSE SITES:	i don't know
Which instrument has a name that is Italian for ‘small’?	ATLAS of Plucked Instruments - mandolins mandolins Tube mandolins On this page you find the instruments of the mandolin type, with their much confusing names; therefore I am not sure that all names here are correct. First the historical gut-string mandolinos , starting with the gittern from the Middle Ages, to the 1900s - when they more or less disappeared. Then the separate variety of steel-string mandolins , with a variety of names. For a short story about the history of the mandolinos and mandolins see McDonald . Related instruments are the steel-string cittern , which you can find on the next page. L=500 B=130 H=50mm scale 320mm Tube gittern The gittern is a small medieval lute-like instrument. It can be recognized on old pictures by its smaller size, carved body, and sickle shaped tuning head. Other spellings are : guittern or quintern. The gittern is carved from one block of wood, with a thin wooden front and a sickle shaped peghead. The soundhole is covered with a rosette (as were all early instruments) usually with delicate wood/ parchment cuttings. Although flush with it, the fingerboard is usually made of different wood from the (soft) front. The frets are tied on gut. The open peg head has pegs on both sides, and the end of the peghead is often decorated with a carving of an animal head. The strings are fastened to the bridge, which is glued to the front. The gittern was made in several sizes. It has 3 or 4 courses of gut strings which could be tuned like d' g' d'' g''. Playing is with a quill plectrum, to accompany singing. The name of the "gittern" went to the small 4-course renaissance guitar (see guitars early ), while the shape was used for mandolinos (see under). Notice the similarity with the original Arabian lute gabusi or qanbus (see Africa ) : carved from one piece of wood, pear shaped, sickle shaped peghead, 4 courses. Tube mandore (also another general name for the gut-string mandolinos) During the Renaissance the gittern changed : from a carved body to a small lute-like body (made of staves). It resembles very much a small lute, with a carved rosette, bridge glued to the front, fingerboard flush with the front and tied-on gut frets. Examples in museums show a wide variety in body shape. The mandore is much smaller than a lute (about half the stringlength) and the peghead is sickle-shaped, usually ending in a square on the front. It has usually 4, but sometimes up to 6 gut courses and was played (like the lute) with the fingers, not with a plectrum. Tuning would be c' g' c" g", or g d' g' d". In France this instrument was called mandore and in Italy mandola. Note that the name mandola was later also used for a larger size mandolin and that the name mandore later was used for a French mandolino. And in the 18th century in Germany a large lute would be called mandora (or gallichon). Tube Vivaldi concerto (ar)mandolino From around 1650s the mandolino developed from the mandore. It is a smaller version of it. Sometimes it is called pandurine or armandolino (after the shape of almonds), and often baroque mandolin (to make clear the difference with the normal mandolin). In general : a mandolino has a small slender lute-like body with a sickle-shaped tuning-head (ending in a square) with pegs from both sides. The wide fingerboard is flush with the front and it has tied-on gut frets. The rosette is carved in the front (or inserted layered parchment), and the bridge is glued to the front. It does not have a scratch-plate. It usually has 4 to 6 courses of gut strings, with a tuning : (gg) (bb) e'e' a'a' d"d" g"g". The mandolino was usually played with the fingers and sometimes with a (wooden) plectrum. Genuese mandolin The Genuese mandolin appeared around 1780 and did not last long. It has a small lute-like body, with a fingerboard flush with the front, and a flat peghead, with the (12) pegs from behind. The frets are tied-on gut. The rosette is carved in the front or made of layers of parchment. The narrow bridge is glued to the front, but the strings run over it to small pins at the end of the body. The lower end of the front (from the bridge) is slanting down (like on the mandolin Neapolitan). It has a (usually rectangular) scratch-plate near the bridge. The 6 gut courses were tuned in guitar-tuning : ee aa dd' g'g' b'b' e"e". Tube mandolin Neapolitan In Napels, around the 1750s, the mandolin was developed, not as a continuation of the mandolinos, but more as a relative of the Turkish tanburs and buzoks. The earliest Neapolitan mandolins were still different from our modern version. The back of the body was made like the mandolino (with thin wooden staves, glued together at the joints) to form a bowl, like the lute. But as the top stave (around the front) was now wider, the body-shape of a mandolin became much deeper than that of a mandolino. The soundhole did not have a carved rosette anymore. An important feature is that the front is slanting down from the bridge for re-enforcement against the higher pull of the (metal) strings (as earlier used on the chitarra battente, which also had metal strings - see guitars early ). The fingerboard is flush with the front, and has tied-on gut frets. The flat tuning head has 8 pegs from behind, and the strings run over the narrow loose bridge to pins at the end of the body. There is a scratch-plate, usually made of thin tortoiseshell backed with goldleaf. The mandolin has 4 double courses of metal strings, tuned in the violin tuning : gg' d'd' a'a' e''e''. In the beginning, as it was difficult to get proper metal strings, the highest string was still made of gut. It was played with a plectrum. Tube mandolin orchestra mandolin (modern) The mandoline neapolitan is nowadays the most popular mandolin. This mandolin exists in several different sizes (like a family), most of them are mentioned on this page. This one is the most often used size : the "soprano" mandolin. It developed around 1850 from the original Neapolitan mandolin, when better metal strings became available. The main difference is the raised fingerboard, with metal frets running higher up. The tuning pegs are replaced by tuning machines from the back of the flat tuninghead. The back of the body is made of thin wooden staves, glued together at the joints to form a bowl, like the lute. The front is slanting down from the bridge for re-enforcement against the pull of the metal strings. The mandolin has 4 double courses of metal strings, tuned in the violin tuning : gg d'd' a'a' e''e'' . It is played with a plectrum, often (especially in Italy) with a rapid tremolo to lengthen/bind the notes. For more information about different types of mandolins see CBOM , and for the family see Banjolin.co.uk . Different sizes can be used in a mandolin-family orchestra : - piccolo mandolin (rare) Tube mandocello The mandocello is a large mandolin, and part of the mandolin family. It may also be called : mandoloncello or liuto cantabile. The body of the mandocello could be with a bowl-back, but as such a large rounded shape is quite difficult to hold, it often has a flat back. The scale is about 650mm (similar to a guitar), and the tuning is one octave lower than the mandola : CC GG dd aa. Sometimes only one C string is used. If there are 5 courses, it is with an extra top course, tuned e'e'. The mandocello is played with a plectrum, and mainly used in the mandolin orchestras and in mandolin quartets, to play the bass lines. from left to right : Tube bluegrass mandolin or f-style mandolin This special type of mandolin was designed in the early 20th Century by the Gibson factory USA, based on an archtop instrument. It became such a succes that the model is now standard and called : f-style or bluegrass mandolin (after the type of music for which it is most often used). The body shape is very a-symmetrical, but feels quite balanced anyway. The curl is usually made of solid wood. The front and back are arched and it has f-hole soundholes, all based on the original violin designs. The tuning head has also a scroll. The bridge is usually in two parts, the top half can be raised or lowered by two big screws. The sound is slightly jazzier than the round-back mandolins. mandolin Gelas In the early 1920 the Frenchman Gelas designed a very special instrument, with a double top. The body is made in two parts : the real soundbox, whose top is only visible on the bottom half. This box runs all the way to the neck, and has its own soundhole. A second piece of wood (the visible soundboard) runs over the top-half of the box to the neck, without touching the top of the real soundbox. The side covers the space from the back to the highest of the two tops. Some models have a flat back, others have a rounded lute-like shape. The bridge is fixed onto the soundbox, and due to the peculiar angle, the strings in this case are pulling the bridge up, instead of pressing it down on the soundboard, as is usual. The soundhole is oval. It seems that Gelas was just the designer, and although his signature is both on the inlay paper and as stamp on the front, the instruments were normally made under licence by other French makers. They were made untill the 1970's. The same principal of the double top was also used for mandolas and for guitars. For more information about this mandolin Gelas see MandolinCafe .	Piccolo
To which section of the orchestra does the saxophone belong?	ATLAS of Plucked Instruments - mandolins mandolins Tube mandolins On this page you find the instruments of the mandolin type, with their much confusing names; therefore I am not sure that all names here are correct. First the historical gut-string mandolinos , starting with the gittern from the Middle Ages, to the 1900s - when they more or less disappeared. Then the separate variety of steel-string mandolins , with a variety of names. For a short story about the history of the mandolinos and mandolins see McDonald . Related instruments are the steel-string cittern , which you can find on the next page. L=500 B=130 H=50mm scale 320mm Tube gittern The gittern is a small medieval lute-like instrument. It can be recognized on old pictures by its smaller size, carved body, and sickle shaped tuning head. Other spellings are : guittern or quintern. The gittern is carved from one block of wood, with a thin wooden front and a sickle shaped peghead. The soundhole is covered with a rosette (as were all early instruments) usually with delicate wood/ parchment cuttings. Although flush with it, the fingerboard is usually made of different wood from the (soft) front. The frets are tied on gut. The open peg head has pegs on both sides, and the end of the peghead is often decorated with a carving of an animal head. The strings are fastened to the bridge, which is glued to the front. The gittern was made in several sizes. It has 3 or 4 courses of gut strings which could be tuned like d' g' d'' g''. Playing is with a quill plectrum, to accompany singing. The name of the "gittern" went to the small 4-course renaissance guitar (see guitars early ), while the shape was used for mandolinos (see under). Notice the similarity with the original Arabian lute gabusi or qanbus (see Africa ) : carved from one piece of wood, pear shaped, sickle shaped peghead, 4 courses. Tube mandore (also another general name for the gut-string mandolinos) During the Renaissance the gittern changed : from a carved body to a small lute-like body (made of staves). It resembles very much a small lute, with a carved rosette, bridge glued to the front, fingerboard flush with the front and tied-on gut frets. Examples in museums show a wide variety in body shape. The mandore is much smaller than a lute (about half the stringlength) and the peghead is sickle-shaped, usually ending in a square on the front. It has usually 4, but sometimes up to 6 gut courses and was played (like the lute) with the fingers, not with a plectrum. Tuning would be c' g' c" g", or g d' g' d". In France this instrument was called mandore and in Italy mandola. Note that the name mandola was later also used for a larger size mandolin and that the name mandore later was used for a French mandolino. And in the 18th century in Germany a large lute would be called mandora (or gallichon). Tube Vivaldi concerto (ar)mandolino From around 1650s the mandolino developed from the mandore. It is a smaller version of it. Sometimes it is called pandurine or armandolino (after the shape of almonds), and often baroque mandolin (to make clear the difference with the normal mandolin). In general : a mandolino has a small slender lute-like body with a sickle-shaped tuning-head (ending in a square) with pegs from both sides. The wide fingerboard is flush with the front and it has tied-on gut frets. The rosette is carved in the front (or inserted layered parchment), and the bridge is glued to the front. It does not have a scratch-plate. It usually has 4 to 6 courses of gut strings, with a tuning : (gg) (bb) e'e' a'a' d"d" g"g". The mandolino was usually played with the fingers and sometimes with a (wooden) plectrum. Genuese mandolin The Genuese mandolin appeared around 1780 and did not last long. It has a small lute-like body, with a fingerboard flush with the front, and a flat peghead, with the (12) pegs from behind. The frets are tied-on gut. The rosette is carved in the front or made of layers of parchment. The narrow bridge is glued to the front, but the strings run over it to small pins at the end of the body. The lower end of the front (from the bridge) is slanting down (like on the mandolin Neapolitan). It has a (usually rectangular) scratch-plate near the bridge. The 6 gut courses were tuned in guitar-tuning : ee aa dd' g'g' b'b' e"e". Tube mandolin Neapolitan In Napels, around the 1750s, the mandolin was developed, not as a continuation of the mandolinos, but more as a relative of the Turkish tanburs and buzoks. The earliest Neapolitan mandolins were still different from our modern version. The back of the body was made like the mandolino (with thin wooden staves, glued together at the joints) to form a bowl, like the lute. But as the top stave (around the front) was now wider, the body-shape of a mandolin became much deeper than that of a mandolino. The soundhole did not have a carved rosette anymore. An important feature is that the front is slanting down from the bridge for re-enforcement against the higher pull of the (metal) strings (as earlier used on the chitarra battente, which also had metal strings - see guitars early ). The fingerboard is flush with the front, and has tied-on gut frets. The flat tuning head has 8 pegs from behind, and the strings run over the narrow loose bridge to pins at the end of the body. There is a scratch-plate, usually made of thin tortoiseshell backed with goldleaf. The mandolin has 4 double courses of metal strings, tuned in the violin tuning : gg' d'd' a'a' e''e''. In the beginning, as it was difficult to get proper metal strings, the highest string was still made of gut. It was played with a plectrum. Tube mandolin orchestra mandolin (modern) The mandoline neapolitan is nowadays the most popular mandolin. This mandolin exists in several different sizes (like a family), most of them are mentioned on this page. This one is the most often used size : the "soprano" mandolin. It developed around 1850 from the original Neapolitan mandolin, when better metal strings became available. The main difference is the raised fingerboard, with metal frets running higher up. The tuning pegs are replaced by tuning machines from the back of the flat tuninghead. The back of the body is made of thin wooden staves, glued together at the joints to form a bowl, like the lute. The front is slanting down from the bridge for re-enforcement against the pull of the metal strings. The mandolin has 4 double courses of metal strings, tuned in the violin tuning : gg d'd' a'a' e''e'' . It is played with a plectrum, often (especially in Italy) with a rapid tremolo to lengthen/bind the notes. For more information about different types of mandolins see CBOM , and for the family see Banjolin.co.uk . Different sizes can be used in a mandolin-family orchestra : - piccolo mandolin (rare) Tube mandocello The mandocello is a large mandolin, and part of the mandolin family. It may also be called : mandoloncello or liuto cantabile. The body of the mandocello could be with a bowl-back, but as such a large rounded shape is quite difficult to hold, it often has a flat back. The scale is about 650mm (similar to a guitar), and the tuning is one octave lower than the mandola : CC GG dd aa. Sometimes only one C string is used. If there are 5 courses, it is with an extra top course, tuned e'e'. The mandocello is played with a plectrum, and mainly used in the mandolin orchestras and in mandolin quartets, to play the bass lines. from left to right : Tube bluegrass mandolin or f-style mandolin This special type of mandolin was designed in the early 20th Century by the Gibson factory USA, based on an archtop instrument. It became such a succes that the model is now standard and called : f-style or bluegrass mandolin (after the type of music for which it is most often used). The body shape is very a-symmetrical, but feels quite balanced anyway. The curl is usually made of solid wood. The front and back are arched and it has f-hole soundholes, all based on the original violin designs. The tuning head has also a scroll. The bridge is usually in two parts, the top half can be raised or lowered by two big screws. The sound is slightly jazzier than the round-back mandolins. mandolin Gelas In the early 1920 the Frenchman Gelas designed a very special instrument, with a double top. The body is made in two parts : the real soundbox, whose top is only visible on the bottom half. This box runs all the way to the neck, and has its own soundhole. A second piece of wood (the visible soundboard) runs over the top-half of the box to the neck, without touching the top of the real soundbox. The side covers the space from the back to the highest of the two tops. Some models have a flat back, others have a rounded lute-like shape. The bridge is fixed onto the soundbox, and due to the peculiar angle, the strings in this case are pulling the bridge up, instead of pressing it down on the soundboard, as is usual. The soundhole is oval. It seems that Gelas was just the designer, and although his signature is both on the inlay paper and as stamp on the front, the instruments were normally made under licence by other French makers. They were made untill the 1970's. The same principal of the double top was also used for mandolas and for guitars. For more information about this mandolin Gelas see MandolinCafe .	i don't know
Which mammal has the alternative names of carcajou, Glutton or skunk bear?	wolverine \| mammal \| Britannica.com Wolverine Alternative Titles: carcajou, glutton, Gulo gulo, skunk bear Related Topics placental mammal Wolverine (Gulo gulo), also called glutton, carcajou, or skunk bear, member of the weasel family (Mustelidae) that lives in cold northern latitudes, especially in timbered areas, around the world. It resembles a small, squat, broad bear 65–90 cm (26–36 inches) long, excluding the bushy, 13–26-cm (5–10-inch) tail; shoulder height is 36–45 cm (14–18 inches), and weight is 9–30 kg (20–66 pounds). The legs are short, somewhat bowed; the soles, hairy; the semiretractile claws, long and sharp; the ears, short; and the teeth, strong. The coarse, long-haired coat is blackish brown with a light brown stripe extending from each side of the neck along the body to the base of the tail. The animal has anal glands that secrete an unpleasant-smelling fluid. Wolverine (Gulo gulo). Alan G. Nelson/Root Resources The wolverine is noted for its strength, cunning, fearlessness, and voracity. It may follow traplines to cabins and devour food stocks or carry off portable items; its offensive odour permeates the invaded cabin. The wolverine is a solitary, nocturnal hunter, preying on all manner of game and not hesitating to attack sheep, deer, or small bears. Wolverines are also adept scavengers, and thus a large portion of their diet comes from scavenging the carcasses of elk , caribou, and other animals. No animal except humans hunts the wolverine. Its fur is valued as trimming for parkas because frost and frozen breath can easily be brushed off the smooth hairs. Solitary during most of the year , the wolverine has a short courtship in February or March. A litter contains one to five young; the female’s gestation period is about nine months. Wolverine (Gulo gulo).	Wolverine
The Asian dhole is a wild variety of what domesticated animal?	Wolverine – brave glutton \| DinoAnimals.com Wolverine – brave glutton Wolverine (Gulo Gulo) The bigger cousin of a weasel If you didn’t know what the meaning of Logan’s nickname (Hugh Jackman) in X-Men series was, then you should get to know the character of our today’s story – a wolverine. A wolverine – a weasel animal whose size is not larger than the one of a medium dog. Despite its inconspicuous size, it is a very aggressive predator which can pick up the loot from the wolf, the fox and the bear. The wolverine lives in severe north areas which are usually difficult to reach. It is extremely gallant and its courage is usually compared with the honey badger (ratel) which is called the most courageous animal in the world. Classification Names: carcajou, glutton, quickhatch, skunk bear Wolverine lives raw, northern, often difficult to access areas. Distribution Wolverines live primarily in isolated arctic and alpine regions of northern Alaska, Canada, Siberia, and Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Finland). They can also appear in Russia (both in European part and more eastern part of this country), the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), Mongolia and northeast China. Wolverines, in small amounts, were also sighted in the Rocky Mountains. The whole population of wolverines is unknown because the area density of this species is on low rate. It is estimated that the European population is about 2300 specimen. The biggest population of wolverines is in Canada – from 15.000 to 19.000 animals. Wolverines need a lot of space. Therefore, the biggest danger to their habitat is people’s greater expansion as well as hunting and poaching. There was even an idea to protect wolverines, but this idea has not been implemented yet. The wolverine has only been classified as an animal which is close to being in danger of extinction. In the summer, Wolverine is active almost around the clock – rests only 3-4 hours a day. Natural habitat Wolverines live mainly in forests, but they also appear in marshlands. However, they avoid water although they are very good swimmers. Physical characteristics Appearance A wolverine is a very stocky and muscular animal as well as one of the biggest representative of mustelids. Only giant otters which live in Amazon valley and sea otters are bigger than a wolverine. It has got short legs, a thick round-shaped neck, small round ears and small eyes. Although its legs are not too long, its large five-toed paws facilitate movement through deep snow as they do not fall in the powder snow. Wolverines have thick dark oily fur which is highly hydrophobic, making it resistant to frost. This was the cause of its traditional popularity among hunters as a lining in jackets. These animals are russet but there are lighter patches on their heads and sides. Similarly to other mustelids, wolverines have strong anal scent glands used for marking territory and sexual signaling. The strong odor has given rise to the nickname ‘a nasty cat’ and it is compared to a skunk. Wolverine’s jaw let him tear the meat off a totally frozen carrion. Wolverine Diet Wolverine’s nutrition depends on weather conditions that is most of all, in seasons. During winter, it becomes a very aggressive predator hunting for all mammals such as reindeers or berks. The excess of obtained food is kept in hollows or rock cracks. Overall, its gallantry can be compared to the African ratel about whom there are a lot of legends doing the rounds. Another situation is during the short summer. The main ingredients of wolverine’s diet are bird’s eggs, tree branches and bilberries. In the autumn, the animal eats a huge amount of wasps’ larvas, small rodents, fish and carrion. Young wolverines become independent at the age of 2 years. The character Wolverines have huge jaws and sharp claws. They are extremely gallant animals and they are not afraid to attack even a bigger opponent winning the battle. Wolverines living in Eurasia are more active hunters than those living in North America. It is probably caused by the fact that the population of predatory animals (that is potential wolverine’s rivals) is not big and these animals have to get food independently. In North America, it can wait until another predator hunts the victim and try to seize it. One method is spraying unpleasant gases around the opponent. Wolves have their loots stolen by wolverines in most cases. Wolverine is a very stocky and muscular animal. Lifestyle In the forest, wolverines are active almost around-the-clock- they rest only 3-4 hours a day. A wolverine lives alone on a very vast area and thanks to that the fight between wolverines happens very rarely. However, when they happen, they are extremely spectacular (just imagine the fight between two Wolverines). This animal can climb trees very well but it does not use this ability very often. Just as foxes or wolves, wolverines trot and do long jumps. When they escape, they can even run 40 kilometers (25 mi) without any stop. Wolverines have thick, dark, greasy fur, which is highly hydrophobic and makes them extremely resistant to frost. Reproduction Among wolverines, only strong males find partners- usually two or three during their lifetime. Other wolverines live alone. Mating season is in the summer, but the embryo rests stayed till late winter which causes the delay in the fetus development. If there is the lack of food in the surrounding area, than females do not produce young at all. The period of gestation lasts from 30 to 50 days and they usually give birth to two or three young. Young open their eyes usually after four weeks and they become independent after two years. Wolverines become adult at the age of three or four years old. Wolverine Length: from 65 to 107 cm (25.6 to 42 in) Height in shoulders: from 30 to 45 cm (11.8 to 17.7 in) The length of the tail: from 17 to 26 cm (6.7 to 10.2 in) Weight: from 9 to 25 kilos (19.8 lb), males can weigh up to 32 kilos (70.5 lb) Lifespan: 5 – 13 years Gender dimorphism can be spotted in wolverines- males are almost 30% bigger than females and can be even twice as heavy. Wide legs allow wolverines to move freely in the deep snow. Wolverine – interesting facts The image of wolverine is very often used as a plush toy. It happens for example at Michigan University. One of Inn tribe’s myth (people living in east Quebec and Labrador) says that the wolverine is the creator of the world. In many languages, the name ‘wolverine’ is derived from expressions connected with eating huge amounts of food i.e. a glutton or a gluttonous cat. In English, however, a wolverine means a small wolf. In zoos in North America and Europe, there are only 100 wolverines. James Howlette’s / Logan’s (Hugh Jackman) nickname in X-men movies is Wolverine. It means a wolverine or a young wolf. Wolverine (Gulo gulo).	i don't know
Which English ground better known for football staged its only Test Match in 1902?	Sheffield's Test Match - July 1902 The Ashes Tour, 1902 Third Test England v Australia Bramall Lane, Sheffield 3rd - 5th July 1902 (3-day match) It is now a little known fact that a Test Match was once held here in Sheffield, and that Bramall Lane was England's seventh Test Match venue. (The test held at Chester le Street in June 2003 now makes that eight in total) The claim to such status is modest, a solitary test match in 1902 before the balance of power in Yorkshire cricket moved from Sheffield to Leeds. Bramall Lane was opened in 1855 as a then state-of-the-art ground to attract big cricket matches back to the city. Earlier grounds at Darnall and Hyde Park had lapsed into disuse when their promoter died. The Bramall Lane ground was built outside the city in rural surroundings so as to avoid the smoke and pollution of the town and the actual site itself was selected by the then Duke of Norfolk. Sheffield United Cricket Club was formed to manage the ground with the first match at 'The Lane' being on 30th April 1855 between The Eleven and The Eighteen, two teams drawn from the several local clubs who agreed to use the ground. . The first big match to be staged was between Yorkshire and Sussex. Not the present county clubs, but sides that represented their counties before organised county cricket began. The visitors had a strong side with John Wisden (of Almanac fame) and the Lillywhites the stars of their day. County games became a regular attraction at Bramall Lane, at a time when the main figures in Yorkshire cricket were based in Sheffield. The county club was formed at a meeting in the city in 1863, and Bramall Lane was proposed as a permanent headquarters for the club. The late nineteenth century also saw the beginings of Sheffield United AFC. Soccer matches staged at the ground, which was the venue of the worlds first floodlit match on October 14th, 1878 between teams chosen by the Sheffield Association and local clubs. The electric power was generated by two portable engines, one behind each goal; and the lamps, one in each corner of the ground, were on wooden towers 30ft high. They were of 8,000 candle-power, and a crowd estimated at nearly 20,000 saw the Association team win 2-0. Bramall Lane became one of the few first class grounds in England that was shared with another sport. Northampton and Swansea being others. Negotiations took place to stage a Test Match at Bramall Lane, and this came about in 1902 when England and Australia met in the Third Test of that years Ashes series. The Ashes, 1902, 3rd Test England v Australia 3,4,5 July 1902 (3-day match) Umpires: J Phillips (Aus) and W Richards Close of Play: Day 1: Australia 194, England 102/5 (Lilley 0, Braund 0) Day 2: England 145, Australia 289, England 73/1 (Jessop 53, Tyldesley 11) Australia First Innings VT Trumper b Braund 1 RA Duff c Lilley b Barnes 25 C Hill c Rhodes b Barnes 18 J Darling c Braund b Barnes 0 SE Gregory c Abel b Barnes 11 MA Noble c Braund b Rhodes 47 AJY Hopkins c Braund b Barnes 27 WW Armstrong c & b Braund 25 +JJ Kelly b Barnes 0 H Trumble c & b Jackson 32 JV Saunders not out 0 Extras (b 3, lb 5) 8 Total (all out, 66.1 overs) 194 FoW: 1-3, 2-39, 3-39, 4-52, 5-73, 6-127, 7-137, 8-137, 9-194, 10-194. Bowling O M R W Hirst 15 1 59 0 Braund 13 4 34 2 Barnes 20 9 49 6 Jackson 5.1 1 11 1 Rhodes 13 3 33 1 England First Innings AC MacLaren b Noble 31 R Abel b Noble 38 JT Tyldesley c Armstrong b Noble 22 Hon.FS Jackson c Gregory b Saunders 3 CB Fry st Kelly b Saunders 1 +AFA Lilley b Noble 8 LC Braund st Kelly b Saunders 0 GH Hirst c Trumble b Saunders 8 GL Jessop c Saunders b Noble 12 W Rhodes not out 7 SF Barnes c Darling b Saunders 7 Extras (b 4, lb 3, nb 1) 8 Total (all out, 61.3 overs) 145 FoW: 1-61, 2-86, 3-101, 4-101, 5-102, 6-106, 7-110, 8-130, 9-131, 10-145. Bowling O M R W Trumble 18 10 21 0 Saunders 15.3 4 50 5 Trumper 4 1 8 0 Noble 19 6 51 5 Armstrong 5 2 7 0 Australia Second Innings VT Trumper c Lilley b Jackson 62 RA Duff c Hirst b Rhodes 1 C Hill c MacLaren b Jackson 119 J Darling c Braund b Barnes 0 SE Gregory run out 29 MA Noble b Jackson 8 AJY Hopkins not out 40 WW Armstrong b Rhodes 26 +JJ Kelly c Hirst b Rhodes 0 H Trumble b Rhodes 0 JV Saunders b Rhodes 1 Extras (lb 3) 3 Total (all out, 72.1 overs) 289 FoW: 1-20, 2-80, 3-80, 4-187, 5-214, 6-225, 7-277, 8-287, 9-287, 10-289. Bowling O M R W Hirst 10 1 40 0 Braund 12 0 58 0 Barnes 12 4 50 1 Jackson 17 2 60 3 Rhodes 17.1 3 63 5 Jessop 4 0 15 0 England Second Innings (target: 339 runs) GL Jessop lbw b Trumble 55 R Abel c Hill b Noble 8 JT Tyldesley b Trumble 14 AC MacLaren c Trumper b Noble 63 CB Fry lbw b Trumble 4 Hon.FS Jackson b Noble 14 +AFA Lilley b Noble 9 LC Braund c Armstrong b Noble 9 GH Hirst b Noble 0 W Rhodes not out 7 0 SF Barnes b Trumble 5 0 Extras (b 4, lb 1, w 1, nb 1) 7 Total (all out, 60.5 overs) 195 FoW: 1-14, 2-75, 3-84, 4-98, 5-162, 6-165, 7-174, 8-174, 9-186, 10-195. Bowling O M R W Trumble 21.5 3 49 4 Saunders 12 0 68 0 Trumper 6 0 19 0 Noble 21 4 52 6 Result: Australia won by 143 runs Australia leads the 5-Test series 1-0 Contributed by The Management ([email protected]) A lot of cricket commentators especially those from the south were unhappy about the selection of Bramall Lane in the first place. There was no dispute about the ground or the wicket but there was many barbed comments made with regard to the light. A curious feature about the ground at this time is that it was not unknown for bad light to stop play on an otherwise sunny day such was the level of smoke and pollution from Sheffield's heavy industries. In fact the bad light was held to be partly responsible for England's defeat in the match.On the first day, Barnes making his only appearance in the Series took six wickets for 49 runs from twenty overs giving Australia a First Innings total of only 194 runs, England were 60 for the loss of one wicket at one stage. It was then that the light began to fail and a gloom developed over the ground. Another four wickets fell before play was finally suspended for bad light leaving England with a first day total of 102 for 5. On a drying wicket the second day began with England losing their last five wickets for 43 runs leaving them all out for 145 runs and 49 runs behind the Aussies. The Australian Second Innings was dominated by Clem Hill who scored 119 before losing his wicket. Even though Wilf Rhodes the English bowler produced a burst of four wickets in nineteen balls to finish off the Australian tail-end it still left England chasing 339 runs to win. Sadly this proved beyond them despite a top score of 63 by the Captain A.C. Maclaren. The England Second Innings finished at 195 all out leaving the Aussies the victors by 143 runs. In "The Story of Cricket at Bramall Lane" by Keith Farnsworth the author recounts an incident that occurred after the match. The Australian captain Joe Darling instead of basking in the glow of victory accused the groundsman Jack Ulyett of doctoring the wicket. Ulyett was upset and angry at this outburst but suspected that it had more to do with the double duck that Darling had suffered when batting rather than the condition of the wicket. The irony of it is as Farnsworth remarks, is that the Australians undoubtedly had the best of the conditions that prevailed over the three days. The dismal weather kept attendances down, and there was little cheer for local promoters in the result. These two factors undoubtedly contributed to the decision not to use Bramall Lane again as a Test Match venue. The 1903 edition of Wisden noted that the result was "a severe disaster for England....the match - the first of its kind ever decided at Bramall Lane - naturally proved a strong attraction, but a mistake was made in fixing it for the latter part of the week, Monday being always the best day for public cricket at Sheffield."But the overwhelming reason for the decision was the drift of power in Yorkshire cricket to Leeds and it's preference for Headingley. There is also a literary footnote to the affair. At least six of the players are mentioned in James Joyce's work "Finnegan's Wake". Robert Able (carried his bat for 132 in the 1893 January Test in Australia), Trumble, Tyldesley, Duff and Trumper. Lilleywhite also gets a mention. SUMMARY OF THE 1902 TOUR However the 21st SERIES (Australia's 1902 Ashes Tour) produced some of the best and most exciting cricket seen up to that date and once again the British weather played a big part in the first two Tests. Edgbaston joined the group of grounds now used as a Test venue for the First Test. England batted first in the best conditions and scored a solid 376 for 9 dec., Tyldesley scoring 138, Jackson and Lockwood both scoring 50's. The weather changed and Australia were caught on a sticky wicket falling for their new record low score of only 36 runs, Rhodes taking 7 for 17. Following on Australia were 2 for 46 runs when the rain put an end to the first match. Lord's was little better and only 105 minutes of play were possible. Hopkins of Australia, caused consternation in the English camp as he took the wickets of Fry and Ranjitsinhji without a run being added. However, some strong batting from Jackson (55 not out), saw England out of trouble before rain once again put pay to the game. Another Test match ground making its debut in 1902 was Bramall Lane, Sheffield. (see above for details). Australia won the Third match of the series by 143 runs and in so doing took a 1- 0 lead into the Fourth Test at Old Trafford The Old Trafford match was to prove a decisive one and the unfortunate Fred Tate is famous for his part in it. MacLaren (England captain) asked his bowlers to keep Victor Trumper (New South Wales) quiet till lunchtime and the sun by then would have weaved its magic on a rain-affected wicket. Things didn't go quite to plan as Australia by lunch were 173 - 1, Trumper was 103 not out. This century was the first of only three to be scored before lunch on the first day of a Test. Trumper was to only score another run as Australia finally made 299 all out. In reply England made 262, Jackson making 128 and Braund 65, 37 runs short of the Australian total. Australia then fell for 86 runs, but Fred Tate dropped Darling at a crucial stage and Darling went on to score 37, the top score. England now required 124 and should have been less. At 3 for 92 they were looking relaxed and in control, until Trumble and Saunders started eating up the wickets. Tate joined Rhodes for the last wicket and eight runs were still required. Tate was bowled 5 runs later for 4 runs, and this proved to be his only Test. The fifth and final Test at the Oval saw one of the great comebacks in Test cricket. The lower order helped Australia reach a total of 324, and when Trumble (who had scored 64 not out at number nine) came on to bowl, he proceeded to knock England over for 183. Australia only made 121 in their second innings as the wicket deteriorated, leaving England 263 to get for the win, although the series was out of reach. Things were not looking great for England as they were soon 5 for 48 runs. Gilbert Jessop then joined Jackson at the wicket. In what was perhaps the finest innings in Test cricket, Jessop scored a century in only 75 minutes, only one test match century has been scored quicker. Jackson fell and Hirst joined him at the crease. When Jessop himself fell for 104 out of 139, England were 7 for 187. Hirst continued, and when Rhodes joined him for the last wicket, 15 runs were still required. Hirst scored 58 and in doing so, England scraped home by 1 wicket. Note For a list of all the first class cricket matches played at Bramall Lane please consult The Cricket Archive Sources	Bramall Lane
Which president used Fleetwood Mac’s ‘Don’t Stop’ as his campaign song?	Most Test runs without a century \| Sport \| The Guardian Most Test runs without a century Have you any cricketing queries? Email [email protected] with your query. Steven Lynch Thursday 21 September 2000 05.20 EDT First published on Thursday 21 September 2000 05.20 EDT Share on Messenger Close Has anyone made more runs in Tests without scoring a century than Zimbabwe's Alistair Campbell? asks Dean Ilott from Mexico City Going into the current (second) Test against New Zealand Campbell had made 1938 runs in 44 matches, with a highest score of 99. Only two men have made more without ever reaching a hundred: Chetan Chauhan of India has the most, with 2084 in 40 Tests (highest score 97), and Deryck Murray of West Indies made 1993 in 62 Tests (HS 91). So Campbell needs another 147 runs to take the record - but I'm sure he'd rather make a century. The highest aggregates for the other Test countries are: England - John Emburey, 1713 runs; Australia - Shane Warne, 1613; South Africa - Shaun Pollock, 1531; New Zealand - Dipak Patel, 1200 (he was once run out for 99); Pakistan - Wasim Bari, 1366; Sri Lanka - Chandika Hathurusinghe, 1274. If a bowler makes a caught-and-bowled is it counted as a normal catch or is it tallied separately? asks Umaar Adeeb Yes, return catches are included in the overall tallies for fielders. The player with the most caught-and-bowleds in Tests is Derek Underwood, the England slow left-arm bowler of the 1960s and 70s, who managed 20 - I suppose this shows he was a faster-than-usual spinner who could vary his pace well and persuade the batsman to play too soon. Anil Kumble, the Indian wristspinner, currently has 18. Where can I obtain a copy of the autobiography of BS Chandrasekhar? asks Ziobho from India The only book I know of about "Chandra", India's high-stepping legspinner of the 1960s and '70s, was a slim paperback called "The Winning Hand", written by Rajan Bala and published in 1993. You can buy it online for £3.95 (plus postage) from Sportspages, the UK bookshop: click here to go to their website. Which England and Surrey cricketer was nicknamed "The Colonel"? asks Tony Platt This was Ken Barrington, the popular and prolific Surrey and England batsman of the 1960s. He earned his name from his jaunty, almost military, bearing. Barrington was usually a dour batsman - he was once dropped by England for scoring too slowly - but he had a mischievous sense of humour and managed to reach no fewer than four of his 20 Test centuries with a six. Barrington, whose final batting average (from 82 Tests) was a tremendous 58.67, was forced to retire in 1968 after he had a heart attack. He later became England's assistant manager/coach, and was working in that capacity when he suffered another, fatal, heart attack during England's Test series in the West Indies early in 1981. Is it true that three pairs of brothers once played in the same Test team? asks Mike Dixon Yes, this happened at Harare in 1997-98, when Andy and Grant Flower, Gavin and John Rennie, and Bryan and Paul Strang all played for Zimbabwe against New Zealand. Zimbabwe's side also included Guy Whittall, whose cousin Andy was the 12th man. The match was drawn. Will a new Australian edition of "Wisden Cricketers' Almanack" be published later this year? asks Michael Neill The third edition of the Australian Wisden - similar to the original but green has just gone to the printers. It will be published in Australia at the end of October, and should be available in England around the end of November. You should be able to order it through wisden.com: keep an eye on our homepage for details. Which was the last football ground to stage a Test in England? asks Neil Walters Unless you count The Oval (which hosted the FA Cup final in the 19th century), the only English football ground which has staged a cricket Test is Sheffield United's Bramall Lane, where the third Test of the 1902 Ashes series was played (Australia won by 143 runs). Yorkshire played one or two matches each season there until 1973, when an extra stand was built and the ground was given over entirely to football, but no more Tests were held there. He might be Sir Garfield now, but I thought that throughout his illustrious playing career GS Sobers was known as "Gary". But these days everybody seems to spell his name with a double R. Is this right? asks David Sugarman from France We got the answer from the horse's mouth: David Frith, the founding editor of "Wisden Cricket Monthly", once asked Sobers how he spelt his first name, and was told it had two Rs. So from then on WCM has always printed his name as Garry. Can you tell me the date of next year's Test in Barbados? asks Jason Fage Next year's Bridgetown Test is due to start on March 29. It will be the third game of what should be a fascinating five-match series between West Indies and South Africa. They have played only one previous Test in the Caribbean (in Bridgetown in 1991-92, when West Indies came from behind to win), although they have played a full series in South Africa - in 1998-99, when West Indies won 5-0. Steven Lynch is managing editor of Wisden Cricket Monthly. To read his previous column, which reveals when Bangladesh join the big boys, click here	i don't know
What did President James Buchanan not do that all other presidents did?	James Buchanan - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com Google James Buchanan’s Early Years and Personal Life James Buchanan was born on April 23, 1791, in Cove Gap, Pennsylvania , to James Buchanan Sr. (1761-1833), a merchant who had emigrated from Ireland, and Elizabeth Speer Buchanan (1767-1833). The younger Buchanan graduated from Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and then studied law. After being admitted to the bar in 1812, he opened a successful practice in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Did You Know? James Buchanan was nicknamed "Old Buck" and "Ten-Cent Jimmy." The latter was given to him by the Republicans in the presidential campaign of 1856 after Buchanan said 10 cents was fair daily pay for manual laborers. A member of the Federalist Party , Buchanan began his political career by serving in the Pennsylvania legislature from 1814 to 1816. In 1820, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, where he remained for the next decade. In Congress, Buchanan aligned himself with the Democrats as the Federalist Party dissolved. After Democrat Andrew Jackson (1767-1845) was elected president in 1828, he appointed Buchanan the U.S. ambassador to Russia in 1831. The following year, Buchanan negotiated a trade and maritime agreement with Russia. Buchanan is the only U.S. president who never married. In 1819, he was engaged to Ann Coleman (1796-1819), the daughter of a wealthy Pennsylvania manufacturer; however, the wedding was called off that same year. When Coleman died unexpectedly soon afterward, rumors circulated that her death had been a suicide. During Buchanan’s time in the White House , his niece, Harriet Lane (1830-1903), assumed the social duties of first lady and became a popular figure. Senator and Diplomat In 1834, after returning from Europe the previous year, James Buchanan was elected to represent his home state in the U.S. Senate. He resigned from the Senate in 1845, when President James Polk (1795-1849) named him U.S. secretary of state. During Buchanan’s tenure in this post, which lasted until 1849, the nation’s territory grew by more than one-third and extended across the continent for the first time. The United States annexed Texas , acquired California and much of the present-day Southwest during the Mexican-American War and secured what would become the Oregon Territory after settling a boundary dispute with Great Britain. The question of whether to extend slavery to America’s newly acquired territories, as well as the moral legitimacy of slavery as an institution, became increasingly divisive issues across the United States. In 1846, Buchanan sided with Southerners who successfully blocked the Wilmot Proviso , which proposed banning slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Buchanan later supported the Compromise of 1850 , a series of congressional acts that admitted California as a free state but let the new western territories decide whether they would allow slavery before applying for statehood, a concept that became known as popular sovereignty. In 1853, President Franklin Pierce (1804-1869) appointed Buchanan as minister to Great Britain. In this role, Buchanan helped draft the 1854 Ostend Manifesto, a plan for America to acquire Cuba from Spain. Although never acted upon, the proposal generated protests from anti-slavery Northerners and others in the United States who feared Cuba would become a slave state. Election of 1856 In 1854, President Pierce signed the Kansas- Nebraska Act, which created two new territories and allowed settlers to determine whether they would enter the Union as free states or slave states. Pierce’s support for the Kansas-Nebraska Act hurt him politically, and in 1856 the Democrats opted not to re-nominate him. Instead, they chose James Buchanan, who was living abroad at the time of the controversial bill’s signing and had taken no position on it. In the general election, Buchanan maintained that slavery was an issue to be decided by individual states and territories, while his Republican challenger, John Fremont (1813-1890), an explorer and U.S. senator from California, asserted that the federal government should ban slavery in all U.S. territories. Buchanan received 174 electoral votes, while Fremont, the first-ever Republican presidential candidate (the party was established in 1854), garnered 114 votes. Former president Millard Fillmore (1800-1874) of the American “Know-Nothing” Party, who ran an anti-immigration campaign that did not focus on slavery, earned eight votes. The popular vote was closer, with Buchanan capturing a little more than 45 percent of the total ballots cast. Buchanan’s vice president was John Breckinridge (1821-1875), a U.S. congressman from Kentucky . Breckinridge was 35 when elected, making him the youngest vice president in U.S. history. James Buchanan in the White House Once in office, James Buchanan appointed a cabinet composed of Northerners and Southerners and hoped to keep peace between the country’s pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions. Instead, the national debate over slavery only intensified, and the new president was seen by many people as being more sympathetic to Southern interests. Two days after he was sworn in, the U.S. Supreme Court handed down its Dred Scott decision, which said the federal government had no power to regulate slavery in the territories and denied African Americans the rights of U.S. citizens. Buchanan hoped the ruling would resolve America’s slavery issue, and he reportedly pressured a Northern justice to vote with the Southern majority in the case. Far from settling the issue, the Dred Scott decision, which Southerners applauded and Northerners protested, led to increased divisiveness. Buchanan further rankled Northerners by supporting the Lecompton Constitution, which would have allowed Kansas to become a slave state. (It was later voted down, and Kansas joined the Union as a free state in 1861.) In 1858, relations between Congress and the president were further strained when the Republicans won a plurality in Congress and blocked much of Buchanan’s agenda. He, in turn, vetoed Republican legislation. In October 1859, abolitionist John Brown (1800-1859) tried unsuccessfully to stage a massive slave uprising by raiding the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia ). After Brown was convicted of treason and hanged, hostilities between the North and South continued to escalate. Secession Upholding a promise he had made in his inaugural address, James Buchanan did not seek reelection in 1860. At their national convention, the Democrats were split over their choice for a nominee, with Northern Democrats selecting Stephen Douglas (1813-1861) of Illinois and Southern Democrats picking Vice President Breckinridge. The Republicans chose Abraham Lincoln , and the Constitutional Union Party nominated John Bell (1796-1869). Lincoln won 180 electoral votes (and a little less than 40 percent of the popular vote), while his challengers garnered a combined electoral 123 votes. On December 20, 1860, in response to Lincoln’s victory, South Carolina seceded from the Union. By the time of his inauguration on March 4, 1861, six more states– Mississippi , Florida , Alabama , Georgia , Louisiana and Texas–had also seceded and formed the Confederate States of America . Buchanan asserted that states did not have the right to secede; however, he also believed he had no constitutional power to stop them. In the end, he left the slavery crisis to be resolved by the Lincoln administration. He reportedly told his successor, “If you are as happy in entering the White House as I shall feel on returning to Wheatland [his estate near Lancaster, Pennsylvania], you are a happy man.” James Buchanan’s Later Years On April 12, 1861, a little over a month after Buchanan left office and retired to Wheatland, Confederate forces fired on Fort Sumter in South Carolina and the Civil War began. Buchanan supported Lincoln’s policies and the Union during the war. In 1866, the former president published a memoir, “Mr. Buchanan’s Administration on the Eve of Rebellion,” in which he defended his administration. He died on June 1, 1868, at age 77, and was buried at Woodward Hill Cemetery in Lancaster. Access hundreds of hours of historical video, commercial free, with HISTORY Vault . Start your free trial today. Tags	Marriage
Which king became ‘insane’ in 1453 but apparently ‘recovered’ in 1454?	Who Will Be America's Second Gay President? \| The Huffington Post Who Will Be America's Second Gay President? 06/06/2012 02:51 pm ET \| Updated Feb 02, 2016 Nicholas Ferroni Host, educator, historian and student mentor If you think that the title is a typo or error, you are mistaken. President Obama may be the first president to openly support gay marriage, but what many Americans don't realize is that America has already elected its first gay president -- at least that's what many scholars and historians, including me, believe. Considering I was born and raised in New Jersey, I am very familiar with politicians who secretly lead double lives. For example, a few years back, Jim McGreevey, a popular governor who was married with children, was exposed by a male former lover and then publicly came out as gay. In the past and present, men (and even some women) have felt the need to conceal their sexuality in order to maintain specific images in their professions. I also have to imagine that gay athletes feel that they have no choice but to conceal their sexuality until they are retired, out of fear that, if their teammates and team owners found out, they would be completely ostracized. Though politicians do not have nearly the same alpha image as athletes, they still feel the need to present the "traditional" family image in order to gain votes and win elections. With American sentiment slowly but surely shifting in favor of same-sex marriage, many Americans may begin to call for a gay presidential candidate. However, what they don't realize is that many historians already believe we have had a gay president, and I am not referring to Abraham Lincoln, who was known to share his bed with men, especially his dear friend Joshua Speed. Nor am I referring to President Chester A. Arthur, who earned the nickname "Elegant Arthur" for his exquisite taste in décor and fine clothes, which included nearly 80 pairs of pants. Additionally, even though Bill Clinton definitely seems to be the experimental type, we have no proof that he had any "relations" with male interns. The president to whom I am referring is James "The Bachelor President" Buchanan, who was the 15th president of the United States, from 1857 to 1861, and preceded "Honest Abe." Buchanan didn't receive the stigma of being the first gay president, simply because he remains the only president in American history to never marry. He was engaged to the daughter of one of the wealthiest men in Pennsylvania, but she broke off their engagement for unknown reasons and died shortly thereafter, from an illness. Nevertheless, speculations of homosexuality followed Buchanan throughout his presidency, mainly due to his relationship with William Rufus King. While still in Congress, Buchanan and King began a lifelong "bromance." Buchanan and King lived together for 15 years prior to Buchanan's presidency. Their intense friendship earned them the nicknames "Miss Nancy and Aunt Fancy" and even "Buchanan and his wife" in various political circles, which included Andrew Jackson. In 1844, when King left Buchanan to attend to his duties as Minister to France (the naming of King to this position did not help his heterosexual image), Buchanan wrote to friend, "I am now 'solitary and alone,' having no companion in the house with me. I have gone a wooing to several gentlemen, but have not succeeded with any one of them." In Buchanan's defense, men of his era spoke and wrote very differently from men of today. I have read numerous letters from George Washington to his aide from France, Marquis de Lafayette, and in a modern context every one of them can be interpreted as suggesting much more than a mere friendship. Even so, lines like the ones from Buchanan's letter have led many contemporary historians to question Buchanan and King's relationship, and his sexuality. Whether Buchanan and King were an actual couple or just had America's first political "bromance" is still a matter of debate. However, their letters to each other during their time apart must have been damaging to their political legacies, because the two men's nieces destroyed them all. We may never know whether James Buchanan was the first gay president in American history, but it's safe to say that he enjoyed his guy time much more than he did flirting with and courting the ladies. References: O'Brien, Cormac. Secrets Lives of the U.S. Presidents. Philadelphia: Quirk Publishing, 2004. Print. Klein, Philip S. President James Buchanan: A Biography. Newtown, Connecticut: American Political Biography Press, 1995. Print. Follow Nicholas Ferroni on Twitter: www.twitter.com/NicholasFerroni More:	i don't know
Which king was known as ‘Lackland’?	King John Lackland King John Lackland Location of death: Newark, Lincolnshire, England Cause of death: Illness Remains: Buried, Worcester Cathedral, Worcester, England Gender: Male Nationality: England Executive summary: Signed the Magna Carta, then reneged John Lackland, King of England, the youngest son of King Henry II by Eleanor of Aquitaine , was born at Oxford on the 24th of December 1167. He was given at an early age the nickname of Lackland because, unlike his elder brothers, he received no land rights in the continental provinces. But his future was subject of anxious thought to Henry II. When only five years old John was betrothed (1173) to the heiress of Maurienne and Savoy, a principality which, as dominating the chief routes from France and Burgundy to Italy, enjoyed a consequence out of all proportion to its area. Later, when this plan had fallen through he was endowed with castles, revenues and lands on both sides of the channel; the vacant earldom of Cornwall was reserved for him (1175); he was betrothed to Isabella the heiress of the earldom of Gloucester (1176); and he was granted the lordship of Ireland with the homage of the Anglo-Irish baronage (1177). Henry II even provoked a civil war by attempting to transfer he duchy of Aquitaine from the hands of his brother Richard the Lionheart to those of John (1183). In spite of the incapacity which he displayed in this war, John was sent a little later to govern Ireland (1185); but he returned in a few months covered with disgrace, having alienated the loyal chiefs by his childish insolence and entirely failed to defend the settlers from the hostile clans. Remaining henceforth at his father's side he was treated with he utmost indulgence. But he joined with his brother Richard and the French king Philip Augustus in the great conspiracy of 1189, and the discovery of his treason broke the heart of the old king. Richard on his accession confirmed John's existing possessions; married him to Isabella of Gloucester; and gave him, besides other grants, the entire revenues of six English shires; but excluded him from any share in the regency which was appointed to govern England during the third crusade; and only allowed him to live in the kingdom because urged to this concession by their mother. Soon after the king's departure for the Holy Land it became known that he had designated his nephew, the young Arthur of Brittany, as his successor. John at once began to intrigue against the regents with the aim of securing England for himself. He picked a quarrel with the unpopular chancellor William Longchamp, and succeeded, by the help of the barons and the Londoners, in expelling this minister, whose chief fault was that of fidelity to the absent Richard. Not being permitted to succeed Longchamp as the head of the administration, John next turned to Philip Augustus for help. A bargain was struck; and when Richard was captured by Leopold, duke of Austria (December 1192), the allies endeavored to prevent his release, and planned a partition of his dominions. They were, however, unable to win either English or Norman support and their schemes collapsed with Richard's return (March 1194). He magnanimously pardoned his brother, and they lived on not unfriendly terms for the next five years. On his deathbed Richard, reversing his former arrangements, caused his barons to swear fealty to John (1199), although the hereditary claim of Arthur was by the law of primogeniture undoubtedly superior. England and Normandy, after some hesitation, recognized John's title; the attempt of Anjou and Brittany to assert the rights of Arthur ended disastrously by the capture of the young prince at Mirebeau in Poitou (1202). But there was no part of his dominions in which John inspired personal devotion. Originally accepted as a political necessity, he soon came to be detested by the people as a tyrant and despised by the nobles for his cowardice and sloth. He inherited great difficulties -- the feud with France, the dissensions of the continental provinces, the growing indifference of England to foreign conquests, the discontent of all his subjects with a strict executive and severe taxation. But he cannot be acquitted of personal responsibility for his misfortunes. Astute in small matters, he had no breadth of view or foresight; his policy was continually warped by his passions or caprices; he flaunted vices of the most sordid kind with a cynical indifference to public opinion, and shocked an age which was far from tenderhearted by his ferocity to vanquished enemies. He treated his most respectable supporters with base ingratitude, reserved his favor for unscrupulous adventurers, and gave a free rein to the license of his mercenaries. While possessing considerable gifts of mind and a latent fund of energy, he seldom acted or reflected until the favorable moment had passed. Each of his great humiliations followed as the natural result of crimes or blunders. By his divorce from Isabella of Gloucester he offended the English baronage (1200); by his marriage with Isabella of Angoul�me, the betrothed of Hugh of Lusignan, he gave an opportunity to the discontented Poitevins for invoking French assistance and to Philip Augustus for pronouncing against him a sentence of forfeiture. The murder of Arthur (1203) ruined his cause in Normandy and Anjou; the story that the court of the peers of France condemned him for the murder is a fable, but no legal process was needed to convince men of his guilt. In the later quarrel with Pope Innocent III (1207-13) he prejudiced his case by proposing a worthless favorite for the primacy and by plundering those of the clergy who bowed to the pope's sentences. Threatened with the desertion of his barons he drove all whom he suspected to desperation by his terrible severity towards the Braose family (1210); and by his continued misgovernment irrevocably estranged the lower classes. When submission to Rome had somewhat improved his position he squandered his last resources in a new and unsuccessful war with France (1214), and enraged the feudal classes by new claims for military service and scutages. The barons were consequently able to exact, in Magna Carta (June 1215), much more than the redress of legitimate grievances; and the people allowed the crown to be placed under the control of an oligarchical committee. When once the sovereign power had been thus divided, the natural consequence was civil war and the intervention of the French king, who had long watched for some such opportunity. John's struggle against the barons and Prince Louis (1216), afterwards King Louis VIII , was the most creditable episode of his career. But the calamitous situation of England at the moment of his death, on the 19th of October 1216, was in the main his work; and while he lived a national reaction in favor of the dynasty was out of the question.	John
Which future king landed at Torbay in 1688?	King John Lackland (1199 - 1216) the House of Plantagenet - ArtiFact :: Free Encyclopedia of Everything Art, Antiques & Collectibles Born: December 24, 1166 at Beaumont Palace : Oxford Parents: Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine Relation to Elizabeth II: 21st great-grandfather House of: Angevin Ascended to the throne: April 6, 1199 aged 32 years Crowned: May 27, 1199 at Westminster Abbey Married: 1) Isabella of Gloucester, (annulled 1199), (2) Isabella, Daughter of Count of Angouleme Children: Two sons including Henry III, three daughters and several illegitimate children Died: October 18, 1216 at Newark Castle, aged 49 years, 9 months, and 24 days Buried at: Worcester Reigned for: 17 years, 6 months, and 13 days Succeeded by: his son Henry III John (24 December 1166 – 18/19 October 1216), also known as John Lackland (Norman French: Johan sanz Terre), was King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death. During John’s reign, England lost the duchy of Normandy to King Philip II of France, which resulted in the collapse of most of the Angevin Empire and contributed to the subsequent growth in power of the Capetian dynasty during the 13th century. The baronial revolt at the end of John’s reign led to the sealing of the Magna Carta, a document sometimes considered to be an early step in the evolution of the constitution of the United Kingdom. John, the youngest of five sons of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine, was at first not expected to inherit significant lands. Following the failed rebellion of his elder brothers between 1173 and 1174, however, John became Henry’s favourite child. He was appointed the Lord of Ireland in 1177 and given lands in England and on the continent. John’s elder brothers William, Henry and Geoffrey died young; by the time Richard I became king in 1189, John was a potential heir to the throne. John unsuccessfully attempted a rebellion against Richard’s royal administrators whilst his brother was participating in the Third Crusade. Despite this, after Richard died in 1199, John was proclaimed King of England, and came to an agreement with Philip II of France to recognise John’s possession of the continental Angevin lands at the peace treaty of Le Goulet in 1200. When war with France broke out again in 1202, John achieved early victories, but shortages of military resources and his treatment of Norman, Breton and Anjou nobles resulted in the collapse of his empire in northern France in 1204. John spent much of the next decade attempting to regain these lands, raising huge revenues, reforming his armed forces and rebuilding continental alliances. John’s judicial reforms had a lasting, positive impact on the English common law system, as well as providing an additional source of revenue. An argument with Pope Innocent III led to John’s excommunication in 1209, a dispute finally settled by the king in 1213. John’s attempt to defeat Philip in 1214 failed due to the French victory over John’s allies at the battle of Bouvines. When he returned to England, John faced a rebellion by many of his barons, who were unhappy with his fiscal policies and his treatment of many of England’s most powerful nobles. Although both John and the barons agreed to the Magna Carta peace treaty in 1215, neither side complied with its conditions. Civil war broke out shortly afterwards, with the barons aided by Louis of France. It soon descended into a stalemate. John died of dysentery contracted whilst on campaign in eastern England during late 1216; supporters of his son Henry III went on to achieve victory over Louis and the rebel barons the following year. Contemporary chroniclers were mostly critical of John’s performance as king, and his reign has since been the subject of significant debate and periodic revision by historians from the 16th century onwards. Historian Jim Bradbury has summarised the contemporary historical opinion of John’s positive qualities, observing that John is today usually considered a “hard-working administrator, an able man, an able general”.[2] Nonetheless, modern historians agree that he also had many faults as king, including what historian Ralph Turner describes as “distasteful, even dangerous personality traits”, such as pettiness, spitefulness and cruelty.[3] These negative qualities provided extensive material for fiction writers in the Victorian era, and John remains a recurring character within Western popular culture, primarily as a villain in films and stories depicting the Robin Hood legends. King John signs the Magna Carta John was nicknamed Lackland, probably because, as the youngest of Henry II’s five sons, it was difficult to find a portion of his father’s French possessions for him to inherit. He was acting king from 1189 during his brother Richard the Lion-Heart’s absence on the Third Crusade. The legend of Robin Hood dates from this time in which John is portrayed as Bad King John. He was involved in intrigues against his absent brother, but became king in 1199 when Richard was killed in battle in France. Most of his reign was dominated by war with France. Following the peace treaty of Le Goulet there was a brief peace, but fighting resumed again in 1202. John had lost Normandy and almost all the other English possessions in France to Philip II of France by 1204. He spent the next decade trying to regain these without success and was finally defeated by Philip Augustus at the Battle of Bouvines in 1214. He was also in conflict with the Church. In 1205 he disputed the pope’s choice of Stephen Langton as archbishop of Canterbury, and Pope Innocent III placed England under an interdict, suspending all religious services, including baptisms, marriages, and burials. John retaliated by seizing church revenues, and in 1209 was excommunicated. Eventually, John submitted, accepting the papal nominee, and agreed to hold the kingdom as a fief of the papacy; an annual monetary tribute was paid to the popes for the next 150 years by successive English monarchs. His repressive policies and ruthless taxation to fund the warin France brought him into conflict with his barons which became known as the Barons War. In 1215 rebel baron leaders marched on London where they were welcomed by an increasing band of defectors from John’s royalist supporters. Their demands were drawn up in a document which became the known as the Magna Carta. John sort peace and met them at Runnymede where on 15th June 1215 he agreed to their demands and sealed the Magna Carta. It was a remarkable document which set limits on the powers of the king, laid out the feudal obligations of the barons, confirmed the liberties of the Church, and granted rights to all freemen of the realm and their heirs for ever. It was the first written constitution. His concessions did not buy peace for long and the Barons War continued. The barons sought French aid and Prince Louis of France landed in England supported by attacks from the North by Alexander II of Scotland. John fled and according to legend lost most of his baggage and the crown jewels when crossing the tidal estuaries of the Wash. He became ill with dysentery and died at Newark Castle in October 1216. Timeline for King John John dies of a fever at Newark and is buried Worcester Cathedral The Early Life of John When John, the last child of the great Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine was born on Christmas Eve, 1167 at Beaumont Palace in Oxfordshire, his father jokingly nick-named him Sans Terre or Lackland, as there was no land left to give him. It seems ironic then, that John Lackland was eventually to inherit the entire Angevin Empire. A born cynic, with a puckish sense of humour, feckless, treacherous and entirely without scruple, he was possessed of some of the restless energy of his father and was prone to the same violent rages but unlike his father, John was unstable and cruel and a thoroughly flawed character. His deep distrust of others sometimes verged on paranoia. After eight hundred years, John remains the maverick of the House of Plantagenet. Originally brought up for a career in the church, he had been placed at the Abbey of Fontevrault in Anjou, as an oblate, while still in early childhood, to which the young John reacted rebeliously. He was educated by Ranulf de Glanvill, his father’s Chief Justiciar. Henry II hoped to improve his youngest son’s prospects, by betrothing him, at the age of nine, to a wealthy heiress, his second cousin, Isabella of Gloucester. Isabella was the granddaughter of Robert, Earl of Gloucester, the illegitimate son of Henry I. The couple were duly married when John was 21 but the marriage failed to produce children. Henry II attempted to make his favourite son King of Ireland. The adolescent John and his companions alienated the Irish chieftains who came to pay him homage, mocking their clothes and pulling their beards, resulting in rebellion against his rule and he was forced to leave Ireland. A fickle character, in his youth John conspired against both his father and his brother Richard for his own gain. During Richard’s absence on the Third Crusade, John had attempted to overthrow his justicar, William Longchamp. In the course of returning from his crusade, Richard was captured by Leopold V, Duke of Austria, and imprisoned by the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry VI. England had to raise a huge ransom for the return of its king. On his release in 1194, Richard readily forgave his younger brother for plotting his overthrow. John’s appearance In appearance, John was nothing like his tall and majestic brother Richard. He was five feet five inches in height, as opposed to Richard’s six feet four inches. Although his height may be considered short by modern standards, it was not considered so in his own time, when men were considerably shorter. He was stockily built as his father had been. He is reputed to have spent a fortune on rich clothing and jewels. Reign John succeeded to the throne at the age of thirty-two, on the death of Richard the Lionheart in 1199. Arthur of Brittany, the son of his deceased elder brother, Geoffrey, had an arguably better claim, but Richard was reported to have announced John his heir on his deathbed. John acted promptly, siezing the royal treasury at Chinon. His coronation took place on Ascension Day, 1199. The shrewd Phillip Augustus, in accordance with his policy of weakening the Angevin Empire by creating division amongst the Plantagenets, supported Arthur’s claim and attacked Normandy. John incurred further opposition through his infatuation with Isabella of Angouleme, the twelve year old daughter of Count Aymer of Angouleme and Alix de Courtenay. She had been betrothed to Hugh de Lusignan, although the marriage had been delayed because of her extreme youth. The unprincipled John stole the enchanting Isabella from under Hugh’s very nose. His first marriage to Isabella of Gloucester had been declared invalid, since they were related within the prohibited degrees. Hugh de Lusignan, incensed, joined forces with Phillip and Arthur, forming a coalition against the King of England. It was said that John was so besotted with his young bride that he refused to rise from bed until well after noon. The Rebellion of Arthur of Britanny True to his policy of causing dissension amongst the Angevins, Phillip Augustus recognised Arthur’s claim in May 1200 Treaty of Le Goulet. In attempt to take Anjou and Maine, the teenage Arthur of Brittany besieged his octagenarian grandmother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, at Mirabeau. Eleanor sent an urgent message for aid to her son John and succeeded in drawing out the negotiations for as long as possible. John responded with uncharacteristic speed and came to her rescue, in the process taking both Arthur and Hugh prisoner. Arthur was imprisoned at Falaise Castle in Normandy. King John attempted to make peace with his young nephew, on a visit to Rouen in 1203, he promised Arthur honours if he would separate himself from Phillip Augustus and adopt his uncle’s cause. Arthur, proud, indignant and unbowed by his imprisonment, responded by demanding his rightful inheritance and unwisely warned John that he would never give him a moments peace for the rest of his life. John “much troubled”, responded by ordered him to be blinded and castrated, an order which Hubert de Burgh, Arthur’s custodian, refused to carry out. By late 1203 rumours were circulating that the young Duke was dead. Phillip, seeing an opportunity to create further trouble, demanded that Arthur be produced. It appears that by this time Arthur was already dead, said to have been killed by John himself in a drunken rage. A contemporary chronicler states ‘After King John had captured Arthur and kept him alive in prison in the castle of Rouen….When John was drunk and possessed by the devil, he slew (Arthur) with his own hand and tying a heavy stone to the body, cast it into the Seine.’ John also imprisoned Arthur’s sister, Eleanor, known as the Fair Maid of Brittany. She was to remain a prisoner for the rest of her life. She died in 1241, during the long reign of John’s son, Henry III. The Loss of the Angevin Empire Hugh de Lusignan, the slighted fiancee of Isabella of Angouleme had sought redress from his overlord Phillip Augustus, who promptly summoned John to the French court to answer for his actions. John refused to comply and accordingly, Phillip, acting under feudal law, claimed those territories ruled by John as Count of Poitou and declaring all John’s French territories except Gascony forfeit, he invaded Normandy. Chateau Gaillard, Richard’s impregnable castle, fell to the French after a long siege in 1203, it was followed by the rest of Normandy. John, his resources exhausted, was forced to flee the smoking rubble of his father’s once great French Empire. Eleanor of Aquitaine entered the Abbey of Fontevrault, where she took the veil. She died there on 1st April, 1204, aged eighty-two, a remarkable age for the time. Eleanor had slipped into a coma, according to the annals of Fontevrault she ‘existed as one already dead to the world’. She was buried at Fontevrault beside the tombs of the husband who had imprisoned her and whom she had hated and her beloved and favourite son, Richard. Welsh Affairs Llywelyn the Great In 1205 whilst he was fighting to recover his French territories, the King married his illegitimate daughter, Joan, then aged around fifteen, to Llywelyn the Great, or Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, Prince of Gwynedd (circa 1173-1240) An astute political manipulator, Llywelyn then did homage to John for all his Welsh possesions. Joan was John’s daughter by a mistress known only as Clemence. In 1209 Prince Llywelyn accompanied John on his campaign into Scotland. Llywelyn went on to steadily increase his influence in Wales and conquered southern Powys in 1208. John became concerned at the growth of his son-in-law’s power and viewed it as a theat to his own authority in the province. When Llywelyn attacked the lands of the Earl of Chester in 1210, John threw his support behind the latter. The king marched into Wales with an army, receiving the support of many of the other Welsh princes, he marched toward Deganwy. Llywelyn’s army employed the classic guerilla tactic of retreating to the hills, and taking the supplies with them. John had made no provision for supplying Deganwy Castle by sea, and was therefore forced to return to England or face starvation. John returned to Wales within three months, with a well provisioned army, crossing the River Conway, he encamped on the Menai Strait, penetrating deep into the heart of Gwynedd. Llywellyn sent his wife, Joan, John’s daughter, to sue for peace. The king imposed humiliating terms on his son-in-law, and annexed the area of North Wales known as the Four Cantrefs, installing Gerard d’Athée and two other mercenary captains into the southern marches. Llywelyn capitalized on growing Welsh resentment against John, and led a revolt against him, which received the blessing of Pope Innocent III. By 1212 Llywelyn had regained the Perfeddwlad and burned a castle erected by John at Ystwyth. Llywelyn’s revolt delayed John’s planned invasion of France, Llywelyn formed an alliance with John’s enemy, King Phillip Augustus of France, later allying himself himself with the discontented English barons who were in rebellion against him. In 1215 he marched on Shrewsbury and captured the town with little resistance. Over the following three years Llywelyn extended his power base into South Wales, becoming without doubt the single most powerful figure in Wales. John’s daughter, Joan died in 1237 at Garth Celyn and Llywelyn suffered a paralytic stroke later in the same year. He died at the Cistercian Abbey of Aberconwy, his own foundation, on 11th April, 1240 and was buried there. His stone coffin was later removed to the parish church of Llanwrst, where it can still be seen. Magna Carta The King turned his attention to administration and justice in England, having inherited some of his famous father’s administrative ability and restless energy. Pope Innocent III was annoyed at John’s interference in the election of an Archbishop of Canterbury in 1205, a quarrel ensued, resulting in England being placed under an interdict, no church services could be held for six years. In 1209, the difficult John himself was excommunicated. The English barons were entering into plots against him, and John wisely made peace with the Pope. In May, 1213 he agreed to hold England as a fief of the papacy. Eventually, John was met with the full force of his baron’s grievances, they demanded their “ancient liberties” and the renewal of Henry I’s Coronation Charter. Faced with an armed revolt which may have cost him his kingdom, the king was forced into compliance. At Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15th June 1215, he signed the historic Magna Carta or Great Charter. The Charter curtailed royal power in matters of taxation, justice, religion and foreign policy. The Death of John Tomb of King John, Worcester Cathedral Disputes with the barons, however, continued and they again rose in rebellion, they incurred the aid of Phillip Augustus of France, who sent his son, the Dauphin Louis (later Louis VIII), to attack England in support of the barons. While retreating before this incursion, King John attempted to avoid East Anglia, which was rebel territory and safely negotiated a route around the Wash, his baggage train, however, famously lost his treasure, including the Crown Jewels, in The Wash, due to an unexpected incoming tide. Aggrieved and depressed at the loss, mourning his ill fortune and suffering severely from dysentery, he was carried to Newark Castle in a litter and a physician was sent for. He consoled himself with a “surfeit of peaches”. John’s condition worsened rapidly and he died at Newark on the wild stormy night of 18th October, 1216, leaving England in a state of anarchy and civil war. Rumours abounded at the time that the king had been poisoned. Matthew Paris was later to comment that “Foul as it is, Hell itself is defiled by the presence of John”. Despite his obvious failings, evidence exists that John was not as bad as his posthumous reputation would seem to suggest. King John was buried at Worcester Cathedral by the shrine of his favourite saint, the Saxon, St. Wulfstan, becoming the first of the Angevin kings to be buried in England. He was succeeded by his nine year old son who became Henry III. King Henry III later raised an effigy over his father’s tomb. When John’s body was exhumed in 1797, he was found to have been buried in a damask robe and wearing gloves with a sword in his hands. The skeleton was measured at five feet, six inches and a half inches. Isabella of Angouleme Three years after his death, King John’s widow, Isabella of Angouleme, married the fiancee of her youth, Hugh de Lusignan and they produced a large family. The Tomb of Isabella of Angouleme at Fontevrault Abbey Isabella died in 1246 and as an act of contrition for misdeeds, was buried, of her own violition, in the churchyard at Fontevrault. Her son, King Henry III, on a later visit to Fontevrault, was shocked that she had been buried outside the Abbey. He ordered that her body be translated into the Abbey itself, where she was finally laid to rest by his grandparents, Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine.	i don't know
Which monster did Ariadne help to destroy?	Ancient Greek Myth: Theseus and the Minotaur, for kids - Ancient Greece for Kids Theseus and the Minotaur An Ancient Greek Myth As the story goes ... Once upon a time, a long time ago, there lived a king named Minos. King Minos lived on a lovely island called Crete. King Minos had everything a king could possibly want. Now and then, King Minos sent his navy to the tiny village of Athens, across the sea. The king of Athens did not know what to do. He was desperate. He figured if he had some time, he could build a strong navy, strong enough to send King Minos packing the next time he attacked Athens. The king of Athens offered King Minos a deal. If he would not attack Athens for 9 years, Athens would send 7 boys and 7 girls to the island of Crete to be eaten by the awful monster that King Minos kept as a pet, the dreaded minotaur. The minotaur lived in the heart of a maze on the island of Crete. King Minos loved that old monster. King Minos only attacked Athens when he was bored. He really didn't want anything. This way, his beloved monster could look forward to a special treat every 9 years or so. King Minos took the deal. Although Athens did build a navy, King Minos did not attack as the king of Athens had expected. In fact, King Minos kept his word. And now it was time for Athens to keep theirs. Everyone in Athens was crying. Prince Theseus of Athens knew the importance of keeping your word. He knew that a deal was a deal. But, he was also quite sure that it was wrong to send small children to be eaten by a monster. Prince Theseus told his father (the king) that he was going to Crete as the seventh son of Athens. He was going to kill the Minotaur and end the terror. "The Minotaur is a terrible monster! What makes you think you can kill it?" cried his father. "I'll find a way," Theseus replied gently. "The gods will help me." His father begged him not to go. But the prince took his place as the seventh Athenian boy. Along with six other Athenian boys and seven Athenian girls, Prince Theseus sailed towards Crete. When the prince and the children arrived on the island of Crete, King Minos and his daughter, the Princess Ariadne, came out to greet them. The Princess Ariadne did not say anything. But her eyes narrowed thoughtfully. Late that night, she wrote Prince Theseus a note and slipped it under his bedroom door. Dear Theseus (Ariadne wrote) I am a beautiful princess as you probably noticed the minute you saw me. I am also a very bored princess. Without my help, the Minotaur will surely gobble you up. I know a trick or two that will save your life. If I help you kill the monster, you must promise to take me away from this tiny island so that others can admire my beauty. If interested in this deal, meet me by the gate to the Labyrinth in one hour. Yours very truly, Princess Ariadne Prince Theseus slipped out of the palace and waited patiently by the gate. Princess Ariadne finally showed up. In her hands, she carried a sword and a ball of string. Ariadne gave the sword and the ball of string to Prince Theseus. "Hide these inside the entrance to the maze. Tomorrow, when you and the other children from Athens enter the Labyrinth, wait until the gate is closed, then tie the string to the door. Unroll it as you move through the maze. That way, you can find your way back again. The sword, well, you know what to do with the sword," she laughed. Theseus thanked the princess for her kindness. "Don't forget, now," she cautioned Theseus. "You must take me with you so that all the people can marvel at my beauty." The next morning, the Athenian children, including Prince Theseus, were shoved into the maze. The door was locked firmly behind them. Following Ariadne's directions, Theseus tied one end of the string to the door. He told the children to stay by the door and to make sure the string stayed tied so the prince could find his way back again. The children hung on to the string tightly, as Theseus entered the maze alone. Using the sword Ariadne had given him, Theseus killed the monstrous beast. He followed the string back and knocked on the door. Princess Ariadne was waiting. She opened the door. Without anyone noticing, Prince Theseus and the children of Athens ran to their ship and sailed quietly away. Princess Ariadne sailed away with them. On the way home, they stopped for supplies on the tiny island of Naxos. Princess Ariadne insisted on coming ashore. There was nothing much to do on the island. Soon, she fell asleep. All the people gathered to admire the sleeping princess. Theseus sailed quietly away with the children of Athens and left her there, sleeping. After all, a deal is a deal.	Minotaur
