Datasets:

cfli
/

ssss

Dataset card Data Studio Files Files and versions Community

Split (1)

train · 73.3k rows

question stringlengths 18 1.2k	facts stringlengths 44 500k	answer stringlengths 1 147
In which country fid Fado music originate?	Ana Moura Is Among Singers Reinvigorating Fado - The New York Times The New York Times Music \|Carving Out a Bold Destiny for Fado Search Continue reading the main story Photo The Portuguese fado singer Ana Moura, who will tour North America this summer, during a visit to New York. Credit Ruth Fremson/The New York Times IN the beginning was Amália Rodrigues. That singer so dominates the modern history of the fado, Portugal’s soulful, guitar-based national song style, that during a 60-year career brought to an end only with her death in 1999, her name became virtually synonymous with the genre, leaving precious little room for others to flourish. But during the past decade or so there has been an explosion of new voices, most of them female, as well as the renovation of a genre that had come to seem hidebound and resistant to change. A so-called novo fado, or new fado, movement has catapulted the genre into the 21st century, opening a space for bold experiments with repertory, instrumentation and ways of singing. Outside Portugal the fadista (as a practitioner of the genre is called) most evident of late is the 31-year-old Ana Moura, whose smoky contralto has drawn the attention of the Rolling Stones and Prince and who has just released a live CD called “Coliseu.” At home, though, she is just one of a bumper crop that includes Mísia, Mariza, Mafalda Arnauth, Dulce Pontes, Cristina Branco, Joana Amendoeira, Raquel Tavares, Yolanda Soares and Kátia Guerreiro. “We all have one thing in common, and that is the desire to renew the fado,” Ms. Moura, who will tour California and Canada this summer, said during an interview in New York. “This curiosity of young people for the fado is all very recent, and I think it can best be explained by this new approach to an old music that all of us have adopted.” Continue reading the main story Fado, which means fate or destiny in Portuguese, dates to the 1820s and began, as Mariza said in a telephone interview, “as the music of a port, a place where mixtures take place, with sailors bringing influences from Brazil, Africa, the Arab world and even China” to the bars, taverns and bordellos they frequented. From the beginning the essence of the music was contained in the word saudade, which Portuguese speakers claim is untranslatable but which can be rendered as longing, yearning, nostalgia or melancholy Photo Fado singer Mariz. Credit Mohamed Omar/European Pressphoto Agency “As in country music there can sometimes be a wallowing in sentimentality in fado,” said Richard Elliott, a British musicologist and the author of “Fado and the Place of Longing.” “But fado also has something in common with the blues: a sense of fatalism and despair, the feeling that everything is going wrong and also a sense that the very act of singing about that will somehow improve the situation.” Initially considered a disreputable style, fado over the next century gradually gained acceptance, most often played by small ensembles that featured both a standard guitar and the Portuguese guitar, a round 12-string instrument with a sound that is distinctly bright, delicate and chiming. But that cultural orthodoxy, combined with political developments, fostered a kind of ossification that led to fado losing some of its credibility and authenticity. Advertisement Continue reading the main story A fascist dictatorship ruled Portugal from 1926 to 1974, when a revolution toppled the old order and began reapproaching democratic Europe. The generation just coming of age at that time saw fado as a symbol of the country’s backwardness and the repression under which it had grown up, and rejected the music outright. “For decades the fado was used to emit a message of Portugal that was small, clean, poor, silent and happy, without ambition and resigned to its condition,” said Mísia , who, at 55, can claim to be a pioneer of the fado revival. “It was a symbol of that unhappy time, not its cause, but it served as a paradigm of the idea of dictatorship, conformity and misery.” In contrast many of the singers seen as being part of the “novo fado” phenomenon were brought up in a post-1974 atmosphere far more cosmopolitan than older generations, which has allowed nontraditional influences to seep into their work. Mariza, born in Mozambique in 1973, sings of an African grandmother and boasts in one of her songs of bringing “the Zambezi to the Tagus,” referring to those countries’ principal rivers. Mísia has a Spanish mother and lived for many years in Barcelona, and Ms. Moura’s parents lived in Angola, then a Portuguese colony, until the turmoil there after the 1974 revolution led them to return to Portugal. Photo Amália Rodrigues in 1972. Credit Agence France-Presse/Getty Images “My father played and sang Angolan music, and we always listened to it at home,” Ms. Moura recalled. “Even today I love African music from Angola, Cape Verde — Cesária Évora, Tito Paris.” The end of Portugal’s cultural isolation, symbolized by the country’s entry into the European Union in 1986, also made it possible for these singers to encounter what Mafalda Arnauth , 36, calls “accidental fadistas.” By that she means foreign musicians and songs that also partake of the melancholy essential to fado. Ms. Moura’s repertory, for instance, includes the Rolling Stones’ “No Expectations,” which she was invited to perform with them after they saw her sing in a traditional tavern while in Lisbon on tour in 2007. Ms. Arnauth has recorded songs by the tango composer Astor Piazzolla and the bossa-nova composer Antonio Carlos Jobim, and Mísia included Nine Inch Nails’ “Hurt” and Joy Division’s “Love Will Tear Us Apart” on her 2009 double CD, “Ruas,” and has incorporated both songs into her live show. “To me Nine Inch Nails is fado,” she said. “Like the blues, flamenco or tango, fado is a feeling, a sentiment, more than a set of notes. Tears are tears in any language.” Another characteristic of the new wave of fadistas is their willingness to write their own songs. One reason is their desire to address contemporary themes in a contemporary way, but another clearly is the long shadow that Amália Rodrigues continues to cast. Photo Fado singer Mísia. Credit Pascal Gely/Agence Bernand “Any time a new singer appears, there’s always a comparison with Amália, since she is the great goddess of the fado,” said Yolanda Soares , 39, who on her most recent CD, “Metamorphosis,” has edged away from pure fado into symphonic rock. “And if you sing one of her songs, people will always say, ‘Oh, well, Amália did it better.’ So you have to go in a different direction.” Advertisement Continue reading the main story To the dismay of purists, many singers involved in fado’s resurgence also are fiddling with the instrumental lineup typical of the genre. They supplement the traditional trio with piano, strings, electric guitar, sometimes going so far as to use horns and percussion, and make no apologies for that. “Nobody is a fadista every day, and while I’m proud to be called one, I would say that I’m really a fadista now and then,” said Dulce Pontes , 41, whose recording career began almost 20 years ago. “I’ve made my declaration of independence: I like electric guitar and drums, and that’s that. It’s still Portuguese music, not rock or blues. Why should I just do what Amália did? It doesn’t make sense.” Even the traditional fado uniform of severe black dress and shawl is being challenged. For centuries Portuguese women have worn such clothing, which is associated with the image of the faithful fisherman’s wife who goes to the beach to await, anxiously but passively, his return from the sea, a rosary in her hands and her fate in God’s. “I simply refuse to dress in black or use a shawl,” said Ms. Arnauth, who said she prefers “happier colors.” “Not only does the shawl limit your movements and expressiveness, but that kind of attire conveys the image of a victim, of the poor little thing, and that’s something I’ve been trying to get away from. I want to impose a new and different image of women.” Photo Yolanda Soares has moved from pure fado to rock. Credit Jorgen Mai for The New York Times All of this has contributed to fado’s embrace by the young and the erosion of its traditional image as a stodgy genre. In 2009 the most popular record in Portugal was a CD called “Amália Hoje” (“Amália Today”), in which standards associated with the “Queen of Fado” were given electronic, pop, chill-out or orchestral treatments by Nuno Gonçalves and Sónia Tavares, leaders of the rock group the Gift. In the larger non-Portuguese-speaking world fado also has recently developed a bit of a foothold, with groups like Clannad in Ireland and especially the Durutti Column in Britain. Prince is not only reported to be a fan, but last year he also performed onstage with Ms. Moura in Europe and has also worked with her in the recording studio. “I don’t have an awful lot to say about this,” Ms. Moura responded when asked about their collaboration. “We did some things together in his studio in Minneapolis as an experiment, where he played some of my songs, I sang some of his, and we sang some songs together by other soul singers. He has an immense liking for the fado, he’s bought my records, and he adores the sound of the Portuguese guitar. But I want to respect his space.” Advertisement Continue reading the main story In the United States, where there are significant Portuguese immigrant communities in New England and the Central Valley of California, experiments with fado are also occurring. The band Judith & Holofernes plays a style that has been dubbed fadocore, a mixture of fado (sung in English) with punk and indie-rock elements, while the conservatory-trained singer Ramana Vieira adds a New Age sensibility and instrumentation to the music with cello and drums. “Amália Rodrigues is in my DNA, but so is Kate Bush, and I started out in a new-wave band,” Ms. Vieira said before a recent performance in New York. “My purpose is to open up the fado and keep exploring it. My group doesn’t have a traditional fado configuration, so we’ve had to evolve.” One thing that remains constant amid all the changes, however, is fado’s image as a genre in which women dominate. António Zambujo and the brothers Camané and Helder Moutinho have also played a role in the fado’s resurgence, but they are an exception at a moment when fado is poised “between tradition and modernity,” as Joana Amendoeira put it. “Fado is evolving, and I’m happy to be part of that, but for all the transformations we’re seeing, the feeling and the form continue the same,” she said. “And that’s good. Like a lot of people I’ve got one foot in the past and one in the future, because I think that’s the best place to be.” A version of this article appears in print on March 27, 2011, on Page AR7 of the New York edition with the headline: Carving Out a Bold Destiny for Fado. Order Reprints \| Today's Paper \| Subscribe	Portugal
Which was the first city in the USA to be associated with brass band music?	All This Is Fado: What Is Fado? All This Is Fado A website in English about Portuguese fado music. Monday, January 19, 2009 By Anton Garcia-Fernandez. General introduction As a little kid growing up in the city of Vigo, in the northwest of Spain, my parents would now and then drive my sister and me across the border to the little town of Valença do Minho, in Portugal. It was merely a 25-minute trip, I know, but to me it meant much more than that. The landscape on the other side of the Minho river, the natural barrier that separates Spain and Portugal, was not really different, yet it was this awareness of being in another country, in contact with another language and another culture, that made all the difference to me. This regular contact with Portuguese life, less than half an hour away from my hometown, led me to develop an interest in the Portuguese language and culture in general. In time, it would lead me to the discovery of fado, at first through releases by Amalia Rodrigues and Carlos do Carmo that my father had in his extensive record collection, and later through those by great fadistas such as Alfredo Marceneiro, Fernando Farinha, Maria Teresa de Noronha, Carlos Ramos, Lucilia do Carmo, Tony de Matos, Joaquim Silveirinha, and Filipe Pinto, to mention but a few. Fado records were part of my luggage when I first came to the United States about five years ago: I play them constantly at home, and they are a regular part of my daily existence. However, I have found that the genre is largely unknown to English-speaking audiences; although it is possible to purchase fado recordings in the United States, not a great deal has been written about it in English. There are notable exceptions, such as Paul Vernon's A History of Portuguese Fado and Michael Colvin's The Reconstruction of Lisbon, yet for the most part, fado has not garnered major critical attention in English. As merely a collector of fado recordings and books about the style, it is not my intention to take a dry, serious critical approach to the intricacies of fado in this blog. I simply would like to present the music, its history, its foremost interpreters and composers, and its most important recordings to English-speaking audiences that may not be acquainted with them or with the Portuguese language. My area of scholarly research is mainly Spanish, English, and Portuguese literature; I am not a musicologist, and that is the reason why the articles published in All This Is Fado will deal mostly with the literary dimension of fado, as well as with specific songs, recordings, songwriters, and interpreters. I humbly submit these articles to the readers' scrutiny, hoping that they will be informative and interesting. If I succeed in getting people exposed to and interested in fado music, all my efforts will have been rewarded. Now, to the matter... A Brief Sketch of the History of Fado A Portuguese popular saying describes the essence of fado in the following fashion: "Fado can't be seen or heard; it simply happens" (“O fado não se vê nem se ouve; simplesmente acontece”). Like any sententious phrase, this is an extremely obscure utterance, but it is very much to the point, since fado has always defied a clear-cut definition, and its origins, in spite of the efforts of scholars, remain very much in the dark. In a recent message sent to me, Vitor Duarte, the grandson of the great fadista Alfredo Marceneiro, argues that the most important aspect of fado is that it is essentially Portuguese. Notwithstanding the fact that some musicologists have attempted to locate its birth in Brazil, these theories are not stronly sustained, and there is no doubt that throughout the twentieth century, fado became a musical symbol of Portugal, so much so that it has been described as "true expression of the Portuguese soul." Yet, like the saying above, this nationalist-laden description of the genre is not enough: fado does hail from and is mostly sung in Portugal, and so describing it merely as Portuguese does not seem to help very much. The question of the musical/literary origins of fado, then, remains open to interpretation. Scholars have tried to document its birth with varying degrees of success, producing a number of theories about the subject, none of which are fully convincing. One of these theories traces the origins of the genre back to the traditional songs of the Arabic peoples that settled in Portugal during the Middle Ages. This theory, however, does not bear in mind the fact that fado only appeared in Portugal and not in the south of Spain, also populated by Arabic peoples around the same time period. Another theory, beautifully developed in Pinto de Carvalho's classic study Historia do fado (1903), asserts that fado derives from a certain musical form known as lundum, brought to Portugal by sailors who used to cultivate it during their long sea journeys. Indeed, Portugal has always been a seafaring country, and this origin would explain the preponderance of sea-related themes in early fado lyrics. Yet, Pinto de Carvalho's explanation is not always consistent and convincing--although extremely poetic in its development--and so this theory is not widely accepted. Other theories argue that fado harks back to the rich medieval tradition of troubadour love and satirical lyrics, themes that are still common in present-day fado. However, it could be argued that these are universal themes, and most important, fado did not take root in other parts of Spain that boasted medieval poetry traditions such as that of Portugal. Whatever the origins of fado may be, Eduardo Sucena (1) divides its historical development into three different periods. First of all, fado appears in Lisbon toward 1822, and in these early years, instrumental compositions and dancing are more important than lyrics and singing. The second period begins around 1840, when the use of the guitar becomes more prominent and the popularity of fado singing overtakes that of dancing. Finally, by 1888, fado is taken to the university city of Coimbra, and it is gradually accepted across social classes and appropriated by the aristocracy. This tendency toward crossing social boundaries is a key element of fado from its earliest years, as the story of Maria Severa (1820-1846) amply proves. The figure of Severa, a Lisbon prostitute who played guitar and sang fado, has acquired a somewhat mythical dimension that makes it difficult to differentiate fact from fiction. Her love affair with the Count of Vimioso, a nobleman who appreciated fado, is widely seen as the first of many contacts between the nobility and the fado-singing working class, and as such, it is sung and remembered in many song lyrics. The pathos of Severa's story, brought to an abrupt end by her untimely death, as well as its iconographic importance within the universe of fado, calls for a separate article in this blog. The advent of radio, phonographic records, and the cinema during the first half of the twentieth century changed fado forever, standardizing its sound and the image of its performers and creating an idea of genre. It was then that fado, originally synonymous with poverty, crime, roguery, and the lower social strata, acquired national and international exposure. Its interpreters, names such as Alfredo Marceneiro, Armandinho, Ercilia Costa, Berta Cardoso, Amalia Rodrigues, and Frutuoso França, among many others, also gained widespread recognition singing on radio, on records, in movies, in theaters, and in special establishments known as fado houses (casas de fado). The physical image, dress code, and stage presence of the fadista were also constructed around this time, with black as the predominant color of the performer's outfit, in sync with a half-lit stage and a serious, almost stoic countenance. These elements are so very much inscribed in the popular imaginary of the Portuguese people that even the new, more innovative stars of the genre (Mariza, Katia Guerreiro, Camane) respect these prescriptions to a great extent. Instrumentation, Lyrical Dimension, and Styles The typical musical accompaniment of fado is rather sparse, usually consisting solely of stringed instruments such as the classical guitar (known in Portuguese as viola), the bass guitar (viola-baixo) used to stress the rhythm, and the Portuguese guitar (guitarra). The latter is closely associated with the style, and its special tuning gives fado its recognizable tinkling sound. The Portuguese guitar is a very versatile instrument, and over the decades, great instrumentists like Armandinho, Raul Nery, António Chainho, and Artur Paredes have experimented with it and perfected its sound and devised innovative playing techniques. Even though fado singing is usually accompanied by these stringed instruments, there are many recordings on which the singer is backed by a whole orchestra, and Amália Rodrigues even cut a magnificent record accompanied by saxophone great Don Byas (2). One of the most appealing aspects of fado lies in the lyrics of its songs, in which the poetic element becomes crucial. The best fado compositions are usually a perfect marriage of melody and lyrics, yet sometimes poetry prevails over the music, since many songwriters often create new lyrics for already existing tunes. The poetic universe of fado is dominated by the letmotif of saudade, a deeply nostalgic feeling of longing and yearning for love, for one's homeland, or for a past that will never be recovered. Being a mostly urban cultural expression, the city is another key element of fado, whose lyrics constantly reference the experience of the city (mostly Lisbon and Coimbra), describing its people, its neighborhoods, its festivities, its dark corners, and its grand avenues. More traditional lyrics hark back to fado's possible pre-urban existence, depicting country scenes, character types, and popular traditions. The theme of the sea is also quite recurrent, as is that of Portugal as the singer's motherland, an aspect that reveals how fado lyrics strive to come to terms with the idea of national identity. Just like other styles such as blues or country music, fado sometimes becomes self-referential, attempting to define its essence and generic boundaries, as well as celebrating some of its myths (Maria Severa, for instance) and foremost musical representatives (Armandinho, Alfredo Marceneiro, Amália Rodrigues, Ercília Costa). Finally, many poems by some of Portugal's great poets (Luís de Camões, Fernando Pessoa, Miguel Torga, José Carlos Ary dos Santos) have been set to music and entered the repertoire of fadistas. Fado is cultivated mainly in two geographic areas of Portugal, Lisbon and Coimbra, which has given rise to two distinct styles of understanding and performing this kind of music. In Lisbon—as well as in Porto—fado is usually performed by fadistas dressed in black, and many of the songs touch upon the typical themes of unrequited love, the dark side of life, and popular urban traditions and characters. Most Lisbon fado compositions are actually story songs: they narrate a story that is sometimes more complex than others. In Coimbra, fado is closely related to its ancient university, performed only by male musicians and singers who don traditional student costumes for the occasion. The fado of Coimbra has more affinities with popular ballads and folksongs than that of Lisbon, and many of its performers (José Afonso, for instance) fully embraced this traditional folk element. Not as well-known as Lisbon fado, the Coimbra style boasts many important names such as Edmundo Bettencourt, Augusto Hilário, António Menano, and the guitarists Artur and Carlos Paredes. Finally, as far as the nature of its melody and its lyrical structure, there are several different styles of fado. Frederico de Freitas (3) notes that fado is "an essentially syllabic kind of song, as are generally most Portuguese popular melodies," and that the poetic structure of most compositions consists of quatrains made out of seven, ten, or twelve syllables. Sometimes, fado melodies are uptempo (a style known as fado corrido), and in many cases, two or more fadistas improvise the lyrics in a contest sort of fashion (fado à desgarrada or fado ao desafio). According to de Freitas, there are many other recognizable styles of fado, namely fado balada, fado nocturno, fado serenata, and fado marcha, among many others, whose characteristics we will have the chance to explore in forthcoming posts. Notes (1) Eduardo Sucena. Lisboa, o fado e os fadistas. Lisbon: Edições Vega, 1992: 9-16. (2) Amália Rodrigues and Don Byas. Encontro. Valentim de Carvalho, 1973. (3) Frederico de Freitas. O fado, canção da cidade de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1973: 233-4. Posted by Anton and Erin Garcia-Fernandez at	i don't know
Dili is the capital of which country?	Dili, capital city of East Timor All... Dili, capital city of East Timor Amid the crowded refugee camps and burnt-old buildings in Dili lie charming neighborhoods where frangipani trees shed colorful flowers onto the streets, chickens and goats run free and dignified colonial buildings serve as a reminder of the past. The people are kind, the waterfront is serene, and a brief walk from any point in the city will take you to golden beaches. Familiarize yourself with the history of East Timor, or Timor-Leste as it is called by the locals, at the Resistance Museum. Housed in an impressive new building, the museum chronicles the country's 24-year long struggle for independence from Indonesia. A good timeline details the most important events in English, and the collection of gear used by the Falintil as they sought refuge in the hills is fascinating. One of the most startling and heartbreaking events in the war occurred on November 12th, 1991, when Indonesian soldiers opened fire on more than 200 civilian mourners at the Santa Cruz Cemetery. Some participants in the peaceful memorial procession were killed on sight, while others were rounded up and taken away by the military. Two American journalists also died in the massacre, and British journalist Max Stahl filmed the whole bloody event. His documentary is shown regularly in Dili's Xanana Gusmão Reading Room. The massacre became a turning point in the struggle for independence, and visitors to the cemetery can pay tribute to those who lost their lives for the freedom of East Timor. Outdoor enthusiasts have longed flocked to the country to experience its pristine and untouched nature, and few world capitals offer as many opportunities for adventure as Dili. Diving is an enormously popular activity, and the waters off the coast of the city are rich in exotic marine life. Snorkelers and scuba divers can swim with schools of barracuda, huge pelagics, and many species of turtles and sharks in the city's harbor and explore the unspoilt beauty of coral reefs not far from the shore. The island getaway of Atauro lies just outside the city, but it feels like an entirely different world. The lush mountain interior gives way to uninterrupted beaches and untouched coral reefs, and its isolation ensures that visitors will not see many passerby on its extensive walking trails or while snorkeling in the crystalline waters. A few small villages spread across Atauro, but travelers should stock up on supplies in Dili and consider hiring a local guide in the capital before boating over to the island. As the sun starts to set, join the faithful locals in their nightly pilgrimage to the massive statue of Jesus that tops the headlands to the east of the capital. You will find yourself surrounded by both sporty expats and local fisherman as you make the trek past several representations of the stations of the cross on the way up the hill. When you reach the statue, look out across the bay to enjoy one of the most spectacular views of Dili against the setting sun. Finish the evening with a giant margarita on the beach, and don't forget to look up; the stars are incredible above the city. Dili Geographical Location Dili is located on the northwestern coast of East Timor facing the Banda Sea. Dili is the largest city in East Timor and has a population of 195,000. Dili Language The two official languages of East Timor are Portuguese and Tetum. Dili Predominant Religion 98% Roman Catholic 2% Other While Roman Catholic is the most prominent religion, the government of East Timor reports that animist traditions are still practiced by most of the population in addition to Catholicism.	East Timor