Of what was Urania the Muse?	The Minotaur: Ariadne's Version, a myth adventures fanfic \| FanFiction The Classical Myth of the Minotaur, told from a different point of view. Rated: Fiction T - English - Romance/Adventure - Words: 3,455 - Favs: 1 - Follows: 1 - Published: 6/8/2012 - Status: Complete - id: 8198801 + - Full 3/4 1/2 Expand Tighten The Minotaur: Ariadne's Version I am beautiful. It is not a vain statement, merely one that is true. I have been told this countless times by the people of Crete. Many of them have tried to win my affections, but I just laugh at their efforts. No one is good enough for me. No one is good enough for the favourite daughter of the king. Some people call my father, King Minos, a cruel and pitiless man. The people of Athens, our enemies, call him a monster, but I think that they are the ones that are monsters. It is because of them that my brother, Androgeus, is dead. No one is sure exactly how he died or who killed him. Some claim that he was killed accidentally in a riot when he was in Athens. Others believe that the Athenians killed him out of jealousy because of the victories that he had won at the Panathenaic festival. Either way my brother is dead and I hate them for it. So when the Prince of Athens came to our island, I wanted nothing more than to see him dead. I had been standing with my father in his throne room when the doors had blasted open and in marched my father's guards, bringing with them fourteen captives. Athenian captives. Seven young men and seven young maidens. This was father's way of making the Athenians pay for the death of my brother. My father had won a war against our enemies and, as punishment, he ordered that every year seven young men and seven young maidens must be sent to be sacrificed to the Minotaur, a monstrous beast that my father keeps locked away in the labyrinth under the city. It is like a pet to him, which he keeps caged up instead of killing it. I have only seen it once in my life and was actually very facinated by it. With the head and tail of a bull and the body of a man, the Minotaur was like no creature I had ever seen before. I think that my father was pleased with my facination with it. It is one of the reasons that I am his favourite daughter. I think that he sees a lot of himself in me. And to be honest, I do to. Standing there that day, beside my father, I felt the same excitement that he did, looking out over the pitiful people that were soon to become food for the Minotaur. I felt a thrill of satisfaction as I looked at their cowardly bodies shaking with fear, the women huddled together crying, the men on their knees begging for mercy. Except for one man. In the middle of the group of captives stood a young man with long brown hair. His broad, strong body stood tall above the others who all cowered in fear. This man did not cower, but instead held himself in a confident and fearless way. His bright blue eyes held no fear in them, only a strong determination that confused me. I quickly pointed him out to my father, who had the guards bring him forward. "Young man," my father asked with his stern voice, his shaggy brows furrowing with puzzlement. "How do you stand there so unafraid when you surely know what demise lies before you?" "I am not afraid for I know that my end does not lie in the depths of your dark labyrinth," the man responded. "I will not die at the hands of a monster. I will not die at the hands of your Minotaur either." I gasped as I realized the insult that he had thrown at my father. He had basically just called my father a monster to his face. I looked at him to see how he would react, but all he did was laugh. "Foolish boy," he chuckled. "You are lucky that I don't kill you right here, right now." "You wouldn't be able to anyways," the man replied. "I already told you that I will not die at the hands of a monster." My father's cheeks flushed with anger, turning them red. "Do you realize who you are speaking to, boy?" my father cried, leaping up from his throne. "I am Minos, King of Crete! Who are you to speak to me in such a way?" "I am Theseus, royal prince of Athens," the man replied, his blue eyes staring straight into my father's dark grey ones. "I am here to destroy the beast you force my people to be devoured by, since your heart is too cold and full of anger to look into the innocent eyes of the people you are killing and stop your monstrous ways. Your people see a king sitting on that throne, but all I see is a creature that is a more hideous monster than the Minotaur himself!" The entire room was silent with shock. No one had ever dared to speak to my father in such a way. As I looked down on the young prince of Athens, I hated him even more than I had when he first spoke out against my father. He was not only a man who insulted my father, but he was also the son of the king of Athens, King Aegeus, the man who I ultimately deemed responisble for my brother's death. At that moment, I wanted nothing more than to watch him die. My father had similar feelings. "You think me more of a monster than the Minotaur?" my father demanded angrily. "Well then you shall be the first to meet him, so that you may see who the true monster is! Guards, take them away! When the sun rises tomorrow, you, my young prince, will be the Minotaur's first morsel!" "I have already met the true monster," Theseus remarked as the guards led him away. "And once I have defeated its pet, I will destroy it too." The doors closed with a resounding thud as it shut behind them, cutting off our sight of the Anthenian prince. I turned back to my father, who was gripping his golden chalce tightly in his hand, his face contorted so much with anger that his skin had turned bright red. "Father-" I began, but was cut off as my younger sister, Phaedra, burst out from behind the window curtains where she had been hiding and fell at my father's feet weeping. "Please father, don't kill them!" she cried, her tear-filled eyes looking up at him with sorrow. "Please, they've done no wrong! Please father, let them go free! Let them go home! They don't deserve this awful fate!" "Silence, foolish girl!" my father scolded. "This affair is none of your business! It is a matter that is beyond your weak comprehension. Go water your flowers and think no more of these people!" Phaedra bit her lip to keep from saying anything else, quickly getting to her feet and dashing towards the door, fresh tears falling down her cheeks as she fought to keep the sob from escaping her lips, but failed as it echoed back through the room before the door closed behind her. "Why can't your sister be more like you, Ariadne?" my father sighed, turning to me. "Keep an eye on her, would you? She's too tender-hearted, too much like her mother." "But you, my sweet child," he smiled as he brushed a piece of hair out of my face and tucked it behind my ear, letting his hand rest gently on my cheek for a moment. "You are everything that I could hope for in a child, the perfect image of myself. If only Phaedra could be more like you..." He sighed, letting his hand drop as he turned away to speak to one of his advisors. I took the chance to sneak away and find Phaedra. I didn't trust the way that she had backed down so easily. I found her in her chambers, digging through one of her closets. "What are you looking for, little sister?" I asked, startling her. "You frightened me, Ariadne!" she exclaimed, gripping her chest. "You should not sneak up on someone like that!" I just smiled. "What are you looking for?" I repeated, looking into the closet. Phaedra quickly put her hands behind her back, hiding something. "What do you have there?" With a sigh, she brought her hands out in front of her and showed me what she held. It was a ball of string. "What are you going to do with that?" I asked, suspicious. "Nothing, I hope," she replied, pushing past me and heading out the door. "What are you up to?" I asked, reaching out and grabbing her arm to stop her. "Promise you won't tell father?" she asked in a whispered voice. I nodded, though I knew that I may be lying. "I'm going to help Theseus escape!" "You're what?" I exclaimed. "Hush!" she cried out, alarmed, quickly looking around to see if anyone had heard my outburst. Satisfied that there was no one else around, she continued. "I have fallen in love with him," she confessed. "I hope that if I help him escape that he will take me away with him." I was dumbstruck by what she said. She wanted to leave Crete? I could not understand why. Crete was perfect. And how could she leave father? I expressed these thoughts to her. "Father has never loved me the way that he loves you," she replied sorrowfully. "It would be better for all of us if I were to just disappear and, with Theseus' help, I finally could have a chance to!" Foolish girl was all I could think. But she did have a point. Father had always loved me more, and with Phaedra out of the way, father would give all of his attention to me (though I already had most of it). It would be one less person to worry about and I really couldn't care less if she were gone. The only problem was that she wanted to escape with Theseus, whom I wanted to see dead. That's when I made my decision. I would not help my sister, but I would not tell father either, atleast not yet. I wanted to see if Phaedra would actually go through with it first. So later that night, when everyone else had fallen asleep, I followed her down to the dungeon, making sure that she did not see me. I watched as she tricked the guards into stepping away from their posts, secretly swiping their keys as they left. She quickly unlocked the door to Theseus' cell and let him out. "Theseus, you must hurry!" I heard my sister say. "Wake your friends. I have cleared the way to your ship. If you hurry, you will be able to get away before anyone realizes that you're gone. I only ask that you take me with you when you leave, for my father would surely kill me when he discovers what I have done." "I cannot leave yet," he replied. "I came here to slay the Minotaur and that is what I intend to do. I will not run away like a coward!" "I was afraid that you would say that," she sighed, pulling out something that was wrapped in cloth and passing it to him. "You will need this to slay the monster." I watched as Theseus unrolled the cloth and pulled out a beautiful, long, golden-hilted sword. "My father's sword," Theseus whispered. "How did you get it back?" "There's not enough time to explain right now," she replied, looking around anxiously. "Wake your friends and send them ahead to your ship. Then I will take you to the labyrinth." I watched amused as Theseus quickly woke the other Athenians. Once they had all left, Phaedra turned to Theseus and offered him her hand. "Come, we must hurry," she said as he took her hand. I silently followed them as Phaedra led Theseus down to the dark labyrinth that father had Daedalus build for the Minotaur. Daedalus had done his job well, creating a gigantic, intricate labyrinth from which escape would be impossible. It was the perfect place to keep a creature that one did not want to get out. "Wish me luck," Theseus said, releasing her hand and taking a deep breath before taking a step into the labyrinth. "Wait!" Phaedra cried out, grabbing his hand again and turning him back to her. "Take this. I will hold the end of it so that you will be able to find your way out again once you have defeated the Minotaur." She placed the ball of string in his hands. "Good luck, brave prince," she said softly, stepping up on her tippy toes to place a kiss on his cheek. "I will pray for your quick and safe return." "I thank you," he replied, nodding to her before turning and stepping into the labyrinth. Within seconds, he had disappeared from sight. Phaedra sat down to wait, the end of the string clutched tightly in her hands. I heard her start to hum an old song that our mother had used to sing to us. "I can't believe your actually going to go through with this," I remarked as I revealed my presence to Phaedra. She jumped, startled by my voice, almost losing her grip on the string. "I wish you would stop doing that!" she exclaimed with a huff. "That is one thing that I will not miss when I leave. And yes, I am going through with this. I love him. Why don't you understand that? I have to leave. I feel trapped here, alone. Theseus was the first person that I've ever seen speak out against father. He had the courage to do something that I have never been able to do! I wish to go with him, not be trapped here where I feel like I'm forever being silenced!" "You are being foolish!" I exclaimed. "Even if Theseus makes it out of there alive, which I highly doubt, you will never make it off this island!" "I could if you helped me!" she argued. "And why should I help you?" I huffed. "You're betraying not only father, but all of Crete!" "I can't stay here!" she cried. "If I were to stay here, I'd be betraying myself! I don't belong here!" "No, you don't," I agreed, turning away from her and entering the labyrinth, picking up the string as I did. "Where are you going?" she called out after me. "I'm going to watch Prince Theseus die," I replied without turning around. "And then come back and smack some sense into you!" I followed the string into the darkness, the siloutte of my sister quickly disappearing behind me. There was no way that Theseus was going to defeat the Minotaur and I wanted to watch him die trying. When I could hear the ear-piercing roar of the Minotaur echoing loudly through the tunnels, I knew that I was getting close. I followed the string around a corner and found myself standing at the entrance to a large cavern, and there, right in the middle, stood Theseus and the Minotaur. I watched facinated as the Minotaur let out a ferocious roar and charged at the prince. Theseus just laughed as he stepped out of the way of the charging bull. The creature turned around to face Theseus and I found myself staring in awe. The Minotaur was exactly how I remembered it to be. The dark, hair-covered head of a bull, red eyes flashing with anger, and the tall, toned body of a man. From behind the Minotaur swished a long, black tail. The creature bellowed again, lowering its large head to charge at Theseus again. This time as he dodge the beast, Theseus brought his large sword down and cut into the human flesh of the Minotaur. It roared in pain, then quickly turned and ran away from the prince. I was dumbfounded. The Minotaur was scared! Of Theseus! Much later, as I reflected back on what I had seen, I realized that the Minotaur must not have been used to fighting against such a weapon, as the guards usually took everything away from their prisoners. I watched as Theseus hurried after the Minotaur, attacking its bare flesh as it ran. I carefully followed after them, worried that it would turn around and come back towards me. Finally, Theseus cornered the beast and with one slick motion, beheaded it. I was stunned. I honestly did not think that he would be able to do it. I watched for only a couple more seconds as Theseus went over and picked up the head before turning and quickly following the string back out of the labyrinth. When I arrived back at the entrance, I found Phaedra waiting for me. "What happened?" she asked, taking in my white-faced expression. "He did it," I gasped. "He slayed the Minotaur!" A couple of minutes later, Theseus emerged from the labyrinth as well, carrying the large bull head. He set it down before the entrance before turning to us. "A message for your father," he smiled. Phaedra raced over to him and threw herself into his arms. "I knew that you could do it!" she cried. "I couldn't have done it without you," he replied smiling. Then he did something sickening. He kissed her. My stomach felt nauteous watching them and I quickly looked away. I couldn't believe that she would kiss our enemy. "This is my sister, Ariadne," I heard Phaedra say. I turned around to look at the couple. I managed to fake a smile at them, though all I wanted to do was scowl. "Ariadne," my sister sighed. "I know that you hate him because he's an Athenian, but maybe it's time to make peace with them." "It's because of them that our brother is dead," I hissed. "But think about how many people have lost brothers, sisters, children, because of father and this hatred!" she exclaimed. "I think that their debt has been paid tenfold!" I didn't want to admit it, but maybe my sister was right. "Come with us," Phaedra urged. "We can start over, start fresh. No more anger or resentment. It will be a new beginning, a clean slate." "For you, maybe," I replied with a sigh. "But my life is here, with father. No matter how cruel you think he is, he is still our father and I love him dearly. I will help you leave, for I know that father will forgive me, but I will not go with you." "So be it," Phaedra sighed, giving me a quick hug. "I will miss you, sister." "And I you," I replied, actually kind of meaning it. Then they were gone. I quickly went up to the tower and distracted the lookout guards so that they wouldn't see them leaving. As their ship sailed out of the port, I raised a hand and bid them a silent farewell and good luck. Months later, I received a letter from my sister. She told me that she was now the queen of Athens. Apparently, Theseus had made a deal with his father to raise white sails if he was successful in defeating the Minotaur and leave them black if they were not, and on the joyous return home had forgotten to change the sails. His father, upon seeing the black sails, had thrown himself from the high turret that he had been watching from, not wanting to live as he believed his son to be dead. And thus, Theseus became the new king and Phaedra, his wife and queen. Though I am completely happy for my sister, I can't help but wonder about Theseus. After all, the journey from Crete to Athens had taken weeks, which would have given them plenty of time to change the sails, thus preventing the death of King Aegeus. But maybe Theseus had planned it that way, so that he could become king. Maybe Theseus and I are a lot more alike that I had thought... Maybe I should take a trip to Athens to visit my dear sister and see if the man that she married is actually more of a monster than a man... Almost like the Minotaur... Half man, half beast, one hundred percent monster. The author would like to thank you for your continued support. Your review has been posted. Favorite : Story	i don't know
Garuda is the national airline of which Asian country?	The Airline of Indonesia - Garuda Indonesia Check In Terms & Conditions Web Check-In <Important> One PNR allow only one WEB-check in, so if the PNR consists of more than one passengers, all passengers should be checked in at one time, otherwise rest of passenger could not do WEB check in, only at airport. Internet Check-in service is available from 24 hours to 4 hours before departure, except for departure city of Jakarta (CGK) to domestic flight destination, internet check in is available from 24 hours to 2 hours before departure. Online Check-in is not available for the following passengers: Passengers without purchased e-ticket For infants under 2 years old not occupying a seat Passengers who need special assistance at the airport e.g.) customer with pregnant condition, children aged less than 12 years old who travel alone, Unaccompanied Minor (UM), require a wheelchair, stretcher case, or other special handling in airport. Group booking (Passenger booked with more than 9 pax in 1 PNR) You are being assigned with your seat by default but you may change your seat preference by Internet Check-in. For international flights, please report your Internet Boarding Passes (both of PDF boarding pass and mobile QR barcode boarding pass) first to the Airport Check-in Counter before Boarding. For international flights, please make sure that you have your Passport with the validity minimum six month from date of travel and other valid travel documents e.g.) Visa document required for the trip and present them to the Garuda Indonesia check-in counter at the Airport. Boarding gate number and seat number may be changed without notice for reasons such as the circumstances at the airport on the day of the flight, or a change of airplanes. Please check the airport information display system after arriving at the Airport. If you fail to complete the Internet Check-in procedure due to a technical problem, such as a printer or system error, please refer to the instructions on the page, and complete the boarding procedure at a Airport Check-in Counter. Information: For use of the service, please present the e-ticket with confirmed reservation. For prompt customs and immigration procedures, please bring your passport and fill in your passport information in internet check-in process. Passengers with connecting flight, Check-in only can be done sequentially. Please arrive early for quarantine and security checks. Please complete the check-in procedure at the Airport Counter at least 60 minutes before departure for domestic flights, and 90 minutes before departure for international flights. Carry-on baggage should be limited to one piece, must not weigh more than 7 kg (both of Economy and Business Class), with a maximum size of length 56 cm, width 23 cm, and height 36 cm (for CRJ and ATR Aircraft type maximum size of length 41 cm, width 17 cm, and height 34 cm). Ensure you are not carried any valuable items in your checked baggage For safety and security of our passengers, crews and aircraft ensure you are not carried any dangerous goods items in your carry-on and checked baggage. Please click here for baggage restrictions information details Please make sure that the baggage are you belonging, packed by you, and under your supervision. Check-in at the Airport close 45 minutes to international departure, and 30 minutes to domestic departure. For flights depart from Terminal 3 Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, check-in counter is closed 45 minutes prior to scheduled departure time. Boarding Gate open 120 minutes to departure and Aircraft door close 10 minutes to departure. Passengers who make cancellation have to report to Check-in counter or Garuda Indonesia Call Center. For further information please contact Garuda Indonesia Call Center at 0804-1-807-807 (within Indonesia region only) or +62-21-2351 9999 I have read Online Check-in notice and information Check My Flight	Indonesia
What is the largest port city in Japan?	Garuda Indonesia review all reviews Support Garuda Indonesia has become the national carrier of Indonesia since ages, many positive improvements have been made in order to compete with other airline companies in Asia, although recently Garuda Indonesia is still few steps behind other major Asian airline carriers. As an Indonesian who loves his domestic products, I have tried flying many times with Garuda Indonesia, both domestic and international destinations. I strongly say that services given by flight attendants are excellent, they are polite, friendly and really helpful. The only thing I felt from many past experiences flying with Garuda Indonesia, is the skill of English used by these flight attendants are very low. It happened once when I flew to Singapore, there was a gentleman from Australia asked for another glass of water, the flight attendant ... could not understand what the passenger asked for. This was actually a shame on Indonesia, whilst other countries in Asia have a better knowledge and skills communicating in English. Really hope that one day this will become another action plan to improve and placed as a priority and major concern in the recruitment process when recruiting new flight attendants. Indonesia is a very big country with more than 250 millions of population, and this should be taken into consideration that the national flight carrier must be considered to be the best in the world, compared to other Asian countries with its outstanding and excellent national carrier, although the population is less than the population of Indonesian. Think of some other major improvements to compete with the world’s best airline companies. Don't Be Nice. Be Helpful. Do you know ? My first flying experience happen with this airline. At that time (2005) this airline still operating MD80 & Boeing B737-400 only, they haven't grow very significant as now either. The fare was trully cheap compare to others airline at that time. The flight attendant and the land crew also ... The review was published as it's written by reviewer in November, 2008. The reviewer certified that no compensation was received from the reviewed item producer, trademark owner or any other institution, related with the item reviewed. The site is not responsible for the mistakes made. 402811524990130/k2311a1128/11.28.08 Your use of this website constitutes acceptance of the Terms & Conditions	i don't know
Which canal connects Antwerp with Liege?	Albert Canal, Antwerp, Belgium Tourist Information Locals and travelers to connect with About Antwerp, Belgium 51.06745.1907 The Albert Canal is a canal located in northeastern Belgium , named after King Albert I of Belgium. It connects the major cities Antwerp and Liège and the Meuse and Scheldt rivers. It has a depth of 3.4 metres (11 ft), a free height of 6.7 metres (22 ft) and a total length of 129.5 kilometres (80.5 mi). The maximum capacity is a barge of 10,000 tons. Between Antwerp and Liège, there is a height difference of 56 metres (184 ft), and a total of 6 canal locks were needed to overcome the difference in elevation. Five canal locks each have a height difference of 10 metres (33 ft), located in Genk , Diepenbeek, Hasselt , Kwaadmechelen and Olen, while the canal lock at Wijnegem has a height difference of 5.45 metres (17.9 ft). In the 1930s, it took about 7 days to travel from Antwerp to Liege over water. These days the same distance is covered in 18 hours. Since the completion of the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal in 1992, a barge can now travel from Antwerp all the way across Europe to the Black Sea. The Albert Canal was dug from 1930-1939. The German construction firm Hochtief AG worked on the canal between 1930 and 1934. It was used for the first time in 1940, but because of World War II, serious use only began in 1946. Map	Albert Canal
‘It’s Toasted’ was the advertising slogan for which cigarette brand?	Liège Trilogiport : The concept Liège Trilogiport Le Port autonome de1 Liège est le 1er port fluvial belge et le 3ème3 port fluvial européen Le Port autonome de Liège gère 32 zones portuaires32 Liège Trilogiport : une plate-forme multimodale de 120 ha120 Liège Trilogiport va générer 2.000 emplois2.000 26Le Port autonome de Liège gère 26 km de quais et 370 ha de terrains portuaires370 2.500 tonnes de marchandises correspondent à 75 camions ou à...1 barge!2.500 9.6039.603 et 13.917 emplois directs et indirects générés par le complexe portuaire liégeois13.917 15 millions de tonnes voie d’eau = 800.000 camions en moins sur la route !800.000 OK You are here: Accueil › Liege Trilogiport › The concept The concept In a class of its own the Liège Trilogiport multimodal platform gathers together various assets on the same 100 hectares site : A trimodal (waterway-rail-road) container terminal (15 ha) Logistical plots with the latest generation of warehouses (41.7 ha) Port plots (22 ha) A tertiary services area (1.8 ha) An environmental integration area (25 hectares). « The primary aim of Liège Trilogiport is to offer a home to European distribution centres in direct contact with the container terminal located along the Albert Canal. Businesses setting up shop there are located on the logistical warehouses site, in the immediate vicinity of the Albert Canal, which connects Liège to Antwerp (14 h navigation) and Rotterdam (24h navigation). Liège Trilogiport is ideally situated as far as the platform is concerned. We are located upstream from four major North Sea ports (Antwerp, Zeebrugge, Rotterdam and Dunkirk) and in the midst of a market boasting 56 million consumers ! » Emile-Louis Bertrand, Chief Executive Officer of Liège Port Authority	i don't know
In film and TV the term ‘gaffer’ is used for the chief …….what?	The Role that a Gaffer Plays in a Film Production What is a Gaffer and Where Did the Name Come From? written by: Shawn S. Lealos•edited by: Rhonda Callow •updated: 5/26/2011 If you’ve watched the credits at the end of a film or TV show, chances are you’ve seen the term “gaffer” somewhere in there. So, what exactly does a gaffer do and what department do they work in? slide 1 of 4 The gaffer - also credited as the Chief Lighting Technician (CLT) or “juicer" - is ultimately the head electrician in the electrical department. He is in charge of the placement of all the rigging and lights on the set. The gaffer answers directly to the cinematographer of the movie as part of a crew that also includes the camera operator and key grip. His direct assistant is called the best boy. A good gaffer, especially one who operates as the ‘Lighting Director', knows the lights, from the types of light sources available, available power supply, lighting ratios, to the color temperatures of all types of lighting conditions. Whether daylight or tungsten, he should know how to correctly balance the lights accordingly. He should also be familiar with what type of gels, diffusers and light modifiers may be used in order to manipulate any lighting condition the director of photography (DP) sees fit. Generally, it is the DP that controls the creative aspects of the lighting design on the set and, therefore, the gaffer acts more as a technical crew member. They usually have their own equipment and trucks and may then serve as a contracting service company on the production. slide 2 of 4 Hierarchy (commonly found in motion pictures) The producer or production manager, in consultation with the DP, hires the gaffer for the film production. If the production is a larger one, with a larger budget in which more crew is needed, he runs his own crew. Other than the best boy, his crew also consists of a number of electricians or electrics (aka ‘sparks’) working below him. On the set, he works closely and reports directly to the DP. The gaffer also works closely with the grip department, the physical laborers that move and/or set up equipment, such as the heavy lights and modifiers and rigs, dolly tracks, and so forth. He should not to be confused with a key grip. A gaffer oversees lighting and electrical issues while the key grip oversees the laborers that move and set up equipment, etc. on the set. slide 3 of 4 Origin The origin of the term ‘gaffer’ is unknown. However, it is believed to have originated from the actual gaff pole, the pole that was used to adjust the lights and modifiers or flags located on a grid above the set/stage. Others believe the term derived from the gaffs, the poles on a ship, for a good bit of the early gaffers on a film set were actually off-duty sailors. This is an interesting theory since the term ‘best boy’ derives from a sailing term, one which the captain would deem the best of all his crew and would serve as his right-hand man. Today, the best boy operates in much the same way. slide 4 of 4 Film Art: An Introduction (Fourth Edition). Bordwell, David and Thompson, Kristin. Images included are part of author's private collection. ◄ ● ● ● ● ►	Electrician
Malia and Natasha are the daughters of which famous man?	Gaffa - definition of Gaffa by The Free Dictionary Gaffa - definition of Gaffa by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Gaffa Related to Gaffa: Gaffa tape gaf·fer 1. An electrician in charge of lighting on a movie or television set. 2. Chiefly British An old man or a rustic. 3. Chiefly British A boss or foreman. [Probably alteration (influenced by grandfather ) of godfather .] gaffer (ˈɡæfə) n 1. an old man, esp one living in the country: often used affectionately or patronizingly. Compare gammer 2. informal chiefly Brit a boss, foreman, or owner of a factory, mine, etc 3. (Film) the senior electrician on a television or film set [C16: alteration of godfather] 1. the chief electrician on a motion-picture or television production. 2. Informal. an old man. 3. Brit. the foreman or overseer of a group of workers. [1565–75; contraction of godfather ] gaffer - In television and film, the senior electrician. See also related terms for television . ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: graybeard , greybeard , old man , Methuselah - a man who is very old 2. gaffer - an electrician responsible for lighting on a movie or tv set electrician , linesman , lineman - a person who installs or repairs electrical or telephone lines 3. gaffer - a person who exercises control over workers; "if you want to leave early you have to ask the foreman" baas - South African term for `boss' ganger - the foreman of a work gang assistant foreman , straw boss - a member of a work gang who supervises the other workers supervisor - one who supervises or has charge and direction of Translations 1. (= old man) → vejete m 2. (Brit) (= foreman) → capataz m; (= boss) → jefe m 3. (Cine, TV) → iluminista mf gaffer [ˈgæfər] n (British) (= boss) → patron mgaffer tape n (= adhesive tape) → gaffeur m (ruban adhésif toilé) gaffer (= foreman) → Vorarbeiter m, → Vormann m; (= boss) → Chef m, → Boss m (inf), → Alte (r) m(f) (inf) (= old man) → Alte (r) m, → Opa m (inf) gaffer [ˈgæfəʳ] n (Brit) (fam) → capo Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: So this giraffe with lasers... Time for an ad break (part 4) A TV cameraman, just off the green, notices one of his cables is in danger of splicing, so shouts to a colleague to throw him a roll of Gaffa So he races on to the green and saves the day to a round of applause from the galleries. It is still us and them! When Mark Robbins (sic) handed me the armband I can honestly say it was one of the proudest moments of my career I took full responsibility and have given 100 per cent to this club and always will obviously I'm gutted to have it taken of me but I have a lot of respect for the gaffa and club so accept their decision.	i don't know
Which country is the nearest neighbour of Australia?	Australia's nearest neighbours, Australia's place in the region, Australia in its regional context, Geography Year 9, NSW \| Online Education Home Schooling Skwirk Australia 1 Exams Introduction The continent of Australia shares marine territorial boundaries with its nearest neighbouring countries. The nearest of these countries include Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, New Caledonia, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, which are all island nations or territories in the South-East Asian and Asia-Pacific regions. Australia also shares a contested overland border in the Australian Antarctic Territory which adjoins territories claimed by several nations. Indonesia is Australia's largest near neighbouring country and belongs to both the Asia-Pacific and South-East Asian regions. Australia's second and third largest neighbours, Papua New Guinea and New Zealand, are referred to as belonging to the Oceania region. This region is divided into the three island groups of Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. The north-easterly islands are part of Melanesia, and the larger of these are called 'continental' islands as distinguished from the much smaller islands of Micronesia and Polynesia. Territorial Boundaries Australia's boundaries with its nearest Asia-Pacific neighbours are determined by Australia's '200 nautical mile' (371 kilometre) Exclusive Economic Marine Zone (EEMZ) or Australian Fishing Zone (AFZ) which is the second largest Exclusive Economic Marine Zone in the world after the United States. With the inclusion of all of Australia's island territories it is the largest Fishing Zone. Australia has a legal claim to this continental shelf under the Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC) (1982). These territorial limits exceed 350 nautical miles (649 kilometres) with the inclusion of the Lord Howe Island territory. See Image 1 Neighbouring Nations New Zealand New Zealand is a group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean and is situated southeast of the Australian continent across the Tasman Sea. The country contains two major islands (named the South and the North), which are the 12th and 14th largest in the world, as well as the much smaller island of Kermadec to the north, Tokelau to the north-east and Stewart Island in the far south. New Zealand is located in the mid-latitudes and extends for 1600 kilometres between 34 degrees and 47 degrees south latitude. Its area of 270 000 square kilometres is one-thirtieth the size of Australia's but its population of 3.5 million is nearly six times as dense as that of its larger neighbour. New Zealand was initially governed as a dependency of New South Wales before it separated as a colony in the nineteenth century. Its prime metropolis is Auckland which is located at the base of the Northland peninsula on an isthmus that comprises its narrowest neck of land. It has become New Zealand's largest city with urban sprawl that is expanding, particularly toward the south. See Image 2 Indonesia Indonesia is situated to Australia's immediate north and shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, Brunei and Malaysia. Indonesia is the largest of Australia's near neighbours with 60% of its large population crowded into the island of Java and its national capital in Jakarta. It consists of an arc of 17 508 islands that stretch for roughly 5 120 kilometres and in which 6000 are inhabited. It is 2012 kilometres from north to south and spans three time zones. Its islands include Sumatra, Java, and Sulawesi, as well as Borneo and western New Guinea. Other islands include Timor and Bali. See Image 3 Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea is one of Australia's largest and most populous Asia-Pacific neighbours. Sharing a border with Indonesia, it is located to Australia's immediate north. It consists of the eastern half of the large island of New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago (whose largest islands are New Britain, New Ireland, and Manus), the northernmost Solomon Islands of Bougainville and Buka, and several smaller island groups east of New Guinea. Its capital is Port Moresby which is the largest urban metropolis south of Honolulu, north of Australia, and east of Indonesia. It was granted independence in 1975 from its former status as a colony of Australia. See Image 4	Papua New Guinea
In which language does ‘Proost’ mean ‘Cheers’?	Australia Map / Oceania Map / Map of Australia / Map of Oceania - Worldatlas.com Print this map LARGER (printable, easier to read) AUSTRALIA/OCEANIA MAP Australia & Oceania Description Oceania, the planet's smallest continent, is without doubt one of the most diverse and fascinating areas on the planet. A large percentage of geography experts now consider the long-established continent of Australia to be more accurately defined as Australia/Oceania. Collectively it then combines all of Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, as well as the thousands of coral atolls and volcanic islands of the South Pacific Ocean, including the Melanesia and Polynesia groups. Oceania also includes Micronesia, a widely scattered group of islands that run along the northern and southern edges of the Equator. Note: All Australia/Oceania recognized countries are labeled in red on the map; dependencies and territories are labeled in black.	i don't know
In which county are the towns of Malmesbury, Melksham and Chippenham?	Towns & Villages of Wiltshire - Wiltshire Guide Towns & Villages of Wiltshire by wiltshireweb · August 20, 2014 Castle Combe Wiltshire TOWNS AND VILLAGES – a brief history Alderbury The village on the eastern side of the ‘long ford’ has a saxon name and is on the site of an occupied Roman settlement. Numerous prehistoric flints and tools have been found there. Alderbury’s inn the Green Dragon, is generally agreed to be the Blue Dragon in Dickens’ Martin Chuzzlewit. Dickens stayed there while collecting material for the book.It is the nearest village to the forest of Clarendon, located two miles downstream from Alderbury, on the same side of the river and splendidly situated on a plateau overlooking the broad valley is Trafalgar House. Built in 1814 in gratitude for Nelson`s victory and was given to his brother, the first Earl Nelson. Go to top Amesbury Amesbury is a small Wiltshire town. It lies on a meander of the River Avon, eight miles north of Salisbury, at a point where the main road from London to Exeter bridges the river. The chalk downlands of Salisbury Plain surround the town, pocked with the remains of earlier civilizations. Until the present century Amesbury depended largely on agriculture, but now its population of some 6000 inhabitants looks mostly to the neighbouring defence establishments or to Salisbury for employment. The nucleus of the town and its medieval abbey church remain, although the ‘ great thoroughfare’ which once formed the High street has been channelled into a modern by-pass. The abbey mansion, the abbey was founded in 979, is now a nursing home, the 18th century houses of the town centre are interspersed with modern shops, and housing estates have encroached onto the common fields. Amesbury may not impress the casual visitor, or even the resident, with a sense of history in the way that Salisbury (an altogether younger place) does, but there is plenty in Amesbury’s past that deserves to be remembered. Avebury (click here for more information) This tiny village is the centre of a wonderful concentration of prehistoric sites, including; Avebury complex, – Massive circular bank and ditch surrounding settings of stone circles within the village, linked by avenues of standing stones leading towards West Kennet and the Sanctuary, West Kennet Long Barrow – A stone chambered collective tomb within massive earthern mound 330 ft long. Silbury hill – The huge earthern mound 130 feet high covering 5.5 acres at its base. Go to top Biddestone Everyone’s idea of an English Village cluttered around a little village green with duck pond and stone cross and a splendid old barn in the background. The church has a good Norman doorway, and Sheldon manor nearby has a thirteenth century porch attached to a house of Stuart period construction. Go to top Box A hill-top village above a deep combe. It is best known for its long railway tunnel, the work of Brunel, and for its extensive stone quarries. It used to have tallow and brewing industries. A villa of the roman period, with tesselated pavement has been found here, while another was discovered at Atworth, nearby as recently as 1938. Go to top Bradenstoke Located on a hill on the southern side of the Braydon river and to the north of Lyneham airfield, it was an important place in medieval times. – The site of the Augustinian priory of Clack founded in 1142. Some of its ruins are still to be seen in the farmstead known as Bradenstoke Abbey, but its great barn and guest house were taken down and carted away to St Donat’s Castle in South Wales by William Randolph Hearst. The rest of the village is filled with timber framed buildings with jettied upper stories, tudor style windows and roofs of thatch. Bradford On Avon (click here for more information) Tucked into the western corner of Wiltshire the little town of Bradford on Avon straddles the river of the southern edge of the Cotswold Hills only 8 miles from Bath. The ‘broad ford’ across the River Avon was replaced in medieval times by a sturdy stone bridge, complete with chapel for the use of the pilgrims. The view from the bridge encompasses the hill above the town where the old weavers’ cottages are situated, and along the river bank 19th century cloth mills, all built of local stone. Go to top Calne Currently the town centre is going through transition, following the demolition of the Harris Factory. A new supermarket is under construction and the intention is that the town centre will be landscaped. Historically, Doctor Joseph Priestley discovered Oxygen while living in Calne from 1772-1779. There is a memorial to him by the Doctors pond, not far from St Mary’s Church. Walter Goodall George (1858-1943) was born near Calne Town Hall, and held the World Record for the mile from 1886-1915. A memorial to this was unveiled by Sydney Wooderson, the next British runner to achieve the fastest time (in 1935) on the centenary in 1986. Calne also has St Mary’s Girls Public school. A centre for teaching excellence which ranks very highly in the national schools league tables. Calne is one of the very few towns where you can stand in the centre, look up and see hills around you, towards the White Horse. Castle Combe (click here for more information) One of England’s most beautiful villages in the wooded Cotswold valley of ‘By Brook’. Streets lined with mellowed limestone cottages, meet at the village market centre. Other features include a triple arched bridge, church with 15th century tower, the Dower House and the White Hart Inn. The origins of Castle Combe lie with Castle Hill where there was a Roman Fort, later after the Danes and the Norman conquest little remains. The lovely cottages and local history combine to make Castle Combe a photographer’s paradise. Go to top Chippenham Alfred the Great is said to have bequeathed Chippenham to his daughter Elfrida and it is mentioned in the Doomsday book as one of the manors held by St. Edward. Granted its charter in 1554 Chippenham used to be home to a saxon market place between the forests, Chippenham, Melksham and Braden and was the favourite hunting grounds of the Wessex Kings. It has a mix of historic housing including timber-framed houses of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as well as Georgian stately homes. The town was the stop off point for coaches travelling from London to Bath. Clarendon The ancient forest of Clarendon which once stretched to the eastern outskirts of Salisbury. The infant city of Salisbury owed much of its prosperity to the Palace of Clarendon, a favourite retreat of the Kings of England from the time of William the Conqueror to the War of the Roses. The palace occupied a hill-top site on the eastern scarp of that hidden valley and commanded a distant view of the cathedral. It probably began its career as a hunting lodge in saxon times, and later as a country home for the Plantagenets. An archaeological trench during excavations of 1930 revealed traces of a building with a different alignment below the Norman walls. Other finds included the kiln used for making tiles, among which were some depicting Richard the Lionheart on horseback fighting Saladin. Other tiles are of dragons, griffins, ramparts and all show the fleur-de-lys. Successive monarchs after William I added to and improved it until in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries it was one of the largest and most magnificent residential buildings in England, second only to the great palace of Westminster. The Palace passed into obscurity after Henry the Eighth It was here that some of the earliest laws relating to the church and state were drawn up. Henry the Second and Archbishop Becket met here and agreed on sixteen points regulating the conduct of clergy. Go to top Clearbury Camp A conspicuous hill (altitude 468 feet) due south of Salisbury crowned by a towering clump of beeches and encircled by a formidable earth rampart. It was generally used as a barometer, if it was shrouded in mists then rain was imminent. Go to top Colerne Close to the Gloustershire border, and the Fosse Way. A Roman villa once stood here, and now the village has a superb church tower crowning a largely twelfth century building. In present times most of the parish has been taken over by a R.A.F. station. Go to top Corsham Corsham has been home to several armed forces, especially during the second world war. Prior to that it was a typical West Wiltshire weaving town, tastefully built of Bath stone. Of which several quarries were worked in the parish from early times. In 1801 it was the eighth most popular town in the county jealously preserving a number of ancient rights, which included the right to hold a court leet and have its own coroner. The parishioners were exempt from jury service and the vicar was empowered to hold his own consistory court. In and around Corsham is a group of several distinguished country mansions. Hartham Park, Monks Park, Puckeredge House, seventeenth-centucentuaryry Pickwick Manor, Jaggards and Easton Manor House (Circa 15th century). The finest and most imposing of those in the district is Corsham court Cricklade (click here for more information) Cricklade is midway between Cirencester and Swindon, just off the A419 and is the northernmost town in Wiltshire. The site was occupied by the Romans who diverted Ermin Street along a causeway to cross the floodplain of the upper river Thames. Go to top Dauntsey – West Lavington Dauntsey named after Alderman William Dauntsey. The village is made up of several earlier settlements, Swallet Gate, Sodom, Smithcot, and Idover Desmesne. Present buildings are Victorian but Henry Danvers (first Earl of Danby) established them initially, his tomb dominates the family chapel in St James’ Church, (adjacent to Dauntsey House) The interior of the church is a museum of the families that owned Dauntsey estate. Dauntseys, Stradling, Danvers, Mordaunt, Miles and finally Meux. The present Dauntsey’s School is to the North of the old estate and its buildings date from 1895. Go to top Devizes Though it almost lies in the centre of Wiltshire, Devizes did not come into existance until after the Norman Conquest, making it rather unique among the other Wiltshire market towns. Also evident in Devizes was the Castle originally constructed in 1080 by Bishop Osmund. Rebuilt in stone in 1120 (after a fire) by Bishop Roger. The castle changed hands twice during the civil war but originally Empress Matilda (daughter of Henry I ) held the castle until her death in 1167 where it passed to her son Henry II. The castle was later dismantled after the battle of Roundway Down. The present castle was built in the 19th century as a private residence and is not open to the public. Devizes is home to over 500 listed buildings.In 1810 the Kennet and Avon opened, with its 29 locks that raise the water 230 feet (70 metres) and trade increased with the transport of tobacco and Bath stone. Go to top Kington St Michael Kington St Michael is situated approximately 3 miles north of Chippenham. In the thirteenth century church is a fine heraldic tombstone in memory of Isaac Lyte, a schoolmaster for 48 years. He was famed for leaving the fine almesbury houses in the main street to the old folk of his birthplace.John Aubrey was Isaac Lyte’s grandson and was born at a house called Easton Pierce in 1626. Aubrey became Wiltshire’s first great naturalist and antiquarian He was the first to investigate Avebury. Even though Aubrey didn’t gain fame at the time his manuscripts were later published by John Britton (a local scholar born 150 years after Aubrey) and both Aubrey and Britton are commemorated by a stained glass window in the church. Lacock (click here for more information) Lacock abbey was founded by Lady Ela the Countess of Salisbury in the reign of King Henry III. Her husband was William Longespee, an illegitimate son of King Henry II and was one of the Barons who led the revolt against King John. His participation in the revolt explains how Lacock came to possess one of the three original copies of the Magna Carta. Another famous resident of Lacock was William Fox Talbot in 1835. He was one of the pioneers of photography, and discovered how to make prints from negatives. Visitors to Lacock are shown the Oriel window from which he took his first successful photograph. The Village has many architectural designs from the early timber framework to the georgian pediment. The tithe barn, 14th century doorways and several old weavers cottages make it a delight to explore. Lacock was given to the National Trust in 1944 by Matilda Talbot. Go to top Longford (Castle) It is not a village but a great estate and the home of the Earls of Radnor, its nucleus is a splendid mansion which looks like a castle. Longford castle stands on the site of a medieval manor-house acquired by a country gentleman, Sir Thomas Gorges, in the time of Elizabeth I. It stands by one of the loveliest reaches of tranquil river, its eastern walls washed by the water, and long lawns and formal gardens forming an impressive vista along the bank.In 1584 Sir Thomas married Helena widow of the marquis of Northampton and a lady in waiting to the Queen. Prompted by her he set about updating the manor house the plan is unusual, with that of a triangular base and a tower at each corner. However in the middle of the work the money ran out. Fortunately one of Sir Thomas’s posts was that of governor of Hurst Castle on the Hampshire coast and during the Spanish armada one of the Spanish ships was driven aground there. Lady Gorges asked the Queen if she could have the wreck, and the request was granted, What the Queen did not know was that the ship was one of the Spanish treasure ships laden with silver. Go to top Malmesbury There was a monastery established here in 640. Today the abbey dominates the town. The early settlement was on a hill, more of an island really, formed by the Bristol Avon and one of its tributaries. Note the late fifteenth century market cross at the end of the High Street, it stands 40 feet (12 metres) high and comprises of a lantern with figures and arches supporting under a tre-foil headed canopy. Go to top Marlborough One of the coach stops between the old London to Bath route, Marlborough has had a varied history since its Roman occupation. There was a mint there during Norman times and the Kings hunted in the Savernake forest nearby. Marlborough was devastated by fire in 1653, 1679, and 1690. After these fires thatched roofs were banned in the town by an act of parliament. Marlborough College (founded 1843) stands on the site of the old castle. `Maerl’s Barrow’ is in the grounds and is the legendary burial place of Merlin. Go to top Melksham Melksham began life as a forest village, it does actually owe its name to the dairying which soon developed in the rich pastures of the neighbourhood. Like other towns of West Wiltshire it prospered as a wool town in medieval times. Melksham at one time aspired to a spa. Two promising mineral springs were discovered here in 1816, and all the necessary amenities, including a pump room, hot and cold baths, a handsome promenade and even crescents like Bath were quickly provided, but unfortunately the idea never caught on. Go to top North Bradley The charming village of North Bradley looks across the fields towards the Westbury downs and the White Horse. It has a 14th and 15th century church in which is the tomb of Lady Emma Stafford. Mother of an Archbishop of Canterbury, her tomb, complete with 72 oak panels and carved moulded beams for a roof, is set in a panelled and recessed window with her portrait cut into the stone above. Go to top Pewsey In the verdant Vale of Pewsey between Salisbury plain and Marlborough downs. A white horse cut into the chalk of Pewsey hill overlooks the town. The small town grew up around an island settlement, once encircled by the river and its name is derived form Pevisigge, ‘little island’. Standing at the junction of the three main streets is the statue of King Alfred who has resided there since 1913. Placed there to commemorate the coronation of George V in 1911. Wilton Windmill, the last complete working windmill in Wiltshire is found just 7 miles to the east. Salisbury (click here for more information) The only City in Wiltshire, it is in fact smaller than the industrial town of Swindon. The present City was founded due to several contributing factors, namely bad weather, a shortage of water and disputes with the military Authorities. This forced the old site of Old Sarum to be abandoned and a new cathedral established in the city. There are many old buildings in the city and one must take time to get to see them all. Go to top Swindon Swindon the largest town in the county. However until the 1840’s it was just a hilltop community which ran a market for cattle, sheep and horses. Its prosperity grew when the railway works came to the plains below in 1842. The two distinctive sections of Swindon joined together in 1900. Current Swindon features many distinctive murals and sculpture which may be seen on several art trails. Go to top Tisbury This is a small town with full of interesting old stone buildings and a few exceptional ones. Of those there are the seventeenth century almshouses known as Vicar’s cottages with an upper storey of red brick added in 1887, also in Tisbury is the largest medieval tithe barn in England. Go to top Trowbridge Trowbridge began life as a settlement on a ridge of stoney subsoil by the little river Biss. Its growth to urban status started with the building of a castle by the ‘De Bohuns’ early in the twelfth century. The town was well developed when the wool trade took off, and shared in the general wealth associated with weaving mills. when the wool trade died out industry was replaced by a factory making steam engines, some breweries and a bed making factory. Trowbridge’s chief distinction is that it houses Wiltshire’s county offices. For all practical purposes it is the county town and has been so since 1893. To visitors this may seem a little strange what with Salisbury being the Cathedral town, Swindon being the largest, and Devizes being the more central. The reason for this is due to communications, throughout the county communicating was always a problem because of the Salisbury plain, all the main railway lines ran east to west in the south of the county hence Trowbridge was the more accessible from places as it could be reached by rail. Go to top Warminster Warminster is located 400 feet (120 metres) above sea level. It’s local surroundings are well known for several alleged sightings of Unidentified Flying Objects especially Cley hill to the west. Warminster used to be a great corn market in the days before motor vehicles. The carters usually ended up bringing back coal which was brought to Warminster from Radstock. Sadly Warminster is no longer considered a market town but it serves as a shopping centre for the surrounding villages and military establishments, as well as people stuck on the A36. The name Warminster remains a mystery. It should mean ‘The minister or monastery church by the river Ware or Were’ but there is no trace of a church and residents even argue about there being a river of that name. Go to top Westbury Close to the Somerset border, on the western edge of Salisbury Plain. Westbury currently famed for the closeby White Horse . It is also home to several other features. It has a number of georgian buildings and an unusual faceless clock that was built by a local blacksmith in 1604. Go to top Whaddon Whaddon founded by Saxons emerging from Alderbury when the saxons were extending their territory around the Clarendon forest. The inn at Whaddon the Three Crowns is said to owe its name to the fact that King Edward III hunting in the forest with the Kings of France and Scotland, had lunch there. Go to top Whitsbury Whitsbury whose old Romano-British name was Hall Cynvelly, is a place of ancient origins. It had a Roman villa and in the sixth century and a bard by the name of Taliesin was said to have lived in a cell nearby. Go to top Wilton This historic town was once the capital of Saxon Wessex. Today it is famous for the manufacture of carpets, which dates back to the 17th century. Wilton Royal Carpets can be toured by visitors. Wilton house, home of the Earl of Pembroke, is one of England’s great stately homes, containing paintings by Rembrant and Van Dyck. The church at Wilton was built in 1844 to a Italian Romanesque style.	Wiltshire
The waterfalls Cauldron Snout and High Force lie on which major river?	Wiltshire Council - Wiltshire Community History Get Community Information Condensed View - Comprehensive View Chippenham This page is one of 261 pages covering every community in Wiltshire, and is provided by Wiltshire Council Libraries and Heritage. A project to provide a fuller picture of each community is in progress, working on the larger communities first. When these 261, which are modern civil parishes, are completed we will begin work on a further 180 villages and hamlets to provide comprehensive coverage of Wiltshire communities large and small. From Andrews’ and Dury’s Map of Wiltshire, 1773: Wiltshire & Swindon History Centre, Chippenham From Andrews’ and Dury’s Map of Wiltshire, 1810: Wiltshire & Swindon History Centre, Chippenham This is a corrected and updated edition of the 1773 map that includes the recently built canals. Map of the Civil Parish of Chippenham: 1890s Wiltshire & Swindon History Centre From the Ordnance Survey 1890s revision of the one inch to one mile map. The modern civil parish boundary has been superimposed. Thumbnail History: The fast growing town of Chippenham was first established in a loop of the River Avon in which the town centre still remains. From Saxon times the area was a royal forest and a king's country house, or hunting lodge, was maintained here. Other buildings were quickly attracted to this favoured site and a community was established. The town lies in the broad valley of the Bristol Avon in the low-lying claylands of north-west Wiltshire. This was an area of small family farms with a concentration on dairy farming and cheese making. The land within the loop of the river is Oxford clay while more recent development to the north has taken place on cornbrash. It lies 13 miles north-east of Bath, 33 miles north-west of Salisbury, 10 miles north-west of Devizes, 10 miles south of Malmesbury, 7 miles north of Melksham and is 94 miles from London. To the east and south-east the land rises to Bowden Hill, Derry Hill and Bremhill, while to the west are the fringes of the Cotswolds at Colerne, Yatton Keynell and Castle Combe. A major early road ran from London, through Hungerford, Marlborough and Chippenham to Bristol. This was part of a highly developed national road system by the mid-fourteenth century and would have been of particular importance in the cloth trade. So important was this road to commercial interests in Bristol that various burghers gave money for its repair where it ran over marshy ground outside Chippenham and was raised on a Causeway. An early act of altruism provided the town with another causeway from Wick Hill, through East Tytherington, across the River Avon at Kellaways and through Langley Burrell into Chippenham. This was provided in 1474 by Maud Heath who gave land and property in Chippenham to provide income for the building of a raised path so that people going to market could remain dry shod. Maud Heath's Causeway remains to this day and her statue overlooks it. By the 17th century the road from London to Bristol divided at Chippenham and ran through Bradford on its way to Bath and Wells. In the 18th century a series of turnpike roads radiated out from Chippenham towards Hullavington, Malmesbury, Sutton Benger, Lacock and Melksham as well as the well-established roads to London, Bristol and Bath. There is some documentation of the early history. The Villa Regea (king's country house) of the Saxon kings is first mentioned in 853, and in 878 the Danes attacked the Saxons here. The Anglo Saxon Chronicles say, 'The force stole in midwinter, after Twelfthnight, to Chippenham. They rode over Wessex and occupied it, and drove many of the people over the sea; the other, greater part they overcame'. It is believed that King Alfred escaped from Chippenham and made his way to Athelney in Somerset while the Danes fortified the site at Chippenham. Later that year Alfred had his great victory over the Danes at Ethandune (Edington) and pursued the remnant to Chippenham where he besieged them for 14 days before a treaty was made and they withdrew from Wessex. Chippenham was a Saxon administrative centre by the 10th century and probably had a minster church by the 9th century as King Alfred's daughter was married here. It had strategic significance for both Saxon kings and Viking invaders and, although comparatively low lying, was a good defensive site being surrounded on three sides by the river. There could have been a mint in the town by the late 10th century as some coins of Ethelred II (978-1016) have the name Cepen on them. It is also possible that the site was a defensive burgh or walled town but no evidence has yet been found for this. A theory has also been advanced that the bridge was fortified, as otherwise it would be the weak link in the northern defences. Documentary evidence of a church is first recorded in 1042 and by the time of the Domesday Book there was a substantial population. Much of the forest land has been cleared and there are 113 holders of arable land although there are still 6 square miles of woodland on the manor, which would have been home to many pigs as there are 23 swineherds recorded. Meadowland came to 100 acres and there was the large number of 12 mills, although this was in the extensive Royal holding, not just the town. It has been estimated that the population in 1086 would have been between 600 and 800 for this area. In the reign of King John (1199-1216) Chippenham was granted a market (on Wednesdays) and a fair on St Andrew's Day. The bounds of the royal forests of Chippenham and Melksham were declared in 1228. The forest now lay to the west and south of the town. The forests were disforested and enclosed in the early 17th century. Two early land-owning families were the Gascelyns of Sheldon and the Husees of Rowdon. The Gascelyn family obtained two fairs for the town and their arms (a golden field surmounted by 10 blue billets (small oblong figures) and a red label (a strip with 5 hanging points) are on the dexter (right) shield. The Husee (Hussey) arms were a silver field surmounted by three black books and these are on the shield on the sinister (left) side. As Chippenham was originally a royal manor local government was exercised by a bailiff or steward but his jurisdiction began to be challenged by other landowners and tenants. It was felt that for the peace of the town the true powers of this officer should be defined and a petition was presented to Queen Mary at the beginning of her reign. She granted a charter, dated 2nd May 1554 and a grant of 217 acres of land to the borough. This was a confirmation of borough status granted by Saxon, Norman and Plantagenet kings and these earlier charters account for the fact that the first mention of a Chippenham member of parliament is for 1295, although the earliest surviving document granting the right to send 2 burgess to Parliament is the 1554 charter. Chippenham developed around its market place and burgage plots fronting the main streets. In fact, two authorities believe that the place-name derives from the Saxon 'cipan', to sell and the Anglo Saxon Chronicles spell the name Cippanhamme in 878. Other authorities believe that the double p might indicate a personal name, Cippa. 'hamme' would seem to refer to the land enclosed by the loop of the river instead of 'ham' meaning dwelling or property. It is also possible that there was a small Saxon suburb to the north of the river. The medieval town remained in the loop of the river around the church and market place with further developments in this area and a small area on the northern bank of the river immediately across the bridge. The earliest surviving building is to be found in the Market Place where the Rose and Crown is of timber frame and cruck construction and dates from the 14th century. From the 15th century is the rebuilding of the church of St Andrew, the Yelde Hall and four buildings in St Mary Street, including St Mary House, two with former open halls and, one, a merchant's house including a warehouse or workshop. The medieval town would have about twice the size of the Saxon settlement although the lands of the manor were considerably reduced by the formation of subsidiary manors within it. The manor of Sheldon, in the west, was formed in early Norman times while Rowdon was a separate manor by the 12th century and Lowden was also separated in the 12th century. During the medieval period encroachments were made upon the large open market place, as was common in most towns, with temporary stalls becoming permanent shops and buildings. The town remained a significant market town and weaving, as a cottage industry was well established while the earliest recorded fulling mill was at nearby Stanley on the River Marden. The market would have been an important feature of the town for the local rural area and at times there has been a separate pig market and cheese market - both important products for north western Wiltshire. The Butter Cross was removed in 1889 and re-erected in the grounds of the Manor House Hotel at Castle Combe; it has now been restored to Chippenham and stands in the newly pedestrianised old market place. Like several other Wiltshire towns Chippenham tended to stagnate between the 16th and 18th centuries and there was little expansion of the town. Three large private estates were created at the time. Hardenhuish to the north-west was a separate manor from Saxon times and was not incorporated into the borough until 1952; The Ivy to the west and so called as these lands once provided funding for Ivy Church Priory in Alderbury; and Monkton Park to the east of the river. The cloth industry continued as a cottage industry but Chippenham was not one of the leading Wiltshire towns for the industry and the largest clothiers were in the towns of western Wiltshire to the south. The expansion of Chippenham began at the end of the 18th century. In 1800 the Wilts and Berks Canal reached Chippenham and a wharf was built after a dispute when the Chippenham branch originally ended short of the town in 1798. The canal was officially opened on 10th Sept 1810 giving the town access to the markets of Bristol and London. This led to an expansion of the cloth industry as coal could be brought in for the new steam factories that were being built. In 1841 the GWR line from London to Bristol through Chippenham was completed and in 1848 the Wilts, Somerset and Weymouth Railway connected the town with Trowbridge and Westbury. Both the building of the railway and the access it provided to raw materials and markets brought a new range of industries to Chippenham. Only 2 factories of any size were built in the town, Bridge Factory sometime after 1796 and Waterford Mill. In 1811 four other smaller factories, three with dye houses are also mentioned. Chippenham was at a disadvantage to towns further south as the extra distance that coal, for the steam engines, had to be transported by canal added 10% to the cost. Cloth production was overtaken by engineering and other industries and although the industry survived in the town until 1930 it never dominated the economy as was the case in Bradford on Avon and Trowbridge. Two other mills were used for the production of silk and these were next to the Neeld Hall and in Wood Lane. The arrival of the railway brought engineering to the town. Rowland Brotherhood made railway wagons, locomotives and bridges and maintained track for several railway companies. The company became internationally well known. A factory was built in 1894 by Evan O'Donnell to make signalling apparatus, which, in 1903 was acquired by Saxby and Farmer, who moved into the town from Kilburn. In 1920 they merged with other companies to form the Westinghouse Brake and Saxby Signal Co. Workers from Worcester moved to Chippenham in 1920 while the London works transferred in 1932 and the office staff from London in 1973. For several decades the company was the largest employer in the town and still manufactures there although there have been recent changes of ownership and name. Other industries included the Anglo Swiss Milk Company, later Nestlés, who had a condensed milk factory in the town from 1873 to 1966, Hathaway's churn factory and Slade's Brewing and Malting. There was a gun and cartridge factory in one of the old silk mills from the 1880's to c1920, a brick and tile works from the mid 19th century to the early 20th century and the Royal Wiltshire Bacon Co Ltd occupied one of the former Brotherhood foundries. In the latter part of the 20th century the town has expanded greatly. Land at Cocklebury Farm was used for housing in the late 1950s while Monkton Park was developed as a housing estate in the 1960s. The market gradually moved from the town centre to a new site at Cocklebury, opening on 6th May 1951 and by April 1954 the whole market was on this site. Development continued to the north and south east towards Pewsham. The building of the western bypass brought about the development of land between the bypass and Hungerdown Lane and Hardenhuish Lane for Cepen Park South and Cepen Park North in the 1990s. Now the only substantial part of the civil parish of Chippenham that is not built up is the southern portion. Various well known local families have been connected with the town. The Hungerfords were a very wealthy medieval family with interests in many counties. In Chippenham they bought Sheldon and Lowden in 1424 and Rowden in 1434; these remained with the family until 1684. They founded a chantry at the church of St. Andrew and provided the town with a member of parliament. The Goldneys of Bristol became clothiers in Chippenham in the 16th century and remained prominent in local affairs for 300 years. The Awdry family have provided the town with bailiffs, mayors, aldermen, and members of parliament for nearly 300 years. Joseph Neeld of Grittleton built Chippenham Town Hall in 1833/4 and owned property in the town. Chippenham is also part of the other 'Kilvert Country' as Francis Kilvert's father, Robert, was vicar of Hardenhuish from 1832 to 1855 when he moved to nearby Langley Burrell. From 1872, when he left Clyro, Francis was curate to his father at Langley Burrell until 1876 when he took up the living of St. Harmon. Council	i don't know
Bentley Drummle is a villainous character in which novel?	Great Expectations: Character Profiles \| Novelguide Great Expectations: Character Profiles Total Votes: 538 Pip The main character and narrator of the novel, Pip is a man that all through his young life tries to better himself because he is ashamed of who he is, and where he came from. When fortune falls in his lap, Pip is forced to realize that money does not make you happy, and that it cannot buy what he wants most, Estella's love. Joe Pip's brother-in-law and father figure, Joe is the blacksmith with which Pip grew up. Though they are best friends and love each other, Joe represents all that Pip does not want out of his life, and so he pulls away from him as soon as fortune strikes. Mrs. Joe A tyrannical sister and mother figure, Mrs. Joe raised Pip from the time his parents died when he was a baby until her accident. Abusive and prone to "rampages" of her temper, she appeared in the beginning to be an almost uncaring but authoritative figure. Uncle Pumblechook Joe's uncle who got Pip the job with Miss Havisham. Because of this, he looked at himself as Pip's real benefactor and when Pip came into wealth he wanted to use him for his own purposes. Biddy Soft and sweet, Biddy was always one of Pip's best friends. When they were little, Biddy taught him all that she knew in school, and as they grew older she began to teach herself along with her. After she moves into his house and few years pass, and Pip wishes that he could love Biddy but never really does. Miss Havisham A woman with a severely broken heart, she lives her life as if time stopped at twenty minutes to nine and daylight does not exist. Her only tender emotions she reserves for her adopted daughter Estella who she raises to break men's hearts. Pip becomes a toy to her and a boy for Estella to practice on. Estella Raised with a woman scorned and in a house where no daylight shined, Estella is a beautiful girl with an insensitive personality that enjoyed making Pip cry. As they get older, the only feeling that she shows is in her concern for Pip by telling him that he is warned. Raised to never feel love, Estella seems an empty shell of a person. Herbert A young man with many dreams and aspirations, Herbert at first appears to have his head in the clouds. Even though at their first meeting as boys Herbert wanted to fight him, he is kind and trustworthy. When Pip comes into fortune, Herbert becomes his best friend and beloved confidant. After working with him Pip realizes, that his is an exceptionally hard worker and not just a dreamer. Matthew Pocket: Miss Havisham's cousin who is the only one in his family not after her fortune. After a fight long ago when he was trying to protect her from being hurt, Miss Havisham kicks him out of her house, and he never returns. In the end Miss Havisham leaves all of her money to him because he is the only one who ever truly cared for her happiness. Matthew is an intelligent man and a kind friend and teacher to Pip. Mr. Jaggers The universal lawyer, Mr. Jaggers is a hard man who shows very little emotion. He bases his life on reason and fact. Pips guardian from when he leaves home till he reaches his majority, Jaggers handles Pips fortune and advises him when necessary. Wemmick A clerk for Mr. Jaggers, at work Wemmick appears to have no feelings. When Pip visits him at home however he is an entirely different person to whom Pip will go to for advice or companionship. Wemmick takes care of his hearing impaired father, and in the end marries a woman, Miss Skiffins. His tiny house is his castle, and everything he has of value is "portable property." Abel Magwitch A convict and Pip's benefactor, at different times in the story Magwitch is both villain and hero. After the loss of his daughter, Magwitch develops affection for the young boy who brings him food, brandy, and a file. Wanting the boy to be all he couldn't be, he devotes his life to making money and giving it to the boy to be a gentleman. Magwitch risks his life so he can see Pip, but is vengefulness shines through when he sees or talks of Compeyson. Bentley Drummle Another student of Matthew Pockets, Drummle is a titled noble who is mistrustful and arrogant. Knowing that Pip has affection for her, Drummle courts Estella and taunts Pip with the knowledge. He later marries her but is an abusive husband. Orlick Another of the villainous characters in the story, his jealousy of Pip dements him. Angry with Mrs. Joe for some offense that she committed, Orlick attacks her and tries to kill her. He later tries to kill Pip also but is thwarted. His diabolical mind and stupid demeanor makes for a perfect combination of evil stupidity that makes people not suspect him for his crimes.	Great Expectations
What was the stage-name of Oasis guitarist Paul Arthurs?	Bentley Drummle \| Great Expectations Great Expectations 20 Dec Bentley Drummle, although a minor character is incredibly significant in the lessons Pip learns about the importance, or rather lack thereof, of social status. In the beginning of the novel Pip has this idea in his head, that moral and social values are dependent on each other and are both equally important. It is the character of Drummle which provides Pip with the realization that social advancement has no fundamental connection to intelligence or morality. Pip’s brother-in-law, Joe is a kind man who works hard for a living. Drummle on the other hand is an aggressive pig who has inherited his wealth and thus knows nothing of honest work. Drummle’s negative character helps Pip to see the inner beauty of people that they may seemingly lack on the surface. Drummle’s character wipes away Pip’s fantasies and in turn. It is replaced with a more mature understanding of society, and the world as a whole. Posted by gomesv009 on December 20, 2012 in Bentley Drummle	i don't know
Which chart-topping band of the 90s had Professor Brian Cox as a member?	Local Bands & Artists Eric Wrixon [RIP.) "Them - The Belfast Blues Band" Eric Wrixon [RIP.] (born 29 June 1947 , in Belfast was a founder member of both Them and Thin Lizzy . In 1996 Them - The Belfast Blues Band, started a new tour in Europe. Today Eric lives in Italy and is constantly on tour with a new formation, which is still called "Them - The Belfast Blues Band". He was the original keyboard player with Them, when they were a five-piece band establishing themselves as Belfast's hottest act in the spring of 1964 with a residency at the Maritime Hotel. Still in high school at that time he had to take his A-level examinations, and Them manager Phil Solomon told him he had to choose between taking the exams or staying in the band!.. Does anyone remember "The Telstar's?" Yes that was also Eric! Of all the Artists/Bands covered on this Site, Eric has a musical connection with so many of them. Escape Fails: Local band Escape Fails were thrilled to be chosen as one of four finalists of Kerrang! magazine's Black XS UK Live Sound Competition, an outstanding accolade for the group, who are familiar faces at the Ivy Bar in Newtownards. Escape Fails formed three years ago as a post hardcore band, and have since developed their own unique mix of embracing pop melodies combined with shredding guitars and screaming vocals. The band consists of members Ryan Adair (vocals,) Marc Harrington (guitar,) Paul Harrington (drums,) Tim Potter (guitar) and Aaron Fitzsimmons (bass.) Fagan: The Line-up:- Paul Lyttle {Vocals & Guitar} Ricky McCutcheon {Drums & Vocals} Deke Thompson {Bass} No More Information available but the Group played in the Queens Court Hotel Bangor. The Falcons: [1965] The Picture Line-up:- Michael Johnston, David Carlisle, George Gordon, Harry Filmer, Eric Stewart & Norman Keenan [RIP.] Norman joined the Falcons in October 1964 replacing Joan Forsythe on lead vocals. The Band played all the local venues and even along with Van Morrison's "Them" at St. Andrews Memorial Hall - Comber {Picture taken in 1965 with Them] The Band reformed in 1966 to become "The Continentals" - "Gumm" and eventually "Spring" Also See:- Detours - Continentals - Gumm & Spring Fast-Lane: The Line-up:- Alan Niblock {Bass/Vocals} Peter Niblock {Drums} More Information Required:- If you have any information etc: please let me know. The Few: The Photo Line-up:- Terry Lendrum, Brian Russell (RIP), Alan Wheeler, Greg Wheeler & Peter Galbraith. The Few were formed in Methodist College Belfast in 1965 and played all over Ireland. A true Blues Band with a distinctive sound and I used to love hearing them play at "Betty Staff's" Ann Street Belfast, a small venue but great live sound. More Information Required:- Foy Vance: Foy Vance is the real son of a preacher man, this Bangor born singer-songwriter's music carries heavy gospel influences. Check out Foys' website for lots of info and video clips. Flash Harry: Throughout their thirteen years, Queen tribute band Flash Harry have performed to audiences all over the world, from Dublin�s Point Theatre to Dubai, even the Albert Hall garnering much attention and a large fan base. Fred Hanna: [RIP.] Fred was from Newtownards and for much of his time, he called his band the Laganmen. Fred's band was also known as the Calypso Showband and during the late 1950's Fred and his band were resident in the legendary Belfast Floral Hall. They made an album called "Lonely Woods of Upton". Not only was Fred the band leader, but he was also a virtuoso accordionist. The success of the first Diamond Accordion Band album led to a succession of LPs and CDs that also sold well, where the formula of presenting melodic music in straightforward arrangements proved to be enduringly popular. Accordionists Trefor Owens, Wilcil McDowell, and Ivan Black also contributed to some of the Diamond Accordion Band recordings. The Fresh Boogie Band: The Photo Line-up:- Paul Bradley [Guitar] Raymond Carroll [Guitar] James Meredith [Bass & Vocals] Eddie Hill [Keyboards] Noel Johnston [Drums] Janet Johnston [ Lead Vocals]. The Band evolved from "Fresh" a four piece Blues/- Rock Band playing mostly Belfast Venues. "The Fresh Boogie Band" managed by Brian Moore [Portstewart] were very popular playing regularly around the North West - "Kellys" Portrush and the "Strand Hotel" Portstewart. As with most Groups/Bands during that period, to survive they literally had to compete with "Disco's" in all the major venues and quickly became a great Dance/Club Band playing material by "Earth Wind & Fire" - "Crusaders" etc: They continued for several years despite several line-up changes and made several studio recordings in "Mud Wallace's[RIP.} - Homestead Studio" but never released any original material. Other Members included Terry Hodges, Peter Niblock, Hugh O'Neil, Colin Bell {RIP..} Harry Burns, Lenny Mills {Ex: City Sound] and Davy Walker who later move to Canada. Raymond Carroll & Eddie Hill together with Rodney Patterson and Mark Coyle later formed the Jazz - Funk - Soul Band "SPINOZA" See Below Foggy Lyttle: [RIP.] 13th May 1944 - 25th Dec 2003 David 'Foggy' Lyttle born in Belfast , was a great guitarist, best known for his work with Van Morrison . The album Magic Time was dedicated to him, as he had died within weeks of completion of the recording. The album credits described him as "a respected colleague and fine performer who brought a unique flavour to many of the album's tracks. Some of the many famous artists Foggy had played with include:- Sin�ad O'Connor , Brian Kennedy , The Chieftains , Marianne Faithfull , Liam Neeson , Harry Nilsson , Phil Everly , Gene Pitney , Acker Bilk and Elton John . The Freshmen: {Mark 2} The Picture Line-up:- Ray Donnan {Keyboards} Billy Brown [RIP.] Torry McGahey - Derek Dean - Lindsay Lunney - Tiger Taylor - Sean Mahon. More Information Required:- Gareth Dunlop: Born in Belfast, Gareth has spent the last few years traveling between the U.S. and the U.K. to support the release of his EP�s. He has opened shows for a diverse group of artists including Van Morrison, Jeff Beck, Stereophonics, Nanci Griffith and many others. Gareth�s career started changing after he was asked to participated in a song writing exchange between Belfast and Nashville, which lead to a performance at the famous Bluebird Cafe. His soulful voice and captivating songs caught the attention of Nashville music community and he was quickly offered a publishing deal. Since that time, his songs have been used in numerous television shows including �House,� �Private Practice,� �Cougar Town,��One Tree Hill,� and Subaru�s commercial called �Rendezvous.� Check out his website for the latest info: The Gatsby Boys: The Members Included:- Alex Campbell {Guitar - Vocals} Billy McCoy {Guitar} Lawrence Thomson [RIP.} {Guitar - Vocals} Jimmy Young {Drums} Robert McAleese {Bass} Trevor Buchannan [Bass} Terry Hodges {Bass} The Group where formerly know as "Cool Ice" .........More Information & Photo Required The Group: ....Also see "The Dunno & Dominoes" The Group came together in the spring of 1966 and quickly became the star attraction in the clubs of Belfast and North Down. The Group was around for little more than two years, but is still remembered fondly by a fashion-conscious generation who were swept away by flower power and psychedelic lighting. The place to go in those days was The Pound - a warehouse behind Roddy's Bar in Belfast's Oxford Street where the new courthouse is today. They performed there every Saturday afternoon, with spontaneous guest appearances on stage from national pop stars who would go there to relax ahead of an evening performance in the Ulster Hall. In the evenings The Group's four-part harmony Beach Boy sound would draw packed audiences to popular venues such as the Maritime, the Marquee Club, the Penthouse above Sammy Houston's Jazz Club in Great Victoria Street, and the Queen's Court Hotel in Bangor. "There was something very special about The Group," says Colin McClelland, former editor of Sunday World. "They were a musician's band, hugely popular. They could adapt their performance to suit any occasion. They would be billed with Rory Gallagher and with Eric Clapton and Cream one day, and then touring Ireland with Roy Orbison the next." The Group were resident in Ulster Television's first attempt at local pop magazine programme, "Zoom In." Fronting that 1968 programme was DJ Hendi, Paddy Kielty's sidekick on the BBC 1 show Patrick Kielty Live. "I was the DJ in the Marquee Club when The Group was the resident band," says Hendi, "Fred always had great lines and the band was as good as it gets." Sez Adamson, third from the left, was lead singer and lead guitar with The Group. He is now living in South Africa, where he has earned an international reputation as a pedal-steel guitarist. He is the younger brother of well known golfer Rusty Adamson who lives in Cultra. Drummer Ricky McCutcheon, on the right, is now living in Banbury. Fred Isdell was on bass guitar and his friend and colleague from the Dominoes, Bill Morrison (on the left), played keyboards. Gentry Morris: Georgia born singer - songwriter comes to Bangor. He grew up in south Georgia USA, in a place called Dublin, moved to Nashville when he was 20 to play music and be a songwriter, as you tend to do if you�re an aspiring songwriter in that part of the world! He spent about four or five years in Nashville, trucking along and learning. Now he lives in Bangor!. Gentry Morris� The Bare Bones and Bad Ideas EP is still available. Groucho: The Picture Line-up:- Billy McCoy [Guitar & Vocals] Rory McCahon [Drums & Vocals]James Meredith [Bass & Vocals] Gordon Thompson [Keyboards & Vocals] also played in the Band in 1995. The Band playing mostly 60s -70s material & Rock & Soul standards. There are several live video clips of the Band on You Tube recorded at the Saltwater Brig, Kircubbin on the 23rd July 1994. Gumm: The Photo Line up:- Norman Keenan [RIP.] Raymond McClure - Phil Turner - Raymond Donnan - Billy Bell - Harry Filmer - Paul Menown.. HeadBand: Dave Reid - Brian Scott - Richard McMullan - Ian Henry - Neville Craig - Gordon Craig Terry Campbell - Dave Taylor. More Information To Follow ...... Ian Henry Henry McCullough: [RIP.} Henry wasd justifiably one of rock�s most legendary figures. Growing up in the seaside resort of Portstewart, Henry's first musical venture was as guitarist with Irish Showband The "Skyrockets" and the years to follow found him doing the dance hall circuit with similar outfits, including the popular "Gene and the Gents". When the blues boom hit Ireland, Henry became involved with the rougher side of music through the outfit that were to become "Eire Apparent". managed for a time by Chas Chandler, Eire Apparent were one of the many bands to take part in package tours of Britain, alongside groups like The Move, Pink Floyd, The Jimi Hendrix Experience, Amen Corner... After an untimely exit from the band, Henry nailed down some of the finest mix of traditional and rock with his work as part of the legendary Sweeney's Men. Picture - Henry In "Wings" Heritage: The Picture Line-up:- Jim Wynn - Terry Hodges [ Bass] Colin Blain and Davy Johnston. The Group appeared on Opportunity Knocks around 1973 just before Sunshine's Successful run. Although the group were mostly from the Dundonald area they often played support at Cloud 9, Bangor for such greats as Sam Mahood [RIP..], John Smith Band, Vintage, Chips etc. Jim recalls "Our claim to fame was getting a lift home with Sam Mahood and the Soul Foundation in their van!" Terry Hodges is still playing.... you can see him at the "ENLER DELTA BLUES CLUB" on the first Sunday of every month. The venue is at Comber Rec F.C. at Park Way, Comber. The Helmsmen: The Picture Line-up:- Robin Page {Keyboards] Bobby McKee[RIP.} {Guitar] Andrew Duff {Drums] Tom Eddis {Bass] Picture taken at the "Helmsman" Bangor 1981-1982 More Information Required:- The High Wall: The Picture Line-up:- Titch McHard - Michael Anderson - Derek Drayne - Alastair MacKenzie [RIP] - Pete Mahood. In 1967 The High Wall Supported "Cat Stevens" at Belfast's Starlight Ballroom Also See:- The Detours - More Information Required:- Hollies: - 1959 The Picture Line-up:- Jim Hanna RIP.. - Ernie Nichols [ Guitar] - Artie Bell - Bobby "Junior" Magreechan [Drums] . This Picture taken at The Hoods: - 1966 The Photo Line-up:- Front Row:- "Toot" Peter Halpin [Vocals] RIP. - "Duke" Jim Dorman {Drums} Back Row:- Jim Crothers {Bass} Barry Woods { Guitar} Eric Sterritt {Guitar} More Information Required:- Iain Archer: Iain Denis Archer is a singer�songwriter from Bangor, who was once a secondary lyricist for the indie band Snow Patrol. Archer comes from a musical background and released several solo albums in the mid 90s on the small Scottish independent label Sticky Music. After a stint with Snow Patrol and a side project with Snow Patrol's frontman Gary Lightbody in The Reindeer Section, he returned to his solo career. In 2004 he released the album Flood The Tanks. In 2005, Archer picked up an Ivor Novello Award as part of the songwriting team behind Snow Patrol's Final Straw album. In 2007, "Canal Song" from Archer's album Magnetic North was featured on Grey's Anatomy (season 3 episode 14, "Wishin' and Hopin'") and Everything I've Got, from the same album was used as iTunes' Free Single of the Week. He also contributed vocals to the 2006 album Waiting for Clearance by The Freelance Hellraiser, which also featured Archer's long time collaborator Gary Lightbody. The song "We Don't Belong" received airplay on leading radio stations. He is married to German singer Miriam Kaufmann. The Illegals: The Photo Line-up:- Peter Cochrane [Guitar] Paul Megahey [Guitar] Paul Deane [ Guitar] Niamh Kavanagh [Vocals] Jim Sisk [Keyboards - Guitar] Joe Hanratty [ Drums] Torry McGahey [ Bass] The line-up includes the lead vocal talents of Niamh Kavanagh - one of the best female vocalists Ireland has ever produced. As well as lending her fantastic voice to the celebration of Eagles� classics Niamh features in a special set of songs from that other West Coast rock giants Fleetwood Mac. In-Sect: - 1965 The Picture Line-up:- Clive Russell [Guitar] Paul Menown [Bass] James McCorriston [Vocals] Ray McClure [Guitar] Ian Shields [Drums] The Band formed during their time at Regent House School, Newtownards. This picture was taken at one of their gigs in July 1965 at Comber. For other Pictures and information also take a look at "Gumm, Spring, Power & The Glory and Teddy Palmer. Interns: The Picture Line-up:- L-R Vincent McGonigle (Bass) Paul Divito [Vocals] - Sam Nicholson [Drums] - Roy Abbot {Guitar] - Ronnie Thorpe [Guitar] .The Interns were formed in Portrush, in the early 1960s by Paul Divito (Vocals) and Vincent McGonagle (Bass). They settled in Dublin for a time and were voted Best R&B Band in Ireland on two occasions. They toured Britain and Europe and played in Liverpool's famous Cavern Club. In recent years, some of the members joined forces with Henry McCullough [RIP.} to play with Buddy Guy at the Ulster Hall. The Interns �Crying Time� Single was very popular! Jackie Flavelle: Veteran bassist Jackie Flavelle, like all creative musicians, found the mid-sixties Showband scene musically stifling and unsatisfying. His escape route from the massively popular but musically conservative "Dave Glover Showband" must have felt like a miracle because he was, out-of-the-blue, offered a job with the Chris Barber Jazz and Blues Band, one of the most respected in Europe. In ten years with Barber, Jackie toured internationally, made a number of albums and even recorded with Paul McCartney and Rod Stewart. After a solo album in singer/songwriter mode Jackie returned to Northern Ireland where he became a stalwart on the jazz and blues scenes. Now .... years young, Jackie still gigs tirelessly, working with his own John Coltrane-influenced jazz band Giant Steps, his own blues band the Essence. Jargon Junction: The Line-Up:- Joe Fleming {Bass} Junior Arlow {Drums} Dave Taylor {Vocals-Harmonica} Norman {Slow Hard} Henry [Guitar] Noelle Fee {Keyboards} Live Photo Taken At One Of Their Many Gigs At "The Pound" Belfast. Noelle also played in The Bangor Based Group "The Mood" "Tapestry II" And German Band "The Moan-Set" Noelle now lives in Wales and still does the occasional gig. .....More Info To Follow The Janitors: - Early 1960s Original Line-up:- Richard Morrow [Bass] Mike Cash [Guitar] Neven Robinson [Guitar] Alistair Mc Kendrick [Drums] Terry Higgins [Keyboards]. Other Line-Ups:- Maurice Mawhinney { Guitar]) Deke Thompson {Bass} Ali McKendrick {Drums} Chris Duffy {Guitar} Terry Higgins {Keyboards} Mason Douglas [RIP.] [Lead Vocals] A Bangor based Group playing the local venues, most memorably was winning the Tonic Teenage Show Talent Contest which was hosted by the late Brian Rossi [RIP.] and also another one at the Queens Court Hotel, Bangor. After the Janitors, Maurice joined the Teenbeats playing all of the major Venues. He now lives in Cyprus . The Racketeers: Early 1960s Line-Up:- Ronnie Swain {Lead Guitar} Maurice Mawhinney {Rhythm Guitar} John Weir {Bass} Singer unknown! & Ernie Lynas {Drums} All Photo's Courtesy of Alan Mawhinney [ Maurice's Brother] Jim Armstrong: Music History Summary:- The Melotones Showband [1960s] - who were resident in the city's Romano's Ballroom. Them [1960s] Truth [1970s] Spike [1970s] Reunion [1970s] Bronco [1970s] Light [1980s] Sk'Boo [1990s] The Jim Armstrong Band [1990's] 'Them - The Belfast Blues Band' with Eric Wrixon[2000s] I think everyone will remember "The Pound" on Saturday Afternoon's "Roddy's Bar" in Townhall Street Belfast as one of their favourite live rock venue's. Around 1973 after working with singer Roly Stewart, Jim rejoined Ken McDowell in The College Boys, They would both then go on to join "Reunion" before working with another former Them member John Wilson in Bronco. Jim now lives in California. Gerry McIlduff {RIP.. 2005} Ex: Katmandu - The Plattermen - The Pretenders - The Pogues Etc: John Smith Band: The Line-Up:- Paul Lyttle {Vocals and Guitar} Alistair McKenzie {Keyboards} John Smith {Drums} Deke Thompson {Bass} Gigged around Belfast for about a year. Penny Lane, Marquee Club and Dunmore Stadium. My first real paying gig was on the 10th January 1969 in Cloud 9 - The Co-Op Hall in Bangor, when "Virtue" supported the "John Smith Band" Just Five: The Photo Line up:- Front: Billy McCoy (Guitar), Sam Mahood - RIP.. (Vocals), Harry Curry (Bass). Back: Ray Irwin (Drums), Mervyn Crawford (Guitar). Just Five were a powerhouse R & B act and one of Belfast's hottest R & B acts. The band was founded by pork butcher Sam Mahood (born in 1945, in Banbridge, who had long wild red hair, staring eyes, and a voice steeped in gospel, who lived in University Street with John Cox, brother of Mick Cox later of Eire Apparent. Promising guitar player John Cox nearly joined The Just Five. Later The band included Frank Connolly vocals; Billy McCoy guitar and Mervyn Crawford guitar. Just Five also played a Friday night dance at the Annadale Boat Club and played the Maritime Hotel. Their repertoire featured blues classics and the latest Rolling Stones songs like 'Paint It, Black' and as a tribute to Them they regularly included a version of 'Baby Please Don't Go'. Among their rivals were up-and-coming group the Few, a quintet of hip schoolboys. Just Five appeared on a package recording released as 'Ireland's Greatest Sounds - John Anthony: [RIP.] 6th Jan 2010 John Anthony Cross was known to his family in England as Tony Cross, but for his work in radio and on the music scene he was better known by his �stage name� Jon Antony. A gifted disc jockey, Jon previously worked for Radio Caroline before moving to Northern Ireland. He moved in celebrity circles with Tony Blackburn and he worked with the likes of Thin Lizzy and the Bay City Rollers. Born in Chelsea, London on July 13, 1942, Jon had one brother, Colin. Both boys grew up with their grandmother and aunt after their mother died when they were both still very young. Jon had his own hairdressing salon in Fulham before venturing onto the music scene. He worked mostly in Bangor where over four decades he was DJ at various venues, most notably the Queen�s Court Hotel on Bangor seafront, the Coachman�s near Rathgael and his very popular �Swinging Sixties� events in the Windsor Bars. A favourite introduction, �You don�t remember me?� - often said to a complete stranger - �That�s probably because we never met!� Kardinals: Lead Vocals: Victor McGuigan - Lead Vocals: Joan Forsythe - Drummer: Victor Seaton - Keyboards: John Hanna - Trumpet: Ernie Milligan - Bass: Colin Kennedy - Guitar: Desi Donnelly. Tenor Sax: Morton Corbett. The Band won the Queens Court Hotel in Bangor Best Band of the year comp. (1964) and played local venues such as the King's Hall for ice skating (frozen fingers), Ulster Hall with Herman's Hermits, King George V Youth Centre, Top Hat Lisburn and many rural venues. Subsequently they moved to Manchester and then to Europe to play the American Army base camps (half of NI was out there). Eventually played American Army base camps in France where the Band disbanded. Many Thanks for the Information ..... Ian Henry Ken Haddock: Lots of Information on "Facebook" Kenny McDowell and Ronnie Greer: Kenny McDowell is probably the finest ever blues/rock singer Ireland has produced, and Ronnie Greer has for many years been our leading blues guitarist. Together with the brilliant rhythm section of bassist Alan Hunter and drummer Colm Fitzpatrick, the band feature an exciting mix of blues styles, from the Chicago intensity of Muddy Waters, to the contemporary groove of Robben Ford and Delbert McClinton. See Also:- Them-Truth-Light-Spike-Sk'Boo-Jim Armstrong Band Etc: Katmandu: Katmandu Photo Line-Up L/R:- Trevor Hutchinson {Bass} Pat Fitzpatrick {Keyboards} Iggy Ward {Guitar} Marty Lundy{Vocals} Peter McKinney {Drums} Katmandu has existed since 1974, and are still rockin' today. Luv Bug: The Line Up:- The group consisted of Sister and Brothers - June (lead vocals), Hugh (Bass) and Max (Guitar) Cunningham with Ricky Meyler (Vocals and keyboards) and Majella Grant (Drums). Luvin Memory: The Line-Up:- Norman Kerr [RIP.] [Vocals] Sammy Johnston [Lead Guitar] Joel McCloskey [Bass] Rab Butler [Guitar] Billy Bryson [Drums] The Band where formed at St Gabriel's Youth Club to help out with the local hop. They then started playing regularly around he scene. Some of the places they played:- Clarkes Dance Studio Donegall St, Bettystaffs Ann St, Starlight Ballroom Arthur St, Queens Hall Holywood, Embassy Ballroom Derry, They also played support for the Plattermen and also supported Rory Gallagher's Taste at the Whitla Hall. Legions Elite: The Photo Line-up:- Andrew Roberts, Rikki Jordan, Jonny Coates, Mark Thompson and Robert Parker [Bass] More Information Required:- Light: The Picture Line-up:- Albert Mills (Bass/Vocals), George O'Hara (Guitar/Vocals), Jim Armstrong (Guitar), Bertie McDonald (drums) and Brian Scott (keyboards/vocals). Light were a late 70s rock band from Belfast featuring Jim Armstrong, ex Them, Truth and Bronco. Their sole album is a collection of light progressive with slight psych touches, featuring some fine guitar playing. It is quite difficult to locate these days. Jim Armstrong played any many line-ups and now lives in California, for the latest information .....See Also:- Them-Truth-Spike-Sk'Boo-Jim Armstrong Band "SPIKE" ...a different line-up of the Band in playing at "The Pound" Belfast Lyttle People: The Picture Line up:- Joe Traynor, Mike Brown, Linda Martin, Billy McCoy, Gerry O'Neil and Paul Lyttle. Paul Lyttle and Linda Martin left "Chips" to form Lyttle People. Some Of The Other Lyttle People Members included:- Liam Taggart, Barry Woods, Alan Holland, Joe Hanratty, Jimmy Compton, Stuart Bingham, Sammy Johnson. Paul Lyttle and Linda Martin rejoined Chips in 1974. Also See Chips David McWillams: [RIP.] 4 July 1945 � 8 January 2002. David was a Belfast born singer, songwriter, and guitarist, best known for his 1967 song "Days of Pearly Spencer". David McWilliams was born in the Cregagh area of Belfast, an only child and moved to Ballymena at the age of three. He began playing guitar and writing songs in his early teens. After leaving Ballymena Technical College in 1963, he started an apprenticeship at the Shorts missile factory in Antrim, and also started a local dance band, the Coral Showband. He was also a well-respected football player, and even had a trial with Linfield as a goalkeeper. The Mad Lads: The Line-up:- Kenny McDowell (vocals) John Fullerlove (lead guitar) Ray Courtney (bass) Billy Williams (guitar) Dougie McIlwaine (drums). They regularly played in Bangor's "Red Rooster Club" -"Co-op Hall" on Saturdays nights. The Mad Lads, like Them, were a Belfast R&B-influenced mid-1960s band that played shows at the city's Maritime Hotel. Agent Phil Solomon and his record wholesaler brother Mervyn Solomon, who had played roles in getting Them's recording career started, also helped the Mad Lads get signed to Decca. Prior to recording for Decca, they laid down a track in Dublin, "Strangers," that was written by Tommy Scott, who would also pen some material for Them (composing "Call My Name" and co-writing "I Can Only Give You Everything") Aside from the vocals, "Strangers" did have a passing resemblance to some of Them's ballads, enhanced by the presence of guitarist Jim Armstrong, who played in Them for a while (and who was not a member of the Mad Lads). Other Group Members included Jim Hill [RIP.} {Keyboards/Bass?} Matchbox: The Line-up:- Alan McGorman {Vocals} Mike Brown {Bass} Billy McCoy {Guitar} Maynard Campbell {Drums} More Information and Photo Required...... Margo & the Marvettes: The Photo Line-up:- L-R With Margo in the middle, Trevor Burns (Guitar) - Carson Boyd (Drums) Les McSheffrey (Bass) - Brian Huddleston (Sax) Ron Chimes (Hammond). They originated in 1960 in Donaghadee, as a semi-pro band, touring Irish dance halls, and working with stars such as Roy Orbison, Johnny Cash, Eden Kane, Kenny Ball, Acker Bilk etc; then in late 1963 the band turned professional, and headed for London. Upon their arrival they got a residency in the Gresham Ballroom in Holloway Road for over a year, plus touring all over England , in 1964 the band recorded three singles for Shel Talmy on the Parlophone label, on the first single "Start the world spinning again" Margo`s name was changed to Sherry Cantrell, the first of several name changes. Margo married guitarist and band leader Trevor just as the band turned professional and Trevor still accompanies Margo today. Margo's latest CD Album called "Full Circle" is now available. Picture:- Margo & The Marvettes 1966 Murial Day: Muriel Day belongs to an elite group of female vocalists like Dusty Springfield, Petula Clarke and Cilla Black. Not perhaps what you might expect from a humble girl from Newtownards. Her beauty, sparkling personality and powerful, haunting voice make Muriel and her new single, �Shut up and Drive�, a force to be reckoned with. It�s the sheer magnitude of Muriel�s talent that has endeared her to audiences for the last four decades. She�s impressed her fans over the years with a staggering three to four costume changes in each set, proving herself a dazzlingly natural stage presence at every turn. Many of her fans know and love her best for her appearance as the 1st female to represent Ireland in the 1969 Eurovision Song Contest in Madrid where she came fourth with �The Wages of Love�. But Muriel has been singing blues and jazz since the age of 15 with such bands as The Saints and the Dave Glover Showband, in venues across Ireland, UK, USA and for illustrious audiences including the likes of Playboy�s Hugh Heffner. Muriel can also add supporting the late Dusty Springfield among her long list of accolades.Muriel The Method - Andwella's Dream: The Method were a three piece from Belfast. They were managed by George Meehan who also managed Sunshine{1], Soul Foundation later The Big Soul Band with the late, great Sam Mahood [RIP.] up front. The Method were Paul Hanna {Bass} Wilgar Campbell {Drums} Dave Lewis[Guitar]. Dave Lewis began playing guitar and piano and writing songs at a very young age, appearing in talent contests and on local TV in Northern Ireland. In 1967 he joined psychedelic band The Method who then became Andwella's Dream in 1968. In 1969 while still a member of Andwella's Dream , released three albums between 1969-1971, the last two under the name Andwella. Dave has also written many songs for other artists including "Happy To Be On An Island In The Sun", a Hit for "Demis Roussos". Morning Dew:- 1960's The Line-Up:- Johnny Gregg [Vocals] Terry Holland [Guitar] Frank Thompson [ Guitar] Graeme Humphrey {Bass Guitar & Vocals} Dee Finlay [Drums} Also See: - Richmond Hill The Mood: - 1966 The Picture Line up:- Shirley Thompson[Drums] Terry Hodges[Bass] Stewart Taylor [Vocals] Noelle Fee{Keyboards] Chris Fee{RIP.}{Guitar] Noelle also played in several other Groups/Bands including "Tapestry Mark II [1971] see below:- During our time together in Germany she joined "Moan-Set" and continued working throughout Europe for many years. Noelle now lives in Wales and I believe she still does the occasional gig. Pictured Below - In German Band "Moan-Set". After leaving "The Mood" Shirley Davidson (nee Thompson) and Noelle Fee joined Belfast group 'Penny Race' and later "'The Enchantmants". Shirley left the group scene completely in 1969 and in 2005 moved to live in France. Recently 'coaxed' to join a band there and is really enjoying drumming again! Terry Hodges is still playing at the "ENLER DELTA BLUES CLUB". The venue is at Comber Rec F.C. at Park Way, Comber. Otis and the Elevators: No details on the Band Line-up:- Video Clip Recording available on "Youtube" recorded at Bangor Seafront - 30th August 1999{JGM} Partners In Crime: Bryce Norrie {Vocals} and Will McClenaghan {Guitar & Vocals} Pictured Below. The Outlaws: The Picture Line-up:- Terry Fagan [Guitar] Davy Carlisle [Guitar] Tom Francis [ Guitar] Charlie Sharkie [Guitar] Raymond Ferris [ Drums] This Picture was taken on stage at the "Tonic Cinema Bangor" Pretty Boy Floyd & The Gems: 1977 The Line-Up:- Jim Lyttle (vocals), Denis Forbes (Guitar), Colin Martin (Bass), Paul Martin (Keyboards), Martin Hughes (Drums). Starting out as "Candy" the popular covers band. Smitten by the punk bug in 1977 Candy morphed into PBFATG. Started playing covers of Sex Pistols, Clash and Damned songs then wrote their own. Signed to George Doherty's Rip-Off record label with whom they released several singles, an EP, and appeared on the Belfast Rock compilation LP. The band appeared on the UTV documentary 'It Makes You want To Spit' and were the only band to appear at the May Day Bank Holiday punk festival in the Harp Bar 1978. The Gems split after relocating to London. Denis Forbes joined Bram Tchaikovsky, Jim Lytlle formed metal / punk hybrid Rogue Male and the remaining Gems teamed up with Gary Holton. Paul Martin then had a stint with Rudi / Station Superheaven. - Also See "Rudi"-"Candy" Pride: The Photo Line-up 1966:- Jim Ferguson - Gerry McAvoy - Tom Kidd - Brendan O'Neill - Don Donaghy Also see "Deep Joy - Rory Gallagher " The Power & The Glory: The Photo Line-up:- James McCorriston [ Sax] "Toot" - Pete Halpin [RIP..] [Vocals] David Montgomery {Keyboards] Deke Thompson [Bass] Harry Filmer [Guitar] and Joe Hanratty [ Drums] Joe Hanratty is currently working with the "Illegals" see picture above Revolution: Formed in 1972 by Richard Chambers [Guitar] George Doak [Bass] Michael Ennis [RIP.] {Guitar] John Davidson [Vocals] and Davy Henderson [Drums]. Paul Heron joined the group a little later on vocals and continues to work the Scottish circuit under the stage name of "Paul Philips" a Vocal Comedy & Tribute Entertainer. The Revolution, based at Ards Rugby Club played Golf clubs and Dance Halls all over N. Ireland. Richard still lives in Newtownards.. Richmond Hill 1967: - 1973 The Picture Line-up:- Johnny Gregg [Vocals] Gordon Thompson [Keyboards] Eddie McKee [Drums] Davy Esler [Bass] Peter Cochrane [ Guitar] It's worth noting that their Album "Metropoliton Games" which was recorded at the Mud Wallace [RIP.] studio is still available and well worth a listen. Previous Line-up:- Brian McCaffrey [RIP.][ Guitar] Peter Cochrane [ Guitar] Davey Esler [Bass - Vocals] Johnny Gregg [Vocals] George Kinlough [ Drums - Bass/Vocals] Eddie McKee [ Drums] Note:-Richmond Hill Opened "Dirty Harry's Disco" Greyabbey in 1972. Brian McCaffrey [RIP.} previously played in the Belfast group "The Disowned" - truly one one the best Blues guitarists I've ever heard. Ronnie Carroll: [R.I.P] 1934 - 2015. He will be best remembered for his 1962 Single version of "Roses Are Red" (My Love) / Wishing Star. Born Ronald Cleghorn Aug 18th 1934 Roslyn St, Belfast, Northern Ireland. He enjoyed seven top fifty singles (2 Top 10) and represented the U.K. in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1962 with Ring A Ding Ding Girl and again in 1963 with �Say Wonderful Things To Me.� Both entries were voted into fourth position. Ronnie lived quietly in Hampstead in North West London. However he still made regular excursions back into the world of show business. He Had previously stood unsuccessfully in elections under the banner of parties such as Make Politicians History. Rob Strong: The Picture Line-up:- Rob Strong [Bass] Gerry McIlduff [RIP..][Drums] Alan McCartney [Guitar] Rob Strong is a well-known Irish blues/R&B singer and bassist. He recorded an LP with The Plattermen (Dolphin Records) in 1972 and a single on Vertigo under the name Hammer ("Rock Off") in 1973. He formed The Rob Strong Band in 1974 and pursued a soul rock cause for most of the decade. In the late 1970s, his band was called The Rockets. Rudi: 1975 The Picture Line-up:- Paul Martin [Keyboards] More Info Required. The original members of the band were Brian Young, Ronnie Mathews, Graham Marshall, Leigh Carson. Gordon Blair joined on bass in January 1978. Paul Martin of Pretty Boy Floyd and The Gems joined the Band in 1980. Ruby Murray: [RIP.] (March 29, 1935 - December 17, 1996) Ruby Murray was a popular singer born in Belfast, Her characteristic hoarse voice was a result of an operation on her throat in early childhood. She toured as a child singer, and first appeared on television at the age of 12. Her first single was Heartbeat, which reached the UK top 5 in 1954. The next, Softly, Softly, reached number 1 in 1955, a year in which Murray achieved the rare feat of having five singles in the top twenty at the same time. She married Bernie Burgess and moved to England in 1957. Rumble Band: 1970 You can visit Teddie's web site by clicking on the "YouTube" Button to see more about what he's up to these days as there is just not enough space on this site to cover his huge musical career from 1962-1985. These days, Teddie splits his time between England and the Spanish resorts where he now lives. He also visits Ireland frequently and has his own Company called "Entertainments Unlimited" Also Check out all the Great Clips on the "YouTube" Page..... What A Collection Rhythm Kings - Late 1950s Left - Right: Unknown (piano), Hugh Blake (guitar), Jim Montgomery (vocals), Harry Burns (drums) Denis Carson (guitar), Ron Francis (guitar), and Hillary Kiernahan (guitar). A Bangor based Band in the late 50s-early 60s. If you know the piano player...please let me know. Sam Mahood: - [RIP.] 1945 - Dec 22nd 2007 Sam was a well known character around Belfast. Fortunately for me he played at "Cloud 9 " in Bangor on a regular basis and like fellow musician Rory Gallagher he always had time to stop and talk to his fans. In his orange jacket and blue trousers, knee high boots and long curly hair. Sam gave the impression of being a quiet and gentle man but when he started singing he could belt it out with great energy. He disappeared off the scene for quite a few years, but he eventually made a come-back and the power of his singing had in no way diminished. He will be sadly missed by everyone ..He sang with Just Five and later toured with The Big Soul Band. Just Five were a powerhouse R & B Band and one of Belfast's finest. The band was founded by Sam (born in 1945, in Banbridge on the River Bann, Co Down, Northern Ireland), who had long wild red hair, staring eyes, and a voice steeped in gospel, he later lived in University Street with John Cox, brother of Mick Cox later of "Eire Apparent". Promising guitar player John Cox nearly joined The Just Five. Later the band included Frank Connolly on vocals. The Sapphires: Patrick Cogllan [Guitar} - Stuart Rutherford {RIP.} Drums - Billy Mc Clintock {Bass} - Sydney Barlow {Guitar} - Brian Miller {Vocals} Roderick Alexander {Keyboards} Pete Fix {Saxophone/Harmonica} The Band were Tonic Teenage show winners. Playing venues like Betty Staffs, Sammy Houstons, The Plaza, Romanos, Milanos, Floral Hall, Queens Court Hotel, Capronis, Duck Pond, Pickie Pool (bathing beauty competition). The Crypt ( Bangor Bowls pavilion Ward Park) where there was a 3 band New Year Eve gig with Janitors and Them in 1962. Safari: [1973] The Picture Line-up:- John O'Brian - Joe McCann - [Junior] Bobby Magreechan - Sean Auld - Billy Harvey.{Hank] A Regular venue for the Band was "The Imperial Bar" in Bangor. Do you remember the Safari at the "Jubilee Bar" North Street. Newtownards Simon McBride: Appeared With Jules Holland & Status-Quo - 2009. As virtuoso guitarist and hailing from or very own Carrickfergus, comparisons are often made with Rory Gallagher and Gary Moore, though he sounds like neither in particular. Simon first started playing at age 10 and (self taught) he entered and won Guitarist Magazine's Young Guitarist of the Year competition when he was 15. He was immediately recruited by Sweet Savage (Vivian Campbell/Def Leppard) with whom he recorded two albums and regularly played major festivals. That was 13 years ago, since when he has toured the world as guitarist for diverse acts including Grammy nominated soul man Andrew Strong. Along the way he has played with artists like TM Stevens, Charlie Morgan, Zorro, Hugh Burns, Slash and Steve Lukather. He has demonstrated for Marshall amplifiers and Paul Reed Smith Guitars and is endorsed by PRS and Hughes & Kettner amplifiers. Sk'Boo: 1983 The Picture Line-up:- Jim Armstrong (Guitar), Kenny Mc Dowell (vocals), Mike Arkins (drums) and Alan Hunter (bass) Sk'boo was formed out of "Bronco" and "Light" and featured Kenny Mc Dowell on vocals, Jim Armstrong on Lead, Alan Hunter on bass and Michael Arkins on Drums. They where a brilliant band playing blues, rock etc: and mainly resident in the Errigle Inn Belfast. Skid Row: The Band was formed by Brush Shields after leaving Dublin Group "The Up Town Band" in 1967. The Line-up:- Left to right: Noel Bridgeman (drums, 20), Brush Shields (bass-21), Bernard Cheevers (guitar-18) and the soon to be internationally famous Philip Lynott (RIP-vocals-17). In 1968 the line changed to Phil Lynott {Vocals] Garry Moore {RIP..} [ Guitar] Brush Shields [Bass] Robbie Brennan [ Drums]. Then in 1969 yet another change:- Garry Moore {RIP..] [ Guitar] Brush Shields [Bass] Noel Bridgeman [Drums] Slipstream: The Line-up:- Davy Hughes {Guitar] Gerry Rice {Guitar] Rodney Patterson [Bass] Tiddles Rice {Drums} More Information Required:- If you have any information - Photo's etc: please let me know. Visit Rodney's Booking Agency Website "Notable Music Productions" Snow Patrol: - One of the biggest Bands of the past decade. Snow Patrol owes its origins to three former pupils of Campbell College and Sullivan Upper, Gary Lightbody, Mark McClelland (son of Beat Boys vocalist Peter McClelland) and Michael Morrison (son of Bill Morrison of The Group, Dunno, Chips and the Dominoes), who met up at Dundee university in 1994 and formed a band called �Shrug.� Morrison was replaced in 1997 when the band was re-named Snow Patrol. McClelland was replaced in 2005. Over fifteen years and five studio albums, the part Irish, part Scottish five piece � singer songwriter Gary Lightbody, bassist Paul Wilson, guitarist Nathan Connolly, Jonny Quinn on drums and keyboardist Tom Simpson � have sketched heart-bruised ballads, and arm-around-your-best-mate festival anthems; radio hits and moments of painful introspection. All of these have been gathered together for �Up To Now� - a thirty track, double album of singles, cover versions, rarities, album tracks and a handful of new songs as well as compositions by the Reindeer Section � an indie super group featuring members of Scotland�s guitar elite - Belle and Sebastian, Soul Foundation: - Present The Picture Line-up:- Joe Mawhinney - Billy McCoy - Joe Hanratty - Alistair Wallace - Gerry Rice -Mervyn Crawford - Warren Boyd - A Tribute To The Late, Great, Irish Soul Legend...."Sam Mahood - RIP.." "SOUL FOUNDATION" perform their tribute to the one and only "Sam Mahood - RIP" who was at the forefront of the soul scene in Ireland in the 60s and 70s. A brilliant performer in his own right, Sam and his band, The Soul Foundation packed the dance halls across Ireland night after night! With four original members still in the band, "THE SOUL FOUNDATION" will bring you back in time with all those favourite classic Motown tunes. Soul Foundation: - 1967 The Picture Line-up:- Rusty (vocals), George Porter (Bass), John Cox (Guitar), Mervyn Crawford (Sax), Sam Mahood (RIP..-Vocals), Roy Irwin (Drums), Chris Napier (Sax), Phil Turner (Sax) and Karen Byrne (Vocals). More Information Required on the new line-up:- Sparkle: The Picture Line-up:- Armstrong Beattie {Keyboards] Pete Boardman [Guitar] Davy Hamilton [Vocals] Hugo Andrews [RIP.]{Sax] Trevor Boyce {Bass] Billy Bell { Drums] More Information Required:- Spinoza: The Picture Line-up L-R:- Mark Coyle {Drums} Raymond Carroll {Guitar} Eddie Hill {Keyboards} Rodney Patterson {Bass} The Band consisted of two former members of "Fresh/The Fresh Boogie Band" Raymond & Eddie. Rodney was a former Bass Player of "Sting and Slipstream" Their music mostly consisted of original material - Jazz /Funk etc: and also some standard cover versions. SPIKE: The Pound Belfast The Picture Line-Up:- Barry McCrudden [Keyboards] Alan Hunter [Bass] Kenny McDowell [Vocals] Gerry McIlduff [RIP..]{Drums] Jim Armstrong [Guitar]. These Pictures where taken at "The Pound - Belfast" in 1976 See Also:- Them-Truth-Light-Sk'Boo-Jim Armstrong Band Splinter: Formally "Breeze" The Picture Line-Up Pic.1:- Pete Boardman {Guitar} Trevor Boyce {Bass} Don Bell {Guitar} Terry Boyce {Drums} Bill Hunter {Vocals} The Line-Up Pic.2:-Trevor England (Bass) Gavin Mc Nally (Drums) Francis Gunning (Guitar and Vocals) Don Bell {Guitar} Bill Hunter {Vocals} The Band had several line-up changes during their duration. Some members of the original Band line-up are still playing. Paul Martin later Joined "Pretty Boy Floyd and The Gems" and "RUDI". Pete Boardman based in Donaghadee, now has over 25 years of experience crafting individually designed and hand crafted violins. Sold all over the world. Spring: 1973 The Picture Line-up:- Sam Wadell {RIP.}{Sax] James Meredith {Bass & Vocals] John McCormick {RIP.} {Keyboards} Brendan O'Neil {Drums] Dusty Hagan {Vocals} Harry Filmer {Guitar] Spring - Formally Gumm A six piece Bangor based Band had several line-up changes during the early seventies. Norman Keenan [RIP.] {Vocals} replaced by Dusty Hagan [Ex: Pennyfeather]. Billy Bell {Drums} replaced by Brendan O'Neil and Raymond Donnan {Keyboards & Sax} replaced by John McCormick [RIP.].. The Band were managed by Damian McIlroy - Guitarist of the Freshmen. They had success playing all of the major venues throughout Ireland. I truly enjoyed my time with the Band, good gigs - great repertoire - great Musicians. Brendan O'Neil left the Band in 1973 and moved to London to form "Swift" and then of course joined Rory Gallagher. Norman Keenan [RIP.] Joined local Band "Variety" and continued working for many years. Billy Bell is still working and has played in so many successful Groups / Bands. Stiff Little Fingers: Jake Burns formed Stiff Little Fingers In 1977. Along with the likes of the Clash, Sex Pistols, The Jam, Skids, Buzzcocks, Undertones, Sham 69, Stranglers etc: They were at the forefront of the punk movement. They enjoyed six years as one of the biggest ticket draws in the UK. They toured the UK supporting the Tom Robinson band and gathered a solid following. That plus airplay by John Peel resulted in their first album, debuting in the UK charts at No.14. Sting: 1970s - 1980s The Line-up:- As with most of the semi-professional Bands the line-up changed several times during their career. The Band members included :- John Boyce - Rodney Patterson - David Maxwell - David Davidson - Kenny Briggs - Mike Skelton - Davy Hughes and Jim Sisk. In 1981 Sting reached the finals of the televised "Benson & Hedges Entertainer Of The Year" competition. They also won a talent contest organised by the Northern Ireland subsidiary of a Nation brewery. The prize �500 and the chance to tour South Africa. If anyone has a recording of the "Benson & Hedges Entertainer Of The Year" TV Show, please let me know. John like all semi-professional musicians during this period continued with "The Day Job" and now has a successful Car Sales business in Newtownards. The Suburban's: 1960' - 70s - Donaghadee: Robert McMillen (guitar), Robert Apps (RIP) (drums), Bottom: Graham Drennan [RIP] (guitar/vocals), Reggie Carson (lead vocals) and Billy Hunter (bass / vocals). Other Band Members:- Michael Livingstone [Drums] later replaced by Robert Apps {RIP.} Gary Moore {RIP.} was the last member to join the group. They were later to become "The Life" a 3 piece group. Another group member from Donaghadee was of course Billy Bell {Drums} Billy has played in many groups/bands during his music career - Gumm - Spring - Jim Armstrong Band etc: as is still playing.... "Thanks to Ian Hunter and Roy Campbell for their help! - information" Also See "The Dreamin Kind" The Streamliners: The Line-up:- Pictured here in 1958:- Jim Hanna (RIP) - Ernie Nichols - Dick Yeaman - Bobby "Junior" Magreechan. See also "Safari - The Sweeny - Hollies" etc: Sunshine: The Line-up:- Arty Moorehead [ Drums] Bryce Norrie [Vocals] Rosie McErlane [ Vocals] James Meredith [ Bass] Stuart Bingham [Guitar] Sunshine evolved from "Tapestry" a Ballymena Based Pop Group. On their return from Germany in 1971 they successfully continued working in all the local venues. However their were several line-up changes during this period, Arty Moorehead {Drums] joined them, then in came Stuart Bingham on guitar. A little later Bryce Norie joined to reinforce the Vocals and the Band was renamed "Sunshine" Later Irene & Shaun left to join Chips so Trevor England joined the Band on Bass along with Rosie McIrlane. The rest is history. They went on to win Hughie Green's "Opportunity Knocks" for 6 consecutive weeks. The show sometimes attracted as many as 18 million viewers weekly and this launched "Sunshine" into the mainstream. Later the Band were given the opportunity to enter the final selection process to represent the UK in the Eurovision Song Contest. It was at this time that I replaced Trevor England on Bass. Trevor went on to join "Chips" Rosie & The Heartbeats:	D Ream
In which film is the murder of Miriam Haines seen reflected in her (dropped) spectacles?	D:Ream ‘Gods In The Making’ \| The Ambler D:Ream ‘Gods In The Making’ D_ream Gods In the making Ambler edit . Ambler exclusive! Things definitely got better. Through the power of Twitter, D:Ream band member Al Mackenzie has sent a version of their new track ‘Gods In the Making’ especially for The Ambler. Reading on Twitter that we had been sent the track, but were unable to upload it due to its size, Al (@d_ream) offered to edit us a smaller version. “Let me play around with it and see if I can bring it in under 2mb. I like a challenge” he tweeted. So for all you synth-pop fans out there, here’s a chance to listen to an exclusive Ambler edit of D:Ream’s new single ‘Gods In The Making’. Just click on the link above. The track features original keyboard player Brian Cox (now probably better known as physicist Professor Brian Cox from BBCs Wonders of the Universe series), and is taken from their new album ‘In Memory of…’ The band, DJ Alan Mackenzie and singer Peter Cunnah are touring the UK beginning March 10, with the nearest gigs in Glasgow and York at the end of May. D:Ream hit the headlines in the 90s with ‘Things Can Only Get Better’ and ‘U R The Best Thing’ and went on to have eight Top 40 singles, two platinum selling albums and a string of arena tours. D:Ream UK Tour May/June 2011 26 May – Glasgow ABC2 28 May – Manchester Moho Live 1 June – London O2 Academy 2 2 June – Portsmouth Eastney Cellars 3 June – Liverpool 02 Academy 2 4 June – Birmingham HMV Institute The Temple	i don't know
In The Trouble With Harry – what was Harry?	The Trouble with Harry (1955) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error The Trouble with Harry ( 1955 ) Approved \| The trouble with Harry is that he's dead, and everyone seems to have a different idea of what needs to be done with his body... Director: John Michael Hayes (screenplay), Jack Trevor Story (based on the novel by) Stars: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 28 titles created 27 Jan 2013 a list of 35 titles created 24 May 2014 a list of 44 titles created 19 Aug 2014 a list of 31 titles created 08 Nov 2015 a list of 32 titles created 5 months ago Title: The Trouble with Harry (1955) 7.2/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won 1 Golden Globe. Another 4 nominations. See more awards » Photos A family vacationing in Morocco accidentally stumble on to an assassination plot and the conspirators are determined to prevent them from interfering. Director: Alfred Hitchcock An American scientist publicly defects to East Germany as part of a cloak and dagger mission to find the solution for a formula resin before planning an escape back to the West. Director: Alfred Hitchcock A young woman discovers her visiting uncle may not be the man he seems to be. Director: Alfred Hitchcock Mark marries Marnie although she is a habitual thief and has serious psychological problems, and tries to help her confront and resolve them. Director: Alfred Hitchcock Aircraft factory worker Barry Kane goes on the run across the United States when he is wrongly accused of starting a fire that killed his best friend. Director: Alfred Hitchcock A serial murderer is strangling women with a necktie. The London police have a suspect, but he is the wrong man. Director: Alfred Hitchcock Lighthearted suspense film about a phony psychic/con artist and her taxi driver/private investigator boyfriend who encounter a pair of serial kidnappers while trailing a missing heir in California. Director: Alfred Hitchcock True story of an innocent man mistaken for a criminal. Director: Alfred Hitchcock A French intelligence agent becomes embroiled in the Cold War politics first with uncovering the events leading up to the 1962 Cuban Missle Crisis, and then back to France to break up an international Russian spy ring. Director: Alfred Hitchcock A priest who comes under suspicion for murder cannot clear his name without breaking the seal of the confessional. Director: Alfred Hitchcock When a reformed jewel thief is suspected of returning to his former occupation, he must ferret out the real thief in order to prove his innocence. Director: Alfred Hitchcock Two young men strangle their "inferior" classmate, hide his body in their apartment, and invite his friends and family to a dinner party as a means to challenge the "perfection" of their crime. Director: Alfred Hitchcock Edit Storyline There is a dead well-dressed man in a meadow clearing in the hills above a small Vermont town. Captain Albert Wiles, who stumbles across the body and finds by the man's identification that his name is Harry Worp, believes he accidentally shot Harry dead while he was hunting rabbits. Captain Wiles wants to hide the body as he feels it is an easier way to deal with the situation than tell the authorities. While Captain Wiles is in the adjacent forest, he sees other people stumble across Harry, most of whom don't seem to know him or care or notice that he's dead. One person who does see Captain Wiles there is spinster Ivy Gravely, who vows to keep the Captain's secret about Harry. Captain Wiles also Secretly sees a young single mother, Jennifer Rogers, who is the one person who does seem to know Harry and seems happy that he's dead. Later, another person who stumbles across both Harry and Captain Wiles is struggling artist Sam Marlowe, to who Captain Wiles tells the entire story of what ... Written by Huggo A THRILLER with a difference! See more » Genres: 3 October 1955 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Alfred Hitchcock's The Trouble with Harry See more » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia When Music Composer Lyn Murray was working on the music score for To Catch a Thief (1955), Alfred Hitchcock was already looking for a composer for this film, which was to be his next. So Murray suggested Bernard Herrmann . This was the beginning of the long professional relationship between Hitchcock and Herrmann. See more » Goofs When Sam is sitting with Arnie on the porch, he folds his hands between his legs, at the same point in the dialogue the camera switches angles and his hands are now by his side. See more » Quotes See more » Crazy Credits The drawings behind the opening credits are by artist Saul Steinberg, reportedly echoing elements of paintings by Paul Klee, whose work Hitchcock collected. Steinberg received no on-screen credit. See more » Connections (Ohio) – See all my reviews This is a real change-of-pace from Hitchcock, and some of his most devoted fans do not really enjoy "The Trouble With Harry", but it is quite entertaining if you appreciate Hitchcock's subtle British sense of humor. There are funnier black comedies, but this one holds up pretty well, and has a number of things going for it. 'Harry' appears only as a dead body, discovered at the beginning of the film in a clearing outside a picturesque New England town. More than one of the residents feels responsible for Harry's death - so, just by being there, Harry sets off a lengthy chain of events in the lives of several persons in the town. There are no tremendous laughs, but a lot of good low-key wit, much of it having to do what the situation brings out about the various characters' perspectives on themselves and others. The cast is pretty good, and the scenery is beautiful, some of the best in any Hitchcock film. There is not the action or suspense in this one that most fans associate with Hitchcock. But if you appreciate Hitchcock's sense of humor - for example, the kinds of subtly ghoulish remarks that he used to make on his television shows - give it a try. 22 of 25 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Cadaver
Which film was shot in Bodega Bay, California?	The Trouble with Harry (1955) Author: eeesh98 from Providence, Rhode Island I've been a big fan of Hitchcock as long as I can remember, but I only had the opportunity to see The Trouble with Harry recently. I never knew the film was a comedy before I began watching, so you can imagine my surprise when one innocent character after the next stumbled upon a brutally murdered corpse and react in the very least expected ways possible. It was almost as surpring, however, when I read the comments on IMDb and realized that a large portion of Hitchcock's audience simply didn't "get it". Of course the character's are not reacting the way real people would in these circumstances! How many of Hitch's characters actually would? The Trouble with Harry is Hitchcock's own jab at himself, at the entire suspense film genre, and a wonderfully inspired satire on the implications of desensitization. The film is not that simple though, for even in addressing these objectives Hitch tantalizingly avoids any answers or definitive statements. Its a difficult film to describe, but definitely worth seeing as it confirms Hitchcock's dual mastery of comedy and suspense. Watch it for the social commentary, the sleepy New England setting, but above all else, for the blissful irony that fills its every crevace. It is the kind of irony that makes shows like Family Guy so popular today. A wonderfully surpring film in every way! Was the above review useful to you?	i don't know
Which desert runs along the border between India and Pakistan?	Pakistan - Geography Geography Pakistan Table of Contents Located in the northwestern part of the South Asian subcontinent, Pakistan became a state as a result of the partition of British India on August 14, 1947. Pakistan annexed Azad (Free) Kashmir after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-48. Initially, Pakistan also included the northeastern sector of the subcontinent, where Muslims are also in the majority. The East Wing and West Wing of Pakistan were, however, separated by 1,600 kilometers of hostile Indian territory. The country's East Wing, or East Pakistan, became the independent state of Bangladesh in December 1971. Pakistan occupies a position of great geostrategic importance, bordered by Iran on the west, Afghanistan on the northwest, China on the northeast, India on the east, and the Arabian Sea on the south. The total land area is estimated at 803,940 square kilometers. The boundary with Iran, some 800 kilometers in length, was first delimited by a British commission in 1893, separating Iran from what was then British Indian Balochistan. In 1957 Pakistan signed a frontier agreement with Iran, and since then the border between the two countries has not been a subject of serious dispute. Pakistan's boundary with Afghanistan is about 2,250 kilometers long. In the north, it runs along the ridges of the Hindu Kush (meaning Hindu Killer) mountains and the Pamirs, where a narrow strip of Afghan territory called the Wakhan Corridor extends between Pakistan and Tajikistan. The Hindu Kush was traditionally regarded as the last northwestern outpost where Hindus could venture in safety. The boundary line with Afghanistan was drawn in 1893 by Sir Mortimer Durand, then foreign secretary in British India, and was acceded to by the amir of Afghanistan that same year. This boundary, called the Durand Line, was not in doubt when Pakistan became independent in 1947, although its legitimacy was in later years disputed periodically by the Afghan government as well as by Pakhtun tribes straddling the Pakistan-Afghanistan border. On the one hand, Afghanistan claimed that the Durand Line had been imposed by a stronger power upon a weaker one, and it favored the establishment of still another state to be called Pashtunistan or Pakhtunistan. On the other hand, Pakistan, as the legatee of the British in the region, insisted on the legality and permanence of the boundary. The Durand Line remained in effect in 1994. In the northeastern tip of the country, Pakistan controls about 84,159 square kilometers of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. This area, consisting of Azad Kashmir (11,639 square kilometers) and most of the Northern Areas (72,520 square kilometers), which includes Gilgit and Baltistan, is the most visually stunning of Pakistan. The Northern Areas has five of the world's seventeen highest mountains. It also has such extensive glaciers that it has sometimes been called the "third pole." The boundary line has been a matter of pivotal dispute between Pakistan and India since 1947, and the Siachen Glacier in northern Kashmir has been an important arena for fighting between the two sides since 1984, although far more soldiers have died of exposure to the cold than from any skirmishes in the conflict. From the eastern end of the Afghanistan-Pakistan border, a boundary of about 520 kilometers runs generally southeast between China and Pakistan, ending near the Karakoram Pass. This line was determined from 1961 to 1965 in a series of agreements between China and Pakistan. By mutual agreement, a new boundary treaty is to be negotiated between China and Pakistan when the dispute over Kashmir is finally resolved between India and Pakistan. The Pakistan-India cease-fire line runs from the Karakoram Pass west-southwest to a point about 130 kilometers northeast of Lahore. This line, about 770 kilometers long, was arranged with United Nations (UN) assistance at the end of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-48. The cease-fire line came into effect on January 1, 1949, after eighteen months of fighting and was last adjusted and agreed upon by the two countries in the Simla Agreement of July 1972. Since then, it has been generally known as the Line of Control. The Pakistan-India boundary continues irregularly southward for about 1,280 kilometers, following the line of the 1947 Radcliffe Award, named for Sir Cyril Radcliffe, the head of the British boundary commission on the partition of Punjab and Bengal in 1947. Although this boundary with India is not formally disputed, passions still run high on both sides of the border. Many Indians had expected the original boundary line to run farther to the west, thereby ceding Lahore to India; Pakistanis had expected the line to run much farther east, possibly granting them control of Delhi, the imperial capital of the Mughal Empire. The southern borders are far less contentious than those in the north. The Thar Desert in the province of Sindh is separated in the south from the salt flats of the Rann of Kutch by a boundary that was first delineated in 1923-24. After partition, Pakistan contested the southern boundary of Sindh, and a succession of border incidents resulted. They were less dangerous and less widespread, however, than the conflict that erupted in Kashmir in the Indo-Pakistani War of August 1965. These southern hostilities were ended by British mediation, and both sides accepted the award of the Indo-Pakistan Western Boundary Case Tribunal designated by the UN secretary general. The tribunal made its award on February 19, 1968, delimiting a line of 403 kilometers that was later demarcated by joint survey teams. Of its original claim of some 9,100 square kilometers, Pakistan was awarded only about 780 square kilometers. Beyond the western terminus of the tribunal's award, the final stretch of Pakistan's border with India is about 80 kilometers long, running west and southwest to an inlet of the Arabian Sea.	Thar Desert
In which country are the Cameron Highlands?	NASA Visible Earth: Great Indian Desert Great Indian Desert Credit: Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC The Thar Desert, also known as the Great Indian Desert (lower left), straddles the border between northwestern India and eastern Pakistan. This desert supports a largely pastoral economy, since not much grows in the broken rocks and sand dunes but scrub vegetation. Bordered on the west by the deep green Indus and Sutlej river valleys and the thin bright green Aravalli Range to the southeast, the region is remote and sparsely populated. In this image, a thin veil of dust gently blurs the features of the land. Beyond the edges of the desert, much of India remains covered in shades of green vegetation. The southern- and western-faces of the Himalayas are particularly verdant, in distinct contrast to the northern and eastern faces, which are starkly tan and capped with snow. This transition between vegetation and barren soil marks the edges of the Plateau of Tibet, which averages an astonishing 5,000 to 6,000 meters (16,404 to 19,686 feet) above sea level. Finally, in the bottom left corner, pools of green, blue, and brown water along the Pakistan-India border are the slowly-evaporating remains of the annual flooding of the Rann of Kutch . This true-color Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) image was acquired on October 1, 2003. Images & Animations	i don't know
Which country is bordered by Laos, Vietnam and Thailand?	Cambodia: Maps, History, Geography, Government, Culture, Facts, Guide & Travel/Holidays/Cities Opposition Fares Well in Election Geography Situated on the Indochinese peninsula, Cambodia is bordered by Thailand and Laos on the north and Vietnam on the east and south. The Gulf of Thailand is off the western coast. The size of Missouri, the country consists chiefly of a large alluvial plain ringed by mountains with the Mekong River to the east. The plain is centered around Lake Tonle Sap, which is a natural storage basin of the Mekong. Government Multiparty liberal democracy under a constitutional monarchy. History The area that is present-day Cambodia came under Khmer rule about 600, when the region was at the center of a vast empire that stretched over most of Southeast Asia. Under the Khmers, who were Hindus, a magnificent temple complex was constructed at Angkor. Buddhism was introduced in the 12th century during the rule of Jayavaram VII. However, the kingdom, then known as Kambuja, fell into decline after Jayavaram's reign and was nearly annihilated by Thai and Vietnamese invaders. Kambuja's power steadily diminished until 1863, when France colonized the region, joining Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam into a single protectorate known as French Indochina. The French quickly usurped all but ceremonial powers from the monarch, Norodom. When he died in 1904, the French passed over his sons and handed the throne to his brother, Sisowath. Sisowath and his son ruled until 1941, when Norodom Sihanouk was elevated to power. Sihanouk's coronation, along with the Japanese occupation during the war, worked to reinforce a sentiment among Cambodians that the region should be free from outside control. After World War II, Cambodians sought independence, but France was reluctant to part with its colony. Cambodia was granted independence within the French Union in 1949. But the French-Indochinese War provided an opportunity for Sihanouk to gain full military control of the country. He abdicated in 1955 in favor of his parents, remaining head of the government, and when his father died in 1960, Sihanouk became chief of state without returning to the throne. In 1963, he sought a guarantee of Cambodia's neutrality from all parties in the Vietnam War. However, North Vietnamese and Vietcong troops had begun using eastern Cambodia as a safe haven from which to launch attacks into South Vietnam, making it increasingly difficult to stay out of the war. An indigenous Communist guerrilla movement known as the Khmer Rouge also began to put pressure on the government in Phnom Penh. On March 18, 1970, while Sihanouk was abroad, anti-Vietnamese riots broke out and Sihanouk was overthrown by Gen. Lon Nol. The Vietnam peace agreement of 1973 stipulated withdrawal of foreign forces from Cambodia, but fighting continued between Hanoi-backed insurgents and U.S.-supplied government troops.	Cambodia
‘This is a local shop, for local people’ – which TV programme?	Indochina: Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam Indochina: Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam Outline o Culture, Language, and Religion o Persistent Poverty 2. Demographic Analysis based on Population Data Sheet 2007 o Population mid 2007 o Percent Under 15 / Over 65 o Population Natural Growth o Projected Populations ï¿½ 2025/2050 o Population Density 5. Review questions Regional Characteristics The three countries of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam represent Indochina, located in Southeast Asia to the south of China and to the east of Thailand. Like much of this part of the world Indochina was colonized by Europeans. The French occupied Indochina for most of the nineteenth century and for the first half of the twentieth century. The physical environment of Indochina is mostly mountainous. Climate, the Indochina peninsula as a whole experiences a monsoon tropical climate type of environment. The summer rains are brought by winds from the oceans leaving the peninsula subjected to typhoons during the late summer period. The winters are cooler and drier, and are dominated by winds blowing outward from Asiaï¿½s interior. Cambodia experiences a tropical savanna climate and tends to receive about 60 to 80 inches of average annual rainfall. Cambodia is mostly plains along and to the west of the lower Mekong River with mountain fringes to the northeast and southwest. Vietnam has two different climates in the north and south. North Vietnam experiences a humid subtropical climate while South Vietnam tends to have a tropical rainy climate. Vietnam receives the most rain on the Indochina Peninsula averaging over 80 inches annually. Laos also has two different climates because like Vietnam is an elongated country that stretches between two climates. North Laos has a humid subtropical much like that of North Vietnam. South Laos, however, is much like Cambodia in that it experiences a tropical savanna climate. Laos also receives averagely 60 to 80 inches of rainfall with some parts reaching over 80 inches. Laos is mountainous, sparsely populated, and landlocked between Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand. These three countries are each very different and a particular culture dominates each country. The religions of Indochina are numerous, but the main religions are prevalent throughout the region. Indian traders brought Hindu and Buddhist religions across the ocean from the west. The distinctive Indian culture and architecture, reflected in temples of Angkor, Cambodia, led to the area that includes Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam being called Indochina. People known as Mon and Khmer occupied the Cambodian area from the North and between A.D 800s and 1200s it was the center of the Khmer empire. The language of Cambodia is Khmer while the religion is Buddhism. Except for about a half million people which are Vietnamese, almost all 14 million people are ethnic Cambodian. Vietnamese and Lao arrived in the territories that now form their national centers. There are about 68 different ethnic groups in Laos with the largest of the groups being Lao. They are linguistically and culturally related to the Thais and their religion along with Cambodia is Buddhism. Almost nine-tenths of Vietnamï¿½s people are ethnic Vietnamese. They are closely related to the Chinese in many cultural aspects, including language and shared religious elements of Confucianism, Buddhism, and ancestor veneration. Large Chinese minorities live in major countries in each of the three countries of Indochina. Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam remain poor. Vietnam was catching up having a 2000 economy of $31 billion which was up four times since 1990. Cambodia and Laos had 2000 total GNIs of less than $4 billion each. The three countries of former French Indochina have experienced relatively little economic expansion. This area seems to have had almost continual warfare between 1941 and 1975, and fighting persisted until the late 1990s in Cambodia. Of these three countries, Vietnam is the most prosperous; however it is still among the worldï¿½s poorest countries. Conditions grew worse after the fall of the Soviet Union, Vietnamï¿½s main supporter and trading partner. Vietnam still has overcome these conditions though by following the Chinese model. However, Laos and Cambodia face more serious problems. In Cambodia, ravages of war exacerbated an already unstable situation, while Laos faces special difficulties owing to its rough terrain and relative isolation. Laos and Cambodia are also hampered by lack of infrastructure; outside the few cities, paved roads and reliable electricity are rarities. Economies of both remain largely agricultural in orientation. The Laotian government is pinning its economic hopes on hydropower development. The country is mountainous and has many large rivers and could generate large quantities of electricity, which is in high demand in neighboring Thailand, if it can find funding for the necessary dams to build. Despite the lack of development, Cambodia and Laos are not as miserable as one might expect. Both countries have experienced an upsurge of economic activity in the early and mid 1990s. Although the three countries have lower GNI figures, few people are seriously malnourished. There have been a number of conflicts on the Indochina Peninsula and it seems when one country has a problem it drags one of the other two along with it. The French occupied Indochina during the 1800s and early 1900s. They had built roads and railroads and encouraged manufacturing. In the 1950s and 1960s, communists had advanced and overtook continental Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. In World War II, Nazi Germany occupied France and persuaded the French colonial government to allow Japanese forces to pass through Indochina. After the war ended, the French tried to reestablish control of the area, but communist groups forced them to leave northern parts of Vietnam in 1954. During the Vietnam War, the Ho Chi Minh Trail was ill-defined network of forest passages through Laos and Cambodia, thus steadily drawing these two countries into the conflict. After several years, Vietnam invaded Cambodia and installed a communist regime. Also, Vietnam had stationed significant numbers of troops in Laos. The divided country, with a communist north and free-market south, was subject to further warfare. In 1975, North Vietnam was victorious over the United States and reunified the country. Laos went through much strife along its border with Vietnam, slowing economic development. Cambodia became independent in 1953, but suffered 30 years of civil war and invasions by Vietnamese. By the 1990s, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) switched from political to economic objectives and embraced its former ï¿½oppositionï¿½ of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam as new members. Demographic Analysis based on World Population Data Sheet 2007 Country * In millions. Numbers projected are from 2007 Population Data Sheet ** Infant deaths per 1000. From 2007 Population Data Sheet Vietnam has by far the largest population than its two neighboring countries in Indochina. The three countries are not really stable as can be seen by the percent of persons aged less than 15 is greater than percent of persons aged over 65. Cambodia and Laos have higher natural rates of increase, but because they have such high infant mortality rates, Vietnam grows faster in terms of population than these two countries as can be seen by the projected populations. All three countries are fairly small in size and because of Vietnamï¿½s greater population it also has a high population density. As for the low GNI figures, these countries are not as miserable as one might expect. They all have experienced upsurges of economic activity and few people are seriously malnourished. Countries Cambodia has suffered the worst of the catastrophes. A communist insurgency overcame the American-backed military government in 1975. Known as Khmer Rouge and led by Pol Pot, this organization had ruled for four years with exceptional savagery. In 1973, the population was about 7.5 million, but by 1979 it was down to only about 5 million. A third of their population had basically been murdered. Some of the intended victims managed to escape as refugees from Cambodiaï¿½s Killing Fields to adjoining Thailand. There were also escalating border conflicts with Vietnam, and in 1979, Vietnamese quickly conquered most of Cambodia and installed a puppet Communist government. The Khmer Rouge, supported by China, began guerilla resistance against Vietnamese. Peace negotiations among Cambodiaï¿½s contending factions led, in 1991, to an agreement resulting in the restoration of democratic government under United Nations (UN) supervision. Cambodia is very poor, but more stable conditions have helped the economy improve recently. Garment manufacturing is the largest industry, but there are fears that Cambodia will prove unable to compete with growing exports of cheaper clothing from China. Tourism is the fastest growing industry, with more than a million visitors arriving in 2004. Few visitors miss Angkor, Wat, still coveted by some in Thailand because it once stood within that countryï¿½s borders. Cambodians resent Thai claims to the site which has led to riots in 2003. Even in this relatively peaceful time, the people of Cambodia must deal with a persistent scourge for war: landmines. Sown by hostile forces during years of warfare, the antipersonnel explosives remain active indefinitely. Mines have maimed more than 35,000 Cambodians, and about 50 more casualties occur each month. People sow new mines, imported mainly from China and Singapore, to protect their property in Cambodia. Laotians also suffer from ordnance dating to the Vietnam War. Between 1964 and 1973, U.S. warplanes dropped more than 2 million tons of bombs ï¿½ more than the United States dropped on Germany in World War II ï¿½ on the Laotian frontier with Vietnam in an effort to disrupt communist supply lines on nearby Ho Chi Minh Trail and to prevent communist troops from entering Laotian cities. This plain of Jars region retains the distinction of being the most heavily bombed place on Earth. An estimated 30 percent of the bombs failed to detonate, and today, millions of unexploded American cluster bombs remain. About 200 people are killed or maimed yearly by these explosives. Of Laoï¿½s 17 provinces, 15 contain unexploded ordnance, according to the UN, creating a serious deterrent to farming in a country with inadequate food supplies. Efforts are underway to clear the explosives and hoping to de-mine enough land to produce ten thousand tons of rice yearly, which would feed fifty thousand people. Despite gambling revenues, landlocked Laos is now one of Asiaï¿½s least developed countries, ranking 135th of 177 countries. About 80 percent of its people are peasant farmers. Gold and copper mining, which began in 2002, may bring much needed revenue to Laos. Given the conditions of warfare, political turmoil, and inefficient economic systems, their outlook seems to be improving as tensions relax, supply of goods and services improves, and the number of returning refugees exceeds emigrants. Vietnam is now restoring its war-torn landscape through large-scale reforestation, agricultural reclamation, and nature conservation programs. Vietnamï¿½s economy has improved markedly. Poverty fell by more than half in 1990s and again in 2004. Vietnam had Asiaï¿½s second fastest growing economy after China. They have become a major exporter of rice which is second in the world only to Thailand. Vietnam is also pinning hopes on exports of its proven reserves of six hundred million barrels of oil, especially to oil-hungry China. In addition to joining ASEAN, Vietnam in 1995 restored full diplomatic relations with the United States. They signed a trade agreement in 2000; Vietnam began exporting shoes, finished clothing, and toys to the U.S. References Bradshaw, Michael J. White, Dymond. (2004). Contemporary World Regional Geography: Southeast Asia and South Pacific. New York. McGraw-Hill. Gabler, Robert. (1993). Physical Geography. Brace College. Hobbes, Joseph. Salter, Christopher. (2006). Essentials of World Regional Geography: Southeast Asia: From Slash-and-Burn to Semi Conductors. California. Thomson Learning Inc. Rowntree. (2000). Diversity Amid Globalization: Southeast Asia. New Jersey. Prentice Hall Inc. World population data sheet (2007). Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau. Review Questions 1. Which of the following countries has a Buddhist Religion? A. Cambodia; B. Laos; C. Vietnam; D. All of the Above 2. The country that was ruled by the Khmer Rouge after the Vietnam War and experienced a reign of terror and destruction including the death of a third of the population? A. Laos; B. Cambodia; C. Vietnam; D. Thailand 3. Which three Southeast Asian countries, collectively termed Indochina, were once occupied by the French? A. Thailand, Cambodia, Laos; B. Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam; C. Laos, Vietnam, China; D. Myanmar, Laos, Thailand 4. The largest Indochina country in population is? A. Vietnam; B. Laos; C. Cambodia; D. Thailand 5. What climate does Cambodia experience? A. Humid Subtropical; B. Tropical Rainy; C. Desert; D. Tropical Savanna 6. Which of country has no coastline? A. Cambodia; B. Thailand; C. Laos; D. Vietnam 7. What form of development is Laos hoping for to improve their country? A. Paved Roads; B. Hydropower; C. Electricity; D. Running Water 8. What is the largest industry in Cambodia? A. Garment Manufacturing; B. Tourism; C. Gold Mining; D. None of the Above 9. What area retains the distinction of being the most heavily bombed place on Earth in an attempt to disrupt supply lines along the Ho Chi Minh Trail? A. Border between Cambodia and Vietnam; B. Border between Cambodia and Laos; C. Border between Laos and Vietnam; D. None of the Above 10. What is helping Laos bring in much needed revenue? A. Gold Mining; B. Silver Mining; C. Copper Mining; D. Both A and C 11. Which country has the worldï¿½s second fastest growing economy? A. Cambodia; B. Laos; C. China; D. Vietnam 12. Which country is the worldï¿½s second most exporter of rice? A. Vietnam; B. Thailand; C. Laos; D. China 13. Which country has the largest infant mortality rate? A. Cambodia; B. Laos; C. Vietnam; 14. Which country is the most prosperous? A. Cambodia; B. Laos; C. Vietnam 15. Which country has a population growth of 1.7 percent? A. Cambodia; B. Laos; C. Vietnam First submitted by Jason Jurey on Mar 8,1996. Then by Rachel Schuette on Nov 8,1996. Updated by Alena Kaplun on Apr 8,1997. Updated by Robert Distefano on 11-20-98. Updated by Stephen Kingston on April Fools Day, 2001. Edited by Karen Oyler on 10. Oct.ï¿½03. Updated by Hisa Shimizu and Britney Wesson on Apr 8, 2007. Resubmitted by Keith Janssen on April 30, 2008.	i don't know
Which music star married Greg Allman in 1975?	Cher marries Greg Allman - Jun 30, 1975 - HISTORY.com Cher marries Greg Allman Publisher A+E Networks On June 30, 1975, less than one week after her divorce from Sonny Bono became final, Cher—America’s most famous newly single woman—tied the knot with rock star Gregg Allman, only to file for divorce from him just nine days later. Those who found Cher’s rather speedy return to the altar alarming might have felt differently had they known how long marriage #1 had actually been over. By early 1973, Sonny and Cher were living together with their young daughter, Chastity, but also with their respective lovers. “The public still thinks we are married,” Sonny wrote in his diary at the time, “[and] that’s the way it has to be.” By the time her divorce was finalized, the 29-year-old Cher had been playing the field for nearly three years and had been sharing her Holmby Hills mansion with Gregg Allman for at least three months. Gregg Allman became famous as the co-founder of the Allman Brothers Band, a group hailed on their induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as “the principal architects of Southern rock.” Following the death of his older brother Duane in a 1971 motorcycle accident, Gregg pursued a solo career that included the hit album Laid Back (1973), which was in current release when the 27-year-old rocker met Cher at the Troubadour club in Los Angeles. Cher’s divorce became final on June 25, 1975, and five days later, reportedly on a whim, she and Allman boarded a Learjet from Los Angeles to Las Vegas, where they were married in a hotel suite belonging to Cher’s manager. Just 10 days after that, however, Cher filed for divorce from Allman amid rumors of his abandoning her to a drinking and drug binge during their honeymoon. In a statement released to the press, Cher said: “I’ve always believed it best to admit one’s mistakes as quickly as possible.” In fact, Cher would reconsider her divorce filing and remain married to Allman until 1979. Billed as “Allman and Woman,” they would release a 1977 album called Two The Hard Way that is widely regarded as the worst of either artist’s respective career. They would also have a son, Elijah Blue Allman, who is now the leader of his own rock-and-roll band, Deadsy. Related Videos	Cher
Who sang improvised calypsos on That Was The Week That Was?	Cher: A life in pictures - LA Times Cher: A life in pictures Sonny & Cher \| 1960s to 1970s Marianna Diamos / Los Angeles Times Sonny Bono and Cher were a pop duo who eventually turned into husband and wife after the birth of Chastity (now Chaz) Bono. The pair rose to fame with their songs "I Got You Babe" and "Baby Don't Go." They released three studio albums together and sold more than 40 million albums worldwide. Sonny Bono and Cher were a pop duo who eventually turned into husband and wife after the birth of Chastity (now Chaz) Bono. The pair rose to fame with their songs "I Got You Babe" and "Baby Don't Go." They released three studio albums together and sold more than 40 million albums worldwide. (Marianna Diamos / Los Angeles Times)	i don't know
Which music star married Frances Tomelty in 1976?	Sting. Biography, news, photos and videos Horoscope : Libra Born Gordon Sumner on October 2, 1951, in Newcastle, England, Sting soon decided to flee both his family and his northern hometown. After a stint at Warwick University, he worked briefly in construction before training as a teacher. Nights were spent playing in local jazz clubs, where the striped \'bee-like\' jerseys he wore earned him his long-standing moniker from fellow musicians. Once qualified, the teacher-cum-musician taught English by day and gigged the city\'s punk clubs by night with his band Last Exit. He was also becoming increasingly disenchanted with the conventional life, however he\'d married Frances Tomelty in 1976 and upped sticks again, relocating to London where he met drummer Stuart Copeland and guitarist Andy Summers, the duo with whom he would form legendary rock trio The Police. After a successful tour of the States during which they played the odd set in front of single-figure audiences the band was signed by A&M records. Their first single, Roxanne, was a big hit leading the record company to rush to release a first album, Outlandos d\'Amour, in 1979. Their sophisticated take on the new wave sound was a hit on both sides of the Atlantic, and by 1982 The Police were filling 70,000-capacity stadiums. But something had to give, and it was Sting\'s two marriages to Frances and to The Police that came unravelled. Two acrimonious splits ensued (although Frances, Sting and The Police have since made up), and the singer put his musical career temporarily on hold. After briefly focusing on acting he starred in the Dennis Potter-penned Brimstone And Treacle Sting went back to his first love. His first album, 1985\'s The Dream Of The Blue Turtles, was a successful mix of pop and jazz, and earned a Grammy nomination in the jazz category, which "horrified and dismayed" the musician, who saw himself as composing tunes for a mainstream audience. Then, in 1987, just six months after his mother, Sting\'s father Ernest died. The musician carried on as usual but his determination came at a price. He suffered three years of writer\'s block before realising he needed to write a record "about death". The Soul Cages was churned out in three weeks and was just what he needed, reconciling him to the family and background he had once rejected so vehemently. These days Sting is as grounded a pop star as you are likely to find. He married longtime girlfriend Trudie Styler, an actress and film producer, in 1992, in the local church near his beautiful Wiltshire house. He is still a prolific musician, having released several albums with a wide range of international singers since The Soul Cages, and occasionally returns to the big screen. His last appearance was in Guy Ritchie \'s Lock, Stock, And Two Smoking Barrels, which Trudie executive produced. He is famous for his stance on ecological issues as well as human rights, and was honoured by Chile at the beginning of 2001 for his contribution to the latter. As well as his Wiltshire home, Sting owns properties all over the world, including a Tuscan villa where he recorded a live album and DVD. He has two children from his first marriage, and four from his second. Sting has continued with his successful solo career, with an eclectic mix of collaborators including sitar player Anoushka Shankar, Cuban legends Buena Vista Social Club, a Grammy-winning song with Mary J Blige, and an accompaniment from Bosnian lute player Edin Karamazov in his 2006 album Songs From The Labyrinth. And the multi-faceted performer has delighted fans with the announcement that The Police are set to tour again, following a raptuous reception for their performance at the 2007 Grammy Awards. © 2000-2016, HELLO!	Sting
What is the most notable invention of Hippolyte Mege-Mouries?	Sting - Biography - IMDb Biography Showing all 106 items Jump to: Overview (3) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (2) \| Trade Mark (5) \| Trivia (55) \| Personal Quotes (40) Overview (3) 6' (1.83 m) Mini Bio (1) Sting was born Gordon Matthew Sumner on 2 October, 1951 in Wallsend, North Tyneside, Tyne and Wear, England, the eldest of four children of Audrey (Cowell), a hairdresser, and Ernest Matthew Sumner, an engineer and milkman. He received his name from a striped sweater he wore which looked like a bee. He grew up in the turmoil of the ship-building industry and wanted to become a musician very early. He played cruise ships, backing strippers in cabarets, and developed a love for the bass guitar. Having played in jazz/rock bands like "Last Exit" and other various groups, including a dixieland jazz group, he settled down with Stewart Copeland and Andy Summers for a decade-long tenure with the smashing rock trio, The Police . In 1984, he went on to record solo albums, and holds a reputation as one of the most literate songwriters and talented musicians in the world. He has also delved into acting, having starred in such films as Quadrophenia (1979), Radio On (1979), Plenty (1985), Julia and Julia (1987) (aka Julia and Julia), Dune (1984), Bring on the Night (1985) (a documentary about the formation of his Blue Turtles jazz group), most recently, Gentlemen Don't Eat Poets (1995), where he plays a bisexual, conniving butler. He received an honorary Doctorate of Music degree from Northumbria University in October 1992, and from Berklee College of Music in May 1994. He plays guitar, bass guitar, mandolin, piano, harmonica, saxophone and pan-flute, and he gave a name to his bass (Brian). Sting is married to film producer Trudie Styler , and has six children with Trudie and ex-wife, actress Frances Tomelty . Sting owns a Jacobian castle in Wiltshire, which he calls "Lake House", where he records his albums, as well as a place in London, an apartment in New York, a place on the beach in Malibu, California, and a Renaissance Florentine Villa called "Palagio" in Figline Valdarno, Tuscany, Italy. Along with his wife Trudie and a Brazilian Indian, he started the Rainforest Foundation in 1989 to help save rainforests. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Kornel Osvart and Dan Fineberg Spouse (2) High-pitched raspy voice Fender Precision bass guitar Literary references in his songs. (Roxanne is named for the heroine of Cyrano de Bergerac. "Moon Over Bourbon Street" was inspired by Interview with the Vampire. "Wrapped Around Your Finger" references Scylla and Charibdes, two dangerous islands from The Odyssey. "Don't Stand Too Close to Me" references Lolita, "that book by Nobokov.") Blonde spiky hair and bold blue eyes Writing songs about wide-ranging themes, which have included political, social and environmental subjects Trivia (55) He has 6 children, two from his first wife Frances Tomelty , four from Trudie Styler . Lived with Trudie Styler for about 10 years before marrying her. Bass player and lead singer for influential 70s-80s new wave group The Police . His favorite music is actually jazz. Was a certified primary school teacher in England. He also taught English in St Paul's First School, a secondary school, in Cramlington near Newcastle. Got his nickname "Sting" from the black and gold rugby shirts he used to wear, which made him look like a hornet. Sting appeared in Threepenny Opera in Washington, D.C. in the 1980s. Attended Warwick University in Coventry, England but never graduated. Son, Joseph Sumner , is a singer in a band and bears a striking resemblance to Sting. Joe's singing sounds similar to his father's as well. Godfather of Madonna 's newborn son, Rocco Ritchie . He was the visual inspiration for the original illustrations of the comic book supernatural detective John Constantine/Hellblazer (created in 1984 by Alan Moore and Stephen Bissette). Sting was 33 years old at the point. Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (as a member of The Police ) on 10 March 2003. Album "Nothing Like the Sun" is dedicated to his mother, Audrey. Filmed his son Jake Sumner 's birth and put it in his movie, Bring on the Night (1985). He was a member of Band Aid (1984). He was awarded the CBE (Commander of the Order of the British Empire) in the 2003 Queen's Birthday Honours List for his services to Music. Now resides in a Malibu house formerly owned by actor Larry Hagman . Sting takes in an average of $2000.00 per day in royalties for this now 20 year old song "Every Breath You Take." The song is officially the most requested radio song of all time. His song "Roxanne" was covered by George Michael on the album "Songs from the Last Century". Performed for the BBC's annual Children in Need charity event. [November 2003] Is a big fan of "Richard Laymer, the Copy Guy," a popular character created by Rob Schneider for Saturday Night Live (1975). Sting was the first SNL host/musical guest to appear in a "Copy Guy" sketch; he later wrote the cast and crew a letter from "Sting. The Stingster. Der Stinglehoffer. Sting-a-ling-a-ding-dong. Sting-o. The Stingman." The Police were voted the 70th Greatest Rock 'n' Roll Artists of all time by Rolling Stone. The comic book character of "John Constantine" ("Hellblazer"), eventually featured in the Keanu Reeves movie, Constantine (2005), was designed to look like Sting, and, in fact, was created solely for the purpose of including a character who looks like Sting in the Swamp Thing comic. In one Swamp Thing issue, there's a boat called the "USS Gordon Sumner". Wrote "Every Breath You Take" after waking up in the middle of the night from a dream. The Police ended their last tour in early 1984 and only regrouped to play a few benefit dates in 1986. Their last performance to date was March 10, 2003 at their Rock & Roll Hall Of Fame induction. They have never announced an official breakup. His song "Roxanne" is one of the top 50 bar/jukebox songs of all time, according to VH-1. His album with The Police , "Synchronicity", was the album that finally knocked Michael Jackson 's "Thriller", the best selling album of all time, out of the number one spot it held for most of 1983. Former son-in-law of actor-writer Joseph Tomelty He is an avid Newcastle United supporter. Attended St. Cuthbert's Catholic High School in Newcastle although, at the time he went, it was a Catholic grammar school. Other students have included TV presenter Declan Donnelly , Pet Shop Boys lead singer Neil Tennant , British Prisoner-of-War and journalist John Nichol as well as renowned architect Terry Farrell who designed the MI6 building overlooking the River Thames in London. One of his children suffers from dyspraxia - a developmental disorder of the brain in childhood affecting movement and coordination In an interview in the late 90s, said he liked some American Country music, mentioning Hank Williams and "Gentleman" Jim Reeves as two of his favorites. Winner of several Grammy Awards beginning with: "Reggatta De Blanc" (Best Rock Instrumental Performance / The Police) (1980); "Behind My Camel" (Best Rock Instrumental Performance / The Police) (1981); "Don't Stand So Close to Me" (Best Rock Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal / The Police) (1981); "Brimstone and Treacle" (Best Rock Instrumental Performance / solo) (1983); "Synchronicity" (Best Rock Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal / The Police) (1983); "Every Breath You Take" (Best Pop Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal / Song of the Year / The Police) (1983); "Bring On the Night" (Best Pop Vocal Performance, Male / solo) (1987); "Soul Cages" (Best Rock Song / solo) (1991); "Ten Summoner's Tales" (Best Music Video-Long Form / solo) (1993); "If I Ever Lose My Faith in You" (Best Pop Vocal Performance, Male / solo) (1993); "Brand New Day" (Best Pop Album / Best Male Pop Vocal Performance / solo) (1999); "She Walks This Earth (Soberana Rosa)" (Best Male Pop Vocal Performance / solo) (2000); "Whenever I Say Your Name" (Best Pop Collaboration With Vocals / with Mary J. Blige ) (2003) His eldest daughter is actress Fuschia Sumner . He is a vegetarian. Sting has won several Brit (British Phonographic Industry) Awards, both solo and with The Police . The band won the British Phonographic Industry Award for Outstanding Contribution in 1985. His album "Nothing Like The Sun" won the British Phonographic Industry Award for British Album in 1988. He was the winner of the 1994 Brit Award for British Male Solo Artist following the success of his album "Ten Summoner's Tales". In 2002, he won the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution. Only Paul McCartney , John Lennon and Freddie Mercury have also won the award as a member of a band and as an individual. Winner of the 2002 Ivor Novello Award for International Achievement. The 2005 winning horse of the Kentucky Derby, Giacomo, is named after Sting and Trudie's son of the same name. The owner of the horse, Jerry Moss , is good friends with Sting and recorded him on A&M Records. Reunited with his former band-mates and performed at the 2007 Grammy Awards. The next day, The Police announced a worldwide tour in 2007, the first tour since 1986. Two of the songs he sang with The Police are also the titles of films starring Sandra Bullock : Demolition Man (1993) and Murder by Numbers (2002). Ranked #63 on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Rock & Roll and #9 on VH1's 100 Sexiest Artists. Inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2002. Sting and his wife, Trudie Styler , founded the Rainforest Foundation in 1988. Former bus conductor and tax officer. He was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Recording at 6834 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California. The 2009 Sunday Times List estimated his net worth at $295 million. Lives in London (UK), Lake Wilshire, Malibu (California) and Figline Valdarno (Tuscany, Italy). Attended Princess Diana 's funeral in 1997. Release of his book, "Lyrics". [October 2007] Reuniting with his former band mates of The Police and embarking on a worldwide tour. [February 2007] Amstel Hotel - Amsterdam - The Netherlands for two shows in the Amsterdam Arena. [September 2007] A recipient of the 2014 Kennedy Center Honors. Other recipients this year were Al Green , Tom Hanks , Patricia McBride , and Lily Tomlin . Personal Quotes (40) My job is being a musician [...] I just make films for fun, really. I'm bored with music between 1955 and 1980. I'm completely bored. I can't listen to a rock and roll record. I can't do it. I would rather listen to hogs screwing. It was quite something. My wife saw it, too. At first I thought it was her with one of the kids until I reached over and I realised that she was still in bed with me" - on seeing the ghosts of a woman and a child in his bedroom The geniuses of music, like Bach ( Johann Sebastian Bach ) and Miles Davis , used silence beautifully; they were not about using as many notes as possible. They knew that playing almost nothing can be the most elegant and eloquent thing to do. I'm so glad I have this way of expressing, in a veiled and artistic way, my most intimate feelings. A lot of people have the same feelings, but in others it must get bottled up. I'm proud of my being able to make it into artifacts that some people find beautiful or engaging. I don't belong to a church or political party or a group of any kind. I feel that Amnesty International is the most civilized organization in history. Its currency is the written word. Its weapon is the letter; that's why I am a member. I believe in its non-violence; I believe in its effectiveness. Its dignity and its sense of commitment. Its focus on individuals and the concentration and tenacity with which they defend those imprisoned for their ideas has earned it the cautious respect of repressive governments throughout the world. If anyone described me as a genius I would laugh. I have my moments - I just have to join them together. [on the induction of The Police into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame] I am very proud of the legacy of The Police . We are a damn good band and it still holds up. You can't get better than Otis Redding . You can scratch the surface of my songs pretty lightly and you'll find someone who wanted to be James Taylor at the age of 14. He's also a brilliant and ridiculously underrated guitar player and blessed with a voice that could melt ice caps. One of my favorite songs that I never wrote was "Tempted" and I did actually cover it. It's a great song, and Chris Difford and Glenn Tilbrook are great songwriters. Squeeze were always a great band, and it was nice to cover it. I loved the band Traffic for their way of creating a musical universe without these boundaries, because whether it's country, pop, gospel, heavy metal or classical music, it's all a single language, a code. I first met Youssou ( Youssou N'Dour ) with Peter ( Peter Gabriel ) several years ago when we worked together on an Amnesty tour. Both of them have such extraordinary voices and Peter has done a lot to promote world music in general and that should be acknowledged as it's been a one man crusade on his part. [on Bruce Springsteen ] The great thing about Bruce is that he's exactly as he seems. A great man. [on Bob Dylan ] He's a great artist and he really inspired me. [on performing the music of John Dowland on his album "Songs From The Labyrinth"] For me they are pop songs. Beautiful melodies, fantastic lyrics, great accompaniments. I feel that my job as a pop artist is to develop as a musician, and to bring into my sphere elements that aren't necessarily pop, more complex intervals, complex time signatures. [on his being made a CBE] Being a Commander of the British Empire isn't really what it's cracked up to be, since I can't command anybody. Everyone always ignores me. Everybody in the business knows in his heart of hearts what it takes to be successful. Whether you've got the guts to go through with that or not is another matter. I watched it the other night for the first time, I've never seen it before. I was appalled. I wouldn't get on The X Factor (2004) because I don't sound like anyone they're after, I sound like myself. I think they are basically aping pre-existing stereotypes of what singers should do and they're not being themselves. There's no X Factor there. The music industry is a multi-million dollar business and the shop floor is not The X Factor (2004). It's pubs and clubs up and down the country or you get in your van and you go up and down the M1 and you build an audience that way. That's how you build a backbone. [on the Lisbon Treaty in 2009] I've lived in Europe for about 15 years, I live in Italy. So I feel very European. I think it's an inevitable thing that our future in the British Isles will be with Europe. We'll be part of Europe, we'll be better for it. [on The X Factor (2004)] I am sorry but none of those kids are going to go anywhere, and I say that sadly. How appalling for a young person to feel that rejection. It is a soap opera which has nothing to do with music. In fact, it has put music back decades. Television is very cynical. They are either Mariah Carey or Whitney Houston or Boyzone and are not encouraged to create any real unique signature or fingerprint. That cannot come from TV. The X Factor (2004) is a preposterous show and you have judges who have no recognisable talent apart from self-promotion, advising them what to wear and how to look. It is appalling. The real shop floor for musical talent is pubs and clubs, that is where the original work is. But they are being closed down on a daily basis. It is impossible to put an act on in a pub. The music industry has been hugely important to England, bringing in millions. If anyone thinks The X Factor (2004) is going to do that, they are wrong. There's no pussyfooting in our group. We don't skirt around each other; we go straight for the jugular. We know each other very well, and we know where it hurts. [Rolling Stone, February 19, 1981 issue] I think what we provide is functional entertainment. It has a use. I just try to write as good a song as possible; it's a craft. [Rolling Stone, February 1981] [on comparisons made between him and Peter Gabriel ] Peter Gabriel and I are not tapping each other's phones! We've both grown in the same kind of creative arc. We're both led by curiosity. I am a gambler and I think I've always been rewarded for my risk-taking. My ambition is to be allowed to do anything that I want to do again, and to reach a standard where people will at least say: 'That was OK.' I think the whole idea of being 'successful' in music is to have a unique signature or sonic fingerprint, and - no matter what context you sing in - people recognize it as you. Whether they like it is another matter. There's this whole universe of music that is simply limitless. When you think you know everything about music, you discover you can't get to the end. I'm on this lifelong journey, and orchestral music is where it's now taken me. We [wife Trudie Styler and himself] keep getting begged for our "secret" - why ours has lasted so much longer than most Hollywood marriages put together. More than anything else, the same ounce-of-prevention that works against sibling rivalry also works against separation and divorce: Trudie and I not only love but actually like each other. I want to surprise an audience: surprise the listener, surprise myself. To me the essence of music is surprise. Every eight bars you need a surprise, otherwise people fall asleep. There are no clues in my environment that you leave that environment and fare well and be successful. My parents didn't really understand what my dreams were. They just thought I was crazy because I had just given up a job with a pension and the security, in their eyes. My dad didn't understand until the end of his days what the hell I was doing. He thought I should have had a proper job. Maybe he was right. I wanted to take a risk and be a star. [on Alan Parker 's film, Pink Floyd: The Wall (1982)] I hated Pink Floyd: The Wall (1982). I thought it was beautifully crafted and incredibly well-made, but utterly empty, full of nothing, nihilism. There's more to life than that. There's no humor in it, no hope. It's like he'd read half of Camus or Sartre and decided that's what truth is. I loathe it, it's juvenile. It saddened me that all that skill and craft went into such an empty project. I don't think there's such a thing as composition in pop music. I think what we do in pop music is collate. It's like folk music. It makes copyright a bit interesting and difficult. I'm a good collator. I'm essentially agnostic. I don't have a problem with God. I have a problem with religion. I've chosen to live my life without the certainties of religious faith. I think they're dangerous. Music is something that gives my life value and spiritual solace. [speaking about the United States] I don't think there is any political discourse in this country. People tend to speak in sound bites, which have nothing to do with any kind of information that's useful. I miss genuine debate. It's not to say there aren't intelligent people in politics. Of course there are. But the system doesn't seem to support that level of discourse even in, you know, the greatest democracy on the planet. I've never pandered to the lowest common denominator. I have a good audience and I'm supposed to challenge them. I always expect the audience to make the journey with me. [on changing directions and writing 'The Last Ship', a Broadway musical] I had no interest in tailoring songs for Top 40 radio, for fourteen-year-old girls or boys. I'm a sixty-two year old man. Where is the arena to present my work? It's not radio anymore. [on 'The Last Ship'] I enjoy having hits. I'd rather have a hit against the odds than a hit that obeys the formulaic rules. This is exactly the play I wanted to put on. It may be difficult, it may be ugly, but it's the one I wanted to do [on David Bowie ] We were totally captivated by his energetic charm, his extraordinary music, his art and his unique spirit. [on David Bowie ] We will never forget him. See also	i don't know
What kind of food is Bel Paese?	Bel Paese : Encyclopedia : Food Network Bel Paese Pronunciation: [BELL pah-AY-zay] Translated as "beautiful country," Bel Paese is a popular semisoft Italian cheese with a mild, buttery flavor. The rind is thin, pale yellow and covered with wax; the pale yellow interior has small irregular eyes. Though originally and still made in a small town outside Milan, Bel Paese is now also produced in the United States. It can be served as a dessert cheese or for snacks and melts beautifully for use in casseroles or on pizza. See also cheese. From The Food Lover's Companion, Fourth edition by Sharon Tyler Herbst and Ron Herbst. Copyright © 2007, 2001, 1995, 1990 by Barron's Educational Series, Inc. Related Recipes From Food Network	Cheese
Which comic once called Prince Charles a ‘grovelling little bastard’ on live TV?	Bel Paese ... La Dolce Vita Yes, a beautiful country is a wonderful place to be anytime... but for this month we are talking about a wonderful cheese patterned after the Italian cheese 'Bel Paese', which means beautiful country in Italian. This cheese first grabbed my attention when seeing it everywhere in Italy as the essential table cheese. It is apparently the "go to" cheese for snacking in Italy. Yes, a very fresh cheese that goes well with everything it seems. Loved by both young and old alike. Although it always seems to be made by large scale commercial producers, I began to think of what it could become if made from really high quality milk by a small farm or by the home cheese maker. I was not disappointed at all by that decision, as it turns out, because it's become another one of my real favorites here and a real star in my Italian workshops when we make it there. Bel Paese is one of the best known and most popular of a group of uncooked, soft, sweet, mild and fast-ripened Italian table cheeses. Cheeses with similar character and names like Konigskase, Bella Alpina, Bella Milano, Bel Piano Lombardo, Bel Piemonte Fior d'Alpe, Savoia, and Vittoria have been made throughout Italy, as well as in other European countries, under such names as Schonland and Fleur des Alpes. A Bit of History: Bel Paese is a fairly recently developed cheese, first created in 1906 by Egido Galbani in the region of Lombardi just outside Milan. It is still made by a company bearing his name. His intention was to produce a cheese with a soft and delicate flavor where the aroma and the flavor of the milk were to stand out. The Galbani Cheese Company is still one of the most prominent producers of the cheese today. The cheese was named for a book written by Antonio Stoppani entitled "Il Bel Paese" in 1876 which particularly deals with the beauties of the Italian landscape and how it is effected by geology and geography. One of the most interesting aspects of this book is that the title has been taken as a common reference to Italy with both good and not so good connotations. The naming of the cheese and its acceptance as one of the favorite cheeses in Italy fits in well with all of this I think. It may be recent but not a new cheese by any means as the graphics styles above show the changes in advertising over time. These are a selection of vintage marketing posters over the years If Italy has a national cheese, I think Bel Paese would be it, but then again the independent nature of Italians does not work like that. If you wonder at all, what I mean by this, look up the word 'Campanilismo', it will explain a lot about who the Italians are and why we love the Italians. An image of Stoppani, along with a map of Italy, is typically used on the packaging of Bel Paese produced in Italy. American manufacturers had tended to use a map of the US on the packaging, and this allowed customers to easily distinguish an Italian product from the American one. I have seen evidence of it being made in the USA (Patent info from 2011 links its license to Galbani in Italy) but have never seen the American version in stores. In fact, one of my sources for developing this guide came from an April 1939 bulletin by the USDA entitled "A Soft Cheese of the Bel Paese Type". In light of this, I find it odd that I have not seen an American version of Bel Paese. The Cheese: Bel Paese is a semi-soft Italian cheese noted for its smooth texture and buttery taste. While similar to many of the other semi-soft cheeses like the French Saint Paulin, German Butterkase, and even Havarti, it does have a very different supple texture that results from its unique making procedure. It has a very creamy buttery taste, but while soft enough to seemingly melt in your mouth, it is firm enough to slice at the table for serving. Bel Paese cheese will go quite well with a few pieces of fruit allowing the warm, buttery flavor of the cheese to contrast the sharp sweetness of figs, melon, etc. It is also a cheese that melts smoothly for sauces and baked dishes and is often substituted for Mozzarella in baked dishes and Pizzas. I am sure you will find many more uses for this cheese as well. The Process: Although this is a rather quick cheese to make and age, it has a very unusual aspect as part of the make procedure: It begins with the addition of both Mesophilic and Thermophilic culture combinations added at a much higher than normal temperature (102F) Then is increased to a temperature of 106-108F after just a short ripening time. This very unusual higher temperature procedure is partially responsible for the firm texture in such a high moisture cheese as well as the elastic nature of the cheese. You may be wondering why the Meso culture was even added , since as the milk temperature passes 102-104F, the Mesophilic culture will no longer play a part in the fermentation. However, the enzymes that have been left behind by these Meso-bacteria will play an active role in the short aging life of the cheese. The Thermophilic cultures will then be left to the task of converting the lactose to lactic acid and developing the proper acidification for this cheese. Bel Paese is not traditionally waxed but is allowed to form a natural but light washed type rind, which is washed clean after a very short aging. The final cheese is then usually foil wrapped to prevent further mold growth and held at cold temperatures when ready for the table. This was a very interesting recipe to work on in that: Bel Paese has an unusually low dose of culture, at a rate of about .25-.5% active culture addition, whereas most other similar cheeses require about 1-1.5% . It requires a rather complex combination of Mesophilic and Thermophilic cultures plus the Mesophilic are only active a short while until the high temperatures (>102F) kill them off. This is the highest temperatures at which the rennet is added (108F), of any cheeses I have made. Once I had my motivation to do it established, I then had to look for source guides that seemed logical. The first one I found with good details was the 1936 pamphlet from the US Dept. of Agriculture on making a version of the cheese as mentioned above. I then received a great guide for making this from a friend of mine, Val Bines in the UK who has taught cheese making in England for many years. After using this info for a couple of cheeses, I felt that my results were in fact better than the mild cheeses I found in Italy and that making with both raw milk and pasteurized milks produced some very good cheese. The difference I think is the fact that a hand made cheese that gets all of the TLC and attention to detail can easily improve on the mass produced cheese that I originally found. A Guideline for making your own Bel Paese style cheese Although the cheese is normally made with pasteurized milk, it can certainly be made with a high quality raw milk. The guide I provide below however, will be for pasteurized milk. If you would like to make your version with raw milk then decrease the culture amounts by about 40% and the rennet by 20-30%, depending on your specific milk. Yes!.. I make mine here often with raw milk. Before you Begin: 2 gallon of milk (Pasteurized but Not UltraPasturized) ... the pictures will show a 4 gallon batch in which I doubled all ingredients. 1/16 tsp of TA060 I do believe I mentioned it was a low dose. To prevent the powder from caking and sinking in clumps sprinkle the powder over the surface of the milk and then allow about 2 minutes for the powder to re-hydrate before stirring it in. Allow the milk to ripen for 60 minutes. During this time the press, draining cloth, molds and press area should be sanitized and readied for the final cheese. Coagulation with rennet: Once the culture has been allowed to undergo its initial ripening time, the milk is slowly heated to 108F in about 10 minutes. Then add about 1/4tsp (1.25ml) of single strength liquid rennet. The milk now needs to sit quiet for 20 minutes as the culture works and the rennet coagulates the curd. You should notice the milk beginning to thicken in about 8 minutes. The thermal mass of this milk should keep it warm during this period but It is OK if the temp drops a degree or so during this time. Prior to cutting the curd, check for a clean break by splitting the curd with the flat blade of a knife. A good curd, ready to cut should show a nice even break with smooth sides. Whey will quickly fill the opening but if it is very milky, this indicates a weak curd. Wait another 3-5 minutes and check again before cutting. Cutting curds and releasing the whey: I find that a good curd size for cutting this cheese is about 3/8 inch. Begin the cut with vertical cuts made parallel to each other across the entire surface and then repeat at right angles until a checkerboard pattern has been made. Next cut diagonally with the knife or spoon to achieve uniform pieces as best you can. Once you have a pot of evenly cut curds, allow them to settle in the pot for about 3-5 minutes to help the surfaces heal and harden slightly. This will be a vey soft curd at this point. Next , begin a very slow stir working from the bottom to the top. Cooking the curds : Now it is time to begin drying out the curds. This will be done by slowly continuing the gentle stirring motion while maintaining the 108F (if the curds have cooled bring them back to 108F). The total time from cutting the curds until they need to be drained will be about 25-30 minutes but may be extended another 10 minutes if the curds seem too soft. The final curds should be cooked well through and should be examined to make sure that enough moisture has been removed. A broken curd should be evenly firm throughout and the curds should have a slight resistance when pressed between the fingers. When this point is reached the curds can be allowed to settle under the whey Removing the whey: To remove the whey, begin by carefully ladling the whey from above the curds, leaving about 2 inches above the curd mass. Then pull the curd mass to one side of the pot to form a consolidated mass. I find it easiest to use a piece of Ricki's ' Ripening Mat Medium Mesh ' for this. A little hand pressure will work well to consolidate it into a compact ball. Then collect the curd mass in the Butter muslin as shown below. Gathering the curds and consolidating under the whey The above procedure will assure that the final cheese body has a nice closed interior with few if any mechanical openings . Pressing: The cloth with the collected curd mass can now be transferred to the mold which should have been sanitized and arranged previously. The collected curd in its cloth should be pressed into the mold, the cloth neatly folded over the top and the follower placed on top, then an initial firm hand pressure as shown below should begin to set the initial cheese surface. The curd is still quite warm at this point and should come together with little trouble. Initial pressing with a moderate hand pressure After a few minutes the curd mass should be lightly set and removed from the press. It is ready to be opened, turned and rewrapped as before but this time add a weight of about 5-8 lbs (the bowl of water shown below). Make sure the cloth is pulled up well and smoothed around the cheese to form as smooth a surface as possible. Only a very light weight needs to be used here. Note: It is very important to keep the cheese warm during the pressing cycle described here because the bacteria is still actively converting lactose to lactic acid. 80-85F is ideal. Each successive turn and rewrap shows a smoother looking surface Note the light weight used here and how the surface becomes smoother with each successive turning and rewrapping of the young cheese. As much care as possible should be taken to assure a smooth surface. This will make the aging and surface development go much smoother resulting in a very nice looking cheese to show for it. Normally the unwrapping, turning, and repress cycle should be repeated about 5 times within the first 30-40 minutes after molding the cheese. Once a firm surface has developed (within an hour or two), the weight can be removed and the cheese can be returned to the mold. Remember to develop as smooth a surface as possible and keep the resting cheese warm. The final cheese resting in its mold The cheese should be ready for brining within about 6-7 hours of cutting the curds. Salting:	i don't know