In which newspaper did the Perishers first appear?	Timor-Leste Send me a copy Subject: Email addresses provided here will be used solely to email the link indicated. They will not be saved, shared, or used again in any manner whatsoever. The CAPTCHA code you entered is not valid, please reenter the CAPTCHA code Timor-Leste Official Name: Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste Last Updated: April 13, 2016 Embassy Messages One page required for entry stamp TOURIST VISA REQUIRED: Emergency After-Hours Telephone: +(670) 723-1328 Fax: +(670) 331-3206 [email protected] Destination Description Occupying 5,743 square miles on the eastern half of an island in the Timor Sea between Indonesia and Australia, Timor-Leste has a population of approximately 1.1 million people. Timor-Leste became independent on May 20, 2002, and is a democratically-governed, independent nation with an elected President and Parliament. Following successful presidential and parliamentary elections and a peaceful change of government in 2012, UN and Australian-led peacekeepers departed Timor- Leste. Decades of occupation and periodic eruptions of post-independence violence have left Timor-Leste with extremely poor infrastructure and limited economic opportunities. Electricity, telephone and telecommunications, roads, and lodging remain unreliable, particularly outside of the capital. Timor-Leste's economy relies largely on revenues from offshore oil and gas production. Read the Department of State's Fact Sheet on U.S.-Timor-Leste relations. Entry, Exit & Visa Requirements You need a passport valid for six months beyond the date of arrival in Timor-Leste. Travelers arriving by air may obtain a 30-day tourist visa-on-arrival for a fee of 30 USD. If entering Timor-Leste by land, you will need a visa prior to entry as visas-on-arrival are no longer available at the land border with Indonesia. You must renew this visa and pay an additional fee if you plan to stay longer than 30-days. Please see the website of the Timor-Leste Immigration Department for additional information on visas and extensions. Visitors traveling via air must transit Singapore, Darwin in Australia or Bali in Indonesia en route to Timor-Leste. The U.S. Department of State is unaware of any HIV/AIDS entry restrictions for visitors to or foreign residents of Timor-Leste. Information about dual nationality or the prevention of international child abduction can be found on our website. For further information about customs regulations, please read our Customs Information page . Safety and Security If you are in Timor-Leste, you should exercise caution, avoid large gatherings, remain alert with regard to your personal security, and avoid travel after dark to the extent possible. Exercise caution in public places, including, but not limited to, clubs, restaurants, bars, schools, places of worship, outdoor recreational events, hotels, resorts and beaches, and other locations frequented by foreigners. You should review U.S. Embassy security messages and maintain a high level of security awareness while moving around the country. You should be alert to the potential for violence, and avoid demonstrations, large political gatherings, and areas where disturbances have occurred. Demonstrations can occur at or near symbols and institutions of the Government of Timor-Leste, including government buildings, police stations, and houses belonging to prominent politicians. Even demonstrations intended to be peaceful can turn confrontational and escalate into violence with little or no warning. Timor-Leste has experienced several episodes of violence since becoming independent in 2002. However, there have been no major country-wide civil disturbances since 2008, and international peacekeepers departed the country at the end of 2012. Timorese security forces occasionally establish official security checkpoints along roads.. You may be expected to show your passport at these checkpoints. There also are occasional illegal checkpoints not operated by the police or military in uniforms, which you should avoid, but which, to date, have been primarily targeted at Timorese nationals. If you are traveling in Timor-Leste, you should remember that despite its small size, much of the territory is isolated and can be difficult to reach by available transportation or communication links. All U.S. citizens should ensure that passports and important personal papers are in order at all times in the event it becomes necessary to leave the country quickly . If your passport visa pages are nearly full, apply for a new passport before you travel. The U.S. Embassy in Dili is not able to issue emergency passports and has only limited capacity to process passport renewals. The U.S. Embassy Dili works with the U.S. Embassy Jakarta to issue emergency passports on a case by case basis. To stay connected: Enroll in the Smart Traveler Enrollment Program so we can keep you up to date with important safety and security announcements. Follow the Bureau of Consular Affairs on Twitter and Facebook . Bookmark the Bureau of Consular Affairs website , which contains the current Travel Warnings and Travel Alerts as well as the Worldwide Caution . Follow the U.S. Embassy in Timor-Leste by visiting the Embassy’s website and Facebook page In the event of an emergency, contact us at 1-888-407-4747 toll-free within the United States and Canada, or via a regular toll line, 1-202-501-4444, from other countries. Take some time before traveling to consider your personal security and check for useful tips for traveling safely abroad . CRIME: Crimes such as pick pocketing, purse snatching, residential and automobile break-ins, and theft occur throughout the country but are more frequent in the capital, Dili. These crimes often occur in recreational areas and facilities frequented by foreigners. Victims of crime who resist may face physical violence by perpetrators. There is occasional gang-related violence, which, at times, has affected foreign nationals. Stone-throwing attacks on vehicles occur during periods of gang conflicts and civil unrest and have resulted in serious injury and death in the past. You should avoid travel at night or alone in unfamiliar areas. Women should avoid traveling or taking taxis alone, especially at night.. Women walking or exercising alone in Dili have reported harrassment and groping incidents. VICTIMS OF CRIME: If you or someone you know becomes the victim of a crime abroad, you should contact the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. We can: Help you replace a stolen passport. All U.S. passports are printed in the U.S., the passport application process may take 4 to 6 weeks. If you sitation requires you to travel sooner than 4 to 6 weeks, please call +670-332-4684. Help you find appropriate medical care if you are the victim of violent crimes such as assault or rape. Put you in contact with the appropriate police authorities, and if you want us to, contact family members or friends. Help you understand the local criminal justice process and direct you to local attorneys, although it is important to remember that local authorities are responsible for investigating and prosecuting the crime. The local equivalent of the “911” emergency line in Timor-Leste is 112, but the line is frequently busy or unattended. Please see our information for victims of crime , including possible victim compensation programs in the United States. Local Laws & Special Circumstances CRIMINAL PENALTIES: While you are traveling in Timor-Leste, you are subject to its laws. Foreign laws and legal systems can be vastly different from our own. Persons violating Timor-Leste’s laws, even unknowingly, may be expelled, arrested, or imprisoned. Penalties for possessing, using, or trafficking in illegal drugs in Timor-Leste are severe, and convicted offenders can expect long jail sentences and heavy fines. In Timor-Leste, you may be taken in for questioning if you don’t have your passport with you. If you are suspected of criminal activity, the law provides that you may be incarcerated for up to one year pending the criminal investigation. Driving under the influence could land you immediately in jail. If you break local laws in Timor-Leste, your U.S. passport won’t help you avoid arrest or prosecution. There are also some things that might be legal in the country you visit, but still illegal in the United States. You can be prosecuted in the United States for engaging in sexual conduct with children or for using or disseminating child pornography in a foreign country regardless of the legality of these activities under that country’s laws. Counterfeit and pirated goods are illegal in the United States and if you purchase them in a foreign country, you may be breaking local law as well. Arrest notifications in host country: While some countries will automatically notify the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate if a U.S. citizen is detained or arrested in that country, others may not. To ensure that the United States is aware of your circumstances, request that the police and prison officials notify the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate as soon as you are arrested or detained overseas. SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES: Scuba Diving Accidents: Timor-Leste’s diverse marine life and pristine reefs make scuba diving a popular pastime. However, there is no hyperbaric chamber in the country for the treatment decompression sickness – a serious medical condition associated with underwater diving. The closest hyperbaric chambers are in Darwin, Australia and Bali, Indonesia. Medical services requiring a hyperbaric chamber can be very expensive and accessing those facilities would require appropriately pressurized air ambulance evacuation, therefore specialized scuba diving accident insurance is highly recommended. Options for scuba diving insurance include Divers Alert Network and Dive Assure . The closest hyperbaric chambers are located at: Royal Darwin Hospital Health Although limited emergency medical care is available in Dili, options for routine medical care throughout the rest of country are extremely limited. Serious medical problems require hospitalization and/or medical evacuation to Australia (the nearest point with acceptable medical care), Singapore, or the United States, and can cost thousands of dollars. Zika Virus: Zika virus is a mosquito-borne illness, typically transmitted by the day biting Aedes aegypti mosquito, that can be spread from a pregnant woman to her unborn baby as well as through sexual contact and blood transfusion. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has concluded that the Zika virus is a cause of microcephaly and other neurological conditions. For general information and the latest updates about Zika and steps to prevent mosquito bites and sexual exposure to the virus, please visit the CDC website . You can find detailed information on vaccinations and other health precautions on the CDC website . For information about outbreaks of infectious diseases abroad, consult the World Health Organization (WHO) website , which contains additional health information for travelers, including detailed country-specific health information . Travel & Transportation TRAFFIC SAFETY AND ROAD CONDITIONS: While in Timor-Leste, you may encounter road conditions that differ significantly from those in the United States. All traffic operates on the left side of the road, and most vehicles use right-hand drive. Roads are often poorly maintained, and four-wheel drive may be required in some areas. Sparse or non-existent lighting and poor road conditions make driving at night hazardous. Driving in Dili is especially hazardous, with large trucks and military vehicles sharing the streets with vendors, pedestrians, and livestock. Many cars and, especially, motorcycles operate at night without lights. Taxis, small buses, and mini-vans provide public transportation in Dili and elsewhere. However, public transportation is generally overcrowded, uncomfortable, and below international safety standards. Public transportation operators have been known to unexpectedly drop passengers at locations other than their destination due to the operators’ fears about certain areas or hours. Disagreement about fares has occasionally led to hostilities. Public transport is generally inadvisable and is generally unavailable after dark, although taxis are occasionally available at select locations. During the rainy season from November to May, rain showers can severely damage cross-island roadways, making roads particularly risky. You should use caution when traveling on the cross-island roadways in the mountain areas of Aileu, Ermera, Manatuto, Ainaro, and Manufahi districts. Accidents occur frequently. When there is an accident, you should contact the police. Bystanders sometimes attack the driver perceived to be responsible for a traffic accident. T his is more common in rural areas and in accidents involving Timorese drivers, but crowds have occasionally attacked foreign drivers at the scene of an accident. If you are involved in an accident and believe that there is a threat of bodily harm from people at the scene of the accident, it is advisable to drive to the nearest police station before stopping. While vehicle insurance is required in Timor-Leste, compliance with this rule is limited and many drivers are uninsured. Most traffic accidents are settled informally between those involved. Please refer to our Road Safety page for more information. AVIATION SAFETY OVERSIGHT: As there is no direct commercial air service to the United States by carriers registered in Timor-Leste, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has not assessed the government of Timor-Leste’s Civil Aviation Authority for compliance with International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) aviation safety standards. Further information may be found on the FAA’s safety assessment page .	i don't know
Which is England’s deepest lake?	A Quick Guide to England's Lake District Updated December 24, 2016. Claims to fame: The Lake District, in England's Northwest, is a vast national park, carved out by glaciers about 15,000 years ago. It has: four mountains over 3,000 feet including England's highest about 50 lakes and tarns, including England's biggest and England's deepest connections with leading literary figures, including Wordsworth, Coleridge and de Quincey. been attracting visitors for hundreds of years - dating back to intrepid lady diarist Celia Fiennes in 1698 inspired England's most famous fell walking guides - The Wainwright Guides. Lakeland statistics and superlatives: The Lake District is England's only true mountain region. The national park covers 885 square miles (33 miles north to south, 40 miles east to west) - about 85 percent of the area of Rhode Island. Among its outstanding features: Windermere, England's biggest natural lake is 10.56 miles long, a mile wide and about 220 feet deep. Wastwater, England's deepest lake has a surface 200 feet above sea level and a bottom 50 feet below sea level. continue reading below our video Long-Haul Flight Survival Tips Scaffell Pike, at nearly 3,209 feet, is England's highest mountain - called a fell - and considered to be one of the hardest of the UK's high peaks to get to. Cities, Towns and Roads in the Lake District: Although the Lake District is England's most densely populated national park, there are no cities,large towns or major road routes. The M6 Motorway skirts the eastern edge of the national park and passes through, or near, these regional gateway cities and towns: Fell Walking in the Lakes: The word fell comes from the Old Norse word fjall for mountain. One of the most popular pastimes in the the Lake District is fell walking. The challenges range from hills around Keswick and Derwentwater that are little more than modest uphill walks of a couple of hundred feet, to difficult scrambling hikes to the top of Scafell Pike. Because the Lakeland fells are virtually bare and preside over vast, U-shaped valleys, the rewards of fell walking are the spectacular views. Alfred Wainwright and the Lakeland Fells.: Between 1952 and 1966, Alfred Wainwright, considered by many to be the father of fell walking, set out to walk 214 Lake District Peaks and write about them in seven, carefully handwritten and illustrated walking guides. These books have now become British classics.<p> In the summer of 2007, to mark the centenery of Wainwright's birth, six million people watched the BBC2 Series Wainwright Walks. Walking in Wainwright's footsteps opens up some of the best routes and views in the Lakes. A Pictorial Guide To The Lakeland Fells - Compare Prices Wainwright's "Eight Lakeland Walks" is now available as a podcast. Compare Prices The Lakes are linked to: William Wordsworth - The Gondola on Coniston Water When to go: Summers are crowded in the Lake District. There are few roads and those are narrow and wind through valleys and mountain passes so traffic can be a real problem during July and August. Go, if you can, in spring or autumn, when the color of the landscape is at its best. Winter also has its charms - there is little snow, except on the highest ground and the lakes don't usually freeze. Steamers on Lake Windermere and Ullswater cruise all year round. Keep in mind though that winter fell walking is only for well equipped walkers with plenty of experience. Some of the higher road passes can ice up in winter. Five More Cool Things to Do in the Lakes:	Wast Water
In which US state would you find the Great Salt Lake?	Wast Water - Central Lakes Central Lakes Share/Post This Details for Wast Water Wast Water a remote and tranquil lake is located in Wasdale Valley in the Lake District, and is England's deepest lake and in some places it extends below sea level. Wast Water is surrounded by a breathtaking backdrop of rugged mountains.. Wasdale Valley is isolated and rugged; scree reaches right down to the shoreline on the furthest side of the lake creating a dramatic crumbling 1500 feet high wall of rock. The rock is tinted with bands of red iron which adds contrasting colour to the black rock; this red colouring was once used for marking sheep. Wast Water which was formed by glaciation, is half a mile wide, three miles in length and reaches down to 258 feet! Magnificent mountains are a back drop to the lake including England's highest mountain, Sca Fell. There is a low level path which runs along the perimeter of the lakeside and at Oilgill Head there is a high level ridge walk with spectacular views over the lake. It's all truly breathtaking. The lake is not home to much underwater life, apart from the char and trout which inhabit the pure dark water. Wast Water is linked to the River Esk and is the source of the River Irt which goes onto flow into the Irish Sea at Ravenglass. The National Trust owns the lake and surrounding area and is responsible for ensuring the full natural beauty is maintained. On the lake's north side a narrow road runs to the valley head where the small hamlet of Wasdale Head is located, here is it is many climbers starting point for fell walks around the lake. Wast Water remains untouched by tourism and human habitation as the mountains cut it off from the rest of the Lake District.	i don't know
Which brand uses the advertising slogan ‘Because I’m worth it’?	About L'Oréal Paris Brand - Because You’re Worth It - Beauty Products Because You’re Worth It The Story Behind the Legendary Phrase Because I’m Worth It. These four words are bound to the time of their creation and yet they have proven to be timeless. They have become what the brand stands for. Written in 1973 when a social revolution and a new spirit of feminism was in full swing, it seems clear that the phrase could only have been written by a woman. Ilon Specht was a copywriter with McCann Erickson back in 1973. She was thought of as original, unconventional, creative and independent. Fortunately, she worked on the L’Oréal account! Specht was just 23 years old when she broke new ground with an ad that was strictly from a woman’s point of view. It famously ended with the signature phrase: Because I’m Worth It! Almost the minute the ad hit, it became clear that the last line - those four words - had struck a chord. For the first time, the message was all about what the woman thought. It was about her self-confidence, her decision, her style. Over time, “Because I’m Worth It” has become part of our social fabric. So much so that it was the subject of a 1999 New Yorker article entitled True Colors by Malcolm Gladwell. In it, Gladwell acknowledged: “...”Because I’m Worth It®” has entered the language...and taken on a meaning well outside the stated intention.” Because I’m Worth It was on message in 1973, and today we know that an astonishing 80% of women recognize and respond to this positive phrase and powerful sentiment. And what makes it truly beautiful is that “Because I’m Worth It” is translated into action every day by L’Oréal Paris – in its philanthropy, its products, and its thoughtful celebration of women. Stay	L'Oréal
Car licence plates from which US state bear the slogan ‘The Last Frontier’?	30 of the Best Advertising Slogans - Superdream 30 of the Best Advertising Slogans Advertising Posted Friday, 4th January, 2013 30 of the Best Advertising Slogans The secret to a winning advertising campaign often lies with a great slogan. It is these catchphrases and straplines that your customers remember. In fact, some of the best are used in normal conversation every day. A great advertising slogan does more than get people talking about your brand though – it brings it to life. Here are 30 of our favourites for your inspiration: 1. McDonalds – “I’m Lovin’ It” Simple, effective, and so successful Justin Timberlake released it as a song . The “I’m Lovin’ It” slogan is one of McDonalds’ most popular and long standing advertising straplines. It ties in really well with the company’s brand values, and sticks in peoples’ minds. Coupled with their signature advert style, this helps create a winning campaign every time. 2. KFC – “Finger Lickin’ Good” Much like its Fast Food rival, KFC’s long standing advert slogan reflects the company’s values. “Finger Lickin’ Good” tells the audience that the chicken tastes great. This is exactly what you want from a fast food restaurant. 3. Subway – “Eat Fresh” Subway has been really clever with its strapline. Fast food is notoriously bad for you, so in a bid to position themselves as more ‘healthy’, this tagline was born. The “Eat Fresh” slogan lets audiences know their sandwiches – and the fillings – are always fresh and freshly prepared. Coupled with the yellow and green branding, this was a really smart move. 4. Kit Kat – “Have a Break, Have a Kit Kat” A lunch box favourite of kids (and Superdreamers!), the iconic Kit Kat slogan is one that has stood the test of time. Used in both printed and television adverts, the “Have a Break…” tagline reflects how quick and easy the wafer bar is to eat. It is simple, and easy to remember – much like the company’s red and white branding. 5. Heinz – “Beanz Meanz Heinz” “Beanz Meanz Heniz” has often been voted the best advertising slogan, and it is easy to see why. Not only does it mention the brand name, and keep things short and sweet; it plays on the brand name and the product. The tagline tells audiences if they want baked beans, their best choice is the Heinz brand. 6. Skittles – “Taste the Rainbow” Skittles have used their “Taste the Rainbow” since 1994. This simple slogan works because it perfectly reflects the product. The sweets themselves feature a variety of colours – a rainbow. This tagline ties in with the company branding, which features a rainbow on the sweets packaging. 7. Rice Krispies – “Snap! Crackle! Pop!” Snap, Crackle and Pop have been synonymous with the Rice Krispies brand since the 1930’s. And as well as being great mascots, the onomatopoeic gnomes make for a great and long lasting slogan. The cereal is said to make a “snap, crackle, pop” noise when milk is added. And even if it didn’t this campaign has been hugely effective for Kelloggs. 8. Kelloggs Frosties – “They’re GR-R-R-reat” Tony the Tiger has been the Frosties mascot since the very beginning, and he is famous for uttering the elongated catchphrase “They’re Gr-r-r-reat!”. This ad slogan works because it appeals to the brand’s target audience of children, and shows that breakfast can be delicious. A lifespan of over 50 years shows just how effective it is. 9. Dr Pepper – “What’s the Worst That Could Happen?” Introduced in 2009, the “What’s the Worst That Could Happen?” campaign was a great success for soft drink Dr Pepper. The catchy song that featured on the adverts and the humour they used helped make them memorable and effective. Dr Pepper knew its brand, and knew its audience. That’s why this campaign worked so well. 10. Red Bull – “It Gives You Wiiiings!” Red Bull has used the metaphor “It Gives You Wings” as its slogan for many years. The reason this advert has worked – and lasted so long – is because it is clever. It tells the audience that the drink really will give you an energy boost. The ad slogan is a great example of marketing at its best. 11. Typhoo – “You Only Get an ‘OO’ With Typhoo” Tea brand, Typhoo have featured a number of slogans in their advertising over the years. One though, sticks in people’s minds and is still being used today. “You Only Get an ‘OO’ With Typhoo” represents how relaxing and enjoyable a good cup of tea is. 12. Carlsberg – “Probably the Best Beer in the World” Carlsberg beer is another brand that knows its audience inside and out. With adverts geared towards males, the “Probably the Best Beer in the World” slogan works. Coupled with clever advertising and an interesting use of words – “probably” isn’t 100% definite and still implies choice – Carlsberg’s adverts are always a huge hit. 13. Tesco – “Every Little Helps” Supermarket Tesco are famed for their low prices, and their huge stock list. Their main ad strapline “Every Little Helps” perfectly reflects this, and has been used in printed and television marketing for many years. Again, this three word tagline is one of the most memorable and effective. 