The name of which fish means to struggle?	Struggle - definition of struggle by The Free Dictionary Struggle - definition of struggle by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/struggle v. strug·gled, strug·gling, strug·gles v.intr. 1. To exert muscular energy, as against a material force or mass: struggled with the heavy load. 2. a. To be strenuously engaged with a problem, task, or undertaking: struggled for years before breaking through as an actor. b. To have difficulty or make a strenuous effort doing something: struggled to be polite. c. To move or progress with difficulty: struggled up the steep slope. 3. To contend or compete: "Right and wrong ... will ever continue to struggle" (Abraham Lincoln). v.tr. To move or place (something) with an effort: struggled the heavy desk into the elevator. n. 1. The act of struggling: the rat's struggle to escape the snake's coils. 2. A strenuous effort in the face of difficulty: the struggle for civil rights. 3. Strife, contention, or combat: armed struggle. 4. Something that is difficult to do or achieve: Getting him to agree will be a struggle. [Middle English struglen.] (ˈstrʌɡəl) vb 1. (intr; usually foll by for or against; may take an infinitive) to exert strength, energy, and force; work or strive: to struggle to obtain freedom. 2. (intr) to move about strenuously so as to escape from something confining 3. (intr) to contend, battle, or fight 4. (intr) to go or progress with difficulty n 5. a laboured or strenuous exertion or effort 6. (Military) a fight or battle 7. the act of struggling 8. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) the struggle South African the radical and armed opposition to apartheid, esp by the military wings of the ANC and the PAC [C14: of obscure origin] 1. to contend vigorously with an adversary or adverse conditions. 2. to contend resolutely with a task or problem. 3. to make strenuous efforts; strive. 4. to advance with great effort: to struggle through heavy snow. v.t. 5. to bring, put, etc., by struggling. 6. to make (one's way) with great effort. n. 7. an act or instance of struggling. 8. a war, fight, conflict, or contest of any kind. [1350–1400; Middle English struglen, stroglen, frequentative v. (see -le ) formed on a base of obscure orig.] strug′gler, n. See Also: BEHAVIOR , FUTILITY , LIFE (In his efforts with the numbing pain,) he was like a man wrestling with a creature of the air —Stephen Crane Like the tiny coral insect, working deep under the dark waters, we strive and struggle, each for our own little ends —Jerome K. Jerome Struggle along … stopping and starting like a blown newspaper —J. G. Farrell (The coalition Israeli government) struggled like two cats in a bag —Ebra Ames Struggle like a fish —Leo Tolstoy Struggling like a fly trapped in a glass of water —Anon Struggling like a moth to break its chrysalis —Rumer Godden Struggling through life like a wearied swimmer trying to touch the horizon —Israel Zangwill struggle I will have been struggling you will have been struggling he/she/it will have been struggling we will have been struggling you will have been struggling they will have been struggling Past Perfect Continuous Noun 1. struggle - an energetic attempt to achieve something; "getting through the crowd was a real struggle"; "he fought a battle for recognition" attempt , effort , try , endeavor , endeavour - earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something; "made an effort to cover all the reading material"; "wished him luck in his endeavor"; "she gave it a good try" duel - any struggle between two skillful opponents (individuals or groups) scramble , scuffle - an unceremonious and disorganized struggle joust , tilt - a combat between two mounted knights tilting against each other with blunted lances 2. struggle - an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals); "the harder the conflict the more glorious the triumph"--Thomas Paine; "police tried to control the battle between the pro- and anti-abortion mobs" conflict , battle class struggle , class war , class warfare - conflict between social or economic classes (especially between the capitalist and proletariat classes) insurrection , revolt , uprising , rising , rebellion - organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another counterinsurgency , pacification - actions taken by a government to defeat insurgency group action - action taken by a group of people strife - bitter conflict; heated often violent dissension tug-of-war - any hard struggle between equally matched groups turf war - a bitter struggle for territory or power or control or rights; "a turf war erupted between street gangs"; "the president's resignation was the result of a turf war with the board of directors" fighting , combat , fight , scrap - the act of fighting; any contest or struggle; "a fight broke out at the hockey game"; "there was fighting in the streets"; "the unhappy couple got into a terrible scrap" feud - a bitter quarrel between two parties warfare , war - an active struggle between competing entities; "a price war"; "a war of wits"; "diplomatic warfare" 3. struggle - strenuous effort; "the struggle to get through the crowd exhausted her" elbow grease , exertion , effort , travail , sweat - use of physical or mental energy; hard work; "he got an A for effort"; "they managed only with great exertion" grappling , hand-to-hand struggle , wrestle , wrestling , grapple - the act of engaging in close hand-to-hand combat; "they had a fierce wrestle"; "we watched his grappling and wrestling with the bully" Verb 1. struggle - make a strenuous or labored effort; "She struggled for years to survive without welfare"; "He fought for breath" fight labor , labour , tug , push , drive - strive and make an effort to reach a goal; "She tugged for years to make a decent living"; "We have to push a little to make the deadline!"; "She is driving away at her doctoral thesis" flounder - behave awkwardly; have difficulties; "She is floundering in college" attempt , essay , try , assay , seek - make an effort or attempt; "He tried to shake off his fears"; "The infant had essayed a few wobbly steps"; "The police attempted to stop the thief"; "He sought to improve himself"; "She always seeks to do good in the world" 2. struggle - to exert strenuous effort against opposition; "he struggled to get free from the rope" endeavor , endeavour , strive - attempt by employing effort; "we endeavor to make our customers happy" 3. climb - move with difficulty, by grasping 4. struggle - be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight; "the tribesmen fought each other"; "Siblings are always fighting"; "Militant groups are contending for control of the country" bear down - exert full strength; "The pitcher bore down" fistfight - fight with the fists; "The man wanted to fist-fight" join battle - engage in a conflict; "The battle over health care reform was joined" tug - struggle in opposition; "She tugged and wrestled with her conflicts" fight down , oppose , fight , fight back , defend - fight against or resist strongly; "The senator said he would oppose the bill"; "Don't fight it!" get back , settle - get one's revenge for a wrong or an injury; "I finally settled with my old enemy" fight back - defend oneself battle , combat - battle or contend against in or as if in a battle; "The Kurds are combating Iraqi troops in Northern Iraq"; "We must combat the prejudices against other races"; "they battled over the budget" war - make or wage war attack , assail - launch an attack or assault on; begin hostilities or start warfare with; "Hitler attacked Poland on September 1, 1939 and started World War II"; "Serbian forces assailed Bosnian towns all week" duel - fight a duel, as over one's honor or a woman; "In the 19th century, men often dueled over small matters" joust - joust against somebody in a tournament by fighting on horseback chickenfight , chicken-fight - fight while sitting on somebody's shoulders tourney - engage in a tourney feud - carry out a feud; "The two professors have been feuding for years" skirmish - engage in a skirmish fence - fight with fencing swords box - engage in a boxing match spar - fight with spurs; "the gamecocks were sparring" tussle , scuffle - fight or struggle in a confused way at close quarters; "the drunken men started to scuffle" wrestle - engage in a wrestling match; "The children wrestled in the garden" wage , engage - carry on (wars, battles, or campaigns); "Napoleon and Hitler waged war against all of Europe" struggle verb 2. fight , battle , wrestle , grapple , compete , contend , scuffle , lock horns We were struggling for the gun when it went off. 3. have trouble, have problems, have difficulties, fight , come unstuck The company is struggling to find visitors. noun 4. ordeal , test , suffering , trouble(s), trial , nightmare , torture , agony , hardship , anguish , tribulation(s) Losing weight was a terrible struggle. struggle كِفَاح كِفاح، نِضالنضاليَتَحَرَّك بِصُعوبَهيُحاوِل الإفْلات بِعُنْف zápasitzmítat sebojprodírat seúsilí iš visų jėgų stengtisšiaip ne taip verstisstengtis ištrūktivos sudurti galą su galu ārā u.tml.)cīņacīnītiescīnīties/lauzties (uz priekšukarot mücadele mücadele etmek çabalamak canını dişine takıp uğraşmakçırpınmak cố gắngcuộc đấu tranh 1. (lit) → pelea f, forcejeo m there were signs of a struggle → había señales de haberse producido una pelea or un forcejeo two men went up to him and a struggle broke out → dos hombres se acercaron a él y se desencadenó una pelea to put up a struggle → oponer resistencia , forcejear he handed over his wallet without a struggle → entregó su billetera sin oponer resistencia 2. (fig) → lucha f (for por) her struggle to feed her children → su lucha por poder dar de comer a sus hijos I had a struggle to persuade her → me costó trabajo persuadirla he finally lost his struggle against cancer → finalmente perdió su lucha contra el cáncer the struggle for survival → la lucha por la supervivencia there is a fierce power struggle going on behind the scenes → hay una intensa lucha por el poder entre bastidores local shopkeepers are not giving up without a struggle → los tenderos del barrio no van a rendirse sin luchar see also class D stop struggling! → ¡ deja de forcejear! he struggled to get free from the ropes → forcejeó para soltarse de las cuerdas we were struggling for the gun when it went off → forcejeábamos para hacernos con la pistola cuando se disparó to struggle with sb → forcejear con algn 2. (= move with difficulty) to struggle free → lograr soltarse con dificultad I struggled into my costume → logré ponerme el disfraz como pude she struggled to her feet → logró ponerse de pie the bus was struggling up the hill → el autobús subía con dificultad la cuesta he was struggling with his luggage → cargaba con su equipaje con gran esfuerzo 3. (= fight against odds) → luchar to struggle to do sth → luchar por hacer algo, esforzarse por hacer algo to struggle against sth → luchar contra algo he struggled against the disease for 20 years → luchó contra la enfermedad durante 20 años we could see she was struggling for breath → veíamos como respiraba con dificultad they were struggling to pay their bills → tenían problemas or iban apurados para pagar las facturas the economy is struggling → la economía está en apuros I struggled through the book → me costó terminar de leer el libro , tuve problemas para terminar de leer el libro she has struggled with her weight for years → ha tenido problemas con su peso durante años struggle along VI + ADV 1. (lit) → avanzar con dificultad or penosamente 2. (fig) (financially) → ir apurado struggle on VI + ADV many old people choose to struggle on alone → muchas personas mayores prefieren seguir bregando solas struggle through VI + ADV we'll struggle through somehow → saldremos adelante de algún modo struggle (to achieve or obtain sth) → lutte f a struggle for survival → une lutte pour la survie power struggle → lutte f de pouvoir It was a struggle → Ça a été laborieux . Reading was a struggle for him → Il peinait pour lire ., La lecture lui coûtait beaucoup. to have a struggle to do sth → avoir beaucoup de mal à faire qch vi (= try hard) → lutter , se battre to struggle to do sth (= try hard) → se battre pour faire qch He struggled to get custody of his daughter → Il s'est battu pour obtenir la garde de sa fille . (= move with difficulty) (= put up a fight) → se débattre He struggled, but he couldn't escape → Il s'est débattu , mais il n'a pas pu s'échapper. (= scuffle) → lutter We were struggling for the gun when it went off → Nous luttions pour nous emparer du pistolet lorsque le coup est parti . to struggle with sb → se battre avec qn She struggled with her attacker → Elle s'est battue avec son assaillant . struggle n (lit, fig) → Kampf m → (for um); (fig: = effort) → Anstrengung f; without a struggle → kampflos ; to put up a struggle → sich wehren ; the struggle for survival/existence → der Überlebens -/Daseinskampf; the struggle to feed her seven children → der Kampf , ihre sieben Kinder zu ernähren ; the struggle to find somewhere to live → der Kampf or die Schwierigkeiten , bis man eine Wohnung gefunden hat; it is/was a struggle → es ist/war mühsam ; she finds life a struggle → sie findet das Leben mühsam ; I had a struggle to persuade him → es war gar nicht einfach , ihn zu überreden vi (= contend) → kämpfen ; (in self-defence) → sich wehren ; (= writhe) → sich winden ; (financially) → in Schwierigkeiten sein, krebsen (inf); (fig: = strive) → sich sehr bemühen or anstrengen , sich abmühen ; the police were struggling with the burglar → zwischen der Polizei und dem Einbrecher gab es ein Handgemenge ; to struggle to do something → sich sehr anstrengen , etw zu tun ; to struggle for something → um etw kämpfen , sich um etw bemühen ; to struggle against somebody/something → gegen jdn / etw kämpfen ; to struggle with somebody → mit jdm kämpfen ; to struggle with something (with problem, difficulty, question) → sich mit etw herumschlagen; with injury, mortgage, debts, feelings → mit etw zu kämpfen haben; with doubts, one’s conscience → mit etw ringen ; with luggage, language, subject, homework, words → sich mit etw abmühen ; to struggle with life → es im Leben nicht leicht haben; this firm/team/family is struggling → diese Firma / Mannschaft /Familie hat (schwer) zu kämpfen ; are you struggling? → hast du Schwierigkeiten ?; can you manage? — I’m struggling → schaffst dus? — mit Müh und Not; he was struggling to make ends meet → er hatte seine liebe Not durchzukommen (= move with difficulty) → sich quälen ; to struggle to one’s feet → mühsam aufstehen or auf die Beine kommen , sich aufrappeln (inf); to struggle to get up → sich hochquälen; he struggled through the tiny window → er zwängte sich durch das kleine Fenster ; to struggle on (lit) → sich weiterkämpfen; (fig) → weiterkämpfen; to struggle along/through (lit, fig) → sich durchschlagen or -kämpfen struggle 1. n (fight) → lotta ; (effort) → sforzo he lost his glasses in the struggle → ha perso gli occhiali nella zuffa a power struggle → una lotta per il potere the struggle for survival → la lotta per la sopravvivenza without a struggle (surrender) → senza opporre resistenza (without difficulty) → senza problemi to have a struggle to do sth → avere dei problemi a fare qc 2. vi (physically) → lottare to struggle with sth/sb → lottare con qc/qn to struggle to one's feet → alzarsi con sforzo to struggle through the crowd → avanzare a fatica tra la folla 3. vt to struggle to do sth → lottare per fare qc struggle on vi + adv (fighting) → continuare a lottare ; (walking) → avanzare a fatica ; (living) → tirare avanti struggle through vi + adv (fig) they managed to struggle through → sono riusciti a farcela struggle (ˈstragl) verb 1. to twist violently when trying to free oneself. The child struggled in his arms. worstel, spook يُحاوِل الإفْلات بِعُنْف мъча се debater-se zmítat se zappeln vride sig; stritte imod αγωνίζομαι , παλεύω luchar , forcejear rabelema مبارزه كردن rimpuilla se débattre לְהֵיאָבֵק हाथ-पैर मारना otimati se, opirati se küzd memberontak brjótast um dibattersi もがく 몸부림치다 grumtis, stengtis ištrūkti turēties/cīnīties pretī bergelut spartelen stritte mot , kjempe , slåss walczyć , wyrywać się مبارزه کول debater-se a se zbate биться zmietať sa otepati se migoljiti se streta, sprattla, kämpa ต่อสู้ çabalamak , çırpınmak 掙扎 битися, відбиватися ہاتھ پیر مارنا vẫy vùng, vật lộn 挣扎 2. to make great efforts or try hard. All his life he has been struggling with illness / against injustice. worstel يُكافِح боря се lutar zápasit kämpfen kæmpe αγωνίζομαι , μοχθώ , κοπιάζω luchar võitlema تلاش كردن ponnistella se battre לְהֵיאָבֵק किसी तरह मार्ग निकालना, आग बढ़ना boriti se harcol berjuang stríða, berjast við lottare 戦う 고군분투하다 kovoti, grumtis cīnīties; karot berjuang worstelen kjempe mot , streve med , stride zmagać/borykać się کوښښ کول lutar a se bate (contra), a se lupta (cu) бороться zápasiť boriti se boriti se kämpa ดิ้นรน canını dişine takıp uğraşmak 鬥爭 боротися سخت کوشش کرنا gắng sức 斗争 3. to move with difficulty. He struggled out of the hole. spook يَتَحَرَّك بِصُعوبَه пробивам си път с мъка esforçar-se prodírat se sich quälen arbejde (sig); kæmpe (sig) κινούμαι με δυσκολία moverse con dificultad tunglema, rabelema تقلا كردن räpistellä avancer péniblement לְהִתאַמֵץ से संघर्ष करना, से मुकाबला करना mučiti se, probijati se erőlködik berusaha keras brjótast (um/út úr) sforzarsi ; uscire もがく 버등거리다 iš visų jėgų stengtis (ką nors daryti) cīnīties/lauzties (uz priekšu; ārā u.tml.) berusaha keras worstelen kjempe seg, bakse seg inn/ut av gramolić się له سختی سره خوځیدل esforçar-se a înainta cu greu с трудом выбираться predierať sa prebijati se teško se kretati kämpa sig กระเสือกกระสน güçlükle hareket etmek 掙扎(動作) пробиватися بڑی دقت سے چلنا di chuyển một cách khó khăn 挣扎（行动） noun an act of struggling, or a fight. The struggle for independence was long and hard. worsteling كِفاح، نِضال битка luta boj der Kampf kamp αγώνας lucha võitlus مبارزه kamppailu lutte מאבק हाथापाई, संघर्ष borba, naprezanje küzdelem perjuangan barátta lotta 斗争 고군분투 kova cīņa perjuangan worsteling kamp , strev walka مبارزه luta a se lupta (pentru) борьба boj boj borba kamp การต่อสู้ mücadele 鬥爭 боротьба; зусилля جد و جہد cuộc đấu tranh 斗争 struggle along to have only just enough money to live. net-net genoeg geld verdien يكون لديْه ما يَكْفيه للحياة فقط карам я някакси subsistir žít z ruky do úst sich durchkämpfen leve fra hånden i munden τα φέρνω βόλτα τσίμα τσίμα vivir con estrecheces, subsistir penosamente/a duras penas/con dificultad toime tulema پول كافي داشتن براي زندگي pinnistellä eteenpäin subsister tant bien que mal לְהַחזִיק מַעֲמָד प्रयत्न के समानान्तर preživljavati, živjeti s malo novca tengődik hidup pas-pasan skrimta, basla (tirare avanti) なんとかやっていく 근근히 살아가다 šiaip ne taip verstis, vos sudurti galą su galu ar mokām iztikt berhempas pulas het net kunnen redden leve fra hånd til munn ledwo wiązać koniec z końcem, biedować د ژوند لپاره کافی پیسی لرل subsistir a subzista кое-как сводить концы с концами žiť z ruky do úst prebijati se preživljavati dra sig fram ประทังชีวิต kıt kanaat geçinmek 生活艱難 перебиватися (з хліба на воду) زندہ رہنے بھر ضروری رقم کا ہونا tìm cách tồn tại, dù có nhiều trở ngại 生活艰难 struggle → كِفَاح , يُكَافِحُ úsilí, usilovat kæmpe, kamp abmühen (sich) , Kampf αγώνας , αγωνίζομαι esforzarse , forcejear , lucha kamppailla, kamppailu lutte , lutter borba, boriti se lotta , lottare 苦闘, 苦闘する 고투, 열심히 노력하다 worstelen , worsteling besvær , streve walczyć , walka esforçar-se , esforço бороться , борьба kamp, kämpa ความพยายาม, พยายาม mücadele , mücadele etmek cố gắng, cuộc đấu tranh 挣扎 struggle	Flounder
Who is the patron saint of mountaineers?	Struggle - definition of struggle by The Free Dictionary Struggle - definition of struggle by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/struggle v. strug·gled, strug·gling, strug·gles v.intr. 1. To exert muscular energy, as against a material force or mass: struggled with the heavy load. 2. a. To be strenuously engaged with a problem, task, or undertaking: struggled for years before breaking through as an actor. b. To have difficulty or make a strenuous effort doing something: struggled to be polite. c. To move or progress with difficulty: struggled up the steep slope. 3. To contend or compete: "Right and wrong ... will ever continue to struggle" (Abraham Lincoln). v.tr. To move or place (something) with an effort: struggled the heavy desk into the elevator. n. 1. The act of struggling: the rat's struggle to escape the snake's coils. 2. A strenuous effort in the face of difficulty: the struggle for civil rights. 3. Strife, contention, or combat: armed struggle. 4. Something that is difficult to do or achieve: Getting him to agree will be a struggle. [Middle English struglen.] (ˈstrʌɡəl) vb 1. (intr; usually foll by for or against; may take an infinitive) to exert strength, energy, and force; work or strive: to struggle to obtain freedom. 2. (intr) to move about strenuously so as to escape from something confining 3. (intr) to contend, battle, or fight 4. (intr) to go or progress with difficulty n 5. a laboured or strenuous exertion or effort 6. (Military) a fight or battle 7. the act of struggling 8. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) the struggle South African the radical and armed opposition to apartheid, esp by the military wings of the ANC and the PAC [C14: of obscure origin] 1. to contend vigorously with an adversary or adverse conditions. 2. to contend resolutely with a task or problem. 3. to make strenuous efforts; strive. 4. to advance with great effort: to struggle through heavy snow. v.t. 5. to bring, put, etc., by struggling. 6. to make (one's way) with great effort. n. 7. an act or instance of struggling. 8. a war, fight, conflict, or contest of any kind. [1350–1400; Middle English struglen, stroglen, frequentative v. (see -le ) formed on a base of obscure orig.] strug′gler, n. See Also: BEHAVIOR , FUTILITY , LIFE (In his efforts with the numbing pain,) he was like a man wrestling with a creature of the air —Stephen Crane Like the tiny coral insect, working deep under the dark waters, we strive and struggle, each for our own little ends —Jerome K. Jerome Struggle along … stopping and starting like a blown newspaper —J. G. Farrell (The coalition Israeli government) struggled like two cats in a bag —Ebra Ames Struggle like a fish —Leo Tolstoy Struggling like a fly trapped in a glass of water —Anon Struggling like a moth to break its chrysalis —Rumer Godden Struggling through life like a wearied swimmer trying to touch the horizon —Israel Zangwill struggle I will have been struggling you will have been struggling he/she/it will have been struggling we will have been struggling you will have been struggling they will have been struggling Past Perfect Continuous Noun 1. struggle - an energetic attempt to achieve something; "getting through the crowd was a real struggle"; "he fought a battle for recognition" attempt , effort , try , endeavor , endeavour - earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something; "made an effort to cover all the reading material"; "wished him luck in his endeavor"; "she gave it a good try" duel - any struggle between two skillful opponents (individuals or groups) scramble , scuffle - an unceremonious and disorganized struggle joust , tilt - a combat between two mounted knights tilting against each other with blunted lances 2. struggle - an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals); "the harder the conflict the more glorious the triumph"--Thomas Paine; "police tried to control the battle between the pro- and anti-abortion mobs" conflict , battle class struggle , class war , class warfare - conflict between social or economic classes (especially between the capitalist and proletariat classes) insurrection , revolt , uprising , rising , rebellion - organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another counterinsurgency , pacification - actions taken by a government to defeat insurgency group action - action taken by a group of people strife - bitter conflict; heated often violent dissension tug-of-war - any hard struggle between equally matched groups turf war - a bitter struggle for territory or power or control or rights; "a turf war erupted between street gangs"; "the president's resignation was the result of a turf war with the board of directors" fighting , combat , fight , scrap - the act of fighting; any contest or struggle; "a fight broke out at the hockey game"; "there was fighting in the streets"; "the unhappy couple got into a terrible scrap" feud - a bitter quarrel between two parties warfare , war - an active struggle between competing entities; "a price war"; "a war of wits"; "diplomatic warfare" 3. struggle - strenuous effort; "the struggle to get through the crowd exhausted her" elbow grease , exertion , effort , travail , sweat - use of physical or mental energy; hard work; "he got an A for effort"; "they managed only with great exertion" grappling , hand-to-hand struggle , wrestle , wrestling , grapple - the act of engaging in close hand-to-hand combat; "they had a fierce wrestle"; "we watched his grappling and wrestling with the bully" Verb 1. struggle - make a strenuous or labored effort; "She struggled for years to survive without welfare"; "He fought for breath" fight labor , labour , tug , push , drive - strive and make an effort to reach a goal; "She tugged for years to make a decent living"; "We have to push a little to make the deadline!"; "She is driving away at her doctoral thesis" flounder - behave awkwardly; have difficulties; "She is floundering in college" attempt , essay , try , assay , seek - make an effort or attempt; "He tried to shake off his fears"; "The infant had essayed a few wobbly steps"; "The police attempted to stop the thief"; "He sought to improve himself"; "She always seeks to do good in the world" 2. struggle - to exert strenuous effort against opposition; "he struggled to get free from the rope" endeavor , endeavour , strive - attempt by employing effort; "we endeavor to make our customers happy" 3. climb - move with difficulty, by grasping 4. struggle - be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight; "the tribesmen fought each other"; "Siblings are always fighting"; "Militant groups are contending for control of the country" bear down - exert full strength; "The pitcher bore down" fistfight - fight with the fists; "The man wanted to fist-fight" join battle - engage in a conflict; "The battle over health care reform was joined" tug - struggle in opposition; "She tugged and wrestled with her conflicts" fight down , oppose , fight , fight back , defend - fight against or resist strongly; "The senator said he would oppose the bill"; "Don't fight it!" get back , settle - get one's revenge for a wrong or an injury; "I finally settled with my old enemy" fight back - defend oneself battle , combat - battle or contend against in or as if in a battle; "The Kurds are combating Iraqi troops in Northern Iraq"; "We must combat the prejudices against other races"; "they battled over the budget" war - make or wage war attack , assail - launch an attack or assault on; begin hostilities or start warfare with; "Hitler attacked Poland on September 1, 1939 and started World War II"; "Serbian forces assailed Bosnian towns all week" duel - fight a duel, as over one's honor or a woman; "In the 19th century, men often dueled over small matters" joust - joust against somebody in a tournament by fighting on horseback chickenfight , chicken-fight - fight while sitting on somebody's shoulders tourney - engage in a tourney feud - carry out a feud; "The two professors have been feuding for years" skirmish - engage in a skirmish fence - fight with fencing swords box - engage in a boxing match spar - fight with spurs; "the gamecocks were sparring" tussle , scuffle - fight or struggle in a confused way at close quarters; "the drunken men started to scuffle" wrestle - engage in a wrestling match; "The children wrestled in the garden" wage , engage - carry on (wars, battles, or campaigns); "Napoleon and Hitler waged war against all of Europe" struggle verb 2. fight , battle , wrestle , grapple , compete , contend , scuffle , lock horns We were struggling for the gun when it went off. 3. have trouble, have problems, have difficulties, fight , come unstuck The company is struggling to find visitors. noun 4. ordeal , test , suffering , trouble(s), trial , nightmare , torture , agony , hardship , anguish , tribulation(s) Losing weight was a terrible struggle. struggle كِفَاح كِفاح، نِضالنضاليَتَحَرَّك بِصُعوبَهيُحاوِل الإفْلات بِعُنْف zápasitzmítat sebojprodírat seúsilí iš visų jėgų stengtisšiaip ne taip verstisstengtis ištrūktivos sudurti galą su galu ārā u.tml.)cīņacīnītiescīnīties/lauzties (uz priekšukarot mücadele mücadele etmek çabalamak canını dişine takıp uğraşmakçırpınmak cố gắngcuộc đấu tranh 1. (lit) → pelea f, forcejeo m there were signs of a struggle → había señales de haberse producido una pelea or un forcejeo two men went up to him and a struggle broke out → dos hombres se acercaron a él y se desencadenó una pelea to put up a struggle → oponer resistencia , forcejear he handed over his wallet without a struggle → entregó su billetera sin oponer resistencia 2. (fig) → lucha f (for por) her struggle to feed her children → su lucha por poder dar de comer a sus hijos I had a struggle to persuade her → me costó trabajo persuadirla he finally lost his struggle against cancer → finalmente perdió su lucha contra el cáncer the struggle for survival → la lucha por la supervivencia there is a fierce power struggle going on behind the scenes → hay una intensa lucha por el poder entre bastidores local shopkeepers are not giving up without a struggle → los tenderos del barrio no van a rendirse sin luchar see also class D stop struggling! → ¡ deja de forcejear! he struggled to get free from the ropes → forcejeó para soltarse de las cuerdas we were struggling for the gun when it went off → forcejeábamos para hacernos con la pistola cuando se disparó to struggle with sb → forcejear con algn 2. (= move with difficulty) to struggle free → lograr soltarse con dificultad I struggled into my costume → logré ponerme el disfraz como pude she struggled to her feet → logró ponerse de pie the bus was struggling up the hill → el autobús subía con dificultad la cuesta he was struggling with his luggage → cargaba con su equipaje con gran esfuerzo 3. (= fight against odds) → luchar to struggle to do sth → luchar por hacer algo, esforzarse por hacer algo to struggle against sth → luchar contra algo he struggled against the disease for 20 years → luchó contra la enfermedad durante 20 años we could see she was struggling for breath → veíamos como respiraba con dificultad they were struggling to pay their bills → tenían problemas or iban apurados para pagar las facturas the economy is struggling → la economía está en apuros I struggled through the book → me costó terminar de leer el libro , tuve problemas para terminar de leer el libro she has struggled with her weight for years → ha tenido problemas con su peso durante años struggle along VI + ADV 1. (lit) → avanzar con dificultad or penosamente 2. (fig) (financially) → ir apurado struggle on VI + ADV many old people choose to struggle on alone → muchas personas mayores prefieren seguir bregando solas struggle through VI + ADV we'll struggle through somehow → saldremos adelante de algún modo struggle (to achieve or obtain sth) → lutte f a struggle for survival → une lutte pour la survie power struggle → lutte f de pouvoir It was a struggle → Ça a été laborieux . Reading was a struggle for him → Il peinait pour lire ., La lecture lui coûtait beaucoup. to have a struggle to do sth → avoir beaucoup de mal à faire qch vi (= try hard) → lutter , se battre to struggle to do sth (= try hard) → se battre pour faire qch He struggled to get custody of his daughter → Il s'est battu pour obtenir la garde de sa fille . (= move with difficulty) (= put up a fight) → se débattre He struggled, but he couldn't escape → Il s'est débattu , mais il n'a pas pu s'échapper. (= scuffle) → lutter We were struggling for the gun when it went off → Nous luttions pour nous emparer du pistolet lorsque le coup est parti . to struggle with sb → se battre avec qn She struggled with her attacker → Elle s'est battue avec son assaillant . struggle n (lit, fig) → Kampf m → (for um); (fig: = effort) → Anstrengung f; without a struggle → kampflos ; to put up a struggle → sich wehren ; the struggle for survival/existence → der Überlebens -/Daseinskampf; the struggle to feed her seven children → der Kampf , ihre sieben Kinder zu ernähren ; the struggle to find somewhere to live → der Kampf or die Schwierigkeiten , bis man eine Wohnung gefunden hat; it is/was a struggle → es ist/war mühsam ; she finds life a struggle → sie findet das Leben mühsam ; I had a struggle to persuade him → es war gar nicht einfach , ihn zu überreden vi (= contend) → kämpfen ; (in self-defence) → sich wehren ; (= writhe) → sich winden ; (financially) → in Schwierigkeiten sein, krebsen (inf); (fig: = strive) → sich sehr bemühen or anstrengen , sich abmühen ; the police were struggling with the burglar → zwischen der Polizei und dem Einbrecher gab es ein Handgemenge ; to struggle to do something → sich sehr anstrengen , etw zu tun ; to struggle for something → um etw kämpfen , sich um etw bemühen ; to struggle against somebody/something → gegen jdn / etw kämpfen ; to struggle with somebody → mit jdm kämpfen ; to struggle with something (with problem, difficulty, question) → sich mit etw herumschlagen; with injury, mortgage, debts, feelings → mit etw zu kämpfen haben; with doubts, one’s conscience → mit etw ringen ; with luggage, language, subject, homework, words → sich mit etw abmühen ; to struggle with life → es im Leben nicht leicht haben; this firm/team/family is struggling → diese Firma / Mannschaft /Familie hat (schwer) zu kämpfen ; are you struggling? → hast du Schwierigkeiten ?; can you manage? — I’m struggling → schaffst dus? — mit Müh und Not; he was struggling to make ends meet → er hatte seine liebe Not durchzukommen (= move with difficulty) → sich quälen ; to struggle to one’s feet → mühsam aufstehen or auf die Beine kommen , sich aufrappeln (inf); to struggle to get up → sich hochquälen; he struggled through the tiny window → er zwängte sich durch das kleine Fenster ; to struggle on (lit) → sich weiterkämpfen; (fig) → weiterkämpfen; to struggle along/through (lit, fig) → sich durchschlagen or -kämpfen struggle 1. n (fight) → lotta ; (effort) → sforzo he lost his glasses in the struggle → ha perso gli occhiali nella zuffa a power struggle → una lotta per il potere the struggle for survival → la lotta per la sopravvivenza without a struggle (surrender) → senza opporre resistenza (without difficulty) → senza problemi to have a struggle to do sth → avere dei problemi a fare qc 2. vi (physically) → lottare to struggle with sth/sb → lottare con qc/qn to struggle to one's feet → alzarsi con sforzo to struggle through the crowd → avanzare a fatica tra la folla 3. vt to struggle to do sth → lottare per fare qc struggle on vi + adv (fighting) → continuare a lottare ; (walking) → avanzare a fatica ; (living) → tirare avanti struggle through vi + adv (fig) they managed to struggle through → sono riusciti a farcela struggle (ˈstragl) verb 1. to twist violently when trying to free oneself. The child struggled in his arms. worstel, spook يُحاوِل الإفْلات بِعُنْف мъча се debater-se zmítat se zappeln vride sig; stritte imod αγωνίζομαι , παλεύω luchar , forcejear rabelema مبارزه كردن rimpuilla se débattre לְהֵיאָבֵק हाथ-पैर मारना otimati se, opirati se küzd memberontak brjótast um dibattersi もがく 몸부림치다 grumtis, stengtis ištrūkti turēties/cīnīties pretī bergelut spartelen stritte mot , kjempe , slåss walczyć , wyrywać się مبارزه کول debater-se a se zbate биться zmietať sa otepati se migoljiti se streta, sprattla, kämpa ต่อสู้ çabalamak , çırpınmak 掙扎 битися, відбиватися ہاتھ پیر مارنا vẫy vùng, vật lộn 挣扎 2. to make great efforts or try hard. All his life he has been struggling with illness / against injustice. worstel يُكافِح боря се lutar zápasit kämpfen kæmpe αγωνίζομαι , μοχθώ , κοπιάζω luchar võitlema تلاش كردن ponnistella se battre לְהֵיאָבֵק किसी तरह मार्ग निकालना, आग बढ़ना boriti se harcol berjuang stríða, berjast við lottare 戦う 고군분투하다 kovoti, grumtis cīnīties; karot berjuang worstelen kjempe mot , streve med , stride zmagać/borykać się کوښښ کول lutar a se bate (contra), a se lupta (cu) бороться zápasiť boriti se boriti se kämpa ดิ้นรน canını dişine takıp uğraşmak 鬥爭 боротися سخت کوشش کرنا gắng sức 斗争 3. to move with difficulty. He struggled out of the hole. spook يَتَحَرَّك بِصُعوبَه пробивам си път с мъка esforçar-se prodírat se sich quälen arbejde (sig); kæmpe (sig) κινούμαι με δυσκολία moverse con dificultad tunglema, rabelema تقلا كردن räpistellä avancer péniblement לְהִתאַמֵץ से संघर्ष करना, से मुकाबला करना mučiti se, probijati se erőlködik berusaha keras brjótast (um/út úr) sforzarsi ; uscire もがく 버등거리다 iš visų jėgų stengtis (ką nors daryti) cīnīties/lauzties (uz priekšu; ārā u.tml.) berusaha keras worstelen kjempe seg, bakse seg inn/ut av gramolić się له سختی سره خوځیدل esforçar-se a înainta cu greu с трудом выбираться predierať sa prebijati se teško se kretati kämpa sig กระเสือกกระสน güçlükle hareket etmek 掙扎(動作) пробиватися بڑی دقت سے چلنا di chuyển một cách khó khăn 挣扎（行动） noun an act of struggling, or a fight. The struggle for independence was long and hard. worsteling كِفاح، نِضال битка luta boj der Kampf kamp αγώνας lucha võitlus مبارزه kamppailu lutte מאבק हाथापाई, संघर्ष borba, naprezanje küzdelem perjuangan barátta lotta 斗争 고군분투 kova cīņa perjuangan worsteling kamp , strev walka مبارزه luta a se lupta (pentru) борьба boj boj borba kamp การต่อสู้ mücadele 鬥爭 боротьба; зусилля جد و جہد cuộc đấu tranh 斗争 struggle along to have only just enough money to live. net-net genoeg geld verdien يكون لديْه ما يَكْفيه للحياة فقط карам я някакси subsistir žít z ruky do úst sich durchkämpfen leve fra hånden i munden τα φέρνω βόλτα τσίμα τσίμα vivir con estrecheces, subsistir penosamente/a duras penas/con dificultad toime tulema پول كافي داشتن براي زندگي pinnistellä eteenpäin subsister tant bien que mal לְהַחזִיק מַעֲמָד प्रयत्न के समानान्तर preživljavati, živjeti s malo novca tengődik hidup pas-pasan skrimta, basla (tirare avanti) なんとかやっていく 근근히 살아가다 šiaip ne taip verstis, vos sudurti galą su galu ar mokām iztikt berhempas pulas het net kunnen redden leve fra hånd til munn ledwo wiązać koniec z końcem, biedować د ژوند لپاره کافی پیسی لرل subsistir a subzista кое-как сводить концы с концами žiť z ruky do úst prebijati se preživljavati dra sig fram ประทังชีวิต kıt kanaat geçinmek 生活艱難 перебиватися (з хліба на воду) زندہ رہنے بھر ضروری رقم کا ہونا tìm cách tồn tại, dù có nhiều trở ngại 生活艰难 struggle → كِفَاح , يُكَافِحُ úsilí, usilovat kæmpe, kamp abmühen (sich) , Kampf αγώνας , αγωνίζομαι esforzarse , forcejear , lucha kamppailla, kamppailu lutte , lutter borba, boriti se lotta , lottare 苦闘, 苦闘する 고투, 열심히 노력하다 worstelen , worsteling besvær , streve walczyć , walka esforçar-se , esforço бороться , борьба kamp, kämpa ความพยายาม, พยายาม mücadele , mücadele etmek cố gắng, cuộc đấu tranh 挣扎 struggle	i don't know
What name is given to the soft V shaped part of a horse’s hoof?	PARTS OF THE HOOF PARTS OF THE HOOF Illustration ï¿½ PENZANCE Equine Solutions 2006. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Physiology of the Parts: Hoof in General: Front hooves should be round in shape and be able to be divided into thirds with 2/3 of the ground contact behind the widest part of the foot and 1/3 ahead of the widest part of the foot to the point of breakover. Rear hooves should be more oval shaped. Front hooves hold 60% of the horses total weight when static whereas the rears hold 40% and are meant to be able to dig in for quick take-off at which time weight shifts to rear. The hooves should be balanced medially-laterally (side to side). That is, if drawing an imaginary line from the heel to the toe right down the middle of the hoof, the two sides should be the same. Not one side higher than the other or thinner than the other but both unilaterally the same. The same applies when viewing the hoof from the front. If an imaginary line is drawn straight down the middle of the pastern through the hoof, both sides should be equal and balanced. Ideally, the hoof wall should be the same thickness all the way around the hoof and never left long enough to be weight-bearing by itself. In healthy, whole hooves, if one were to draw an imaginary shape continuing from the toe callous around the hoof this wide area would look like a "natural" shoe on the horse and be almost uniformly weight bearing as on a flat plane with the walls of the hooves blending smoothly and tightly into the sole. This is called the sole callous. The slight arched area in the quarters that are not flat on the ground allow for expansion of the hoof on loading. Here is an actual photograph depicting this. This hoof has not yet been trimmed but clearly shows the thick hoofwall with no separations or dirt between the wall and the sole. The hoof sole is one solid unit. The frog, however, is showing pathological issues and is not representative of a healthy frog. The hoof is clearly in need of a major correct trim. The heels are too long so the frog does not receive any ground contact. This causes contracted heels which are evident in the above photo. When looking at the horse while hooves are on the ground, the same applies for uniformity as it does when looking at the hooves from a solar view. This is a front hoof newly trimmed after removing shoes. The heels were left longer than ideal because the heels were so long before trimming that to trim down to ideal height would have made the horse sore. Subsequent trims every couple of weeks for a month or so will get the heels down to ideal height. Notice, though, the angles of the hoof wall being the same angle as the coronary and the pastern. The toe is nice and short and the hoof has no irregularities. This hoof does not show much arch to the quarters as it is a horse that is kept on soft ground. A horse that is kept on hard ground would exhibit more arching. Hooves should be smooth-walled showing no ridges or rings around the hoof. Neither should there be any chips, dings or other evidence of pathologies or injuries. The coronary band hairline should be a straight line when viewed from the side with no bumps or waves. The angle of the coronary hairline, when viewed from the side, should be close to 30 degrees (31 - 33*) to ground level. This allows the coffin bone inside the hoof capsule to rest nearly at ground level. Notice the slight wave in the hoof arrowed whereas the hairline on the other hoof is straight. The placement of the wave on this hairline is indicative of bars that are left too long and a slight pressure point on the hoof wall. The frogs should be wide across the back of the hoof with a nice, calloused, smooth appearance. (Note: horses kept on wet or soft ground will have a more rubbery, pliant type frog.) When the hoof is weight bearing the frog should be in ground contact. There should be no slits or crevices in the frog which would indicate pathologies. The bulbs of the heels should be uniform in size and appearance. The photo above shows comments on a REAR hoof. Notice the nice, full frog and heel. It's evenly shaped on both sides. The yellow line along the frog crevice show that the line of the hoof from apex of frog to the sides of the heel bulbs is correct for a fully functioning barefoot hoof. You can also see the outline of where the hoof naturally falls at the toe. This is a rear hoof so the toe is NOT rockered at all and the overall shape is more oval than the front. In motion at a walk, the horse should be able to be clearly viewed as landing HEEL FIRST with no pronounced "kir-chunking" of the fetlock joint. Long toes on a horse do not allow for this movement. Toes that are left too long will delay the breakover and cause the toes to wear down from the underside faster than the heel will wear down thus causing imbalances that set up a whole gamut of other issues. There should be no discoloration of the sole of the hoof indicating bruising, bleeding or other injuries. The sole, itself, should be approximately 1/2 - 3/4" thick. With a traditional pasture trim, this sole is generally pared away leaving minimized protection for the P3. The sole grows at the rate of about 1/4" a month. Therefore, when a horse's sole is pared down to less than a 1/4 of an inch, as is frequently the case with pasture trims, it will take at least 3 months for that sole to grow back to full thickness and then another month or two to form a strong, thick callused protection. One would expect a horse to be tender on the sole until it is grown back and calloused. The hooves, in general, should be wide and suitable for the weight and size of the horse. One can expect that the hooves may grow 1 - 2 sizes after being de-shod and trimmed properly for maximum hoof function. When viewing the hoof "plane" (sole) from above there should be a flat plane with no ridges, bumps or uneven plane. The toe should have a neat "rocker" at a 10 to 15 degree angle from about a thumbs width in front of the frog apex to the outside toe wall. When viewing from the side, the quarters should be nicely arched so the hoof ground contact points are clearly on either side of the toe and at the heels. When standing, one should be able to slip a piece of paper directly under the toe and then on either side of the hoof. The hoof wall should be nicely rolled all the way around. The extent of the roll will be directly influenced by the type of ground the horse walks on regularly. Soft ground will not wear the walls round as much as hard-rocky ground and hooves on soft ground need more traction to prevent slipping. Hooves on rocky ground will naturally be "flatter" in the sole than horses that live on soft ground. HEELS approximately 1/8TH above the live sole at the buttress. Individual hooves will vary as to ideal heel height for that individual horse. This photo shows proper heel length. Notice that while in a non-weight bearing position the frog is just touching at ground level. This is excellent. When the horse loads that hoof (steps on it), the frog will then be touching the ground and bearing the weight of the step to allow the circulatory pump action of the frog to be effective as well as allow for maximum shock absorbency and dissipation of energy.	Frog
In world War II what term was used to describe a group of German U-boats?	Armani Before, Low Heel & Long Toe \| Healthy Hoof .com Armani Before, Low Heel & Long Toe Subscribe to Blog via Email Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Join 501 other subscribers Armani Before, Low Heel & Long Toe Started 3/26/2014 Armani is a 2003 Registered Oldenburg Gelding who was originally purchased to be an Event horse, and I began trimming him on July 18th, 2011. He had an extreme long toe and low heel on his front right hoof. The side view of the hoof revealed an extreme under-run heel and the sole view revealed extremely contracted heels, indication of a negative palmer coffin bone rotation and a rotten frog. His front left had a higher heel, but it wasn’t club / pathologically high. At the time, Armani was coming back from a tendon injury on the right front. His owner, vet and farrier had struggled unsuccessfully to correct the long toe and chronic lameness he was experiencing, and the owner decided to try barefoot. The lameness caused enough concern that she was considering retiring him even though he was young and was otherwise a wonderful athlete. She discussed barefoot with her vet who said he wasn’t a good candidate, but admitted that she “had nothing to loose”. NEGATIVE PALMER ANGLE The x-rays below were taken 3 days pre-trim, and show the right front prior to starting to my starting to trim it. If a DP View (front view) of a hoof where the x-ray beam is aimed at the base of the coffin bone reveals an upward arc to the base of the coffin bone, its an indication that the hoof is “reverse Palmer” (front hoof) or “reverse plantar” (hind hoof). “Reverse” means that the toe is at a higher point relative to the ground than the heel . A healthy Palmer angle is almost a matter of pinion, but negative is always undesirable. I like to see a heel that is 2 to 4 degrees higher behind because the heel compresses under maximum load, and I never want the angle of the coffin bone to go into a reverse position. Reverse Palmer angles put considerable stress on the tendons and ligaments, predisposing the limb to injury This is what was happening to Armani. MORE ON NEGATIVE / REVERSE PALMER PLANTAR When you look at a hoof and want to determine if the palmer or plantar angle is negative, here are several things to look for. The only way to know for certain is with an x-ray, but these landmarks help guide my work. The frog is stretched forward and the heels are frog are contracted. There is typically a deep dip or cup directly in front of the tip of the frog. The sole is often flat, at least around the peripheral wall. The heels are often crushed. The Coronet band has a steeply upward angle and the profile shows a bull-nose. On a rear hoof, the coronet band projected up should aim at the elbow, and on a reverse P foot, it will point at the abdomen. Horse may stand under if its a negative Plantar angle Steep coronet band points at abdomen Stands under behind Bull-nosed profile with steep coronet band and crushed heels LONG TOE, LOW HEEL The horse is meant to land heel first under most circumstances. An emphasis on loading the toe pulls on the wall with each step. Horses will sometimes land toe first on a hill with a healthy foot, or for traction, but that an exception. In order for the horse to land heel-first, he needs a heel that he can land on. Unfortunately the heel below is under-developed and under run… it’s super uncomfortable. When we look at an extremely long toe on a clearly marked x-ray, the toe is obviously long. There are several consequences of having a long toe and low heel. Think of the hoof capsule as a rectangle, a parallelogram. A healthy hoof is a more upright parallelogram with a dorsal wall angle approximately between 45 and 55 degrees. An unhealthy hoof with a long toe appears squashed flat with an angle lower than 45 degrees (depending on the hoof and horses conformation). The length of the bottom of the hoof B below, stays the same, but when the horse lands toe first chronically, the height, H, is reduced and the amount of under-run in the heel, A, increases. The Hoof Angle on a normal hoof is typically greater than 45 degrees, but this is dependent on the horses coffin bone shape and the horses conformation. A pathologically long toed hoof can be viewed as a parallelogram. If you continuously load point the toe, exert pressure on it, it will respond to that pressure by moving forward relative to the top of the dorsal wall at the coronet band. The heel is going to get pulled forward and under the hoof. When this happens, it becomes even more uncomfortable to load the heel, first because that point is now so far under the hoof that the foot is thrown into a more extreme reverse palmer angle. In a case like the picture of Armani’s sole in the contacted hoof above, the heel is very weak, so the horse prefers not to land on it, weighting the toe-first instead. As the toe is stretched forward, the frog is also stretched forward and the heels are drawn in, contracting. In the second picture above, the heels are loaded comfortably, the area between the heels and above the frog – the Digital Cushion – becomes firm and healthy, and spreads the heels out. Here’s a video that shows an unhealthy and healthy digital cushion dissection: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o8K184QkJAU The less comfortable the back of the hoof (referred to as the Caudal Hoof) is, the less likely the horse is to use it. When we trim the hoof correctly (keeping the toe short), then make the back of the foot comfortable (I prefer using boots and pads, or glue on synthetic shoes), the horse starts to use the heel correctly and the Caudal Hoof (digital cushion, lateral cartridges, heels and frog) begins to develop a healthy shape. Below are cadaver pictures that illustrate what a pathologically underdeveloped digital cushion looks like compared to a mustang digital cushion. Toe First Landings? These pictures come from Promises Case Study, http://healthyhoof.com/case_studies/Promise/Promise.html , and illustrate what a toe-first landing looks like. When a horse hits the ground toe first, one of the first things I notice is the puff of debris that flies up in front of the hoof. Other things to look for are a stiff pastern/fetlock that drops sharply vs smoothly and tension in the withers or hip. The picture below left is a toe-first canter stride. The picture on the right is “after” and heel first. More Before Pictures The first picture below is immediately after shoe removal. I trimmed the hoof very conservatively. I brought the toe back and removed some of the deep sole under the tip of P3 to lower he toe and improve the reverse palmer angle. I don’t show this because if you don’t know what you’re doing, you can injure the horse so its a more advanced topic. Two weeks later, all of the retained sole began to soften and come out, as shown in the other three pictures. Because the hoof is in a healing process, I err on the side of being too conservative and wait until the sole and bar starts to shed before removing it. I have taken “retained sole” or bar out on other horses and had them become very tender. A comfortable hoof and lots of heel first movement are a key part of the rehab process, so I typically leave this ugly sole and bar intact. Rehab Process? BOOTS In Armani’s case we booted him in Easy Care Trail boots with 1/4 soft pads. I recommend using Gold Bond or a similar Talc powder and shecking the boots every day. If a horse develops rubs, a strip of duck take or athletic tapr over the rubbing area helps, or cut the toe out of a mans wook hiking sock and pull that over the foot. Rubbing is rarely a problem if the hoof is trimmed correctly and the boot fits. Several other boots would work as well. The new Easy Care Transition and RX boots are made specifically for rehab, and the Back Country Glove and Cavello work well too. Some people like the Soft Ride boots also. If I feel a horse is going to have a shorter rehab process, I try to use a boot that can later be used for riding. EXERCISE I recommend turnout and hand walking until the horse is moving easily. For Armani, this was the plan, and he quickly graduated to riding at a walk.	i don't know
In which battle of May 1982 did Colonel H. Jones win his posthumous V.C.?	Army top brass had doubts over Lt Col 'H' Jones's Falklands VC - Telegraph Army top brass had doubts over Lt Col 'H' Jones's Falklands VC Lt Col Herbert Jones By Ben Fenton 12:01AM BST 28 Mar 2005 The best-known Victoria Cross award of the post-war era was surrounded by controversy from the earliest days and questioned at the highest levels of the military, newly-released documents have revealed. Lt Col Herbert Jones, universally known simply as 'H', was awarded the VC for charging Argentine positions defending the settlement of Goose Green during the first land battle of the Falklands conflict. He died in the act, but his men, the 2nd Bn Parachute Regiment (2 Para), went on to take all of their objectives against heavy odds. Some time later, authors and historians began to report doubts about the award, suggesting that his actions were ill-judged and rash, much to the anger of his friends and many former comrades. Related Articles Rallying charge was 'devastating display of courage' 28 Mar 2005 But files show that even by the time the first recommendations for medals were received in London, less than six weeks after the final recapture of the Falklands, these doubts were already circulating. The VC is awarded only on the recommendation to the Queen by the Prime Minister and the Defence Secretary and they act only on the recommendation of the VC committee for the relevant service. This committee is made up of three senior officers and the deputy permanent secretary of the Ministry of Defence. In turn, they act on the recommendations made through the chain of command, when senior officers can offer various levels of support for an award, from simply recommending them to strongly, or very strongly recommending them. The new papers show that Lt Col Jones's citation was "very strongly recommended" by the overall commander of Land Forces for the campaign. But his superior, the Task Force commander Adml Sir John Fieldhouse, had given it "only" a recommendation. The files also show that the committees considered awarding him a posthumous Military Cross instead. Papers composed by or for Lt Gen Sir Roland Guy, the Military Secretary of the Army and secretary to the VC committee, give an insight into why this may have happened. Sir Roland wrote to his colleagues about Lt Col Jones on July 24, 1982: "It can be argued that [his] action was reckless and that at a critical moment in the attack he needlessly risked his life and showed a lack of judgment rather than conspicuous bravery. "It is clear from the citation, however, that his action, which epitomises the determination, drive and offensive spirit which exemplified his leadership of the Battalion, was committed at what was the critical and pivotal moment of the battle; that its effect upon the enemy and his own battalion was decisive and that such action was necessary at that moment to break the stalemate which had already lasted an hour or more." Sir Roland did not include in his recommendation the remarks of his deputy, who had written: "The fact is that Jones's single-minded determination to get on, to close with and destroy the enemy so inspired his own battalion that they went to achieve a feat of arms which defied all accepted military theory. "It set the tenor for subsequent British land operations and gave the enemy a marked sense of inferiority in combat. There is no doubt that his VC, if approved, will also, inseparably, be 2 Para's VC." A similar approach had already been taken by a tri-service committee set up specially by the MoD "to adjudicate on overall standards [inserted] & to monitor the number of awards by grades to each service" arising from the conflict. They wrote of Lt Col Jones: "His was considered to be the key action at a moment of stalemate which probably unlatched the gate to further momentum and ultimate success. "There could be a view that his action was hot-headed and ill-judged but this did not detract from the conspicuous bravery he showed." Maj Gen [then Brig] Julian Thompson, his commanding officer, said: "In my opinion, a commanding officer does occasionally have to put his life on the line. I do not in any way think H was doing the wrong thing when he died. "I know that he was an impatient man, but that does not in any way detract from what he did." He told The Telegraph: "I think it was perfectly fair of them to describe that as 2 Para's VC. They were given a bloody awful job by me and were given no support and they won that battle with no support." Major Chris Keeble, then the executive officer of 2 Para, who took command when Lt Col Jones died, said of his commander's "reckless" charge: "At that moment we had to get going to sustain the momentum. "There is no question about it, it was a horrible, beastly battle and our momentum had to be sustained. "It was the first land battle of the campaign and it really mattered. Things had not gone well at sea. We needed a victory both militarily and politically. We needed to break the enemy's will. "It's summed up in the vignette of H's action. This is virtue and integrity that is at stake. "It's not performance management. It's valour. I know we live in an age of performance management, but this is a completely different lens we are looking through. "This is a man living up to what he stood for, for what the battalion stood for, for what the Army stood for."	Goose Green
Which name was shared by 11 Pharoahs?	Memories of Goose Green Memories of Goose Green Memories of Goose Green Memories of Goose Green One of the corporals who fought at Goose Green during the Falklands War , John Geddes, described the part played in the battle by Lieutenant-Colonel Herbert Jones , who was given the Victorian Cross after being killed in action. Army corporal John Geddes has recalled memories of the Battle of Goose Green during the Falklands War and of the part played by Lieutenant-Colonel Herbert Jones, known as H. Jones, who was killed in the conflict. Geddes was employed in Patrols Platoon, assisting 2 Para as they moved towards Goose Green following their landing at San Carlos Bay . While Geddes was extremely complimentary about Jones, describing him as “a cracking bloke, the best boss I ever had in the army”, he queried his posthumous receipt of the Victoria Cross. Jones was awarded the medal as recognition for his role as commanding officer of 2nd Battalion Parachute Regiment during Goose Green. Geddes, however, feels that Jones failed in a number of ways during the battle, including striving for glory for 2 Para as a unit, something which may have altered his decisions. Before the Falklands War began, the 2 Para unit had been based in Kenya on a training exercise. While there, Patrols Platoon men had effectively shot Jones as he had moved too far to the front of the fighting. Lieutenant Colonel H. Jones, VC Another reason listed by Geddes was that Jones’ plan of attack was far too convoluted and was quickly proven to be unworkable as he was denied support from the helicopter and Harrier side due to thick coastal fog. These issues, said Geddes, were not caused directly by Jones but were linked to the lack of flexibility in his battle plans. “There was a message from the boss whose tendency to micro-manage had burst to the fore and got worse as the battle went on,” said Geddes. Jones appeared unable to delegate the decision making to those he should – namely men on the ground. An example of this, given by Geddes, was that of Major Phil Neame, who thought he had located a safe beach route by which the unit could get behind Argentine positions but was refused permission by Jones to use it. Geddes also referenced an incident relating to A Company, which was being led by Major Dair Farrar-Hockley. A Company had confirmed it wished to move quickly towards Darwin Ridge, proceeding stealthily under the cover of darkness. However, Jones refused to allow them to proceed until he had reached their position and could assess their plan. This lost hour ensured A Company was exposed to greater risk as they then had to move in the breaking dawn. Jones is also said to have rejected a suggestion by Support Platoon’s Captain Peter Ketley that Milan anti-tank missiles should be utilised in the conflict against Argentine trenches. Rather, Jones planned to use them further down the line in the fight against armoured vehicles. In terms of positioning, Geddes felt that Jones should have been located close to the back of the battle in order that he would gain a better overall picture of the conflict. This, Geddes believed, would have allowed Jones to plan accordingly. Although his command team – and his bodyguard - was unaware of his plan, Jones called for a heavy machine gun to take position up a gorse gully. The message “Sunray is down” over the radio meant that Jones had been hit. Geddes was not intending to be critical of Jones, however he believes that he should have stepped back from battle in order to better assess what it really took to win the conflict. The death of the overall battalion commander was a major blow and, overall, says Geddes, what Jones did was “lionhearted but ill-conceived and futile.”	i don't know
In the Fellowship of the ring at which inn did the hobbits meet strider?	Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring [The Hobbits arrive at the gates of Bree, soaking wet due to the pouring rain. They pause, uncertain how to declare themselves.] Frodo: "Come on." [He knocks on the gates. A small peep hole opens high above them, then slams shut. Another opens, nearer their eye level. An old face peers out against the downpour.] Gatekeeper: "What do you want?" Frodo: "We're heading for the Prancing Pony." Gatekeeper: [opening the gate] "Hobbits! Four hobbits! What business brings you to Bree?" Frodo: "We wish to stay at the inn. Our business is our own." Gatekeeper: "All right young sir, I meant no offence. 'Tis my job to ask question after nightfall. There's talk of strange folk abroad. Can't be too careful." [He ushers them inside.] [The Hobbits make their way up the cobbled path, through the motley crowd which jostles and bumps them.] [One man, a particularly ugly oaf holding a carrot, belches contemptuously over them.] Men of Bree: "Out of the way! Watch where you're walking, young masters!" [Frodo looks up and spots the sign of the Prancing Pony. The four Hobbits enter the Inn. Inside, it is crowded, noisy and poorly-lit. They pull back their hoods. Merry and Pippin breathe sighs of relief.] [Frodo steps up to the bar, which rises far above his head.] Frodo: "Excuse me?" Butterbur (leaning down over the bar): "Good evening, little masters! If you're looking for accommodation we've got some nice, cozy, hobbit-sized rooms available. Mister uh —" Frodo: "— Underhill, my name's Underhill." Butterbur: "Underhill. Yes…" Frodo: "We're friends of Gandalf the Grey. Can you tell him we've arrived?" Butterbur: "Gandalf? Gandalf? Oh yes! I remember: elderly chap, big gray beard, pointy hat… Not seen him for six months." [The hobbits are shocked. They huddle together.] Sam: "What do we do now?" [The hobbits are seated at a table in the tap room of the Prancing Pony. The air is dark and smoke-filled. Drunken men laugh raucously. Several glance suspiciously at the hobbits.] Frodo: "Sam. He'll be here. He'll come." Man: [to Merry coming from the bar] "Get, get out of my way." [Merry sits down at the table. He is holding a huge stein of beer.] Pippin: "What's that?" Merry: "This my friend, is a pint." Pippin: "It comes in pints? I'm getting one." [Pippin rushes to the bar.] Sam: "You had a whole half already!" [Sam turns back to his mug. After a moment, he nudges Frodo and gestures to the corner of the room. A dark cloaked figure sits alone. His face is invisible inside his hood.] Sam: "That fellow's done nothin' but stare at you since we arrived." Frodo: [takes Butterbur aside] "Excuse me, that man in the corner, who is he?" Butterbur: "He's one of them rangers. Dangerous folk they are — wandering the wilds. What his right name is I've never heard, but around here, he's known as Strider." Frodo: "Strider." [Strider lights his pipe. Only the gleam of his eyes can be discerned above the glow of the burning leaf.] [Frodo starts to play with the Ring. It starts to whisper.] The Ring: "Baggins. Baggins. Baggins. Baggins! Baggins!…" Pippin: "Baggins!" [Frodo snaps out of his reverie.] Pippin: [at the bar] "Sure I know a Baggins. He's over there, Frodo Baggins." Pippin: "He's my second cousin, once removed on his mother's side" [listeners laugh, "It works for him!" yells one] "and my third cousin twice removed on his father's side, if you follow me." [Strider sits up, his attention fairly caught. Frodo rushes towards the bar to stop Pippin from babbling further.] Frodo: "Pippin!" [grabs him] [Frodo slips on someone's boot and falls back, tossing the Ring into the air.] [As he catches it, the Ring slips onto Frodo's finger.] [Frodo disappears. Folks gasp in surprise. Strider is alarmed.] [Outside the village, the Black Riders turn around.] [Frodo, now in a shadow world, looks around bewildered.] [He then sees an immense singular orb, a lidless eye, wreathed in flame. The Eye of Sauron stares down at him.] Sauron: "You cannot hide! I see you! There is no life in the void, only death!" [Frodo backs away, terrified. He gropes for the Ring, unable to tear his gaze from the hideous Eye. Finally he wrenches the Ring off, reappearing with a relieved sigh.] [Strider grabs him from behind.] Frodo: "Ah!" Strider: "You draw far too much attention to yourself Mister 'Underhill'!" [Strider tosses him up the stairs, flings open the door of his room, throws Frodo in and shuts the door behind them. Frodo stumbles, falls to his knees, and stands up.] Frodo: "What do you want?" Strider: "A little more caution from you. That is no trinket you carry." Frodo: "I carry nothing!" Strider: "Indeed." [He walks over to the window, and puts out the candles with his fingers.] Strider: "I can avoid being seen if I wish. But to disappear entirely, that is a rare gift." Frodo: "Who are you?" Strider: "Not nearly frightened enough. I know what hunts you." [The door bursts open. Strider draws his sword.] [Sam, Merry and Pippin rush in, Sam with fists clenched and ready to fight.] Sam: "Let him go! Or I'll have you Longshanks!" Strider: (sheaths his sword) "You have a stout heart little hobbit, but that will not save you. You can no longer wait for the wizard Frodo. They're coming." [Inside the gatehouse of Bree, the wizened gatekeeper hears a horse snorting.] [He gets up to investigate and opens the window in the gate. Suddenly the Black Riders crash through the gate, crushing the gatekeeper underneath it.] [The riders gallop to the Prancing Pony. Screeches are heard.] [The Riders enter the Inn, swords drawn. Butterbur hides behind the door, terrified.] [Inside, the Hobbits are soundly asleep.] [The Riders make for the hobbit-sized room. Silently, they raise their swords high above them to plunge into the beds.] [The swords descend, stabbing at the still forms as the Hobbits awake. The Riders pull back the covers and realise they have been attacking stuffed bedclothes and pillows. They scream. Strider watches from the window in his room as the Riders remount their horses.] [Frodo sits at the foot of the bed. The rest of the sleeping hobbits, awakened by the Riders' cries, lean wide-eyed against the headboard.] Frodo: "What are they?" Strider: "They were once Men. Great kings of Men." Strider: "Then Sauron the Deceiver gave to them nine Rings of Power. Blinded by their greed, they took them without question. One by one falling into darkness." Strider: "Now they are slaves to his will. They are the Nazgûl, Ringwraiths, neither living nor dead. At all times they feel the presence of the Ring. Drawn to the power of the One. They will never stop hunting you."	List of minor places in Middle-earth
Which is the oldest university in the English speaking world?	The Prancing Pony \| The One Wiki to Rule Them All \| Fandom powered by Wikia Edit The Prancing Pony was an inn in the village of Bree, the capital of the land of the same name. It was based inside the central hub of the town nearby stables and various merchant stalls. Since Bree was built on the major road of the Greenway , it was a fairly well-traveled inn, and was so accustomed to hobbits that designated hobbit rooms had been built. Barliman Butterbur was the inkeeper at the time of The War of the Ring. Nob and Bob are the 2 hobbits that work at The Prancing Pony. Nob works to serve everyone at the inn like tend to their needs for food and etc. While Bob works as a ostler, someone who takes care of the horses. In the years leading up to the fabled Quest for Erebor, Gandalf the Grey met up with Thorin Oakenshield in the inn by chance. Thorin wished to slay Smaug the dragon and claim his rightful title of King under the Mountain . Gandalf met him there and aided Thorin in finding a burglar. [1] Frodo Baggins and his friends stayed at this inn while traveling to Rivendell . They encountered Aragorn (Strider) here, and allowed him to join their company. On the night of their stay, the hobbits feared Black Riders , so they did not sleep in their rooms. Their precautions were good because that night their rooms were searched by the Riders. The hobbits and Aragorn made off through the Lowlands the next day. [2] [3] Portrayal in adaptations	i don't know
Which was the second “Carry on” film?	Juliet Mills Biography (1941-) Lynn Milgrim to Rob Morrow Juliet Mills Biography (1941-) Full name, Juliet Maryon Mills; born November 21, 1941, in London, England; daughter of John Mills (an actor) and Mary Hayley Bell (an actress and writer); sister of Hayley Mills (an actress); married Russell Alquist Jr., 1961 (divorced); married Michael Miklenda (an architect; divorced); married Maxwell Caulfield (an actor), 1980; children: (first marriage) Sean Ryan; (second marriage) Melissa. Nationality Freda's baby, In Which We Serve, Rank/Two Cities, 1942 Baby Julie, So Well Remembered, RKO, 1947 Child, The October Man, Eagle-Lion, 1947 Little Polly, The History of Mr. Polly, GFD/Two Cities, 1949 Tansy Carr, No, My Darling Daughter, Zenith, 1961 Catty, Twice round the Daffodils (also known as What a Carry On: Twice around the Daffodils), Anglo Amalgamated Films, 1962 Joanna Jones, Nurse on Wheels (also known as Carry On, Nurse onWheels and What a Carry On: Nurse on Wheels), Anglo Amalgamated Films, 1963 Sally, Carry On Jack (also known as Carry On Venus and Carry On Sailor), Anglo Amalgamated Films, 1964 Hilary Price, The Rare Breed, Universal, 1966 Nurse, Oh, What a Lovely War! Paramount, 1969 Pamela Piggott, Avanti!, United Artists/Mirisch Corporation, 1972 Voice of the girl, Jonathan Livingston Seagull, Paramount, 1973 Jessica Barrett, Beyond the Door (also known as Behind the Door, Che sei&quest;, Beyond the Door, The Devil within Her, and Who&quest;), Film Ventures, 1975 Estefania, El segundo poder, 1976 Mme. Bertrand, Flic ou Voyou (also known as Cop or Hood), Cerito Films/Gaumont International, 1978 Maggy, Canicule (also known as Dog Day), Union Generale Cinematographique, 1983 The Last Straw, Cinema International Canada, 1987 Herself (archive footage), The 1950's: Music, Memories & Milestones, 1988 The defense lawyer, Waxwork II: Lost in Time (also known as Lost in Time and Space Shift: Waxwork II), LIVE Home Video, 1992 Primevals, 1996 Winnie, The Other Sister, Buena Vista, 1999 Also appeared in The Man with the Green Cross, Riata, and The Second Power. Stage Appearances Alice, Alice through the Looking Glass, Chelsea Palace Theatre, London, England, 1955 Pamela Harrington, Five Finger Exercise, Comedy Theatre, London, England, 1958 , later Music Box Theatre, New York City, 1959 Wendy, Peter Pan, Scala Theatre, London, England, 1960 Kitty, The Glad and Sorry Season, Piccadilly Theatre, London, England, 1962 Titania, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Royal Shakespeare Company,Aldwych Theatre, London, England, 1963 Gilda, Alfie, Morosco Theatre, New York City, 1964 The Knack, Los Angeles, CA, 1964 Lady Windermere's Fan, Phoenix Theatre, London, England, 1966 Kate Hardcastle, She Stoops to Conquer, Garrick Theatre, London, England, 1969 Susy Hendrix, Wait until Dark, Alcazar Theatre, San Francisco, CA,1979 Mrs. Kemble, The Elephant Man, Royal Poinsiana Playhouse, Palm Beach, FL, 1980 Catherine Sloper, The Heiress, Nottingham Playhouse, Nottingham, England, 1980 The Cherry Orchard, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 1995 The Moliere Comedies, 1995 Time of My Life, 1995 Ruth, Blithe Spirit, Lauren K. Woods Theatre, West Long Branch, NJ, 1997 Dial M for Murder, Cape Playhouse, Cape Cod, MD, 1998 Major Tours The Mousetrap, U.S. cities, 1976 The Cherry Orchard, Canadian cities, 1995 Fallen Angels, 1995 Phoebe Figalilly (Nanny), Nanny and the Professor, ABC, 1970-71 All My Children, ABC, 1985 Tabitha Lenox, Passions, NBC, 1999- Movies Lisa, Wings of Fire (also known as The Cloudburst), NBC, 1967 Herself, Mr. Dickens of London, 1968 Mary McCabe, The Challengers, CBS, 1969 Voice of Nanny, Nanny and the Professor and the Phantom of the Circus, ABC, 1973 Maggie, Letters from Three Lovers, ABC, 1973 "Kiss Me Again, Stranger," Rex Harrison's Short Stories of Love, NBC, 1974 Jennifer, Barnaby and Me, \[Australia\], 1977 Myra, Alexander: The Other Side of Dawn, NBC, 1977 Tinkerbell, The Cracker Factory, ABC, 1979 Eileen Hacker, Columbo: No Time to Die (also known as Columbo and No Time to Die), ABC, 1992 Alice Tanner, Sidney Sheldon's A Stranger in the Mirror (alsoknown as A Stranger in the Mirror), 1993 Miniseries Samantha Cady, QB VII, ABC, 1974 Joyce, Once an Eagle, NBC, 1977 Vivianne DeBiron, Judith Krantz's Till We Meet Again (also known as Till We Meet Again), CBS, 1989 Night of the Fox, syndicated, 1990 Specials Mrs. Dickens of London, ABC, 1967 Hayley Mills, Arts and Entertainment, 1999 The 16th Annual Soap Opera Awards, 2000 The 27th Annual Daytime Emmy Awards, 2000 Vivien Leigh: A Delicate Balance, Arts and Entertainment, 2000 Episodic Carla, "The Mindreader," Man of the World, 1962 "The Adriatic Express Affair," The Man from U.N.C.L.E., NBC, 1965 "The Slaughter Pen," 12 O'Clock High, ABC, 1966 "Siren Voices," 12 O'Clock High, ABC, 1966 "Pull the Wool Over Your Eyes: Here Comes the Cold Wind of Truth," BenCasey, ABC, 1966 "The Imposter," A Man Called Shenandoah, ABC, 1966 "Time of Flight," Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theater, NBC, 1966 "Don't Wait for Tomorrow," Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theater, NBC, 1967 Margaret, "Man Running," Coronet Blue, CBS, 1967 Julia Finney, "The Man Who Murdered Himself," Alias Smith and Jones, ABC, 1971 "Alone with Terror," ABC's Matinee Today, ABC, 1973 "The Flying Doctor of Kenya," Born Free, NBC, 1974 Mildred Ballinger, "Ballinger's Choice," Harry O, ABC, 1974 "Public Secrets," Marcus Welby, M.D., ABC, 1975 "The Right to Die," Medical Story, NBC, 1975 "Termination with Extreme Prejudice," Hawaii Five-O, CBS, 1975 "She Stoops to Conquer," Classic Theater, PBS, 1975 "Demon, Demon," Wide World of Mystery, ABC, 1975 "Death Rods," Matt Helm, ABC, 1975 "In the Silence," Gibbsville, 1976 "The Adventure of the Hard-Hearted Huckster," Ellery Queen, NBC, 1976 Queen Kathryn, "The Queen and the Thief," The New Adventures of WonderWoman (also known as Wonder Woman), CBS, 1977 "Masquerade," The Love Boat, ABC, 1978 "Sixth Sense," Police Woman, NBC, 1978 Fantasy Island, ABC, 1978 "Coronado Circle," Switch, CBS, 1978 "Tug of War," The Love Boat, ABC, 1979 Fantasy Island, ABC, 1979 "Happy Ending," The Love Boat, ABC, 1980 Kate, "Downhill to Death," Hart to Hart, ABC, 1980 Fantasy Island, ABC, 1980 "Phantom Bride," The Love Boat, ABC, 1981 "Surrogate Mother," Fantasy Island, ABC, 1984 "A Match Made in Heaven," The Love Boat, ABC, 1984 "The Secret," Dynasty, ABC, 1984 "The Holiday Spirit," Dynasty, ABC, 1984 "Fallen Idols," Hotel, ABC, 1985 "Pitfalls," Hotel, ABC, 1987 Annette Pirage, "Witness for the Defense," Murder, She Wrote, CBS,1987 "Maginnis for the People," The Law and Harry McGraw, CBS, 1988 "Outpost," Monsters, 1990	Carry On Nurse
Which gas is the principal gas in the atmosphere of Venus?	Juliet Mills Biography (1941-) Lynn Milgrim to Rob Morrow Juliet Mills Biography (1941-) Full name, Juliet Maryon Mills; born November 21, 1941, in London, England; daughter of John Mills (an actor) and Mary Hayley Bell (an actress and writer); sister of Hayley Mills (an actress); married Russell Alquist Jr., 1961 (divorced); married Michael Miklenda (an architect; divorced); married Maxwell Caulfield (an actor), 1980; children: (first marriage) Sean Ryan; (second marriage) Melissa. Nationality Freda's baby, In Which We Serve, Rank/Two Cities, 1942 Baby Julie, So Well Remembered, RKO, 1947 Child, The October Man, Eagle-Lion, 1947 Little Polly, The History of Mr. Polly, GFD/Two Cities, 1949 Tansy Carr, No, My Darling Daughter, Zenith, 1961 Catty, Twice round the Daffodils (also known as What a Carry On: Twice around the Daffodils), Anglo Amalgamated Films, 1962 Joanna Jones, Nurse on Wheels (also known as Carry On, Nurse onWheels and What a Carry On: Nurse on Wheels), Anglo Amalgamated Films, 1963 Sally, Carry On Jack (also known as Carry On Venus and Carry On Sailor), Anglo Amalgamated Films, 1964 Hilary Price, The Rare Breed, Universal, 1966 Nurse, Oh, What a Lovely War! Paramount, 1969 Pamela Piggott, Avanti!, United Artists/Mirisch Corporation, 1972 Voice of the girl, Jonathan Livingston Seagull, Paramount, 1973 Jessica Barrett, Beyond the Door (also known as Behind the Door, Che sei&quest;, Beyond the Door, The Devil within Her, and Who&quest;), Film Ventures, 1975 Estefania, El segundo poder, 1976 Mme. Bertrand, Flic ou Voyou (also known as Cop or Hood), Cerito Films/Gaumont International, 1978 Maggy, Canicule (also known as Dog Day), Union Generale Cinematographique, 1983 The Last Straw, Cinema International Canada, 1987 Herself (archive footage), The 1950's: Music, Memories & Milestones, 1988 The defense lawyer, Waxwork II: Lost in Time (also known as Lost in Time and Space Shift: Waxwork II), LIVE Home Video, 1992 Primevals, 1996 Winnie, The Other Sister, Buena Vista, 1999 Also appeared in The Man with the Green Cross, Riata, and The Second Power. Stage Appearances Alice, Alice through the Looking Glass, Chelsea Palace Theatre, London, England, 1955 Pamela Harrington, Five Finger Exercise, Comedy Theatre, London, England, 1958 , later Music Box Theatre, New York City, 1959 Wendy, Peter Pan, Scala Theatre, London, England, 1960 Kitty, The Glad and Sorry Season, Piccadilly Theatre, London, England, 1962 Titania, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Royal Shakespeare Company,Aldwych Theatre, London, England, 1963 Gilda, Alfie, Morosco Theatre, New York City, 1964 The Knack, Los Angeles, CA, 1964 Lady Windermere's Fan, Phoenix Theatre, London, England, 1966 Kate Hardcastle, She Stoops to Conquer, Garrick Theatre, London, England, 1969 Susy Hendrix, Wait until Dark, Alcazar Theatre, San Francisco, CA,1979 Mrs. Kemble, The Elephant Man, Royal Poinsiana Playhouse, Palm Beach, FL, 1980 Catherine Sloper, The Heiress, Nottingham Playhouse, Nottingham, England, 1980 The Cherry Orchard, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 1995 The Moliere Comedies, 1995 Time of My Life, 1995 Ruth, Blithe Spirit, Lauren K. Woods Theatre, West Long Branch, NJ, 1997 Dial M for Murder, Cape Playhouse, Cape Cod, MD, 1998 Major Tours The Mousetrap, U.S. cities, 1976 The Cherry Orchard, Canadian cities, 1995 Fallen Angels, 1995 Phoebe Figalilly (Nanny), Nanny and the Professor, ABC, 1970-71 All My Children, ABC, 1985 Tabitha Lenox, Passions, NBC, 1999- Movies Lisa, Wings of Fire (also known as The Cloudburst), NBC, 1967 Herself, Mr. Dickens of London, 1968 Mary McCabe, The Challengers, CBS, 1969 Voice of Nanny, Nanny and the Professor and the Phantom of the Circus, ABC, 1973 Maggie, Letters from Three Lovers, ABC, 1973 "Kiss Me Again, Stranger," Rex Harrison's Short Stories of Love, NBC, 1974 Jennifer, Barnaby and Me, \[Australia\], 1977 Myra, Alexander: The Other Side of Dawn, NBC, 1977 Tinkerbell, The Cracker Factory, ABC, 1979 Eileen Hacker, Columbo: No Time to Die (also known as Columbo and No Time to Die), ABC, 1992 Alice Tanner, Sidney Sheldon's A Stranger in the Mirror (alsoknown as A Stranger in the Mirror), 1993 Miniseries Samantha Cady, QB VII, ABC, 1974 Joyce, Once an Eagle, NBC, 1977 Vivianne DeBiron, Judith Krantz's Till We Meet Again (also known as Till We Meet Again), CBS, 1989 Night of the Fox, syndicated, 1990 Specials Mrs. Dickens of London, ABC, 1967 Hayley Mills, Arts and Entertainment, 1999 The 16th Annual Soap Opera Awards, 2000 The 27th Annual Daytime Emmy Awards, 2000 Vivien Leigh: A Delicate Balance, Arts and Entertainment, 2000 Episodic Carla, "The Mindreader," Man of the World, 1962 "The Adriatic Express Affair," The Man from U.N.C.L.E., NBC, 1965 "The Slaughter Pen," 12 O'Clock High, ABC, 1966 "Siren Voices," 12 O'Clock High, ABC, 1966 "Pull the Wool Over Your Eyes: Here Comes the Cold Wind of Truth," BenCasey, ABC, 1966 "The Imposter," A Man Called Shenandoah, ABC, 1966 "Time of Flight," Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theater, NBC, 1966 "Don't Wait for Tomorrow," Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theater, NBC, 1967 Margaret, "Man Running," Coronet Blue, CBS, 1967 Julia Finney, "The Man Who Murdered Himself," Alias Smith and Jones, ABC, 1971 "Alone with Terror," ABC's Matinee Today, ABC, 1973 "The Flying Doctor of Kenya," Born Free, NBC, 1974 Mildred Ballinger, "Ballinger's Choice," Harry O, ABC, 1974 "Public Secrets," Marcus Welby, M.D., ABC, 1975 "The Right to Die," Medical Story, NBC, 1975 "Termination with Extreme Prejudice," Hawaii Five-O, CBS, 1975 "She Stoops to Conquer," Classic Theater, PBS, 1975 "Demon, Demon," Wide World of Mystery, ABC, 1975 "Death Rods," Matt Helm, ABC, 1975 "In the Silence," Gibbsville, 1976 "The Adventure of the Hard-Hearted Huckster," Ellery Queen, NBC, 1976 Queen Kathryn, "The Queen and the Thief," The New Adventures of WonderWoman (also known as Wonder Woman), CBS, 1977 "Masquerade," The Love Boat, ABC, 1978 "Sixth Sense," Police Woman, NBC, 1978 Fantasy Island, ABC, 1978 "Coronado Circle," Switch, CBS, 1978 "Tug of War," The Love Boat, ABC, 1979 Fantasy Island, ABC, 1979 "Happy Ending," The Love Boat, ABC, 1980 Kate, "Downhill to Death," Hart to Hart, ABC, 1980 Fantasy Island, ABC, 1980 "Phantom Bride," The Love Boat, ABC, 1981 "Surrogate Mother," Fantasy Island, ABC, 1984 "A Match Made in Heaven," The Love Boat, ABC, 1984 "The Secret," Dynasty, ABC, 1984 "The Holiday Spirit," Dynasty, ABC, 1984 "Fallen Idols," Hotel, ABC, 1985 "Pitfalls," Hotel, ABC, 1987 Annette Pirage, "Witness for the Defense," Murder, She Wrote, CBS,1987 "Maginnis for the People," The Law and Harry McGraw, CBS, 1988 "Outpost," Monsters, 1990	i don't know
Who was the victorious general at the battle of Cannae in 216 BC.?	Battle of Cannae in the Second Punic War 54,000-87,000 men Battle of Cannae - Background: After the start of the Second Punic War, the Carthaginian general Hannibal boldly crossed the Alps and invaded Italy. Winning battles at Trebia (218 BC) and Lake Trasimene (217 BC), Hannibal defeated armies led by Tiberius Sempronius Longus and Gaius Flaminius Nepos. In the wake of these victories, he moved south plundering the countryside and working to make Rome's allies defect to Carthage's side. Reeling from these defeats, Rome appointed Fabius Maximus to deal with the Carthaginian threat. Avoiding direct contact with Hannibal's army, Fabius struck at the enemy's supply lines and practiced the form of attritional warfare that later bore his name . Unhappy with this indirect approach, the Senate did not renew Fabius' dictatorial powers when his term ended and command passed to the consuls Gnaeus Servilius Geminus and Marcus Atilius Regulus ( Map ). In the spring of 216 BC, Hannibal seized the Roman supply depot at Cannae in southeast Italy. Situated on the Apulian Plain, this position allowed Hannibal to keep his men well fed. With Hannibal sitting astride Rome's supply lines, the Roman Senate called for action. Raising an army of eight legions, command was given to the Consuls Gaius Terentius Varro and Lucius Aemilius Paullus. The largest army ever assembled by Rome, this force advanced to face the Carthaginians. Marching south, the consuls found the enemy encamped on the left bank of the Aufidus River. As the situation developed, the Romans were hampered by an unwieldy command structure which required the two consuls to alternate command on a daily basis. Battle of Cannae - Preparations: Approaching the Carthaginian camp on July 31, the Romans, with the aggressive Varro in command, defeated a small ambush set by Hannibal's men. Though Varro was emboldened by the minor victory, command passed to the more conservative Paullus the next day. Unwilling to fight the Carthaginians on open ground due to his army's smaller cavalry force, he elected to encamp two-thirds of the army east of the river while establishing a smaller camp on the opposite bank ( Map ). The next day, aware that it would be Varro's turn, Hannibal advanced his army and offered battle hoping the lure the reckless Roman forward. Assessing the situation, Paullus successfully prevented his compatriot from engaging. Seeing that the Romans were unwilling to fight, Hannibal had his cavalry harass the Roman water-bearers and raid in the vicinity of Varro and Paullus' camps. Seeking battle on August 2, Varro and Paullus formed up their army for battle with their infantry densely packed in the center and the cavalry on the wings. The Consuls planned to use the infantry to quickly break the Carthaginian lines. Opposite, Hannibal placed his cavalry and most veteran infantry on the wings and his lighter infantry in the center. As the two sides advanced, Hannibal's center moved forward, causing their line to bow in a crescent shape. On the Hannibal's left, his cavalry charged forward and routed the Roman horse ( Map ). Battle of Cannae - Rome Crushed: To the right, Hannibal's cavalry was engaged with that of Rome's allies. Having destroyed their opposite number on the left, the Carthaginian cavalry rode behind the Roman army and assaulted the allied cavalry from the rear. Under attack from two directions, the allied cavalry fled the field. As the infantry began to engage, Hannibal had his center slowly retreat, while ordering the infantry on the wings to hold their position. The tightly packed Roman infantry continued to advance after the retreating Carthaginians, unaware of the trap that was about to be sprung ( Map ). As the Romans were drawn in, Hannibal ordered the infantry on his wings to turn and attack the Roman flanks. This was coupled with a massive assault on the Roman rear by the Carthaginian cavalry, which completely surrounded the Consuls' army. Trapped, the Romans became so compressed that many did not have space to raise their weapons. To speed the victory, Hannibal ordered his men to cut the hamstrings of each Roman and then move on to the next, commenting that the lamed could be slaughtered later at the Carthaginian's leisure. The fighting continued until evening with approximately 600 Romans dying per minute. Battle of Cannae - Casualties & Impact: Various accounts of the Battle of Cannae show that 50,000-70,000 of the Romans, with 3,500-4,500 taken prisoner. It is known that approximately 14,000 were able to cut their way out and reach the town of Canusium. Hannibal's army suffered around 6,000 killed and 10,000 wounded. Though encouraged by his officers to march on Rome, Hannibal resisted as he lacked the equipment and supplies for a major siege. While victorious at Cannae, Hannibal would ultimately be defeated at the Battle of Zama (202 BC), and Carthage would lose the Second Punic War.	Hannibal
Who became known as the boy General in the American Civil War?	Battle of Cannae \| Military Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Carteia Battles of Trebia , Lake Trasimene and Cannae, from left to right The Battle of Cannae ( / ˈ k æ n i / or / ˈ k æ n eɪ / ), a major battle of the Second Punic War , took place on 2 August 216 BC in Apulia in southeast Italy. The army of Carthage under Hannibal decisively defeated a larger army of the Roman Republic under the consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro . It is regarded as one of the greatest tactical feats in military history and has been regarded as the worst defeat in Roman history. Having recovered from their losses at Trebia (218 BC) and Lake Trasimene (217 BC), the Romans decided to engage Hannibal at Cannae, with roughly 86,000 Roman and allied troops. The Romans massed their heavy infantry in a deeper formation than usual while Hannibal utilized the double-envelopment tactic. This was so successful that the Roman army was effectively destroyed as a fighting force. Following the defeat, Capua and several other Italian city-states defected from the Roman Republic to Carthage. Contents Edit Shortly after the start of the Second Punic War, the Carthaginian general Hannibal crossed into Italy by traversing the Pyrenees and the Alps during the summer and early autumn. He quickly won major victories over the Romans at the Trebia and at Lake Trasimene . After these losses the Romans appointed Fabius Maximus as dictator to deal with the threat. [2] :p.8 Fabius used attrition warfare against Hannibal, cutting off his supply lines and avoiding pitched battle . These tactics proved unpopular with the Romans who, as they recovered from the shock of Hannibal's victories, began to question the wisdom of the Fabian strategy which had given the Carthaginian army a chance to regroup. [3] The majority of Romans were eager to see a quick conclusion to the war. It was feared that, if Hannibal continued plundering Italy unopposed, Rome's allies might defect to the Carthaginian side for self-preservation. [4] Therefore, when Fabius came to the end of his term, the Senate did not renew his dictatorial powers and command was given to consuls Gnaeus Servilius Geminus and Marcus Atilius Regulus . In 216 BC, when elections resumed, Gaius Terentius Varro and Lucius Aemilius Paullus were elected as consuls, placed in command of a newly raised army of unprecedented size, and directed to engage Hannibal. Polybius wrote: The Senate determined to bring eight legions into the field, which had never been done at Rome before, each legion consisting of five thousand men besides allies. ...Most of their wars are decided by one consul and two legions, with their quota of allies; and they rarely employ all four at one time and on one service. But on this occasion, so great was the alarm and terror of what would happen, they resolved to bring not only four but eight legions into the field. — Polybius, The Histories of Polybius [5] Estimates of Roman troop numbers Edit Eight legions, some 40,000 Roman soldiers and an estimated 2,400 cavalry, formed the nucleus of this massive new army. As each legion was accompanied by an equal number of allied troops, and allied cavalry numbered around 4,000, the army that faced Hannibal could not have been much less than 90,000. [6] However, some have suggested that the destruction of an army of 90,000 troops would be impossible. They argue that Rome probably had 48,000 troops and 6,000 cavalry against Hannibal's 35,000 troops and 10,000 cavalry. [7] Livy quotes one source stating the Romans added only 10,000 men to their usual army. [8] While no definitive number of Roman troops exists, all sources agree that the Carthaginians faced a considerably larger foe. Roman command Edit Ordinarily each of the two consuls would command his own portion of the army but, since the two armies were combined into one, Roman law required them to alternate their command on a daily basis. It appears that Hannibal had already realized that the command of the Roman army alternated,Script errorScript error[ citation needed ] and planned his strategy accordingly. The traditional account puts Varro in command on the day of the battle, and much of the blame for the defeat has been laid on his shoulders. [1] However, his low origins seem to be exaggerated in the sources, and Varro may have been made a scapegoat by the aristocratic establishment. [1] Varro lacked the powerful descendants that Paullus had: descendants who were willing and able to protect his reputation — most notably, Paullus was the grandfather of Scipio Aemilianus , the patron of Polybius. [2] Prelude Edit In the spring of 216 BC, Hannibal took the initiative and seized the large supply depot at Cannae in the Apulian plain, placing himself between the Romans and their crucial source of supply. As Polybius noted, the capture of Cannae "caused great commotion in the Roman army; for it was not only the loss of the place and the stores in it that distressed them, but the fact that it commanded the surrounding district". [3] The consuls, resolving to confront Hannibal, marched southward in search of him. After two days' march, they found him on the left bank of the Aufidus River and encamped six miles (10 km) away. Reportedly, a Carthaginian officer named Gisgo commented on how much larger the Roman army was. Hannibal replied, "another thing that has escaped your notice, Gisgo, is even more amazing—that although there are so many of them, there is not one among them called Gisgo." [4] Varro, in command on the first day, is presented by ancient sources as a man of reckless nature and hubris , and was determined to defeat Hannibal. While the Romans were approaching Cannae, a small portion of Hannibal's forces ambushed them. Varro successfully repelled the attack and continued on his way to Cannae. This victory, though essentially a mere skirmish with no lasting strategic value, greatly bolstered the confidence of the Roman army, perhaps to overconfidence on Varro's part. Paullus, however, was opposed to the engagement as it was taking shape. Unlike Varro, he was prudent and cautious, and he believed it was foolish to fight on open ground, despite the Romans' numerical strength. This was especially true since Hannibal held the advantage in cavalry (both in quality and quantity). Despite these misgivings, Paullus thought it unwise to withdraw the army after the initial success, and camped two-thirds of the army east of the Aufidus River, sending the remainder to fortify a position on the opposite side. The purpose of this second camp was to cover the foraging parties from the main camp and harass those of the enemy. [5] The two armies stayed in their respective locations for two days. During the second day (August 1), Hannibal, aware that Varro would be in command the following day, left his camp and offered battle, but Paullus refused. When his request was rejected, Hannibal, recognizing the importance of the Aufidus water to the Roman troops, sent his cavalry to the smaller Roman camp to harass water-bearing soldiers that were found outside the camp fortifications. According to Polybius, [3] Hannibal's cavalry boldly rode up to the edge of the Roman encampment, causing havoc and thoroughly disrupting the supply of water to the Roman camp. [6] The battle Edit Modern interpretation of a slinger from the Balearic Islands (famous for the skill of their slingers). Figures for troops involved in ancient battles are often unreliable and Cannae is no exception. The following figures should be treated with caution, especially those for the Carthaginian side. [7] The Roman forces totaled 80,000 infantry, 2,400 Roman cavalry and 4,000 allied horse (involved in the actual battle) and, in the two fortified camps, 2,600 heavily armed men, 7,400 lightly armed men (a total of 10,000), approximately 86,400 men. Opposing them was a Carthaginian army of roughly 40,000 heavy infantry, 6,000 light infantry , and 10,000 cavalry in the battle itself, irrespective of detachments. [8] The Carthaginian army was a combination of warriors from numerous regions. Along with the core of 8,000 Libyans, there were 8,000 Iberians, 16,000 Gauls (8,000 were left at camp the day of battle) and around 5,500 Gaetulian infantry.Script errorScript error[ citation needed ] Hannibal's cavalry also came from diverse backgrounds. He commanded 4,000 Numidian, 2,000 Iberian, 4,000 Gallic and 450 Liby-Phoenician cavalry. Finally, Hannibal had around 8,000 skirmishers consisting of Balearic slingers and mixed nationality spearmen, a total of around 47,950. The uniting factor for the Carthaginian army was the personal tie each group had with Hannibal. [1] Equipment Edit Rome's forces used typical Roman equipment including pila (heavy javelins) and hastae (thrusting spears) as weapons as well as traditional helmets, shields, and body armor. On the other hand, the Carthaginian army used a variety of equipment. Iberians fought with swords suited for cutting and thrusting and javelins or various types of spear. For defense, Iberian warriors carried large oval shields and the falcata . The Gauls were likely wearing no armor and the Gaulish weapon was usually a long, slashing sword. [2] The heavy Carthaginian cavalry carried two javelins and a curved slashing sword with a heavy shield for protection. Numidian cavalry were very lightly equipped, lacking saddles and bridles for their horses, and used no armor but carried a small shield, javelins and possibly a knife or longer blade. Skirmishers acting as light infantry carried either slings or spears. The Balearic slingers, who were famous for their accuracy, carried short, medium, and long slings used to cast stones or bullets. They may have carried a small shield or simple leather pelt on their arms, but this is uncertain. Hannibal himself was wearing Musculata armor and carried a falcata as well. [3] The equipment of the Libyan line infantry has been much debated. Head has argued in favor of short stabbing spears. [4] Polybius states that the Libyans fought with equipment taken from previously defeated Romans. It is unclear whether he meant only shields and armor or offensive weapons as well, [5] though a general reading suggests he meant the whole panoply of arms and armor, and even tactical organization. Apart from his description of the battle itself, when later discussing the subject of Roman Legion versus Greek Phalanx, Polybius says that "...against Hannibal, the defeats they suffered had nothing to do with weapons or formations" because "Hannibal himself...discarded the equipment with which he had started out (and) armed his troops with Roman weapons". [6] Dally is inclined to the view that Libyan infantry would have copied the Iberian use of the sword during their fighting there and so were armed similarly to the Romans. [7] Connolly has argued that they were armed as a pike phalanx. [8] This has been disputed by Head because Plutarch states they carried spears shorter than the Roman Triarii [4] and by Dally because they could not have carried an unwieldy pike at the same time as a heavy Roman-style shield. [5] Tactical deployment Edit The conventional deployment for armies of the time was placement of infantry in the center, with the cavalry in two flanking "wings." The Romans followed this convention fairly closely, but chose extra depth rather than breadth for the infantry, hoping to use this to quickly break through the center of Hannibal's line. Varro knew how the Roman infantry had managed to penetrate Hannibal's center at Trebia , and he planned to recreate this on an even greater scale. The principes were stationed immediately behind the hastati , ready to push forward at first contact to ensure the Romans presented a unified front. As Polybius wrote, "the maniples were nearer each other, or the intervals were decreased...and the maniples showed more depth than front." [9] [10] Even though they outnumbered the Carthaginians, this depth-oriented deployment meant that the Roman lines had a front of roughly equal size to their fewer opponents. Initial deployment and Roman attack (in red) To Varro, Hannibal seemed to have little room to maneuver and no means of retreat as he was deployed with the Aufidus River to his rear. Varro believed that when pressed hard by the Romans' superior numbers, the Carthaginians would fall back to the river and, with no room to maneuver, would be cut down in panic. Bearing in mind that Hannibal's two previous victories had been largely decided by his trickery and ruse, Varro had sought an open battlefield. The field at Cannae was clear, with no possibility of hidden troops being brought to bear as an ambush. [11] Hannibal, on the other hand, had deployed his forces based on the particular fighting qualities of each unit, taking into consideration both their strengths and weaknesses. [12] He placed his Iberians and Gauls in the middle, alternating the ethnic composition across the front line, with himself right at the front and center. Infantry from Punic Africa was on the wings at the very edge of his infantry line. These infantry were battle-hardened, remained cohesive, and would attack the Roman flanks. Hasdrubal led the Iberian and Gaulish cavalry on the left (south near the Aufidus River) of the Carthaginian army. By placing the flank of his army on the Aufidus river, Hannibal prevented this flank from being overlapped by the more numerous Romans. Hasdrubal was given about 6,500 cavalry, and Hanno had 3,500 Numidians on the right. Hannibal intended that his cavalry, comprising mainly medium Hispanic cavalry and Numidian light horse, and positioned on the flanks, would defeat the weaker Roman cavalry and swing around to attack the Roman infantry from the rear as it pressed upon Hannibal's weakened center. His veteran African troops would then press in from the flanks at the crucial moment, and encircle the overextended Romans. The Romans were in front of the hill leading to Cannae and hemmed in on their right flank by the Aufidus River, so that their left flank was the only viable means of retreat. [13] In addition, the Carthaginian forces had maneuvered so that the Romans would face east. Not only would the morning sun shine low into the Romans' eyes, but the southeasterly winds would blow sand and dust into their faces as they approached the battlefield. [10] Hannibal's unique deployment of his army, based on his perception of the terrain and understanding of the capabilities of his troops, proved decisive. Subsequent events Edit As the armies advanced on one another, Hannibal gradually extended the center of his line, as Polybius described: "After thus drawing up his whole army in a straight line, he took the central companies of Hispanics and Celts and advanced with them, keeping the rest of them in contact with these companies, but gradually falling off, so as to produce a crescent-shaped formation, the line of the flanking companies growing thinner as it was prolonged, his object being to employ the Africans as a reserve force and to begin the action with the Hispanics and Celts." Polybius described the weak Carthaginian center as deployed in a crescent, curving out toward the Romans in the middle with the African troops on their flanks in echelon formation . [9] It is believed that the purpose of this formation was to break the forward momentum of the Roman infantry, and delay its advance before other developments allowed Hannibal to deploy his African infantry most effectively. [14] While the majority of historians feel that Hannibal's action was deliberate, some have called this account fanciful, and claim that the actions of the day represent either the natural curvature that occurs when a broad front of infantry marches forward, or the bending back of the Carthaginian center from the shock action of meeting the heavily massed Roman center. [14] Destruction of the Roman army When the battle was joined, the cavalry engaged in a fierce exchange on the flanks. Polybius described the Hispanic and Celtic horse dismounting in what he considers a barbarian method of fighting. When the Hispanic and Gauls got the upper hand, they cut down the Roman cavalry without giving quarter. [9] On the other flank the Numidians engaged in a way that merely kept the Roman allied cavalry occupied. When the victorious Hispanic and Gallic cavalry came up, the allied cavalry broke and the Numidians pursued them off the field. [9] While the Carthaginians were in the process of defeating the cavalry, the mass of infantry on both sides advanced towards each other in the center of the field. The wind from the east blew dust in the Romans' faces and obscured their vision. While the wind was not a major factor, the dust that both armies created would have been potentially debilitating to sight. [10] Although it made seeing difficult, troops would still have been able to see others in the vicinity. The dust, however, was not the only psychological factor involved in battle. Because of the somewhat distant battle location, both sides were forced to fight on little sleep. The Romans faced another disadvantage caused by lack of proper hydration due to Hannibal's attack on the Roman encampment during the previous day. Furthermore, the massive number of troops would have led to an overwhelming amount of background noise. All of these psychological factors made battle especially difficult for the infantrymen. [15] Hannibal stood with his men in the weak center and held them to a controlled retreat. The crescent of Hispanic and Gallic troops buckled inwards as they gradually withdrew. Knowing the superiority of the Roman infantry, Hannibal had instructed his infantry to withdraw deliberately, creating an even tighter semicircle around the attacking Roman forces. By doing so, he had turned the strength of the Roman infantry into a weakness. While the front ranks were gradually advancing, the bulk of the Roman troops began to lose their cohesion, as they began crowding themselves into the growing gap. Soon they were compacted together so closely that they had little space to wield their weapons. In pressing so far forward in their desire to destroy the retreating and seemingly collapsing line of Hispanic and Gallic troops, the Romans had ignored (possibly due to the dust) the African troops that stood uncommitted on the projecting ends of this now-reversed crescent. [14] This also gave the Carthaginian cavalry time to drive the Roman cavalry off on both flanks and attack the Roman center in the rear. The Roman infantry, now stripped of protection on both its flanks, formed a wedge that drove deeper and deeper into the Carthaginian semicircle, driving itself into an alley formed by the African infantry on the wings. [16] At this decisive point, Hannibal ordered his African infantry to turn inwards and advance against the Roman flanks, creating an encirclement in one of the earliest known examples of a pincer movement . When the Carthaginian cavalry attacked the Romans in the rear and the African flanking echelons assailed them on their right and left, the advance of the Roman infantry was brought to an abrupt halt. The Romans were enclosed in a pocket with no means of escape. The Carthaginians created a wall and began destroying them. Polybius wrote, "as their outer ranks were continually cut down, and the survivors forced to pull back and huddle together, they were finally all killed where they stood." As Livy described, "So many thousands of Romans were dying ... Some, whom their wounds, pinched by the morning cold, had roused, as they were rising up, covered with blood, from the midst of the heaps of slain, were overpowered by the enemy. Some were found with their heads plunged into the earth, which they had excavated; having thus, as it appeared, made pits for themselves, and having suffocated themselves." [17] Cowley claims that nearly six hundred legionaries were slaughtered each minute until darkness brought an end to the bloodletting. [18] Only 14,000 Roman troops managed to escape, most of whom had cut their way through to the nearby town of Canusium . Casualties Edit The Death of Aemilius Paulus by John Trumbull , 1773 Polybius writes that of the Roman and allied infantry, 70,000 were killed, 10,000 captured, and "perhaps" 3,000 survived. He also reports that of the 6,000 Roman and allied cavalry, only 370 survived. [19] Livy wrote "it is said that 45,500 foot soldiers and 2,700 horsemen were slain in almost equal proportion of citizens and allies". [20] He also reports that 3,000 Roman and allied infantry and 1,500 Roman and allied cavalry were taken prisoner by the Carthaginians. [21] Although Livy does not cite his source by name, it is likely to have been Quintus Fabius Pictor , a Roman historian who fought in and wrote on the Second Punic War. It is Pictor whom Livy names when reporting the casualties at the Battle of Trebia . [22] In addition to the consul Paullus, Livy goes on to record that among the dead were 2 quaestors, 29 of the 48 military tribunes (some of consular rank, including the consul of the previous year, Gnaeus Servilius Geminus , and the former Master of the Horse , Marcus Minucius Rufus ), and 80 "senators or men who had held offices which would have given them the right to be elected to the Senate". [23] Later Roman and Greco-Roman historians largely follow Livy's figures. Appian gave 50,000 killed and "a great many" taken prisoner. [24] Plutarch agreed, "50,000 Romans fell in that battle... 4,000 were taken alive". [25] Quintilian : "60,000 men were slain by Hannibal at Cannae". [26] Eutropius: "20 officers of consular and praetorian rank, 30 senators, and 300 others of noble descent, were taken or slain, as well as 40,000 foot-soldiers, and 3,500 horse". [27] Some modern historians, while rejecting Polybius's figure as flawed, are willing to accept Livy's figure. [28] Some more recent historians have come up with far lower estimates. Cantalupi proposed Roman losses of 10,500 to 16,000. [29] Samuels also regards Livy's figure as far too high, on the grounds that the cavalry would have been inadequate to prevent the Roman infantry escaping to the rear. He doubts that Hannibal even wanted a high death toll, as much of the army consisted of Italians whom Hannibal hoped to win as allies. [30] Punic and allied Livy recorded Hannibal's losses at "about 8,000 of his bravest men." [31] Polybius reports 5,700 dead: 4,000 Gauls, 1,500 Spanish and Africans, and 200 cavalry. [19] Aftermath Edit For more details on this topic, see Second Punic War . Hannibal counting the signet rings of the Roman knights killed during the battle, statue by Sébastien Slodtz , 1704, Louvre “ Never before, while the City itself was still safe, had there been such excitement and panic within its walls. I shall not attempt to describe it, nor will I weaken the reality by going into details... it was not wound upon wound but multiplied disaster that was now announced. For according to the reports two consular armies and two consuls were lost; there was no longer any Roman camp, any general, any single soldier in existence; Apulia, Samnium, almost the whole of Italy lay at Hannibal's feet. Certainly there is no other nation that would not have succumbed beneath such a weight of calamity. ” —Livy, on the Roman Senate's reaction to the defeat [32] For a brief period, the Romans were in complete disarray. Their best armies in the peninsula were destroyed, the few remnants severely demoralized, and the only remaining consul (Varro) completely discredited. It was an appalling catastrophe . As the story goes, Rome declared a national day of mourning as there was not a single person who was not either related to or acquainted with a person who had died. The Romans became so desperate that they resorted to human sacrifice, twice burying people alive [33] at the Forum of Rome and abandoning an oversized baby in the Adriatic Sea [33] (perhaps one of the last instances of human sacrifices by the Romans, apart from public executions of defeated enemies dedicated to Mars). Lucius Caecilius Metellus, a military tribune , despaired so much of the Roman cause as to suggest that everything was lost, and called the other tribunes to sail overseas and hire themselves into the service of some foreign prince. [34] Afterwards, he was forced by his own example to swear an oath of allegiance to Rome for all time. The survivors of Cannae were reconstituted as two legions and assigned to Sicily for the remainder of the war as punishment for their humiliating desertion of the battlefield. [34] In addition to the physical loss of her army, Rome suffered a symbolic defeat of prestige. A gold ring was a token of membership in the upper classes of Roman society; [34] Hannibal and his men collected more than 200 from the corpses on the battlefield, and sent this collection to Carthage as proof of his victory. The collection was poured on the floor in front of the Punic Senate, and was judged to be "three and a half measures." Hannibal had defeated the equivalent of eight consular armies (16 legions plus an equal number of allies). [35] Within just three campaign seasons (20 months), Rome had lost one-fifth (150,000) of the entire population of male citizens over 17 years of age. [36] Furthermore, the morale effect of this victory was such that most of southern Italy joined Hannibal's cause. After Cannae, the Hellenistic southern provinces of Arpi, Salapia, Herdonia, Uzentum, including the cities of Capua and Tarentum (two of the largest city-states in Italy) revoked their allegiance to Rome and pledged their loyalty to Hannibal. As Livy noted, "How much more serious was the defeat of Cannae than those which preceded it, can be seen by the behavior of Rome's allies; before that fateful day, their loyalty remained unshaken, now it began to waver for the simple reason that they despaired of Roman power." [37] In the same year the Greek cities in Sicily were induced to revolt against Roman political control, while the Macedonian king, Philip V , pledged his support to Hannibal, initiating the First Macedonian War against Rome. Hannibal also secured an alliance with the new King Hieronymus of Syracuse , the only independent left in Sicily. Following the battle, the commander of the Numidian cavalry, Maharbal , urged Hannibal to seize the opportunity and march immediately on Rome. It is told that the latter's refusal caused Maharbal's exclamation: "Truly the gods have not bestowed all things upon the same person. Thou knowest indeed, Hannibal, how to conquer, but thou knowest not how to make use of your victory." [38] Hannibal had good reasons to judge the strategic situation after the battle different from Maharbal. As the historian Hans Delbrück pointed out, due to the high numbers of killed and wounded among its ranks, the Punic army was not in a condition to perform a direct assault on Rome. It would have been a fruitless demonstration that would have nullified the psychological effect of Cannae on the Roman allies. Even if his army was at full strength, a successful siege of Rome would have required Hannibal to subdue a considerable part of the hinterland to secure his own and cut the enemy's supplies. Even after the tremendous losses suffered at Cannae and the defection of a number of her allies, Rome still had abundant manpower to prevent this and maintain considerable forces in Iberia, Sicily, Sardinia and elsewhere despite Hannibal's presence in Italy. [39] Hannibal's conduct after the victories at Trasimene (217 BC) and Cannae, and the fact that he first attacked Rome only five years later, in 211 BC, suggests that his strategic aim was not the destruction of his foe but to dishearten the Romans by carnage on the battlefield and to wear them down to a moderate peace agreement by stripping them of their allies. [40] [41] Immediately after Cannae Hannibal sent a delegation led by Carthalo to negotiate a peace treaty with the Senate on moderate terms. Despite the multiple catastrophes Rome had suffered, the Senate refused to parley. Instead, they redoubled their efforts, declaring full mobilization of the male Roman population, and raised new legions, enlisting landless peasants and even slaves. [42] So firm were these measures that the word "peace" was prohibited, mourning was limited to only 30 days, and public tears were prohibited even to women. [10] :386 The Romans, after experiencing this catastrophic defeat and losing other battles, had at this point learned their lesson and re-established trust in Fabius whose special tactics prior to Cannae have been blamed. For the remainder of the war in Italy, they did not amass such large forces under one command against Hannibal; they utilized several independent armies, still outnumbering the Punic forces in numbers of armies and soldiers. The war still had occasional battles, but was focused on taking strongpoints and constant fighting according to the Fabian strategy . This finally forced Hannibal with his shortage of manpower to retreat to Croton from where he was called to Africa for the battle of Zama , ending the war with a complete Roman victory. Historical significance Edit Shield of Henry II of France depicting Hannibal's victory at Cannae, an allusion to France's conflict with the Holy Roman Empire during the 1500s. Cannae played a major role in shaping the military structure and tactical organization of the Roman Republican army . At Cannae, the Roman infantry assumed a formation similar to the Greek phalanx . This delivered them into Hannibal's trap, since their inability to maneuver independently from the mass of the army made it impossible for them to counter the encircling tactics employed by the Carthaginian cavalry. The laws of the Roman state requiring command to alternate between the two consuls restricted strategic consistency. In the years following Cannae, striking reforms were introduced to address these deficiencies. First, the Romans "articulated the phalanx, then divided it into columns, and finally split it up into a great number of small tactical bodies that were capable, now of closing together in a compact impenetrable union, now of changing the pattern with consummate flexibility, of separating one from the other and turning in this or that direction." Script errorScript error[ citation needed ] For instance, at Ilipa and Zama , the principes were formed up well to the rear of the hastati —a deployment that allowed a greater degree of mobility and maneuverability. The culminating result of this change marked the transition from the traditional manipular system to the cohort under Gaius Marius , as the basic infantry unit of the Roman army. In addition, a unified command came to be seen as a necessity. After various political experiments, Scipio Africanus was made general-in-chief of the Roman armies in Africa, and was assured this role for the duration of the war. This appointment may have violated the constitutional laws of the Roman Republic but, as Delbrück wrote, it "effected an internal transformation that increased her military potentiality enormously" while foreshadowing the decline of the Republic's political institutions. Furthermore, the battle exposed the limits of a citizen- militia army. Following Cannae, the Roman army gradually developed into a professional force: the nucleus of Scipio's army at Zama was composed of veterans who had been fighting the Carthaginians in Hispania for nearly sixteen years, and had been moulded into a superb fighting force. Status in military history Edit Cannae is as famous for Hannibal's tactics as it is for the role it played in Roman history . Not only did Hannibal inflict a defeat on the Roman Republic in a manner unrepeated for over a century until the lesser-known Battle of Arausio , the battle has acquired a significant reputation in military history . As military historian Theodore Ayrault Dodge wrote: Few battles of ancient times are more marked by ability... than the battle of Cannae. The position was such as to place every advantage on Hannibal's side. The manner in which the far from perfect Hispanic and Gallic foot was advanced in a wedge in échelon ... was first held there and then withdrawn step by step, until it had the reached the converse position... is a simple masterpiece of battle tactics. The advance at the proper moment of the African infantry, and its wheel right and left upon the flanks of the disordered and crowded Roman legionaries, is far beyond praise. The whole battle, from the Carthaginian standpoint, is a consummate piece of art, having no superior, few equal, examples in the history of war. [1] As Will Durant wrote, "It was a supreme example of generalship, never bettered in history... and it set the lines of military tactics for 2,000 years". [2] Hannibal's double envelopement at Cannae is often viewed as one of the greatest battlefield maneuvers in history, and is cited as the first successful use of the pincer movement within the Western world to be recorded in detail. [3] The "Cannae Model" Edit Apart from being one of the greatest defeats inflicted on Roman arms, Cannae represents the archetypal battle of annihilation , a strategy that has rarely been successfully implemented in modern history. As Dwight D. Eisenhower , the Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in World War II, wrote, "Every ground commander seeks the battle of annihilation; so far as conditions permit, he tries to duplicate in modern war the classic example of Cannae". Furthermore, the totality of Hannibal's victory has made the name "Cannae" a byword for military success, and is studied in detail in military academies around the world. The notion that an entire army could be encircled and annihilated within a single stroke led to a fascination among Western generals for centuries (including Frederick the Great and Helmuth von Moltke ), who attempted to emulate its tactical paradigm of envelopment and re-create their own "Cannae". [4] Delbrück's seminal study of the battle had a profound influence on German military theorists, in particular the Chief of the German General Staff , Alfred von Schlieffen , whose eponymous " Schlieffen Plan " was inspired by Hannibal's double envelopment maneuver. Schlieffen taught that the "Cannae model" would continue to be applicable in maneuver warfare throughout the 20th century: A battle of annihilation can be carried out today according to the same plan devised by Hannibal in long forgotten times. The enemy front is not the goal of the principal attack. The mass of the troops and the reserves should not be concentrated against the enemy front; the essential is that the flanks be crushed. The wings should not be sought at the advanced points of the front but rather along the entire depth and extension of the enemy formation. The annihilation is completed through an attack against the enemy's rear... To bring about a decisive and annihilating victory requires an attack against the front and against one or both flanks... Schlieffen later developed his own operational doctrine in a series of articles, many of which were translated and published in a work entitled Cannae. Historical sources Edit Medieval representation of the battle of Cannae There are three main accounts of the battle, none of them contemporary. The closest is Polybius, who wrote his account 50 years after the battle. Livy wrote in the time of Augustus, and Appian later still. Appian's account describes events that have no relation with those of Livy and Polybius. [5] Polybius portrays the battle as the ultimate nadir of Roman fortunes, functioning as a literary device such that the subsequent Roman recovery is more dramatic. For example, some argue that his casualty figures are exaggerated—"more symbolic than factual". [6] Livy portrays the Senate in the role of hero and hence assigns blame for the Roman defeat to the low-born Varro. Blaming Varro also serves to lift blame from the Roman soldiers, whom Livy has a tendency to idealize. [7] Scholars tend to discount Appian's account. The verdict of Philip Sabin—"a worthless farrago"—is typical. [8] Historian Martin Samuels has questioned whether it was in fact Varro in command on the day on the grounds that Paullus may have been in command on the right. The warm reception that Varro received after the battle from the Senate was in striking contrast to the savage criticism meted out to other commanders. Samuels doubts whether Varro would have been received with such warmth had he been in command. [9] Gregory Daly notes that, in the Roman military, the right was always the place of command. He suggests that at the Battle of Zama Hannibal was quoted saying that he had fought Paullus at Cannae and concludes that it is impossible to be sure who was in command on the day. [10] See also ↑ O'Neill, Timothy R.. "A Civil War Reenactor's Manual" (PDF). p. 65. http://home.comcast.net/~8cv/references/rotr-handbook.pdf . Retrieved July 4, 2013. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named cowley ↑ Daly, Gregory. Cannae: The Experience of Battle in the Second Punic War, pp. 17–18. ↑ Daly, Gregory. Cannae: The Experience of Battle in the Second Punic War, pp. 21–23. ↑ Daly, Gregory. Cannae: The Experience of Battle in the Second Punic War, pp. 24–25. ↑ Sabin, Philip. Lost Battles, p. 183. ↑ Samuels, M. "The Reality of Cannae", Militargeschichtliche Mitteilungen, 1990, p. 23. ↑ Daly, Gregory. Cannae: The Experience of Battle in the Second Punic War, p. 120. Sources	i don't know
Which fruit native to Malaysia is notorious because of its smell?	Malaysian Fruits - The Best fruits in Malaysia Malaysian Fruits The Best fruits in Malaysia The choices of Malaysian fruits is incredibly varied, with those native to the country and imported varieties serving as popular between-meal snacks. You will find many in supermarkets, but for the cheapest prices and best quality, it is always best to go directly to the source, and local farmers know this. As a result, expect to frequently see make-shift wooden stalls along trunk roads and highways, particularly close to kampong (village) areas of the country. The tropical fruits in this list are available all year round in most supermarkets, but some are seasonal. For example, durian is most easily found during peak dry weather seasons, December to January, and June to September, when there are greater varieties of the fruit available. Read on to find out more about the best fruits in Malaysia. Read More PARKROYAL Serviced Suites Kuala Lumpur 4.6/ 5 MYR 352.14 Most Booked Add to Trip! 0 Durian is called the ‘king of fruits’ by locals and, at first glance,it is not hard to see why this hard-shelled, thorny green fruit earned the name. It does not help that it emits a strong rotting smell– we kid you not! In fact, many tourists are turned off by the prospect of the fruit itself simply because of its prickly outer shell and overwhelmingscent. However once past the thick, inflexible crust, you will find fat golden-brown seeds covered with juicy, creamy flesh that tastes at once rich and sweet. 2 Add to Trip! 0 Just as durian is king of the fruits in Kuala Lumpur, mangosteen is known as its consort and queen. The fruit is divided into three sections: its smooth, tough, thickouter skin is a deep royal purple and is easy to peel once penetrated.Just beneath this surface is the white fruit that is sweet, moist and sometimes a little sour.Past the flesh are the very bitter seeds.It boasts a wealth of health benefits such ashigh antioxidant content, immune-boosting vitamin C, and even anti-inflammatory properties. 3 Add to Trip! 0 The hairy rambutan fruit looks a little strange at first glance. A bright red,medium-sized round fruit with a dense growth of thick black, pale red or green fibres all over, its easy-to-peel outer skin covers an incredibly sweet and juicy white fruit. It takes some skill to peel the skin away from the fruit and seed, (tip – use your fingernails) but once you do, you are rewarded with honey-flavoured flesh that never overwhelms your taste buds. 4 Add to Trip! 0 The golden yellow langsat fruit, which originates in Peninsular Malaysia, is small in size (between two to five centimetres in diameter)and round, with an almost paper-thin shell. Beneath its outer skin is fibrous, translucent flesh that is sweet and sectioned into five distinct parts.Its seeds are very bitter. so be sure not to accidently suck on them. The fruit’s texture is a little sticky and sometimes leaves a viscous gel-like layer on the tongue, but the luscious fruit is certainly hard to forget. 5 Add to Trip! 0 The same genus as the jackfruit, the outer shell of the seasonal cempedak resembles green durian fruit, minus the thick thorns. Once its outer skin is split in half to reveal its inner contents, you will find golden orange fruit that can be eaten raw or cooked. Locals love to dip the striped off fruit flesh in a flour mixture and deep fry it in oil, resulting in a popular crispy tea time treat, while its seeds can be roasted and eaten as snacks. 6 Add to Trip! 0 The light green guava fruit is popular in Malaysia for its hard texture and juicy, briny taste. Locals love the sweet and sour addition of asamboi. Also called ‘jambubatu’, it can be eaten with its outer skin, which has a slightly bitter flavour, or peeled, which gives a fruit that oozes sweet, juicy water. 7 Add to Trip! 0 Often confused with its sister fruit, the guava, the rose apple is a thirst-quenching fruit commonly sweetened by locals with asamboi. Shaped like a pear, its coarse and crispy texture and briny flavour has resulted in a lot of Malaysian hawkers using it as an addition to the popular local rojakbuah (fruit salad) dish. 8 Add to Trip! 0 Though this fruit is native to the tropics of the Americas, this import has flourished in Malaysia, with the climate and soil conditions perfect for its growth. Its fruit is a deep orange with a smooth texture and moist, honey-flavoured flesh. 9 Add to Trip! 0 So-named because, once cut horizontally, each slice is the shape of a star, this is another fruit native to Malaysia, with two distinct varieties: the first is a light green type that is salty in taste, while the second is a mellow yellow with a sweet undertone. Crisp in texture, the fruit is said to help lower your blood pressure. 10 Add to Trip! 0 Native to South Africa, watermelon is a popular fruit in Malaysia, largely because its red flesh has such excellent thirst-quenching properties. A large round fruit with a hard green outer layer, in Malaysia, the juicy red flesh is popularly blended with sugar water and served over ice at coffee shops. 11 Add to Trip! 0 Shaped almost exactly the same as cempedak, jackfruit is slightly larger than its counterpart and available all year round. In Malay, it is called ”nangka” and, just like the cempedak, it can be eaten raw or dipped in flour and deep fried as a snack, although its golden yellow tough flesh is not as sweet as cempedak. 12 Add to Trip! 0 Widely grown all over the world, strawberries are readily available in Malaysian supermarkets, where you will find two different varieties. The more expensive is imported from overseas, with far superior quality, much sweeter taste and softer texture.Strawberries grown in Malaysia’s Cameron Highlands boast a harder outer layer and slightly sour undertone. Both smell deliciously sweet. 13 Add to Trip! 0 Native to Southeast Asia, mango is a juicy fruit with very sweet flesh, ranging in colour from light yellow to golden orange; the darker its hue, the sweeter the fruit. Malaysian supermarkets carry several types of this fruit, with the more expensive imports from India and China bearing the best-tasting flesh. 14 Add to Trip! 0 Eaten raw, diced with asamboi, tossed with salads, blended as juice, or served as a garnish to meals, pineapples are very popular. Its health benefits have helped it reach immense popularity in Malaysia, with locals swearing by its high vitamin C, iron and vitamin A. Beneath its oblong-shaped, olive green outer shell, the fruit flesh is hard, sweet-tasting but with a slight tangy undertone – the fruit has to be cut just right, as the acidic content of the small dark pigments on the flesh can cause tongue irritation. 15 Add to Trip! 0 This small brown fruit with tiny furry fibres on its easy-to-peel outer skin is another import to Malaysia. You will find them in select supermarkets but most daily morning or night markets should have fruit vendors selling it. A fig-like fruit, its inner flesh is moist and sweet. You May Also Like	Durian
From which country did apricots originate?	Thai Fruits Thai Fruits The Kingdom of a Hundred Fruits There are many possible reasons for people to go to a foreign country – on business, for pleasure, to study, to visit relatives and friends, for shopping, etc. But the reasons probably do not include eating, even less eating fruit. Those who come to Thailand, however, will find that fruits in this country are so plentiful, so diversified, so inexpensive and so delicious that they constitute an unexpected reward, a bonus. It is not simply because of its geographical position as a tropical country that Thailand produces so many different kinds of fruits of good quality. The tropical climate is certainly favourable to the growth of vegetation. But there are other factors that have contributed to the rich production – the fertile soil, the introduction of new species from foreign countries, the continued efforts to improve the quality of fruits by scientific methods, and the comparative length of Thai territory, which extends right into the subtropical zone, making it possible to grow fruits native to places of higher latitudes. Here is a brief introduction to several kinds of fruits produced in Thailand that are worth special recommendation. Names in Thai with their romanized spellings are given after the English names of facilitate the identification of the fruits. Prices given are just rough indicators. The actual prices may vary according to the season, the harvest and where the fruits are bought. Banana (kluai), there are 3 main species: 1. The fragrant banana (kluai hom), most palatable and most commonly eaten by foreigners; 2. The namwa banana (kluai namwa), either eaten raw as fruit or cooked in many different ways and eaten as a snack; and 3. The egg banana (kluai khai), small in size with a thin skin, a specialty of Kamphaeng Phet Province. Season: All year round. Coconut (ma-phrao) Only the young ones are eaten as fruit. Scoop out the tender meat with a spoon and drink the refreshing milk with a tube. Season: All year round. Custard Apple (noi-na) Transplanted from Central America long ago. Easily broken with a squeeze. Eat the soft, white meat with the help of a spoon and leave out the seeds. Season: June to August. Durian (thu-rian) A very special fruit. Reputed to be the king of all fruits, its strong smell sometimes turns people away before they have a chance to taste it. However, if one can overcome one’s initial dislike of its foul smell and give it a try, one is likely to love its rich, unique flavour. Among the various species, the golden pillow (monthong) is most agreeable to the beginner.Other famous varieties include the long-stemmed (kanyao) and the gibbon (cha-ni). Season: May to June. Grape (a-ngun) First transplanted from Europe about a century ago, it has thrived for the past two decades after new varieties suitable to the tropical climate were developed. Both the green and the red varieties are available. Season: December to April. Guava (farang) The Thai name means a White or a Westerner. The fruit derived its name because it originated from tropical America. It has become a popular fruit only after the new Vietnamese species was widely planted more than a decade ago. Eat the white, crisp flesh either alone or with the condiment provided free by the vendor. Don’t eat the core, which would cause constipation. Season: All year round. Jackfruit (khanun) Somewhat like a durian but even bigger, it takes an expert to open it with a sharp knife. But people usually don’t buy a whole fruit. The vendor will open it and take the yellowish flesh out for retail. Its large seeds are edible after being boiled, and are nutritious too. Season: Almost all year round. Longan (lamyai) Brought into this country by Chinese immigrants hundreds of years ago, it was first planted in Bangkok and then in the North. It is in the North that the fruit has flourished and become one of Thailand’s largest export fruits. The most famous species is the pink longan produced in Chiang Mai. Its flesh is pinkish and thick and delightfully sweet. Season: May to July. Lychee or Litchi (linchi) Also transplanted from South China, but much later than the longan. Now, it is widely grown in Chiang Mai and other northern provinces and is just as good in quality as the fruit produced in China. Its slight tartness gives its sweet pulp a unique taste. Season: April to May. Mango (ma-muang) Like the persimmon, the mango can be eaten both ripe and unripe. Some varieties are best eaten ripe and some others, unripe. The former includes namdokmai and okrong, and the later, the khiao-sa-woei and nangseam. The Thais are fond of eating ripe mangoes with sticky rice and coconut cream. It is sold everywhere when the fruit is in season. You should give it a try. Season: March to May. Mangosteen (mangkhut) Cut open the thick dark red rind with a sharp knife. Be careful not to let the sap contained in the skin stain your clothes, which would leave marks hard to remove. The white juicy pulp is divided into 5 to 8 segments, of which 1 to 3 contain a seed. The sweet flesh has a delicate texture and will melt in your mouth. Season: May to July. Papaya (malako) Originating from tropical America, the plant has been grown in this country for so long and so extensively that the Thai people tend to consider it a native of their land. It is easy to grow and highly productive. That is why it is among the cheapest. But don’t judge its quality by its price. The former is out of proportion to the latter. Slice it lengthwise and eat it with a spoon, or remove the skin and eat with a fork. A squeeze of lime juice will enhance its taste. Season: All year round. Pineapple (saparot) Sweet, succulent and rich in vitamin C. Add a little salt to enrich the flavour. Largest plantations are in Prachuap Khiri Khan and Phuket in the South, Chon Buri and Rayong along the eastern coast, Prachinburi near Cambodia, and Lampang in the North. Most of the fruits are canned and exported. This serves to prove the excellent quality of the pineapples produced in this country. Season: All year round. Pomelo (som-o) The Siamese pomelo was well known in the native country of the ethnic Chinese in Thailand decades ago. In fact, that was about the only Thai fruit known to their relatives at home. Although that was partly because the pomelo is more durable than most other fruits and can endure a long sea voyage without perishing, it is an undeniable fact that the Thai pomelo has earned fame for its country for long. The fruit is easier eaten than peeled. But the good taste is certainly more than worth the effort. Anyway, the vendor can do the job for you free of charge. Season: August to October. Rambutan (ngo) In bright red with yellowish or greenish hair, the rambutan is beautiful in appearance. Its white flesh is firm, sweet, and juicy. The most widely grown species are the pink rambutan, the school rambutan and the che-mong. If you find that the meat does not come off the seed readily, you may use a knife to help. Season: May to June. Rose Apple (chomphu) Another lovely fruit mostly in light green. Shaped like a bell, it can be eaten whole after the hollow end is cut off and a few tiny seeds inside removed. The fruit is crisp and succulent and only slightly sweet. Thais often eat it with a sugar-pepper condiments or nampla wan sauce to add to its taste. Season: May to June. Sapodila (la-mut) Similar to an egg in shape and size, but not in colour. Pare off the thin brown skin, slice it lengthwise into 4 or more sections to remove its few seeds, which are flat, hard and in jet black, and eat the sweet pulp with a fork. Season: All year round. Tangerine (som) Much improved in taste and texture in the past few decades. Formerly, only those grown in Bangmot district in the outskirts of Bangkok were famous. Now, orchards in Samut Sakhon, Rayong, Chanthaburi and Chiang Mai also produce tangerines of high quality. Season: All year round. Watermelon (taeng-mo) The large round fruit has a hard green rind, a watery red pulp and small brown seeds. It provides plenty of not-too-sweet water and is an ideal fruit to eat when you are thirsty. Its quality is by no means inferior to any famous species produced in other countries. Season: All year round. There are many, many other fruits produced in this country. Indeed, it is no exaggeration to call Thailand the kingdom of a hundred fruits. Those not mentioned above may be less well known. Yet they each have their special flavour liked by some at least. As you can see from the above, May and June are the two months when most of the famous fruits are on sale in Thailand. You are fortunate if you happen to be in this country during this period. If not, do try to come before the end of summer in order to claim the bonus which is waiting for you to collect. More about Thailand	i don't know
In which major film of 2014 did Henry Cavill play the title character?	Henry Cavill - Biography - IMDb Henry Cavill Biography Showing all 128 items Jump to: Overview (4) \| Mini Bio (2) \| Trade Mark (3) \| Trivia (41) \| Personal Quotes (67) \| Salary (11) Overview (4) 6' 1" (1.85 m) Mini Bio (2) Henry William Dalgliesh Cavill is a British actor. He was born on the Bailiwick of Jersey, a British Crown dependency in the Channel Islands. His mother, Marianne (Dalgliesh), a housewife, was also born on Jersey, and is of Irish, Scottish, and English ancestry. Henry's father, Colin Richard Cavill, a stockbroker, is of English origin (born in Chester, England). Henry is the second youngest son, with four brothers. He was privately educated at St. Michael's Preparatory School in Saint Saviour, Jersey before attending Stowe School in Buckinghamshire, England. Henry's interest in acting started at an early age with school play renditions of Shakespeare's "A Midsummer Night's Dream", and Sonny in "Grease". He also starred and directed Hamlet in "40 Minutes". It was at the age of seventeen when Henry was discovered by casting directors at school who were looking for a young boy to play Albert Mondego in The Count of Monte Cristo (2002). He went on to star in Laguna (2001), appear in BBC's "The Inspector Lynley Mysteries", TV film Goodbye, Mr. Chips (2002), and TV series Midsomer Murders (1997). When Henry was twenty years old, he gained starring roles in I Capture the Castle (2003), Red Riding Hood (2006), Hellraiser: Hellworld (2005) (V) Tristan + Isolde (2006). He also had a minor role in Stardust (2007) alongside Sienna Miller and Ben Barnes. During 2007-2010, Henry had a leading role in TV series The Tudors (2007) as Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk. The series was a hit and was nominated for a Golden Globe in 2007 and won an Emmy in 2008. Entertainment Weekly named him 'Most Dashing Duke'. He also starred in Blood Creek (2006) and Woody Allen's comedy film Whatever Works (2009). On January 30, 2011, it was announced that Henry Cavill had been cast as the next Superman in Man of Steel (2013), making him the first non-American actor to play Superman. Man of Steel (2013) was directed by Zach Snyder , produced by Christopher Nolan , and scripted by David S. Goyer . His dream role is to play Alexander the Great Likes rugby, but no longer plays due to injuries. Author Stephanie Meyer based the description of Edward Cullen in her Twilight novels on Henry and even lobbied for him to play the role before Robert Pattinson was cast, but was considered too old to play a 17-year old by the time the movie was produced. In 2005, Henry became a young contender for the role of James Bond in Casino Royale (2006), and performed in a final screen test. However, the producers believed Henry was too young for the role, and gave it to Daniel Craig . He also under heavy consideration and auditioned for the role of Superman in Superman Returns (2006), but eventually the role was given to Brandon Routh . Due to all this, Empire Magazine dubbed Henry Cavill "the most unlucky man in Hollywood" in December 2005. Says if he hadn't picked up acting, he would have joined the armed forces to fulfill his "patriotic pride". Has an interest in Ancient History, especially in Egyptology, Greek, and Ancient Rome. In being cast as Superman in Man of Steel (2013), he becomes the third British actor to play the lead role in reboot of a successful screen adaptation of an American comic book series. Before him, Christian Bale was cast as Batman, and Andrew Garfield as Spider-Man. The first non-American actor to play Superman. Is a fan of video games. Lost two roles to Robert Pattinson : Cedric Diggory in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) and the role of Edward Cullen in Twilight (2008) which author Stephanie Meyer had described him as "Perfect for". His favorite film is Gladiator (2000). His favorite actor is Russell Crowe . He will be playing the son of Crowe's character Jor-El in Man of Steel (2013). Has a knack for languages. He's already fluent in French, has conversational skills in Italian and German, and can order a beer in Czech. Started a tradition in 2012 for giving out commemorative coins as a token of appreciation to people he has worked with. They include Gym Jones who helped Henry get physically fit for Superman, and crew members of Man of Steel (2013), The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (2015), and Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016). Henry's last name 'Cavill' is pronounced like the word 'travel'. Resides in London, United Kingdom and Jersey, Channel Islands. His older brother, Major Niki Richard Dalgliesh Cavill, received an MBE as a heroic Royal Marine for keeping the vulnerable safe in a hostile environment in Afghanistan. Has worked with actor Bill Nighy twice, once in I Capture the Castle (2003) and also The Inspector Lynley Mysteries (2001). He is a big comic book fan although he says he did not get to read them growing up due to his time at boarding school. His favorite Superman story lines and the ones he used for inspiration are "Death Of Superman", "Return Of Superman", "Superman: Red Son" and "Earth-One". He is also a big fan of Grant Morrison's "New 52" work. His favorite Superman story arc is "New Krypton" by Geoff Johns. For his role as Clark Kent/Superman in Man of Steel (2013), he followed a strict work-out regimen and consumed 5000 calories a day for six months. He also dyed his hair black. He did not watch any previous Superman films or television shows while making _Man Of Steel (2013)_, using the comics solely as a reference for his portrayal of Superman. He achieved 6% body fat for Immortals (2011) and then went even further for Man of Steel (2013) where he achieved a body fat percentage of 3%, which is what body-builders reach during competitions. During his childhood he was bullied a lot at school for his chubbiness and known as "Fat Cavill" because he was fat as a kid. He started to turn things around when he landed a role in the movie The Count of Monte Cristo (2002) where he had to lose a lot of weight to get the part. The biggest turning point came when he landed the lead role in Immortals (2011). Cavill went shirtless for half the movie and sported extremely chiseled eight pack abs that vowed the audience. He has never been called "fat" since then. Played a role with the name Colley twice, and back to back. Soldier Colley in Goodbye, Mr. Chips (2002) and Stephen Colley in I Capture the Castle (2003). Was engaged to British Showjumper Ellen Whitaker in May 2011, but split up later that same year. They met at the 2009 Olympia International Horse Show in London. Ranked the #1 "Sexiest Man" by Glamour (2013). Voted as one of the "World's Sexiest Men" in a poll by Attitude (2013), behind Tom Daley . While working as an extra in "A Beautiful Mind" (2001)_, Cavill asked Russell Crowe for advice about acting, since he had aspirations of pursuing a full-time career as an actor. A few days after their conversation, he received a box of gifts from Crowe that included a signed picture of him in Gladiator (2000) with the words, "Dear Henry: A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step" written on it. Crowe would later play Henry's father in Man of Steel (2013). He is the first actor since Christopher Reeve to play the role of Clark Kent/Superman in more than one film. Good friends with Luke Evans , Jason Momoa , Luca Calvani , and Armie Hammer . Henry's paternal grandparents, Richard Cavill and Gladys Jesse May Smith, were English. Henry's maternal grandfather, Alan Gardner Dalgliesh, was born in Guatemala, of English and Scottish descent, while Henry's maternal grandmother, Mary Kathleen O'Donnell, was Irish. Bought an American Akita dog in January 2014 from Big Bear Akitas breeders in Arkansas, United States. Henry named him Kal, after his role as Superman. Fans have nicknamed his dog, Super Puppy. Henry participated in the Combined Cadet Force (CCF) training programme during his time as a student at Stowe School. Traditionally wears a signet "gentleman's" ring featuring his family coat of arms on the small finger of his left hand. His fans have been called ''The Cavillry''. Attended the London premiere of 'Suicide Squad' along with fellow 'Justice League' cast member Jason Mamoa in August 2016. In 2002, he appeared in both The Count of Monte Cristo (2002) and 'Goodbye, Mr. Chips (2002)(TV)'. Both were remakes of earlier films that originally starred Robert Donat in the title roles. Admitted during an interview with Conan O'Brien that he narrowly missed the call from Zack Snyder, informing him that he had won the coveted role of Superman because he was busy playing World of Warcraft. Cavill said he only noticed Snyder's name on Caller ID at the last second and by the time he put his hand on the phone to pick it up, it was too late, so he called Snyder back immediately, jokingly stating he was busy saving someone's life. Was director Martin Campbell's choice for the role of James Bond in Casino Royale, but he was outvoted by the producers who felt he was too young for the part. Personal Quotes (67) With Twilight (2008), there were all sorts of rumors going around, [but] I was never sent a script, never asked to be in the film... I think Stephenie Meyer wanted me initially when she saw me in The Count of Monte Cristo (2002), but by the time the movie went into pre-production I was too old. Batman ( Batman Begins (2005) ), I may have been spoken about in a room at some stage, but never auditioned or screen-tested. Superman ( Superman Returns (2006) ), yes, that came very close. And Bond ( Casino Royale (2006) ) came very close as well. [on understanding the importance of playing Superman] Very much so, yes. It's important to do the role justice. There are a lot of people relying on me to do this well. I gladly accept that responsibility, and it's a great one to have because it's a wonderful opportunity. I don't let the pressures get to me because that's going to hinder my performance and, therefore, let people down. So I choose to ignore the pressure side of it and focus on doing justice to Superman. [on how he got his eight pack for _Immortals (2011)_] You can train and train until you are blue in the face but you've got to diet, you've got to have that leanness because if you are not lean, your abs won't show. Of course the training has to be put in, but then you've to shed all the fat and keep the fat off. And that's how you get an eight pack. [on the anxiety he faced before the filming of his shirtless scenes for Immortals (2011) where he was required to show a perfectly ripped eight-pack]It's very stressful waking up Monday morning and saying, 'Can I still see that vein in my abs?' You get the fear every morning, 'Do I look good enough?' And of course you do. But in your own head, you never look good enough. I had a big sense of pride. I was like, 'No shading. I don't want you to draw abs on me. I don't want you to put dirt in the right places. I just want to do it myself. I want to have the body.' It's a pride thing. I suppose that when I'm building a character, it's usually related to what their family is like and who their parents are, as well as how I grew up - that nurture side. [on the 'Man of Steel' version of Superman] We've given him a very human essence. As much as he's not susceptible to the frailties of the human physical body, he's very much susceptible to the frailties of the human psyche, and that is what really keeps us in touch with someone else, makes us go, 'I know your pain', or 'Yeah, I've felt that happy before'. We've brought that to the character. [explaining the current fascination with super-heroes in tne movies] It's the same thing we've always needed, which is that sense of hope. There's always something wrong in the world. It just shifts depending on the generation. And it's always nice to have that fantasy where there's someone who's going to fix everything. It's beating the odds, and that's been the same with mythological characters since the dawn of time, since we could think up gods. [on the Program he followed to achieve his Superman physique] It was work... a lot of work! I have always loved sports and physical activities, but I have never worked out like this before. To become Clark Kent, I had to be the best friend of Mark Twight, my trainer! The program involved three stages. The first was to gain weight/mass. So I spent weeks eating nearly 5000 calories daily while lifting extremely heavy, to grow bigger. I love eating, so this stage was not difficult for me, even though I can understand that some people end up having enough of drinking protein shakes 1000 calories a glass. At the end of this stage, I looked like a swole bodybuilder, and I felt like I was going to explode. The second stage was to lose fat to sculpt the muscles. I had to do hours and hours of cardio to burn all the fat. And in the last stage, we targeted specific areas of the body. Mark helped me to make my abs bulge out and my muscles more defined. The workout program was designed according to the needs of the film. The only thing I did not like is the rowing machine, a machine that simulates the movement of rowing. It is torture! [on auditioning for the Superman role in Christopher Reeve's original costume] It was petrifying, mortifying and embarrassing all at the same time. I was coming off a movie where I had to be out of shape, and then I had gone through Christmas, so I was extra out of shape. I just had to throw on the Lycra-like outfit, and that never looks good when it's basically a sort of sausage casing. Entering the acting world, it's a very lonely life. You all get so close, and then you promise to e-mail and text each other, but you never do. So that idea of being a sort of lone traveler I can definitely associate with. [on whether his abs were digitally enhanced in Man Of Steel (2013)] Oh that's 100 per cent me, believe me. And I am not afraid of saying it because I went through hell to get them. [on enjoying being Superman despite the hard work it entails] I'm really enjoying it, getting my hands dirty and just immersing myself in the job. I'm just coming off of a 45-day lean because there were various shirtless scenes and representing Superman in that physical way both efficiently and sufficiently for the fans. I'm sure you probably saw [the pictures] online over the past month. To lean and to train and to work 12 hours a day is taxing on the willpower and the body, but the stuff [images and footage] we're getting is fantastic. And I get to wake up every morning and say, "I'm Superman." I'm not complaining. [on enjoying the experience of being in shape for Immortals (2011)] Training to that level is difficult enough but when you're also 'leaning' [stripping away all fat from the body to get ripped] for 10 months, it's insane. Being in that kind of shape is something everyone should do at least once. It's a great feeling - and I don't mean that in an arrogant way. You go to the gym, train hard and learn how far you can push yourself. [on how his appearance changed after he had trained to become Superman] The body got harder and leaner. But the biggest change was the waist getting smaller. A lot smaller. I genuinely had to throw my clothes out, since my shoulders are too big and my waist is too small. Everything just doesn't fit like it used to. I have never been this big. [on how he is able to achieve such great results in the gym] I'm incredible strong-willed and if I decide I'm going to do something then I won't stop until it's done. I'm driven. There are points during training where you could slow down and not beat your previous numbers or keep going and definitely puke. There's a switch in your head where you say 'sod it'... And you do it. I never collapse after a workout. You don't lie there like you are defeated, you stay standing. [on being asked whether he looks like Superman] When my hair is longer, I wouldn't say as much. But yeah, I guess there's a certain resemblance. [on why he maintains his buff physique even when not filming Superman] If I'm walking around an unhealthy mess, it might damage people's idea of what Superman is. So there is a responsibility. [on being disappointed that he had to get out of shape for Cold Light Of Day] I had to get out of shape for the job in between [Immortals and Man Of Steel] - The Cold Light Of Day. My brief for that was, "Look like a regular person, you look too fit. No push-ups, no sit-ups, just eat pizza and burgers and drink beer." As everything starts to soften up, you're going, "Oh no, all that hard work I just wasted." I'm now in shape again. I got [my muscle definition] back and I plan on not losing it. I don't care what they offer me." [on the rewards of working out constantly] There is a reward. As much as it hurts and painful as you are going through it, when you wake up in the morning and look at yourself in the mirror, you go "Okay! This is why I am doing it. That makes sense." [on feeling stressed before filming his shirtless scenes for Immortals] I felt the pressure at that point. I had to be in a certain kind of shape, it was getting close to punch day, and I only had so long left to recondition the body. I was a bit stressed over that. That's been the most difficult thing, just maintaining that throughout. [Which film does he think he got in the best shape for] The body types of Superman [Man of Steel] and Theseus [Immortals] are very different. Training related to Theseus is very much a body weight, cardiovascular type training which will give a very lean, and not bulky body. Whereas Superman is very much a weight lifting program with an awful lot of power workouts as well which creates a far larger broader body. I am twenty pounds heavier as Superman, but just as lean as Theseus. It is all down to personal preference in the end. [on the challenge of the Immortals shoot] Getting in shape was a tough challenge. It was staying in shape, without going on a killing spree, which was the really difficult thing. At 6% body fat, you are working 14 hours days, doing fight choreography, getting half hour lunches, having to stay in shape, having to train when you can and not being able to eat much. It's a real challenge to keep yourself professional and not losing your temper while juggling all the training with it. That was the biggest challenge. [on filming shirtless almost for the entire film Immortals] It's like wearing a permanent costume really. Before work when you look in the mirror, or even before looking in the mirror you do feel different. A part of the character is more expressive in you. When you're in that kind of shape, I essentially was wearing my costume because I barely had a costume. Yeah, it certainly does help. [on the "leak" of his shirtless set photos from Man Of Steel] It's just one small sequence in the movie but people like to take a lot of photographs of it whenever they get the opportunity. I'm not necessarily being shot in the best, most flattering of lights [in the leaked photos], but I put the hard prep work into it. It'll help when people see these photos beforehand, to sell them more on the character. The best part is people are seeing all the work that's gone into it. I think I won a lot of people over. When you are doing it all for them, its wonderful to have people online going, "This is great, this is amazing, I can't wait. Thank goodness it's him." It's wonderful! [on how playing Theseus in Immortals prepared him for playing Superman] The physical experience prepped me for [Superman's] physical experience. I've learned that when you go to this kind of level, it's no longer about the physical, it's more about the mental. It's about the will power to push yourself into that very dark place. You're standing next to the precipice and you've got that weight on your shoulders and you're only halfway through the workout and you need to push yourself off and just go into that big fuck-off black hole and keep on pushing, and Immortals prepped me for that emotionally and mentally in the physical sense. [on himself being impressed with how he looked on screen] I have shrunk down to a more normal size now. You should have seen me then. I was considerably bigger. There are a couple of shots of me that I think, 'My goodness. I was definitely a large chap.' [on being careful about taking off his shirt in public] Due to the nature of the public eye and the media, it could be a risky move [to be shirtless in public] without being in wicked shape, even taking your shirt off at the beach. You set yourself up for too much criticism and speculation on the Internet. So, I'm keeping all my semi-nudity private for now. [on shaving his chest for Immortals] It is extremely excruciating but I gotta say waxing has its advantages in that you end up looking more defined. [on feeling worried about his shirtless scenes] You are sitting there going, 'I haven't done enough, I haven't done enough! I need to do more. I am not lean enough. I am not big enough'. [on his first interaction with Mark Twight, his trainer for Superman] He asked, 'Would you like to use steroids or HGH (human growth hormone) to get to where you want to go?' I immediately said no. And he said, 'Good. Because if you did, I wouldn't train you.' To take a shortcut to get to that place is not what Superman represents. That was important to me. [on his muscles ripping his clothes open] [In the middle of the filming] of Man of Steel, I had a suit tailored for the Immortals premiere. At that stage, I was at my very leanest, it was just after shooting my shirtless scenes [for Man of Steel]. At the very end of the [filming of Man of Steel], I put that suit on again for a photoshoot we were doing and I ripped the seams, the inside seams, just because my thighs were that much bigger. [on deliberately trying to pick different roles from Superman] I definitely chose this role [The Man from U.N.C.L.E.], to be contrary to Superman. Because when you have a movie of that size [Man of Steel] come out it's human inclination to say 'I now know what that person is', and you have to fight against that as an actor. Not that I am going to go crazy and play a meth-head transsexual guy, but I want the freedom to show the audience that I have range. The first time people saw me on a world scale was Superman and that's not necessarily what I do. [on whether money is important in the movie business] All those people who say, 'Oh no, the money doesn't matter.' Yeah, right. They're either mad, or they're lying. I mean, come on. 'Oh no, don't pay me anything, it's for the arts.' I'm sorry, no. Pay me the money. I'm not doing it for charity. I'm not a nonprofit organization. [on wanting to be a leading man in Hollywood] I want to be one of those names that producers want to hire because you put bums on seats. [on what he has to give up while keeping in shape for Superman] Guinness is what I crave, but it is not ideal for six pack abs. [on the difference between playing the iconic roles of Superman and Napoleon Solo] When I get my shirt off [as Solo], I don't have to be looking completely shredded because [Solo's] just a spy in the 60's in a movie which doesn't take itself too seriously. Taking your shirt off for a movie involves starving yourself, and that's no fun when you are working 15-hour days. I look great, have an eight pack [as Superman], but it was a relief just to focus on the acting [as Solo]. [on not having abs in Man From U.N.C.L.E.] There's on season and there's off-season. And its enjoyable being off-season [as Napoleon Solo] because when you are on season [as Superman] it's hard work and you are starving. As much as everyone loves the idea of guys have six packs and eight packs, you are starving when you have them. It looks good but its no fun. [on how he plans to succeed in Hollywood] There are people who are better looking than I am and people who are better actors than I am. I just have to beat them to the chase. [on Man from U.N.C.L.E.] It's my favorite movie so far. [on girls always expecting him to have a Superman physique] There's a blessing in being Superman. You get more attention. But there's also a curse, which is that you'd better fucking look like Superman any time you need to get your kit off. I'm very self-critical and I use that to motivate myself. I would refuse to believe girlfriends who reassured me that my weight is fine. If I look in the mirror, I might say, 'You're looking good!' Other days, because I'm off-season and haven't been training, I tell myself, 'Look at you, you fat fuck, you're a mess. If you were to meet a bird out in a bar and bring her home, she's expecting Superman. This is not Superman and she's going to be mega-disappointed.' [on getting an erection while filming a sex scene] A girl had to be on top of me, she had spectacular breasts, and I hadn't rearranged my "stuff" into a harmless position. She's basically rubbing herself all over me and, um, it got a bit hard. It's not great when you're in a professional acting environment and somebody gets a boner, is it? I had to apologize profusely afterward. [on who is cooler between Napoleon Solo and Superman] Napolean Solo is cooler. As far you rate someone by just interacting with them, Napolean would be far more enjoyable to interact with. [on his dream to be James Bond one day] Bond would be wonderful to play one day. I wouldn't play the same kind of character as Daniel Craig, but hopefully I can do something that will do justice to the legacy. Barbara or Mike [the producers], if you're reading this, give me a call... [on the prospect of using Tinder] Superman can hardly go on Tinder, can he? Actually it would probably be a lot easier... [on sex scenes being unsexy to film] You don't think of sex scenes as showing your bum to the nation. It's actually acutely uncomfortable being naked in a roomful of people. The very last thing it is is sexy. The actual physicality is very uncomfortable. All you're doing is smacking your nuts against someone, and nothing is going in. [on who would he pick between Wonder Woman and Louis] Who is better for a super-powered alien, a human [Lois] or a goddess [Wonder Woman]? The goddess can do all the things which we would think are normal in a relationship, and not have any fear of Superman. But you also need to have that baseline of humanity, which Lois provides. So that's more of a debate than an answer. [on the effect Superman has had on his love life] When you meet girls, you almost have to prove yourself doubly as a man because they think, "Oh, he's probably a dick." I need to get better at approaching women. But boo-hoo, it's not that bad! [on whether he'd ever consider losing his physique for a role] I'd prefer not to, to be honest. [on how is he different from Napoleon Solo] I'm not quite as much of a rogue as Solo. [on what motivates him to keep playing Superman] [To continue to expand on Superman] and the money. There are some actors out there who are all, 'Hey, I live in a cardboard box and I'll perform on that cardboard box if I have to.' That's pretty much bullshit. Acting pays well. And anyone who says they don't like money is being ridiculous. Money is lovely. Nice things are lovely. [on his Internet detractors] When you go on the Internet forums, you're peeking behind the curtain. You think, 'Why are they being so nasty? It's weird, because there's no accountability. Someone can quite happily write a diatribe about how much of a dick I am. But if they met me in real life, I know what they'd probably say - 'Can I have a picture with you?' [on being a fan of Outlander and Sam Heughan] Outlander I thought was absolutely spectacular. It's so good I watched it from beginning to end in almost one night. I couldn't stop. Jamie is a Scottish Superman, for sure! [on developing an action star physique for Hollywood] In The Tudors I'd been in fine shape. But by the time I appeared in Immortals I was [so] sculpted [I looked as if I'd walked off the set of 300.] I didn't go that way for the sake of becoming an action actor. But there's a demand that you look a certain way in Hollywood. Man of Steel was the first time I had to bulk up in the full-on action-movie style, and I enjoyed it enormously. It's torture, but you enjoy the results that work brings. That's what excites me. It's rewarding. [on the experience of playing Superman the first time as opposed to the second time] It's like shagging someone for the first time. Sometimes it turns out to be amazing. Mostly you're trying to get each other's rhythm going. It's on the next go that you start to expand. That's why I do [Superman]. You can't be pissed off at the idea of playing Superman for the rest of your life. It's a wonderful role. There's a huge potential there for complex storytelling, and I'm looking forward to exploring those avenues. People think Kryptonite can beat him. No. The only thing that can really beat Superman is Superman. His own moral choices. When you have that to start with, the storytelling can really delve into something rich. Come on, it's Superman! You can't think, 'Oh sorry, I'm just the granddaddy of all superheroes. It's such a pain.' [on his biggest fashion faux-pas] I wore a terracotta double breasted suit recently in Rome, and people had a love-hate relationship with that jacket, but if I like it, then fuck everyone else. [on the challenges of appearing shirtless on film] There's a period of gaining mass, when you consume vast amounts of fats, carbs, and proteins, combined with a heaving lifting regimen; that's followed by a "cut," when your caloric intake is drastically lowered and the fat essentially melts away to reveal chiseled muscle. The mass build is the fun part. You get to eat a lot, and you're lifting heavy weights. You feel really good because you've got big numbers going on the plates. But you're always aware that you'll have to eat less and start breathing more in order to show the muscles and the striations. It creeps up on you. That's the less-fun part. A lower caloric intake can also affect your moods. I had to be aware of my temper and try not to snap at people on the set. It's only during the final "leaning down" for the day of a shirtless shoot that food cravings begin to kick in. [on why he developed an eight-pack physique for Immortals] Tarsem's brief was that he didn't want a "big" guy, he wanted a very ripped, very lean, very Greek statuesque type thing. He said after the very first meeting, "I don't want a six-pack, I want an eight-pack". I was far from having even a six-pack then, [let alone an eight-pack]. But I took it as a challenge. So I went for it. [on always agreeing to take pictures with fans] People are very polite. They come up and ask (before taking a picture), and that makes a big difference. When people come up and ask, it's like, 'OK, yes, of course.' Rather than, 'Hey could you stop taking a photo of me across the room because there's going to be one bad shot of me and that's the one you're going to put on the Internet? Don't do that.' [on competing at training and physical appearance with co-star Ben Affleck] We were training with different people, so there was no direct comparison. But there's always going to be competition between two men if they want to be superheroes. [on putting his muscular Superman physique into suits for Man from UNCLE] I definitely had a bit of a problem with the suits. I don't normally keep a suit-blessed shape so the tailors had some struggles but it worked out in the end. [on the extent to which he can deviate from his current physique] It's not as if I am going to be able to play a POW and then Superman again. My commitment lies with Superman first. Staying in shape is a point of professional necessity now. Working out has become a lifestyle choice for me. I've put on 30 pounds of muscle for this movie but calm it down to 10 pounds between films. To play Superman every two years I maintain a base level of 'extremely fit' before ramping it up to 'ridiculously cut' for filming. [on playing his rivalry with Ben Affleck on set] Ben Affleck and I didn't compare biceps or see who could do the most sit-ups. We filmed our shirtless scenes separately and we didn't train at the same place either. Having said that, there was a form of rivalry, of competition, between us on the set. This was deliberate. The two characters absolutely can't stand each other in the film, and Ben and I wanted this to come across in every scene. [his dating top for young men like himself] Stop looking to get laid, and look for someone who can make you the better version of you. That's going to make you happier, more than just getting laid will. [on being comfortable with not always having his Superman body] I've found a comfortable balance, because we all like to go out for drinks and dinners and all the nice things in life, and not be a complete gym psycho. I stay fit enough to feel comfortable with taking my shirt off at the beach, because someone's going to take a photo,and then it won't all of a sudden be, "Hey look, fat Superman!" in the Daily Mail or something like that. It'll just be, "Hey, look, Henry Cavill at the beach," and I won't be ashamed to see that photo. [on the importance of having a trainer in the gym] It's very important to have someone who can advise you on diet and what you're doing, as far as training is concerned. Thankfully, I have my trainer, Michael Blevins. If I say, "I want to have bigger hamstrings. They're nice and strong, but I want them to be bigger. What do I do?" He goes, "OK, cool. Well, do this, this, and this." Once you get to the level of being fit, there are days when you go, "Today I just want to dig a very deep hole and jump into it." Then sometimes you think, "I'm going to hurt myself today. Let's see if I still bleed." It's just going there, breathing, getting some endorphins flowing. Maybe you want to work on some muscle groups. Maybe you want to get leaner. So you can set tasks for yourself. [on educating fans through his workout posts] A lot of working out today is, "Let's make it an easy fix." Do this, and do that, and you've got 60-second abs. There's no quick fix. Through my Instagram and my social media, I'm trying to send the message out there that it's a process. I like to get it out there that you don't have to endure a psychotic, agonizing workout. You don't have to leave it all on the floor every time. Hopefully through my social media I can help educate people. [on his hesitation to lose his great physique for a role] I'm not going to be like, "Hey, I'm going to do a big fat-man role or a really skinny role because that's what all the big actors do these days!" I'm not going to choose work to make people go, "Oh, wow, he can really act because he can lose lots of weight!" If it were something I really cared about and I really wanted to have, like, an effect on an audience because it's subject matter that's very, very important to me, and I wanted to get it out there, then yeah, I could see myself doing it. Otherwise, no. Salary (11)	Man of Steel
Which theatre stands on Argyll street in London?	Henry Cavill in Man of Steel Will Make An Awesome Superman: Here Are Some More Comic Book Movies to Be Excited For \| Mic Copyright © Mic Network Inc. All rights reserved. One World Trade Center, 285 Fulton Street 83rd Floor, Suite G, New York, NY 10007 Copyright © Mic Network Inc. All rights reserved. Henry Cavill in Man of Steel Will Make An Awesome Superman: Here Are Some More Comic Book Movies to Be Excited For PIN Superhero blockbuster movies taken from the pages of comics books are something to be expected every year now. With the money that ticket sales and merchandising bring in, is it any surprise that major film studios and comic book giants Marvel and DC want in on the payday? That's why they are planning and scheduling movie releases for years to come. This summer we’ve been treated to no less than four major comic book films. Marvel Comics gave us Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance, the epic summer hit of the year The Avengers and the reboot of the Spider-Man franchise The Amazing Spider-Man. The highly anticipated conclusion to the Christopher Nolan Batman series The Dark Knight rises, though successful, was the only film offering by DC Comics this year. Collectively these four films brought in $3 billion worth of revenue to date and have left fans wanting more. So what have comic book and movie fans got to look forward to in the future ? Marvel Comics: In the war of the comic book movies, Marvel Comics definitely comes out on top with six films scheduled for release over the next two years — and many more to come after that. Here’s a peak at some of the films to come: 1. Iron Man 3 (2013): The third installment sees most of the previous films cast return: Robert Downey, Jr. Gwyneth Paltrow, Don Cheadle. Australian actor Guy Pearce has been cast as the film’s main villain — Aldrich Killian — and British actor Ben Kingsley has been cast as another ‘behind the scenes’ villain The Mandarin . To those familiar with the comic book The Mandarin is perhaps Iron Man’s biggest adversary and I’m surprised it has taken this long to get him into the movies. The plot of the film is said to take on elements of the comic’s 2008 Extremis Virus story arc. 2. Thor: The Dark World (2013): The second Thor film will also see all of the main cast return, even Tom Hiddleston as Loki, though he will not be the film’s main villain. The role of primary antagonist goes to Christopher Eccleston who will play Malekith the Accursed the ruler of the Dark Elves. Expect an epic mystical battle that is sure to excite both comic book and fantasy fans alike. 3. The Wolverine (2013): The sequel to 2009’s X-Men Origins: Wolverine hopes to undo the damage made to the character’s franchise after what was a commercially successful albeit really bad film. The film will be a stand-alone movie as opposed to a direct sequel and will involve Wolverine’s adventures in Japan. Australian actor Hugh Jackman reprises his role as the title character and is joined by many noted Japanese actors including Hiroyuki Sanada (Rush Hour 3) as Yakuza mobster Shingen Yashida , Will Yun Lee (Die Another Day) as Kenuichio Harada AKA the Silver Samurai , and Japanese supermodel Tao Okamoto as Wolverine’s love interest Mariko Yashida . 4. Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014): The second Captain America film will see Chris Evans reprise the title role and Samuel L. Jackson, as Nick Fury will also star. Casting for the film’s female lead is still going on with Twilight series actress Anna Kendrick and British actresses Felicity Jones and Imogen Poots in contention for what is suspected to be the character of SHIELD agent Sharon Carter (descendent of the first film’s Peggy Carter). No official word on the film's plot or main villain, but comic books fans will have a pretty good guess as to what it will involve based on the films title The Winter Soldier. Here’s a hint, a character you think is dead is not dead after all. 5. X-Men: Days of Future Past (2014): The sequel to the successful 2011 X-Men prequel X-Men: First Class will see Matthew Vaughn and Bryan Singer return as director and producer. Whilst all the main cast from the previous film have signed sequel contracts (as is standard) there is no word on who is officially coming back besides James McAvoy as Charles Xavier, Michael Fassbender as Magneto and Jennifer Lawrence as Mystique. No details about the plot have been released except that it will be set in the 70s, but fans of the comic book will know from the title that Days of Future Past might mean time travel will play a role in the plot. 6. Guardians of the Galaxy (2014): I’m really excited about this project, as it will be Marvel's first non-sequel release since 2007’s Ghost Rider. Marvel hopes to succeed with a space odyssey where DC comics’ Green Lantern failed. The comic involves a motley crew of humans and aliens who act as an intergalactic police force protecting the universe from the dangers of an interplanetary religious cult. Imagine Avengers in space meets Firefly. 7. Runaways (TBA): Another non-sequel project in the works, based on the award winning 2003 comic book series. It's about a group of teenagers from LA who learn that their parents are actually a group of super villains comprised of mob bosses, time-travelers, dark wizards, mad scientists, alien invaders and mutants. They band together as a group of young superheroes to stop their parents. 8. Also officially in development by Marvel Comics: The Amazing Spider-Man sequel (2014), The Avengers 2 (2015), Ant-Man (TBA), Daredevil reboot (TBA), Fantastic Four reboot (TBA), Deadpool (TBA). DC Comics: Whilst the Christopher Nolan Batman franchise has been hugely successful (grossing $2.2 billion to date), filmmaking has not been as successful for DC Comics as it has been for Marvel. After 2010’s Jonah Hex and 2011’s Green Lantern disastrous films, many of DC’s projects have been stalled. DC has only one film set for release next year while all their other projects have yet to proceed beyond scripting. DC Comics announced earlier this year that besides Batman and Superman movies there are no plans for new movies until at least 2016. So what does DC have to offer? 1. Man of Steel (2013): With Christopher Nolan’s Batman franchise now at an end, DC is putting all their eggs into one basket in hopes of re-launching the Superman franchise after its failed 2006 Superman Returns attempt. British actor Henry Cavil takes over the title role of Clark Kent/Superman and Amy Adams plays Lois Lane. Unlike previous Superman films this one will not feature Superman arch-nemesis Lex Luthor but rather actor Michael Shannon as the villainous Kryptonian General Zod who was the villain in the original Christopher Reeves superman films Superman (1978) and Superman II (1980). This return to ‘classic’ Superman mythos, with a Christopher Nolan treatment (Nolan co-wrote the script and has a producing credit ) bodes well for the franchise. Success will determine whether or not a sequel will be made and if other DC projects will get the green light. Check out the trailer for yourself here . 2. Batman Reboot (TBA): Not to let a good thing go to waste, DC is trying to reboot the Batman series with more films. Originally they wanted Nolan to do another film, but he has made it clear that he’s not interested. The studio is now looking at ways to reboot. Lets just hope they don’t make the same mistake they did back in the 1990s with Joel Schumarcher’s campy batman film series undoing the amazing Tim Burton ones. 3. Green Lantern sequel (TBA): This seems to be stuck in development hell after the disastrous first film. Even though the ending credits gave a hint to a possible sequel it’s going to take a lot of convincing to get this project off the ground. It’s a shame really as the comic book is actually one of my favorites and could be an epic space odyssey kind of story, rather than the campy sci-fi film that was the 2011 release. 4. Wonder Woman (TBA): Another project stuck in development hell has had a lot of people over at Warner Bros and DC Comics strangling one another, with both parties disagreeing on how to bring DC Comics most iconic female superhero to the big screen. For those unfamiliar with the mythos the original comic book is set in WWII and tells the tale of an Amazon woman imbued with magical powers who comes to save "man’s world" from the self-destructions of war. It’s a tale with an interesting blend of feminism, comic book heroics, Greek gods, and action. But DC originally thought a period super hero move wouldn’t be successful (Captain America proved that wrong) and that a female lead film wouldn’t sell (Hunger Games also proved that wrong). The studio tried to create a TV show last year but a poorly produced pilot failed to attract any networks. Only time will tell if Wonder Woman will ever make it to the big screen. 5. Justice League (TBA): The DC universe’s answer to the Avengers would see big names Batman, Superman, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern, Flash and many more team up to save the world from destruction. DC had the opposite idea to Marvel by releasing this film first then spinning it off into individual standalone hero films. They had hoped Christopher Nolan would helm the project, but again Nolan passed on the idea. Will this project ever see the light of day? Like all of DC Comics future projects it’s all in the hands of next year’s Man of Steel. Like us on Facebook:	i don't know
In the words of a music hall song what couldn’t you trust a special like?	My old man said Foller the van / Don't Dilly Dally mp3 midi free download beach motel Sechelt bed breakfast mp3 midi free download beach motel Sechelt bed breakfast My old man said: "Foller the van, And don't dilly-dally on the way". Off went the van wiv me 'ome packed in it. I walked be'ind wiv me old cock linnet. But I dillied and dallied, Dallied and dillied; Lost me way and don't know where to roam. And you can't trust a "Special" Like the old-time copper When you can't find your way home. I gave a helping hand With the marble wash hand-stand, And straight, we wasn't getting on so bad. All at once, the car-man bloke Had an accident and broke, Well, the nicest bit of china that we had. You'll understand, of course, I was cross about the loss. Same as any other human woman would. But I soon got over that, What with "two out" and a chat, 'Cos it's little things like that what does you good. Refrain: Oh! I'm in such a mess. I don't know the new address - Don't even know the blessed neighbourhood. And I feel as if I might Have to stay out here all night. And that ain't a goin' to do me any good. I don't make no complaint But I'm coming over faint, What I want now's a good substantial feed, And I sort 'o kind 'o feel, If I don't soon have a meal, I shall have to rob the linnet of its seed! Refrain:	old time copper
For what purpose were Mesopotamian ziggurats built?	My old man said Foller the van / Don't Dilly Dally mp3 midi free download beach motel Sechelt bed breakfast mp3 midi free download beach motel Sechelt bed breakfast My old man said: "Foller the van, And don't dilly-dally on the way". Off went the van wiv me 'ome packed in it. I walked be'ind wiv me old cock linnet. But I dillied and dallied, Dallied and dillied; Lost me way and don't know where to roam. And you can't trust a "Special" Like the old-time copper When you can't find your way home. I gave a helping hand With the marble wash hand-stand, And straight, we wasn't getting on so bad. All at once, the car-man bloke Had an accident and broke, Well, the nicest bit of china that we had. You'll understand, of course, I was cross about the loss. Same as any other human woman would. But I soon got over that, What with "two out" and a chat, 'Cos it's little things like that what does you good. Refrain: Oh! I'm in such a mess. I don't know the new address - Don't even know the blessed neighbourhood. And I feel as if I might Have to stay out here all night. And that ain't a goin' to do me any good. I don't make no complaint But I'm coming over faint, What I want now's a good substantial feed, And I sort 'o kind 'o feel, If I don't soon have a meal, I shall have to rob the linnet of its seed! Refrain:	i don't know
Elephant’s ear, leather, cabbage and Worm Brain are all types of what?	Leather Corals, Types of leather corals and pictures of Leather Corals, Beginner aquarium soft corals Sinularia flexibilis Leather Coral Facts Leather Coral Identification Like other types of soft corals, Leather Corals are primarily colonial sessile animals, meaning they are anchored firmly to the substrate. They have a surface, a soft membranous matrix, that is covered with polyps. These corals, as well as all the soft corals, are also part of the Subclass Octocorallia known as the Octocorals. These are defined as corals, that for each polyp, has the characteristic eight pinnate tentacles and eight septa used to gather and distribute food to the colony. The polyps of different Leather Coral varieties can have long or short tentacles, stalks of different lengths, or no stalks at all. When their polyps are extended they can appear fuzzy, yet have a smooth surface when they are retracted. They come in many colors, with hues of yellow, orange, red, olive, rust, and purple being most predominant. Soft Corals for Beginners Types of Leather Corals Leather Corals are favored by reef aquarists and also by advance keepers. There are a number of readily available species. Some Leather Corals that can be easily kept include: Flexible Leather Coral - Sinularia flexibilis Long Polyp Leather Coral Sarcophyton ehrenbergi Leather Coral Care Leather Corals are generally very hardy and will thrive in a properly maintained reef aquarium. Most need a moderate to strong water flow and tend to do very well under various types of reef tank fluorescent lighting. Metal halides are not needed. They are also easy to propagate in captivity by simply cutting them into coral frags They frequently contain the marine algae, zooxanthellae , and therefore do well in bright light. Leather Corals also require currents to help them slough off a milky slime on their surface. They produced this to rid themselves of any algae or other irritants that may be present on the skin. Sometimes they will shrink, and may appear to be dying. This is a natural event where they shed their outer layer and then regrow it. When you see this, they are generally fine and it will just take a little time before they are back to normal. Leather Corals will sometimes become a surrogate host for clownfish, if there is no host anemone available. However Leathers can be toxic to other sessile tank mates. They don't have a strong sting from their tentacles, but they do emit chemicals to ward off other corals competing for the same space. Provide plenty of room between them and other corals, at least a few inches. Feeding Leather Corals Leather Corals that contain zooxanthellae also derive the majority of their nutrition from it. But many will eagerly accept small foods like brine shrimp and plankton. Some may be fed microplankton, this is especially important if the light is not on the higher end. To learn more about Leather Corals see:	Coral
The Megalodon is the largest ever known type of which sea creature?	What do these Quick Stats mean? Click here overview The Cabbage Leather Coral is also referred to as Flat Leather Coral, Flower Leather Coral, or Carpet Coral. It is found in a variety of colors, usually tan to brown with lighter striations. Its flat, lobed appearance resembles a cabbage leaf. It is semi-aggressive and needs space between itself and other corals in the reef aquarium. Some species are toxic to stony corals. It is very easy to maintain in the reef aquarium and makes an excellent coral for the beginning to expert reef aquarist. It requires medium to high lighting combined with moderate to strong water movement. Fluorescent lighting should be combined with actinic lighting. For continued good health, it requires the addition of strontium, iodine, and other trace elements to the water. It is an encrusting coral that will reproduce easily on its own in the reef aquarium by budding (splitting off a portion of its base). Cabbage Leather Corals contain the symbiotic algae zooxanthellae and receive the majority of their nutritional needs from the light driven process of photosynthesis. It will also be beneficial to supplement the diet with additional food such as micro-plankton, baby brine shrimp, or foods designed for filter feeding invertebrates. It is normally shipped attached to a small piece of live rock or rubble. Approximate Purchase Size: Small: 2" to 3"; Medium: 3" to 5"; Large: 5" to 7" Testimonial By:	i don't know