14. John Lewis – “Never Knowingly Undersold” Department store John Lewis is known for its high quality and high standards. That’s why the tagline “Never Knowingly Undersold” works so well. It tells prospective customers that they can trust the store, and will always get the best product and service. This is a simple and subtle way of bringing brand guidelines into the slogan. 15. Maybelline – “Maybe She’s Born With It, Maybe It’s Maybelline” Cosmetic brands always have really memorable slogans and adverts, and Maybelline is no different. The “Maybe She’s Born With It…” campaign is promoting natural beauty. It tells women that their products will help them enhance this beauty. Glossy adverts and whimsical backdrops all add to this allusion of perfection. 16. L’Oreal – “Because You’re Worth It” Another cosmetics brand making women feel fabulous is L’Oreal. The “Because You’re Worth It” campaign has been used for many years now and it works. It tells the audience that they deserve to treat themselves and make the best of themselves. Recently, adverts have featured the slogan “Because We’re Worth It”. This helps women feel the same as the celebrities endorsing the products. 17. Max Factor – “The Make Up of Make Up Artists” Max Factor is a higher end brand of makeup than the aforementioned. This is reflected in the advertising slogan. By telling women this is the brand makeup artists use, Max Factor instantly becomes a brand that can make a difference. This clever marketing strategy is carried through in the television adverts, to reinforce the slogan. 18. De Beers – “A Diamond is Forever” Coined in 1947, the De Beers tagline has often been named one of the best ever. Those four simple words perfectly reflected the high end nature of the product and the company. It was a metaphor for everlasting love; telling audiences that buying these gems would cement their relationship forever. 19. Nike – “Just Do It” Nike’s “Just Do It” advertising slogan is probably one of the most famous in the world. First introduced in 1988, the infamous tagline has featured on all of the brand’s advertising since. It reflects the ‘no nonsense’ approach the brand has to its products. It also encourages audiences to get out there, and get active. 20. HSBC – “The World’s Local Bank” In a move to unite its global operations, HSBC announced in 1999 that they would use one, universal logo. This move was further cemented with the introduction of their latest advertising slogan. The “Local Bank” tagline promotes trust; something which the banks certainly need to promote at the moment. 21. Ronseal – “It Does Exactly What it Says on the Tin” DIY is often seen as stressful and complicated. To counter this, Ronseal introduced their key strapline to show just how ‘no nonsense’ and simple it can be. This perfectly appeals to their target market, and helps keep the branding simple. 22. Energizer – “It Keeps Going, and Going, and Going…” Energizer looks to be positioning itself as the leader in the long lasting battery market with their latest advert tagline. Coupled with their bunny mascot who is running errands, the strapline tells audiences exactly why they should purchase from this brand. 23. MasterCard – “For Everything Else, There’s MasterCard” MasterCard’s clever slogan tells audiences that it can be used for everything. Simple, powerful, and effective; this advertising tagline appeals to shoppers of all kinds. This is a clever move by the brand. Rather than targeting one niche, they cleverly appeal to everyone with one simple strapline. 24. Audi – “Vorsprung durch Technik” Audi’s infamous slogan – roughly translated as “advancement through technology” – is another that has been recognised as one of the greats. It perfectly reflects the high end nature of the car, and tells customers that they will always receive the best vehicle. It also helps position Audi as being at the forefront of technological advances, and passing these on to their customers. 25. Jaguar – “Grace, Space, Pace” Another three word slogan – can you see a pattern?! – that perfectly encompasses a brand and its values. This advert tagline tells audiences exactly what to expect from a Jaguar car. By using three powerful adjectives associated with high quality, this phrase helps to reinforce the brand values and encourage people to make a purchase. 26. Zurich – “Because Change Happens” Insurance company, Zurich, has cleverly used their tagline to tell audiences why they should be insured by them. The company is telling its audience that, when they need them, they will be there – just as long as they have insurance. It is simple, powerful, and perfectly reflective of the product. 27. Panasonic – “Ideas for Life” Electrical retailer Panasonic’s advertising tagline encompasses everything they are about. “Ideas for Life” tells the audience that whatever they need, a Panasonic product is the perfect choice. Again, this is strong slogan that works for the company and its product. 28. Google – “Don’t be Evil” Search engine giant, Google has a slogan but it is a little less well known. Their “Don’t be Evil” tagline was to promote ‘white hat’ SEO (search engine optimisation) techniques. However, there has been some debate as to whether it is still relevant. 29. Apple – “Think Different” Apple is known for pushing the boundaries of technology, and always coming up with new and exciting ideas. That’s why the “Think Different” tagline works so well for them. It tells customers that they are buying into a lifestyle and are at the forefront of technology. 30. Superdream – “Dream Bigger” Finally on the list is us! Our tagline “Dream Bigger” reflects exactly what we’re about. We dare to think outside the box and produce creative designs that wow your customers and tell your brand story. No task is too big, and we’re always looking for new and exciting projects to embark on. Get the latest on our quest to defeat normal. Email*	i don't know
Which is the largest and most muscular of the four chambers of the human heart?	Which heart chamber has the thickest muscle wall? \| Reference.com Which heart chamber has the thickest muscle wall? A: Quick Answer The heart chamber with the thickest muscle wall is the left ventricle. Ventricles are the lower two chambers, whereas the atria are the upper two chambers of the heart. The two ventricles have thicker muscular walls than the two atria. Full Answer The atria receive blood from the veins. When they contract, blood transfers from the atria to the ventricles, so the atria do not need to be as muscular as the ventricles.The ventricles of the heart have thicker muscular walls because they pump blood throughout the body. The pressure created in the ventricles causes blood to rush into the large arteries of the body such as the aorta and the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle is twice as muscular as the right because it has to do more work by pumping blood to all the organs of the body. In contrast, the right ventricle only pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, which are a short distance away.	Ventricle (heart)
Which Shipping Forecast area contains the Shetland and Orkney archipelagos?	Human Heart: Anatomy, Function & Facts Human Heart: Anatomy, Function & Facts By Tanya Lewis, Staff Writer \| March 22, 2016 01:07pm ET MORE Credit: Dreamstime The human heart is an organ that pumps blood throughout the body via the circulatory system, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes. "The tissues of the body need a constant supply of nutrition in order to be active," said Dr. Lawrence Phillips, a cardiologist at NYU Langone Medical Center in New York. "If [the heart] is not able to supply blood to the organs and tissues, they'll die." Human heart anatomy In humans, the heart is roughly the size of a large fist and weighs between about 10 to 12 ounces (280 to 340 grams) in men and 8 to 10 ounces (230 to 280 grams) in women, according to Henry Gray's " Anatomy of the Human Body ." The physiology of the heart basically comes down to "structure, electricity and plumbing," Phillips told Live Science. The human heart is about the size of a fist. Credit: tlorna Shutterstock The human heart has four chambers: two upper chambers (the atria) and two lower ones (the ventricles), according to the National Institutes of Health . The right atrium and right ventricle together make up the "right heart," and the left atrium and left ventricle make up the "left heart." A wall of muscle called the septum separates the two sides of the heart. A double-walled sac called the pericardium encases the heart, which serves to protect the heart and anchor it inside the chest. Between the outer layer, the parietal pericardium, and the inner layer, the serous pericardium, runs pericardial fluid, which lubricates the heart during contractions and movements of the lungs and diaphragm. The heart's outer wall consists of three layers. The outermost wall layer, or epicardium, is the inner wall of the pericardium. The middle layer, or myocardium, contains the muscle that contracts. The inner layer, or endocardium, is the lining that contacts the blood. The tricuspid valve and the mitral valve make up the atrioventricular (AV) valves, which connect the atria and the ventricles. The pulmonary semi-lunar valve separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery, and the aortic valve separates the left ventricle from the aorta. The heartstrings, or chordae tendinae, anchor the valves to heart muscles. The sinoatrial node produces the electrical pulses that drive heart contractions. Human heart function The heart circulates blood through two pathways: the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit. In the pulmonary circuit, deoxygenated blood leaves the right ventricle of the heart via the pulmonary artery and travels to the lungs, then returns as oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart via the pulmonary vein. In the systemic circuit, oxygenated blood leaves the body via the left ventricle to the aorta, and from there enters the arteries and capillaries where it supplies the body's tissues with oxygen. Deoxygenated blood returns via veins to the venae cavae, re-entering the heart's right atrium. Of course, the heart is also a muscle, so it needs a fresh supply of oxygen and nutrients, too, Phillips said. The cardiovascular system circulates blood from the heart to the lungs and around the body via blood vessels. Credit: The BioDigital HumanTM developed by NYU School of Medicine and BioDigital Systems LLC "After the blood leaves the heart through the aortic valve, two sets of arteries bring oxygenated blood to feed the heart muscle," he said. The left main coronary artery, on one side of the aorta, branches into the left anterior descending artery and the left circumflex artery. The right coronary artery branches out on the right side of the aorta. Blockage of any of these arteries can cause a heart attack , or damage to the muscle of the heart, Phillips said. A heart attack is distinct from cardiac arrest, which is a sudden loss of heart function that usually occurs as a result of electrical disturbances of the heart rhythm. A heart attack can lead to cardiac arrest, but the latter can also be caused by other problems, he said. The heart contains electrical "pacemaker" cells, which cause it to contract — producing a heartbeat. "Each cell has the ability to be the 'band leader' and [to] have everyone follow," Phillips said. In people with an irregular heartbeat, or atrial fibrillation, every cell tries to be the band leader, he said, which causes them to beat out of sync with one another. A healthy heart contraction happens in five stages. In the first stage (early diastole), the heart is relaxed. Then the atrium contracts (atrial systole) to push blood into the ventricle. Next, the ventricles start contracting without changing volume. Then the ventricles continue contracting while empty. Finally, the ventricles stop contracting and relax. Then the cycle repeats. Valves prevent backflow, keeping the blood flowing in one direction through the heart. Facts about the human heart A human heart is roughly the size of a large fist. The heart weighs between about 10 to 12 ounces (280 to 340 grams) in men and 8 to 10 ounces (230 to 280 grams) in women. The heart beats about 100,000 times per day (about 3 billion beats in a lifetime). An adult heart beats about 60 to 80 times per minute. Newborns' hearts beat faster than adult hearts, about 70 to 190 beats per minute. The heart pumps about 6 quarts (5.7 liters) of blood throughout the body. The heart is located in the center of the chest, usually pointing slightly left. Editor’s Note: If you’d like more information on this topic, we recommend the following book:	i don't know
Who wrote the pair of one-act plays collectively known as Separate Tables?	Lancaster: "People who hate the light usually hate the truth." - YouTube Lancaster: "People who hate the light usually hate the truth." Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Jun 1, 2011 http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0052182/ Separate Tables is a 1958 American drama film based on two one-act plays by Terence Rattigan that were collectively known by this name. It was directed by Delbert Mann, and adapted by Rattigan, John Gay and an uncredited John Michael Hayes. Deborah Kerr ... Sibyl Railton-Bell Rita Hayworth ... Ann Shankland David Niven ... Major Angus Pollock Wendy Hiller ... Pat Cooper Burt Lancaster ... John Malcolm Gladys Cooper ... Mrs. Railton-Bell Cathleen Nesbitt ... Lady Matheson Felix Aylmer ... Mr. Fowler Rod Taylor ... Charles Audrey Dalton ... Jean May Hallatt ... Miss Meacham Priscilla Morgan ... Doreen The film took the two plays and opened it up for a screenplay that introduced some new parts. It stars Rita Hayworth, Deborah Kerr, David Niven, Wendy Hiller, and Burt Lancaster. It was nominated for seven Oscars, winning two (Niven for Best Actor and Hiller for Best Supporting Actress). Burt Lancaster was also co-producer (Hecht-Hill-Lancaster). Rita Hayworth was married to James Hill at the time. During 1954-55, playwright Terence Rattigan was the toast of the town in London and Broadway due to Separate Tables, two interlinked one-act plays set in the Beauregard Private Hotel near Bournemouth. The first of these plays concerned an alcoholic writer and his encounter with his former wife who is partially responsible for his current demoralized state. The second was about a dubious Army major charged with molesting girls in a nearby movie theatre, but finding redemption through the love of a sympathetic spinster living in the same accomodations. The plays were originally directed by Peter Glenville on the stage, but what held them together was a theatrical device whereby one actor and actress (Eric Portman and Margaret Leighton) would double as the principal characters in each play, while around them the supporting cast (as hotel guests) remained the same throughout the evening. That crucial linking device was abandoned, however, when Separate Tables (1958) was bought for the screen by the Hecht-Hill-Lancaster company. The original plan was to film the plays with Laurence Olivier (he would also direct) and Vivien Leigh doubling the leading roles. Then the film company decided a more 'bankable' star was needed for the box office, at which point it was suggested that Burt Lancaster, one of the co-producers, step in to play the drunken journalist. Olivier immediately clashed with Lancaster over the interpretation of the John Malcolm role and, with his wife, pulled out of the project altogether (one version goes that Olivier campaigned for Spencer Tracy in the role). It was then decided that Rita Hayworth, the fiancee of Lancaster's partner and fellow producer (James Hill), should play the fashion model. However, Lancaster and Hayworth decided not to play the characters in the second story and David Niven and Deborah Kerr were cast instead. This had the inevitable effect of making the first half of the play appear tailored for American audiences while the second half was distinctly British. It was at this late date when director Delbert Mann was brought aboard. "My first instinct," Mann recalled in The Other Side of the Moon: The Life of David Niven by Sheridan Morley, "was that I was quite the wrong kind of director, and I'd never even been to Bournemouth or experienced that totally British small-hotel life; but Harold Hecht sent me there to research it, and within half a day I'd found prototypes of all the characters that Terry had written about, all living there in retirement homes - the old schoolmaster, the little lady who played the horses, the retired Army man....Our main problem was getting a screenplay which would turn the two original plays into just one narrative line, and we had about five attempts with different writers, including Terry himself, before we finally got it right. Even then I still had great reservations about David: the role of the major was so different from anything I'd seen him do before." Mann needn't have worried; Niven won the Oscar for Best Actor in Separate Tables. His performance, which was a complete departure from his screen image as a debonair sophisticate, proved he was capable of more serious roles yet he didn't capitalize on it, sticking instead to mostly romantic comedies and action thrillers the remainder of his career. As for the other six Oscar nominations the movie received, including one for Best Picture, Separate Tables only won in the Best Supporting Actress category. Wendy Hiller took home an Academy Award for her portrayal of the hotel proprietress, Miss Cooper, but Deborah Kerr lost in the Best Actress category to Susan Hayward for I Want to Live(1958). And the Best Picture Oscar for 1958 went to Gigi. Category	Terence Rattigan
American Buffalo and Glengarry Glen Ross are plays by which US playwright?	Separate Tables [1958] Rita Hayworth (download torrent) - TPB Separate Tables [1958] Rita Hayworth Type: Get this torrent (Problems with magnets links are fixed by upgrading your torrent client !) http://bayimg.com/oADNIAADe Separate Tables (1958) http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0052182/ Separate Tables is a 1958 American drama film based on two one-act plays by Terence Rattigan that were collectively known by this name. It was directed by Delbert Mann, and adapted by Rattigan, John Gay and an uncredited John Michael Hayes. Deborah Kerr ... Sibyl Railton-Bell Rita Hayworth ... Ann Shankland David Niven ... Major Angus Pollock Wendy Hiller ... Pat Cooper Burt Lancaster ... John Malcolm Gladys Cooper ... Mrs. Railton-Bell Cathleen Nesbitt ... Lady Matheson Felix Aylmer ... Mr. Fowler Rod Taylor ... Charles Audrey Dalton ... Jean May Hallatt ... Miss Meacham Priscilla Morgan ... Doreen The film took the two plays and opened it up for a screenplay that introduced some new parts. It stars Rita Hayworth, Deborah Kerr, David Niven, Wendy Hiller, and Burt Lancaster. It was nominated for seven Oscars, winning two (Niven for Best Actor and Hiller for Best Supporting Actress). Burt Lancaster was also co-producer (Hecht-Hill-Lancaster). Rita Hayworth was married to James Hill at the time. During 1954-55, playwright Terence Rattigan was the toast of the town in London and Broadway due to Separate Tables, two interlinked one-act plays set in the Beauregard Private Hotel near Bournemouth. The first of these plays concerned an alcoholic writer and his encounter with his former wife who is partially responsible for his current demoralized state. The second was about a dubious Army major charged with molesting girls in a nearby movie theatre, but finding redemption through the love of a sympathetic spinster living in the same accomodations. The plays were originally directed by Peter Glenville on the stage, but what held them together was a theatrical device whereby one actor and actress (Eric Portman and Margaret Leighton) would double as the principal characters in each play, while around them the supporting cast (as hotel guests) remained the same throughout the evening. That crucial linking device was abandoned, however, when Separate Tables (1958) was bought for the screen by the Hecht-Hill-Lancaster company. The original plan was to film the plays with Laurence Olivier (he would also direct) and Vivien Leigh doubling the leading roles. Then the film company decided a more 'bankable' star was needed for the box office, at which point it was suggested that Burt Lancaster, one of the co-producers, step in to play the drunken journalist. Olivier immediately clashed with Lancaster over the interpretation of the John Malcolm role and, with his wife, pulled out of the project altogether (one version goes that Olivier campaigned for Spencer Tracy in the role). It was then decided that Rita Hayworth, the fiancee of Lancaster's partner and fellow producer (James Hill), should play the fashion model. However, Lancaster and Hayworth decided not to play the characters in the second story and David Niven and Deborah Kerr were cast instead. This had the inevitable effect of making the first half of the play appear tailored for American audiences while the second half was distinctly British. It was at this late date when director Delbert Mann was brought aboard. "My first instinct," Mann recalled in The Other Side of the Moon: The Life of David Niven by Sheridan Morley, "was that I was quite the wrong kind of director, and I'd never even been to Bournemouth or experienced that totally British small-hotel life; but Harold Hecht sent me there to research it, and within half a day I'd found prototypes of all the characters that Terry had written about, all living there in retirement homes - the old schoolmaster, the little lady who played the horses, the retired Army man....Our main problem was getting a screenplay which would turn the two original plays into just one narrative line, and we had about five attempts with different writers, including Terry himself, before we finally got it right. Even then I still had great reservations about David: the role of the major was so different from anything I'd seen him do before." Mann needn't have worried; Niven won the Oscar for Best Actor in Separate Tables. His performance, which was a complete departure from his screen image as a debonair sophisticate, proved he was capable of more serious roles yet he didn't capitalize on it, sticking instead to mostly romantic comedies and action thrillers the remainder of his career. As for the other six Oscar nominations the movie received, including one for Best Picture, Separate Tables only won in the Best Supporting Actress category. Wendy Hiller took home an Academy Award for her portrayal of the hotel proprietress, Miss Cooper, but Deborah Kerr lost in the Best Actress category to Susan Hayward for I Want to Live(1958). And the Best Picture Oscar for 1958 went to Gigi.	i don't know
Which guitarist had a 1968 hit with the self-penned instrumental Classical Gas?	Mason Williams - Classical Gas (Acoustic) - YouTube Mason Williams - Classical Gas (Acoustic) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Jan 23, 2008 Album: Hand Made Artist: Mason Williams From vinyl this 1970 release by guitarist Mason Williams, "Classical Gas" is an all time favourite instrumental. Category	Mason Williams
Which song was a UK number one for Harry Belafonte in 1957 and for Boney M in 1978?	Mason Williams — Listen for free on Spotify Mason Williams Play on Spotify Mason Williams reached his peak in the late 1960s. A humorous scriptwriter and virtuosic acoustic guitar player and composer, Williams reached the top of the hit parade in 1968 with his classical folk guitar instrumental, "Classical Gas." Although it took six months for the single to become a chart-topping smash, it went on to win Grammy awards as Best Instrumental (Theme) Composition and Best Instrumental (Theme) Performance, as well as a Best Instrumental Orchestral Arrangement award for arranger Mike Post . An album featuring a re-recorded version of the tune with Mannheim Steamroller and Fresh Aire, Classical Gas, sold more than a million copies in 1987. The following year, Williams' album, Country Idyll, was nominated for a Grammy in the country music category for Best Instrumental Performance. Williams has recorded several other memorable albums and compositions. An acoustic Christmas/holiday season album, A Gift of Song, was released in 1992, while his composition "Symphony Bluegrass" has been performed by more than 40 symphony orchestras. Although Williams attracted attention with his melodic 12-string guitar and banjo playing in the early 1960s, he initially attracted attention as a writer for The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour. In addition to co-writing the show's theme song, Williams created comedy skits including a presidential campaign by comedian Pat Paulsen in 1968. Williams received Emmy awards in 1967 and 1969 for Outstanding Writing Achievement in Comedy, Variety and Music. He was nominated for an Emmy for his work on The Smothers Brothers' 20th Reunion Special in 1988. Williams has also written comedy material for Steve Martin , Andy Williams , Glen Campbell , Dinah Shore , Roger Miller and Petula Clark . Williams has also garnered acclaim for his artistic ventures -- an 11' x 37' photographic poster of a Greyhound bus is on permanent display at New York's Museum of Modern Art -- and has written and published several books of prose and poetry. ~ Craig Harris, Rovi Read More Show less	i don't know
Which character made his second appearance in the 1916 novel Greenmantle?	Greenmantle by John Buchan - The 1506th Greatest Fiction Book of All Time Sign In Greenmantle by John Buchan Greenmantle is the second of five novels by John Buchan featuring the character of Richard Hannay, first published in 1916 by Hodder & Stoughton, London. It is one of two Hannay novels set during the First World War, the other being Mr Standfast (1919); Hannay's first and best-known adventure, The Thirty-Nine Steps (1915), is set in the period immediately preceding the war. [Literary significance and criticism] The book was very popular when published, and was read and enjoyed by Robert Baden-Powell and by the Russian imperial family as they awaited the outcome of the Revolution in 1917. Just as the British and American characters are positive, slightly jingoistic clichés, many of the German characters are negative clichés; for example, Colonel von Stumm is an ox-necked, bull-like bully with secret effeminate (possibly homosexual) tastes. Buchan saw his novel-writing as part of the war effort. Stumm, the bully, is intended as a symbol of Britain's war enemy of the time, Imperial Germany. However, when Buchan writes of a meeting between Hannay and the Kaiser, he portrays the German leader very positively, as a sensitive man who is greatly troubled by the war. This is one of the most unusual and unexpected episodes in the novel. He makes similarly sympathetic characters of a poor forester's wife who shelters Hannay when he has malaria, and of the captain of the Danube river steamer who takes Hannay on as engineer. Herr Gaudian, a renowned German engineer whom Hannay meets briefly during his time with von Stumm, and who later returns in The Three Hostages, is respected by Hannay, who describes him as "a capital good fellow". Critics have claimed that the weakest elements in this book are the clunky narrative crutches Buchan uses, particularly the many unlikely coincidences and sit-down narratives with which subsidiary characters are brought in at predictable moments and made to tell their adventures. The first chapter of Greenmantle, "A Mission is Proposed", was chosen by Graham Greene for his 1957 anthology The Spy's Bedside Book.	Richard Hannay