Giant squid reach 14 metres. What are their bigger cousins called?	Giant squid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Giant squid This article is about the animal. For the post-metal group, see Giant Squid (band) . Giant squid Steenstrupia Kirk, 1882 The giant squid ( genus : Architeuthis) is a deep-ocean dwelling squid in the family Architeuthidae, represented by as many as eight species . Giant squid can grow to a tremendous size : recent estimates put the maximum size at 13 metres (43 ft) for females and 10 metres (33 ft) for males from caudal fin to the tip of the two long tentacles (second only to the colossal squid at an estimated 14 metres (46 ft), one of the largest living organisms ). The mantle is about 2 metres (6.6 ft) long (more for females, less for males), and the length of the squid excluding its tentacles is about 5 metres (16 ft). There have been claims reported of specimens of up to 20 metres (66 ft), but no animals of such size have been scientifically documented. On September 30, 2004, researchers from the National Science Museum of Japan and the Ogasawara Whale Watching Association took the first images of a live giant squid in its natural habitat. [1] Several of the 556 photographs were released a year later. The same team successfully filmed a live giant squid for the first time on December 4, 2006. [2] Contents See also: squid and cephalopod Like all squid, a giant squid has a mantle (torso), eight arms , and two longer tentacles (the longest known tentacles of any cephalopod). The arms and tentacles account for much of the squid's great length, making giant squid much lighter than their chief predators, sperm whales . Scientifically documented specimens have masses of hundreds, rather than thousands, of kilograms. Tentacular club of Architeuthis The inside surfaces of the arms and tentacles are lined with hundreds of sub-spherical suction cups, 2 to 5 centimetres (0.79 to 2.0 in) in diameter , each mounted on a stalk. The circumference of these suckers is lined with sharp, finely serrated rings of chitin . [3] The perforation of these teeth and the suction of the cups serve to attach the squid to its prey. It is common to find circular scars from the suckers on or close to the head of sperm whales that have attacked giant squid. Each arm and tentacle is divided into three regions — carpus ("wrist"), manus ("hand") and dactylus ("finger"). [4] [5] The carpus has a dense cluster of cups, in six or seven irregular, transverse rows. The manus is broader, close to the end of the arm, and has enlarged suckers in two medial rows. The dactylus is the tip. The bases of all the arms and tentacles are arranged in a circle surrounding the animal's single parrot -like beak, as in other cephalopods. A portion of Sperm Whale skin with giant squid sucker scars. Giant squid have small fins at the rear of the mantle used for locomotion. Like other cephalopods, giant squid are propelled by jet — by pushing water through its mantle cavity through the funnel, in gentle, rhythmic pulses. They can also move quickly by expanding the cavity to fill it with water, then contracting muscles to jet water through the funnel. Giant squid breathe using two large gills inside the mantle cavity. The circulatory system is closed, which is a distinct characteristic of cephalopods. Like other squid, they contain dark ink used to deter predators. Giant squid have a sophisticated nervous system and complex brain , attracting great interest from scientists. They also have the largest eyes of any living creature except perhaps colossal squid — over 30 centimetres (1 ft) in diameter . Large eyes can better detect light (including bioluminescent light), which is scarce in deep water. It is thought the giant squid cannot see in colour, but they can probably discern small differences in tone, which is important in the low light conditions of the deep ocean. [6] Giant squid and some other large squid species maintain neutral buoyancy in seawater through an ammonium chloride solution which flows throughout their body and is lighter than seawater. This differs from the method of floatation used by fish, which involves a gas -filled swim bladder . The solution tastes somewhat like salmiakki and makes giant squid unattractive for general human consumption. Like all cephalopods , giant squid have organs called statocysts to sense their orientation and motion in water. The age of a giant squid can be determined by "growth rings" in the statocyst's "statolith", similar to determining the age of a tree by counting its rings. Much of what is known about giant squid age is based on estimates of the growth rings and from undigested beaks found in the stomachs of sperm whales. See also: Cephalopod size Giant squid measuring over 4 metres without its two long feeding tentacles . The giant squid is the second largest mollusc and the second largest of all extant invertebrates . It is only exceeded in size by the Colossal Squid , Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni, which may have a mantle nearly twice as long. Several extinct cephalopods, such as the Cretaceous vampyromorphid Tusoteuthis and the Ordovician nautiloid Cameroceras may have grown even larger. Yet, giant squid size, particularly total length, has often been misreported and exaggerated. Reports of specimens reaching and even exceeding 20 metres (66 ft) in length are widespread, but no animals approaching this size have been scientifically documented. [7] According to giant squid expert Dr. Steve O'Shea , such lengths were likely achieved by greatly stretching the two tentacles like elastic bands. [7] Based on the examination of 130 specimens and of beaks found inside sperm whales , giant squid's mantles are not known to exceed 2.25 metres (7.4 ft) in length. [7] Including the head and arms, but excluding the tentacles, the length very rarely exceeds 5 metres (16 ft). [7] Maximum total length, when measured relaxed post mortem , is estimated at 13 metres (43 ft) for females and 10 metres (33 ft) for males from caudal fin to the tip of the two long tentacles. [7] Giant squid exhibit reverse sexual dimorphism . Maximum weight is estimated at 275 kilograms (610 lb) for females and 150 kilograms (330 lb) for males. [7] [ edit ] Reproductive cycle Little is known about the reproductive cycle of giant squid. It is thought that they reach sexual maturity at about 3 years; males reach sexual maturity at a smaller size than females. Females produce large quantities of eggs , sometimes more than 5 kg, that average 0.5 to 1.4 millimetres (0.020 to 0.055 in) long and 0.3 to 0.7 millimetres (0.012 to 0.028 in) wide. Females have a single median ovary in the rear end of the mantle cavity and paired convoluted oviducts where mature eggs pass exiting through the oviducal glands, then through the nidamental glands . As in other squid, these glands produce a gelatinous material used to keep the eggs together once they are laid. In males, as with most other cephalopods, the single, posterior testis produces sperm that move into a complex system of glands that manufacture the spermatophores . These are stored in the elongate sac, or Needham's sac , that terminates in the penis from which they are expelled during mating. The penis is prehensile , over 90 centimeters long, and extends from inside the mantle. How the sperm is transferred to the egg mass is much debated, as giant squid lack the hectocotylus used for reproduction in many other cephalopods . It may be transferred in sacs of spermatophores, called spermatangia, which the male injects into the female's arms. This is suggested by a female specimen recently found in Tasmania , having a small subsidiary tendril attached to the base of each arm. Post- larval juveniles have been discovered in surface waters off New Zealand , and there are plans to capture more and maintain them in an aquarium to learn more about the creature. [ edit ] Feeding The fabled underwater encounter between the sperm whale and giant squid, from a diorama at the American Museum of Natural History . Recent studies show that giant squid feed on deep-sea fish and other squid species. [8] They catch prey using the two tentacles, gripping it with serrated sucker rings on the ends. Then they bring it toward the powerful beak, and shred it with the radula (tongue with small, file-like teeth) before it reaches the esophagus . They are believed to be solitary hunters, as only individual giant squid have been caught in fishing nets. Although the majority of giant squid caught by trawl in New Zealand waters have been associated with the local hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae) fishery, the fish themselves do not feature in the squid's diet. This suggests that giant squid and hoki prey on the same animals. [8] [ edit ] Predators Adult giant squids' only known predator are sperm whales. It has also been suggested that pilot whales may feed on giant squid. [9] [10] Juveniles are preyed on by deep sea sharks and fishes. Because sperm whales are skilled at locating giant squid, scientists have tried to observe them to study the squid. [ edit ] Range and habitat Worldwide giant squid distribution based on recovered specimens. Giant squid are very widespread, occurring in all of the world's oceans. They are usually found near continental and island slopes from the North Atlantic Ocean, especially Newfoundland , Norway , the northern British Isles , and the oceanic islands of the Azores and Madeira , to the South Atlantic around southern Africa , the North Pacific around Japan , and the southwestern Pacific around New Zealand and Australia . Specimens are rare in tropical and polar latitudes. [ edit ] Species The taxonomy of the giant squid, as with many cephalopod genera, has not been resolved. Lumpers and splitters may propose as many as eight species or as few as one. The broadest list is: Architeuthis dux, "Atlantic Giant Squid" Architeuthis hartingii Architeuthis sanctipauli, "Southern Giant Squid" Architeuthis stockii Architeuthis sanctipauli was described in 1877 based on a specimen found washed ashore in Île Saint-Paul three years earlier. It is probable that not all of these are distinct species. No genetic or physical basis for distinguishing between them has been proposed, as evidenced by the placenames — of location of specimen capture — used to describe several of them. The rarity of observations of specimens and the extreme difficulty of observing them alive, tracking their movements, or studying their mating habits militates against a complete understanding. In the 1984 FAO Species Catalogue of the Cephalopods of the World, C.F.E. Roper, M.J. Sweeney and C.F. Nauen wrote: "Many species have been named in the sole genus of the family Architeuthidae, but they are so inadequately described and poorly understood that the systematics of the group is thoroughly confused." Kir Nazimovich Nesis (1982, 1987) considered that only three species were likely to be valid. In 1991, Frederick Aldrich of the Memorial University of Newfoundland wrote: "I reject the concept of 20 separate species, and until that issue is resolved, I choose to place them all in synonymy with Architeuthis dux Steenstrup." In a letter to Richard Ellis dated June 18, 1996, Martina Roeleveld of the South African Museum wrote: [11] "So far, I have seen nothing to suggest that there might be more than one species of Architeuthis." In Cephalopods: A World Guide (2000), Mark Norman writes the following: "The number of species of giant squid is not known although the general consensus amongst researchers is that there are at least three species, one in the Atlantic Ocean (Architeuthis dux), one in the Southern Ocean (A. sanctipauli) and at least one in the northern Pacific Ocean (A. martensi)." Main article: List of giant squid specimens and sightings Aristotle , who lived in the fourth century B.C., already described a large squid, which he called teuthus, distinguishing it from the smaller squid, the teuthis. He mentions that "of the calamaries the so-called teuthus is much bigger than the teuthis; for teuthi [plural of teuthus] have been found as much as five ells long." [12] Pliny the Elder , living in the first century A.D., also described a gigantic squid in his Natural History , with the head "as big as a cask", arms 30 feet (9.1 m) long, and carcass weighing 700 pounds (320 kg). [13] [11] [14] Tales of giant squid have been common among mariners since ancient times, and may have led to the Norwegian legend of the kraken , a tentacled sea monster as large as an island capable of engulfing and sinking any ship. Japetus Steenstrup , the describer of Architeuthis, suggested a giant squid was the species described as a sea monk to the Danish king Christian III c.1550. The Lusca of the Caribbean and Scylla in Greek mythology may also derive from giant squid sightings. Eyewitness accounts of other sea monsters like the sea serpent are also thought to be mistaken interpretations of giant squid. The Alecton attempts to capture a giant squid in 1861 Steenstrup wrote a number of papers on giant squid in the 1850s. He first used the term "Architeuthus" (this was the spelling he chose) in a paper in 1857. A portion of a giant squid was secured by the French gunboat Alecton in 1861 leading to wider recognition of the genus in the scientific community. From 1870 to 1880, many squid were stranded on the shores of Newfoundland. For example, a specimen washed ashore in Thimble Tickle Bay , Newfoundland on November 2, 1878; its mantle was reported to be 6.1 metres (20 ft) long, with one tentacle 10.7 metres (35 ft) long, and it was estimated as weighing 2.2 tonnes. In 1873, a squid "attacked" a minister and a young boy in a dory in Bell Island , Newfoundland. Many strandings also occurred in New Zealand during the late 19th century. Giant squid from Logy Bay , Newfoundland in Reverend Moses Harvey 's bathtub, November/December, 1873 Although strandings continue to occur sporadically throughout the world, none have been as frequent as those at Newfoundland and New Zealand in the 19th century. It is not known why giant squid become stranded on shore, but it may be because the distribution of deep, cold water where squid live is temporarily altered. Many scientists who have studied squid mass strandings believe that they are cyclical and predictable. The length of time between strandings is not known, but was proposed to be 90 years by Architeuthis specialist Frederick Aldrich . Aldrich used this value to correctly predict a relatively small stranding that occurred between 1964 and 1966. The search for a live Architeuthis specimen includes attempts to find live young, including larvae. The larvae closely resemble those of Nototodarus and Moroteuthis , but are distinguished by the shape of the mantle attachment to the head, the tentacle suckers, and the beaks. [ edit ] Twenty-first century The first footage of live larval giant squid ever captured on film was in 2001. The footage was shown on Chasing Giants: On the Trail of the Giant Squid on the Discovery Channel . [15] As of 2004, almost 600 giant squid specimens had been reported. [16] The first photographs of a live giant squid in its natural habitat were taken on September 30, 2004, by Tsunemi Kubodera ( National Science Museum of Japan ) and Kyoichi Mori ( Ogasawara Whale Watching Association ). Their teams had worked together for nearly two years to accomplish this. They used a five-ton fishing boat and only two crew members. The images were created on their third trip to a known sperm whale hunting ground 970 kilometres (600 mi) south of Tokyo , where they had dropped a 900 metres (3,000 ft) line baited with squid and shrimp. The line also held a camera and a flash. After over 20 tries that day, an 8 metres (26 ft) giant squid attacked the lure and snagged its tentacle . The camera took over 500 photos before the squid managed to break free after four hours. The squid's 5.5 metres (18 ft) tentacle remained attached to the lure. Later DNA tests confirmed the animal as a giant squid. On September 27, 2005, Kubodera and Mori released the photographs to the world. The photo sequence, taken at a depth of 900 metres (3,000 ft) off Japan 's Ogasawara Islands , shows the squid homing in on the baited line and enveloping it in "a ball of tentacles." The researchers were able to locate the likely general location of giant squid by closely tailing the movements of sperm whales. According to Kubodera, "we knew that they fed on the squid, and we knew when and how deep they dived, so we used them to lead us to the squid." Kubodera and Mori reported their observations in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society . One of the series of images of a live giant squid taken by Kubodera and Mori in 2004. Among other things, the observations demonstrate actual hunting behaviors of adult Architeuthis, a subject on which there had been much speculation. The photographs showed an aggressive hunting pattern by the baited squid, leading to it impaling a tentacle on the bait ball's hooks. This may disprove the theory that the giant squid is a drifter which eats whatever floats by, rarely moving so as to conserve energy. It seems that the species has a much more belligerent feeding technique. In December 2005, the Melbourne Aquarium in Australia paid AUD $100,000 (around £47,000GBP or $90,000US) for the intact body of a giant squid, preserved in a giant block of ice , which had been caught by fishermen off the coast of New Zealand 's South Island that year. [17] Still image from the first video of a live adult giant squid, filmed on December 4, 2006 by researchers from the National Science Museum of Japan led by Tsunemi Kubodera. In 2004, another giant squid, later named "Archie", was caught off the coast of the Falkland Islands by a trawler . It was 8.62 metres (28.3 ft) long and was sent to the Natural History Museum in London to be studied and preserved. It was put on display on March 1, 2006 at the Darwin Centre . [18] [19] The find of such a large, complete specimen is very rare, as most specimens are in a poor condition, having washed up dead on beaches or been retrieved from the stomach of dead sperm whales. Researchers undertook a painstaking process to preserve the body. It was transported to England on ice aboard the trawler; then it was defrosted, which took about four days. The major difficulty was that thawing the thick mantle took much longer than the tentacles. To prevent the tentacles from rotting , scientists covered them in ice packs, and bathed the mantle in water. Then they injected the squid with a formol-saline solution to prevent rotting. The creature is now on show in a 9 metres (30 ft) long glass tank at the Darwin Centre of the Natural History Museum . On December 4, 2006, an adult giant squid was finally caught on video by Kubodera near the Ogasawara Islands , 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) south of Tokyo . It was a small female about 3.5 metres (11 ft) long and weighing 50 kilograms (110 lb). It was pulled aboard the research vessel but died in the process. [20]	Colossal squid
In which Australian state can you find the Derwent river?	Largest and Freakish creatures EVER (TOP10!!!) - YouTube Largest and Freakish creatures EVER (TOP10!!!) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Feb 27, 2012 #10 African Giant Snail The African giant snail, also called as the giant tiger land snail, is the largest snail from its family. The Giant Ghana snail is native to the forest of Ghana, Africa. Those snails are hermaphrodites, like almost all pulmonate gastropods. The shells of these snails grow s to 18 centimeters of length with a diameter of 9 centimeters, however, there are also bigger examples. Those snails lives in tropical condition where they do not have natural enemies. Each of those gigantic snails lays up to twelve hundred eggs per year that causing a big problem in natural habitat for the other, normal size snails that we have used to. #9 Jelly Fish Growing up to 2 m (6.6 ft) in diameter and weighing up to 200 kg (440 lb), Nomura's Jellyfish reside primarily in the waters between China and Japan, primarily centralized in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. #8 Giant Squid Giant squid can grow to a tremendous size, recent estimates put the maximum size at 13 metres (43 ft) for females and 10 metres (33 ft) for males from caudal fin to the tip of the two long tentacles (second only to the colossal squid at an estimated 14 metres (46 ft), one of the largest living organisms). The mantle is about 2 metres (6.6 ft) long (more for females, less for males), and the length of the squid excluding its tentacles is about 5 metres (16 ft). There have been claims of specimens measuring 20 metres (66 ft) or more, but no giant squid of such size has been scientifically documented. #7 Giant Rabbit Continental Giant Rabbits, live up to their name, when fully grown adults can weigh upto 26lbs +. They come in a variety of colours that include: Opal, White, Agouti, Yellow, Black, Light Steel and Dark Steel. They are a great breed and also proving to make wonderful house rabbits as they are easy to litter train, as well as great pets for children, due to their docile and placid tempermants. #6 Giant Stingray The giant freshwater stingray (Himantura chaophraya) is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae, native to large rivers and estuaries of Southeast Asia. It is one of the largest freshwater fishes in the world, with reports from the Chao Phraya and Mekong Rivers of individuals weighing 500--600 kg (1,100--1,300 lbs). #5 Atlas Moth The Atlas moth (Attacus atlas) is a large saturniid moth found in the tropical and subtropical forests of Southeast Asia, and common across the Malay archipelago. Atlas moths are considered the largest moths in the world in terms of total wing surface area [upwards of c. 400 cm2 (62 sq in)]. Their wingspans are also amongst the largest, reaching over 25 cm (10 in). Females are appreciably larger and heavier. #4 Giant Centepede Scolopendra gigantea (also known as Peruvian giant yellowleg centipede and Amazonian giant centipede) is the largest representative of the genus Scolopendra, regularly reaching lengths of 26 cm (10 in) and can exceed 30 cm (12 in). It inhabits the northern and western regions of South America and the islands of Trinidad, Puerto Rico, Saint Martin, Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, Jamaica, Grenada, and Hispaniola. #3 Giant Dog (Great Dane) A Great Dane from the US state of Arizona has been officially recognised by Guinness World Records as the tallest dog ever on record.Giant George, owned by David Nasser, stands 43in (1.09m) tall paw to shoulder, and weighs 245lb (111kg). Guinness officials say there were conflicting reports about Giant George's height, so they sent a judge to his home in Tucson to verify it. #2 Goliath tarantula & Camel Spider The Goliath bird-eater Spider (Theraphosa blondi) is an arachnid belonging to the tarantula group, Theraphosidae. It is considered to be the second largest spider in the world (by leg-span it is second to the giant huntsman spider), and it may be the largest by mass. The spider gets its name from reports of explorers from the Victorian era, who witnessed one eating a hummingbird. Camel Spider may grow to a length of 300 mm (12 in) including legs, and have a body comprising an opisthosoma (abdomen) and a prosoma (head) with conspicuously large chelicerae, which are also used for stridulation. Most species live in deserts and feed opportunistically on ground-dwelling arthropods and other animals. A number of urban legends exaggerate the size and speed of Solifugae, and their potential danger to humans. #1 Saltwater Crocodile The largest size saltwater crocodiles can reach is the subject of considerable controversy. The longest crocodile ever measured snout-to-tail and verified was the skin of a dead crocodile, which was 6.2 metres (20 ft) long. As skins tend to shrink slightly after removal from the carcass, this crocodile's living length was estimated at 6.3 metres (21 ft), and it could have weighed more than 1,000 kilograms (2,200 lb). 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Which strait separates Taiwan from mainland China?	Taiwan Strait \| strait, China Sea \| Britannica.com Taiwan Strait Alternative Titles: Formosa Strait, T’ai-wan Hai-hsia, Taiwan Haixia Similar Topics Strait of Gibraltar Taiwan Strait, also called Formosa Strait, Chinese (Wade-Giles romanization) T’ai-wan Hai-hsia or (Pinyin) Taiwan Haixia, arm of the Pacific Ocean , 100 miles (160 km) wide at its narrowest point, lying between the coast of China’s Fukien province and the island of Taiwan (Formosa). The strait extends from southwest to northeast between the South and East China seas. It reaches a depth of about 230 feet (70 m) and contains the Pescadores Islands (which are controlled by the government of Taiwan). The chief ports are Amoy in mainland China and Kao-hsiung on Taiwan. The area lies in a typhoon zone. The strait was named Formosa (“Beautiful”) by Portuguese navigators in the late 16th century; although it is still known in the West by its European name, the Chinese and now most Westerners use the name Taiwan Strait. Learn More in these related articles: in Taiwan: Relief ...Ocean. The island of Taiwan is formed by a fault block trending north-northeast to south-southwest and tilted toward the west. The more gently rising western face of the block borders the shallow Taiwan Strait, under which the continental shelf connects the island to the Chinese mainland. The terraced tablelands and alluvial plains along the western face of the block provide the principal... 1 Reference found in Britannica Articles Assorted Reference relief of Taiwan (in Taiwan: Relief ) External Links Taiwan Strait - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11) The Taiwan Strait (also called the Formosa Strait) is a narrow body of water that separates the island of Taiwan from the southeastern coast of mainland China. The strait is an arm of the Pacific Ocean. It links the South China Sea, to the southwest, with the East China Sea, to the northeast. Taiwan Strait - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up) The island of Taiwan is separated from the southeastern coast of mainland China by a narrow body of water known as the Taiwan Strait. The strait is an arm of the Pacific Ocean. It links the South China Sea, to the southwest, with the East China Sea, to the northeast (see China Sea). The strait is also called Formosa ("Beautiful") Strait, a name given to it by Portuguese navigators in the late 16th century. Article History Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback. MEDIA FOR: You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email. Try again later. Edit Mode Submit Tips For Editing We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind. Encyclopædia Britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience. You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered. Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources. At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are the best.) Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. Unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions. Submit Thank You for Your Contribution! Our editors will review what you've submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we'll add it to the article. Please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed. Uh Oh There was a problem with your submission. Please try again later. Close Date Published: July 20, 1998 URL: https://www.britannica.com/place/Taiwan-Strait Access Date: January 20, 2017 Share	Taiwan Strait
By which name were the Dardanelles originally known?	Milestones: 1953–1960 - Office of the Historian Milestones: 1953–1960 The Taiwan Straits Crises: 1954–55 and 1958 Tensions between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) in the 1950s resulted in armed conflict over strategic islands in the Taiwan Strait. On two separate occasions during the 1950s, the PRC bombed islands controlled by the ROC. The United States responded by actively intervening on behalf of the ROC. Map of the Taiwan Strait The importance of the islands in the Taiwan Strait was rooted in their geographic proximity to China and Taiwan and their role in the Chinese Civil War. Jinmen (Quemoy), two miles from the mainland Chinese city of Xiamen, and Mazu, ten miles from the city of Fuzhou, are located approximately one hundred miles west of Taiwan. When the Nationalist Government of the ROC under Chiang Kai-shek recognized that it had lost control of mainland China during the Chinese Civil War, the officials and part of the Nationalist Army fled to the island of Taiwan, establishing troops on these two islands and the Dachen Islands further north. In the early 1950s, Chiang’s forces launched minor attacks from Jinmen and Mazu against the coast of mainland China. Leadership on both sides of the strait continued to view the islands as a potential launching pad for an ROC invasion to retake the Chinese mainland and had an interest in controlling the islands. U.S. policy toward East Asia in the early Cold War contributed to the tensions in the Taiwan Strait. In late 1949 and early 1950, American officials were prepared to let PRC forces cross the Strait and defeat Chiang, but after the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950, the United States sent its Seventh Fleet into the Taiwan Strait to prevent the Korean conflict from spreading south. The appearance of the Seventh Fleet angered the Chinese Communists, who transferred their troops poised for an invasion of Taiwan to the Korean front. This served to delay military conflict in the Strait until the United States withdrew its fleet after the Korean War. Over the next few years, the U.S. Government took steps that allied it more firmly to the ROC Government on Taiwan. In 1954, the United States led the creation of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization , which was designed to unify the region against the perceived Communist threat. Moreover, U.S. officials openly debated the possibility of signing a Mutual Defense Treaty with Chiang Kai-shek. The PRC viewed these developments as threats to its national security and regional leadership. In the interest of bolstering its strategic position in the Taiwan Strait, the PRC began to bombard Jinmen in September 1954, and soon expanded its targets to include Mazu and the Dachen Islands. U.S. policymakers considered sending part of the U.S. fleet into the Strait. Discussions centered on whether this maneuver would reopen the Chinese Civil War and, if so, what effect that would have on U.S. security concerns in the region. U.S. policymakers did not want to be drawn into the conflict, but wanted the ROC to maintain control of the islands. The loss of Jinmen and Mazu to the People’s Republic might mean an irreparable blow to Nationalist Army morale and the legitimacy of the ROC regime on Taiwan. To assert its continued support of that regime, the United States signed the Mutual Defense Treaty with the ROC. Although the treaty did not commit the United States to defending the off-shore islands, it promised support if the ROC engaged in a broader conflict with the PRC. Zhou Enlai The situation in the Strait deteriorated in late 1954 and early 1955, prompting the U.S. Government to act. In January 1955, the U.S. Congress passed the “Formosa Resolution,” which gave President Eisenhower total authority to defend Taiwan and the off-shore islands. The U.S. Government then announced its determination to defend Taiwan against communist attack, although it did not specify the territory included within its defensive perimeter. In exchange for a private promise to defend Jinmen and Mazu, however, Chiang Kai-shek agreed to withdraw his troops from Dachen, which was strategically ambiguous and difficult to defend. The Eisenhower Administration considered many options, ranging from convincing Chiang Kai-shek to give up the islands to employing nuclear weapons against the PRC. Before any of these options became necessary, at the Afro-Asian Conference in April 1955 in Bandung PRC Foreign Minister Zhou Enlai announced a desire to negotiate with the United States. The PRC’s sudden shift could have stemmed from pressure from the Soviet Union to ease tensions, concern about the very real possibility of war with the United States, or changes in internal politics. In September, 1955, the PRC and the United States began talks at Geneva to address the issue of repatriation of nationals, but also to discuss preventing the escalation of future conflicts. Although there were good reasons for the PRC to stand down in 1955, it resumed its bombardment of Jinmen and Mazu in 1958. This time, the PRC took advantage of the fact that international attention was focused on U.S. intervention in Lebanon and barred ROC efforts to re-supply garrisons on the off-shore islands. The PRC also wanted to protest continued U.S. support of the ROC regime. Once again, President Eisenhower was concerned that the loss of the islands would hurt Nationalist morale and might be a precursor to the Communist conquest of Taiwan. The United States thus arranged to re-supply ROC garrisons on Jinmen and Mazu. This brought an abrupt end to the bombardment and eased the crisis. Eventually, the PRC and ROC came to an arrangement in which they shelled each other’s garrisons on alternate days. This continued for twenty years until the PRC and the United States normalized relations.	i don't know
Which is Europe’s smallest state?	10 Smallest Countries In Europe - 10 Most Today 10 Smallest Countries In Europe 1 Comment The following is a list of the smallest independent countries in Europe by area, some of which are known as the European microstates (or ministates). A microstate is usually a small independent state that is recognized by larger states. This list does not include, for instance, Northern Cyprus – which is an unrecognized country, or Kosovo which is only partially recognized. The list also doesn’t include Gibraltar which is a British Overseas Territory rather than an independent state 1. Vatican City – 0.44 km2 (0.17 mi2) – The Vatican City State was formally established by the Lateran Treaty of 1929 between the Pope and the government of Mussolini. Located within Rome , the smallest state in Europe has a population of just over 800 people Smallest Countries In Europe: Vatican City, In the heart of Rome 2. Monaco – 2.02 km2 (0.78 mi2) – The Principality of Monaco achieved full independence from France in 1860. It is situated in French Riviera, on the Mediterranean Sea and has a population of around 35,000. Apart then being the second smallest state in Europe (and the world), Monaco is also the most densely populated country in the world Smallest Countries In Europe: Monaco 3. San Marino – 61 km2 (24 mi2) – The republic of San Marino is an enclave within Italy and has a population of around 30,000 people. San Marino proudly claims to be the oldest surviving sovereign state in the world with the continuation of the monastic community that gained independence from the Roman Empire in the September 301! The Fortress of Guaita in San Marino. San Marino is European microstate 4. Liechtenstein – 160 km2 (62 mi2) – The Principality of Liechtenstein is located between Switzerland and Austria and has a population of over 35,000. It is an independent state since the 19th century Vaduz Castle – the palace and official residence of the Prince of Liechtenstein 5. Malta – 316 km2 (122 mi2) – Malta is an archipelago of 7 islands in the Mediterranean Sea and has a population of under 500,000. Malta gained its independence from the UK in 1964. Valletta is the capital Valletta – the capital of Malta 6. Andorra – 468 km2 (181 mi2) – Located in the Pyrenees between France and Spain, the Principality of Andorra has a population of under 100,000 and has been independent since 1278! The capital of Andorra is Andorra la Vella Andorra la Vella – the capital of Andorra, an European microstate 7. Luxembourg – 2,586 km2 (998 mi2) – Located between Germany, France and Belgium, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg has been independent since 1815, when it gained its independence from the French Empire in the Treaty of Paris. Luxembourg has a population of over 500,000. Luxembourg City is the capital and largest city of Luxembourg Luxembourg City – the capital of Luxembourg, an European microstate 8. Cyprus – 9,251 km2 (3,572 mi2) – This island country is located in the Mediterranean and has a population of around 1,000,000. Independent since 1960. Nicosia is the capital and largest city 10 Smallest Countries In Europe: Cyprus 9. Montenegro – 13,812 km2 (5,333 mi2) – The small state of Montenegro has borders with not less than 4 countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Albania and Croatia. It has a population of around 600,000 Bay of Kotor, Montenegro – one of the smallest countries in Europe 10. Iceland – 103,000 km2 (40,000 mi2) – Iceland, “the land of fire and ice” , is another island country . It has a small population of just over 300,000. The capital of Iceland is Reykjavik Reykjavik, Iceland. Iceland is the 10th smallest Country in Europe	Vatican City
Malta and Gozo are two of the main three islands of Malta. What is the third?	Smallest European Country What is the smallest European country, defined by land mass? The Answer: At .17 square miles, Vatican City (an independent and sovereign state located in the heart of Rome) is by far the smallest European State. It has a yearly budget of about $175.5 million, and a permanent population of only 850. On the other hand, one of those residents happens to be the Pope , so they don't get pushed around too much. Also in Italy is San Marino , which at 23.6 square miles isn't exactly gigantic, either. It is, on the other hand, the oldest republic in the world, and has taken an active role in international diplomacy in the 1990s. Next in line would be Liechtenstein (61 square miles), then Andorra (175 square miles). Monaco , at .73 square miles, is another tiny European state, but as a French principality might not fit your definition of a country. More detailed information on the nations of the Europe (and other continents) can be found in our Countries of the World section. Or for some comparative national statistics, check out our Country Statistics at a Glance . —The Editors	i don't know
What is the nearest state, dependency or principality to the UK not in the EU?	EU or Not? Quiz British overseas territory but part of EU, with some exemptions. Réunion Overseas department of France in Indian Ocean; OMR. Slovenia First of the 'new' members states to join the Euro group. French Polynesia Overseas country of France in the Pacific; OCT. Isle of Man British Crown dependency, free movement only of goods, not services and capital. Sint Maarten Constituent country of the Netherlands and OCT since 2010. Shetland Islands Scottish archipelago and integral part of UK and EU. Guyana Independent country even before the UK joined the EU. Liechtenstein Alpine principality, member of EEA and EFTA but not EU. Faroe Islands Self-governing dependency of Denmark but explicitly outside EU. Clipperton Island Uninhabited island in eastern Pacific that came under direct authority of the minister of Overseas France in 2004 and became EU territory. Romania British overseas territory in the Caribbean; OCT. Ceuta and Melilla Spanish sovereign territories in northern Africa and part of EU with some exemptions. Canary Islands Autonomous community of Spain in Atlantic; OMR. Norway Kingdom in Scandinavia that has voted against EU-membership in referendum twice. French Guiana Overseas department of France in South America; OMR. Åland Islands Autonomous region of Finland, part of EU but with special exemptions. Kosovo Not a member of the EU, although it does use the Euro. Bermuda British overseas territory in the Atlantic; OCT. New Caledonia Special collectivity of France in southwest Pacific; OCT. Greenland Autonomous country of Denmark, part of EU until 1985 but then became OCT after referendum. Saint Martin Overseas collectivity of France and part of EU unlike Dutch part of island. Akrotiri and Dhekelia British sovereign bases on Cyprus that became EU territory with accession of Cyprus. Saba Special municipality of the Netherlands but will remain OCT at least until 2015. Azores Autonomous region of Portugal in the Atlantic; OMR. Monaco Principality on the Mediterranean, non-EU member but does use Euro. Isle of Man Principality on the Mediterranean, non-EU member but does use Euro. Greenland Principality on the Mediterranean, non-EU member but does use Euro. Sint Maarten Principality on the Mediterranean, non-EU member but does use Euro. Saba Principality on the Mediterranean, non-EU member but does use Euro. Åland Islands Principality on the Mediterranean, non-EU member but does use Euro. New Caledonia Principality on the Mediterranean, non-EU member but does use Euro. Kosovo Principality on the Mediterranean, non-EU member but does use Euro. Monaco Principality on the Mediterranean, non-EU member but does use Euro. Liechtenstein Principality on the Mediterranean, non-EU member but does use Euro. Norway Principality on the Mediterranean, non-EU member but does use Euro. Switzerland Principality on the Mediterranean, non-EU member but does use Euro. Faroe Islands Principality on the Mediterranean, non-EU member but does use Euro. Guyana Principality on the Mediterranean, non-EU member but does use Euro. Croatia Principality on the Mediterranean, non-EU member but does use Euro. Bermuda Principality on the Mediterranean, non-EU member but does use Euro. Turks and Caicos Islands Principality on the Mediterranean, non-EU member but does use Euro. French Polynesia Principality on the Mediterranean, non-EU member but does use Euro. Gibraltar Principality on the Mediterranean, non-EU member but does use Euro. Réunion Principality on the Mediterranean, non-EU member but does use Euro. Saint Martin Principality on the Mediterranean, non-EU member but does use Euro. Akrotiri and Dhekelia Principality on the Mediterranean, non-EU member but does use Euro. Ceuta and Melilla Principality on the Mediterranean, non-EU member but does use Euro. French Guiana Principality on the Mediterranean, non-EU member but does use Euro. Clipperton Island Principality on the Mediterranean, non-EU member but does use Euro. Romania Principality on the Mediterranean, non-EU member but does use Euro. Slovenia Principality on the Mediterranean, non-EU member but does use Euro. Guadeloupe Principality on the Mediterranean, non-EU member but does use Euro. Azores Principality on the Mediterranean, non-EU member but does use Euro. Canary Islands Principality on the Mediterranean, non-EU member but does use Euro. Shetland Islands	Isle of Man
Moore Marriot and Graham Moffat made eight films with which comedian?	Notes from a small island: Is Sealand an independent 'micronation' or an illegal fortress? \| The Independent Notes from a small island: Is Sealand an independent 'micronation' or an illegal fortress? Thomas Hodgkinson spent a week at the tiny platform off the Suffolk coast to find out. Friday 17 May 2013 23:00 BST Click to follow Notes from a small island: Is Sealand an independent 'micronation' or an illegal fortress? 1/7 Painful history: The North Sea fortress known as 'Sealand' Alamy Sealand even has its own passport Rex Features Sealand has its own flag, coins, stamps Rex Features Paddy Roy Bates, and wife Joan, in 1966 Getty Images The Bateses repel invaders in 1978 Rex Features 6/7 The only way up on to the 60ft-high platform is by means of a swing seat, suspended from a winch 7/7 Prince Michael of Sealand (right), more commonly known as Michael Bates Seven miles off the coast of Suffolk, there is a country. It isn't a very big country. In fact, its surface area extends to no more than 6,000 square feet, which is about twice the size of a tennis court. You won't find it on Google Maps and it isn't a member of Nato or, indeed, the EU. But it exists. And I know, because I've been there. We embarked from the Thames Estuary in the dead of night. This, I was assured, was in order to catch the tide, but it gave our journey a whiff of mystery. Soon we were swathed in fog, as seagulls rose from the surface of the water, ghostly in the light cast by our 45ft fishing boat, the Charlotte Joan. Four-and-a-half hours after we left, looming out of the darkness, there it was: the Independent Principality of Sealand. I could make out a bleak metal platform on a pair of concrete pillars, washed by the grey, unglamorous billows of the North Sea. In what sense could this possibly be said to constitute a country? Sealand has its own flag, coins, stamps. It has its own Royal Family, presided over by the majestic Prince Michael of Sealand (more commonly known as Michael Bates). And immigration isn't easy, as I was about to discover. There is no mooring post or landing stage (these were long ago smashed to pieces by the waves). There's no ladder. Like many small islands – like England, you might say – Sealand has suffered a painful history of invasion and counter-invasion, to which it has no particular desire to append another chapter. So the only way up on to the 60ft-high platform is by means of a swing seat, suspended from a winch. Somehow, as our vessel listed in the waves, I managed to get my backside in place. A thumbs-up to the winch-operator, and I was hoisted into the air, my white fingers gripping the ropes on either side. Up, up, watching the Charlotte Joan diminish beneath my dangling feet; then a side-swing, and I was stood, with some relief, on relatively solid ground. "Welcome to Sealand," said Prince James. Behind him, the national flag (red and black, with a white diagonal stripe) fluttered in the pre-dawn breeze. This was James Bates, Michael's good-natured twentysomething son and heir apparent, who had agreed to escort me out to Sealand, along with a couple of his mates. They were performing running repairs to the place, which was why I had been preceded on the winch by a wheelbarrow and 50 bags of cement, for patching holes in the platform. As Prince Michael would put it later, my visit "worked in fine with what we were doing anyway". But I still felt honoured, as I watched the f sun come up. After all, I was the first journalist in the history of Sealand ever to be permitted to stay overnight there. The reason for this suspicion of strangers in general lies in the violent, picaresque nature of its past. Sealand was built in 1943 by the Royal Navy as an anti-aircraft fortress designed to shoot down Luftwaffe planes. In those days it was equipped with two 94mm Vickers heavy anti-aircraft guns and two 40mm Bofors light anti-aircraft guns, and manned by 120 seamen crammed into accommodation in the hollow concrete towers. It was known as HM Fort Roughs, or Roughs Tower for short. Abandoned after the War, it gathered rust and guano, a gloomy relic of conflict, until the era of pirate radio in the 1960s. Then two rival entrepreneurs competed for possession, regarding the fort as the perfect place (since it was outside the three-mile zone that then constituted British territorial waters) from which to broadcast pop music to a grateful generation of teenagers. The piratical pair were the long-haired Irish chancer Ronan O'Rahilly, of Radio Caroline fame, and one Roy Bates, a cravat-wearing former Army major. Each time one of them put men on Roughs Tower, the other would send people to eject them, sometimes forcibly. It was a question of who was prepared to go further, and the answer turned out to be the Englishman. For Bates, the solitary fortress became far more than a radio project. It became an obsession that would absorb not only his life, but also the lives of his wife and children. The key thing, he knew, was to maintain a presence. With even one occupant, Roughs Tower was tough to take. But Roy couldn't afford a guard, so instead he plucked his 14-year-old son Michael out of school and put him up there, sometimes with his daughter Penny, sometimes with his wife Joan. For Michael, this was a welcome escape from the dreary rigours of a public-school education, but as he confided to me during a long lunch on-shore after my visit, "I expected it to last six months, not 40-something years". In July 1967, the Marine Broadcasting Offences Act came into force, extending the ban on unlicensed broadcasting beyond British waters. Roy dropped his proposal to set up a radio station, but the Bateses didn't leave the fort. The government, uneasy at this maverick presence a few miles off the east coast, sent a boat out there when they knew Roy was away on business. They claimed they had his permission to come aboard, but Michael and his mum, who were holding the fort, weren't so gullible. There were even discussions in Downing Street as to whether the place should be taken by force. In his excellent, newly finished memoirs, Michael reveals: "Harold Wilson, bless him, rejected the plan, as he didn't want to see military personnel or my family injured or killed". Uninjured, and very much alive, the family remained in situ, albeit with a precarious sense of being under siege. "Well, darling," Roy told his wife over a drink one evening. "Now you have your very own island." "Yes," she replied. "It's just a shame it doesn't have a few palm trees, and a bit of sunshine, and its own flag." The last part of her not unreasonable rejoinder planted a seed in Roy's mind. Why shouldn't the place have its own flag? Why, for that matter, shouldn't it be declared a sovereign state, immune from British law? Thus was born the Independent Principality of Sealand. It wasn't just an extended Ruritanian joke (although clearly that's to some extent what it is and has always been). It was also a snook cocked by a war veteran at a government he felt undervalued the "blood he'd spilt for his country". The legality of Roy's claim was soon put to the test. In May 1968, engineers working on a nearby buoy spotted the pretty Penny up on the fort and yelled what Michael describes as "lascivious" remarks at her. The hot-headed boy met shouts with shots, firing over their heads. Over lunch, I asked Michael about the insults. Had they requested a date? "No," he replied scornfully. "It was something like, 'I'd like to give you one'." Ah. So what did you use to fire your warning shots? Was it an air rifle? "No." A shotgun? "No." A rifle? "No." He paused. "It was an automatic pistol." Why, Michael, did you have an automatic pistol? "To look after my sister," he laughed. The authorities were less amused. The next time he returned to the mainland, Michael was arrested and put on trial for firearms offences. In the event, the judge threw out the case on the grounds that 'Sealand' was beyond British jurisdiction. Prince Roy, as he had taken to calling himself, hailed this as official confirmation of the place's independence. For if British law didn't apply there, in what sense was it a part of Britain? And if it wasn't British, what was it? From out on the fort, where there is a faint phone signal, I called up the Foreign Office and requested its official position on the sovereign claims of Sealand. Its response, in part, was that it "cannot constitute a separate independent State since it has none of the characteristics of a State, such as a fixed population, a territory or the ability to conduct international relations". We'll consider these three points in turn. Regarding the first, there has never been a time since the 1960s when there wasn't at least one person on Sealand. From 1966 until he got married in 1986, it was mostly Michael. Roy himself was there for the 1990s. Since then, there has been a succession of caretakers who alternate, shuttling between Sealand and the mainland every few weeks. During my visit, the guard in question was Mike: a stout ex-engineer who, when he wasn't telling me to fuck off, or worse, proved remarkably knowledgeable about the country he ruled as regent. I was beginning to see that, depending on your point of view, Sealand was a museum of wartime history, a kid's dream (a kind of über-den in the North Sea), or a skanky rust-bucket. I inclined to the first two of these perceptions, although I was glad my girlfriend wasn't with me. For one thing, the place is freezing. When Joan Bates was in residence in the 1960s, she used to faint from the cold while hanging out the washing on deck. The accommodation is basic. I slept on a sofa, though my room was blessed, unlike others, with a free-standing Calor gas heater. The bunks that would have housed the wartime inhabitants have long since gone, leaving only holes where they were screwed into the curved concrete walls. While giving me a tour of the two towers, Mike pointed out pockmarks in the side of a cupboard, clustered around a pristine circle, where a dartboard once hung. Except when manning the guns, the seamen weren't allowed to leave their claustrophobic quarters, but were stuck inside – underwater, in the case of the lower floors – their senses lulled by the repetitive slosh and gurgle of the sea. Yet even for those up on deck, the sense of isolation would have been acute. There's nothing to see but sea; the odd buoy; and in the west, the grey outline of England. "I actually like it," Mike said, when I asked him about the solitude. "I love it." Then his face darkened, and he lowered his voice. "All this [building work] at the moment is getting me down. I'm sorry I took it out on you, but I get bloody fucked off sometimes. But I am an awkward person to live with and I know that." I knew it, too. There had been an incident over breakfast that day, and another the morning before. I was learning to handle Mike. I admired him, I suppose, not only for his knowledge of Sealand and of pirate radio generally (he worked in the 1980s on one of the Radio Caroline ships) but also for his self-sufficiency. This is a man who, when at his on-shore home, has a sign on his front door: CALLERS NOT WELCOME. Vaguely religious, he has adapted one of the rooms in the fort into a chapel. There, beside an open Bible, I spotted a copy of the Koran, and works of Plato and Shakespeare. I remarked to Mike that he must have a lot of time for reading. Not his thing, he replied, although he enjoyed poring over the generator manual. The inhabitants of Sealand haven't always been content. Michael's sister Penny soon decided she'd had enough, and since then has had nothing to do with the place. And Michael himself has decidedly mixed feelings about the nearly two decades he spent there. There was no internet, then. No mobile phones. And more importantly, for a lad growing up, no women. Michael used to chat up girls on Sealand's radio. He even persuaded one of them to come out and visit him at the weekends, cadging a lift from a local fisherman. "We had a whale of a time," he told me – or at least, they did until his old man found out and read him the riot act. Roy Snr was for some reason convinced The News of the World were going to splash it over their front page. He was paranoid about the press. ("Never trust a journalist," he used to say.) Michael is more relaxed, which may partly explain why, following the passing of his father last year, he eventually agreed to my persistent requests to be allowed to stay on Sealand. I noticed, however, that he hadn't chosen to come, too. So there were five of us: Mike, myself, James Bates and his two mates. It was supposed to be a long weekend but it grew longer after the weather turned on Sunday. The sea and sky got intimate. Great waves crashed around the towers with a sound like the boom of cannon. The FCO claims Sealand has no territory, but if that refers to any fixed structure, I can confirm that, much to my relief, it qualifies. The waves crashed but the fortress didn't shake. Nevertheless, there was no question, in such turbulent conditions, of anyone coming out to pick us up. We were trapped on Sealand. Worse than that, we'd run out of booze. I had brought out a couple of big bottles of whiskey with me as peace offerings – I had guessed Mike might prove difficult – but we'd drunk them by the second day. My only set of clothes was getting fruity. Michael, meanwhile, was tucked up at his home on the mainland. Since his marriage, the second Prince of Sealand hasn't lived out there, devoting his energies to running a fishing business from Leigh-on-Sea, Essex. Yet if anyone has done his time on the fort, he has. And it wasn't all roses. There was the incident in 1978, when his father was in discussions with a shady group of Dutch and German businessmen who wanted to turn Sealand into a casino. They lured Roy to a meeting in Austria, and meanwhile, sent a helicopter to the fort. The sole occupant, Michael, was suspicious. But he let them land, only to find himself taken prisoner for several days. After his release, he was reunited with his father, by then furious that his son had let the interlopers outwit him. His mother was just as harsh. "You've thrown away our life's work," she hissed. Once everyone had calmed down, they discussed what should be done. "We were going to go out in an inflatable, and scale [Sealand] using ladders," Michael told me, in his characteristically matter-of-fact tone. Instead, the Bateses persuaded a friend who had worked as a stunt pilot in a couple of James Bond films to fly them and two mates out in his helicopter. They arrived at dawn, approaching into the wind so the bad guys wouldn't hear the hum of the rotors. Michael had a sawn-off shotgun. The others had pistols. They couldn't land the helicopter, so the pilot held the machine in a hover 40 foot up, while Michael and his dad shinned down ropes they had tied to the seats. The enemy emerged to see what the noise was. As Michael hit the deck, the butt of his gun smacked against it, and the thing fired, almost blowing his head off. Terrified, the Dutch and German heavies surrendered. The battle was over. The unwanted guests were sent packing, with the exception of a German lawyer named Gernot Putz. As the weeks went by, the German authorities became concerned about Putz's fate. Finally, they sent out a diplomat from their embassy in London to sue for his release. Which brings us to the third FCO observation: that Sealand lacks "the ability to conduct international relations". Clearly this wasn't the case back in 1978. Why, you may wonder, did Roy (and why does Michael) care so much about the independence issue? It's because the claim was, and is, crucial to the place's commercial prospects. On the one hand, there's the merchandise, the mugs and T-shirts, which are now sold online. There are the noble Sealand titles, which the country began bestowing on anyone who did it service. Which means, as often as not, providing funds. The place now pays for itself but it's a delicate balance, which depends on the viability, however moot, of its sovereignty. This is why the UK government's decision in 1987 to extend its territorial waters from three to 12 miles was potentially disastrous. With typical élan, Roy Bates pre-empted the move by declaring, the day before the Territorial Sea Act was passed, that Sealand had also decided to extend its waters from three miles to 12. As a result, he said, the Suffolk port of Felixstowe now belonged to him. In the statement it sent me, the FCO continued: "Upon the coming into force of the Territorial Sea Act, Roughs Tower thereafter fell within the territorial sea of the United Kingdom, and is therefore subject to our jurisdiction. It follows that, for example, English criminal law would apply there." Well, it might in theory, but it doesn't in practice, it seems. There was another incident in 1990 when warning shots were fired from the fort over a boat that came too close, but no charges were brought. International law is a complex, partly theoretical affair, and I'm no expert. However, I spoke to someone who is: he told me that in these cases the law comes down to a matter of what can be enforced. Clearly, if it wanted to, the British government could take the fort from the Bateses without breaking a sweat. Mike the guard told me that, when the tide is full and the sea calm, he stays up all night, watching for a marine assault. There was no danger of that, while I was there. Yet by my fifth day on Sealand, the waters settled enough for a boat to reach us. As I left, Mike grasped my hand with surprising warmth. He was happy to see me – but happier to see me go. Back in Leigh, absorbing a pint in Ye Olde Smack, I asked Prince Michael what the future held for Sealand. "It's great that I have my sons involved," he confessed, "It's so much easier." There's a film script in the works, which has been snapped up by Hollywood's CAA, with Liam Neeson mooted for the lead. There are Michael's memoirs. There's the Sealand international football team, comprised of honorary citizens such as the actor Ralf Little. Their opponents so far have included the Channel island of Alderney and the Chagos Islands in the Indian Ocean. And there's a plan about to be put into action for a data storage company called HavenCo to return to the fort. They came in 1999 during the dotcom boom, but left when that bubble burst a few years later. Now they're set to try again, the idea being to provide a secure facility where companies, or even countries, can store sensitive information. And what could be more secure than a sea-fortress which isn't subject to conventional regulations? Yet here, as ever, Sealand has to be careful. It will draw the line at flagrant illegality. As Michael put it to me, "If you want to be treated like a state, you have to act like one". Which takes us back to the Realpolitik theory of international law. If the cyber-geeks were to go too far and prompt the British authorities to move in, the likely result would be not only the closing-down of HavenCo, but also the end of Sealand's experiment in nationhood. It must be said, though, that the Bateses' personal fiefdom has negotiated nearly five decades with impunity, while convincingly dispensing with less robust threats. There's no reason to think it will blow it now.	i don't know
Who played Rambling Sid Rumpo on radio?	Kenneth Williams 'The Best Of Rambling Syd Rumpo' Complete Album - YouTube Kenneth Williams 'The Best Of Rambling Syd Rumpo' Complete Album Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Jun 16, 2013 Improved sound and video of faulty earlier upload Rambling Syd was created for the radio show Round The Horne in the late 1960's starring Kenneth Horne, Kenneth Williams, Hugh Paddick, Betty Marsden and Bill Pertwee. Syd's repertoire consisted of unusual and often made up words and double entendres sung to traditional folk tunes which pushed the boundaries of acceptability. All introduced with a 'rambling' monologue' Song Of The Australian Outlaw Waltzing Matilda The Song Of The Bogle Clencher The Lincolnshire Poacher Sussex Whirdling Song	Kenneth Williams
What was the name of Inspector Gadget’s niece?	Rambling Syd Rumpo (MP3) - WFMU's Beware of the Blog WFMU's Beware of the Blog WFMU Music Search If you are a copyright owner and believe that your copyrighted works have been used in a way that constitutes copyright infringement, here is our DMCA Notice . Rambling Syd Rumpo (MP3) Five bucolic yet lugubrious MP3s after the jump..... On this week's episode of Le Show, Harry Shearer paid tribute to recently deceased radio personality Brian Clewer, who hosted the radio program "Cynic's Choice" on LA-area radio for more than 40 years. Clewer's program featured lots of British comedy, and Shearer played a few examples on his program from Peter Sellers, Peter Cook and Dudley Moore, and Flanders and Swann. This got me thinking about the British comedy I was listening to when I was in grad school ages ago, when the local public radio station used to air the amazing "Round The Horne" , a BBC radio comedy program that made its name in the mid-to-late 1960s by pushing the limits of the British double entendre. For the musical portion of the comedy, they relied on the amazing Kenneth Williams and his rustic folksinger character Rambling Syd Rumpo. The joke was that Syd was supposedly singing old English folk tunes with long-forgotten archaic words, but the lyrics (written by Barry Took and Marty Feldman) were an equal combination of sly innuendo and hilarious nonsense. It's better to demonstrate rather than try to explain, so in honor of Clewer's passing here are a small selection of Rambling Syd Rumpo songs that are sure to gladden your earholes and tug at your artefacts.	i don't know
Ni is the chemical symbol for which element?	Nickel - Element information, properties and uses \| Periodic Table Chemistry in its element: nickel (Promo) You're listening to Chemistry in its element brought to you by Chemistry World, the magazine of the Royal Society of Chemistry. (End promo) This week even art galleries can spark chemical, or elemental, discussions. Andrea Sella. Andrea Sella Several years ago, I went with a friend to a small exhibition at London's National Gallery. It was a rare opportunity to see the masterpieces from the Doria Pamphilii gallery in Rome. The centrepiece was the famous portrait of Pope Innocent X by Velazquez, a spectacular snapshot of one of the most powerful men of his day, a tough-looking character in a gilded throne, sporting a neat goatee and a fierce and uncompromising glint in his eye. Across from it were hung Francis Bacon's disturbing Three Screaming Popes, nightmarish variants on Velazquez' theme. The pictures were so ugly and brutal that I instinctively blinked and looked away, upwards. Unexpectedly, my eyes fell on a set of golden letters across the top of the doorway. I giggled and my friend said to me, 'what's so funny? These pictures are just awful.' 'Mond', I replied, 'fancy finding him here.' 'Who?' she asked, looking puzzled. 'Mond,' I replied. 'This gallery was endowed by Ludwig Mond, the chemist who made nickel available to the world.' I fully expected her to roll her eyes and give me that pitying look that women reserve for the moment when the real nerd in a man is finally revealed. But there was none of that. 'I've never heard of him,' she said. 'Did he discover it?' 'No. He didn't. Nickel had been known for some time before that - it had been used in China and Peru to make a kind of steel. But it wasn't until the 19th century that two Swedish chemists, Cronstedt and Bergmann between them established that it was an element. It was named nickel after one of its ores, a reddish material that German miners called kupfernickel - St Nicholas's copper.' 'But isn't nickel rather nasty? Wasn't there some problem with nickel jewellery?' my friend asked. 'Yes. Nickel has long been used in alloys and to plate other metals - the nickel provides a tough resistant and shiny coating that protects the object from corrosion.' 'Oh, you mean a bit like chrome plating '. 'Yes, a bit like chrome, but less vulgar - chromium gives a brilliant shine. Nickel is a bit more subdued.' 'You mean classy.' 'I guess so. But the problem is that in contact with the skin, as in jewellery, the tiny amounts of nickel that dissolves in the sweat of the wearer was enough to cause skin reactions in some people and the using nickel turned out not to be a great idea.' 'But what about Mond?' 'Oh yeah. Right.' I replied. 'Mond was a German chemist who moved to the UK. And he had a problem - he was passing carbon monoxide gas through nickel valves and these kept failing and leaking. What Mond and his assistant Langer discovered was something remarkable - that his valves were corroding because the metal reacted with carbon monoxide, to make a compound called nickel carbonyl.' 'So what?' 'Well nickel carbonyl turned out to be a very volatile colourless liquid, one that boils just below room temperature.' 'Hmmm. Sounds a bit nasty,' she said doubtfully. 'Oh yes. Very. Because it's so volatile, you need to be really careful when you handle it since if you inhale it, it will decompose releasing poisonous carbon monoxide and dumping metallic nickel into your lungs. So it's very dangerous indeed. But in a way, that's the beauty of it: nickel carbonyl is incredibly fragile. If you heat it up it shakes itself to pieces, and you get both the nickel and the carbon monoxide back. So what Mond had was a deliciously simple way to separate and purify nickel from any other metal. And what is more, he could recycle the carbon monoxide.' 'Wow.' 'Mond wasn't just an observant chemist. He was also a pretty savvy business man. He patented his process and set up in business to sell the purest nickel at prices far lower than anyone else. He made an absolute fortune, and then steadily expanded into other areas of chemistry. His firm would eventually form the core of Imperial Chemical Industries, ICI, the conglomerate set up to defend British interests against, ironically, the onslaught of the burgeoning German chemicals industry.' 'So what do people do with nickel today, if it's so nasty,' she asked. 'Well, it's not really that nasty, provided you're careful in what you use it for. In the 1960s another German chemist named Wilke developed nickel compounds as cheap and simple catalysts for the petrochemicals industry to clip together small carbon molecules. It's also used in all sorts of alloys. There's Invar which is a kind of metallic pyrex, that doesn't expand or contract when you change the temperature. There's Monel, a steel so corrosion resistant that it will withstand even fluorine, which eats its way through just about anything. And there's the really weird memory metal, an alloy that no matter how much you twist and bend it, remembers its original shape and returns to it. And then there's superalloys made of nickel and aluminium with a dab of boron that are extremely light and actually get tougher as you heat them - so they're used in aircraft and rocket turbines.' I could see I was going a bit too far. We turned back to the Pope. 'He must have been a bruiser,' I said. 'You know what I like about you?' my friend asked giving my arm a squeeze. 'It's that we go to see paintings and I end up hearing about weird stuff.' 'And you know what I like about you,' I replied. 'It's that you humour me when I go off on one.' No doubt you're expecting me to say that it all ended happily. It didn't, and I haven't seen her in years. But weirdly enough, every time I think of nickel, I think of her. And the filthy look the Pope gave me. Meera Senthilingam So superalloys, relationships and the pope, what diverse chemical thoughts and stories nickel provokes. That was UCL's Andrea Sella with a contemporary story to nickel. Now next week the discovery of xenon. Peter Wothers The story of xenon begins in 1894 when Lord Rayleigh and William Ramsay were investigating why nitrogen extracted from chemical compounds is about one-half per cent lighter than nitrogen extracted from the air - an observation first made by Henry Cavendish 100 years earlier. Ramsay found that after atmospheric nitrogen has reacted with hot magnesium metal, a tiny proportion of a heavier and even less reactive gas is left over. They named this gas argon from the Greek for lazy or inactive to reflect its extreme inertness. The problem was, where did this new element fit into Mendeleev's periodic table of the elements? There were no other known elements that it resembled which led them to suspect that there was a whole family of elements yet to be discovered. Remarkably, this turned out to be the case. Meera Senthilingam And to hear how this story paned out, leading to the discovery of a new family of elements as well as xenon that would go on to light our roads and propel spaceships join Cambridge University's Peter Wothers in next week's Chemistry in its element. Until then thank you for listening, I'm Meera Senthilingam (Promo) Chemistry in its element is brought to you by the Royal Society of Chemistry and produced by thenakedscientists.com . There's more information and other episodes of Chemistry in its element on our website at chemistryworld.org/elements . (End promo)	Nickel
What does a welsh rarebit become with an egg on top?	Nickel Metal - The Facts Nickel Metal - The Facts Nickel Institute > Nickel Use in Society > About Nickel > Nickel Metal - Facts Nickel Metal - The Facts Nickel is a naturally occurring, lustrous, silvery-white metallic element. It is the fifth most common element on earth and occurs extensively in the earth's crust. However, most of the nickel is inaccessible in the core of the earth. Nickel metal’s key characteristics are: High melting point, 1453 ºC Resists corrosion and oxidation Can be deposited by electroplating Has catalytic properties 8.90 g/cm3 at 25 ºC Curie Temperature: 253 ºC Reflecting these characteristics, nickel is widely used in over 300,000 products for consumer, industrial, military, transport, aerospace, marine and architectural applications. The biggest use is in alloying - particularly with chromium and other metals to produce stainless and heat-resisting steels. These are used for pots and pans, kitchen sinks etc, as well in buildings, food processing equipment, medical equipment and chemical plants. About 65% of the nickel which is produced is used to manufacture stainless steels. Another 20% is used in other steel and non-ferrous alloys - often for highly specialized industrial, aerospace and military applications. About 9% is used in plating and 6% in other uses, including coins, electronics, and in batteries for portable equipment and hybrid cars. In many of these applications there is no substitute for nickel without reducing performance or increasing cost. Nickel is essential for healthy plant life. As a result, it is found naturally in most vegetables, fruits and nuts, and in the food products derived from them, for example – chocolate and wine.	i don't know
Who won the Wimbledon’s Men’s singles in 1987?	1987 Wimbledon Men's Singles Final: Pat Cash vs Ivan Lendl - YouTube 1987 Wimbledon Men's Singles Final: Pat Cash vs Ivan Lendl Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Jun 14, 2013 Who was the first tennis player to climb up into his player's box at Wimbledon? None other than Pat Cash, who beat Ivan Lendl in the classic 1987 Wimbledon Men's Singles Final. Both players were looking to win their first title at The Championships, although Lendl, who now coaches Britain's Andy Murray, reached the final the previous year (losing to Boris Becker). Visit Wimbledon on YouTube every Friday to watch more action from a classic match in our new YouTube series 'Wimbledon's Rolex Golden Moments'. SUBSCRIBE to The Wimbledon YouTube Channel: http://www.youtube.com/wimbledon LIKE Wimbledon on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Wimbledon FOLLOW Wimbledon on Twitter: https://twitter.com/Wimbledon	Pat Cash
Who won the second series of Strictly Come Dancing?	Wimbledon - Tennis Topics - ESPN Past Winners The Championships, Wimbledon, is an annual tennis tournament held each year in London. Wimbledon is the oldest tennis championship in the world and is considered by many the most prestigious, as well. It is one of the four Grand Slam tournaments -- the third in the calendar year -- and the only Grand Slam event held on grass. Wimbledon takes place each summer in June and July at the All England Club in Wimbledon, London. The tournament has garnered fame both for its exceptional tennis and its well-known traditions, such as the serving of strawberries and cream and Pimm's and lemonade. Wimbledon hosts championships for men's and women's singles and doubles, as well as mixed doubles. The tournament also has junior and invitational events during its two-week span. The Wimbledon Championships began in 1877, when the All England Club, founded solely as a croquet club, embraced the fast-growing sport of lawn tennis. The club decided to host a championship and, before it could do so, put together a set of rules and regulations for the sport (which are very similar to those used today). In 1877, the first year of the Lawn Tennis Championship, the club hosted only a gentlemen's singles competition. The first winner was Spencer Gore, who beat out a 22-man field. About 200 spectators attended the tournament. The tournament was considered a success, and it became an annual event. From the formation of the event until 1922, the previous year's champion received a bye into the final round, resulting in multiple repeat winners in the tournament's first few decades. Seven years after the first tournament, women were invited to play for the first time. Maud Watson was the first champion of that 1884 ladies' singles competition, winning out of a field of 13. Gentlemen's doubles were introduced in the same year, after the Oxford University club ended its doubles championship in 1883. Tennis was beginning to grow in popularity as a spectator sport. The growth of the sport and of the Wimbledon Championships was owed partly to the success of William and Ernest Renshaw, British twins who combined for 13 singles and doubles titles in eight years between 1881 and 1889. That period of surging interest among London spectators became known as the "Renshaw Rush." By 1900, Wimbledon was of international interest. In 1905, the Championships had its first overseas titleholder: American May Sutton, who won the ladies' singles. Two years later (as Sutton won her second title), Australian Norman Brookes won the men's singles competition, becoming the first men's international winner. Since that year, only two British men have won the men's singles event. After play was interrupted during World War I, the tournament moved into a new home when the club built much larger grounds on Church Road across town in Wimbledon. The centerpiece of that stadium, the current Centre Court, held 14,000 spectators and did wonders in expanding the tournament's prestige and popularity. Wimbledon continued to thrive after its move and hosted some of the world's best tennis players until it was put on hold once again during World War II. Soldiers nearby used the grounds for training and military functions, and Centre Court was hit by a bomb and suffered huge losses of seats. Some tennis was hosted in 1945, on No. 1 Court, but the Championships did not return until 1946. As Wimbledon became more and more international, the tournament was overrun by talented players from overseas: Rod Laver for the men, Maureen Connolly and Althea Gibson -- the first African-American winner -- for the women. But by the late 1950s, the amateurism of Wimbledon was failing the system. Amateur players were receiving far more money than was allowed by the ITF, and the Wimbledon board set out to reform the rules. Chairman Herman David attempted in 1959 to "open" the Championships, allowing all players to compete. The ITF denied the move a year later, and the Wimbledon board members continued to push for open play for years. In 1967, Wimbledon hosted a professional tournament one month after the Championships that allowed players no longer eligible to play in July a chance to take a title at Wimbledon. Later that year, the Lawn Tennis Association voted to admit all players to the Championships (and other tournaments in Britain). The ITF had little choice but to react, allowing all tournaments to decide whether to become "open." In the 1968 Championships, Rod Laver and Billie Jean King became the first Open champions. Since the beginning of the Open era, Wimbledon has seen some truly great champions come through its grounds. In 1980, Bjorn Borg became the first man to win five titles at Wimbledon, a mark Pete Sampras (seven) and Roger Federer (six) later would beat. In 1987, Martina Navratilova became the first player to win six women's singles titles -- all in a row -- and she set the all-time mark with nine titles in 1990. In 2010, a Wimbledon first-round match between John Isner and Nicolas Mahut set a mark for the longest tennis match in history, spanning 11 hours and five minutes over three days. In the same year, Queen Elizabeth II made her first visit to Wimbledon in 33 years, watching Brit Andy Murray in the second round. Three years later, Murray ended a 77-year drought for a native Wimbledon champion, defeating Novak Djokovic in the final. Wimbledon is held each year at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London. The club contains 19 tournament courts, 16 other grass courts and numerous shale or clay courts. It also hosts a museum on the grounds. The club's colors, purple and green, have become as well-known as its famous tournament and remain an important tradition, as is the club's all-white dress code. Centre Court houses a Royal Box for attendance by the royal family, a representative of which attends the Championships most years. The All England Club was founded in 1868, solely as a croquet club. Seven years later, the club added lawn tennis -- having been developed only a year prior -- to its résumé, setting aside one lawn for tennis. The game was a success and, in 1877, the club changed its name to the All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club. The change in name brought about another first for the club, as it hosted the first Lawn Tennis Championship in 1877. That event was held by the club to raise money for a horse-drawn roller for its croquet lawns. By 1882, lawn tennis was by far the more popular sport at the club, and "Croquet" was dropped from its name (it was added back in 1899, mostly for sentimental reasons, forming the name it goes by today). Wimbledon was a popular ground for tennis as the sport became more popular, and the court hosted the tennis events at the 1908 Olympic Summer Games. In 1922, the game had become so popular that Wimbledon was forced to move to bigger grounds, and the club chose its current site at Church Road, Wimbledon. The current Centre Court was built during the move. The club has been expanded several times, most notably in 1967, when it purchased 11 acres to add more courts. Centre Court remains the largest court at the club and is used for the finals of each event at Wimbledon. It currently sits 15,000, expanded most recently in 2008, and is the fourth-largest court in the world. In 2009, a retractable roof was installed over Centre Court to help appease Wimbledon's famous rain delays. The other show court at All England is No. 1 Court, which holds 11,500, and a third large-scale court, No. 2 Court, was built for the 2009 competition. It holds 4,000. The All England Club uses grass courts for its tournament, which are in use from May to September. The courts use 100 percent rye grass since 2001 and are cut to 8 mm. Wimbledon is the only Grand Slam event still played on grass. The Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Museum is housed on the club's grounds, having been built in 1977. It was renovated and expanded (it is the largest tennis museum in the world) in 2006 and now is open to the public year round, except during Wimbledon. One croquet lawn remains at the club (though it is too small for high-level competition). Year-by-Year Wimbledon Singles Champions Tom Anderson missing for Gary Caldwell's first game at Chesterfield PA Sport, PA Gary Caldwell will be without Tom Anderson for his first game as Chesterfield manager against AFC Wimbledon.Former Wigan boss Caldwell, appointed as D... Pat Cash not keen on coaching Nick Kyrgios after Australian Open exit AAP Pat Cash almost coached the volatile Nick Kyrgios but says he has "too much self-respect" to go anywhere near the 21-year-old's players' box now. Sutton stun AFC Wimbledon to secure meeting with Leeds PA Sport, PA Sutton wrote another chapter in their FA Cup history with a dramatic 3-1 win over 10-man AFC Wimbledon. Two goals at the death from Maxime Biamou and ... No new worries for Dons ahead of FA Cup clash PA Sport, PA AFC Wimbledon have no fresh injury concerns ahead of their FA Cup third-round replay against local rivals Sutton.Manager Neal Ardley is likely to be s... Andy Murray through at Australian Open but admits he feared he'd never win a Grand Slam ESPN staff Andy Murray has admitted that he briefly gave up hope of winning a Grand Slam after losing to Roger Federer in the 2012 Wimbledon final.	i don't know
“Who were you with In the moonlight” was a hit for which duo?	WHO WERE YOU WITH IN THE MOONLIGHT - DOLLAR - (1979) - YouTube WHO WERE YOU WITH IN THE MOONLIGHT - DOLLAR - (1979) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Apr 8, 2010 DOLLAR are a pop vocal duo from the UK, consisting of David Van Day and Thereza Bazar. The duo were successful in the late 1970s and 1980s. Career Thereza Bazar and David Van Day met at 17 when they successfully auditioned for the cabaret act Guys n' Dolls. The group enjoyed a number of hit singles in the mid 1970s and during this time Van Day became romantically involved with Bazar. By 1977 the group was in decline and the pair complained about the choice of material and musical direction.[1] Van Day decided to quit the band to embark on a solo career while Bazar would continue with Guys n' Dolls to earn a living for them both. The group's management were unhappy with the situation and sacked Bazar with the reasoning that a six-piece group consisting of three couples would now look odd with five members.[2] With the change in circumstances, the pair decided to begin a career as a duo. They were picked up by French label Carrere Records, going under the name Dollar. Dollar's first single, "Shooting Star", was released in late 1978 and, after a slow climb, reached number 14 in the UK Singles Chart.[3] The follow-up, "Who Were You With In The Moonlight?", was released in early 1979 and also reached number 14. After two hit singles featuring Van Day on lead vocals their third, the ballad "Love's Gotta Hold On Me" was sung by Bazar. It became Dollar's first self-penned hit as it entered the Top Ten and was one of their biggest, climbing to number 4 in the UK chart. Encouraged by this steady run of success, the group released their debut album, Shooting Stars, which made the top 40. In a change of pace, the band released a cover of The Beatles' song "I Want to Hold Your Hand", which reached number 9. At the same time, Dollar had their first (and only) US hit with "Shooting Star", which made No.74.[4] By February 1980, the group had scored four UK Top 20 hits, but this was not to last. Early 1980s In 1980 Dollar moved to WEA Records. Buoyed by the success of "Love's Gotta Hold On Me", the pair decided to write and produce all the songs for their second album. Attempting a move towards a rockier sound, the album, along with its singles, failed to sell well. In a bid to generate sales, Van Day and Bazar announced their engagement, but this was later revealed to be a publicity stunt. In 1981, Bazar approached record producer, Trevor Horn, whom she had met during her days in Guys n' Dolls, and asked if he would work with them. He agreed, and produced their 1981 and 1982 material. Horn's production work gave Dollar a more distinctive sound, and their four Horn-produced singles represented the high point in the band's career. It gave them another two Top Ten singles ("Mirror Mirror" and "Give Me Back My Heart") and two more Top Twenty hits, "Videotheque" and "Hand Held In Black And White". The production on these four hit singles had brought Trevor Horn to the attention of other bands, notably ABC, and it was not long before he was too busy to continue working with the duo. "Give Me Some Kinda Magic", a Top 40 hit Dollar had written and produced themselves, and the lead-in single to their final studio album, The Dollar Album, which was a mixture of Horn's and the duo's own efforts. It became the biggest of their three albums, peaking at No. 18 in the UK and was certified Silver by the BPI. Category	Dollar
In Blackadder II what alias was used by his fiancée when they met?	The Dynamic Duo - Jazz/ Rock and Pop Duo for hire - Hertfordshire - AliveNetwork.com Duo- Keyboards + Vocals with our own custom-built backing tracks; * Optional Trio with bass (please see booking options) Highlights * Great fun lively yet suitably subtle duo! * Will send you a couple of live recordings from their performance to help you remember your day. * Band sound (playing to top quality tailor made backing tracks) or simply piano and voice! * Excellent value for money! (Low rates in the London area and competitive travel fees for longer distances)! * Equally suited to big venues and more intimate occassions! * Wealth of experience at prestigious venues! * Top notch musicians who have played together for over ten years! * Big repertoire including rat pack, pop, rock, funk, timeless classics, bossas, fun tunes! * Self contained with a top quality PA system! * Requests learnt FREE of charge with at least 4 weeks' notice! * Music between sets free of charge ! * Able to adapt and tailor the show to your needs! * Duo recordings sound live! "One word describes The Dynamic Duo FANTASTIC thank you very much" "The guys are absolutely great really friendly and fun with a great sound that will appeal to everyone" Meet The Dynamic Duo The Dynamic Duo are an extremely fun and versatile act very down to earth and approachable guys. Perfect for any occassion regardless of venue size number of guests or volume levels. With their love of a live audience they can have everyone in tender mood and the next minute all up dancing the night away! Perfect for wedding reception and evening entertainment ideal for corporate events adding a spark to any occasion with their unique quality and delivery of great music! The Dynamics love to form a good rapport with the audience and whilst remaining professional enjoy being a part of the celebrations. At the same time they equally enjoy performing subtly in the background. They are London based and have played in places such as the well known Browns Hotel in Mayfair The Langham Hotel The Troxy Theatre and at many more venues & private parties. All in all a friendly and professional duo who will do their upmost to help make your occasion a memorable one. They cover a wide range of styles: Rock, Funk, Pop Hits. Bonuses -The duo normally play 2 sets of 45 minutes -There is an option for the duo to play DJ sets between live sets at no extra cost. -Will learn a song request (first dance) with at least 4 weeks notice. -Will tailor the performance to your needs. -Will send you a couple of live recordings from their performance to help you remember your day. -Speeches can be done on their microphone. The Live Performance Energy! Charisma! Groove! Laughs! Quality performance! Artist's Background Adam Day (piano/keys) has played major festivals, arenas, studio recording, TV and music videos including the fabulous ’Mike Flowers Pops’. Currently playing with Alda, Icelandic hit singer from 2000s. Musically qualified up to MA level! Degree in Music Technology and Sound Design. Dave Duckmanton (Vocals) has toured extensively in the UK and Europe with a wide variety of bands, has extensive recording experience (video and audio), musically qualified to grade 8 on several instruments! Both artists have played together in Tight Fit (reformed) with the original members who had several hits in the 80s including The Lion Sleeps Tonight. Dress Smart to Casual as requested. Equipment This includes a top-quality professional PA (Mackie SRM450s 360W) with mixing desk which is perfectly suitable to fill a hall with crystal-clear sound. A Roland FP7 provides the sounds of a high-quality concert grand piano as well as bass and drums. Previous clients said about Dynamic Duo: “Really excellent musicians and very entertaining. We’ll definitely use them for our do at Kensington Palace in September”. -Andree Fitzgerald (corporate event for Nichols Group) at Brown’s Hotel, Mayfair "We booked The Dynamic Duo for a small private New Year's Eve party. We were apprehensive as to how it would turn out having never organised anything like this before. To our absolute delight they were fantastic and made the night a real success. We would definitely book them again and highly recommend them. They sounded brilliant and catered for both young and old. Everyone commented on how good they were and wanted to know where we had found them. Thanks for a great night!!!" -Joanne Hewitt (Private New Year's Eve Party) "The Dynamic Duo played great music and worked really hard. The two guys were extremely friendly and charming and all the guests at the reception thought they were great!! Thanks for all your help in making our reception go smoothly." -Cheryl Cowcher (Wedding Reception) “The Dynamic Duo were extremely entertaining. They launched us into the New Year with a bang!” - Rachel Rubicon Bar, Surbiton "The Dynamic Duo were great fun, very flexible. Their music playing and singing were superb. They mixed in with all the guests and felt like friends at the end of the night. Everybody commented on what a great band they were." -Georgie Cox I Don't Feel Like Dancing - Scissor Sisters I Don’t Wanna Miss a Thing - Aerosmith I Gotta Feeling – Black Eyed Peas I Just Haven't Met You Yet - Michael Buble I need a dollar – Alloe Black I Want to Break Free - Queen Karma Chameleon - Culture Club Knock On Wood – Eddie Floyd Lazy Song - Bruno Mars? Let me Entertain You – Robbie Williams Let's Dance - David Bowie Light My Fire - The Doors Live and Let Die - Guns and Roses Living la vida loca – Ricky Martin Locked Out Of Heaven – Bruno Mars Money's Too Tight to Mention - Simply Red Moves Like Jagger - Maroon 5 Moving on Up - M People My Type - Saint Motel Oh What A Night - Four Seasons Place Your Hands - Reef Ain’t No Stoppin Us – McFadden Whitehead All Night Long - Commodores Blame It On The Boogie - Jacksons Boogie Wonderland – Earth Wind & Fire Brick House - Commodores Celebration – Kool and The Gang Dancing in the Street - Martha and the Vandelas Disco Inferno - The Trammps Don't Stop til You Get Enough - Jacksons Don't You Worry About a Thing - Incognito Easy - The Commodores For Once in My Life - Stevie Wonder Forget You - Cee Lo Green I Heard it Through the Grapevine - Marvin Gaye I Wish- Stevie Wonder Isn't She Lovely - Stevie Wonder Ladies Night - Kool and The Gang Lean on Me - Michael Bolton Let's Dance - David Bowie Let’s Groove – Earth Wind & Fire Let Me Entertain You - Robbie Williams Mama Told Me Not to Come - Tom Jones Maneater - Hall and Oates Play That Funky Music - Wild Cherry September - Earth Wind and Fire Signed Sealed Delivered - Stevie Wonder Shake a Tailfeather - Ray Charles Sir Duke - Stevie Wonder Sitting On The Dock Of The Bay - Otis Redding Stayin Alive - Bee Gees We Are Family - Sister Sledge Reggae / Ska Could You Be Loved - Bob Marley Embarrassment - Madness I Don't Wanna Dance - Eddy Grant It Must Be Love - Madness Masterblaster - Stevie Wonder A View To A Kill - James Bond Begging - Four Seasons Can't Take My Eyes Off You - Andy Williams Copacabana - Barry Manilow Cry Me a River - Buble Cuando – Tito Puente Good Ol Boys - Dukes of Hazzard How Sweet It is - James Taylor It’s Not Unusual - Tom Jones Just The Two Of Us - Grover Washington Jnr Just The Way You Are - Billy Joel La Vida Loca - Ricky Martin Lambada - Kaoma Live and Let Die - Guns and Roses Love is in the Air - John Paul young Mama Told Me Not To Come - Tom Jones Mambo Italiano - Dean Martin My Baby Just Cares - Nina Simone My Cherie Amour - Stevie Wonder My One And Only Love - Sting Night And Day Nobody Does It Better - Carly Simon Oye Como Va - Santana	i don't know
Who was known as the Father of the Symphony?	Joseph Haydn - Father of the Symphony and String Quartet Joseph Haydn - Father of the Symphony and String Quartet Hi guest "Young people can learn from my example that something can come from nothing. What I have become is the result of my hard efforts." Haydn, Joseph (1732-1809) Joseph Haydn was one of the most prominent composers of the classical period, and is called by some the "Father of the Symphony" and "Father of the String Quartet". A life-long resident of Austria, Haydn spent most of his career as a court musician for the wealthy Hungarian Esterházy family on their remote estate. Isolated from other composers and trends in music until the later part of his long life, he was, as he put it, "forced to become original". Although Haydn is still often called "Franz Joseph Haydn", the composer did not use the name "Franz" during his lifetime and this misnomer is avoided by modern scholars and historians. Joseph Haydn was the brother of Michael Haydn, himself a highly regarded composer, and Johann Evangelist Haydn, a tenor. Childhood Joseph Haydn was born in Rohrau, Archduchy of Austria, a village near the border with the Kingdom of Hungary. His father was Mathias Haydn, a wheelwright who also served as "Marktrichter", an office akin to village mayor. Haydn's mother, the former Maria Koller, had previously worked as a cook in the palace of Count Harrach, the presiding aristocrat of Rohrau. Neither parent could read music; however, Mathias was an enthusiastic folk musician, who during the journeyman period of his career had taught himself to play the harp. According to Haydn's later reminiscences, his childhood family was extremely musical, and frequently sang together and with their neighbors. Haydn's parents had noticed that their son was musically talented and knew that in Rohrau he would have no chance to obtain any serious musical training. It was for this reason that they accepted a proposal from their relative Johann Matthias Franck, the schoolmaster and choirmaster in Hainburg, that Haydn be apprenticed to Franck in his home to train as a musician. Haydn therefore went off with Franck to Hainburg (seven miles away) and never again lived with his parents. He was six years old. Life in the Franck household was not easy for Haydn, who later remembered being frequently hungry as well as constantly humiliated by the filthy state of his clothing. However, he did begin his musical training there, and soon was able to play both harpsichord and violin. The people of Hainburg were soon hearing him sing treble parts in the church choir. There is reason to think that Haydn's singing impressed those who heard him, because two years later (in 1740) he was brought to the attention of Georg von Reutter, the director of music in St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna, who was touring the provinces looking for talented choirboys. Haydn passed his audition with Reutter, and soon moved off to Vienna, where he worked for the next nine years as a chorister, the last four in the company of his younger brother Michael. Like Franck before him, Reutter did not always bother to make sure Haydn was properly fed. The young Haydn greatly looked forward to performances before aristocratic audiences, where the singers sometimes had the opportunity to satisfy their hunger by devouring the refreshments. Reutter also did little to further his choristers' musical education. However, St. Stephen's was at the time one of the leading musical centers in Europe, with many performances of new music by leading composers. Haydn was able to learn a great deal by observation, simply by serving as a professional musician there. Struggles as a freelancer By 1749, Haydn had finally matured physically to the point that he was no longer able to sing high choral parts. On a weak pretext, he was summarily dismissed from his job. He was sent into the streets with no home to go to. However, he had the good fortune to be taken in by a friend, Johann Michael Spangler, who for a few months shared with Haydn his family's crowded garret room. Haydn was able to begin immediately his pursuit of a career as a freelance musician. During this arduous time, Haydn worked at many different jobs: as a music teacher, as a street serenader, and eventually as valet–accompanist for the Italian composer Nicola Porpora, from whom he later said he learned "the true fundamentals of composition". When he was a chorister, Haydn had not received serious training in music theory and composition, which he perceived as a serious gap. To fill it, he worked his way through the counterpoint exercises in the text Gradus ad Parnassum by Johann Joseph Fux, and carefully studied the work of Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, whom he later acknowledged as an important influence. As his skills increased, Haydn began to acquire a public reputation, first as the composer of an opera, Der krumme Teufel "The Limping Devil", written for the comic actor Johann Joseph Felix Kurz, whose stage name was "Bernardon". The work was premiered successfully in 1753, but was soon closed down by the censors. Haydn also noticed, apparently without annoyance, that works he had simply given away were being published and sold in local music shops. With the increase in his reputation, Haydn eventually was able to obtain aristocratic patronage, crucial for the career of a composer in his day. Countess Thun, having seen one of Haydn's compositions, summoned him and engaged him as her singing and keyboard teacher. Baron Carl Josef Fürnberg employed Haydn at his country estate, Weinzierl, where the composer wrote his first string quartets. Fürnberg later recommended Haydn to Count Morzin, who in 1757 became his first full time employer. The years as Kapellmeister Haydn's job title under Count Morzin was Kapellmeister, that is, music director. He led the count's small orchestra and wrote his first symphonies for this ensemble. In 1760, with the security of a Kapellmeister position, Haydn married. His wife was the former Maria Anna Aloysia Apollonia Keller (1729–1800), the sister of Therese (b. 1733), with whom Haydn had previously been in love. Haydn and his wife had a completely unhappy marriage, from which the laws of the time permitted them no escape; and they produced no children. Both took lovers. Count Morzin soon suffered financial reverses that forced him to dismiss his musical establishment, but Haydn was quickly offered a similar job (1761) as Vice Kapellmeister to the Esterházy family, one of the wealthiest and most important in the Austrian Empire. When the old Kapellmeister, Gregor Werner, died in 1766, Haydn was elevated to full Kapellmeister. As a "house officer" in the Esterházy establishment, Haydn wore livery and followed the family as they moved among their various palaces, most importantly the family's ancestral seat Schloss Esterházy in Eisenstadt and later on Eszterháza, a grand new palace built in rural Hungary in the 1760s. Haydn had a huge range of responsibilities, including composition, running the orchestra, playing chamber music for and with his patrons, and eventually the mounting of operatic productions. Despite this workload, the job was in artistic terms a superb opportunity for Haydn. The Esterházy princes (first Paul Anton, then most importantly Nikolaus I) were musical connoisseurs who appreciated his work and gave him daily access to his own small orchestra. During the nearly thirty years that Haydn worked at the Esterházy court, he produced a flood of compositions, and his musical style continued to develop. His popularity in the outside world also increased. Gradually, Haydn came to write as much for publication as for his employer, and several important works of this period, such as the Paris symphonies (1785–1786) and the original orchestral version of The Seven Last Words of Christ (1786), were commissions from abroad. Haydn also gradually came to feel more isolated and lonely, particularly as the court came to spend most of the year at Esterháza, far from Vienna, rather than the closer-by Eisenstadt (Geiringer 1982, p. 60). Haydn particularly longed to visit Vienna because of his friendships there. Of these, a particularly important one was with Maria Anna von Genzinger (1750–93), the wife of Prince Nikolaus's personal physician in Vienna, who began a close, platonic, relationship with the composer in 1789. Haydn wrote to Mrs. Genzinger often, expressing his loneliness at Eszterháza and his happiness for the few occasions on which he was able to visit her in Vienna; later on, Haydn wrote to her frequently from London. Her premature death in 1793 was a blow to Haydn, and his F minor variations for piano, Hob. XVII:6, may have been written in response to her death. Another friend in Vienna was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, whom Haydn met sometime around 1784. According to later testimony by Michael Kelly and others, the two composers occasionally played in string quartets together. Haydn was hugely impressed with Mozart's work and praised it unstintingly to others. Mozart evidently returned the esteem, as seen in his dedication of a set of six quartets, now called the "Haydn" quartets, to his friend. For further details see Haydn and Mozart. The London journeys In 1790, Prince Nikolaus died and was succeeded by a thoroughly unmusical prince who dismissed the entire musical establishment and put Haydn on a pension. Freed of his obligations, Haydn was able to accept a lucrative offer from Johann Peter Salomon, a German impresario, to visit England and conduct new symphonies with a large orchestra. The visit (1791–1792), along with a repeat visit (1794–1795), was a huge success. Audiences flocked to Haydn's concerts; Haydn augmented his fame and made large profits, thus becoming financially secure. Charles Burney reviewed the first concert thus: "Haydn himself presided at the piano-forte; and the sight of that renowned composer so electrified the audience, as to excite an attention and a pleasure superior to any that had ever been caused by instrumental music in England." Musically, the visits to England generated some of Haydn's best-known work, including the Surprise, Military, Drumroll, and London symphonies, the Rider quartet, and the "Gypsy Rondo" piano trio. The only misstep in the venture was an opera, Orfeo ed Euridice, also called L'Anima del Filosofo, which Haydn was contracted to compose, but whose performance was blocked by intrigues. Between visits, Haydn taught Ludwig van Beethoven. Beethoven found him unsatisfactory as a teacher and sought help from others; the relationship between the two was sometimes rather tense. For discussion of their relationship, see Beethoven and his contemporaries. Final years in Vienna Haydn returned to Vienna in 1795, moved into a large house in the suburb of Gumpendorf, and turned to the composition of large religious works for chorus and orchestra. These include his two great oratorios (The Creation and The Seasons) and six masses for the Eszterházy family, which by this time was once again headed by a musically-inclined prince. Haydn also composed instrumental music: the popular Trumpet Concerto and the last nine in his long series of string quartets, including the Fifths, Emperor, and Sunrise quartets. In 1802, an illness from which Haydn had been suffering for some time had increased in severity to the point that he became physically unable to compose. This was doubtless very difficult for him because, as he acknowledged, the flow of fresh musical ideas waiting to be worked out as compositions did not cease. Haydn was well cared for by his servants, and he received many visitors and public honours during his last years, but they could not have been very happy years for him. During his illness, Haydn often found solace by sitting at the piano and playing Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser, which he had composed himself as a patriotic gesture in 1797 (Geiringer 1982, pp. 161–2). This melody later was used for the Austrian and German national anthems. Haydn died at the end of May in 1809, shortly after an attack on Vienna by the French army under Napoleon. He was 77. Among his last words was his attempt to calm and reassure his servants when cannon shot fell in the neighborhood (Geiringer 1982, p. 189). "My children, have no fear, for where Haydn is, no harm can fall." Two weeks later, a memorial service was held in the Schottenkirche on June 15, 1809, at which W.A. Mozart’s Requiem K.626 was performed. Character and appearance James Webster writes of Haydn's public character thus: "Haydn's public life exemplified the Enlightenment ideal of the honnête homme (honest man): the man whose good character and worldly success enable and justify each other. His modesty and probity were everywhere acknowledged. These traits were not only prerequisites to his success as Kapellmeister, entrepreneur and public figure, but also aided the favourable reception of his music." Haydn was especially respected by the Eszterházy court musicians whom he supervised, as he maintained a cordial working atmosphere and effectively represented the musicians' interests with their employer; see Papa Haydn and the tale of the "Farewell" Symphony. Haydn had a robust sense of humour, evident in his love of practical jokes and often apparent in his music, and he had many friends. For much of his life he benefited from a "happy and naturally cheerful temperament" (Dies 1810, 91), but in his later life, there is evidence for periods of depression, notably in the correspondence with Mrs. Genzinger and in Dies's biography, based on visits made in Haydn's old age. Haydn was a devout Catholic who often turned to his rosary when he had trouble composing, a practice that he usually found to be effective. He normally began the manuscript of each composition with "in nomine Domini" ("in the name of the Lord") and ended with "Laus Deo" ("praise be to God"). Haydn was short in stature, perhaps as a result of having been underfed throughout most of his youth. He was not handsome, and like many in his day he was a survivor of smallpox, his face being pitted with the scars of this disease. His early biographer Dies wrote, "he couldn't understand how it happened that in his life he had been loved by many a pretty woman. 'They couldn't have been led to it by my beauty'". Haydn also suffered from nasal polyposis for much of his adult life; this was an agonizing and debilitating disease in the 18th century, and at times it prevented him from writing music. The treatment for nasal polyps in early medicine lasted for days and was excruciating and bloody, prompting Haydn to say of his physician, "May he rot beneath the earth." Works James Webster summarizes Haydn's role in the history of classical music as follows: "He excelled in every musical genre... He is familiarly known as the 'father of the symphony' and could with greater justice be thus regarded for the string quartet; no other composer approaches his combination of productivity, quality and historical importance in these genres." Structure and character of the music A central characteristic of Haydn's music is the development of larger structures out of very short, simple musical motifs, often derived from standard accompanying figures. The music is often quite formally concentrated, and the important musical events of a movement can unfold rather quickly. Haydn's work was central to the development of what came to be called sonata form. His practice, however, differed in some ways from that of Mozart and Beethoven, his younger contemporaries who likewise excelled in this form of composition. Haydn was particularly fond of the so-called "monothematic exposition", in which the music that establishes the dominant key is similar or identical to the opening theme. Haydn also differs from Mozart and Beethoven in his recapitulation sections, where he often rearranges the order of themes compared to the exposition and uses extensive thematic development. Haydn's formal inventiveness also led him to integrate the fugue into the classical style and to enrich the rondo form with more cohesive tonal logic (see sonata rondo form). Haydn was also the principal exponent of the double variation form – variations on two alternating themes, which are often major- and minor-mode versions of each other. Perhaps more than any other composer's, Haydn's music is known for its humour. The most famous example is the sudden loud chord in the slow movement of his "Surprise" symphony; Haydn's many other musical jokes include numerous false endings (e.g., in the quartets Op. 33 No. 2 and Op. 50 No. 3), and the remarkable rhythmic illusion placed in the trio section of the third movement of Op. 50 No. 1. Much of the music was written to please and delight a prince, and its emotional tone is correspondingly upbeat. This tone also reflects, perhaps, Haydn's fundamentally healthy and well-balanced personality. Occasional minor-key works, often deadly serious in character, form striking exceptions to the general rule. Haydn's fast movements tend to be rhythmically propulsive and often impart a great sense of energy, especially in the finales. Some characteristic examples of Haydn's "rollicking" finale type are found in the "London" symphony No. 104, the string quartet Op. 50 No. 1, and the piano trio Hob XV: 27. Haydn's early slow movements are usually not too slow in tempo, relaxed, and reflective. Later on, the emotional range of the slow movements increases, notably in the deeply felt slow movements of the quartets Op. 76 Nos. 3 and 5, symphony No. 102, and piano trio Hob XV: 23. The minuets tend to have a strong downbeat and a clearly popular character. As early as Op. 33 (1781) Haydn turned some of his minuets into "scherzi" which are much faster, at one beat to the bar. Evolution of Haydn's style Haydn's early work dates from a period in which the compositional style of the High Baroque (seen in Bach and Handel) had gone out of fashion. This was a period of exploration and uncertainty, and Haydn, born 18 years before the death of Bach, was himself one of the musical explorers of this time. An older contemporary whose work Haydn acknowledged as an important influence was Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach. Tracing Haydn's work over the six decades in which it was produced (roughly, 1749 to 1802), one finds a gradual but steady increase in complexity and musical sophistication, which developed as Haydn learned from his own experience and that of his colleagues. Several important landmarks have been observed in the evolution of Haydn's musical style. In the late 1760s and early 1770s Haydn entered a stylistic period known as "Sturm und Drang" (storm and stress). This term is taken from a literary movement of about the same time, though it appears that the musical development actually preceded the literary one by a few years. The musical language of this period is similar to what went before, but it is deployed in work that is more intensely expressive, especially in the works in minor keys. James Webster describes the works of this period as "longer, more passionate, and more daring." Some of the most famous compositions of this time are the "Farewell" Symphony No. 45, the piano sonata in C minor (Hob. XVI/20, L. 33), and the six string quartets of Op. 20 (the "Sun" quartets), all from 1772. It was also around this time that Haydn became interested in writing fugues in the Baroque style, and three of the Op. 20 quartets end with such fugues. Following the climax of the "Sturm und Drang", Haydn returned to a lighter, more overtly entertaining style. There are no quartets from this period, and the symphonies take on new features: the first movements now sometimes contain slow introductions, and the scoring often includes trumpets and timpani. These changes are often related to a major shift in Haydn's professional duties, which moved him away from "pure" music and toward the production of comic operas, which were very popular in 18th Century Italy. Several of the operas were Haydn's own work (see List of operas by Joseph Haydn); these are seldom performed today. Haydn sometimes recycled his opera music in symphonic works, which helped him continue his career as a symphonist during this hectic decade. In 1779, an important change in Haydn's contract permitted him to publish his compositions without prior authorization from his employer. This may have encouraged Haydn to rekindle his career as a composer of "pure" music. The change made itself felt most dramatically in 1781, when Haydn published the six string quartets of Opus 33, announcing (in a letter to potential purchasers) that they were written in "a completely new and special way". Charles Rosen has argued that this assertion on Haydn's part was not just sales talk, but meant quite seriously; and he points out a number of important advances in Haydn's compositional technique that appear in these quartets, advances that mark the advent of the Classical style in full flower. These include a fluid form of phrasing, in which each motif emerges from the previous one without interruption, the practice of letting accompanying material evolve into melodic material, and a kind of "Classical counterpoint" in which each instrumental part maintains its own integrity. These traits continue in the many quartets that Haydn wrote after Opus 33. In the 1790s, stimulated by his England journeys, Haydn developed what Rosen calls his "popular style", a way of composition that, with unprecedented success, created music having great popular appeal but retaining a learned and rigorous musical structure. An important element of the popular style was the frequent use of folk or folk-like material, as discussed in the article Haydn and folk music. Haydn took care to deploy this material in appropriate locations, such as the endings of sonata expositions or the opening themes of finales. In such locations, the folk material serves as an element of stability, helping to anchor the larger structure. Haydn's popular style can be heard in virtually all of his later work, including the twelve London symphonies, the late quartets and piano trios, and the two late oratorios. The return to Vienna in 1795 marked the last turning point in Haydn's career. Although his musical style evolved little, his intentions as a composer changed. While he had been a servant, and later a busy entrepreneur, Haydn wrote his works quickly and in profusion, with frequent deadlines. As a rich man, Haydn now felt he had the privilege of taking his time and writing for posterity. This is reflected in the subject matter of The Creation (1798) and The Seasons (1801), which address such weighty topics as the meaning of life and the purpose of humankind, and represent an attempt to render the sublime in music. Haydn's new intentions also meant that he was willing to spend much time on a single work: both oratorios took him over a year to complete. Haydn once remarked that he had worked on The Creation so long because he wanted it to last. The change in Haydn's approach was important in the history of music, as other composers soon were following his lead. Notably, Beethoven adopted the practice of taking his time and aiming high. For me Haydn's music is less sophisticated than Beethoven's music, but I also find it to be very high quality and particularly good and useful to listen when I need something simple and relaxing, something not demanding however energetic and motivating. This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License . It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Joseph Haydn" . Products	Joseph Haydn
Who wrote the Goldberg variations?	Joseph Haydn (1732–1809) Musical notes for school children Joseph Haydn (1732–1809) How to say the name: ‘Haydn’ is said like High-din. ‘Joseph’ is easy to say. Hadyn’s grave in Eisenstadt Born: 31st March 1732 in Rohrau, Austria. Died: 31st May 1809 in Vienna, Austria. Buried: Bergkirche in Eisenstadt, Burgenland, Austria. Type of Music: The ‘Surprise’ Symphony (actually the second movement of this symphony). ( See below for a video.) ‘The heavens are telling the glory of God’ (from Die Schöpfung or ‘The Creation’). Some great pieces: Many symphonies, especially the ‘Surprise’ Symphony (No. 94), ‘London’ Symphony (No. 104), ‘Military’ Symphony (No. 100) and the ‘Clock’ Symphony (No. 101). Many string quartets. Nelson Mass (or Missa in Angustiis—‘Mass for troubled times’). The Seven Last Words of Christ. Some interesting facts: He was one of the greatest composers of the classical period . He is often known as the ‘father of the symphony’. He is sometimes known by the nickname ‘Papa’ Hadyn. Unlike Mozart , he became very rich from composing music. He taught Beethoven for a short while. He often thought his operas were some of his best music, but nobody thinks that now. He liked making practical jokes! The ‘surprise’ in the ‘Surprise’ Symphony was the biggest musical joke of its time! The joke is simply a loud note when the audience is expecting a quiet one. This joke doesn’t seem much of a joke at all today. ( See below for a video.) He was quite ugly, so he could never understand why so many pretty women liked him! His younger brother, Michael Haydn (1737–1806), is also a well-known composer. He has been re-buried many times—the latest in 1954! Here is a video of part of Haydn’s ‘Surprise’ Symphony. Can you spot the surprise? The &#8216surprise’ in the Haydn’s ‘Surprise’ Symphony (If you didn’t spot the surprise, it’s 42 seconds into the video.) Here is a video of part of Haydn’s Trumpet Concerto. First movement of Hadyn’s Trumpet Concerto Choose another composer of classical music . Picture credits: Joseph Haydn. This is a painting by Thomas Hardy. The image is in the public domain. Click here for the source of this image, along with the relevant copyright information. Haydn’s grave in Eisenstadt. This photograph was taken by Jerzy F. Gierula. I have obtained permission from him to use the image here. Click here for the source of this image. Video credits: Haydn Surprise Symphony Movement 2. Franz Joseph Haydn, Surprise Symphony, Movement 2, The Baroque Orchestra of New Jersery, Robert W. Butts, Conductor, 2009 Summer Festival of Baroque Music, August 16, 2009, College of St Elizabeth, Brian Foran, Producer. Jeroen Berwaerts plays Haydn (excellent video quality). Jeroen Berwaerts plays Joseph Haydns trumpet concert. The Symphonic Orchestra of Flanders and trumpet soloist Jeroen Berwaerts made music perfectly together. There is more information about this one on the video’s YouTube page . There is more about Jeroen Berwaerts at: http://www.jeroen-berwaerts.de . { 10 comments… read them below or add one } 1 nicole vellon 22nd June 2012 awesome site amazing	i don't know
Which Italian had Beethoven, Liszt and Schubert as pupils?	Franz Liszt \| Hungarian composer \| Britannica.com Hungarian composer César Franck Franz Liszt, Hungarian form Liszt Ferenc (born October 22, 1811, Raiding, Hungary —died July 31, 1886, Bayreuth , Germany ), Hungarian piano virtuoso and composer. Among his many notable compositions are his 12 symphonic poems, two (completed) piano concerti, several sacred choral works, and a great variety of solo piano pieces. Franz Liszt, oil on canvas by Henri Lehmann, 1840; in the Carnavalet Museum, Paris. G. Dagli Orti—IGDA/© DeA Picture Library Youth and early training Liszt’s father, Ádám Liszt, was an official in the service of Prince Nicolas Eszterházy , whose palace in Eisenstadt was frequented by many celebrated musicians. Ádám Liszt was a talented amateur musician who played the cello in the court concerts. By the time Franz was five years old, he was already attracted to the piano and was soon given lessons by his father. He began to show interest in both church and Gypsy music . He developed into a religious child, also because of the influence of his father, who during his youth had spent two years in the Franciscan order. Franz began to compose at the age of eight. When only nine he made his first public appearance as a concert pianist at Sopron and Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slovakia). His playing so impressed the local Hungarian magnates that they put up the money to pay for his musical education for the next six years. Ádám obtained leave of absence from his post and took Franz to Vienna, where he had piano lessons with Carl Czerny , a composer and pianist who had been a pupil of Ludwig van Beethoven , and studied composition with Antonio Salieri , the musical director at the Viennese court. He gave several concerts in Vienna, with great success. The legend that Beethoven attended one of Liszt’s concerts and kissed the prodigy on the forehead is considered apocryphal—but Liszt certainly met Beethoven. Liszt moved with his family to Paris in 1823, giving concerts in Germany on the way. He was refused admission to the Paris Conservatoire because he was a foreigner; instead, he studied with Anton Reicha, a theorist who had been a pupil of Joseph Haydn’s brother Michael, and Ferdinando Paer , the director of the Théâtre-Italien in Paris and a composer of light operas. Liszt’s Paris debut on March 7, 1824, was sensational. Other concerts quickly followed, as well as a visit to London in June. He toured England again the following year, playing for George IV at Windsor Castle and also visiting Manchester, where his New Grand Overture was performed for the first time. This piece was used as the overture to his one-act opera Don Sanche, which was performed at the Paris Opéra on October 17, 1825. In 1826 he toured France and Switzerland, returning to England again in the following year. Suffering from nervous exhaustion, Liszt expressed a desire to become a priest. His father took him to Boulogne to take sea baths to improve his health; there Ádám died of typhoid fever. Liszt returned to Paris and sent for his mother to join him; she had gone back to the Austrian province of Styria during his tours. Britannica Stories EU Considers Rules For Robots Liszt now earned his living mainly as a piano teacher, and in 1828 he fell in love with one of his pupils. When her father insisted that the attachment be broken off, Liszt again became extremely ill; he was considered so close to death that his obituary appeared in a Paris newspaper. After his illness he underwent a long period of depression and doubt about his career. For more than a year he did not touch the piano and was dissuaded from joining the priesthood only through the efforts of his mother. He experienced much religious pessimism. During this period Liszt took an active dislike to the career of a virtuoso. He made up for his previous lack of education by reading widely, and he came into contact with many of the leading artists of the day, including Alphonse de Lamartine , Victor Hugo , and Heinrich Heine . With the July Revolution of 1830 resulting in the abdication of the French king Charles X and the coronation of Louis-Philippe, he sketched out a Revolutionary Symphony. Listen: “campanella, La” Excerpt from La campanella (“The Bell”), number three of … Between 1830 and 1832 he met three men who were to have a great influence on his artistic life. At the end of 1830 he first met Hector Berlioz and heard the first performance of his Symphonie fantastique . From Berlioz he inherited the command of the Romantic orchestra and also the diabolic quality that remained with him for the rest of his life. He achieved the seemingly impossible feat of transcribing Berlioz’s Symphonie fantastique for the piano in 1833, and he helped Berlioz by transcribing other works of his and playing them in concert. In March 1831 he heard Niccolò Paganini play for the first time. He again became interested in virtuoso technique and resolved to transfer some of Paganini’s fantastic violin effects to the piano, writing a fantasia on his La campanella . At this time he also met Frédéric Chopin , whose poetical style of music exerted a profound influence on Liszt. Years with Marie d’Agoult Britannica Lists & Quizzes Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies In 1834 Liszt emerged as a mature composer with the solo piano piece Harmonies poétiques et religieuses, based on a collection of poems by Lamartine, and the set of three Apparitions. The lyrical style of these works is in marked contrast to his youthful compositions, which reflected the style of his teacher Czerny. In the same year, through the poet and dramatist Alfred de Musset , he met the novelist George Sand and also Marie de Flavigny, countess d’Agoult , with whom he began an affair. In 1835 she left her husband and family to join Liszt in Switzerland; their first daughter, Blandine, was born in Geneva on December 18. Liszt and Madame d’Agoult lived together for four years, mainly in Switzerland and Italy, though Liszt made occasional visits to Paris. He also taught at the newly founded Geneva Conservatory and published a series of essays, “ On the Position of Artists, ” in which he endeavoured to raise the status of the artist—who up to then had been regarded as a kind of superior servant—to that of a respected member of the community . Liszt commemorated his years with Madame d’Agoult in the first two books of solo piano pieces collectively named Années de pèlerinage (1837–54; Years of Pilgrimage), which are poetical evocations of Swiss and Italian scenes. He also wrote the first mature version of the Transcendental Études (1838, 1851); these are works for solo piano based on his youthful Étude en 48 exercices, but here transformed into pieces of terrifying virtuosity. He transcribed for the piano six of Paganini’s pieces—five studies and La campanella—and also three Beethoven symphonies, some songs by Franz Schubert , and further works of Berlioz. He made these transcriptions to make the work of these men more available and thus spread the appreciation of their music, which was still greatly neglected at that time. Liszt also wrote a number of fantasias on popular operas of the day and dazzled audiences with them at his concerts. Connect with Britannica Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest His second daughter, Cosima, was born in 1837 and his son, Daniel, in 1839, but toward the end of that year his relations with Madame d’Agoult became strained and she returned to Paris with the children. Liszt then returned to his career as a virtuoso to raise money for the Beethoven Memorial Committee in Bonn for the completion of its Beethoven monument. For the next eight years Liszt traveled all over Europe, giving concerts in countries as far apart as Ireland, Portugal, Turkey, and Russia. He continued to spend his summer holidays with Madame d’Agoult and the children on the island of Nonnenwerth in the Rhine River until 1844; then they finally parted, and Liszt took the children to Paris. Liszt’s brilliance and success were at their peak during these years as a virtuoso. Everywhere he was received with great adulation; gifts and decorations were showered on him, and he had numerous mistresses, including the dancer Lola Montez and Marie Duplessis. Nevertheless, he still continued to compose, writing songs as well as piano works. His visit to Hungary in 1839–40, the first since his boyhood, was an important event. His renewed interest in the music of the Gypsies laid the foundations for his Hungarian Rhapsodies and other piano pieces composed in the Hungarian style. He also wrote a cantata for the Beethoven Festival of 1845, his first work for chorus and orchestra, and some smaller choral works. Compositions at Weimar In February 1847 Liszt met the princess Carolyne Sayn-Wittgenstein at Kiev and later spent some time at her estate in Poland. She quickly persuaded him to give up his career as a virtuoso and to concentrate on composition. He gave his final concert at Yelizavetgrad (Kirovograd) in September of that year. Having been director of music extraordinary to the Weimar court in Germany since 1843, and having conducted concerts there since 1844, Liszt decided to settle there permanently in 1848. He was later joined by the princess, who had unsuccessfully tried to obtain a divorce from her husband. They resided together in Weimar, and Liszt now had ample time to compose, as well as to conduct the court orchestra in operas and concerts. This was the period of his greatest production: the first 12 symphonic poems, A Faust Symphony (1854; rev. 1857–61), A Symphony to Dante’s Divina Commedia (1855–56), the Piano Sonata in B Minor (1852–53), the Piano Concerto No. 1 in E-Flat Major (1849; rev. 1853 and 1856), and the Piano Concerto No. 2 in A Major (1839; rev. 1849–61). (A third piano concerto , in E-flat, composed in 1839, was left unperformed during his lifetime and was not discovered until 1988.) During the period in Weimar Liszt also composed the Totentanz for piano and orchestra, revised versions of the Transcendental and Paganini Études and of the first two books of the Années de pèlerinage, choral works, and numerous others. Some of these works had been sketched out in the 1840s or earlier, but, even so, his productivity in this period remains astonishing. Franz Liszt, lithograph by Joseph Kriehuber, 1846. Courtesy of the Museo Teatrale alla Scala, Milan Trending Topics Lady Flora Hastings The avant-garde composers of the day regarded Weimar as the one city where modern composers could be heard, and many of them came to Liszt as pupils. The so-called New German school hoisted the banner of modernism, which naturally annoyed the more academic musicians. Some members of the Weimar court also were upset by Liszt’s continued support of the composer Richard Wagner , who had had to flee in 1849 with Liszt’s help from Germany to Switzerland because of his political activism. The straitlaced citizens of Weimar also objected strongly to the princess openly living with Liszt, and the grand duchess of Weimar was under pressure from her brother, Nicholas I of Russia, to ban Princess Sayn-Wittgenstein from all court functions. Furthermore, the grand duke who originally appointed Liszt died in 1853, and his successor took little interest in music. Liszt resigned five years later, and, though he remained in Weimar until 1861, his position there became more and more difficult. His son, Daniel, had died in 1859 at the age of 20. Liszt was deeply distressed and wrote the oration for orchestra Les Morts in his son’s memory. In May 1860 the princess had left Weimar for Rome in the hope of having her divorce sanctioned by the pope, and in September, in a troubled state of mind, Liszt had made his will. He left Weimar in August of the following year, and after traveling to Berlin and Paris, where he saw Marie d’Agoult, he arrived in Rome. He and the princess hoped to be married on his 50th birthday. At the last moment, however, the pope revoked his sanction of the princess’s divorce; they both remained in Rome in separate establishments. Eight years in Rome For the next eight years Liszt lived mainly in Rome and occupied himself more and more with religious music. He completed the oratorios Die Legende von der heiligen Elisabeth (1857–62) and Christus (1855–66) and a number of smaller works. He hoped to create a new kind of religious music that would be more direct and moving than the rather sentimental style popular at the time. Liszt was one of the few 19th-century musicians to be interested in Gregorian plainsong, but his efforts were frowned on by the ecclesiastical authorities, and much of his sacred music remained unpublished until many years after his death. In 1862 his daughter Blandine died at the age of 26. Liszt wrote his variations on a theme from the J.S. Bach cantata Weinen, Klagen (Weeping, Mourning) ending with the chorale Was Gott tut das ist wohlgetan (What God Does Is Well Done), which must have been inspired by this event. The princess’s husband died in 1864, but there was no more talk of marriage, and in 1865 Liszt took the four minor orders of the Roman Catholic Church, though he never became a priest. In 1867 he wrote the Hungarian Coronation Mass for the coronation of the emperor Francis Joseph I of Austria as king of Hungary. This commission renewed his links with his native land. Meanwhile, his daughter Cosima , who, at the age of 19, had married Liszt’s favourite pupil, Hans von Bülow , was having an affair with Richard Wagner. She had an illegitimate child by Wagner, which led to a quarrel between the two composers that lasted until 1872. Last years In 1869 Liszt was invited to return to Weimar by the grand duke to give master classes in piano playing, and two years later he was asked to do the same in Budapest . From then until the end of his life he divided his time between Rome, Weimar, and Budapest. After a reconciliation with Wagner in 1872, Liszt regularly attended the Bayreuth festivals. He appeared occasionally as a pianist in charity concerts and continued to compose. His music began to lose some of its brilliant quality and became starker, more introverted, and more experimental in style. His later works anticipate the harmonic style of Claude Debussy , and one late work called Bagatelle Without Tonality anticipates Béla Bartók and even Arnold Schoenberg . Franz Liszt, undated photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. In 1886 Liszt left Rome for the last time. He attended concerts of his works in Budapest, Liège, and Paris and then went to London—his first visit there in 45 years—where several concerts of his works were given. He then went on to Antwerp, Paris, and Weimar. He played for the last time at a concert in Luxembourg on July 19. Two days later he arrived in Bayreuth for the festival. His health had not been good for some months, and he went to bed with a high fever, though he still managed to attend two Wagner performances. His final illness developed into pneumonia, and his condition was not helped by the callous behaviour of Cosima, who left him alone in order to supervise the running of the festival. He died on July 31. Franz Liszt seated at the piano. Bain News Service/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-DIG-ggbain-06155) Assessment Liszt was not only the greatest piano virtuoso of his time but also a composer of enormous originality and a principal figure in the Romantic movement . As a composer he radically extended the technique of piano writing, giving the instrument not only brilliance but a full and rich, almost orchestral sound. Most of his compositions bear titles and are representations of some natural scene or of some poetic idea or work of literature or art. Liszt extended the harmonic language of his time, even in his earlier works, and his later development of chromatic harmony helped lead eventually to the breakdown of tonality and ultimately to the atonal music of the 20th century. Liszt also invented the symphonic poem for orchestra and the method of “ transformation of themes,” by which one or two themes in different forms can provide the basis for an entire work—a principle from which Wagner derived his system of so-called leitmotifs in his operas. As a pianist Liszt was the first to give complete solo recitals, and he did a great deal to encourage the performance of music by Bach, Beethoven, Schubert, Berlioz, Wagner, and Robert Schumann by transcribing their works for piano and playing them in his concerts at a time when they were insufficiently appreciated. He also helped younger composers, including Edvard Grieg , Mily Balakirev , Aleksandr Borodin , and Claude Debussy, and he taught a number of pupils who themselves became famous virtuosos. Apart from his more than 700 compositions, Liszt was the author of books on Frédéric Chopin, Hungarian Gypsy music, Wagner’s Lohengrin and Tannhäuser, John Field’s nocturnes, the lieder of Robert Franz , and the Goethe Foundation in Weimar. His published essays and correspondence fill many volumes. A controversial figure in his time, he was attacked for his innovations , and his rivals were jealous of his brilliance and panache. For a long time he was regarded merely as a superficial composer of brilliant trifles, but in recent years his true stature has been seen more clearly as that of a composer who revolutionized the music of his time and anticipated numerous later developments. As Princess Sayn-Wittgenstein said, “Liszt has flung his spear far into the future.”	Antonio Salieri
Who was Lovejoy’s barker and chief assistant?	Paganini, Berlioz, Chopin, Liszt Home > Composers > Paganini, Berlioz, Chopin, Liszt Paganini, Berlioz, Chopin, Liszt Nevertheless, the artists with whom we are now concerned represent principles more decidedly belonging to the romantic, and hence to the nineteenth century, than did those whose operations have already been discussed as part of the record of the eighteenth. This is seen in the quality and the novelty of their playing, and still more in the influence which they exercised upon the musicians who came after. Earliest of these in point of time, and most influential in other departments than his own, was the famous Italian violinist, Nicole. Paganini (1782-1840), perhaps the most remarkable executant upon the violin who has ever appeared. His father, a clever amateur, had him taught music at an early age, and when only nine years of age he played in a concert at Genoa with triumphant success. He had already practiced diligently and, with the intuition of genius, had found out his own ways of accomplishing things, so that when, at the age of eleven, he was taken to Parma to the teacher Rolla, he was told that there was nothing to teach him. Returning home, he continued his practice, applying himself as much as eight or ten hours a day, and producing a number of compositions so difficult that he alone could play them. His first European tour took place in 1805, and astonished the world. The most marvelous stories were told of him. It was popularly supposed that he could play upon any-thing, provided only the catgut and the horsehair were furnished him. His first appearance in France was in 1831, and in the same year he played in London. The height of his fame was reached in 1834, at which time Berlioz, the French composer, presented him with a beautiful symphony, “Harold en Italie.” Notwithstanding the fact that Paganini lost money in Paris, he presented Berlioz with 20,000 francs, in order to enable him to pursue his career as a composer unhampered by financial distress. This act was greatly to Paganini’s credit, and entirely contrary to .the prevalent opinion concerning him, which was that he was very miserly. Among the works which Paganini produced was a set of caprices for the violin which were essentially novelties for the instrument. He enlarged the resources of the violin in every direction, employing double stopping, harmonics, and the high positions with a freedom previously unknown. Notwithstanding Spohr’s modest remark that upon a certain evening when playing for some amateurs he delighted them ” with all the Paganini juggles,” it is certain that he did nothing of the kind. It is impossible after this lapse of time to realize the sensation which Paganini’s appearances made. His tall,’ emaciated figure and haggard face, his piercing black eyes and the furor of passion which characterized his playing, made him seem like one possessed, and many hearers were prepared to assert of their own knowledge that they had seen him assisted by the Evil Spirit. His caprices remain the sheet anchor of the would-be virtuoso. The entire art of violin playing rests upon two works the Bach sonatas for violin solo, and the great Paganini caprices. Everything of which the violin is capable, or which any virtuoso has been able to find in it, is contained in these works. Upon two composers of this century Paganini’s influence was extremely powerful. Schumann took his departure from the Paganini caprices, seeking to perform upon the piano the same kind of effect which Paganini had obtained from the violin, or to discover others equivalent to them. And Liszt set himself to do upon the piano the same kind of impossibilities which Paganini had performed upon the violin. Both these masters accomplished more than they planned for. Schumann enriched the current of musical discourse by his experiments having their departure from Paganini, thereby accomplishing something which Paganini did not ; for while the great violinist’s works are of astonishing value for the violin, they are not particularly significant as tone-poetry. They are pleasing and sensational, and at times passion-ate, show pieces for the virtuoso. Hector Berlioz (18o3-1869), for whose genius Paganini had such admiration, was perhaps the most remarkable French personality in music during the nineteenth century, and one of the most commanding in the whole world of music. He was born at Grenoble, in the south of France. His father, a physician, intended that the son should follow his own profession, but when the young Berlioz was sent to Paris to study medicine, at the age of eighteen, music proved too strong for him, and he entered the Conservatory as a pupil of Lesueur. His parents were so incensed by this course that the paternal supplies were cut off, and the young enthusiast was driven to the expedient of earning a scanty living by singing in the opera chorus at an obscure theater, La Gym-nase Dramatique. The daring originality of the young musician, and his habit of regarding every rule as open to question, rendered him anything but a favorite with Cherubini, the director of the Conservatory, and it was only after several trials that he carried off the prize for composition. ,The second instance of this kind occurred in 183o, the piece being a dramatic cantata “Sardana-pole,” which gained him the prize of Rome, carrying with it a pension sufficient to maintain the winner during three years in Italy. On his return to Paris, he found it extremely difficult to secure a living by his compositions, their originality and the scale upon which he carried them out, placing them outside the conventional markets for new musical works designed for public performance. In this strait he took to writing for the press, in the journal des Débats; for which his talent was little, if any, less marked than ror musical production upon the largest scale. As a writer, he was keen, sarcastic, bright and sympathetic. A man of the world, and at the same time an artist, he touched everything with the characteristic lightness and raciness of the born feuillelonist. Very soon (in 1834), he produced his symphony “Harold en Italie,” which Paganini so much admired that he presented Berlioz with the very liberal, even princely douceur of 20,000 francs ($4,000). Meanwhile Berlioz was unable to secure recognition in Paris. His compositions were regarded as extravagant and fantastic, and Parisians were curiously surprised at the reception the composer met with in Germany, when he traveled there in 1842 and 1843, and again in 1852, bringing out his works. The Germans were by no means unanimous regarding his merits. Mendelssohn, who found Berlioz most interesting as a man, had no admiration for his music. To him it appeared crazy and unbeautiful. The sole recognition which Berlioz had in France was the librarianship of the Conservatoire, with a modest salary, and the Cross of the Legion of Honor. In spite of the small esteem in which this clever master was held by his countrymen during his life, he produced a succession of remarkable works, without which the art of music would have missed some of its brightest pages. Among these we may mention his dramatic legend of ” The Damnation of Faust,” for solos, chorus and orchestra, which marks one of the highest points reached by program music. This great work is now generally accepted as one of the best of the romantic productions, and the orchestral pieces in it have become part of the standard repertory of orchestras everywhere. Berlioz was above all the composer of the grandiose, the magnificent. This appears in his earliest works. In 1837 he composed his Requiem, for the funeral obsequies of General Damremont. This work is of unprecedented proportions. It is scored for chorus, solos and orchestra, the latter occasionally of extraordinary appointment. In the “Tuba Mirurn,” for example, he desires full chorus of strings, and four choirs of wood-wind and brass. The wood-wind consists of twelve horns, eight oboes, and four clarinets, two piccolos and four flutes. The brass is disposed in four choirs as follows, each at one of the corners of the stage; the first consists of four trumpets, four tenor trombones and two tubas; the second of four trumpets and four tenor trombones; the third the same; the fourth of four trumpets, four tenor trombones and four ophicleides. The bewildering answers of these four choirs of brass give place at the words “Hear the awful trumpet sounding,” to a single bass voice, accompanied by sixteen kettle drums, tuned to a chord. A movement of similar sonority is the “Rex Treanendae Majestatis.” At other times the work is very melodious. It is indeed singular that a young composer should commence his career with a piece so daring. But to Berlioz’s credit it must be said he never makes a mistake in his calculations of effect. When he desires contrast and blending effect of different masses, these results always follow whenever his work is performed according to his directions. All the music of Berlioz belongs to the category of program music,” that is to say, everywhere there is an attempt at painting a scene or representing something by means of music, that something being habitually suggested and explained by the text, if the work be vocal, or by explanatory notes, if the work be instrumental. This is as true of his symphonies, ” Romeo and Juliet,” and ” Harold in Italy,” as in the vocal works themselves. The list of these contains an oratorio, “The Childhood of Christ ” (1854), ” The Damnation of Faust ” (1846), the operas “Benvenuto Cellini,” produced at the Académie, 1838,” The Trojans” (1856), “Beatrice et Benedict” (1863). The first was performed under the direction of Liszt at Weimar, about 185o, but with indifferent success. Berlioz instrumented several pianoforte compositions for orchestra, the best known of them being Weber’s Invitation to the Dance,” and “Polonaise in E flat.” His treatise upon instrumentation, published in 1864, remained standard until since the appearance of the elaborate and more systematic work upon this subject by F. A. Gevaert. The greatest of Berlioz’s works is his splendid “Te Deum,” written during the years 1854 and 1855, for some kind of festival performance. He planned this composition as part of a great trilogy of an epic-dramatic character in honor of Napoleon, the first consul. At the moment of his return from his Italian campaigns, he was to have been represented as entering Notre Dame, where this “Te Deum” is sung by an appointment of musical forces consisting of a double chorus of 200 voices, a third choir of 600 children, an orchestra of 134, an organ, and solo voices. The entire work was never completed, and the “Te Deum” had its first and only representation in Berlioz’s lifetime at the opening of the Palace of Industry, April 30, 1855. The work is full of splendid conceptions, and is freer from eccentricities than any other of the author. It is extremely sonorous, and is destined to be better known as festival occasions upon a larger scale become more numerous. The whole effect of Berlioz’s activity was that of a virtuoso in the department of dramatic and descriptive music, and in the art of wielding large orchestral masses. It is curious that between him and Wagner the relations should never have been cordial, although the ends proposed by both were substantially identical, and the genius of both incontestable. Berlioz had no confidence in Wagner’s “endless melody,” and when he writes about music he does so in the attitude of a humble follower of the old masters. The progress in piano playing, in the course of the nineteenth century has been most extraordinary. The music of Beethoven and Schubert, composed during the first quarter of this century, and the influence of the virtuosi prominent during that time, whose activity has been told in connection with those of the century previous (the operative principles of which were the ones mainly influencing them); and the continual strife of the piano makers to increase the resonance, singing quality and artistic susceptibility of the tone and the strength and elasticity of the action, as recounted in the chapter devoted to the history of this, the greatest of modern instruments — were concentrating influences having the effect of calling attention to the new instrument in a very remarkable manner. Add to these causes the meteor-like appearance of Paganini, with his stupendous execution upon the violin, and its novel possibilities. All these together seem to have led four gifted geniuses at about the same time to make independent investigations into the tonal possibilities of the piano, and the mode of producing effects upon it,. in the hope of creating a new art, and of rivaling the weird successes of the highly gifted Italian, who apparently had exhausted the possibilities of the violin. The artists thus occupied in developing the art of piano playing were Chopin, Liszt, Thalberg and Schumann, and it is far from easy to determine exactly which one it was who first brought his influence to bear upon the public ; or which one it was who first arrived at the successful application of the principles of the new technique, whose essential divergences from the old consisted in a more flexible use of the fingers, hand and arm, and the co-operation of the foot for the promotion of blending, and of bringing into simultaneous use the tonal resources from all parts of the instrument. In this case, as in so many others of remarkable invention, the improvements seem to have been made by several independent investigators acting simultaneously, each one ignorant of the work of the others. The impulse in the direction of greater freedom had already found expression in the pianoforte pieces of the great master, Von Weber, whose sonatas and caprices had been published between 1810 and 1820. (See pp. 410 and 411.) These contain several novelties, which I have found it more convenient to discuss in connection with the personal history of the composer. Liszt has generally been held as a little the earliest of the four in point of time, his arrangement of Berlioz’s ” Harold ” symphony having been published, according to the dates in Weitzmann’s history, in 1827, but according to more accurate information, in 1835, while he had published his arrangement of the Paganini ca-prices in 1832, one year after hearing Paganini. In these works Liszt makes demands upon the hands which were not recognized as among the possibilities of the old technique. But for all this, it is apparently certain that the honor of having developed a style distinctly original, and with peculiarities easily recognizable by the average listener, belongs to the great virtuoso Thalberg. Sigismund Thalberg (1812 1871) was the illegitimate son of Prince Dietrichstein, a diplomat then living at Geneva. His mother was the Baroness von Wetzlar. Thalberg was carefully educated, and accustomed to high-bred society from childhood. His father intended him for a diplomatic career, but the boy’s talent for the piano was irresistible, and, so well had his education been advanced by his teacher, the first bassoonist of the Vienna opera, that by the time he was fifteen he made a brilliant success at a concert in Vienna. His first composition in the style which he afterward made so famous was the fantasia on themes from ” Euryanthe,” which was published in 1828. Later, in 1835, he entered upon his public career as virtuoso with concert tours to all parts of the world, everywhere greeted with admiration and astonishment. He appeared in Paris late in 1834 or early in 1835, finding Liszt there in the plenitude of his powers. Then there was a rivalry between them, and opposing camps were instituted of their respective admirers. The dispute as to their relative excellence ran high, and, as usually happens in personal questions of this sort, victory did not belong entirely to either party. Nevertheless, at this distance it is not easy to see why the question should have been raised, since in the light of modern piano playing Liszt’s art had in it the promise of everything which has come since ; while Thalberg’s had in it only one side of the modern art. Thalberg had a wonderful technique, in which scales of marvelous fluency, lightness, clearness and equality, intervened between chord passages of great breadth and sonority, so that all the resources of the piano were open to him, But his specialty was that of carrying a melody in the middle of the piano, playing it by means of the two thumbs alternately, the other hand being occupied in runs and passages covering the whole compass of the piano, crossing the melody from below, or descending upon it from the highest regions of the treble, and continuing down the keyboard with perfect equality and lightness, without in the slightest degree disturbing the singing of the melody. This, of its own accord, went on in the most artistic manner, as if the pianist had nothing at all else to do than to sing it. The perfection of Thalberg’s melody playing was something wonderful, as well it might be; for in order to master the art of it, he studied singing for five years with one of the best teachers of the Italian school, the eminent Garcia. This, however, was later, after he had located in Paris. This trick of treating the melody was not new with Thalberg. It had previously been done upon the harp by the great Welsh virtuoso, Parish Alvars (1810-1849), whose European reputation had been acquired by a succession of great concert tours, and who at length closed his days in Vienna, where Thalberg lived. There was also an Italian master, Giuseppe Francesco Pollini (1763-1846), who in 1809 became professor of the piano in the Conservatory of Milan. Pollini had been a pupil of Mozart, and dedicated to that great master his first work. Early after being appointed ‘professor he published a great school for the pianoforte (1811), in which the art is fully discussed in all its bearings, and minute directions given for touch and all the rest appertaining to a concert treatment of the instrument. He was the first to write piano pieces upon three staves, the middle one being devoted to the melody ; a proceeding afterward followed in some cases by Liszt and Thalberg. Pollini surrounded his melodies, thus placed in the middle of the instrument, where at that time the sonority and singing quality of the pianoforte exclusively lay, with runs and passages of a brilliant and highly ingenious kind. This was done in his “Una de 32 Esercizi in Forma di Toccata,” but he had already, in 1801, published several brilliant pieces in Paris, in which novelties occur. I have never seen a copy of these works of Pollini, nor any other account of them than those in Riemann’s dictionary and in Weitzmann’s history of the pianoforte, but it is altogether likely that when they are examined we shall find in this case, as in many others of progressive development, that the final result was reached by a succession of steps, each one short, and apparently not so very important. The chain of technical development for the piano extended from Bach in unbroken progress, and the discovery of Pollini, who was less known in western lands than others of the great names in the list, enables us to fill in between Moscheles and Thalberg. Pollini’s work anticipates the Clementi Gradus by about six years. To return to Thalberg. In 1856 he visited America, where his success was the same as in all other parts of the world. Having accumulated a fortune, he retired from active life, and bought an estate near Naples, where he spent the remainder of his life. There were reasons of a purely external and conventional kind why the playing of Thalberg should have attracted more attention, or at least been more admired, than that of Liszt, in Paris and in aristocratic circles everywhere. His manner was the perfection of quiet. Whatever the difficulty of the passages upon which he was engaged, he remained perfectly quiet, sitting upright, modestly, without a single unnecessary motion. Moreover, the general character of his passages, which progressed fluently upward or downward by degrees, instead of taking violent leaps from one part of the keyboard to another, permitted him to maintain this elegant quiet with less restriction than would have been possible i such works, for instance, as the great concert fantasias of Liszt. It is to be noticed, further, that the peculiar sonority of Thalberg’s playing depended upon the improvements in the pianoforte, made just before his appearance and during his career. His method of playing the melody, moreover, while perhaps not distinctly so recognized by him, employed a noticeable element of the arm touch, while his passage work was a finger movement of the lightest and most facile description. His chords, also, were often struck with a finger touch, and he was perhaps the originator of the peculiar effect produced by touching a chord with the fingers only, but rebounding from the keys with the whole arm to the elbow. A chord thus played has the delicacy peculiar to finger work, but in the removal from the keys the muscles of the arm are called into action in such a way that the finger stroke is intensified to a degree somewhat depending upon the height to which the rebound is carried. François Frederic Chopin (18101849) was one of the most remarkable composers of this epoch, and in some respects one of the most precocious musical geniuses of whom we have any record. He was born at Zela-Zowa Wola, a village six miles from Warsaw, in Poland, the son of a French merchant living there, who had married a Polish lady. Later, in consequence of financial reverses, his father became a teacher in the university. The boy, François, was brought up amid refined and pleasant surroundings, and his education was carefully looked to. Although rather delicate in appearance, he was healthy and full of spirits. His precocity upon the piano was such that at the age of nine he played a concerto in public with great success, from which time forward he made many appearances in his native city. He early began to compose, and by the time he was thirteen or fourteen, had undertaken a number of works of considerable magnitude. After having received the best instruction which his native city afforded, he started out, at the age of nineteen, for a visit to Vienna, where he appeared in two concerts, and to his own surprise was pronounced one of the greatest virtuosi of the day. This, however, is not the point of his precocity. When he started upon his tour to Vienna, he had with him certain manuscripts, which he had composed. His Opus 2 consisted of variations upon Mozart’s air, “La ci Darem la Mano,” of which later Schumann wrote such a glowing account in his paper at Leipsic. These variations were enormously difficult, and in a wholly novel style. There were several mazurkas, the three nocturnes, Opus 9, of which the extremely popular one in E flat stands second; the twelve studies, Opus lo, dedicated to Franz Liszt, and a concerto in F minor, and all or nearly all of that in E minor. These were the work of a boy then only nineteen, the pupil of a comparatively unknown provincial teacher. When we examine these works more minutely, our astonishment increases, for they represent an entirely new school of piano playing. New effects, new management of the hands, new passages, beautiful melody, exquisitely modulated harmonies in short, anew world in piano playing was here opened. So difficult and so strange were these works, that for nearly a generation the more difficult ones of them were a sealed book to amateur pianists, and even virtuosi like Moscheles declare that they could never get their fingers reliably through them. Much pleased with his success in Vienna, Chopin returned to Warsaw, and after some months, set out for London, by way of Paris. Here his fortune varied some-what. At first he found it impossible to secure a hearing, his only acquaintances being a few of his exiled fellow- countrymen, who were there. At length one evening a friend took him to a reception at the Rothschild’s, and in this cultivated society he found appreciative listeners to his marvelous playing. From that time on he remained in Paris, only leaving it when his health made it necessary to visit the south of France. He very seldom appeared in public. His touch was not sufficiently strong to render his playing effective in a large hall. The whole of the Chopin genius is summed up in his early works, which he took with him on his visit to Vienna. All his later works are in some sense repetitions. The ideas and the treatment are new, but the principles underlying are the same, and rarely, if ever, does he reach a higher flight than in some of these earlier works. His most celebrated innovation was that of the Nocturne, a sentimental cantilena for the pianoforte, in which a somewhat Byronic sentiment is expressed in a high-bred and elegant style. The name “nocturne ” was not original with Chopin the Dublin pianist, John Field, having published his first nocturnes in 1816. Field himself derived the name from the prayers of the Roman Church which are made between midnight and morning. The name, therefore, implies something belonging to the night mysterious, dreamy, poetic. In Field’s there is little of this, aside from the name; the melodies are plain and the sentiments commonplace. With Chopin, however, it is entirely different. In some in-stances the treatment for the piano is very simple, as in the popular nocturne in E flat, already mentioned; but in other cases he exercises the utmost freedom, and very carefully trained fingers are needed to perform them successfully. This is the case, for example, in the beautiful nocturne in G, Opus 37, No. 2, where the passages in thirds and sixths are extremely trying; also in the very dramatic nocturne in C minor, Opus 48. Chopin’s place in the Pantheon of the romantic school is that of the popularizer of pianoforte sentiment. His compositions, by whatever name they may be called, are essentially lyric pieces, songs, ballads and fanciful stories in rhyme. The subjects’ are frequently tender or sad, sometimes morbid in short, Byronic. The treatment is always graceful and highbred, and the contrasts strong. The melodies are embroidered with a peculiar kind of fioratura, which he invented himself, founded upon the Italian embellishment of that kind — a delicate efflorescence of melody, which, when perfectly done, is extremely pleasing. The names applied to the different compositions such as Ballade, Scherzo, Prelude, Rondo, Sonata, Impromptu, have only a remote reference to the nature of the piece. Occasionally the entire composition is morbid and unsatisfactory to a degree. These belong to the later period of his life, when he was in poor health. He is a woman’s composer. In his strongest moments there is always an effeminate element. In this respect he is exactly opposite to Schumann and Beethoven, whose works, however delicate and refined, have always a manly strength. Chopin made the most important modifications in the current way of treating the piano. In this part of his activity he seemed to realize the possibilities of the instrument, in the same way that Paganini had recognized those of the violin. His passages, while based upon those of Hummel, nevertheless produced effects of which Hummel was totally incapable. Chopin is the originator of the extended arpeggio chord, of the chromatic sequences of the diminished sevenths with passing notes, and cadenza forms derived from them. He is thoroughly French in his views of “changing notes,” as, for instance, in the accompaniment to the impromptu in A flat, Opus 29. His influence upon the general progress of musical development is to be traced in the works of Liszt, especially in the later pianoforte works, and in a large number of less gifted imitators, like Doehler. Aside from Wagner, the most remarkable figure of this century is that of Franz Liszt, who was born at Raiding, in Hungary, 1811, and died at Bayreuth, 1886. His father, Adam Liszt, was an official in the imperial service, and a musical amateur, capable of instructing his son in piano playing. At the age of nine he made his first public appearance, with so much success that several noblemen guaranteed the money to enable him to pursue his studies for six years in Vienna. Here he became a pupil of Czerny, Salieri and Randhartinger. He made the acquaintance of Schubert, and upon one occasion played before Beethoven, who kissed him, with the prophecy that he would make his mark. His first appearance as a composer was in a set of variations on a waltz by Diabelli, the same for which Beethoven wrote the thirty-three variations, Opus 120. Liszt’s variation was the twenty-fourth in the set to which Beethoven did not contribute. It was published in 1823, when he was twelve years old. The same year he went to Paris, his father hoping to enter him at the Conservatory, in spite of his foreign origin; but Cherubini refused to receive him, so he studied with other composers. His operetta of “Don Sanche” was performed at the Académie Royale in 1825, and was well received. At this time he was in the height of his youthful success in Paris, tall, slender, with long hair and a most free and engaging countenance, with ready wit and unbounded tact. He performed marvels upon the piano, such as no one else could attempt. His repertory at this time seems to have consisted of pieces of the old school. In 1827 he lost his father, and being thrown upon his own resources, he began his concert tour. He appeared in London in 1827, his piece being the Hummel concerto. Three years later he played in London again, his number being the Weber Concertstück. There was something weird and magnetic about his playing. He was very tall, about six feet two inches, slender, with piercing eyes, very long arms, but small hands ; he played without notes, and amid the most frightful difficulties of execution kept his eyes fixed upon this, that or the other person in the audience. He moved about at the piano very much in the exciting passages, not, apparently, on account of the difficulty of overcoming technical obstacles, but simply from innate fire and excitement. As for technical difficulties, they did not exist. Everything that the piano contained seemed to be at his service, and the only regret was that the instrument was not better able to respond to his demand. In the fortissimo passages his tone was immense, and his pianissimos were the most delicate whispers. In these his fingers glided over the keys with inconceivable lightness and speed, and the tone fell upon the ear with a delicate tracery with which no particular was lost by reason of speed or lightness. This wonderful control of the instrument stood him in equal stead with his own compositions, especially adapted to his own style of playing; or with the works of the old school, which he transfigured as they had never been played before ; or the last sonatas of Beethoven, which at that time were a sealed book to most musicians. These, indeed, he did not play in public, but in private. The essential novelties of the Liszt technique were the bravoura cadenzas. The other sensational features, such as carrying the melody in the middle range of the piano with surrounding embroidery, the rapid runs and the extravagant climaxes, were all more or less common to the three representative virtuoso piano writers of this epoch Liszt, Chopin and Thalberg. A careful study of all the circumstances and influences surrounding Liszt at the time, leads to the conclusion that his ideas of the possibilities of the pianoforte were matured very gradually, not reaching their complete expression in the operatic fantasias before about 1834 or 1835. His early appearances were in pieces of the old school, and there is nothing more to be found in contemporary accounts of his playing than admiration for its superior fire and delicacy. Upon the appearance of Paganini, however, this was changed. The temporary eclipse, which this brilliant apparition made of the rising Liszt, led him to new studies in original directions. Thus. arose the transcriptions of the Paganini caprices in 1832, and the composition of his own ” Studies for Transcendent Execution,” in the same or the following year. Farther sensational improvements were probably the result of the Thalberg contest in Paris during 1835 Liszt’s influence may be inferred from such incidents as the following: In 1839 there was a movement on foot to erect a monument to Beethoven at Bonn, but after some months’ solicitation the committee found it impossible to realize the desired sum, or anything approaching it. Whereupon Liszt wrote them to give themselves no further uneasiness, for he himself would be responsible for the entire amount, about $10,000. This large sum he raised by his own exertions, and paid over, and a monument was unveiled with brilliant ceremonies in 1845. One of the performances upon that occasion was that of the Beethoven fifth concerto, which Liszt himself played. Concerning this memorable performance Berlioz himself writes: “The piano concerto in E flat is generally known for one of the better productions of Beethoven. The first movement and the Adagio, above all, are of incomparable beauty. To say that Liszt played it, and that he played it in a fashion grand, fine, poetic, yet always faithful, is to make a veritable pleonasm, and there was a tumult of applause, a sound of trumpets, and fanfares of the orchestra, which must have been heard far beyond the limits of the hall. Liszt immediately afterward mounted the desk of the conductor to direct the performance of the symphony in C minor, which he made us hear as Beethoven wrote it, including the entire scherzo, with-out the abridgment, as we have so long been accustomed to hear at the Conservatory at Paris; and the finale, with the repeat indicated by Beethoven. I have always had such confidence in the taste of the correctors of the great masters that I was very much surprised to find the symphony in C minor still more beautiful when executed entirely than when corrected. It was necessary to go to Bonn to make this discovery.” In 1849 a new epoch was opened in the history of this remarkable man. The grand duke of Weimar invited him to assume the direction of his musical establishment, including the opera. The salary was absurdly small $800 or $1,000 a year. This, however, cut no figure in Liszt’s mind, for he had always been singularly open-handed, yet at same time prudent. From his successful concert tours he had put by funds, 20,000 francs for his aged mother, and 20,000 francs for each of the three children he had by the Countess D’Agoult (known in literature as Daniel Stern), and he considered that the position would afford him an opportunity of developing his own talent for composition, and at the same time of affording a hearing for important new works, which, on account of their novelty and originality, were impossible of performance in the theaters of large cities. The repertory of the Weimar opera, from this time on, was most extraordinary. Here were produced for the first time Wagner’s ” Flying Dutchman,” “Tannhäuser,” and “Lohengrin,” “Benvenuto Cellini,” of Berlioz, Schumann’s “Genovera” and “Manfred” and Schubert’s “Alfonso and Estrella.” Here were produced, also, the best of the operas of previous generations. Every master work of this sort Liszt revised with the greatest care, giving endless patience to every detail, and supplementing the resources of the theater, when insufficient, by “guests” from the great operas in the capital. Thus the musical establishment at Weimar became a sort of Mecca, to which all the musicians of the world gathered, especially the young and energetic in the pursuit of knowledge, and creative artists seeking a hearing or fresh inspiration. From an artistic standpoint, nothing more beautiful than the life of Liszt at Weimar could be desired. Besides these operatic performances and his symphony concerts, he gathered about him a succession of young virtuosi pianists. These had lessons, more or less formally, some of them for many years. Liszt never received money for lessons, and took no pupils but those whom he regarded as promising, or who were personally attractive to himself. About 1850 the American, Dr. William Mason, was there, and for two years following. The class at this time contained the well known names of Rubinstein, Carl Klindworth, Pruckner, Tausig, Joachim Raff, and Hans Von Bülow. From this time on there is scarcely a concert pianist in the world who did not spend a few months or longer with Liszt at Weimar. Nor did his influence stop here. He produced a constant succession of important works, and conducted concerts and festivals in Hungary, and in different parts of Germany and France. Everywhere his inspiring presence and his keen insight were prized above all ordinary resources. There is not space here to sketch in detail his singular and trying relations to that self-conscious genius, Wagner, who, when absconding to Zurich, sent the score of “Lohengrin” to Liszt. It can be imagined with what force the elevated and noble beauty of this epoch-marking work appealed to a genius so sensitive as Liszt. He not only produced the opera with great care, but prepared the public for it by means of extended articles in important journals in Leipsic, Berlin and Paris. From this time on, Liszt became the good angel of Wagner. There are few records in the annals of music more creditable than the letters of Liszt to Wagner. He took charge of his business in Germany, exercised his wholly unique and commanding influence to secure performances of Wagner’s operas, sent him money out of his own purse, and secured some from his friends. More than this, he greeted every new work of Wagner’s with an appreciation as generous and noble as it was intelligent and fine. About 1852 Liszt commenced his symphonic poems. In these he avails himself of two of Wagner’s suggestions. Much is made of the leading motive, and the orchestration is handled in a sonorous and brilliant manner, which Berlioz and Wagner first introduced. The works are very effective and original. Certain ones of them have become almost classic, like “The Preludes ” and “Tasso.” He also wrote a number of large choral works, among them his ” Legend of the Holy Elizabeth,” the “Graner Mass,” etc. There is hardly a province of musical composition in which Liszt did not distinguish himself. The orchestral compositions number about twenty There are several important arrangements, such as Schubert marches, Schubert’s songs, “Rakoczy March,” and a variety of arrangements for pianoforte and orchestra, including two concertos, the Weber Polacca in E, and the Schubert fantasia. The pianoforte compositions are extremely numerous. Of the original pieces there are perhaps one hundred. Of important arrangements, such as the études from Paganini, the organ preludes and fugues from Bach, Schubert marches, etc., there are thirty or forty. Of the operatic fantasias there are perhaps a hundred or more. There are fifteen Hungarian Rhapsodies,’ and a large number of transcriptions of vocal pieces (of songs alone there are upwards of a hundred). Of masses and psalms about twenty. Two oratorios, several cantatas, about sixty original songs for single voice and piano, and very many other writings of a literary and musical kind. In 1865 Liszt left Weimar for several years, and resided in Rome, where he began to take holy orders. In the closing years of Wagner’s life, after the Bayreuth festival theater had been inaugurated, Liszt was a central figure, and there are few large cities in Europe which he did not visit for the sake of encouraging important productions of the Wagnerian works. Thus, taken as a composer, a performer, a conductor, and an appreciative friend of art, his name is one which deserves to be revered as long as the history of music in the nineteenth century is remembered. Fig. 84 represents him as he appeared in the last years of his life. The portrait of Liszt as abbé is taken from Grove’s Dictionary. Neither of these last pictures gives an adequate idea of the sweetness of his expression. While the profile in middle life was sharp and clearly cut, as we see it in the abbé picture, and while in old age the mouth assumed a stern and set expression in repose, his smile was extremely winning, and the habitual expression of his face in conversation one of amiability and kindness.	i don't know
Which of Arthur’s nephews replaced Terry in Minder?	"Minder" Reviews & Ratings - IMDb IMDb trailers and videos full cast and crew trivia official sites memorable quotes Overview 18 out of 20 people found the following review useful: Quality from Manchester, England 9 April 2004 Minder is without doubt one of the greatest TV shows produced in Britian with a topnotch double act providing its heartbeat. Cole and Waterman work so well off each other that only repeated viewing can allow you to fully appreciate their chemistry. Cole's Arthur Daley is easily the best "Wheeler Dealer" ever created, anywhere on television. Although Del Boy in "Only Fools..." is carved from the same mould he shows signs of weakness through family commitments and links to friendship, where as Daley is 100% in it for himself, drooling at the mouth at the merest sight of money or personal profit. Waterman as Terry is perfectly legit in the role as he sympathetic hardman and the fact that he doesn't get lost under the giant shadow of Cole's tour de force is a testiment to Watermans skills as an actor. I'd advise anyone who isn't familiar with the show to hunt for the early episodes and enjoy what was a very gritty and real drama, where Terry is clearly the main man whilst, at that point, Arthur is secondary in the writers minds (Not that it deminishes his screen presence, just leaves you wanting more). Another important component to its success was its grand array of support players, from Dave the barman at everyones favourite watering hole, the Winchester, to dodgy geezers like Des the mechanic and the hilarious, bumbling Police who could never catch Arthur in the act. The show did lose some of its hard edge as it veered off towards a comedic element but it always remained true to the characters, and as such the characters became the central theme. Instead of getting embroiled in incidents, they BECAME the incidents. I can't say enough good words about this programme. I have every episode on tape and watch them all the time. The only thing that you can say is that they DEFINITELY don't make 'em as good as this anymore. Was the above review useful to you? 19 out of 22 people found the following review useful: Everyone Loved Arthur Daley And Terry McCann from England 16 December 2002 This was a superb show which ran for fifteen years from 1979-1994, perhaps one of the best ITV shows ever. George Cole played businessman Arthur Daley. Daley was an entrepreneur, of which Britain had many during the early 80's. Everything he got involved in was dodgy so he had to have a bodyguard with him-Terry McCann played by Dennis Waterman from The Sweeney. Each week, Daley would get involved in some dodgy scam and would usually require Terry to use his fists to get them out of a predicament. There was plenty of good old British humour throughout the series as McCann did whatever Arthur paid him to do. Arthur was a loveable old rogue who we all liked and we all loved seeing Terry knock out the bad guys. In the early 90's Waterman left the show and was replaced by Gary Webster who played Ray Daley, nephew of Arthur Daley. Totally different to Terry McCann, Ray was less inclined to use his fists but one way in which he was similar was that he always ended up doing Arthur's dirty work. The show became more comedic as it neared it's end in 1994. Minder provided 15 years of consistent entertainment, a spectacular feat when you consider the highs and lows some TV shows face throughout their runs. Minder is worth checking out and is available on video and DVD currently. Was the above review useful to you? 13 out of 13 people found the following review useful: George Cole and Dennis Waterman act superbly well as........ from Bristol, England 1 November 2000 Probably the best comedy/drama to ever come from ITV. Arthur Daley is an entrepreneur. If he can make money, Arthur's interested. Except that he's also the king of dodgy deals, which calls for him to have a bodyguard or a minder. His minder is Terry McCann. He's just out of prison and needs the work. The relationship between Terry and Arthur is sometimes strained to its limit, but they're loyal to eachother. They're forever trying to dodge the law, and always succeed. George Cole (Arthur) and Dennis Waterman (Terry) made the charcters and I can't imagine anyone else playing them so well. George Cole is an extremely experienced actor, as is Dennis Waterman and this shows throughout each episode. Just little things like raised eyebrows or a quick cheeky grin, give a whole new perspective to the programme. In all Arthur Daley is the man we love to distrust. Was the above review useful to you? 12 out of 12 people found the following review useful: One of the all-time greats from West St. Paul, Minnesota 7 July 1999 Brilliant British TV series starring George Cole as Arthur Daley, a shady businessman and used-car dealer on London's "alternate economy". Dennis Waterman is Terry McCann, Daley's business associate and bodyguard, or "minder", hence the title. The show ran for several years and usually centered on Arthur hatching some half-baked scheme, only to escape just a half-step ahead of the police or British mobsters. Patrick Malahide played Det. Sgt. Chisholm, a low-rent Javert who always seemed to let Arthur and Terry slip through his fingers. Was the above review useful to you? 12 out of 13 people found the following review useful: A reminder of how good ITV once was from England 28 April 2005 George Cole and Dennis Waterman team up in an ITV classic. The show combines subtle humour with genuinely entertaining scripts and a whole host of brilliant supporting characters. The show lets stories develop over an hour rather than rushing through them and puts today's so-called comedy dramas in the shade. The early episodes were more serious and hard-edged, but the comedy was apparent even then. As the show progressed Cole took over as the centre of attention, playing cockney geezer Arthur Daley, a TV masterpiece. Waterman's easy going style made for a great double act. Barman Dave is another great character, his members only Winchester pub being the local haunt of all the low level crooks on the manor! The language used in Minder is very funny at times, I love the Cockney slang they use, like 'er indoors' for wife, and 'sobs' for pounds! Of course Cole is the star of Minder, his trademark brown overcoat and trilby hat always raising a smile even before he's made one of his dodgy promises! The show coped very well with Waterman's departure at the end of the 80s, the new chap brought in to replace him fitting in well. ITV nowadays consists mainly of cheap and tacky gameshows and reality programmes, all of them terrible. Minder was an original and in many ways unique show. It should appeal to fans of the Sweeney and those who enjoyed Only Fools and Horses. Minder is actually better than Only Fools, not getting mired down in sentimentality. It's a shame no terrestrial station will repeat it, it'd thrash most of today's programmes. Was the above review useful to you? 8 out of 8 people found the following review useful: 'Minder' was the Dog's Jacksons from Belgium 19 June 2008 I recently watched an episode on one of the cable "repeats" channels, and there's no doubt that it's dated a bit in the 20-odd years since it came out; but there are still some priceless lines. For those of us who saw him in 'The Sweeney', there was little doubt that affable Cockney schmuck Waterman would find another vehicle for his talents; but very few predicted that it would be paired with old George. However, the duo of Arfur and Terry became one of the enduring symbols of the hard days of the early 80's, and the unseen "'er indoors" a byword for the reason most blokes spend their time "down the pub". Arguably, it was Cole who stole the thunder with his brilliant portrayal of overgrown wide-boy Daley, but it definitely wasn't the same after Waterman left. Truth be told, it was beginning to lose steam even before that, but for the first 6 years or so it was one of the best shows on TV. All the satellite characters, especially Dave and Chisolm, are well-drawn, and Euston Films provided the suitably gritty backdrops they'd already become known for with 'The Sweeney' and 'Special Branch'. All in all, an 80's delight. Was the above review useful to you? 6 out of 7 people found the following review useful: This is one of my favourite programmes and i wasn't even born when it started. from United Kingdom 20 February 2008 Minder is about Arthur Daley(George Cole)who is a second hand car salesman,but he also sells dodgy gear that falls off the back of lorries or things that are stolen.As you would think in a business like this he would need some protection from small time crooks or the owners of the merchandise,so he hires Terry Mccann(Dennis Waterman)as his Minder.Terry more often looks after Arthurs friends,which always results in something bad happening to someone. Minder is an excellent show.It has everything,its a good comedy and drama and there's the occasional car chase and there's a lot of good fight scenes from Dennis Waterman.Cole and Waterman are a brilliant duo,I would recommend this fantastic programme to everyone that enjoys good action and comedy. Was the above review useful to you? 3 out of 3 people found the following review useful: Oh my good gawd its Chisolm from United Kingdom 19 September 2005 Minder was quality, without doubt. The quality dipped towards the end of the Dennis Waterman era but even those episodes when you watch them again now compared to a lot of current shows stand up really well. As mentioned in the trivia section this show started out as a post Sweeney vehicle for Dennis Waterman but soon the character of Arthur took over (maybe a little bit too much in the end). The series really hit its peak in the third and fourth series where it got slightly less violent and more inventive in its story lines. Episodes like 'What makes Shammy run' and 'You need hands' are fantastic. Like Fools and Horses it started to go grow as more characters where introduced. You could argue that with the exception of Chisolm, Rycott and Dave one of the reasons it started to dip was because the strenght of the supporting cast was not very good but its pointless to compare the two shows really. It must have been difficult for the script writers to find things for Waterman to do as he aged and he came more of an odd job man come friend to Arthur. The series finished in 1988 but returned in 1991 with a new minder (Arthurs cousin Ray). A lot of criticism came in for this new Minder format but the majority of it was good, especially the first series. Towards the end of the second series it got a bit too much and the plots ranged from good to boring to the daft. One of my favourite scenes is the first episode of the new format where Arthur is at a family wedding and holding court in the bathroom in a scene that is borrowed from the first Godfather film. I would really love them to do one last episode while its possible with an older Terry again saving Arthur, maybe with a little help from Ray. But alas it probably wont happen. Was the above review useful to you? 2 out of 2 people found the following review useful: Finest comedy-drama of its time still hits the mark now! 3 July 2008 * This review may contain spoilers * I'm trying to think offhand of a dreadful episode of this series - it should be said though, through no fault of his own, Gary Webster who played Ray after Terry left didn't quite cut the mustard as well as 'Tel'. Dennis Waterman (Terry McCann in Minder) was a popular actor at the time, following up from his success as Sergeant George Carter, tough but respected copper in police drama 'The Sweeney' with John Thaw. Obviously, in 'Minder' his associate, the spiv-like conman, 'Arfur' Daley,(George Cole) stole the show, scheming, ducking, diving and wheeler-dealing. Being able in talking his way in, let alone out, of tricky situations, with his 'spiel' (a term not used now, meaning fast-talking and lies, basically!). We're offered the reason in the opening credits if missed, that Arthur has taken Terry on to be his 'minder' - all things tough, hard, to be minded including Arthur's dodgy goods in his lock up the 'export and import' empire - (Fire damaged smoke alarms, need I say more!) he also had a car lot, with of course dodgy motors. Arthur has plenty of sidelines going involving his low-life connections and his intent to aspire to being a respected businessman means he tries also to con his way in to respectable people's lives in offering 'his services' and proclaiming he is 'one of them'. These are his 'earners', that inevitably go awry at some point leaving Terry to pick up the pieces. Terry is the lovable-rogue type, ex-con trying to go straight - but remember he works for Arthur Daley of all people - that's going to be a contradiction in itself! Terry, although working for Arthur still retains dignity and honesty, pulls the birds, is hard where it's needed only, but is constantly at Arthur's beck and call, but sometimes puts the spiv in his place! George Cole played his role like a true master - even getting himself an 'earner' by ending up portraying the same-like character in a series of commercials for a building society. He actually reprises a role from 'The St. Trinian's' films of the 1950's, as a character called 'Flash Harry' - obviously this has taken fruition even more here!Arthur often referred to the missus as " 'er indoors", who we never actually see! The duo were ably served by some great support from Glynn Edwards as 'Dave' the barman, with his sardonic comments (Arfur: "...that suit I got you was a 'steal' Dave." "Yeah," replies Dave, "And I know the bloke that stole it!"). And of course, the police were sniffing around on the duo with slimy 'Charlie' (Albert) Chisholm, brilliantly played by Patrick Malahide, ("It's you, Daley, the plot sickens.") as was Mr Rycott (Peter Childs)and their respective partners, 'Taff' Jones and 'Mellish'. They were always ahead of these four, when they thought they'd get them. Even though you knew they were crooks, you couldn't help but laugh when they got away with it. Some fine established British actors appeared in it as did ones who were going to go on to other things. Good support also from a young Ray Winstone and George Layton as very dodgy motor mechanics-cum car thieves! You always got your money's worth with this series, at least up until Terry's departure (As I've said, no fault of Gary Webster, perhaps if the roles were reversed I'd be saying it was better with him in it). Was the above review useful to you? 4 out of 6 people found the following review useful: Superb from United Kingdom 30 September 2010 I was 8 years old when this started, and when I left home aged 18 it was still on. The theme tune followed me through the 80s - Bagpuss came and went, Dangermouse arrived, a raft of American programmes designed to sell toys (which was a brand new idea then) crashed onto UK shores, the Commodore 64 bleeped and caroused in the corner, acid house music chipped and blooped onto the radio..... and Arthur & Terry were still there. I saw a handful of episodes as child & teenager, and always found the on- screen chemistry pulled me in...... but I did feel that it had become a bit of a dinosaur by 1990. I left home and virtually forgot about it, until ITV4 started re-running it again. The writing was, and is, simply superb. Secondary characters are strongly developed and given good lines, something non-existent nowadays (see Taggart, Waterloo Road, Monarch Of The Glen) and almost every episode hangs together as a complete thing, ends tied up, viewer satisfaction assured. That takes good writing and good acting. Another, unintentional but wonderful, boon for the programme was that due to 75% of each episode being filmed on location outdoors over 15 years, it captured London in a constant state of flux that is clear and visible, something no other show has. It's fascinating to see London in that era, changing from series to series. And there's that chemistry between Cole and Waterman, which really shines through. That was fairly rare in a TV series back then, but is now like hen's teeth. Its success with 15-24 year olds today is surprising, yet gratifying. It says, perhaps, that things like story, good acting and love of craft do not age, or lose their brightness. Was the above review useful to you? 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Who played Raffles in four series on TV?	The world is your lobster: Arthur Daley's guide to life Comedians The world is your lobster: Arthur Daley's guide to life George Cole, who played Arthur Daley in Minder, died in August 2015 aged 90 Credit: Rex Features/ITV/REX Shutterstock Martin Chilton , Culture Editor 7 August 2015 • 8:24am The brilliant actor George Edward Cole, who has died aged 90, was the last surviving member of the cast of Laurence Olivier's 1944 film Henry V as 'The Boy'. Cole went on to play Flash Harry in the early St Trinian's films but he is best remembered as Arthur Daley, the roguish car deal and "entrepreneur" in Minder, a character he played in 107 episodes over 11 series from 1979 to 1994. His catchphrases, such as "'er indoors" and "nice little earner", became part of popular British culture. In tribute, here is the Arthur Daley guide to life, from the man who memorably said: "A friend in need . . . is a pest." Be an entrepreneur Arthur Daley was a dodgy wheeler-dealer car salesman and an "entrepreneur" with a garage lock-up full of garden gnomes, goldfish and fake watches. But he always had an eye for the main chance. "You make contact with your customer. Understand their needs. And then flog them something they could well do without," Arthur advised. This is the businessman, remember, who tried to sell water-damaged umbrellas. Always take cash Arthur spent his life chasing "nice little earners". In one episode he berated his nephew Ray for taking a cheque after delivering some dresses to a shady character called Morry. "You took a cheque? A bloody Gregory? Don't you realise why he's called Bouncing Morry?" (Younger online-banking readers may care to know that a cheque is a paper form of money; and Gregory Peck is Cockney rhyming slang for cheque.) English code of fair play "Get your retaliation in first – basic rule of English fair play," Arthur tells his old school pal Dave 'the barman' Harris (who was played by Glynn Edwards). "Dave and I will do what any Englishman would do in our position – cheat." Minder was set in the Eighties and Nineties, a time when Arthur said the problem with England was that "you can't find a good honest-to-God decent professional thief anymore, they've all gone to live in bloody Spain." Arthur Daley Credit: Rex Feature The world is your lobster "He's an inverterbrate liar"; "He must be on them stair rods" (steroids); "What's French for en-suite facilities?"; "Stand on me"; All were memorable Arthur Daleyisms. But the best was "the world is your lobster", which Arthur says to his minder, Terry McCann, played by Dennis Waterman. Cole has regularly paid tribute to the Minder scriptwriters, especially the late Leon Griffiths (who was named after Leon Trotsky by his staunchly communist mother). But the lobster remark was coined by Cole, as he recalled: "My son heard someone say it in a pub and he told me – I took out my wallet and gave him £25 and bought the line off him. I sat on it for about two years and suddenly we had a boxing episode. I went round to see Terry after the fight and he was covered in blood and moaning. And I said, ad libbing, "Don't you worry my son, from now on the world is your lobster." Keep 'er indoors sweet Arthur Edward Daley occasionally mentions his wife (when he thinks of something to buy her to butter her up) but like Captain Mainwaring's wife Elizabeth in Dad's Army, or Niles's Maris in Frasier, she is never actually seen. The implication that 'Er Indoors is a tyrant is reinforced by the appearance of the actress Claire Davenport (famous for such roles) as her sister. The phrase became so widespread that it was introduced into the Oxford English Dictionary in 1992. "Her Indoors, or 'Er Indoors. Brit colloq; one's wife or girlfriend; in extended use applied to any woman who occupies a position of authority who is regarded as domineering. The phrase was popularised by the Thames Television series Minder; in which the leading character Arthur Daley habitually referred to his wife as 'her indoors'. The series original writer Leon Griffiths app. first heard it used by a 'taxi-driver drinking companion of his'" George Cole starred as Arthur Daley in Minder for 15 years Credit: ITV In 1983, Waterman and Cole collaborated on the Christmas single What Are We Gonna Get 'Er Indoors?, which spent five weeks in the UK charts reaching No 21. Always stick it on the slate Arthur's favourite drink was a large vodka and tonic, which he referred to as a "large V.A.T", a wordplay on Value Added Tax. Arthur almost always drank at the Winchester Club (which was based in Chalk Farm, north London) and he never paid for the drinks, always saying: "stick it on the slate, Dave". The Winchester was where Arthur had one of his barmiest ideas, once saying: "Dave, allow me one second to explain the nub of my proposal... now your average punter comes in here, buys a drink and sits down at the table. What has he got to distract him? A fruit machine. He's left his newspaper at the office, he's read all the beer mats. And then suddenly he sees a sign . . . Winchester Waxworks this way." The Winchester was where Billy Connolly had a cameo role as a criminal called Tick Tack. "Hello Arthur, how's tricks?" asked Connolly. "No idea, I'm an entrepreneur not a member of the Magic Circle," Arthur replied. Griffiths said of the Winchester: "I went to a drinking club that was the forerunner of the Winchester. The club was in Chalk Farm. It was full of... well, I'm not sure if they were villains or not but they certainly behaved like villains. I said to one, 'What do you do?' and he said, rather heavily in a gruff voice, 'Removals'. And I thought, 'I'd better go now..." Have a good slogan Arthur had a car sale using the slogan "Every one a go-er". Arthur's brand of slippery salesmanship: "You only get out of life what you put in and a bit more if you can find a couple of mugs" became famous. Labour Minister Dennis Healey once claimed that Margaret Thatcher mixed "the diplomacy of Alf Garnett with the economics of Arthur Daley." Minder started in 1979, the year Thatcher was elected Prime Minister and Cole liked to joke that Arthur "came in in the same year as Mrs Thatcher, but he lasted even longer." Always be prepared Arthur carried A DOCTOR ON CALL sign in his car, which he would put on his windscreen if parking spaces proved tricky to find. How to spot a gentleman Arthur was known for his camel-hair coat but he prided himself on his elegant and expensive Jermyn Street suits. He was fond of the class hierarchy and once told off Terry with the words: "Remember where you are, good God, Harrods is only just round the corner". In Griffith's fictional book Arthur Daley's Guide to Doing It Right!, Arthur offers advice on "how to conduct yourself when being interviewed by the Old Bill; how to buy and sell a motor; how to cheer up your friends in the nick; the best places to shoplift; how to spot a gentleman." Dennis Waterman (Terry), Glynn Edwards (Dave) and George Cole (Arthur) filming Minder at The Winchester Club Credit: Rex Features/REX FEATURES Never be embarrassed Arthur was the man who sold a consignment of one-legged chickens ("they're easier to catch") and was never shamed being caught out fibbing. In one episode he promised something to Terry with the words: "I swear on my sainted mother's grave." Terry replied deadpan: "I happen to know your mother is alive and well and living in Frinton." Arthur shrugged and said: "Well never mind that." George Cole as Flash Harry in Pure Hell of St Trinian's Credit: Television Stills Beware "saffragetting women's libbers" George Cole had a great forerunner role to Arthur Davey when he played Flash Harry in the St Trinian's film series. During this period, in the Forties and Fifties, he met and worked with his mentor Alistair Sim, who taught him acting techniques in a subtle way. "When you're not being preached at, you don't realise you're learning," Cole recalled. "Only later do you realise what you've assimilated." As Flash Harry, Cole was a friend of young women (selling the schoolgirls gin and placing their racing bets) but as Arthur he was unreconstructed about women's rights, as in this rant against Emmeline Pankhurst. "I blame that Emily Parkhurst (sic)," said Arthur, "she started all this chaining herself to the rails suffragetting women's lib all over the place. It would have been better if she had bolted herself to the train rails." Never knowingly undersell yourself Cole enjoyed a happy 90th birthday in April (he was born, like Paul Newman, in 1925). As Arthur said in Minder: "I have connections in showbusiness . . . me and Paul Newman are the same age." Cole said of Arthur: "He wasn't the nicest of men. But he was a very enjoyable character and I loved playing him." RIP, the great George Cole. George Cole's career: a timeline April 22, 1925	i don't know