What is the Spanish word for ‘navy’?	AbeBooks: 39 Books for a John Buchan Collection Home > Rare Book Room > 39 Books for a John Buchan Collection 39 Books for a John Buchan Collection by Peter Thackeray by John Buchan UK pressbook edition for 1935 film starring Robert Donat John Buchan is best known for his iconic novel The Thirty-Nine Steps . Frequently appearing in lists of the top 100 books of the 20th century, it is widely regarded as the starting point for espionage fiction and yet the novel was written to pass the time while Buchan recovered from illness. The book’s hero, Richard Hannay, is on the run for most of the plot and this fast-moving adventure story has influenced countless thrillers since its publication in 1915. Buchan, winner of some notable literary prizes as an undergraduate at Oxford University, managed to fill his life with a variety of work – barrister, colonial administrator, publisher, Director of Intelligence, director of Reuters news agency, Member of Parliament and, finally, Governor-General of Canada as Lord Tweedsmuir. Somehow he found time to write more than 25 novels, a number of short story collections, several major biographies, a 24-volume history of World War I and a host of other books, pamphlets, essays and magazine articles. For many people the novels and short stories are the starting point for a collection. Richard Hannay was the principal character in four other fast-paced adventures – Greenmantle (1916), Mr Standfast (1919), The Three Hostages (1924) and The Island of Sheep , titled The Man from the Norlands in the US (1936). Others may prefer the more thoughtful adventures in which Sir Edward Leithen, gentleman lawyer, appears. The Dancing Floor (1926) reaches a powerful climax in a pagan festival on a Greek island whilst Sick Heart River , called Mountain Meadow in the US, (1941) takes us to the Canadian Arctic where Leithen battles his last illness in an epic journey to find a lost businessman. Buchan died shortly before this novel was published and there are many autobiographical references in it. In a lighter mood, Leithen also appears in the enduringly popular John Macnab (1925), a whimsical tale of the poaching exploits of three bored English gentlemen. In a similar light vein are the three Dickson McCunn novels – Huntingtower (1922), Castle Gay (1930) and The House of the Four Winds (1935) – which recount the unexpected adventures of a retired Glasgow provision merchant. Apart from these series he wrote over a dozen ‘one-off’ novels, many with a historical focus. First editions of many Buchan novels from 1920 onwards are readily available at reasonable prices generally in the $15 to $30 range with earlier works more expensive. Pre-1900 novels and short stories such as Sir Quixote of the Moors (1895) and Grey Weather (1899) will generally sell for between $235 and $625 for sound, average copies. John Buchan (1938) With all titles, the inclusion of a dust jacket will substantially increase the price. A first edition of The Thirty-Nine Steps complete with a dust jacket will run well into five figures. Another popular route into collecting Buchan’s fiction is through the attractive pocket-sized Nelson Uniform edition . These were available in either a bright red cloth binding or a dark green soft leather binding and look attractive as a run of books on a shelf. Most, but not all, of his fiction was published in this edition by Thomas Nelson & Sons. A major influence on Buchan’s writing was World War I in which his brother Alastair and several of his close friends were killed. These for Remembrance (1919) is a poignant tribute to these men. The first edition is very rare as it was published privately in small numbers and given to the families of these men. However, a public edition was printed in 1987 and is more readily available. As well as this book and his history of the Great War he wrote several other books relating to the conflict such as The History of the South African Forces in France (1920) and Francis and Riversdale Grenfell (1920). The final major strand in Buchan’s output was his biographical work. These dealt with ancient historical figures such as Augustus (1937), great Scottish military commanders like Montrose (1928) and literary figures like Sir Walter Scott (1932). In total the standard bibliography of his works lists 136 titles in his name, a truly remarkable output. This bibliography, by Robert Blanchard, is now very hard to find but a recent fully illustrated update by Kenneth Hillier and Michael Ross, The First Editions of John Buchan: A Collector’s Illustrated Bibliography is a useful guide for the serious collector. Buchan is a writer with something to offer almost every taste in literature. The John Buchan Society offers more information for those interested. Visit http://www.johnbuchansociety.co.uk. Peter runs sms books – an online bookshop in Loughborough, UK, that specializes in John Buchan. 39 Books for a John Buchan Collection (Fiction)	i don't know
Which mild analgesic drug is marketed under the trade name Nurofen?	analgesic \| drug \| Britannica.com Analgesic Analgesic, any drug that relieves pain selectively without blocking the conduction of nerve impulses, markedly altering sensory perception, or affecting consciousness . This selectivity is an important distinction between an analgesic and an anesthetic . Aspirin pills. © James Stuart Griffith/Shutterstock.com Analgesics may be classified into two types: anti-inflammatory drugs, which alleviate pain by reducing local inflammatory responses; and the opioids, which act on the brain . The opioid analgesics were once called narcotic drugs because they can induce sleep . The opioid analgesics can be used for either short-term or long-term relief of severe pain. In contrast, the anti-inflammatory compounds are used for short-term pain relief and for modest pain, such as that of headache , muscle strain, bruising, or arthritis . Anti-inflammatory analgesics Most anti-inflammatory analgesics are derived from three compounds discovered in the 19th century— salicylic acid , pyrazolone, and phenacetin (or acetophenetidin). Although chemically unrelated, the drugs in these families have the ability to relieve mild to moderate pain through actions that reduce inflammation at its source. Acetylsalicylic acid, or aspirin , which is derived from salicylic acid, is the most widely used mild analgesic. It is considered the prototype for anti-inflammatory analgesics, the two other major types of which include acetaminophen (a derivative of phenacetin) and the aspirin-like drugs, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ), which include compounds such as ibuprofen , naproxen, and fenoprofen. Pyrazolone derivatives, with some exceptions, are no longer widely used in many countries, because of their tendency to cause an acute infection known as agranulocytosis . Four 500-mg acetaminophen suppositories. Eric Schulz Aspirin and NSAIDs appear to share a similar molecular mechanism of action—namely, inhibition of the synthesis of prostaglandins (natural products of inflamed white blood cells ) that induce the responses in local tissue that include pain and inflammation. In fact, aspirin and all aspirin-like analgesics, including indomethacin and sulindac, which are derived from a heterocyclic organic compound known as indole , inhibit prostaglandin synthesis and release. All these agents can be further divided into nonselective COX inhibitors and selective COX inhibitors. COX, or cyclooxygenase, is an enzyme responsible for the synthesis of prostaglandins and related compounds. It has two forms, COX-1, which is found in most normal tissues, and COX-2, which is induced in the presence of inflammation. Because COX-2 is not normally expressed in the stomach , the use of COX-2 inhibitors (e.g., rofecoxib, celecoxib) seems to result in less gastric ulceration than occurs with other anti-inflammatory analgesics, particularly aspirin. However, COX-2 inhibitors do not reduce the ability of platelets to form clots, a benefit associated with aspirin and other nonselective COX inhibitors. Similar Topics decongestant Preferences in COX selectivity and the possibility of additional molecular actions of NSAIDs may explain differences in the therapeutic effects between aspirin, acetaminophen, and NSAIDs. For example, while aspirin is effective in reducing fever , as well as relieving inflammation, acetaminophen and NSAIDs are more potent antipyretic (fever-reducing) analgesics. Acetaminophen, on the other hand, possesses inferior anti-inflammatory activity compared with aspirin and NSAIDs and thus is relatively ineffective in treating inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis . Despite this, acetaminophen is a popular mild analgesic and antipyretic and is a suitable alternative to aspirin for patients who develop severe symptoms of stomach irritation, because it is not as harmful to the gastrointestinal tract . As might be expected from their common mechanisms of action, many of the anti-inflammatory analgesic drugs share similar side effects. Hypersensitivity responses to aspirin-like drugs are thought to be due to an accumulation of prostaglandins after the pathways that break down prostaglandins are blocked. These responses can be fatal when very strong anti-inflammatory compounds are given. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis may result in other serious side effects, such as peptic ulcers and a reduced ability of platelets in the blood to aggregate and form clots. The latter effect, however, has given aspirin an added use as a prophylactic antithrombotic drug to reduce chances of cardiac or cerebral vascular thrombosis —the formation of a clot in a blood vessel in the heart or brain. Some aspirin-like analgesics also have specific toxic effects: liver damage occasionally occurs after administration of acetaminophen, and renal toxicity is sometimes seen with use of NSAIDs. Aspirin itself, taken in overdose, can cause deafness , ringing in the ears , diarrhea , nausea , and headache, which disappear when the dose is reduced or stopped. Aspirin is also thought to be a causative agent of Reye syndrome , a rare and serious degenerative disease of the brain and fatty tissue of the liver that accompanies certain viral infections in children and young adults. Opioid analgesics Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent The term opioid has been adopted as a general classification of all those agents that share chemical structures, sites, and mechanisms of action with the endogenous opioid agonists (endogenous substances are those produced inside the human body). Opioid substances encompass all the natural and synthetic chemical compounds closely related to morphine , whether they act as agonists (cellular activators) or antagonists (substances that block the actions of agonists). Although interest in these drugs had always been high because of their value in pain relief and because of problems of abuse and addiction, interest intensified in the 1970s and ’80s by discoveries about the naturally occurring morphinelike substances, the endogenous opioid neuropeptides. Raw morphine. Human Health: Fact or Fiction? Opium is the powder from the dried juice of the poppy Papaver somniferum. When taken orally, opium produces sleep and induces a state of peaceful well-being. Its use dates back at least to Babylonian civilization. In the early 19th century opium extract was found to contain more than 20 distinct complex organic bases, called alkaloids , of which morphine, codeine , and papaverine are the most important. These pure alkaloids replaced crude opium extracts in therapeutics . In the 1950s several new morphinelike drugs were developed. Despite the increase in the number of compounds available for pain relief, however, little was understood of their sites and mechanisms of action. The first real breakthrough came from the discovery, by neuroscientists John W. Hughes and Hans W. Kosterlitz at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland, of two potent naturally occurring analgesic pentapeptides (peptides containing five linked amino acids) in extracts of pig brain. They called these compounds enkephalins , and since then at least six more have been found. Larger peptides, called endorphins , have been isolated, and these contain sequences of amino acids that can be split off as enkephalins. There are at least three types of receptors on brain neurons that are activated by the enkephalins. Morphine and its congeners are thought to exert their effects by activating one or more of these receptors. Connect with Britannica Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest Opioid drugs are useful in the treatment of general postoperative pain, severe pain, and other specific conditions. The use of opioids to relieve the pain associated with kidney stones or gallstones presumably depends on their ability to affect opioid receptors in these tissues and to inhibit contractility. By a similar mechanism, opioids are also able to relieve the abdominal distress and fluid loss of diarrhea . Central receptors appear to account for the ability of morphine and analogs to suppress coughing, an effect that requires lower doses than those needed for analgesia . Low doses of opioids are also used for relief of the respiratory distress that accompanies acute cardiac insufficiency complicated by the buildup of fluid in the lungs . Several commonly used natural or synthetic derivatives of morphine are used in drug therapeutics. Codeine , a naturally occurring opium alkaloid that can be made synthetically, is a useful oral analgesic, especially when used in combination with aspirin. Meperidine was an early synthetic analog of morphine, marketed under the trade name Demerol, that was originally thought to be able to provide significant short-lasting analgesia and little or no addiction because of its shortened duration of action; however, this belief proved false. Methadone , a synthetic opioid analgesic, has long-lasting analgesic effects (six to eight hours) when taken orally and is used to moderate the effects of withdrawal from heroin addiction. Among the opioid antagonist drugs, naloxone and its longer-lasting orally active version, naltrexone, are used primarily to reverse morphine overdoses and to reverse the chemical stupor of a wider variety of causes, including alcohol intoxication and anesthesia. In opioid overdoses, these drugs provide recovery within minutes of injection. They can, however, also precipitate severe withdrawal reactions in a person addicted to opiates. Britannica Lists & Quizzes Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies The effectiveness of a given dose of an opioid drug declines with its repeated administration in the presence of intense pain. This loss in effectiveness is called tolerance . Evidence suggests that tolerance is not due to alterations in the brain’s responses to drugs. Animals exhibiting tolerance to morphine after repeated injections in a familiar environment show little or no tolerance when given the same doses and tested for pain sensitivity in new environments . Thus, there is almost certainly a learned aspect of tolerance. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this loss of responsiveness are not clear. Physical dependence and addiction in a person using intravenous administration closely follow the dynamics of drug tolerance; increasing doses are required to produce the psychological effects, while tolerance protects the brain against the respiratory depressant actions of the drug. In the tolerant individual, intense adverse reactions can be precipitated by administration of an opioid antagonist, thus revealing the dynamic internal equilibrium that previously appeared to neutralize the response of the brain to the opioids. The signs of the withdrawal response (e.g., anxiety , tremors, elevation of blood pressure , abdominal cramps, and hyperthemia) can be viewed as signs of an activated sympathetic nervous system and to some extent an extreme, but nonspecific, arousal response.	Ibuprofen
In Round the Horn, which pair once ran a firm of solicitors called ‘Bona Law’?	Ibuprofen \| definition of ibuprofen by Medical dictionary Ibuprofen \| definition of ibuprofen by Medical dictionary http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ibuprofen Related to ibuprofen: Paracetamol , Tylenol ibuprofen [i-bu´pro-fen] a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug used as an analgesic and antipyretic and for symptomatic relief of dysmenorrhea , vascular headaches , rheumatoid arthritis , osteoarthritis , and other rheumatic and nonrheumatic inflammatory disorders. It is similar in action to aspirin but less apt to cause gastrointestinal side effects. ibuprofen Actiprofen Caplets (CA), Advil, Advil Extra Strength (CA), Advil Migraine, Advil Pediatric Drops, Anadin Ibuprofen (UK), Anadin Ultra (UK), Apo-Ibuprofen (CA), Arthrofen (UK), Brufen (UK), Caldolor, Calprofen (UK), Children's Advil, Children's Motrin, Cuprofen (UK), Extra Strength Motrin IB (CA), Hedex Ibuprofen (UK), Ibugel (UK), Ibuleve (UK), Ibumousse (UK), Ibuspray (UK), Junior Strength Advil, Junior Strength Motrin, Motrin, Motrin IB, Motrin Infant, NeoProfen, Novo-Profen, Nu-Ibuprofen (CA), Nurofen (UK), PMS-Ibuprofen (CA) Pharmacologic class: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) Therapeutic class: Analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory Pregnancy risk category B (third trimester: D) Pregnancy risk category B (third trimester: D) FDA Box Warning • Drug may increase risk of serious cardiovascular thrombotic events, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Risk may increase with duration of use, and may be greater in patients who have cardiovascular disease or risk factors for it. • Drug is contraindicated for perioperative pain in setting of coronary artery bypass graft surgery. • Drug increases risk of serious GI adverse events, including bleeding, ulcers, and stomach or intestinal perforation, which can be fatal. These events can occur at any time during therapy and without warning. Elderly patients are at greater risk. Action	i don't know
What would be removed in a pogonotomy?	pogonotomy - definition of pogonotomy in English \| Oxford Dictionaries Definition of pogonotomy in English: pogonotomy The cutting of a beard; shaving. Origin Late 19th century; earliest use found in The Los Angeles Times. From ancient Greek πωγωνο-, combining form of πώγων beard + -tomy. Pronunciation: Which of the following does an ailurophile like? music Which of the following does a muso like? music Which of the following does a philumenist like? oil lamps Which of the following does an epicurean like? money Which of the following does an oenophile like? wine Which of the following does a deltiologist like? postcards Which of the following does a logophile like? words Which of the following does a coleopterist like? daisies Which of the following does a cineaste like? white wine Which of the following does a turfman like? horse racing You scored /10 practise again? Retry	The Beard
Which type of cloth cap is named after the hero of a poem by Robert Burns?	Pogonotomy, pogonotrohpy, pogonophile, pogonophobe, pogonologist etc – Bruce On Shaving Bruce October 18, 2010 Some long English words at the top there. I hope I get their meanings right. They all originate from the ancient Greek word pogon which translates as beard in English. It is the suffixes that create a whole pile of different meanings. Note that good words in English have a Greek stem and suffix/prefix or a Latin stem and suffix/prefix. Mixing the two with say a Greek stem and a Latin suffix/prefix is naughty. So pogonicle for a small beard wouldn’t really be on. Pogonotomy. Tomia is the Greek word for cutting so what we literally have here is beard cutting, or what we call shaving. Pogonotrohpy. Trophe is the Greek for nourishment. So what we have here is growing a beard, or not shaving. Pogonophile. Philia is the Greek word for love. So this is someone who likes or is even obsesses about their beard. Pogonophobe. Phobos is the Greek for fear or hate. So this is someone who has a dislike or irrational fear of beards. Pogonologist and Pogonology. Logos is the Greek word to study. So here we have a beard expert and the science of studying beards. Pogonic. Ikos is the Greek for pertaining to. So this is for anything related to a beard. This blog is pogonic. Pogoniatry. Iatros is Greek for healer. So this would be the medical study of beards. Pogonectomy. Ectome is the Greek for excision. So this would be the removal of a beard. Enough. As you can see this is a simple game. Take any suffix in the English language that comes from ancient Greek and add it to pogon and you have a valid English word relating to facial hair. There are 102 Greek language elements here for you to have some fun with . Even more fun, at the time of writing this there are a couple of valid English words that can only be found in this article on the whole interwebs thing. Be Sociable, Share!	i don't know
Who was the first Republican to be President of the USA?	Republican Presidents of the U.S. Blog Republican Presidents of the United States The first of the Republican Presidents was Abraham Lincoln who took office on May 4th, 1861. As America’s 16th president, he is most famous for leading the nation through its worst internal conflict, the Civil War. Unfortunately, he is also famous for being the nation’s first president to be assassinated. A lesser known achievement of his is bringing strength and organization to the Republican Party. As a result of his efforts, the Republican Party is often referred to as the Party of Lincoln. Beginning with Lincoln, there have been eighteen Republicans to serve as President of the United States. Like Lincoln, some of them are famous figures of American history. Others are relatively forgotten by today’s generations. Some have been mired in controversy and some have had tough decisions forced upon them during times of national crisis. Anyone who has ever said being president is an easy job never held the office. This site is dedicated to those Republican Presidents who have served our nation in its highest office.	Abraham Lincoln
Who became President following the assassination of James Garfield in 1881?	Abraham Lincoln \| whitehouse.gov Air Force One Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln became the United States' 16th President in 1861, issuing the Emancipation Proclamation that declared forever free those slaves within the Confederacy in 1863. Lincoln warned the South in his Inaugural Address: "In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you.... You have no oath registered in Heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn one to preserve, protect and defend it." Lincoln thought secession illegal, and was willing to use force to defend Federal law and the Union. When Confederate batteries fired on Fort Sumter and forced its surrender, he called on the states for 75,000 volunteers. Four more slave states joined the Confederacy but four remained within the Union. The Civil War had begun. The son of a Kentucky frontiersman, Lincoln had to struggle for a living and for learning. Five months before receiving his party's nomination for President, he sketched his life: "I was born Feb. 12, 1809, in Hardin County, Kentucky. My parents were both born in Virginia, of undistinguished families--second families, perhaps I should say. My mother, who died in my tenth year, was of a family of the name of Hanks.... My father ... removed from Kentucky to ... Indiana, in my eighth year.... It was a wild region, with many bears and other wild animals still in the woods. There I grew up.... Of course when I came of age I did not know much. Still somehow, I could read, write, and cipher ... but that was all." Lincoln made extraordinary efforts to attain knowledge while working on a farm, splitting rails for fences, and keeping store at New Salem, Illinois. He was a captain in the Black Hawk War, spent eight years in the Illinois legislature, and rode the circuit of courts for many years. His law partner said of him, "His ambition was a little engine that knew no rest." He married Mary Todd, and they had four boys, only one of whom lived to maturity. In 1858 Lincoln ran against Stephen A. Douglas for Senator. He lost the election, but in debating with Douglas he gained a national reputation that won him the Republican nomination for President in 1860. As President, he built the Republican Party into a strong national organization. Further, he rallied most of the northern Democrats to the Union cause. On January 1, 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation that declared forever free those slaves within the Confederacy. Lincoln never let the world forget that the Civil War involved an even larger issue. This he stated most movingly in dedicating the military cemetery at Gettysburg: "that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain--that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom--and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." Lincoln won re-election in 1864, as Union military triumphs heralded an end to the war. In his planning for peace, the President was flexible and generous, encouraging Southerners to lay down their arms and join speedily in reunion. The spirit that guided him was clearly that of his Second Inaugural Address, now inscribed on one wall of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D. C.: "With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds.... " On Good Friday, April 14, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated at Ford's Theatre in Washington by John Wilkes Booth, an actor, who somehow thought he was helping the South. The opposite was the result, for with Lincoln's death, the possibility of peace with magnanimity died. The Presidential biographies on WhiteHouse.gov are from “The Presidents of the United States of America,” by Frank Freidel and Hugh Sidey. Copyright 2006 by the White House Historical Association. Learn more about Abraham Lincoln 's spouse, Mary Todd Lincoln .	i don't know