What is the county town of Anglesey?	Towns Towns Towns Think of Anglesey and you’ll no doubt picture our stunning coastline, but venture a little further and you’ll find beautiful towns and villages that are well worth exploring. Holyhead may be best known for being the busiest UK Irish Ferry port, but it‘s also home to the Breakwater Country Park , ideal for bird watching and experiencing wildlife first hand. For history and art discover Llangefni , often referred to as the cultural centre of Anglesey. Alternatively, explore the Copper Kingdom and old harbour in the peaceful town of Amlwch . On the banks of the Menai Strait you’ll find the pretty town of Menai Bridge , home to two stunning bridges , Thomas Telford’s Menai Suspension Bridge and the Robert Stephenson’s Britannia Bridge. In town you’ll find great pubs and restaurants, while a stroll along the Belgium promenade to the church of St Tysilio offers stunning views of the Strait itself. But if the coast is too much of a temptation head to Beaumaris , a captivating seaside town where you can stroll by the seafront, along its recently refurbished pier and enjoy distant views of Snowdonia, or wander through charming streets with their picturesque colourful cottages. Other Things to do 'What's On' 'Anglesey is an island that is truly alive with verve and whether the summer sun is gently warming the soft sand on our beautiful beaches, or the autumn winds are...' 'Where To Stay' 'Anglesey has everything you need for a truly unforgettable stay. There are quaint, quiet harbours to help you relax or rugged and mysterious coastlines ready to inspire...' Other Attractions 'Amlwch' 'The town of Amlwch, on the north east coast of Anglesey, is a major draw for those interested in industrial heritage. ' 'Beaumaris' 'Beaumaris is a captivating seaside town, with its mix of medieval, Georgian, Victorian and Edwardian architecture. ' 'Holyhead' 'The origins of Holyhead (Caergybi) date from 450AD, when Celtic King Caswallon defeated Irish invaders on Holy Island.' 'Llangefni' 'Llangefni is Anglesey’s county town and principal administrative centre. It is also a major cultural centre.' 'Menai Bridge' 'Situated on the banks of the Menai Strait, Menai Bridge’s two impressive bridges provide Anglesey’s physical links with the mainland.' Receive the latest news & updates FIND US	Beaumaris
Which English county town comes last alphabetically?	Anglesey and Snowdonia, Wales << Back - Anglesey & Snowdonia - Next >> Mount Snowdon Railway Snowdonia, known in Welsh as Eryri (land of the eagles), is a land of high peaks, steep, plunging valleys and open moorland bounded on the west by the Lleyn Peninsula and the Cardigan Coast. Rocky mountains, glacial lakes, waterfalls and wilderness compete for attention. Prehistoric man and Celtic chiefs left their mark here. The Romans built roads and forts. Pilgrims visited. The Welsh Princes of Gwynedd reigned from mountain strongholds-armies disappeared into the vastness of the remote countryside, eluding their enemies. The English came to conquer and marked the landscape by building castles. Industry destroyed mountains. Today's visitor can experience the culture of the past while enjoying the beauty of today. Snowdonia National Park 's 840 square miles (1351 sq. km) stretches from the Conwy river in the north to Machynlleth in the south and eastwards to Bala. It includes the mountain ranges of Tryfan, the Glyderau, the Moelwynion, Aran and Arennig, Cader Idris and the most well known mountain, Snowdon, the highest peak south of the Scottish border at 3560 ft. (1113m.) Bangor, an historic university and cathedral city, lies at the eastern entrance of the Menai Strait. This ancient town began in 525AD with the building of a monastery. There's an ornate Victorian pier-considered one of Wale's finest-that provides a delightful countryside view. The Museum of Welsh Antiquities contains collections of prehistoric, Roman and other northern Wales finds. Nearby Penrhyn Castle is a country house pretending to be a castle. It was built for the slate magnate Lord Penrhyn and completed about 1834. Caernarfon Castle The town of Caernarfon is famous for its castle and medieval walls. The walls are 766yds (700m) long and are almost complete. They include eight towers and two gateways. Caernarfon Castle , on the Menai Strait, is the site of the investiture of the Princes of Wales. The first Prince of Wales, King Edward's son, was born here in 1283. More recently Prince Charles was invested here. Encircled by Caernarfon, the Roman fort of Segontium - once the most western in the Empire-was occupied from 77 AD to c394 AD. The foundations are all that remain today. Llanberis is a popular mountain centre in the National Park. It is flanked by two lakes, Llyn Padarn and Llyn Peris. The beautiful Llanberis Pass is a not-to-be-missed driving adventure. From Llanberis, take the rack and pinion railroad to the summit of Mt Snowdon. It's a scenic wonder on a clear day. The National Slate Museum is at nearby Pardarn Country Park. On view are the foundry, fitting shop, smithy, sawmill, carpenter's shop, pattern loft and all the old machinery used to dress the slate. Most spectacular is the 50.5 ft (15.4m) diameter water wheel that provided the power in the workshops. Roofing slate was made here for all of Britain. The Snowdonia National Park Visitor Centre is located at the Old Stables in Betws-y-Coed, a popular resort. There are many interesting bridges in the area. The iron Waterloo Bridge, built in 1815 by Thomas Telford, is inscribed "This arch was constructed in the same year the battle of Waterloo was fought". The famous Swallow Falls and its chasm are nearby. To the south of the village is the Fairy Glen, a narrow gorge of the River Conwy. Blaenau Ffestiniog, once the centre of the slate quarrying industry, is now a tourist attraction. At the Llechwedd Slate Caverns, Victorian mining conditions can be observed, and you can learn how slate was mined on the Miner's Tramway tour or the Deep Underground tour. Portmeirion village Beddgelert, a wooded stone village located amid steep mountain slopes, lakes and wooded hillsides, was featured on a stamp in 1997 and won a Gold Award for villages in a Europe in Bloom competition. It's a desirable location for exploring the Snowdon mountain range. Bala Lake, the longest lake in Wales, is a popular watersports centre. A narrow-gauge railway skirts the southern shore. This town was, at one time, the centre of the Methodist Church movement. The Cardigan Coast and Bay area is known for its sandy beaches and holiday resorts. Barmouth is an old harbour town made popular by the Victorians. Look for the bridge built in 1866, with its 113 trestles and enjoy the famous Panorama Walk. Porthmadog was a 19th century terminus for shipping slate. Nearby Black Rock Sands provide a beach playground. Portmeirion is a famous Italianate village near Porthmadog. Harlech Castle was made internationally famous by the song "Men of Harlech". It is now a World Heritage site. Part of its appeal is the viewpoint it commands from its 200ft high crag over Cardigan Bay, the Lleyn peninsula and the mountains of Snowdonia. The Lleyn Peninsula is an area of remote bays and cliffs, wildlife- inhabited islands and coastal resorts. The largest coastal town is Pwlleheli with a long sandy beach and marina. It's a popular holiday resort. The old town still hosts a market, and the harbour is filled with pleasure craft. Nearby, in Aberech, is a large medieval church. Aberdaron is the most westerly village on the Peninsula. It, too, has a sandy beach. Bardsey Island, two miles (3km) off the end of the peninsula, is an ancient place of pilgrimage. The Island of Anglesey The island of Anglesey is separated from the mainland by the fifteen-mile long Menai Strait, carved by glaciation during the Ice Age. The strait's tidal currents can reach up to 8 knots (15 km/h) in the narrow region between the island and mainland. Many ferry and boat accidents occurred before the bridges were built. Anglesey's 125 miles (201 km) of coastline are a mix of rocky headlands, sandy bays and resort towns. The varied habitats of Anglesey mean that it abounds with birds, plants and other wildlife. Apart from the coastline, most of the island is agricultural or marshland. The entire island has been designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Lynnon Mill, Anglesey The beaches at Newborough and Red Wharf Bay are particularly fine. At low tide, Red Wharf Bay's sands encompass 10 square miles (25 sq. km), attracting waterfowl and wading birds. Anglesey was the last stronghold of the Druids, who were finally eradicated here by the Roman conquerors around AD 63, and the island has been home to strange legends and myths ever since. It is riddled with standing stones and burial chambers. Cadw is the best source for the location of these ancient sites, with 14 on the Island under its care. One of particular note is Barclodiad y Gawres Burial Chamber . The seaside resort of Beaumaris is home to beautiful Georgian buildings and Victorian terraces as well as black and white Tudor houses. Llywelyn the Great's wife, Joan (daughter of King John), is buried in the parish church . 15th century pubs and an early 17th century Court House and Gaol add to the architectural diversity of the town. The Gaol is now a museum where visitors can see the terrors of prison life. Moated Beaumaris Castle , begun as part of Edward I's defenses to keep Wales subdued, was never finished. It is a World Heritage listed site. South Stack Lighthouse, Holyhead Plas Newydd , (not to be confused with the house of the same name at Llangollen) home of the Marquis of Anglesey, is an 18th century house built by James Wyatt in both Classical and Gothic styles. It houses a massive mural painted by Rex Whistler and an exhibition about his work. It is two miles (3km) from the village of Llanfair PG, blessed with the longest place name in the world: Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch, which means "St. Mary's Church by the white aspen over the whirlpool and St. Tysilio's Church by the red cave"). It's a 19th century name adopted for its tourist value, and not the original name of the village. Call it Llanfair PG. The town of Holyhead, located on Holy Island, eight miles (13km) long and four miles (6km) wide, is separated from Anglesey by a sandy strait. It is the largest town on Anglesey and is a popular destination for sports and beach activities. Ferries go from here to Dublin, Ireland. Ancient hut circles are found on Holyhead Mountain . At the town of Llangefni, the Oriel Ynys Mon Museum contains displays on Anglesey's history, culture and environment. For more in depth information about Anglesey, Snowdonia and area:	i don't know
Who lived at Three Chimneys in Derbyshire?	Did E. Nesbit's visit to New Mills in Derbyshire inspire the Railway Children? - Celebrity Interviews - Derbyshire Life and Countryside Did E. Nesbit's visit to New Mills in Derbyshire inspire the Railway Children? 12:50 29 April 2010 Cast of the Carlton TV Production Did E. Nesbit's visit to New Mills inspire her greatest novel? Email this article to a friend To send a link to this page you must be logged in. Strine's station today A few months ago an event was held in New Mills to mark the 150th anniversary of the birth of Edith Nesbit, the celebrated author of The Railway Children. It was introduced by the chair of the Nesbit Society, Margaret McCarthy, and included a presentation by New Mills' former librarian, Gwenda Culkin. Given that Edith lived throughout her life in various houses in London and Kent, where she mixed with fellow Fabian Society members, such as HG Wells, George Bernard Shaw and Sydney and Beatrice Webb, it may seem surprising that a town in the High Peak should be chosen as a location for this special occasion. However, recent research has shown that New Mills was not only visited by the author, but could even have been the inspiration for her greatest book. The story of Edith Nesbit's Peak District connections began to unfold in 1999, when Gwenda Culkin and her library assistant, Barbara Matthews, were surprised to find that the library's microfilm reader had been booked for several days by a lady with a London telephone number. The researcher materialised as Laura Probert, the archivist of the Nesbit Society, who was one of five members of the society who had travelled to various parts of the country to investigate locations that might have been used as the setting for The Railway Children. Laura had been drawn to New Mills because she had learned from two biographies of Edith Nesbit that the author had paid visits to her stepsister, Saretta Deakin, who lived in the area with her husband, John Deakin. During her research at the library, Laura discovered that the Deakins lived at Mellor, a scattered hamlet in the hills above New Mills, where there is a house called Three Chimneys, which is the very name used in The Railway Children for the cottage that was home to three children and their mother during their father's wrongful imprisonment. Although foliage obscures the view from Three Chimneys today, it would have been possible at the time of Edith's visit to see a panorama that closely resembles that described in the book: 'It was hilly country. Down below they could see the line of the railway, and the black yawning mouth of the tunnel. The station was out of sight. There was a great bridge with tall arches running across one end of the valley.' Laura also established that Edith visited nearby Aspenshaw Hall, where members of the Woodcock family were 'dazzled, amazed and amused by their visitor, who would stretch out with the dogs on the hearthrug; her hair was cut short and her uncorseted figure was clothed in a flowing wool gown'. According to biographer Julia Briggs, 'provincial Derbyshire had never seen anyone so unconventional, so advanced.' Librarian Gwenda Culkin regarded Laura Probert's visit to New Mills as a 'freak coincidence of timing', because she and Barbara had just been asked to contribute to Derbyshire's Millennium Literary Festival by promoting a local author or a book set locally. The two librarians determined that they would follow up Laura's research and make the 'Nesbit Connection' the theme of their contribution. A search through electoral forms in the Record Office at Matlock revealed that the Deakins had never resided at Three Chimneys at all, but had lived in a house called Paradise. Almost immediately after making this disappointing discovery, the librarians were relieved to find that Three Chimneys is located next door to Paradise and so would have been well known to Edith during her visits. Gwenda and Barbara then set out to read as many Nesbit publications as possible in order to see if the New Mills area had acted as a source of inspiration in any of her other works. They were thrilled to discover that a short story written for the Weekly Dispatch is set in the fictitious town of Old Mills, 'where great mills and factories stare one in the face at every turn'. Another short story called From the Dead actually names Mellor and Marple, both of which are located within a few miles of New Mills, and Apinshaw, clearly a corruption or misspelling of Aspenshaw. Gwenda travelled to the British Library to access one of only two copies of Prophet's Mantle, a book Edith wrote jointly with her husband, Hubert Bland, and discovered that it contains references to Aspinshaw (yet another misspelling), Thornsett Edge, which is close to New Mills, and Firth Vale, which could be a corruption of the name of a local hamlet known as Birch Vale. The two librarians now felt that they had enough material to launch an exhibition and to lead 'Nesbit Trails' around the New Mills area. Jenny Agutter, who played Roberta in the 1970 film of The Railway Children and the mother in the Carlton TV version, even paid a visit to New Mills and walked up to Three Chimneys. The Keighley and Worth Valley Railway in Yorkshire had been used as a location for the movie, which greatly boosted their visitor numbers. When members of the railway found out about the claims being made in the High Peak, they were not at all pleased and insisted that 'the Railway Children belong to us'. The Keighley News belittled New Mills by calling it 'a little unknown Derbyshire town' and the Manchester Evening News spoke of a literary war raging across the Pennines. Even though the two librarians knew that there is no record of Edith Nesbit ever visiting the Keighley area, they refused to enter into an unseemly debate with the disgruntled people of Yorkshire and simply carried on with their research, which has produced further significant findings. One of the most memorable moments in the book involves Roberta waving her red-flannel petticoat to bring a train to a halt before it runs headlong into a landslide. New Mills historian Derek Brumhead was able to tell Gwenda and Barbara that a landslip had occurred in the nearby village of Buxworth, where a newly constructed railway viaduct had been swept away. Although this had taken place in the years before Edith's visit to Mellor, it had been well publicised in the area and would still have been talked about at that time. There is also an incident in the novel where a boy from a canal boat throws coal at the children. The Peak Forest Canal runs through the countryside where Edith stayed and at the time of Edith's visits there was a coal store at Strines Station, which is close to Three Chimneys. Another intriguing piece of evidence came to light when a railway enthusiast came into the library one day and declared that he had found the inspiration for the character of the 'Old Gentleman', who gave the children food when their mother was ill. He named him as Edward Ross, who lived in Marple and was the secretary of the Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway. This well-known figure was highly respected by local people and he often gave coal and food to the needy at Christmas. Gwenda has taken up a new post in Nottinghamshire and Barbara has now retired from the library service, but the two indefatigable researchers have given over 30 talks to interested groups and societies since they began delving into the Nesbit connection in the millennium year and Barbara has just written up all their findings in a new booklet published by the New Mills Local History Society. Gwenda and Barbara are well aware that various rail locations in Kent have claims to be the inspiration for the The Railway Children. They accept that the seeds of the story may have been planted in Edith Nesbit's mind when she lived in that county, but they believe that they are on the right track in suggesting that most of the places mentioned in the novel are actually based on locations in and around New Mills. Close	The Railway Children
Where did Bilbo Baggins live in the Shire in the Hobbit?	Did E. Nesbit's visit to New Mills in Derbyshire inspire the Railway Children? - Celebrity Interviews - Derbyshire Life and Countryside Did E. Nesbit's visit to New Mills in Derbyshire inspire the Railway Children? 12:50 29 April 2010 Cast of the Carlton TV Production Did E. Nesbit's visit to New Mills inspire her greatest novel? Email this article to a friend To send a link to this page you must be logged in. Strine's station today A few months ago an event was held in New Mills to mark the 150th anniversary of the birth of Edith Nesbit, the celebrated author of The Railway Children. It was introduced by the chair of the Nesbit Society, Margaret McCarthy, and included a presentation by New Mills' former librarian, Gwenda Culkin. Given that Edith lived throughout her life in various houses in London and Kent, where she mixed with fellow Fabian Society members, such as HG Wells, George Bernard Shaw and Sydney and Beatrice Webb, it may seem surprising that a town in the High Peak should be chosen as a location for this special occasion. However, recent research has shown that New Mills was not only visited by the author, but could even have been the inspiration for her greatest book. The story of Edith Nesbit's Peak District connections began to unfold in 1999, when Gwenda Culkin and her library assistant, Barbara Matthews, were surprised to find that the library's microfilm reader had been booked for several days by a lady with a London telephone number. The researcher materialised as Laura Probert, the archivist of the Nesbit Society, who was one of five members of the society who had travelled to various parts of the country to investigate locations that might have been used as the setting for The Railway Children. Laura had been drawn to New Mills because she had learned from two biographies of Edith Nesbit that the author had paid visits to her stepsister, Saretta Deakin, who lived in the area with her husband, John Deakin. During her research at the library, Laura discovered that the Deakins lived at Mellor, a scattered hamlet in the hills above New Mills, where there is a house called Three Chimneys, which is the very name used in The Railway Children for the cottage that was home to three children and their mother during their father's wrongful imprisonment. Although foliage obscures the view from Three Chimneys today, it would have been possible at the time of Edith's visit to see a panorama that closely resembles that described in the book: 'It was hilly country. Down below they could see the line of the railway, and the black yawning mouth of the tunnel. The station was out of sight. There was a great bridge with tall arches running across one end of the valley.' Laura also established that Edith visited nearby Aspenshaw Hall, where members of the Woodcock family were 'dazzled, amazed and amused by their visitor, who would stretch out with the dogs on the hearthrug; her hair was cut short and her uncorseted figure was clothed in a flowing wool gown'. According to biographer Julia Briggs, 'provincial Derbyshire had never seen anyone so unconventional, so advanced.' Librarian Gwenda Culkin regarded Laura Probert's visit to New Mills as a 'freak coincidence of timing', because she and Barbara had just been asked to contribute to Derbyshire's Millennium Literary Festival by promoting a local author or a book set locally. The two librarians determined that they would follow up Laura's research and make the 'Nesbit Connection' the theme of their contribution. A search through electoral forms in the Record Office at Matlock revealed that the Deakins had never resided at Three Chimneys at all, but had lived in a house called Paradise. Almost immediately after making this disappointing discovery, the librarians were relieved to find that Three Chimneys is located next door to Paradise and so would have been well known to Edith during her visits. Gwenda and Barbara then set out to read as many Nesbit publications as possible in order to see if the New Mills area had acted as a source of inspiration in any of her other works. They were thrilled to discover that a short story written for the Weekly Dispatch is set in the fictitious town of Old Mills, 'where great mills and factories stare one in the face at every turn'. Another short story called From the Dead actually names Mellor and Marple, both of which are located within a few miles of New Mills, and Apinshaw, clearly a corruption or misspelling of Aspenshaw. Gwenda travelled to the British Library to access one of only two copies of Prophet's Mantle, a book Edith wrote jointly with her husband, Hubert Bland, and discovered that it contains references to Aspinshaw (yet another misspelling), Thornsett Edge, which is close to New Mills, and Firth Vale, which could be a corruption of the name of a local hamlet known as Birch Vale. The two librarians now felt that they had enough material to launch an exhibition and to lead 'Nesbit Trails' around the New Mills area. Jenny Agutter, who played Roberta in the 1970 film of The Railway Children and the mother in the Carlton TV version, even paid a visit to New Mills and walked up to Three Chimneys. The Keighley and Worth Valley Railway in Yorkshire had been used as a location for the movie, which greatly boosted their visitor numbers. When members of the railway found out about the claims being made in the High Peak, they were not at all pleased and insisted that 'the Railway Children belong to us'. The Keighley News belittled New Mills by calling it 'a little unknown Derbyshire town' and the Manchester Evening News spoke of a literary war raging across the Pennines. Even though the two librarians knew that there is no record of Edith Nesbit ever visiting the Keighley area, they refused to enter into an unseemly debate with the disgruntled people of Yorkshire and simply carried on with their research, which has produced further significant findings. One of the most memorable moments in the book involves Roberta waving her red-flannel petticoat to bring a train to a halt before it runs headlong into a landslide. New Mills historian Derek Brumhead was able to tell Gwenda and Barbara that a landslip had occurred in the nearby village of Buxworth, where a newly constructed railway viaduct had been swept away. Although this had taken place in the years before Edith's visit to Mellor, it had been well publicised in the area and would still have been talked about at that time. There is also an incident in the novel where a boy from a canal boat throws coal at the children. The Peak Forest Canal runs through the countryside where Edith stayed and at the time of Edith's visits there was a coal store at Strines Station, which is close to Three Chimneys. Another intriguing piece of evidence came to light when a railway enthusiast came into the library one day and declared that he had found the inspiration for the character of the 'Old Gentleman', who gave the children food when their mother was ill. He named him as Edward Ross, who lived in Marple and was the secretary of the Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway. This well-known figure was highly respected by local people and he often gave coal and food to the needy at Christmas. Gwenda has taken up a new post in Nottinghamshire and Barbara has now retired from the library service, but the two indefatigable researchers have given over 30 talks to interested groups and societies since they began delving into the Nesbit connection in the millennium year and Barbara has just written up all their findings in a new booklet published by the New Mills Local History Society. Gwenda and Barbara are well aware that various rail locations in Kent have claims to be the inspiration for the The Railway Children. They accept that the seeds of the story may have been planted in Edith Nesbit's mind when she lived in that county, but they believe that they are on the right track in suggesting that most of the places mentioned in the novel are actually based on locations in and around New Mills. Close	i don't know
Who lived in a home called the Burrow in Harry Potter?	The Burrow \| Harry Potter Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Kingsley's Patronus warning the wedding quests The day after Harry's birthday, on 1 August, the Burrow held the wedding of Bill and Fleur. Most of the extended Weasley family were present, as well as Order members, friends, and the Delacour family . Harry attended the wedding in disguise by using Polyjuice Potion to resemble a red-headed Muggle teenager from Ottery St Catchpole . During the reception, the wedding was disrupted when Kingsley Shacklebolt's Patronus arrived and warned the assembled guests that Lord Voldemort and his Death Eaters had taken control of the Ministry of Magic , and were heading for the Burrow. With the full strength of the Ministry behind them, the Death Eaters broke the protective enchantments protecting the Burrow and apparated into the reception. Guests had already started to flee the scene due to Kingsley's warning, including the Death Eaters' primary target, Harry Potter, along with his friends Hermione and Ron. The Ministry, aware of the Weasleys' ties to Harry, questioned the family and any remaining guests before releasing them. [6] Abandonment During the Easter holidays in 1998, the Weasleys were forced to abandon the Burrow when the Death Eaters finally discovered that Ron was assisting Harry after they were incarcerated at Malfoy Manor . Ron, with the assistance of Fred, George, and his father, had disguised the family ghoul as himself sick with Spattergroit to explain his absence from school. However, he was recognised when he, Harry, and Hermione were captured by Snatchers and brought to Malfoy Manor . The Weasleys had already been under suspicion as " blood traitors " with ties to the Order, but were now known to be actively supporting Lord Voldemort's enemies. Fearing reprisals from Voldemort and his Death Eaters, the Weasleys stayed at the home of Aunt Muriel and at Shell Cottage , which they protected with a Fidelius Charm . [6] It is unknown if the Weasley's returned to the Burrow after the war, or if the Death Eaters destroyed it. Layout The Burrow was located on the outskirts of Ottery St Catchpole , a small village located in Devon, England. [7] It was so well hidden that Molly Weasley doubted that the postman even knew it existed. Nestled amongst rolling hills and fertile meadows, other wizarding families in the area included the Diggorys , the Lovegoods and the Fawcetts . [8] The building itself might once have been an old stone pigpen, which had several crooked stories attached to it. Four or five chimneys dotted the roof of the house, and the entire building was most likely held up by magic due to its crazy construction. [7] From the 1970s to the 1990s, the Burrow was the home to Arthur and Molly Weasley, and their seven children: Bill , Charlie , Percy , Fred , George , Ron , and Ginny . Frequent visitors included Ron's best friends Harry Potter and Hermione Granger , and various members of the Order of the Phoenix . [5] [6] [7] [8] Exterior "It looked as though it had once been a large stone pigpen, but extra rooms had been added here and there until it was several stories high and so crooked it looked as though it were held up by magic (which, Harry reminded himself, it probably was). Four or five chimneys were perched on top of the red roof. A lopsided sign stuck in the ground near the entrance read, THE BURROW." —Exterior of the Burrow in 1992 [src] Arthur Weasley's Flying Ford Anglia comes in for a landing at the Burrow The Burrow had a small yard at the front of the house, with a garage that stored Arthur Weasley 's flying Ford Anglia and Muggle artefacts, and a chicken coop that housed the family's chickens. A sign in the ground read "The Burrow" by the main entrance. [7] The back garden contained a stone outhouse that the Weasleys had converted into a broom shed, and the Weasley children keep their broomsticks in the building during their time at home. When she was six, Ginny Weasley began a regular habit of breaking into the broom shed and taking each broom out in turn since her elder brothers wouldn't allow her to play Quidditch with them. [4] In the summer of 1996, Albus Dumbledore and Harry Potter had a conversation in the broom shed prior to announcing their arrival at the Burrow. [5] Behind the main house was a large, overgrown garden with a pond full of frogs. The garden was home to a large number of gnomes ; the Weasleys had to regularly de-gnome the garden by throwing them over the hedge. The Weasleys' garden However, the gnomes always sneaked back in since Arthur Weasley was soft on them and thought they were funny. The entrance to the kitchen backed onto the garden, and was surrounded by rusted cauldrons and old wellington boots. [7] The garden was often used by the Weasleys to hold large family gatherings, such as when the entire family, including Harry Potter and Hermione Granger, stayed at the Burrow prior to the Quidditch World Cup final in 1994 [8] , or Harry's seventeenth birthday party in 1997. [6] Prior to the wedding of Bill Weasley and Fleur Delacour, the garden was tidied up, and new Flutterby bushes were planted at the door to the kitchen to replace the cauldrons and wellies. [6] The garden was surrounded by a fence while the yard appeared to be walled off. The Weasleys also owned an orchard behind their garden, which was surrounded by high trees. The orchard was contained within a paddock. The Weasley children used the orchard to practise Quidditch during their school holidays. [7] [8] The orchard was used in 1997 to host the wedding of Bill Weasley and Fleur Delacour . A large white marquee was erected, and the ceremony and the reception took place inside. [6] A cornfield was located just outside the Burrow to the right of the property. Small ponds and swamps were found within this cornfield. [9] To the left of the main property were hills and fields that surrounded the Weasleys' garden and orchard. The Burrow could be exited by moving down a long lane that moved out towards the village of Ottery St Catchpole. [10] Interior The interior of the Burrow was cosy and lived in, with a jumbled and cluttered array of furniture and trappings. [7] In the summer of 1997, the entire house underwent a massive cleaning and reordering in preparation for the wedding of Bill Weasley and Fleur Delacour . [6] Ground floor Kitchen "The clock on the wall opposite him had only one hand and no numbers at all. Written around the edge were things like Time to make tea, Time to feed the chickens, and You're late. Books were stacked three deep on the mantelpiece, books with titles like Charm Your Own Cheese , Enchantment in Baking , and One Minute Feasts — It's Magic! And unless Harry's ears were deceiving him, the old radio next to the sink had just announced that coming up was Witching Hour, with the popular singing sorceress, Celestina Warbeck." —Description of the Burrow's kitchen [src] The kitchen at the Burrow The kitchen of the Burrow was the social centre of the Weasley family. Located at the back of the house, it was accessible from the garden. The kitchen contains a large wooden table with room enough for eight chairs. All of the furniture in the kitchen was salvaged from the home of a pop star [11] In the summers of 1994 and 1997, due to the large number of house guests, the kitchen table could not seat enough people, so meals were eaten outside at a table instead. Different angle of the kitchen There was a large fireplace in the room which also operated as the Weasleys' connection to the Floo Network , and a clock with one hand that points to various times such as "You're late" or "Time to feed the chickens". There was also several magical cookbooks located in the kitchen, stacked on top of the mantelpiece. The kitchen opened out on the front yard, through the front door and opened up on the back garden, through the back door. A perch for the family owl Errol was located outside one of the kitchen windows. The kitchen was entered by walking up some small steps from the front yard. [5] [6] [7] [8] The dishwashing was often done by magic. [12] Scullery The scullery was located just off the kitchen. It was described as a tiny room with a mangle in it. This room was generally used by Molly Weasley when washing clothes. [8] Living room "Harry recognised it at once: It had nine hands, each inscribed with the name of a family member, and usually hung on the Weasleys' sitting room wall, though its current position suggested that Mrs Weasley had taken to carrying it around the house with her. Every single one of its nine hands was now pointing at "mortal peril"." —The clock in the Weasley's living room [src] The living room at the Burrow The living room of the Weasley home was a cosy room, with a sofa and armchairs. There was a large fireplace, a wooden wireless set, and a clock that, rather than telling the time, indicated the status of each member of the Weasley family. Instead of numbers, there were various phrases such as "home," "school," "work," "travelling," "lost," "dentist," "hospital," "prison," and "mortal peril". Instead of arms to tell the time, there were nine hands, one for each member of the family. With Lord Voldemort 's return, the hands constantly pointed to "mortal peril". Molly Weasley got into the habit of carrying the clock around the house with her during this dark time, as she constantly worried about her family. [5] [8] Different angle of the living room It was in this room that George Weasley was treated after losing his ear to Severus Snape 's Sectumsempra spell in the Battle of the Seven Potters in 1997, and where the survivors of the battle toasted the memory of Alastor Moody who had been murdered by Lord Voldemort during the battle. The living room was also where Rufus Scrimgeour released the contents of Albus Dumbledore's will to Harry Potter, Ron Weasley, and Hermione Granger during the height of the Second Wizarding War. Bedrooms The Burrow had at least six bedrooms. Arthur and Molly slept in the master bedroom, while their children generally had bedrooms that often ended up shared either with each other or with guests. Their room was only a short walk away from Ron's room [7] . It was suspected that two or three of the six bedrooms housed a fireplace as Harry noticed that the Weasleys had "four or five chimneys", two of which were located downstairs. [7] Wizard	Ron Weasley
What is Canada’s newest biggest territory?	LEGO Harry Potter: Years 5-7 \| Brickipedia \| Fandom powered by Wikia LEGO Harry Potter: Years 5-7 30,682pages on LEGO Harry Potter: Years 5-7 LEGO Theme: ESRB E 10+ / Pegi 7+ Platforms: Xbox 360, PS3, PC, PSP, DS, Wii, PS Vita, 3DS, iOS, Mac OS X [2] "The Battle is Building!" ―The Official Tagline LEGO Harry Potter: Years 5-7 is a LEGO video game in the Harry Potter Theme . It is the the sequel to LEGO Harry Potter: Years 1-4 , and while its predecessor covered the storyline from the first four installments of the franchise, the sequel covers the last four installments (the seventh part, just like the film version, is split into two parts). It was released November 11 , 2011 in the United States and November 18 , 2011, in the United Kingdom. It has been released on the gaming platforms of Xbox 360, PS3, PC, PSP, DS, Wii, PS Vita, 3DS, iOS, and Mac. The Mac OS X version of the game was released by Feral Interactive on 7 March 2012. [2] Contents Features Consoles Based on the last three Harry Potter books and final four films, LEGO® Harry Potter™: Years 5-7 takes players through Harry Potter ’s heroic adventures in the Muggle™ and wizarding worlds. From Privet Drive in Little Whinging to Diagon Alley ™, Hogsmeade™ and Hogwarts ™ – plus new locations including Grimmauld Place, the Ministry of Magic, and Godric’s Hollow – players will encounter new faces, new challenges and new magic, preparing them for the ultimate face-off against Lord Voldemort ™. Play through 24 story events and return to Hogwarts where there are 16 different lessons to attend Learn and use all new charms and spells including the Unforgivable Curses Master advanced dueling skills to defeat Voldemort’s Death Eaters as you battle toward the ultimate showdown with the Dark Lord himself Discover and unlock over 80 characters including, Fenrir Greyback , Bellatrix Lestrange & Professor Horace Slughorn Play with friends and family using easy drop-in/drop-out co-op play that features dynamic split screen iOS LEGO Harry Potter: Years 5-7 for iOS THE BATTLE IS BUILDING! The sequel to the hit video game is now available for the iPhone, iTouch and iPad! Continue the saga of the Boy Who Lived in this spell-binding adventure for wizards and Muggles alike. Experience Harry’s last years at Hogwarts™ and battle Lord Voldemort™ in the ultimate fight between good and evil. The creative LEGO® prowess unites with the expansive world of Harry Potter™ to deliver an exciting and rewarding gameplay experience that features lessons, spell-casting, dueling and much more for players of all ages! Follow Harry’s heroic endeavors and encounter new faces, new lessons, new challenges and new spells. Explore new LEGO gameplay settings including Grimmauld Place, the Ministry of Magic, and Godric’s Hollow as well as iconic locations like Diagon Alley and Hogwarts. Build, conjure and explore this multi-faceted LEGO world as you discover your inner wizard! FEATURES: STUNNING GRAPHICS New iOS graphics engine taking LEGO games to the next level. INTUITIVE TOUCH SCREEN CONTROLS Touch the screen to cast spells and target objects, use the interactive display to change characters and spells simply by touching their icons, and recreate iconic duels by casting and deflecting spells with your fingers tips. LEADER BOARDS Complete the game to 100% in the fastest time and post your scores to the leader board. Compare your score against friends or the whole world! ACHIEVEMENTS 25 achievements to unlock DUELING CLUB EXPANSION Add the Dueling Club expansion and master advanced dueling skills against a host of famous witches and wizards including Professor Snape, Kingsley Shacklebolt, Lord Voldemort and many more. Defeat each category leader to unlock them for use in Free Play mode. Notes Gameplay The Menu is Hogwarts Castle while it's raining with Death Eaters ' trying to get through the protection shield; and the track from Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 "Snape to the Malfoy Manor" is playing. 60 Students in Perils Characters & Creatures There are more than 200 Characters to unlock. Hogwarts students do not wear capes like they did in LEGO Harry Potter: Years 1-4 . Professor McGonagall has a black hat in this game. In the Screenshots Lucius Malfoy had his old variation, but in the game he has his new variation. Several of the characters aren't even in the 5th - 7th years, and were in the 1st - 4th years . Locations & Places Now, you can leave Hogwarts , go to Hogsmeade and to its Station, take the Hogwarts Express and arrive at Kings Cross, go around London, to the Leaky Cauldron and also to Diagon Alley . Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes is accessible after Year 5. Diagon Alley is the Main Hub, and the other hub is Hogwarts. Spells & Potions George Harris as Kingsley Shacklebolt LEGO.com Description ( visit this item's product page ) LEGO® Harry Potter™: Years 5-7 continues the saga of the Boy Who Lived in this spell-binding adventure for wizards and Muggles alike. This time, players are transported through the final three books and final four films - Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix™, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince™, and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows™ – to experience Harry’s last years at Hogwarts™ and battle Lord Voldemort™ in the ultimate fight of good vs. evil. The creative LEGO prowess unites with the expansive world of Harry Potter™ once again to deliver an exciting and rewarding gameplay experience. The game features lessons, spell-casting, dueling and much more for players of all ages to enjoy. LEGO® Harry Potter™: Years 5-7 takes players through Harry’s heroic endeavors as they travel through various worlds encountering new faces, new lessons, new challenges and new spells. Explore new LEGO gameplay settings including Grimmauld Place, the Ministry of Magic, and Godric’s Hollow as well as iconic locations like Diagon Alley and Hogwarts. Build, conjure and explore this multi-faceted LEGO world as you discover your inner wizard! Master advanced duelling skills and battle toward the ultimate showdown with the Dark Lord himself. Discover and unlock characters including, Fenrir Greyback™, Bellatrix Lestrange™ and Professor Horace Slughorn™. Play with friends and family using easy drop-in/drop-out co-op play that features dynamic split screen. Cases	i don't know
Which classical composer wrote “The Hungarian Dances”?	Hungarian Dances - Energetic Brahms Tunes Hungarian Dances Energetic Brahms Tunes The Hungarian Dances are fun dance pieces, which Brahms adapted from Hungarian folk tunes. Brahms wrote them for people to play at home, but because they're so popular they're available in all kinds of arrangements now. Brahms first heard Hungarian gypsy music on the streets of Hamburg. He was fascinated by the passionate sounds of the bands, who were refugees from the Hungarian Revolution. A few years later, Brahms did a tour of north Germany with the theatrical virtuoso gypsy violinist Eduard Reményi. Reményi would play the violin and Brahms would accompany him on the piano, by ear (i.e. without any written music!). This definitely gave the young composer the first inspiration for his own Hungarian Dances. But the Dances aren't exactly "authentic" gypsy peasant music... the melodies and inspiration actually come from popular music written by gypsies as cafe entertainment! Nevertheless, they were extremely popular with the general music-making public. People would play the dances at home for social gatherings. Amateur musicians loved the way Brahms would seem to transport them right into the middle of the gypsy bands with all the big, whirling melodies. I can see what they mean! There are 21 Dances. The composer wrote the first 10 for piano 4 hands (two players sitting next to each other), which got published in 1869 in 2 books of 5 dances each. Later on two more books were published, with the other 11 dances in them. Brahms himself considered all of the dances as "arrangements" and not original pieces. How modest! Brahms arranged about a third of the dances for orchestra, but several other composers (including Dvorak) orchestrated the rest. In fact, since the Dances are so popular, they've been arranged for pretty much every combination of instruments you could think of (well, most of them anyway!). But I still prefer either Brahms's original piano 4-hand versions, or a good arrangement for full orchestra. The Dances are full of little Hungarian tricks which imitate the music the gypsies danced to. For example: Hungarian Dance No. 5 - A Popular Tune! The most famous of the Dances is definitely number 5. It's one of those pieces which most people would recognize, but probably couldn't name! It has an extremely energetic melody and big sweeping gypsy sounds. My favorite piano four hand version of No. 5 is played by the pianists Nicholas Angelich and Frank Braley. I think they get just the right speed. I also love the richness of color in this orchestral version, played by the Russian Bolshoi Symphony Orchestra: And here's pianist Idil Beret playing the first 3 dances, in solo piano versions. I really like the third one (F Major) - graceful and sweet, showing Brahms's talent for great simple melodies (when he felt like it!). Recordings I recommend this great recording performed by Istvan Bogar conducting the Budapest Symphony Orchestra. It's a wonderful interpretation of the dances by Hungarian musicians (more authentic sound, perhaps?), in crystal-like stereo sound. The players give the music enough countryside enthusiasm to make it sound like a gypsy wedding!	Johannes Brahms
Traditionally what sort of gifts should be given on a 20th. Anniversary?	1000+ images about Brahms on Pinterest \| Homeschool, Creative kids and Music lesson plans LOONEY TOONS: Pigs in a Polka (1943) (Remastered) (HD 1080p) - Brahms Hungarian Rhapsody used in this. See More	i don't know
What kind of creature is an akita?	Akita : Dog Breed Selector : Animal Planet Watch Video The Akita appreciates mental and physical exercise every day. It needs the chance to run in a safe area or on leash for a long jog. Given ample exercise and training, it can be a quiet and well-mannered house dog. The Akita is able to live outdoors in temperate or cool climates, but it is happiest if it can spend most of its time with its family. The coat needs brushing about once a week to remove dead hair, more often when shedding. Akitas tend to be somewhat messy drinkers! Major concerns: CHD, PRA Minor concerns: elbow dysplasia, pemphigus, sebaceous adenitis, gastric torsion Occasionally seen: PRA, patellar luxation, VKH-like syndrome, entropion, epilepsy, cataracts, polyneuropathy, renal cortical hypoplasia Suggested tests: hip, elbow, eye Life span: 10 12 years Note: Onions have been documented to cause changes in the red-blood cells of Akitas. Watch Video The Akita is perhaps the most renowned and venerated of the native Japanese breeds. Although it bears a likeness to dogs from ancient Japanese tombs, the modern Akita traces back to the 17th century, when a nobleman with a keen interest in dogs was exiled to the Akita Prefecture of the island of Honshu, a rugged area with intensely cold winters. He challenged the landowners there to compete in breeding a race of powerful hunting dogs. These dogs distinguished themselves in the hunting of bear, deer and wild boar, holding the game at bay for the hunter. These Akita forebears were called matagi-inu, or "hunting dog." The breed's numbers and quality varied over the next 300 years. In the late 1800s, it underwent a period when it was used as a fighting dog, and some were even crossed with other breeds in an attempt to enhance its fighting prowess. In 1927, the Akita-inu Hozankai Society of Japan was formed to preserve the original Akita, and in 1931 the Akita was designated as one of Japan's natural treasures. The most honored Akita of all time was Haichiko, who greeted his master every evening at the train station to accompany him home. When his master died at work one day, Haichiko waited for him and continued to return and wait for his master every day until he died nine years later on March 8, 1935. Today, a statue and annual ceremony pay homage to Haichiko's loyalty. The first Akita arrived in America in 1937, when Helen Keller returned from Japan with one. Following World War II, servicemen returned home with Akitas from Japan. The breed's popularity grew slowly until it received AKC recognition in 1972. Since then, it has steadily gained admirers and continues to grow in popularity. The Akita is now used as a guard and police dog in Japan.	Dog
What is the name of the purple dinosaur on American children’s TV?	Akita Dog Breed Information, Pictures, Characteristics & Facts - Dogtime Dog Breed Group: Working Dogs Height: 2 feet to 2 feet, 4 inches tall at the shoulder Weight: 70 to 130 pounds Life Span: 10 to 12 years The Akita is a big, bold dog with a distinctly powerful appearance: a large head in contrast to small, triangular eyes; and a confident, rugged stance. The mere presence of a powerful Akita serves as a deterrent to most who would cause trouble. This breed is renowned for unwavering loyalty to his owners, and he can be surprisingly sweet and affectionate with family members. Imagine a loving protector who will follow you from room to room, whose entire mission in life seems to be simply to serve you. The Akita is courageous, a natural guardian of his family. Stubborn and willful, he won't back down from a challenge. He doesn't usually bark unless there is a good reason, but he is vocal, making amusing grunts, moans, and mumbles. Some owners says the Akita mutters under his breath and seems to be talking to himself, while others say the Akita offers his opinion on all matters, from how to load the dishwasher to when the children should be put to bed. While these charming "talking" traits are exhibited to family, the Akita is often aloof and silent with visitors. He's naturally wary of strangers, though he will be welcoming enough to a houseguest as long as his owners are home. Socializing the Akita puppy (or retraining an adult dog) with as much exposure to friendly people as possible can help soften the edge of his wariness, though an Akita will always be an Akita — a dignified and sober presence, not a party animal. One of the Akita's singular traits is mouthing. The Akita loves to carry things around in his mouth, and that includes your wrist. This is not an act of aggression, but simply an Akita way of communicating with those he loves. He may lead you to his leash because he wants to go for a walk, for example, or act on any number of other ideas that pop into his intelligent head. Many owners are charmed by the Akita's mouthing, but if you find it annoying, simply give your Akita a job that involves carrying something. He would happily get the newspaper or your slippers for you, or retrieve the mail or even those keys you keep misplacing. The Akita also proves himself unusual with his grooming habits, licking his body like a cat. And that's not his only feline trait: like a tiger, he'll stalk his prey silently, body low to the ground. This is not a dog that will growl or bark a warning before springing into action. At 100 pounds or more, the Akita is a lot of muscular power. This is a dominating breed, and the Akita will want to dominate you. Proper training is essential, and training should be done by the owner. Because the Akita is so faithfully loyal, the bond between the owner and the dog must not be broken by boarding the dog with a trainer. Before buying an Akita, it is crucial to spend time researching how to train this particular breed. Akitas do not respond well to harsh training methods. If your training is respectful, the dog will in turn respect you. But be prepared for training to take longer than it does for other breeds. Though the Akita is highly intelligent, stubborn willfulness is a part of his personality, which can and does interfere with training. The best results come from doing plenty of homework on how to train before ever bringing an Akita home with you. This is not a breed for the timid. The willful and determined Akita is also, despite his public reserve, a very social pet who needs plenty of time with his family. He does not do well as a backyard dog. Companionship holds hands with loyalty, which is what this breed is all about. To make him live outside without benefit of family is to deny the very essence of the Akita breed. A lonely and bored Akita can become destructive and aggressive . The Akita is not recommended for first-time dog owners, for those who want a lapdog , or for those unwilling to take charge. But for owners who can and will invest time and effort in research and proper training, the reward is a fine, intelligent companion with unwavering loyalty. In addition to all other considerations, choosing an Akita means deciding which side of a controversy you want to stand on. This controversy is "the split," and it relates to the Japanese or American standard for the breed. The Japanese Akita is considerably smaller, both in height and mass, than the American Akita — as much as 30 or more pounds lighter. His foxlike head is decidedly different from the broad head of the American breed. The Japanese Akita has almond-shaped eyes, while the American Akita's eyes are triangular. A black mask is much in vogue on the American Akita but is considered a show disqualifier in Japan, where markings on the face are white. If you want your dog to compete in any American Kennel Club events, the black mask means the dog has been bred to the American standard and will be allowed to compete. In fact, in America, any color on the Akita is permitted; in Japan, only red, white, and some brindles are allowed. So wide are the differences between the types that it would seem that a split would be best for the breed. There appear to be as many strongly in favor of the split as there are those who are strongly against it. Deciding which standard to choose should be done only after much research and is largely a matter of personal taste. The Akita's natural hunting skills translate well to various activities. He still hunts today and is able to hold large game at bay until the hunter arrives. He can also retrieve waterfowl. He is adept at tracking, and his catlike movements make him talented in agility. Akita owners are increasingly surprising those skeptics who believe that the Akita nature prevents success in this field. While it's true that the breed's stubbornness can make training a challenge, Akitas and their owners are taking home ribbons as more people discover the thrill of accomplishment in working with this dog. Highlights To get a healthy pet, never buy a puppy from a irresponsible breeder, puppy mill, or pet store. Find a reputable breeder who tests her breeding dogs for genetic health conditions and good temperaments. The Akita is aggressive with other dogs and is especially prone to same-sex aggression. The Akita is not a good choice for first-time dog owners. Positive socialization and consistent, firm training are essential for the Akita. If he is mishandled or mistreated, he often responds by becoming aggressive. The Akita will chase other pets in the house. The Akita sheds — a lot! Prolonged eye contact is considered a challenge by the Akita, and he may respond aggressively. Training the willful Akita can be challenging and requires understanding, experience, and patience. It's best to work with a trainer familiar with the breed, but be sure to do the training yourself. History The Akita is named for the province of Akita in northern Japan, where he is believed to have originated. The Akita's known existence goes back to the 1600s, when the breed guarded Japanese royalty and was used for hunting fowl and large game (including bears). This valiant breed was introduced to America by a woman of no small stature: Helen Keller. The Japanese held Helen Keller in high esteem and took her to Shibuyu to show her the statue of Hachiko, an Akita who achieved worldwide fame in the 1920s for his loyalty. Hachiko's owner, a professor, returned from work each day at 3 p.m., and his devoted dog met him daily at the train station. When the professor died, loyal Hachiko continued his daily vigil until his own death a full decade later. When Helen Keller expressed her desire to have an Akita for her own, she was presented with a puppy, the first Akita brought to America. Keller was delighted with Kamikaze-go and was deeply saddened when he died of distemper at a young age. Upon hearing this news, the Japanese government officially presented her with Kamikaze's older brother, Kenzan-go. Keller later wrote that Kamikaze had been "an angel in fur" and that the Akita breed was "gentle, companionable, and trusty." After World War II, returning American servicemen who had been stationed in Japan brought back more Akitas. Thomas Boyd is credited with producing the first Akita stud to sire puppies in the U.S., starting in 1956. The American Akita eventually evolved into a more robust dog than the Japanese Akita and was valued by many for this reason. Yet there were those who wanted to remain true to the Japanese standard. This split caused a decades-long battle that led to a delay in acceptance by the American Kennel Club. Finally, in 1972, the AKC accepted the Akita Club of America — but the split is still wide today and is a matter of great concern to Akita fanciers on both sides. What is never debated is the Akita's historical and famous combination of fearlessness and loyalty. These traits were once put to the test at the London Zoo, when a Sumatran tiger cub was orphaned. The zookeepers needed special help in raising the cub, and they chose an Akita puppy for this important task. They knew the Akita would not be frightened and could engage in play that would help the tiger cub with necessary life lessons. Moreover, the Akita's dense fur would protect him from sharp claws, and the pup's inherent loyalty to his playmate would provide desired companionship and protection for the bewildered, orphaned cub. The Akita served in the role successfully and "retired" from the job when the tiger reached near-adulthood. This is a dog who is truly fearless, fully confident, and will exhibit unfaltering devotion to family. Size Males stand 26 to 28 inches and weigh 85 to 130 pounds. Females stand 24 to 26 inches and weigh 70 to 110 pounds. Personality The Akita is a bold and willful dog, naturally wary of strangers but extremely loyal to his family. He is alert, intelligent, and courageous. He tends to be aggressive toward other dogs, especially those of the same sex. He is best suited to a one-dog household. With his family, the Akita is affectionate and playful. He enjoys the companionship of his family and wants to participate in daily activities. He's mouthy and enjoys carrying toys and household items around. Despite the common belief that he never barks, he is in fact noisy, known to grumble, moan — and, yes, bark if he believes the situation warrants it. Be aware the Akita's strong personality can be overwhelming. He is not the dog for a first-time owner, and he is not for the timid. He needs an owner who can provide firm, loving discipline. Activity is essential for this active breed. He needs plenty of exercise to keep him from becoming bored and, in turn, destructive . The naturally protective Akita has a propensity to become aggressive if allowed, or if he isn't raised properly. Training the Akita is essential, and so is proper socialization from an early age. Keep in mind that this breed is stubborn, so extra patience is necessary to teach him proper canine manners. Health Akitas are generally healthy, but like all breeds of dogs, they're prone to certain conditions and diseases. Hip dysplasia is an inherited condition in which the thighbone doesn't fit snugly into the hip joint. Some dogs show pain and lameness on one or both rear legs, but others don't display outward signs of discomfort. (X-ray screening is the most certain way to diagnose the problem.) Either way, arthritis can develop as the dog ages. Dogs with hip dysplasia should not be bred — so if you're buying a puppy, ask the breeder for proof that the parents have been tested for hip dysplasia and are free of problems. Gastric dilatation-volvulus, commonly called bloat, is a life-threatening condition that affects large, deep-chested dogs like Akitas. It is especially a problem if they eat one large meal a day, eat rapidly, drink large volumes of water after eating, and exercise vigorously after eating. Bloat occurs when the stomach is distended with gas or air and then twists. The dog is unable to belch or vomit to rid himself of the excess air in its stomach, and the normal return of blood to the heart is impeded. Blood pressure drops and the dog goes into shock. Without immediate medical attention, the dog can die. Suspect bloat if your dog has a distended abdomen, is salivating excessively, and is retching without throwing up. He also may be restless, depressed, lethargic, and weak, showing a rapid heart rate. It's important to get your dog to the vet as soon as possible. Hypothyroidism is a disorder of the thyroid gland. It's thought to be responsible for conditions such as epilepsy , alopecia (hair loss), obesity, lethargy, hyperpigmentation, pyoderma ,and other skin conditions. It is treated with medication and diet. Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is a family of eye diseases that involves the gradual deterioration of the retina. Early in the disease, affected dogs become night-blind; they lose sight during the day as the disease progresses. Many affected dogs adapt well to their limited or lost vision, as long as their surroundings remain the same. Sebaceous adenitis (SA) is a serious problem in Akitas. This genetic condition is difficult to diagnose and often mistaken for hypothyroidism, allergies, or other conditions. When a dog has SA, the sebaceous glands in the skin become inflamed (for unknown reasons) and are eventually destroyed. These glands typically produce sebum, a fatty secretion that helps prevent the skin from drying out. Symptoms usually first occur when the dog is from one to five years old: affected dogs typically have dry, scaly skin and hair loss on top of the head, neck, and back. Severely affected dogs can have thickened skin and an unpleasant odor, along with secondary skin infections. Although the problem is primarily cosmetic, it can be uncomfortable for the dog. Your vet will perform a biopsy of the skin if she suspects SA and will then discuss a variety of treatment options with you. Care The Akita is happiest and does best when living inside with his family. This breed is not hyper, but he does need daily exercise . Thirty minutes to an hour a day is sufficient for an Akita; brisk walks, jogging (for an adult dog over two years of age), and romping in the yard are favorite activities. Visits to a dog park are probably not a good idea, given the Akita's aggressive tendency toward other dogs. Due to this breed's high intelligence, a varied routine is best. What you don't want is a bored Akita. That leads to such behavior problems as barking, digging , chewing , and aggression . Include the Akita with family activities, and don't leave him alone for long periods at a time. A securely fenced yard is important, too, both for the safety of the Akita and for the safety of strangers who may mistakenly come into his turf. While he isn't typically aggressive with visitors if his family is home, when he's reserved and polite, all bets are off if his owners aren't around. The Akita is a loyal guardian, and he'll protect against anything he perceives to be a threat. Special care must be taken when raising an Akita puppy . These dogs grow very rapidly between the age of four and seven months, making them susceptible to bone disorders. They do well on a high-quality, low-calorie diet that keeps them from growing too fast. In addition, don't let your Akita puppy run and play on hard surfaces ,such as pavement; normal play on grass is fine. Avoid forced jumping or jogging on hard surfaces until the dog is at least two years old and his joints are fully formed (puppy agility classes, with their one-inch jumps, are fine). Feeding Recommended daily amount: 3 to 5 cups of high-quality dry food a day NOTE: How much your adult dog eats depends on his size, age, build, metabolism, and activity level. Dogs are individuals, just like people, and they don't all need the same amount of food. It almost goes without saying that a highly active dog will need more than a couch potato dog. The quality of dog food you buy also makes a difference — the better the dog food, the further it will go toward nourishing your dog and the less of it you'll need to shake into your dog's bowl. For more on feeding your Akita, see our guidelines for buying the right food, feeding your puppy , and feeding your adult dog . Coat Color And Grooming There are many different colors and color combinations in the American Akita, including black, white, chocolate, a combination of color and white, or brindle. The Akita is double-coated, with the undercoat being very dense and plush; the topcoat is short. Overall, grooming the Akita isn't terribly difficult. But the Akita is a shedder, so frequent vacuuming will be your new lifestyle if you choose this breed. Akita fur will be found on furniture, clothing, dishes, in food, and will form myriad dust bunnies on floors and carpets. Heavier shedding occurs two or three times a year. Weekly brushing helps reduce the amount of hair in your home, and it keeps the plush coat of the Akita healthy. Despite his self-grooming habits, the Akita also needs bathing every three months or so. Of course, more often is okay if your dog rolls in a mud puddle or something smelly. The nails need to be trimmed once a month, and the ears checked once a week for dirt, redness, or a bad odor that can indicate an infection. Also wipe the ears out weekly, using a cotton ball dampened with gentle, pH-balanced ear cleaner, to prevent problems. As with all breeds, it is important to begin grooming the Akita at an early age. Making grooming a positive and soothing experience will ensure easier handling as your Akita puppy grows into a large, willful adult. Children And Other Pets Adults should always supervise interactions between dogs and kids, and this is especially true with this breed. No child could have a more loyal guardian and playmate than an Akita — but a mistreated Akita can become a liability and may even endanger your child's life. It is imperative to teach youngsters to be respectful and kind in all their interactions with him. That said, the Akita is suitable for families with older children. He should live in a one-pet household, however, because he is aggressive toward other dogs and will chase other pets. Rescue Groups Akitas are often obtained without any clear understanding of what goes into owning one. There are many Akitas in need of adoption and or fostering. There are a number of rescues that we have not listed. If you don't see a rescue listed for your area, contact the national breed club or a local breed club and they can point you toward an Akita rescue organization.	i don't know
Bufophobia is an abnormal fear of which creatures?	A to Z List of Phobias - Fear of Stuff A to Z List of Phobias A to Z List of Phobias A Ablutophobia – Fear of washing or bathing. Acarophobia – Fear of itching or of the insects that cause itching. Acerophobia – Fear of sourness. Aerophobia – Fear of drafts, air swallowing, or airbourne noxious substances. Aeroacrophobia – Fear of open high places. Aeronausiphobia – Fear of vomiting secondary to airsickness. Aftokinitophobia – Fear of automobiles (cars). Agateophobia – Fear of insanity. Agoraphobia – Fear of open spaces or of being in crowded, public places like markets. Agraphobia – Fear of sexual abuse. Agrizoophobia – Fear of wild animals. Agyrophobia – Fear of streets or crossing the street. Aichmophobia – Fear of needles or pointed objects. Ailurophobia – Fear of cats. Albuminurophobia – Fear of kidney disease. Alektorophobia – Fear of chickens. Alysidophobia – Fear of a chain or chains. Amathophobia – Fear of dust. Amaxophobia – Fear of riding in a car. Ambulophobia – Fear of walking. Amychophobia – Fear of scratches or being scratched. Anablephobia – Fear of looking up. Ancraophobia or Anemophobia – Fear of wind. Androphobia – Fear of men. Anemophobia – Fear of air drafts or wind. Anginophobia – Fear of angina, choking or narrowness. Anglophobia – Fear of England, English culture, etc. Angrophobia – Fear of anger or of becoming angry. Ankylophobia – Fear of immobility of a joint. Anthrophobia or Anthophobia – Fear of flowers. Anthropoiophobia or Anthophobia – Fear of people. Anthropophobia – Fear of people or society. Antlophobia – Fear of floods. Anuptaphobia – Fear of staying single. Apeirophobia – Fear of infinity. Aphenphosmphobia – Fear of being touched. Apiphobia – Fear of bees. Apolithomaphobia – The fear of a fossil, fossils, or of Paleontology. Apotemnophobia – Fear of persons with amputations. Arachibutyrophobia – Fear of peanut butter sticking to the roof of the mouth. Arachnephobia or Arachnophobia – Fear of spiders. Arithmophobia – Fear of numbers. Arythmophobia – Fear of not having rhythm. Asanserophobia – Fear of an elevator or elevators. Asthenophobia – Fear of fainting or weakness. Astraphobia or Astrapophobia – Fear of thunder and lightning. Astrophobia – Fear of stars and celestial space. Astynomiaphobia – Fear of police. Asymmetriphobia – Fear of asymmetrical things. Ataxiophobia – Fear of ataxia (muscular incoordination) Ataxophobia – Fear of disorder or untidiness. Atelophobia – Fear of imperfection. Atephobia – Fear of ruin or ruins. Athazagoraphobia – Fear of being forgotton or ignored or forgetting. Atomosophobia – Fear of atomic explosions. Atychiphobia – Fear of failure. Auroraphobia – Fear of Northern lights. Autodysomophobia – Fear of one that has a vile odor. Automatonophobia – Fear of ventriloquist’s dummies, animatronic creatures, wax statues – anything that falsly represents a sentient being. Automysophobia – Fear of being dirty. Autophobia – Fear of being alone or of oneself. Aviophobia or Aviatophobia – Fear of flying. B Ballistophobia – Fear of missiles or bullets. Bolshephobia – Fear of Bolsheviks. Basophobia or Basiphobia – Inability to stand. Bathmophobia – Fear of stairs or steep slopes. Bathophobia – Fear of depth. Batophobia – Fear of heights or being close to high buildings. Batrachophobia – Fear of amphibians, such as frogs, newts, salamanders, etc. Belonephobia – Fear of pins and needles. Bibliophobia – Fear of books. Biblosophobia – The fear of the Bible. Blennophobia – Fear of slime. Bogyphobia – Fear of bogies or the bogeyman. Botanophobia – Fear of plants. Boutyronophobia – The fear of butter. Bromidrosiphobia or Bromidrophobia – Fear of body smells. Brontophobia – Fear of thunder and lightning. Bufonophobia – Fear of toads. Cainophobia or Cainotophobia – Fear of newness, novelty. Caligynephobia – Fear of beautiful women. Cancerophobia – Fear of cancer. Cardiophobia – Fear of the heart. Carnophobia – Fear of meat. Catagelophobia – Fear of being ridiculed. Catapedaphobia – Fear of jumping from high and low places. Cathisophobia – Fear of sitting. Cenophobia or Centophobia – Fear of new things or ideas. Ceraunophobia – Fear of thunder. Chartinosophobia – The fear of paper. Cheimaphobia or Cheimatophobia – Fear of cold. Chemophobia – Fear of chemicals or working with chemicals. Cherophobia – Fear of gaiety. Chinaphobia – The fear of a goose or of geese. Chionophobia – Fear of snow. Chiraptophobia – Fear of being touched. Chirophobia – Fear of hands. Choirinophobia – The fear of pork. Cholerophobia – Fear of anger or the fear of cholera. Chorophobia – Fear of dancing. Christougenniatiko dentrophobia – The fear of Christmas Trees or a Christmas Tree. Chrometophobia or Chrematophobia – Fear of money. Chromophobia or Chromatophobia – Fear of colors. Chronophobia – Fear of time. Cibophobia or Sitophobia or Sitiophobia – Fear of food. Claustrophobia – Fear of confined spaces. Cleithrophobia or Cleisiophobia – Fear of being locked in an enclosed place. Cleptophobia – Fear of stealing. Climacophobia – Fear of stairs, climbing or of falling downstairs. Clinophobia – Fear of going to bed. Clithrophobia or Cleithrophobia – Fear of being enclosed. Cnidophobia – Fear of stings. Contreltophobia – Fear of sexual abuse. Coprastasophobia – Fear of constipation. Counterphobia – The preference by a phobic for fearful situations. Cremnophobia – Fear of precipices. Cryophobia – Fear of extreme cold, ice or frost. Crystallophobia – Fear of crystals or glass. Cyberphobia – Fear of computers or working on a computer. Cyclophobia – Fear of bicycles. Cymophobia – Fear of waves or wave like motions. Cynophobia – Fear of dogs or rabies. Cypridophobia, Cypriphobia, Cyprianophobia, or Cyprinophobia – Fear of prostitutes or venereal disease. D Decidophobia – Fear of making decisions. Defecaloesiophobia – Fear of painful bowels movements. Deipnophobia – Fear of dining or dinner conversations. Dementophobia – Fear of insanity. Demonophobia or Daemonophobia – Fear of demons. Demophobia – Fear of crowds. Dermatophobia – Fear of skin lesions. Dermatosiophobia or Dermatophobia or Dermatopathophobia – Fear of skin disease. Dextrophobia – Fear of objects at the right side of the body. Diabetophobia – Fear of diabetes. Diaitaphobia – Fear of diets and dieting. Didaskaleinophobia – Fear of going to school. Dikastisophobia – Fear of a judge, justice, or magistrate. Dikephobia – Fear of justice. Dikigorosophobia – Fear of a lawyer or lawyers. Dinophobia – Fear of dizziness or whirlpools. Diplophobia – Fear of double vision. Dipsophobia – Fear of drinking. Dishabiliophobia – Fear of undressing in front of someone. Domatophobia or Oikophobia – Fear of houses or being in a house. Doraphobia – Fear of fur or skins of animals. Doxophobia – Fear of expressing opinions or of receiving praise. Dromophobia – Fear of crossing streets. Dutchphobia – Fear of the Dutch. Dysmorphophobia – Fear of deformity. Efimeridaphobia – The fear of a newspaper. Eicophobia or Oikophobia – Fear of home surroundings. Eisoptrophobia – Fear of mirrors or of seeing oneself in a mirror. Electrophobia – Fear of electricity. Enosiophobia or Enissophobia – Fear of having committed an unpardonable sin or of criticism. Entomophobia – Fear of insects. Eosophobia – Fear of dawn or daylight. Ephebiphobia – Fear of teenagers. Eremophobia – Fear of being oneself or of lonliness. Ereuthrophobia – Fear of blushing. Ergasiophobia – 1) Fear of work or functioning. Ergophobia – Fear of work. Erotophobia – Fear of sexual love or sexual questions. Ethismosophobia – The fear of addiction. Euphobia – Fear of hearing good news. Eurotophobia – Fear of female genitalia. Erythrophobia, Erytophobia or Ereuthophobia – 1) Fear of redlights. F Falainaphobia – Fear of a whale or whales. Febriphobia, Fibriphobia or Fibriophobia – Fear of fever. Felinophobia – Fear of cats. Feretrophobia – Fear of a coffin, coffins, casket, caskets, or sarcophagus Fykiaphobia – The fear of seaweed (like Kelp). Foniasophobia – Fear of killers, murderers, and serial killers. Fotografiki michaniophobia – The fear of a camera. Fotografizophobia – The fear of photographs or of having your photograph taken. Francophobia – Fear of France, French culture. Frigophobia – Fear of cold, cold things. Fyllophobia – The fear of a leaf or of leaves. G Galeophobia or Gatophobia – Fear of cats. Gallophobia or Galiophobia – Fear France, French culture. Gamophobia – Fear of marriage. Gephyrophobia , Gephydrophobia , or Gephysrophobia – Fear of crossing bridges. Germanophobia – Fear of Germany, German culture, etc. Gerascophobia – Fear of growing old. Gerontophobia – Fear of old people or of growing old. Geumaphobia or Geumophobia – Fear of taste. Gigantasophobia – Fear of Giants and tall people. Giaourtiophobia – The fear of yogurt. Glossophobia – Fear of speaking in public or of trying to speak. Gnosiophobia – Fear of knowledge. Gounaphobia – Fear of fur or items made of fur. Gourouniophobia – The fear of a pig, pigs, and or a boar or boars. Graphophobia – Fear of writing or handwriting. Gymnophobia – Fear of nudity. Gynephobia or Gynophobia – Fear of women. H Hagiophobia – Fear of saints or holy things. Hamartophobia – Fear of sinning. Haphephobia or Haptephobia – Fear of being touched. Harpaxophobia – Fear of being robbed. Hauntophobia – Fear of haunted houses. Hedonophobia – Fear of feeling pleasure. Heliophobia – Fear of the sun. Hellenologophobia – Fear of Greek terms or complex scientific terminology. Helminthophobia – Fear of being infested with worms. Hemophobia or Hemaphobia or Hematophobia – Fear of blood. Heresyphobia or Hereiophobia – Fear of challenges to official doctrine or of radical deviation. Herpetophobia – Fear of reptiles or creepy, crawly things. Heterophobia – Fear of the opposite sex. Hierophobia – Fear of priests or sacred things. Hippophobia – Fear of horses. Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia – Fear of long words. Hobophobia – Fear of bums or beggars. Hodophobia – Fear of road travel. Hormephobia – Fear of shock. Homophobia – Fear of sameness, monotony or of homosexuality or of becoming homosexual. Hoplophobia – Fear of firearms. Hydrargyophobia – Fear of mercurial medicines. Hydrophobia – Fear of water or of rabies. Hydrophobophobia – Fear of rabies. Hyelophobia or Hyalophobia – Fear of glass. Hygrophobia – Fear of liquids, dampness, or moisture. Hylephobia – Fear of materialism OR the fear of epilepsy. Hylophobia – Fear of forests. Hypengyophobia or Hypegiaphobia – Fear of responsibility. Hypnophobia – Fear of sleep or of being hypnotized. Hypsiphobia – Fear of height. Iatrophobia – Fear of going to the doctor or of doctors. Ichthyophobia – Fear of fish. Illyngophobia – Fear of vertigo or feeling dizzy when looking down. Iophobia – Fear of poison. Isolophobia – Fear of solitude, being alone. Isopterophobia – Fear of termites, insects that eat wood. Ithyphallophobia – Fear of seeing, thinking about or having an erect penis. J Kainophobia – Fear of anything new, novelty. Kakorrhaphiophobia – Fear of failure or defeat. Kaktosophobia – Fear of cactus. Kaoutsoukaphobia – The fear of rubber and or latex. Karchariasophobia – Fear of a shark or sharks. Katagelophobia – Fear of ridicule. Katalogosophobia – Fear of lists, catalogues, directories, and inventories. Kathisophobia – Fear of sitting down. Katsaridaphobia – Fear of a cockroack or cockroaches. Kenophobia – Fear of voids or empty spaces. Keraunophobia – Fear of thunder and lightning. Keriophobia – Fear of a candle or candles. Kinetophobia or Kinesophobia – Fear of movement or motion. Kleptophobia – Fear of stealing. Kloounophobia – Fear of a clown of clowns. Koinoniphobia – Fear of rooms. Kolpophobia – Fear of genitals, particularly female. Kommeodendro – The fear of the rubber plant. Kopophobia – Fear of fatigue. Kosmikophobia – Fear of cosmic phenomenon. Kouneliophobia – Fear of a rabbit or rabbits. Koutaliophobia – Fear of a spoon or spoons Kreopolisophobia – Fear of a butcher. Kyklonasophobia – Fear of a tornado or tornados. Kymophobia – Fear of waves. Laliophobia or Lalophobia – Fear of speaking. Leprophobia or Lepraphobia – Fear of leprosy. Leukophobia – Fear of the color white. Levophobia – Fear of things to the left side of the body. ligyrophobia – Fear of loud noises. lilapsophobia – Fear of tornadoes and hurricanes. limnophobia – Fear of lakes. Luiphobia – Fear of lues, syphillis. Lutraphobia – Fear of otters. Lyssophobia – Fear of rabies or of becoming mad. M Macrophobia – Fear of long waits. Mageirocophobia – Fear of cooking. Magosophobia – Fear of Magician, Magicians, magic, and magic tricks. Maieusiophobia – Fear of childbirth. Malaxophobia – Fear of love play. Maliaphobia – Fear of wigs Maskaphobia – Fear of a mask or masks. Masklophobia – Fear of masks or mascots. Mastigophobia – Fear of punishment. Medomalacuphobia – Fear of losing an erection. Medorthophobia – Fear of an erect penis. Megalophobia – Fear of large things. Melissophobia – Fear of bees. Melanophobia – Fear of the color black. Melophobia – Fear or hatred of music. Meningitophobia – Fear of brain disease. Menophobia – Fear of menstruation. Merinthophobia – Fear of being bound or tied up. Metamfiezomaiophobia – Fear of a mime, mimes, pantomime, or people in disguises. Metallophobia – Fear of metal. Meteorophobia – Fear of a meteor or meteors. Methyphobia – Fear of alcohol. Metrophobia – Fear or hatred of poetry. Microbiophobia – Fear of microbes. Microphobia – Fear of small things. Misophobia – Fear of being contaminated with dirt of germs. Mnemophobia – Fear of memories. Molybiphobia – The fear of lead, lead pencils, and of a pencil. Molysmophobia or Molysomophobia – Fear of dirt or contamination. Monophobia – Fear of solitude or being alone. Monopathophobia – Fear of definite disease. Motorphobia – Fear of automobiles. Mottephobia – Fear of a moth or moths. Musophobia or Murophobia – Fear of mice. Mycophobia – Fear or aversion to mushrooms. Mycrophobia – Fear of small things. Myctophobia – Fear of darkness. Mygaphobia – Fear of a fly or flies. Myrmecophobia – Fear of ants. Myrmigkiophobia – The fear of an ant or ants. Mysophobia – Fear of germs or contamination or dirt. Mythophobia – Fear of myths or stories or false statements. Myxophobia – Fear of slime. Nanosophobia – Fear of a Dwarf (Dwarfs), Midget (Midgets), and little People. Narkotikaphobia – The fear of a drug or of drugs. Nebulaphobia – Fear of fog. Necrophobia – Fear of death or dead things. Nelophobia – Fear of glass. Neopharmaphobia – Fear of new drugs. Neophobia – Fear of anything new. Nephophobia – Fear of clouds. Noctiphobia – Fear of the night. Nomatophobia – Fear of names. Nosophobia or Nosemaphobia – Fear of becoming ill. Nostophobia – Fear of returning home. Novercaphobia – Fear of your step-mother. Nucleomituphobia – Fear of nuclear weapons. Nudophobia – Fear of nudity. Obesophobia – Fear of gaining weight. Ochlophobia – Fear of crowds or mobs. Ochophobia – Fear of vehicles. Octophobia – Fear of the figure 8. Odontophobia – Fear of teeth or dental surgery. Odynophobia or Odynephobia – Fear of pain. Oenophobia – Fear of wines. Oikophobia – Fear of home surroundings, house. Olfactophobia – Fear of smells. Ombrophobia – Fear of rain or of being rained on. Ommetaphobia or Ommatophobia – Fear of eyes. Oneirophobia – Fear of dreams. Oneirogmophobia – Fear of wet dreams. Onomatophobia – Fear of hearing a certain word or of names. Ophidiophobia – Fear of snakes. Ophthalmophobia – Fear of being stared at. Opiophobia – Fear medical doctors experience of prescribing needed pain medications for patients. Optophobia – Fear of opening one’s eyes. Ornithophobia – Fear of birds. Osmophobia or Osphresiophobia – Fear of smells or odors. Ostraconophobia – Fear of shellfish. Petaloudaphobia – Fear of a Butterfly or Butterflies. Petsetaphobia – Fear of a towel or of being hit by a towel. Phagophobia – Fear of swallowing or of eating or of being eaten. Phalacrophobia – Fear of becoming bald. Phallophobia – Fear of a penis, esp erect. Pharmacophobia – Fear of taking medicine or the fear of drugs. Phasmophobia – Fear of ghosts. Phengophobia – Fear of daylight or sunshine. Philemaphobia or Philematophobia – Fear of kissing. Philophobia- Fear of falling in love or being in love. Philosophobia – Fear of philosophy. Photoaugliaphobia – Fear of glaring lights. Photophobia – Fear of light. Phonophobia – Fear of noises or voices or one’s own voice; of telephones. Phronemophobia – Fear of thinking. Pluviophobia – Fear of rain or of being rained on. Pneumatiphobia – Fear of spirits. Pnigophobia or Pnigerophobia – Fear of choking of being smothered. Pocrescophobia – Fear of gaining weight. Podiaphobia – The fear of a foot or of feet. Podophobia – Fear of feet. Poliosophobia – Fear of contracting poliomyelitis. Politicophobia – Fear or abnormal dislike of politicians. Polyphobia – Fear of many things. Poinephobia – Fear of punishment. Ponophobia – Fear of overworking or of pain. Porphyrophobia – Fear of the color purple. Potamophobia – Fear of rivers or running water. Potophobia – Fear of alcohol. Prasinosophobia – Fear of the color green. Proctophobia – Fear of rectum. Prosopeiophobia – Fear of a mask, mascot, masks, or mascots. Psariophobia – Fear of fish. Sarmassophobia – Fear of love play. Satanophobia – Fear of Satan. Scatophobia – Fear of fecal matter. Scelerophibia – Fear of bad men, burglars. Sciophobia or Sciaphobia – Fear of shadows. Scoleciphobia – Fear of worms. Scopophobia or Scoptophobia – Fear of being seen or stared at. Scotomaphobia – Fear of blindness in visual field. Scotophobia – Fear of darkness. Scriptophobia – Fear of writing in public. Selachophobia – Fear of sharks. Selaphobia – Fear of light flashes. Selenophobia – Fear of the moon. Seplophobia – Fear of decaying matter. Serpantinaphobia – The fear of a paper streamer or paper streamers. Sesquipedalophobia – Fear of long words. Sexophobia – Fear of the opposite sex. Siderodromophobia – Fear of trains, railroads or train travel. Siderophobia – Fear of stars. Sinistrophobia – Fear of things to the left, left-handed. Sinophobia – Fear of Chinese, Chinese culture. Sitophobia or Sitiophobia – Fear of food or eating. Skalopatiophobia – Fear of stairs. Tachydaktylourgosophobiaophobia – Fear of a juggler, jugglers, or juggling items. Taeniophobia or Teniophobia – Fear of tapeworms. Taphephobia Taphophobia – Fear of being buried alive or of cemeteries. Tapinophobia – Fear of being contagious. Tatouazophobia – The fear of a tattoo, tattoos or of being tattooed. Taurophobia – Fear of bulls. Teleophobia – 1) Fear of definite plans. Telephonophobia – Fear of telephones. Teratophobia – Fear of bearing a deformed child or fear of monsters or deformed people. Testophobia – Fear of taking tests. Tetanophobia – Fear of lockjaw, tetanus. Teutophobia – Fear of German or German things. Textophobia – Fear of certain fabrics. Thaasophobia – Fear of sitting. Thanatophobia or Thantophobia – Fear of death or dying. Thanatosaphobia – Fear of death.	Toad
Which record label called itself “Soulsville USA”?	List of Phobias by Name – Designed Thinking Batophobia– Fear of heights or being close to high buildings. Batrachophobia– Fear of amphibians, such as frogs, newts, salamanders, etc. Belonephobia– Fear of pins and needles Bibliophobia– Fear of books. Bogyphobia– Fear of bogeys or the bogeyman. Botanophobia– Fear of plants. Bromidrosiphobia or Bromidrophobia– Fear of body smells. Brontophobia– Fear of thunder and lightning. Bufonophobia– Fear of toads. Caligynephobia– Fear of beautiful women. Cancerophobia or Carcinophobia– Fear of cancer. Cardiophobia– Fear of the heart. Carnophobia– Fear of meat. Catagelophobia– Fear of being ridiculed. Catoptrophobia– Fear of mirrors. Cenophobia or Centophobia– Fear of new things or ideas. Ceraunophobia – Fear of thunder and lightning. Chaetophobia– Fear of hair. Chemophobia– Fear of chemicals or working with chemicals. Chiraptophobia– Fear of being touched. Chirophobia– Fear of hands. Cyberphobia– Fear of computers or working on a computer.. Cynophobia– Fear of dogs or rabies. Cypridophobia or Cypriphobia – Fear of prostitutes or venereal disease. Decidophobia– Fear of making decisions. Defecaloesiophobia– Fear of painful bowels movements. Deipnophobia– Fear of dining or dinner conversations. Dementophobia– Fear of insanity. Demonophobia or Daemonophobia– Fear of demons. Demophobia– Fear of crowds. Dermatosiophobia or Dermatophobia or Dermatopathophobia– Fear of skin disease.. Diabetophobia– Fear of diabetes. Didaskaleinophobia– Fear of going to school. Dikephobia– Fear of justice.. Dishabiliophobia– Fear of undressing in front of someone. Disposophobia– Fear of throwing stuff out. Hoarding. Doraphobia– Fear of fur or skins of animals. Doxophobia– Fear of expressing opinions or of receiving praise. Dysmorphophobia– Fear of deformity. Eremophobia– Fear of being oneself or of loneliness. Ereuthrophobia– Fear of blushing. Ergasiophobia– 1) Fear of work or functioning. 2) Surgeon’s fear of operating. Ergophobia– Fear of work. Erotophobia– Fear of sexual love or sexual questions. Euphobia– Fear of hearing good news. Eurotophobia– Fear of female genitalia. Febriphobia or Fibriphobia or Fibriophobia– Fear of fever. Felinophobia– Fear of cats. Frigophobia– Fear of cold or cold things. Galeophobia or Gatophobia– Fear of cats. Gamophobia– Fear of marriage. Gelotophobia– Fear of being laughed at. Genophobia– Fear of sex. Gephyrophobia or Gephydrophobia or Gephysrophobia– Fear of crossing bridges.. Gerascophobia– Fear of growing old. Gerontophobia– Fear of old people or of growing old. Glossophobia– Fear of speaking in public or of trying to speak. Gnosiophobia– Fear of knowledge. Graphophobia– Fear of writing or handwriting. Gymnophobia– Fear of nudity. Gynephobia or Gynophobia– Fear of women. Hadephobia– Fear of hell. Hagiophobia– Fear of saints or holy things. Hamartophobia– Fear of sinning. Haphephobia or Haptephobia– Fear of being touched. Harpaxophobia– Fear of being robbed. Hedonophobia– Fear of feeling pleasure. Helminthophobia– Fear of being infested with worms. Hemophobia or Hemaphobia or Hematophobia– Fear of blood. Herpetophobia– Fear of reptiles or creepy, crawly things. Heterophobia– Fear of the opposite sex. Hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia- Fear of the number 666. Hierophobia– Fear of priests or sacred things. Hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia- Fear of long words. Hobophobia– Fear of bums or beggars. Homilophobia– Fear of sermons. Homophobia– Fear of homosexuality or of becoming homosexual. Hoplophobia– Fear of firearms. Hyelophobia or Hyalophobia– Fear of glass. Hygrophobia– Fear of liquids, dampness, or moisture. Hypengyophobia or Hypegiaphobia– Fear of responsibility. Hypnophobia– Fear of sleep or of being hypnotized. Hypsiphobia– Fear of height. Iatrophobia– Fear of going to the doctor or of doctors. Ichthyophobia– Fear of fish. Illyngophobia– Fear of vertigo or feeling dizzy when looking down. Iophobia– Fear of poison. Isolophobia- Fear of solitude, being alone. Isopterophobia– Fear of termites, insects that eat wood. Ithyphallophobia– Fear of seeing, thinking about or having an erect penis. . Kakorrhaphiophobia– Fear of failure or defeat. Katagelophobia– Fear of ridicule. Kathisophobia– Fear of sitting down. Katsaridaphobia– Fear of cockroaches. Kolpophobia- Fear of genitals, particularly female. Kopophobia– Fear of fatigue. Koniophobia– Fear of dust. (Amathophobia) Kosmikophobia– Fear of cosmic phenomenon. Kynophobia- Fear of rabies. Laliophobia or Lalophobia– Fear of speaking. Leprophobia or Lepraphobia– Fear of leprosy.. Ligyrophobia– Fear of loud noises. Lilapsophobia– Fear of tornadoes and hurricanes. Limnophobia– Fear of lakes. Microbiophobia– Fear of microbes. (Bacillophobia) Microphobia– Fear of small things. Misophobia or Mysophobia– Fear of being contaminated with dirt or germs. Mnemophobia– Fear of memories. Molysmophobia or Molysomophobia– Fear of dirt or contamination. Monophobia– Fear of solitude or being alone. Monopathophobia– Fear of definite disease. Motorphobia- Fear of automobiles. Musophobia or Muriphobia– Fear of mice. Myctophobia– Fear of darkness. Mythophobia– Fear of myths or stories or false statements. Myxophobia- Fear of slime. Necrophobia– Fear of death or dead things. Neopharmaphobia– Fear of new drugs.. Noctiphobia– Fear of the night. Nomatophobia– Fear of names. Nosophobia or Nosemaphobia– Fear of becoming ill. Nostophobia– Fear of returning home. Nudophobia– Fear of nudity. Nyctohylophobia– Fear of dark wooded areas or of forests at night Nyctophobia– Fear of the dark or of night. Obesophobia– Fear of gaining weight. Ochlophobia– Fear of crowds or mobs. Ochophobia– Fear of vehicles. Odontophobia– Fear of teeth or dental surgery. Odynophobia or Odynephobia– Fear of pain. Oenophobia- Fear of wines. Ombrophobia– Fear of rain or of being rained on.. Oneirogmophobia– Fear of wet dreams. Onomatophobia– Fear of hearing a certain word or of names. Ophidiophobia– Fear of snakes. Ophthalmophobia– Fear of being stared at. Opiophobia– Fear medical doctors prescribing pain medications for patients. Optophobia– Fear of opening one’s eyes. Ornithophobia– Fear of birds. Osmophobia or Osphresiophobia– Fear of smells or odors. Ostraconophobia– Fear of shellfish. Pagophobia– Fear of ice or frost. Panthophobia– Fear of suffering and disease. Panophobia or Pantophobia– Fear of everything. Papaphobia- Fear of the Pope. Paralipophobia– Fear of neglecting duty or responsibility. Paraphobia– Fear of sexual perversion. Parasitophobia– Fear of parasites. Paraskavedekatriaphobia– Fear of Friday the 13th. Parthenophobia– Fear of virgins or young girls. Pathophobia– Fear of disease. Radiophobia– Fear of radiation, x-rays. Ranidaphobia– Fear of frogs. Rectophobia– Fear of rectum or rectal diseases. Rhabdophobia– Fear of being severely punished or criticized. Rhypophobia– Fear of defecation. Rhytiphobia– Fear of getting wrinkles. Rupophobia– Fear of dirt. Sarmassophobia– Fear of love play. Satanophobia– Fear of Satan. Scatophobia- Fear of fecal matter. Scelerophibia– Fear of bad men, burglars. Sciophobia or Sciaphobia– Fear of shadows. Scoleciphobia– Fear of worms. Scopophobia or Scoptophobia– Fear of being seen or stared at. Scotomaphobia– Fear of blindness in visual field. Scotophobia– Fear of darkness. (Achluophobia) Scriptophobia– Fear of writing in public. Selachophobia– Fear of sharks. Selaphobia– Fear of light flashes. Seplophobia– Fear of decaying matter. Sesquipedalophobia– Fear of long words. Sexophobia– Fear of the opposite sex. Sitophobia or Sitiophobia– Fear of food or eating. (Cibophobia) Snakephobia– Fear of snakes. Social Phobia– Fear of being evaluated negatively in social situations. Sociophobia– Fear of society or people in general. Somniphobia– Fear of sleep. Soteriophobia – Fear of dependence on others.. Spectrophobia– Fear of specters or ghosts. Spermatophobia or Spermophobia– Fear of germs. Spheksophobia– Fear of wasps. Staurophobia– Fear of crosses or the crucifix. Stenophobia– Fear of narrow things or places. Stygiophobia or Stigiophobia– Fear of hell. Suriphobia– Fear of mice. Taeniophobia or Teniophobia- Fear of tapeworms. Taphephobia or Taphophobia– Fear of being buried alive or of cemeteries. Tapinophobia– Fear of being contagious. Technophobia– Fear of technology. Teratophobia– Fear of bearing a deformed child or fear of monsters or deformed people. Testophobia– Fear of taking tests. Tetanophobia- Fear of lockjaw, tetanus. Textophobia– Fear of certain fabrics. Thanatophobia or Thantophobia– Fear of death or dying. Theatrophobia– Fear of theatres. Theophobia– Fear of gods or religion. Thermophobia– Fear of heat. Tocophobia– Fear of pregnancy or childbirth. Tomophobia– Fear of surgical operations. Tonitrophobia– Fear of thunder. Topophobia– Fear of certain places or situations, such as stage fright. Toxiphobia, Toxophobia or Toxicophobia– Fear of poison or being accidently poisoned. Traumatophobia– Fear of injury. Trichopathophobia or Trichophobia– Fear of hair. (Chaetophobia, Hypertrichophobia) Triskaidekaphobia– Fear of the number 13. Tropophobia– Fear of moving or making changes. Trypanophobia– Fear of injections.	i don't know

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