Which trunk road in Lancashire is known as the ‘Devil’s Highway’?	Blackburn - Roader's Digest: The SABRE Wiki Blackburn County Lancashire Highway Authority Blackburn with Darwen Council Forward Destination on M65 • A666 • A677 • A678 • A679 • A6062 • A6119 Next Primary Destinations Bolton • Clitheroe • Preston • Skipton Places related to the M65 Burnley • Colne • Nelson • Preston Places related to the A666 Bolton Blackburn, located 10 miles east of Preston and 20 miles north of Manchester forms one of the many Lancashire cotton mill towns that boomed during the Industrial Revolution. As such, it also is the gateway to the historically significant East Lancashire textiles region. A potted history In Roman times it was the site of a crossing over the River Blakewater (which gives the town its name) on the Roman Road between Manchester and Ribchester. This route is still honoured today as one of the town's radial routes is known (somewhat obviously) as Roman Road. The ford itself has long since gone, but the area of the town centre known as Salford is the historical reminder of it. Blackburn as a proper town has only existed since 1851, since which it rapidly expanded, leaving all the major roads into the town (some of which were new build turnpike roads) surrounded by a mixture of both mills and terraced housing. Traffic was pretty abysmal in the early days of motoring and by 1927 the A6119 Northern Bypass was completed to allow east west traffic on the Preston to Halifax trunk road to avoid the town centre. It featured a dual carriageway section from the start to allow for trams to run down the road, but the trams never came out of the town this far. Despite the bypass, even today it is difficult to get into the town centre itself without traversing highly built up urban areas, which makes travel considerably more difficult during peak hours. The town has always been hindered by this substandard road network, only gaining a motorway connection to the rest of Lancashire in 1997 when the M65 was completed after much political wrangling over its routing. It wasn't always expected to be like this, in the 1960s ambitious plans as part of the town's masterplan were unveiled. Over 150 acres of the town centre were earmarked for redevelopment, with a concise network of high capacity roads such as the Inner Relief Route and the now M65 to be included in the package. However, economic pressures intervened and the proposed redevelopments were scaled down to 12 acres. The road schemes, barring the dualling of Ainsworth Street in the absolute centre, never happened. The motorway proposals went to public inquiry in 1974, were rejected by those present, and in 1980 the M65 between Hyndburn and Preston was dead. It would not be revived until 1987 when the previously discarded southern route around the town was chosen and redesigned for motorway standards. The debates and arguments over the M65 also meant that much needed inner ring road was never finished - the only section of it to open was Barbara Castle Way in 1990, the remaining phases are nothing but distant memories. Since the start of the 21st Century, much of the town has seen the road network be modified in a desperate effort to solve the chronic traffic problems and road maintenance issues (The Beatles famously alluded to the number of potholes in Blackburn in the song "A Day In The Life"). This has resulted in the creation of the controversial A6078 Orbital Route as a watered down version of the original inner ring road plan, and many town centre road closures, the first of which was the closure of Ainsworth Street in 1994. Traffic just continues to grow though, as the existence of the M65 now makes the town an attractive commuter dormitory as all the major centres of employment in the Lancashire area are within an hours drive from the town. Chronology of Local Road Schemes The list below catalogues all completed major road schemes since the start of the 'motor age'. Route	A666 road
Which composer’s Eighth Symphony is known as ‘The Symphony of a Thousand’?	England – North Western England – North Western The construction of the 11½ mile Lancaster By-pass section of the M6, the County Council's second priority, had followed a year after the work on Preston By-pass had started. Length: 18.51 / 11.50 A627(M) The A627 (M) was built as a 'principal road' motorway linking the towns of Rochdale and Oldham with the Lancashire-Yorkshire Motorway M62, and with each other. As distinct from a 'trunk road' motorway for which the Minister is responsible, a 'principal road' motorway has a Local Authority as the 'highway authority', with the project normally attracting a 75% grant from Central Government. The length between the M62 and Chadderton was, however, considered to be of sufficient importance to warrant a 100% grant, as a 'potential trunk road'. The outstanding feature of the 6½ mile section of the motorway south from Horwich was the construction of the Worsley Braided Interchange, connecting the M61 with the M62, A580 (East Lancashire Road) and the A666 (M) Kearsley Spur. Length: 10.46 / 6.50 M53 In the 1960's, Vauxhall Motors decided to build a car factory at Hooton, Ellesmere Port, on the site of a disused airfield. However, the existing road access was totally inadequate. A new road network was required within the immediate area, to serve the development. Not only was it essential for the supply of raw materials, and as a reasonable means of access for employees, but it was required also for the delivery of finished vehicles to markets in all parts of the country and abroad. Length: 4 / 2.50 M55 The Road Plan for Lancashire 1949 included a number of 'second Group Routes', with one of their junctions defined as connecting large towns to a 'first Group Route'. A 'link' to Blackpool from the proposed North-South Motorway was such a route, with the intention that it should be designed and constructed as a 'motorway'. M56 The need for a high standard modern road south of the River Mersey between the Merseyside and Manchester Conurbations was foreseen many years ago. Such a road was included in the Chapman Plan for Cheshire published in 1947, and the County Development Plan of 1958 defined a line agreed between the County Council and the Ministry Transport. M57 A proposal for Liverpool Outer Ring Road, extending from Sefton Town in the North to Gatacre in the South, was included in the 1949 Road Plan for Lancashire. It was to comprise lengths of new all-purpose road together with the substantial widening of existing roads. M58 The Road Plan for Lancashire 1949 contained proposals for improvements to the road network which included proposed by-passes of Up Holland and Skelmersdale. On confirmation of the choice of Skelmersdale for the site of a New Town, in the early 1960's, the line of Route 215 was drastically revised to form a continuous new route south of the New Town including a junction with the M6 at Orrell with proposals for its extension to the M61. M6 The M6 is the longest motorway in the UK, extending from Catthorpe (Junction 19 on the M1) to the Scottish border, north of Carlisle. It includes the first section of motorway constructed in the UK, the Preston by-pass, which opened in December 1958. Exactly 50 years later, the final section of the M6, between Carlisle and the Scottish border, was opened. M6 in Cheshire (J16 to J20) In 1955, it was reported that the County Surveyor had carried out some preliminary work on the design of the motorway within Cheshire. Further investigations were undertaken and, in May 1957, representations were made to the Ministry of Transport for the County Council to be appointed as Agents for the whole of the length between the adjoining County boundaries. M6 Preston to Warrington (J20 to J29) In June 1958, while the Preston and Lancaster By-passes were under construction, the route of the 27 miles of motorway between Thelwall and Preston, bypassing Warrington on the east and Wigan on the west, was confirmed. Two major bridges were required - the thirty-six span Thelwall Bridge (commonly known as the Thelwall Viaduct), over the Manchester Ship Canal and the River Mersey and the six-span Gathurst viaduct across the Douglas valley west of Wigan. M6 Preston By-pass (J29 to J32) In the mid-1940's, Drake had obtained the approval of Lancashire County Council to proceed with the preparation and preliminary design work for the North-South motorway through the County. It was found that the basic alignment, as envisaged in 1937, was still appropriate and only comparatively minor adjustments had to be made. It was realised, however, that economic factors made it impracticable to embark on the construction of the whole of the motorway as a single project. In 1952, therefore, consideration was given to the possibility of constructing those sections of the motorway by-passing Lancaster and Preston, in order to relieve the serious traffic congestion and reduce the number of accidents within those conurbations. M6 Preston to Lancaster (J32 to J33) The sections of the M6 through Lancashire, which had been completed earlier, provided By-passes of major centres of population. The section between Preston and Lancaster, however, was to have the effect of superseding a substantial length of the A6, where due to its unsatisfactory alignment, and the large number of junctions serving local traffic, congestion and the number of serious accidents had increased to an alarming extent. It would also close the gap in the M6 between Stafford and the northern end of Lancaster By-pass and increase its continuous length to 111 miles. M6 The Lancaster by-pass and the Carnforth Link roads A601(M) (J33 to J35) The construction of the 11½ mile Lancaster By-pass section of the M6, the County Council's second priority, had followed a year after the work on Preston By-pass had started. In many respects, it was similar, for example, it would also have dual two-lane carriageways with a wide central reservation for the future addition of third lanes. M6 Penrith By-pass (J40 to J41) The Market Town of Penrith and the City of Carlisle had long been in need of relief from traffic congestion. Apart from the effect of local traffic movement, they both lay at the junction of major traffic routes. The most important factor, however, was the influence of the London-Carlisle-Glasgow-Inverness Trunk Road A6 passing through the centre of the two urban areas. M6 Carlisle By-pass & Penrith to Carlisle (J41 to J44) and extension to the Scottish border As these two Sections of the M6 were constructed within the same timescale, they are considered together. The initial survey, preparation and design was undertaken by the Cumberland County Council as the Minister's Agent Authority. The North Western Road Construction Unit (RCU) was formed on the 1 April 1967.	i don't know
In which Yorkshire town are the Royal Horticultural Society’s Harlow Carr gardens?	West Park Hotel, Harrogate, North Yorkshire: hotel review \| Travel \| The Guardian British boltholes West Park Hotel, Harrogate, North Yorkshire: hotel review Look beyond its middle-class gloss and you’ll find that this is a rather hip, sharply designed place to stay in the genteel old spa town The bar and restaurant at West Park Hotel, Harrogate Saturday 21 March 2015 03.00 EDT Last modified on Tuesday 20 September 2016 07.08 EDT Share on Messenger Close No one heads to Harrogate for high-octane excitement. This is a genteel spa town. Bettys tea room and the Royal Horticultural Society gardens at Harlow Carr are big draws. It is also known for its shopping. With branches of Farrow & Ball, Lakeland, Molton Brown and Swarovski, James Street typifies a town which blends solid middle-class style with a little of the designer bling that wealthy North Yorkshire loves. At first glance, West Park Hotel, a new venture by local pub group Provenance Inns, appears to be aimed squarely at this audience. With its zinc-topped bar, expensive flower displays, champagne and cocktails, the ground-floor brasserie and bar seems tailormade to appeal to well-heeled Yorkshiremen and women. Afternoon teas and lessons in flower arranging offer gentler diversions, but of a similarly middle-aged bent. But look again, and what do you see? Yep, hip filament lightbulbs and a trendy metal ceiling. Down the stairs, past interesting sculptural art works, you find, in the gents, a decorative guard of wall-mounted, multicoloured plastic dogs’ heads. Like the draught Brooklyn lager at the bar (West Park also serves an immaculate pint of Black Sheep, £3.50), it is the kind of thing you would expect to find in east London, not Harrogate. Pinterest This is all relative, of course: West Park is still a glossy, comfortably upholstered, crowd-pleasing venue, but in numerous tiny details (the retro circular motif that runs through the deep aquamarine colour scheme; the bedrooms’ gunmetal-grey wardrobes and modish padded headboards), its design is just a shade sharper than you might imagine. Younger couples could escape here for a romantic weekend and not worry that they had stepped into Midsomer Murders. With their complimentary, locally made sweets, pod coffee machines and proper mugs (a rarity), kingsize beds, large bathrooms and L’Occitane toiletries, West Park’s bedrooms have much to recommend them. The staff are great, too. However, my room was not flawless. The shower lacked true invigorating power; unyielding, hollow-fibre pillows and pillow protectors should be banned; and, while the hotel looks out on to open grassland known as the Stray, my balcony view of the multistorey car park behind lacked magic. The £5 surcharge unless you pre-order your breakfast also seems a bit uptight. Pinterest Like the hotel, the buzzy restaurant seeks to bridge the generation gap. The menu ranges from a burger (£13.95, a decent stab for a non-specialist joint, but no classic), to more traditional game dishes and updates of classics such as prawn cocktail and chicken supreme. A starter of hand-dived king scallops (£11.50) with celeriac velouté and apple slaw was impressive, despite its galumphing, inelegant sea-salt tuile biscuits. A vanilla custard slice (£6.95) was pleasant, although accompanying it with strident raspberry gels and a jelly meant it tasted like two desserts on one plate. In all, this was food which, in good company, you would enjoy without any complaint but would struggle to recollect the following day. Breakfast was similarly competent: sound ingredients, accurately cooked (good loose-leaf teas, breads and pastries, too), but no wow factor. And, personally, I could have done without Chris Evans prattling on in the background (he wasn’t a guest; they had Radio 2 on). I know West Park is trying to push things forward but, at breakfast, silence remains golden. • Accommodation was provided by West Park Hotel, 19 West Park, Harrogate, 01423 524471, thewestparkhotel.com . Doubles from £85 B&B. Travel between Manchester and Harrogate was provided by Northern Rail ( northernrail.org ) Ask a local: Paul Rawlinson, owner of Baltzersen’s Norse restaurant, Harrogate Major Tom’s Social, for local craft beers and good pizzas • Eat New Italian Stuzzi is the talk of the town. Owned by guys who worked at the legendary Salvo’s in Leeds, it’s a deli by day and serves small plates in the evening, many using specially imported ingredients. • Drink I usually head to Major Tom’s Social , which shares a space with record shop Wall Of Sound and vintage store Space. It serves local craft beers and good thin and crispy pizzas. • Shop Harrogate is strong on indie shopping. Sophie Likes is a fantastic cutesy gift shop, there’s Porters for fashion-conscious gentlemen (I’m not one!) and for food shopping, Weeton’s , or Fodder at the Great Yorkshire Showground. • Walk The Valley Gardens in town are beautiful. Take the Pinewoods path and you finish up at the Royal Horticultural Society garden at Harlow Carr. For more exercise, head west to Fewston reservoir.	Harrogate
Martin and Anne Bryce were leading characters in which sitcom of the 1980s?	Royal Horticultural Society northern gardens. - RHS Garden Harlow Carr, Harrogate Traveller Reviews - TripAdvisor “Soooooo Harrogate! Soooo lovely.” Reviewed 11 June 2012 this was our second visit, the last time being 5 years previously. We joined in the children's activities which were high quality and very well organised. the RHS are obviously trying to appeal to a wider audience of families and this is working. My kids loved running around and playing in the tree house, log maze,playground and log ness monster - brilliant! There was a fab bee display again, high quality and interesting. The best bit for me is the Bettys tea shop - a treat for the adults. the RHS have played a blinder with the alliance with Bettys. The two brands together just remind me of what Harrogate is - posh, gentile and altogether thoroughly middle class. Visited June 2012	i don't know
In which film did Sean Connery play a character called Henry Jones?	Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) PG-13 \| When Dr. Henry Jones Sr. suddenly goes missing while pursuing the Holy Grail, eminent archaeologist Indiana Jones must follow in his father's footsteps and stop the Nazis. Director: a list of 43 titles created 18 Apr 2012 a list of 33 titles created 06 Oct 2012 a list of 32 titles created 03 Feb 2014 a list of 40 titles created 22 May 2014 a list of 25 titles created 30 Oct 2014 Title: Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) 8.3/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won 1 Oscar. Another 6 wins & 20 nominations. See more awards » Videos After arriving in India, Indiana Jones is asked by a desperate village to find a mystical stone. He agrees, and stumbles upon a secret cult plotting a terrible plan in the catacombs of an ancient palace. Director: Steven Spielberg Archaeologist and adventurer Indiana Jones is hired by the U.S. government to find the Ark of the Covenant before the Nazis. Director: Steven Spielberg Famed archaeologist/adventurer Dr. Henry "Indiana" Jones is called back into action when he becomes entangled in a Soviet plot to uncover the secret behind mysterious artifacts known as the Crystal Skulls. Director: Steven Spielberg During a preview tour, a theme park suffers a major power breakdown that allows its cloned dinosaur exhibits to run amok. Director: Steven Spielberg Marty McFly, a 17-year-old high school student, is accidentally sent 30 years into the past in a time-traveling DeLorean invented by his close friend, the maverick scientist Doc Brown. Director: Robert Zemeckis A cyborg, identical to the one who failed to kill Sarah Connor, must now protect her teenage son, John Connor, from a more advanced cyborg. Director: James Cameron 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8/10 X A seemingly indestructible humanoid cyborg is sent from 2029 to 1984 to assassinate a waitress, whose unborn son will lead humanity in a war against the machines, while a soldier from that war is sent to protect her at all costs. Director: James Cameron After rescuing Han Solo from the palace of Jabba the Hutt, the rebels attempt to destroy the second Death Star, while Luke struggles to make Vader return from the dark side of the Force. Director: Richard Marquand After the rebels have been brutally overpowered by the Empire on their newly established base, Luke Skywalker takes advanced Jedi training with Master Yoda, while his friends are pursued by Darth Vader as part of his plan to capture Luke. Director: Irvin Kershner After visiting 2015, Marty McFly must repeat his visit to 1955 to prevent disastrous changes to 1985...without interfering with his first trip. Director: Robert Zemeckis After training with his mentor, Batman begins his fight to free crime-ridden Gotham City from the corruption that Scarecrow and the League of Shadows have cast upon it. Director: Christopher Nolan Luke Skywalker joins forces with a Jedi Knight, a cocky pilot, a wookiee and two droids to save the galaxy from the Empire's world-destroying battle-station, while also attempting to rescue Princess Leia from the evil Darth Vader. Director: George Lucas Edit Storyline An art collector appeals to Jones to embark on a search for the Holy Grail. He learns that another archaeologist has disappeared while searching for the precious goblet, and the missing man is his own father, Dr. Henry Jones. The artifact is much harder to find than they expected, and its powers are too much for those impure in heart. Written by Jwelch5742 Have the adventure of your life keeping up with the Joneses See more » Genres: 24 May 1989 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Indiana Jones 3 See more » Filming Locations: 70 mm 6-Track (70 mm prints)\| Dolby (35 mm prints) Color: The film takes place in 1912 and 1938. See more » Goofs After Donovan drinks from the false grail, he begins to age rapidly in a matter of seconds. For reasons not explained, his clothes also age with him, although he never seemed to get any of the holy water on them. See more » Quotes The Paramount mountain dissolves into a mountain in the American West. See more » Connections See more » Frequently Asked Questions Outstanding finale (or is it the finale?) 24 March 2002 \| by jhaggardjr (Chicago, Illinois) – See all my reviews "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade" was supposed to be the final movie in the "Indiana Jones" series. At least that's what director Steven Spielberg and producer George Lucas said at the time this film hit theaters. But now they've said there will be a fourth "Indiana Jones" film. I really don't know if that's a good idea, because the "Last Crusade" was a fitting end to a great movie series. Harrison Ford returns for his third go around as swashbuckling hero Indiana Jones, this time accompanied by Sean Connery as Indy's father, Dr. Henry Jones. These two actors work beautifully together as they fight off the Nazis in search for the Holy Grail. Two actors from "Raiders of the Lost Ark" reprise their roles to great effect in "Last Crusade": Denholm Elliott as Marcus Brody and John Rhys-Davies as Sallah. Alison Doody is the heroine (good or bad?); Julian Glover is the villain; River Phoenix portrays a young Indy at the beginning to see how this character really got his start. "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade" not only has great characters, it also has a decent story (taking place in 1938), plus exciting action scenes and special effects. It's better than the second film "Temple of Doom" and comes very close to topping the first film "Raiders". The "Indiana Jones" series should stay right where it is with the "Last Crusade" as the finale. Unless Spielberg, Lucas, and Ford can prove us wrong and make a really good fourth film in the series, we shall see. I loved all three movies in the "Indiana Jones" series. If the fourth film does gets made, I hope it'll be equally as good as the first three. **** (out of four) 33 of 37 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	indiana jones and last
Who created the character ‘Mr Pastry’?	Sean Connery \| Indiana Jones Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia In 1989, he was cast as Henry Jones, Sr. in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade because George Lucas and Steven Spielberg thought the only man who could play Indiana Jones ' father was James Bond. Connery is in fact only 12 years older than his on-screen son, Harrison Ford . [1] Connery retired from acting in 2005, and thus declined an invitation to repeat the role of Dr. Jones, Sr. in Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull : "I get asked the question so often, I thought it best to make an announcement. I thought long and hard about it and if anything could have pulled me out of retirement it would have been an Indiana Jones film. I love working with Steven and George, and it goes without saying that it is an honor to have Harrison as my son. But in the end, retirement is just too damned much fun. I, do however, have one bit of advice for Junior: Demand that the critters be digital, the cliffs be low, and for goodness sake keep that whip by your side at all times in case you need to escape from the stunt coordinator! This is a remarkable cast, and I can only say, 'Break a leg, everyone.' I'll see you on May 22, 2008, at the theater!" ―Sean Connery in 2007 [2] George Lucas later declared that Connery's absence "turned out better", because Crystal Skull´s story "didn't work in a way he could be in the whole movie". [3] Biography Edit Connery was born to parents Joseph Connery and Euphamia 'Effie' MacLean in Fountainbridge (Edinburgh), Scotland. After leaving school, he joined the Royal Navy but was later discharged on medical grounds. Before acting, he held a variety of jobs including body building and lifeguarding before going to the stage in the 1950's.	i don't know
Who played the title role the ITV series Ivanhoe, first broadcast in 1958?	Ivanhoe (1958 TV series) explained Ivanhoe (1958 TV series) explained Show Name: Num Episodes: 39 Ivanhoe is a British television series first shown on ITV in 1958-59. The show features Roger Moore in his first starring role, as Sir Wilfred of Ivanhoe, in a series of adventures aimed at a children's audience. The characters were drawn loosely from Sir Walter Scott's 1819 novel . Plot The series was set in England during the 12th century reign of King Richard the Lionheart , who had gone to fight in the Crusades and failed to return. In his absence, power had been taken by his younger brother, the ambitious and wicked Prince John , who sought to strip the people of their rights and land. The dashing and heroic knight Ivanhoe, with his father-and-son companions Gurth and Bart whom he had freed from servitude (from the evil Sir Maurice), attempted to right wrongs, secure justice, help those in need, and thwart John and his allies. Making of the series Swashbuckling adventures for a younger audience, such as The Adventures of the Scarlet Pimpernel , The Adventures of Robin Hood and The Adventures of Sir Lancelot , were a mainstay of television programming in Britain in the mid-1950s. In December 1956, Columbia Pictures signed up Roger Moore, then working with limited success in Hollywood , to play the title role in an intended series for transmission in both America and the UK. The series was a co-production between Columbia subsidiary Screen Gems and British producer Sydney Box . The budget was far more lavish than that of the Robin Hood series running at the time and filming started in early 1957, mostly at the ABC Studios at Elstree Studios and on location around Buckinghamshire in England, but with some shooting also taking place in California. The series premiered on ITV in January 1958, while filming continued to complete all 39 episodes through to June 1958. Although a pilot episode was filmed in colour, the series was shot in black and white. [1] The executive producer was Peter Rogers , who shortly afterwards began producing the Carry On films. Guest stars on the series included Christopher Lee and John Schlesinger . Other supporting actors included Jon Pertwee , Paul Eddington , Leonard Sachs , Kenneth Cope , John Warner and Adrienne Corri . Moore insisted on undertaking much of the stunt work himself, resulting in several injuries including three cracked ribs from a fight scene and being knocked unconscious when a battleaxe hit his helmeted skull. Moore later commented: "I felt a complete Charlie riding around in all that armour and damned stupid plumed helmet. I felt like a medieval fireman." [2] The series finished when Moore returned to Hollywood after Warner Brothers offered him a movie role in The Miracle . Cast The Masons (28 September 1958) Arms and the Woman (5 October 1958) The Cattle Killers (19 October 1958) The Gentle Jester (26 October 1958) 3 Days to Worcester (9 November 1958) The Night Raiders (16 November 1958) The Raven (23 November 1958) The Monk (30 November 1958) The Swindler (7 December 1958) The Princess (14 December 1958) The Fledgling (21 December 1958) The Circus (28 December 1958) The Devil's Dungeon (4 January 1959) Availability The series has not yet been released on DVD . Title song Each episode starts with the title song: Ivanhoe, Ivanhoe Side by side we’re proud to ride with Ivanhoe At his call we spring to help him ride along The song we sing is free and joyous song Ivanhoe, Ivanhoe Far and wide throughout the countryside they know There’s freedom on his banner Justice in his sword He rides against the manor Where tyranny is lord	Roger Moore
At which railway station did Edward Thomas’s train unexpectedly stop in late June, 1917?	\| Project Gutenberg Self-Publishing - eBooks \| Read eBooks online 7 References Plot The series was set in England during the 12th century reign of King Richard the Lionheart , who had gone to fight in the Crusades and failed to return. In his absence, power had been taken by his younger brother, the ambitious and wicked Prince John , who sought to strip the people of their rights and land. The dashing and heroic knight Ivanhoe, with his father-and-son companions Gurth and Bart whom he had freed from servitude (from the evil Sir Maurice), attempted to right wrongs, secure justice, help those in need, and thwart John and his allies. Making of the series Swashbuckling adventures for a younger audience, such as The Adventures of the Scarlet Pimpernel , The Adventures of Robin Hood and The Adventures of Sir Lancelot , were a mainstay of television programming in Britain in the mid-1950s. In December 1956, Columbia Pictures signed up Roger Moore, then working with limited success in Hollywood , to play the title role in an intended series for transmission in both America and the UK. The series was a co-production between Columbia subsidiary Screen Gems and British producer Sydney Box . The budget was far more lavish than that of the Robin Hood series running at the time and filming started in early 1957, mostly at the ABC Studios at Elstree Studios and on location around Buckinghamshire in England, but with some shooting also taking place in California. The series premiered on ITV in January 1958, while filming continued to complete all 39 episodes through to June 1958. Although a pilot episode was filmed in colour, the series was shot in black and white. [1] The executive producer was Peter Rogers , who shortly afterwards began producing the Carry On films. Guest stars on the series included Christopher Lee and John Schlesinger . Other supporting actors included Jon Pertwee , Paul Eddington , Leonard Sachs , Kenneth Cope John Warner and Adrienne Corri . Moore insisted on undertaking much of the stunt work himself, resulting in several injuries including three cracked ribs from a fight scene and being knocked unconscious when a battleaxe hit his helmeted skull. Moore later commented: "I felt a complete Charlie riding around in all that armour and damned stupid plumed helmet. I felt like a medieval fireman." [2] The series finished when Moore returned to Hollywood after Warner Brothers offered him a movie role in The Miracle . Cast The Masons (28 September 1958) Arms and the Woman (5 October 1958) The Cattle Killers (19 October 1958) The Gentle Jester (26 October 1958) 3 Days to Worcester (9 November 1958) The Night Raiders (16 November 1958) The Raven (23 November 1958) The Monk (30 November 1958) The Swindler (7 December 1958) The Princess (14 December 1958) The Fledgling (21 December 1958) The Circus (28 December 1958) The Devil's Dungeon (4 January 1959) Availability The series has not yet been released on DVD . Because it was on ITV during the late 50's, it's very likely that the company Network DVD would be responsible for distributing the show in the UK, as they have distributed many shows from that era on DVD. However as of June 2014, there hasn't been any official announcements made. Title song Each episode starts with the title song: Ivanhoe, Ivanhoe	i don't know
Which bakery chain uses the slogan ‘Always fresh. Always tasty’?	<p>Bakery puff taste slogans</p> 1. dolcett like stories [1] bdchoti24 2. Bakery puff taste slogans 3. btd5 unblocked hacked [2] Jun 4, 2013 . The best listing of catchy bakery slogans and great taglines that will get. slogans focus their advertisement towards tempting your taste buds.Greggs, chain of local cake shops and bakeries in the UK Slogans: Greggs. Always fresh. Always tasty. The home of fresh baking. Greggs. Ready when you are.Cupcake Industry Trends and Statistics 55 Catchy Bakery Slogans and Great Taglines. . Skinny Slow Cooker Enjoy these tasty Gluten Free Recipes made with whole. .. Mini Cream. Jul 2, 2013 . Tastes so good. The bakery where all cakes are homemade. The best cake you' ve ever tasted. The perfect blend of cake & art! They taste as .. . Jul 2, 2013 . Tastes so good. The bakery where all cakes are homemade. The best cake you' ve ever tasted. The perfect blend of cake & art! They taste as . Jun 4, 2013 . The best listing of catchy bakery slogans and great taglines that will get. slogans focus their advertisement towards tempting your taste buds.Greggs, chain of local cake shops and bakeries in the UK Slogans: Greggs. Always fresh. Always tasty. The home of fresh baking. Greggs. Ready when you are.Cupcake Industry Trends and Statistics 55 Catchy Bakery Slogans and Great Taglines. . Skinny Slow Cooker Enjoy these tasty Gluten Free Recipes made with whole. .. Mini Cream.. . 4. free sean cody full length brandon videos [3] Jul 2, 2013 . Tastes so good. The bakery where all cakes are homemade. The best cake you' ve ever tasted. The perfect blend of cake & art! They taste as . Jun 4, 2013 . The best listing of catchy bakery slogans and great taglines that will get. slogans focus their advertisement towards tempting your taste buds.Greggs, chain of local cake shops and bakeries in the UK Slogans: Greggs. Always fresh. Always tasty. The home of fresh baking. Greggs. Ready when you are.Cupcake Industry Trends and Statistics 55 Catchy Bakery Slogans and Great Taglines. . Skinny Slow Cooker Enjoy these tasty Gluten Free Recipes made with whole. .. Mini Cream.. . administrative assistant resume no prior experience [4] Write a review for the website ... 500 characters left	Greggs
Northland, Gisborne, and Marlborough are wine-growing areas in which country?	UK baker Greggs pulls off a charming social media save - Digiday UK baker Greggs pulls off a charming social media save Turn on tldr British bakery chain Greggs has just pulled off a PR coup that demonstrates how a smart tone of voice and quick reaction time on social can reap dividends. Marketers, take note. Yesterday, a nasty side effect of a Google algorithm change dealt the cruelest of blows to Britain’s most popular High Street baker. The company’s slogan reads “always fresh, always tasty”; only that’s not the image that appeared recently when people would search for the bakery. Instead, they would see an alternative logo, uploaded by some foulmouthed jester. Google’s search engine couldn’t tell the real image from the spoof. Advertisement The way the company handled the potential nightmare, however, provides a case study in smart PR maneuvering. First, though, the Web team took a moment to realize what had happened. But the brand finally figured out what had happened, though, but didn’t lose its cool — not in front of its 87,800 Twitter followers, at least. While there was no doubt plenty of panic about what to do and lots of phone calls being made to Google’s Web team, the company decided a public cry for help, with a cheeky bit of bribery and a #FixGreggs hashtag, would expedite the situation and change the tone of the conversation entirely. Google’s social media team took note and got in on the hashtag and photo action by adding some banter of their own. Cue Greggs’ response. All the while, the social media team responded to Facebook and Twitter trolling with good humor. They even found time to respond to more routine complaints. Then the good news came in, complete with a brand new hashtag. But the good humor didn’t stop there. Last but not least, the brand made a cheeky request using a careful arrangement of sausage rolls. The British media has been celebrating Greggs’ ability to project its uniquely down-to-earth tone of voice at a time of crisis. What’s also clear is that this PR win didn’t happen by accident. The company’s presence on social media platforms has been growing steadily for the past three or four years, and its ability to deal with feedback via social media was in evidence long before Google’s algorithm dealt this blow. Since as early as 2012 , its social media campaigns have been winning awards and this latest exhibit looks set to do the same. Phil Stelter, managing director, Unique Digital said this case study shows why it is vital for brands to tend to their online presence carefully: “Brands which plan marketing activities in real time are at a major advantage. Both organizations had a problem to address but turned it into something positive. This is a great example of real-time planning and agile marketing in practice – other brands should take note.”	i don't know
In 2012, who became the first South African cricketer to score a test-match triple century?	South African cricket in 2012 South African cricket in 2012 South African cricket in 2012 20 Dec 2012 Tweet on Twitter 20 December 2012 The year 2012 was a special one for South African cricket as the national team, the Proteas, became the number one ranked team in test cricket, winning four series during the course of the year. Cricket is a team sport, but within the South African team it also took some special individual performances to take it to the top. The side began the year with a test series against Sri Lanka. The three matches ended in decisive victories, two for South Africa and one for Sri Lanka. Vernon Philander captured 10 wickets as South Africa romped to victory by an innings and 81 runs in the first test in Centurion, but the series was astonishingly levelled in Durban where the islanders triumphed by a massive 208 runs. With the series on the line, the Proteas posted 580 for 4 declared in their first innings in Cape Town behind 224 from Jacques Kallis, 160 not out from AB de Villiers and 109 from Alviro Petersen. They went on to win by 10 wickets, needing to score just two runs in their second innings. When victories came for the Proteas in 2012, they were to prove, like the one in Cape Town, very decisive. New Zealand tour In March, the Proteas toured New Zealand. There were two draws, but in the second test they won inside three days, crushing the Kiwis by nine wickets as Philander returned match figures of 10 for 114, including 6 for 44 in the Black Caps’ second innings. In July, the Proteas – ranked second in the world – took on England – ranked number one – in a three-test series in England, with the number one ranking on the line. When the series kicked off, England finished the first day of the first test at The Oval on 267 for 3. They looked to be in a strong position, ready to dictate matters, but from then on it was South Africa’s match in the most extraordinary way. They bowled England out for 285 on day two and finished it on 86 for 1. Day three was a torturous one for the England bowlers as Proteas’ skipper Graeme Smith, with 131 in his 100th test, Hashim Amla with 183 not out, and Jacques Kallis, with 83 not out, took the game to the hosts, and South Africa to 403 for 2 at the close. Triple century On day four, Amla became the first South African to score a test triple century. When Smith declared on 637 for 2, Amla was unbeaten on 311, Kallis had 182, and together they had added an unbroken 377. By stumps, England were in serious trouble, on 102 for 4 in their second innings, and on day five South Africa duly took the series lead after securing victory by an innings and 12 runs as Dale Steyn picked up a five-for. After a draw in the second test, a tension-filled third test played out at Lords. Innings of 61 by JP Duminy and Vernon Philander rescued South Africa from 163 for 6 as the Proteas tallied 309 in their first innings. England bettered that by six runs as Jonny Bairstow top scored with 95. Batting again, the Proteas – behind a superb 121 from Amla – posted 351 all out, leaving England needing 346 to win; never before had a target that size been successfully chased at Lords in the fourth innings of a test match. Fourth innings Philander quickly reduced England to 16 for 2 overnight and matters looked dire when they slipped to 45 for 4 on the last day. Bairstow and Jonathan Trott launched an aggressive counter-attack, though, and took the score to 134 before Bairstow fell for 54, followed shortly afterwards by Trott for 63. Matt Prior then took the game to South Africa, but he lost Stuart Broad for 37 and Graeme Swann for 41 before escaping being caught after a slow motion replay showed Morne Morkel had bowled a no ball. The new ball was taken with England in sight of 300, but Philander quickly wrapped up the match and series victory by dismissing Prior for 73 and Steven Finn for a duck to secure a 51 run win for South Africa as England fell for 294. Hashim Amla shared the Man of the Series award with Prior and the Proteas received the ICC Mace, given to the number one test team in the world. Down Under One more series – beginning in November – remained and it was a tough one, taking on Australia Down Under. Although South Africa put up a healthy 450 all out in the first innings of the first test, they found themselves on the back foot as Australia posted 565 for 5 declared in reply, with captain Michael Clarke finishing unbeaten on 259. The test was comfortably drawn, though. Although it ended in draw, the second test was a tough one for the Proteas, but it ultimately played a huge role in their success in the third test. Clarke hit 230 as Australia enjoyed a first innings lead of 162 runs. Then, after he declared their second innings on 267 for 8, South Africa required 430 for victory and they looked in serious trouble when they began the final day on 77 for 4. Match saving Faf du Plessis, playing in his debut match because of an injury to JP Duminy, played a superb innings to save the game for the Proteas. Following on his 78 in the Proteas’ first knock, he finished on 110 not out as South Africa batted 148 overs to salvage a draw and take the fight out of the tired Aussie bowlers. Saving the contest in such a manner set them up for victory in the third test and when it came it was one-sided. In Perth, after day one it looked as if Australia were on top, though. They had bowled the Proteas out for 225, with Du Plessis making 78, and reached stumps on 33 for 2. On day two South Africa seized control of the match and never let go. Dale Steyn, who had been a little quiet in the series up until then, bowled brilliantly to capture 4 for 40 and Robin Peterson picked up three wickets with his left-arm spin as Australia slumped to 163 all out. Then, sticking the knife in, Graeme Smith and Hashim Amla spurred South Africa to 230 for 2 by stumps, with Smith out for 84 and Amla on 99 not out. 632 needed to win Taking the game to the Aussies, the Proteas went on to tally 569 all out for a lead of 631 runs. Man of the match Amla was out for a brilliant 196, while AB de Villiers found his form with a superb knock of 169. Australia made it to stumps on 40 without loss, but on day four limped to 235 for 9 before a last wicket partnership of 87 between Mitchell Starc and Nathan Lyon took them to 322 all out. South Africa won the match by 309 runs and with it the series. The ICC Mace remained in the Proteas’ hands. A stirring win had brought the curtain down on a wonderful year for the South African national team. ‘An incredible year’ On his return from Australia, Proteas’ coach Gary Kirsten told the media: “It’s been an incredible year. We set our sights on becoming the number one team in the world and then to hold that position.” Kirsten said the side wanted to leave a legacy and added that it was “a very special occasion for the Proteas and South African cricket, and should not be taken lightly”. The outstanding form of the team had earlier been captured in the announcement of the ICC Test Team of the Year in August. Test Team of the Year Dale Steyn cracked the nod for a remarkable fifth year in succession. Hashim Amla and Jacques Kallis were named for a third time in a row, while Vernon Philander, after an incredible start to his test career, was also selected. AB de Villiers was named the twelfth man. Only England, with three players, also had more than a single player in the side. Had there been a coach selected, there can be little doubt that Gary Kirsten would have cracked the nod. The former Proteas’ opening batsman, the first man to score a test century against every other test playing nation, changed the fortunes of India in his time in charge there, and now he has lifted South Africa to number one in the world. Quietly spoken, he operates out of the limelight, but his winning influence is clear for all to see. In modern times no bowler has made such an amazing impact so quickly at test level as Vernon Philander. One has to go back to the 19th century to find the only player to have reached 50 wickets faster than Philander. After capturing 51 wickets in just seven tests, he was named the South African Cricketer of the Year at the South African Cricket Awards in June. Included in those wickets was 5 for 15 last November when South Africa bowled Australia out for only 47 in Cape Town, 10 for 102 against Sri Lanka in Centurion, 10 for 114 versus New Zealand in Hamilton, and 61 and 35, as well as 2 for 28 and 5 for 30 in the series-clinching victory at Lords. Mark Boucher After 147 tests, Mark Boucher’s excellent career was brought to a premature end just before the Proteas’ series against England by a freak eye injury caused by a bail. During the course of his career, he was responsible for exactly 1 000 dismissals. His 555 test dismissals is a massive 139 more than the number two man on the list, Adam Gilchrist, and with 424 dismissals in one-day internationals, he is number two on the all-time list. After the one-day international series away to New Zealand, Lonwabo Tsotsobe rose to number one in the ODI bowling rankings. “I am not one for numbers, but I do put in a lot of hard work, and it is always special when you receive recognition,” Tsotsobe told Cricket South Africa. The one disappointment during the year was the failure of the team to fire at the ICC World Twenty20 in Sri Lanka. In the players’ defence, the tournament came directly after their tour of England, with the team having to travel straight to the island for the competition. Neither defending champions England nor South Africa found their best form as the West Indies claimed the title. In October, South Africa blasted their way to the Hong Kong Sixes title, winning the final by a convincing 37 runs over defending champions Pakistan. Captain Colin Ingram made an astonishing 34 not out off of only six balls. Newlands In a survey by The Cricketer magazine, Newlands was voted the number two cricket ground in the world, behind only Lords. “This is an important endorsement of a place that has special meaning for both Capetonians and South African cricket,” Western Province Cricket Association CEO Andre Odendaal said in a statement, “and we’re proud to have maintained our high ratings in world cricket.” South Africa hosted the Champions League Twenty20 in October, a competition featuring the top franchise cricket teams from around the world. The Titans and Highveld Lions made it to the semi-final and final respectively, but both lost to the Sydney Sixers, who claimed the title for a first time. Domestic titles On the domestic scene, the Titans ruled the roost, claiming the four-day Sunfoil Series and the MiWay T20 Challenge titles. The Cape Cobras lifted the Momentum One-day Cup. There was also more success for South African on the administrative front when former Proteas’ wicketkeeper Dave Richardson was appointed CEO of the International Cricket Council in mid-year. Would you like to use this article in your publication or on your website? See: Using SAinfo material TAGS	Hashim Amla
In 2014, who became the first New Zealand cricketer to score a test-match triple century?	Cricket: Amla sets new South African record with 311 not out Cricket: Amla sets new South African record with 311 not out Tweet Share Hashim Amla became the first South Africa batsman to score 300 in a Test match when he reached the landmark against England on the fourth day of the first Test at The Oval here on Sunday. In the process he broke the previous South Africa individual Test innings record of team-mate AB de Villiers, who made 278 not out against Pakistan in Abu Dhabi in November 2010. Amla was on 311 not out when South Africa captain Graeme Smith declared his side's first innings on a mammoth 637 for two; a lead of 252 runs. In all, Amla faced 529 balls and struck 35 fours in what was the 29-year-old's 15th Test century, which far exceeded his previous personal highest of 253 not out against India at Nagpur in 2010. Leading Test scores by South Africa batsmen (player, runs, opponents venue, year): Hashim Amla 311 no v England The Oval 2012 AB de Villiers 278 no v Pakistan Abu Dhabi 2010 Graeme Smith 277 v England Birmingham 2003 Daryll Cullinan 275 no v New Zealand Auckland 1999 Gary Kirsten 275 v England Durban 1999 Graeme Pollock 274 v Australia Durban 1970 afp12	i don't know
Sally Ann Howes was 38-years-old when she played the female lead in which family film?	Sally Ann Howes - Biography - IMDb Sally Ann Howes Jump to: Overview (3) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (4) \| Trivia (10) \| Personal Quotes (2) Overview (3) 5' 6" (1.68 m) Mini Bio (1) Sally Ann Howes grew up in a show business family led by her father, famous English comedian/actor Bobby Howes , her mother Patricia Malone and grandfather, Broadway director Capt. J.A.E. Malone. She had her first screen test offer on her 12th birthday and went on to star in several films before she turned 20, including Anna Karenina (1948) with Vivien Leigh . At 20, she received her first starring stage role in Glasgow in the Sandy Wilson musical Caprice. This led to other musicals including an 18-month run of Paint Your Wagon opposite her father Bobby Howes at Her Majesty's Theatre, Haymarket in 1953. This was followed by the plays Romance by Candlelight, A Hatful of Rain (non-musical) and 148 performances of the musical Summer Song. She continued to make the occasional film during the 1950's but the stage was her main focus. In 1958 she accepted the role of Eliza Doolittle in Broadway's My Fair Lady, taking over from Julie Andrews . The role had been offered to her three times previously, but film and stage commitments kept her from assuming the part that would skyrocket her fame in America. Just before taking on My Fair Lady, she married composer Richard Adler , and he wrote the musical Gift of the Magi for her. It aired on CBS TV in December of 1958. Adler later wrote Kwamina for her, which she performed after her run in My Fair Lady. It was a short-lived run of the musical, and she went on to perform on Broadway in "Brigadoon", which earned her a Tony nomination in 1963. Afterwards she starred in the critically acclaimed musical, "What Makes Sammy Run" opposite Steven Lawrence . Soon after she landed the TV version of Brigadoon (1966) co-starring Robert Goulet and Peter Falk which went on to win seven Emmy Awards. After she and Adler divorced in 1966, she began filming the movie that would become a mega-hit, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968). Despite her large volume of work before and after the movie, she will always be most fondly remembered and loved around the world for her portrayal as the very lovely Truly Scrumptious. Producer Albert R. Broccoli wrote of her: "We wanted a typical English beauty. And to me, Sally Ann represents that ideal. She is also one of the finest musical comedy stars today, a rare combination of the right kind of beauty and the right kind of talent." Dick Van Dyke said of her in his documentary "Remembering Chitty Chitty Bang Bang": "They couldn't have picked a better Truly Scrumptious than Sally. They came up with Sally Ann and I heard her voice, and it was the richest contralto. She auditioned with the Lovely Lonely Man, and I thought, my God, this girl is great and then she was stunningly beautiful. She loved those kids and they loved her, which I think comes across on the screen. They just thought a great deal of her, and she spent a lot of time with them, you know, between shots... telling stories and playing games during all those long waiting periods." Filming took place in England, France and Bavaria over 14 months. Critics were mixed about the film, but children were fanatical about it. The movie spawned a mass marketing phenomenon with everything from Truly Scrumptious Barbie dolls, to Jemima dress patterns, lunch-boxes, countless toys, and many other things all of which still enjoy a thriving collectible life on the secondary market. The Truly Scrumptious costumes in the film even sparked a mini-revival in Edwardian fashions, especially reflected by designer Laura Ashley. Unfortunately, the movie came out at a time when musicals were beginning to be box office dead weight, including Julie Andrews ' Star! (1968) and Darling Lili (1970), which nearly sank Paramount. This nailed the lid shut on filmed musicals for a long time, leaving no filmed musical outlet for performers like Howes. Her film roles became very sporadic after Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968). She was a frequent and popular guest panelist on many game shows throughout the 1960s, and even up until the early 1980s, and she made several guest appearances on television series during the early 1970s. However, the theatre called her back, and with the exception of a few films, she has devoted her career almost entirely to the musical stage. Her last appearance was in 1992. She remains very active in musical theatre even today and is considered one of the grand dames of the American and British musical stage. Other musicals and plays she has starred in Camelot; Blossom Time; The Sound of Music; King and I; Robert and Elizabeth; Man and Superman; I Do, I Do; Hans Anderson; A Little Night Music; Cinderella; Where's Charley?; James Joyce 's The Dead.	Chitty Chitty Bang Bang
‘The Merryman and His Maid’ is the subtitle of which Gilbert and Sullivan opera?	Dick Van Dyke (Actor) - Pics, Videos, Dating, & News Dick Van Dyke Male Born Dec 13, 1925 Richard Wayne Van Dyke, known professionally as Dick Van Dyke, is an American actor, comedian, writer, and producer with a career spanning seven decades. He is the older brother of Jerry Van Dyke and father of Barry Van Dyke. Van Dyke starred in the films Bye Bye Birdie, Mary Poppins and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang and in the TV series The Dick Van Dyke Show and Diagnosis: Murder. He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7021 Hollywood Boulevard.… Read More related links Toys, Brunch And Dick Van Dyke Make For A Festive Christmas At The Midnight Mission LATimes - Dec 25, 2016 ' The line outside the Midnight Mission in downtown Los Angeles began two days ago, as hundreds of men, women and their children waited patiently for a warm meal and a toy from Santaâs VillageÂ on Christmas morning. Volunteers arrived early Sunday to greet them, handing out beanies,Â caps and jackets... ' Dick Van Dyke Will Appear In âMary Poppinsâ Sequel New York Times - Dec 20, 2016 'The actor will not reprise his role as Bert the chimney sweep, he said, and there is no word on what accent he will adopt for his new role.' Bob Dylan Sends Warm Words But Skips Nobel Prize Ceremonies New York Times Google News - Dec 11, 2016 ' New York Times Bob Dylan Sends Warm Words but Skips Nobel Prize Ceremonies New York Times What\'s on TV Sunday: \'Frozen\' and \'The <mark>Dick Van Dyke</mark> Show â Now in Living Color!\' Bob Dylan\'s Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech Â· What\'s on TV Saturday: \'Mary Poppins\' and John Cena on \'S.N.L.\' Â· Mika Kurosawa, Leading Figure in Contemporary DanceÂ ... Bob Dylan \'beyond words\' to receive Nobel Prize for LiteratureBBC News Read Bob Dylan\'s Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech in FullBil... 'the Dick Van Dyke Show' Is Back On Cbs In Living Color LATimes - Dec 08, 2016 ' Hereâs a spoiler alert TV fans didnât see coming in 2016 â the ottoman <mark>Dick Van Dyke</mark> trips over in the opening titles of his classic 1960s sitcom is olive green. Several generations of viewers have enjoyed Van Dyke and costar Mary Tyler Moore on âThe <mark>Dick Van Dyke</mark> Show,â which 50 years after completing... ' Learn about the memorable moments in the evolution of Dick Van Dyke. CHILDHOOD 1925 Birth Van Dyke was born on December 13, 1925, in West Plains, Missouri, to Hazel Victoria (nÃ©e McCord; 1896â1992), a stenographer, and Loren Wayne Van Dyke (1900â1976), a salesman. … Read More He grew up in Danville, Illinois. He is the older brother of actor Jerry Van Dyke, who is best known for a role on the TV series Coach. Van Dyke has Dutch, Scottish, Irish and English ancestry, with a family line that traces back to Mayflower passenger John Alden.<br /><br /> Among his high school classmates in Danville were Donald O'Connor and Bobby Short, both of whom would go on to successful careers as entertainers. One of Van Dyke's closest friends was a cousin of Gene Hackman, the future Oscar-winning actor, who also lived in Danville in those years. Van Dyke's mother's family was very religious, and for a brief period in his youth he considered a career in ministry, although a drama class in high school convinced him that his true calling was as a professional entertainer. In his autobiography he wrote, "I suppose that I never completely gave up my childhood idea of being a minister. Only the medium and the message changed. I have still endeavored to touch people's souls, to raise their spirits and put smiles on their faces." Even after the launch of his career as an entertainer, he taught Sunday school in the Presbyterian Church, where he was an elder, and he continued to read such theologians as Buber, Tillich, and Bonhoeffer, whom he has said helped explain in practical terms the relevance of religion in everyday life. Read Less TEENAGE 1944 18 Years Old Van Dyke left high school in 1944, his senior year, intending to join the United States Army Air Forces for pilot training during World War II. … Read More Denied enlistment several times for being underweight, he was eventually accepted for service as a radio announcer before transferring to the Special Services and entertaining troops in the continental United States. He received his high school diploma in 2004.<br /><br /> During the late 1940s, Van Dyke was a radio DJ in Danville, Illinois. Read Less TWENTIES 1947 21 Years Old In 1947, Van Dyke was persuaded by pantomime performer Phil Erickson to form a comedy duo with him called "Eric and Vanâthe Merry Mutes." … Read More The team toured the West Coast nightclub circuit, performing a mime act and lip synching to old 78 records. They brought their act to Atlanta, Georgia, in the early 1950s and performed a local television show featuring original skits and music called "The Merry Mutes". Read Less 1948 22 Years Old On February 12, 1948, while appearing at the Chapman Park Hotel on Wilshire Boulevard in Los Angeles, he and the former Margerie Willett were married on the radio show Bride and Groom. They had four children: Christian, Barry, Stacy, and Carrie Beth. They divorced in 1984 after a long separation. THIRTIES 1959 33 Years Old In November 1959, Van Dyke made his Broadway debut in The Girls Against the Boys. 1960 34 Years Old He then played the lead role of Albert Peterson in Bye Bye Birdie, which ran from April 14, 1960 to October 7, 1961. … Read More In a May 2011 interview with Rachael Ray, Van Dyke noted that when he auditioned for a smaller part in the show he had no dance experience, and that after he sang his audition song he did an impromptu soft-shoe out of sheer nervousness. Gower Champion, the show's director and choreographer, was watching, and promptly went up on stage to inform Van Dyke he had the lead. An astonished Van Dyke protested that he could not dance, to which Champion replied "We'll teach you". Read Less Show Less That musical won four Tony awards including Van Dyke's Best Featured Actor Tony, in 1961. … Read More In 1980, Van Dyke appeared as the title role in the first Broadway revival of The Music Man.<br /><br /> Van Dyke's start in television was with WDSU-TV New Orleans Channel 6 (NBC), first as a single comedian and later as emcee of a comedy program. Van Dyke's first network TV appearance was with Dennis James on James' Chance of a Lifetime in 1954. He later appeared in two episodes of The Phil Silvers Show during its 1957â58 season. He also appeared early in his career on ABC's The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom and NBC's The Polly Bergen Show. During this time a friend from the Army was working as an executive for CBS television and recommended Van Dyke to that network. Out of this came a seven-year contract with the network. During an interview on NPR's Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me! program, Van Dyke said he was the anchorman for the CBS morning show during this period with Walter Cronkite as his newsman. Read Less From 1961 to 1966, Van Dyke starred in the CBS sitcom The Dick Van Dyke Show, in which he portrayed a comedy writer named Rob Petrie. … Read More Originally the show was supposed to have Carl Reiner as the lead but CBS insisted on recasting and Reiner chose Van Dyke to replace him in the role. Complementing Van Dyke was a veteran cast of comic actors including Rose Marie, Morey Amsterdam, Jerry Paris, Ann Morgan Guilbert, Richard Deacon, and Carl Reiner (as Alan Brady), as well as 23-year-old Mary Tyler Moore, who played Rob's wife Laura Petrie. Van Dyke won three Emmy Awards as Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series, and the series received four Emmy Awards as Outstanding Comedy Series. Read Less 1964 38 Years Old Van Dyke received a Grammy Award in 1964, along with Julie Andrews, for his performance on the soundtrack to Mary Poppins. … Read More In 1970, he published Faith, Hope and Hilarity: A Child's Eye View of Religion a book of humorous anecdotes based largely on his experiences as a Sunday School teacher. Van Dyke was principal in "KXIV Inc." and owned 1400 AM KXIV in Phoenix (later KSUN) from 1965 to 1985.<br /><br /> As an a cappella enthusiast, he has sung in a group called "Dick Van Dyke and The Vantastix" since September 2000. The quartet has performed several times in Los Angeles as well as on Larry King Live, The First Annual TV Land Awards, and sang the national anthem at three Los Angeles Lakers games including a nationally televised NBA Finals performance on NBC. Van Dyke was made an honorary member of the Barbershop Harmony Society in 1999.<br /><br /> Van Dyke became a computer animation enthusiast after purchasing a Commodore Amiga in 1991. He is credited with the creation of 3D-rendered effects used on Diagnosis: Murder and The Dick Van Dyke Show Revisited. Van Dyke has displayed his computer-generated imagery work at SIGGRAPH, and continues to work with LightWave 3D. Read Less FORTIES 1971 45 Years Old From 1971 to 1974, Van Dyke starred in an unrelated sitcom called The New Dick Van Dyke Show in which he portrayed a local television talk show host. … Read More Although the series was developed by Carl Reiner and starred Hope Lange as his wife, and he received a Golden Globe nomination for his performance, the show was less successful than its predecessor, and Van Dyke pulled the plug on the show after just three seasons. Read Less 1973 47 Years Old In 1973, Van Dyke voiced his animated likeness for the October 27, 1973 installment of Hanna-Barbera's The New Scooby-Doo Movies, "Scooby-Doo Meets Dick Van Dyke," the series' final first-run episode. … Read More The following year, he received an Emmy Award nomination for his role as an alcoholic businessman in the television movie The Morning After (1974). Van Dyke revealed after its release that he had recently overcome a real-life drinking problem. He admits he was an alcoholic for 25 years. That same year he guest-starred as a murdering photographer on an episode of Columbo, Negative Reaction. Read Less FIFTIES 1976 50 Years Old Van Dyke returned to comedy in 1976 with the sketch comedy show Van Dyke and Company, which co-starred Andy Kaufman and Super Dave Osborne. … Read More Despite being canceled after three months, the show won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy-Variety Series. Read Less 1977 51 Years Old After a few guest appearances on the long-running comedy-variety series The Carol Burnett Show, Van Dyke became a regular on the show, in the fall of 1977. … Read More However, he only appeared in half of the episodes of the final season. For the next decade he appeared mostly in TV movies. One atypical role was as a murdering judge on the second episode of the TV series Matlock in 1986 starring Andy Griffith. Read Less LATE ADULTHOOD	i don't know
Which Victorian author is credited with introducing the pillar box into the UK?	Letter boxes: The red heart of the British streetscape - BBC News BBC News Letter boxes: The red heart of the British streetscape By Kathryn Westcott BBC News Magazine 18 January 2013 Read more about sharing. Close share panel One of the UK's rarest postboxes is celebrating its 150th anniversary. But what is the future for the red emblem of the British streetscape? Of the 115,000 or so postboxes dotted around the country, only a single "Liverpool Special" still graces a public space, in the city's Albert Dock. It is a rare example of a piece of street furniture that perhaps more than any other object helps create a quintessentially British landscape. The red phone box is (largely) gone. The red postbox remains. The denizens of conservation areas still jealously hang on to their heritage phone boxes. But will the red postbox face the same fate, reduced to a pleasant rarity? Many of us still give directions to our own homes using the cast-iron box as a landmark. Its design has changed little since 1879. Not so celebrated British-designed letter boxes can be found throughout the UK, the Republic of Ireland and in many former nations of the British Empire and members of the Commonwealth. In some cases, they chart the political developments in the governance of a nation. In 1954, the royal cipher on Scottish postboxes was replaced with the Scottish crown (pictured). Campaigners said the inscription EIIR was unacceptable because Elizabeth I had not reigned over Scotland. In Ireland postboxes document the transition from British to Irish administration. Red boxes were painted green after the Anglo-Irish Treaty was ratified in 1922. Today you will find "hybrid" postboxes with Edwardian surrounds and replacement doors bearing the insignia of the Irish Free State (1922-1937). In 2009, young Republicans in parts of Northern Ireland launched a campaign to paint letter boxes green. In Malta's capital Valletta in the 1980s, some of the royal ciphers on postboxes in Valletta were ground off on government orders. For many communities, they are a reassuring presence - a cheerful, red splash that has stood out on British streets for a more than a century and a half. But with privatisation looming - possibly this year - are other colours set to usurp the familiar red? There is now an inexorable shift to email from the traditional letter. The peak for Royal Mail deliveries was in 2005-06 when some 84 million items were delivered every working day. Today it's roughly 58 million, according to Royal Mail. Much of that is business mail that never plops through a traditional postbox. The first pillar boxes were erected at St Helier in Jersey in 1852, at the recommendation of novelist Anthony Trollope - who was an employee of the General Post Office at the time. The first boxes were erected in Britain a year later. Designs varied but in 1859 an improved cylindrical design was adopted for standard use nationwide. A Liverpool postmaster decided to rebel, and after a waging a long battle with London, the Liverpool Special letter box - with its increased capacity and chunkily cast crown on top - was born. The Letter Box Study Group (LBSG), which maps sites across the UK, is not just concerned with this postal oddity today, but with the fate of all the boxes. In 2002, Royal Mail undertook to repaint each of its letter boxes every three years. But, according to Andrew Young, chairman of the LBSG, many are not being properly maintained. "There was a massive amount of publicity about the painting of the gold boxes during the Olympics and Paralympics," he says. "Walk into any tourist shop and you will see post boxes replicated in miniature as souvenirs. But look at some of them on the street, they are poorly painted, collection plates are missing. They should be doing more to maintain them - there is lack of pride in their presentation. "In some rural areas and towns, the letter boxes look like they haven't been painted for 10 or 20 years." But the Royal Mail denies it has been neglecting its letter boxes, saying a great deal of effort goes into maintaining and painting them. "We repaint and refurbish them on a regular basis," says spokesman Nick Martens. "We also respond directly to reports by our staff and customers about individual boxes that require urgent attention." Young's view, however, is that in a deregulated system, there could be a decline in numbers of the traditional form of the red boxes. "There is a question over who would become responsible for the heritage," says Young. "It would take a campaign to determine who had liability." The Postal Services Act 2011 , which paved the way for privatisation, makes reference to "an operator's 'postal infrastructure'" which, it says, includes "physical infrastructure (such as letter boxes)". But the act does not specify what colour those boxes should be. What would happen if, say, a firm bought a stake and wanted some of the boxes painted orange? As it stands there's no specific legal barrier. A Department for Business, Information and Skills spokeswoman, however, says: "Royal Mail is 100% committed to keeping red postboxes as they are. Any change is beyond the realms of even the most fertile imagination." When the bill was making its way though Parliament, Conservative MP for Kettering Philip Hollobone called for legal protection for red boxes, which he said could be lost forever. There is formal legal protection for the image of the monarch on stamps. Young says he does not "expect a wholesale removal". A private operator that didn't feel the need to use letter boxes could just leave them there, shuttered. But who would maintain the paintwork? Would residents groups have to effectively adopt them and keep the red paint handy? The same was done for many remaining red telephone boxes. The traditional letter box has many fans. Anthony Trollope The 19th Century novelist (1815-1882) is credited with introducing the pillar box to the UK, while working in a senior position at the Post Office. The Trollope Society Jonathan Glancey, writer and author of Pillar Boxes, sees them as miniature works of architecture, as a "glorious piece of public design", both functional and aesthetic, that has stood the test of time. "Functionality was key but they were part of the school of design when every-day objects were handsome, regular and standardised. They came from the same school of design as the old telephone boxes and red buses." "They tell a story about who we are," he says. "The very first standardised design - the Penfold - derived its look from the Greek design," he says. "This went with the spread of literature during the Victorian times, when the Classics - writing and writing letters - was so important." He says they have come to symbolise a time before public services "lost cohesive value". "Postboxes - like the old telephone boxes - are symbolic of democratic order and high standards. Whether you lived in Toxteth or Mayfair, there was the same standards for public design." Pillar boxes, he says, show that the street is special and that people care about it. The street is part of British culture. "Not just something to walk down and to make money from," Glancey says. You can follow the Magazine on Twitter and on Facebook	Anthony Trollope
Soccer. Who became manager of West Ham in June 2015?	Trollope, signed \| Oxfam GB \| Oxfam’s Online Shop Oxfam Unwrapped Charity Gifts About this item Anthony Trollope is, with Dickens, the most enduringly popular Victorian novelist. All of his 47 novels have been printed - two of which have been made into TV series, "The Pallisers" and "The Barchester Chronicles". Born in 1815, Trollope initially made his living working for the Post Office - introducing the pillar box into Britain. He was also an enthusiastic rider to hounds, a Liberal parliamentary candidate, a magazine editor, a traveller, the devoted friend of Thackeray and George Eliot and the author of over 60 books and a vast amount of journalism. This book explores Trollope's private life - his unhappy childhood, his relationships with his wife and a beautiful American, Kate Fielding - while creating a picture of the times in which he lived. Signed by the author, with no dedication, on the title page. Hard back book with dust jacket. There are the usual marks and impressions of wear on the jacket. Otherwise the book and jacket are in very good condition throughout. Author(s): Volunteer listed Wonder how this unique item ended up online? Most of the second-hand items you see online have been donated, by supporters like you, to our high street stores. Each item is then priced, photographed and listed on this site by our amazing team of volunteers from across the country. After you have bought your item, our team of volunteers package and dispatch it from the Shop straight to you or your chosen recipient. All profits from the sales of our goods go towards funding Oxfam's work around the world. We rely on your donations to sell online so please keep the cycle of goodness going! To find out more about volunteering with Oxfam, please visit our how to volunteer page. Oxfam Shop Northwich We're just a little Oxfam Shop in a small town in the middle of Cheshire, BUT we're good at what do! We carry clothing, books, music, films, software, games, bric-a-brac, stamps, jewellery and more. We also love holding a special event or promotion and getting involved for a good cause. Pop in sometime, or email us.	i don't know
In the Hindu and Jain religions, what is a mandir?	BBC - Religions - Jainism: Jain temples Jain temples Last updated 2009-09-14 This articles takes a look at Jain temples, which can range from the immense and elaborate to the very plainest of worship rooms. On this page Jain temples Svetambara Jain images are always decorated © There are some beautiful Jain temples in India, although the majority of Jain temples are much plainer structures. Jain temples contain images of tirthankaras ; either in seated meditation, or standing. A seated image or images is usually the focus of a temple interior. Jains make offerings to the images as part of their worship. Jain temples range from the immense and elaborate to the very plainest of worship rooms. The two largest Jain sects decorate their temples in different ways. Digambara Jain temples have tirthankara statues that are undecorated and unpainted. In Svetambara Jain temples the images are always decorated - with painted or glass eyes and sometimes ornaments of gold, silver, and jewels on the forehead. Further decoration is common. Digambara Jain tirthankara statues are undecorated and unpainted © Svetambara Jains decorate images richly for festivals using flowers, paints, and jewels, and make decorative offerings of flowers, leaves, sandalwood, saffron, camphor, gold or silver leaf, pearls, precious stones or costume jewellery. These offerings are renewed daily as a gesture of devotion. Visit to a Jain temple A visit to a Jain temple Dom Peter Bowe visited one of the 37 Jain temples in Bangalore. He describes his visit below. The Jain temple was at a busy city cross-roads; the faithful were coming, as they do each day, for morning prayers and puja, having specially bathed and dressed in clean white clothes, some with the masks which Jains, out of respect for their sacred principle of ahimsa (non-violence), wear to prevent harming living beings in the air with their breath. Jain temple in Ranakpur, Rajasthan, India © In the compact, exquisitely carved, marble temple, with a perambulatory outer raised section and an inner domed shrine open on three sides, a most devotional atmosphere prevailed. A small group of youths was singing bhajans accompanied by tabela (finger drums) and small harmonium. The Jains were most hospitable: we were led around the shrines and into the inner sanctum, and Jain beliefs were meticulously explained. For Jains, like Buddhists agnostic , the gods and idols are not real in themselves, rather symbols of human attitudes, aspirations and fears, so that worship is really about one's own integration in oneself and with the world around. Purity, right living and service of others are hallmarks of their faith. © Dom Peter Bowe	Temple
In the Bible, who visited Solomon in Kings 1, chapter 10?	7. Are Jains Hindus? 7. Are Jains Hindus? 7.1. Joins in the Minorities� Commission One of the least vocal communities in India is the Jain community. When the Minorities� Commission was formed in 1978, the Jains were somehow overlooked, though Sikhs and Buddhists were invited to join. No Jain protest was heard. It seemed that as a prosperous business community, the Jains were not too interested in the politics of grievances, and therefore they didn�t care too much whether they were entitled to minority status. In 1996, however, a delegation of prominent Jains submitted a memorandum to Prime Minister Deve Gowda requesting recognition of the Jain community as a religious minority. 1 In 1997, the Minorities� Commission did invite the Jains. The Sangh Parivar was angry at the 1997 move, though it merely confirmed the minority status accorded to the Jains in the Constitution (Art.25). The RSS weekly Organiser went out of its way to collect pro-Hindu statements from Jain sages and lay authorities. Thus: �Jain saint Acharya Tulsi has categorically asserted the Jains to be an integral part of Hindu society. In a statement released here, the Acharya asked the Jains to desist from any attempts to put them among minority communities. Hinduism is not a specific religion but refers to nationality or society, according to him.� 2 So far, nothing has been gained: if �Hindu� merely means �Indian� (as the Sangh Parivar often claims), then Acharya Tulsi�s assertion amounts to no more than the trivial claim that Jains are Indians. It becomes more pertinent when he adds: �In a Hindu family, one member can be a Vaishnavite, another an Arya Samaji and yet another a Jain, all belonging to Hindu society�. 3 Another Jain Muni, Anuvarta Anushasta Ganadhipati Acharya �pointed out that Jainism is an inseparable part of Hinduism, even though it believes in a different way of worship, follows distinct samskâras and has its own spiritual books�. 4 And Sadhvi Dr. Sadhana, who leads the Acharya Sushil Kumar Ashram in Delhi, asserted that �the Jains and the other Hindus are the inheritors of a common heritage�. 5 The Jains are divided in a few castes, some of which intermarry with (and are thereby biologically part of) Hindu merchant castes: Jain Agarwals marry Hindu Agarwals but not Jain Oswals. 6 They function as part of the merchant castes in the larger Hindu caste scheme. If the observance of caste endogamy is taken as a criterion of Hinduism, then Jains are Hindus by that criterion. In September 2001, the Rajasthan High Court ruled that the Jains are Hindus, not a separate non-Hindu minority; but in some other states they are counted as a separate minority. Clearly, there is no consensus about this in lay society. 7.2. Joins in Hindu Revivalism Given the actual participation of Jains in Hindu society, it is no surprise that we find Jains well-represented in the Hindu Revivalist movement, either formally, e.g. J.K. Jain, BJP media specialist and MP in 1991-96, and Sunderlal Patwa, Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister in 1990-93, or informally, e.g. the late Girilal Jain, sacked in 1988 as Times of India editor when he developed Hindutva sympathies, and his daughters Meenakshi Jain and Sandhya Jain. In a collection of Girilal Jain�s columns on the triangular Hindu-Muslim-secularist struggle (that is how he understood the �communal� problem) 7 , we find his explicit rejection of Jain separateness: �Though not to the same extent as in the case of Sikhs, (�) neo-Buddhists and at least some Jains have come to regard themselves as non-Hindus. In reality, however, Buddhism and Jainism have been no more than movements within the larger body of Hinduism.� 8 According to Girilal Jain, what difference there was between Brahmins and Jain renouncers has been eliminated by competitive imitation, e.g.: �the Brahman would have adopted vegetarianism so as not to be outdone by the renouncer qua spiritual leader�. 9 Whatever schisms may have taken place in the distant past, the ultimate origin is common, and ever since, coexistence was too close to allow for permanent separateness. When BJP President Murli Manohar Joshi visited the predominantly Jain Indian diamond community in Antwerp (August 1992), someone in the audience asked him whether Jains are Hindus. Pat came his reply: �Jains are the best Hindus of all.� 7.3. Dayananda Saraswati on Jainism When considered at the doctrinal level, Jainism may have some aspects which mainstream Hindus would disagree with. But the Sangh Parivar has a policy of deliberate indifference to inter-Hindu disputes, aiming first of all at uniting all sections of Hindu society �including� Jainism. The only written argument against Jainism by Hindu revivalists was developed more than a century ago by the Arya Samaj. In the introduction to his Light of Truth, Swami Dayananda tones down the polemical thrust of the chapters devoted to other religions and sects: �Just as we have studied the Jain and Buddhist scriptures, the Puranas, the Bible and the Qoran with an unbiased mind, and have accepted what is good in them and rejected what is false, and endeavour for the betterment of all mankind, it behoves all mankind to do likewise. We have but very briefly pointed out the defects of these religions.� 10 Many schools of thought and religious traditions which contemporary Hindutva ideologues and even some outside observers would readily include in �Hinduism�, as part of the prolific offspring of the ancient Vedic tradition, are rejected in strong terms by the Arya Samaj. This class of substandard varieties of Hinduism includes the Puranic tradition and Sikhism. 11 With even more emphasis, the Arya Samaj rejects the Nâstika or non-Vedic traditions. Chapter 12 of Light of Truth is titled: �An exposition and a refutation of the Charvaka, the Buddhistic and the Jain faiths, all of which are atheistic�. 12 The Charvaka (�polemicist�) sect, founded in pre-Buddhist antiquity by one Brihaspati, can be considered a cornerstone in the spectrum of Indian philosophies because of its radical clarity in proposing one of the possible extremes in cosmology, viz. atheistic materialism. 13 The several materialistic schools of ancient Indian philosophy have naturally been highlighted by Marxist scholars, even with a streak of patriotic pride. 14 The ancient Indian atheists are also quite popular as reference among crusading �rationalists�, i.e. people devoted to debunking claims of the paranormal, quite active in South India. 15 For this reason, they belong to the pantheon of the political parties which subscribe to �rationalism�: Dravida Kazhagam (Dravidian Federation, DK), Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (Dravidian Progressive Federation, DMK) and Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (C. Annadurai�s Dravidian Progressive Federation, ADMK), Tamil chauvinist parties which are (or were) anti-Brahminical and anti-religious promoters of �rationalism�. 16 By contrast, since it has been extinct as a separate sect for centuries, Indian Materialism does not figure in modern Hindutva discourse, except as a referent to contemporary secular materialism. It is nevertheless part of an atheistic-agnostic doctrinal continuum to which Jainism and Buddhism also belong, and for that reason, some references to it may appear in the following survey of Dayananda�s argumentation. The major part of this critique is directed against Jainism rather than Buddhism. The reason for this may simply be that Dayananda was more familiar with Jainism as a living presence in society, at a time when Buddhism was practically extinct in India. Contrary to Dayananda�s refutations of Christianity and Islam, his critique of Jainism and Buddhism is limited to certain highbrow points of philosophy, and avoids attacks on the morality of the founder or on the humanity of the religion�s historical career. We leave the scholastic points on the epistemology and metaphysics of the Nastika schools undiscussed because they are hardly relevant for the effective relationship between the communities concerned, and because similar differences of opinion can easily be found within Vedic Hinduism itself, e.g. between dualist and non-dualist Vedanta. 17 In this section on Jainism, we will consider the general argument of religion against atheism, of rationalism against irrational beliefs and practices; and the argument against Shramanic sectarianism. 7.4. Philosophical materialism in India Chapter 12 of the Light of Truth starts with the classical counter-arguments against the equally classical arguments of atheism and materialism. 18 Thus, against the position that the conscious subject (Self) dies along with the body, which makes short work of the notions of eternal soul, afterlife or reincarnation, Dayananda develops the well-known argument in defence of the soul as an entity separable from the body at death: �Your so-called elements are devoid of consciousness, therefore consciousness cannot result from their combination.� 19 Like begets like, so matter cannot generate non-matter, yet non-matter (consciousness) is an observed fact of life, ergo there must be an entity which exists apart from matter. The conscious subject is an entity separate from the body and not bound to die along with it. 20 We cannot hope to settle a debate on such a fundamental philosophical question as the �mind-brain problem� here, and will be satisfied with noting that Dayananda uses the classical argument of religious people against this type of materialism. The point is that his is not necessarily the only �Hindu� position. Indeed, those who like to argue for the �tolerance� of Hinduism (including those Hindutva authors who defend the position that Hinduism and fundamentalism are intrinsically incompatible) often claim that �a Hindu can even be an atheist�. Thus, Balraj Madhok writes: �The theist and the atheist, the sceptic and agnostic may all be Hindus if they accept the Hindu system of culture and life.� 21 On this premiss, it becomes much easier to include atheist Jainism in Hinduism. Surprisingly, even in the hard core of Brahmanical ritualism, we find a strong atheist element. The highly orthodox ritualists of the Purva Mimamsa school developed the doctrine that the Gods, to whom sacrifices were made in expectation of their auspicious intervention, were mere terms used to label the unseen phase (in modern terms, the �black box�) of the purely mechanical process which leads from the ritual performed to the materialization of the effects desired. 22 They were possibly the first deliberate atheists in world history, yet they were Âstikas, followers of the Veda. Dayananda, by contrast, made it clear that he did not want to be associated with atheists, and that the Arya Samaj was a crusading force against atheism. Here we are faced with the fact that Dayananda had no intention of representing the broadest possible spectrum of Hinduism, unlike the Hindutva movement. He was a purist who rejected as unauthentic or un-Aryan all the Nastika (and, at least implicitly, even some Astika) traditions which did not conform to his own conception of Vedic doctrine. Against the doctrines which reject or simply ignore the notion of a Creator-God, Dayananda argues: �Dead and inert substances cannot combine together of their own accord and according to some design unless the Conscious Being-God-fashions and shapes them.� 23 At the time of his writing, it was probably too early for a provincial Indian pandit to realize the implications of the findings of modern science. We see dead substances combine and recombine all the time: even before the first life forms appeared on earth, a lot of chemical processes took place which scientists have explained entirely in terms of the Laws of Nature, without needing the hypothesis of divine intervention. At face value, Dayananda�s point seems to be close to the medieval idea that the planets could only move because of angels pushing them forward; but a more sophisticated reading of his view would be that at least the first beginnings of life and of the physical processes require some kind of divine intervention. Ultimately, the planets and the force of gravity which explains their motions, and more generally all substances and the Laws of Nature which govern them, cannot have come into being without being created by a Creator. The claim that nothing exists without a cause, and that the world itself must therefore have a �cause�, viz. a divine Creator, is one of the classical proofs of the existence of God, the main proof for Muslims and one of the five proofs given by Saint Thomas Aquinas. 24 The atheist counter-argument is that if an eternal entity is admitted, viz. the one which theists call God, then the universe itself might just as well be that eternal and uncreated entity. 25 But Dayananda was entirely unaware of the philosophical debates which had taken place in the West, and was not very broadly informed even about those in India. 7.5. The ethical argument for God Another argument well-known to Western debaters on the existence of God is the ethical argument: without any kind of punishment and reward, people will not be motivated to do good and shun evil, and since the history of the world tells us about numerous good people ending in misery and evil people enjoying success, the just punishment or reward has to be meted out by God in some future life (whether in heaven or in new incarnations). 26 According to Dayananda: �If there were no God (the giver of the fruits of their deeds to souls), no soul will ever, of its own free will, suffer punishment for their crimes.� Dayananda compares it with burglars who will not volunteer for getting punished, �it is the law that compels them to do so; in like manner, it is God Who makes the soul reap the fruits of its actions, good or bad, otherwise all order will be lost; in other words, one soul will do deeds while the other will reap the fruits thereof.� 27 Dayananda�s argument is unlikely to convince those who hold the opposite view. indeed, one can think up several ways in which people do �reap the fruits of their actions� without requiring divine intervention, in a purely mechanical way. Jains conceive of Karma as a mechanical process, in which experiences in this life are preserved in seed form to determine the contents of one�s next life, without any need for a personal God who records man�s sins and metes out appropriate punishment at some later time. They share Dayananda�s moralistic view that any good we do is ultimately rewarded and any evil we do is ultimately paid for, but they are satisfied with their non-theistic model of explanation. Alternatively, the non-moralistic possibility should be faced that we are not bound to �reap the fruits of our actions�: if you kill someone, he definitely reaps the fruits of your action, viz. by losing his life, and that is where the causal chain ends. You yourself also reap indirectly in the form of that which you wanted to take from the murdered man (the money he carried, the shared secret which he threatened to divulge, etc.), but you are not going to undergo punishment for this murder unless the human law machinery catches up with you. It is perfectly conceivable, as indeed the Indian Materialists hold, that there is no justice in this world except as a human artefact, that evil is not punished nor good rewarded except (with luck) in this lifetime by ordinary human means. 28 In that case, ethical behaviour comes without future reward, whether divine or mechanical. Or rather, it will have to be its own reward, by giving a feeling of serenity, peace of mind. This approach is a lot closer to what we can glimpse of the original Vedic conception of ethics than the �divine punishment�-mongering which the alleged Veda fundamentalist Dayananda offers. The Rigveda, at least, is a very unmoralistic book. It praises certain virtues (generosity, truthfulness etc.) without trying to lure anyone into practising them: those who don�t practise them merely reveal their own ignoble character, but they are not threatened with any divine punishment for that. This is but one of many occasions at which Dayananda holds theistic and moralistic opinions which are classically enunciated not in his revered Vedas but in the reviled Puranas and Smritis. At any rate, anyone familiar with the old debate about the existence of God and related fundamental questions will notice that Dayananda is not offering any compelling argument to make committed atheists change their minds. 7.6. With the joins against priestcraft Swami Dayananda is in agreement with the Nastikas on another issue which figures prominently in standard atheist discourse: the absurdity and non-efficacity of funeral rites and other priestly practices. He welcomes the atheist argument that if one can benefit one�s ancestors in heaven by throwing food into the fire, how come one cannot save a relative on his journey through the desert from hunger and thirst by similar means? 29 Thus, �the practice of offering oblations to the manes of departed ancestors is an invention of priests, because it is opposed to the Vedic and Shastric teachings and finds sanction in the Puranas (�) Yes, it is true that the priests have devised these funeral rites from motives of pecuniary gain but, being opposed to the Vedas, they are condemnable.� 30 On this point, the contrast between the Arya Samaj and the contemporary RSS Parivar is complete: whereas the latter tries to group all Hindus and implicitly condones all existing Hindu religious practices, the former takes objection to everything which, in its opinion, is not well-attested in the Vedas. Veer Savarkar rejected all superstitious practices too, and even forbade any funeral rites for his own departed soul, but he never waged an ideological campaign against such practices, as this would have greatly harmed his effort to unite all Hindus. In the case of the RSS Parivar, the same concern for unity stands in the way of this type of religious purism, except when it comes to superstitions which directly affect the unity effort, most notably untouchability, or which harm Hindu interests otherwise, e.g. the taboo on widow remarriage with its negative effect on the Hindu birth rate. However, the �protestant� objections to priestcraft, which are in effect similar to Luther�s objections against Roman Catholic practices, do not define an antagonism between Hinduism (even if limited to the Vedic tradition) on the one and Jainism and Buddhism on the other hand. The antagonism between ritualists and non-ritualists cuts through both Hinduism and the Shramanic traditions. The shift in emphasis from Vedic Karmakânda (ritual) to Jñânakânda (contemplation) is a central theme of the Upanishads, while Buddhism, supposedly a revolt against empty ritualism (among other things), had its limited array of non-icon-centred rituals from the beginning, and soon developed its own rich array of rituals in temples before impressive Buddha statues, culminating in the near-suffocation of silent meditation by endless rituals in Tibetan Tantric Buddhism. Jainism, too, has its network of temples where idols of the 24 Tirthankaras (�ford-makers�, founding saints of Jainism) are venerated. The Arya Samaj itself, though professing a decided skepticism (which most Westerners would readily qualify as �healthy�) vis-à-vis mûrti-pûjâ (idol-worship), pilgrimages and other rituals, has some rituals of its own. Indeed, rather than being a rationalistic rejection of all ritual per se, it represents a restoration of Vedic ritual to the detriment of rival ritual practices. If the ritual of feeding the departed souls is incapable of affecting the souls of the deceased, why should the Arya/Vedic ritual of Homa or Agnihotra be taken to have any effect upon any being whether living or dead? Here, we are faced with the common phenomenon that apologists of a religion are very rationalistic when it comes to evaluating the supernatural claims of rival traditions, but do not extend the same logic to an evaluation of their own doctrine. 7.7. Critique of Jain chronology Another example of the same tendency to judge others by more exacting standards of rationality than one�s own tradition is Dayananda�s critique of Jain chronology. The 24 Jain Tirthankaras, among whom the historical teacher Parshvanath is listed as 23rd and Mahavira Jina as 24th, are credited with astronomical lifetimes and body sizes, e.g. the first in the list, Rishabhadeva (claimed to be attested in the Vedas) 31 was 500 dhanush (= 500 x ca. 2 metres) tall and lived for 8,400,000 years. Dayananda laboriously criticizes this scriptural hyperbole, and additionally blames it for similarly grotesque claims in the Puranas: �Let the wise consider if it is possible for any man to have so gigantic a body and to live so long. If the globe were inhabited by people of such dimensions, very few would be contained in it. Following the example of the Jainees, the Pauraniks have written of persons who lived for 10,000 years and even for 100,000 years. All this is absurd and so is what the Jainees say.� 32 True, if ever there was a human being called Rishabhadeva, he probably lived for less than 8 million years. But if the Jain tradition is highly unrealistic at this point, how should we judge Dayananda�s claim that the four Vedas were given in complete form at the time of Creation itself? This claim, made in accordance with a long-standing Vedic tradition, implies a rejection of any historical interpretation of all factual mundane data (e.g. the Battle of the Ten Kings, sung in the Rigveda). It necessitates forcing a universal symbolical interpretation on mundane data such as names of rivers, mountains, places and persons, and thereby replaces the real and complex meaning of the Vedic text with a simplistic though elaborate Hineininterpretieren. Worst of all, the belief that a book has been in existence since millions of years, though it was written in a historical language which only came into existence several thousands of years ago as a dialectal development from Proto-Indo-European, is really little better than the Jain claims about the sizes and lifetimes of the Tirthankaras. 7.8. Dayananda on Jain sectarianism Swami Dayananda rebukes the Shramanas, particularly. the Jain monks, for keeping a haughty distance from others: �The Jains are strictly prohibited to 1) praise a person belonging to another religion or to talk of his good qualities, 2) to salute him, 3) to talk much to him, 4) to talk to him frequently, 5) to bestow upon him food and clothes, 6) to supply odoriferous substances and flowers to enable him to worship his idol. Let the wise consider with what feelings of hatred, malice and hostility the Jainees are actuated in their relations with those who profess a religion different from theirs.� 33 Similarly: �Again, the Jain teachers teach: �Just as a ruby, which is embedded in the head of a venomous snake, should not be sought after, even so it behoves the Jainees to shun the company of a non-Jainee, no matter how virtuous and learned he is.� It is clear, therefore, that no sectarians are so much biased, perverse, wrong-headed and ignorant as the Jainees are.� 34 Similar quotations to the same effect include: �Let not the Jainees even look at those that are opposed to the Jain religion.� 35 Here, Dayananda definitely has a point. The Shramana sects, consisting of people who had given up all worldly responsibilities and had thereby acquired ample leisure to concentrate on doctrinal matters, were quite literally sectarian. Spending a lot of their time and energy on polemic against rival sects as well as against non-sect beliefs and practices, they produced a polemical literature which has no counterpart in pre-Buddhist Brahmanism. The need, not so much of a sect�s founder but of his followers, to set the founder apart from his contemporaries, automatically leads to a somewhat hostile attitude towards other traditions, specifically those closely related. It is part of this same tradition that contemporary Buddhists and Jains go out of their way to magnify the differences with Hinduism. An aspect of Jain history not considered by Dayananda, is the influence of Islam on the Sthanakvasi branch of Jainism, founded by a Muni who lived at the court of Mohammed Shah Tughlaq 1325-51, and on its Terapanthi offshoot. In imitation of Islam, these communities denounce temple-going and idol-worship, common enough among the Shwetambara mainstream (contrastively also known as Murtipujaka Sangha, �image-worshipping assembly�) 36 , and from there it is but a step to assuming that the social separatism enjoined in the passages quoted by Dayananda is equally due to Islamic influence; that interpretation has at least been given to me by Hindutva-minded Jains. In my opinion, however, the purity notion intrinsic to Jain tradition (conceived as a need to avoid accumulating Karma) is sufficient as an explanation for this Jain practice of keeping distance from the uninitiated. The allegation of haughtiness and keeping distance would of course fit orthodox Brahmins as well as Jain sectarians, but the Arya Samaj cannot be accused of double standards here, i.c. of neglecting to produce a similar anti-Brahmin invective. On the contrary, it can take a certain dubious credit for �hinduizing� the anti-Brahmin rhetoric propagated by Christian missionaries. What may, however, be held against the Arya Samaj, is that it is similarly sectarian itself, sometimes in a more aggressive way than the Jains as per Dayananda�s description. In the early decades of the Samaj�s existence, its more zealous activists would disrupt traditional devotions and insult priests, with �pope� as a common taunt for Brahmins. Some would even go into Hindu �idol temples� and relieve themselves right there to show their contempt for idolatry in no uncertain terms. 37 Dayananda�s own writing against more traditional forms of Hinduism is very intemperate, full of harsh words and lacking in patience and human sympathy. Sectarianism has made school inside Hindu society. 7.9. Did Hindus demolish Jain temples? During the Ayodhya conflict, Muslim and secularist polemicists tried to counter the Hindu argument about the thousands of Hindu temples razed by Islamic iconoclasm with the claim that Hindus had likewise destroyed or desecrated Buddhist and Jain temples. While the few cases of alleged Hindu aggression against Buddhism are either of doubtful historicity or easily and credibly explainable from other motives than religious intolerance, there are a few cases of conflict with Jainism which seem more serious. They have formed the topic of a debate between Marxist historian Romila Thapar and Sita Ram Goel. For a start, in the 12th century, �in Gujarat, Jainism flourished during the reign of Kumarapala, but his successor [i.e. Ajayapala] persecuted the Jainas and destroyed their temples�. 38 According to D.C. Ganguly: �The Jain chronicles allege that Ajayapâla was a persecutor of the Jains, that he demolished Jain temples, mercilessly executed the Jain scholar Ramachandra, and killed Ambada, a minister of Kumârapâla, in an encounter.� 39 Here, the alleged crime is related by the victims, not by the alleged aggressors (as is usually the case for Muslim iconoclasm). It is possible that they exaggerated, but I see no reason to believe that they simply invented the story. However, since the Jains had been dominant (�flourishing�) in the preceding period, one might suspect a case of retaliation here. We shall see shortly that in South India, what little of Hindu aggression against Jainism occurred was due precisely to earlier oppression by the Jains. Ganguly adds that Jains had opposed Ajayapala�s accession to the throne: �After the death of Kumârapâla in AD 1171-72 there was a struggle for the throne between his sister�s son Pratâpamalla, who was apparently backed by the Jains, and Ajayapâla, son of Kumârapâla�s brother Mahîpâla, who seems to have been supported by the Brâhmanas.� 40 Clearly, a political intrigue is involved of which we have not been given the full story. Predictably, Goel comments: �The instance she mentions from Gujarat was only the righting of a wrong which the Jains had committed under Kumârapâla.� 41 Next, there was the attack by the Paramara king Subhatavarman (r. 1193-1210) on Gujarat, in which �a large number of Jain temples in Dabhoi and Cambay� were �plundered� in retaliation of plundering of Hindu temples in Malwa by the Gujaratis during their invasion of Malwa under Jayasimha Siddharaja (d. 1143) who was under great Jain influence. Harbans Mukhia cites this as proof that �many Hindu rulers did the same [as the Muslims] with temples in enemy-territory long before the Muslims had emerged as a political challenge to these kingdoms�. 42 However, it is well-known that the Muslims did more than just plunder: even temples where there was nothing to plunder were desecrated and destroyed or converted into mosques in many places, for the Muslims� motive was not merely economic. The most important and well-known case of �persecution of Jains� is mentioned by Romila Thapar: �The Shaivite saint Jnana Sambandar is attributed with having converted the Pandya ruler from Jainism to Shaivism, whereupon it is said that 8,000Jainas were impaled by the king.� 43 To this, Sita Ram Goel points out that she omits crucial details: that this king, Arikesari Parankusa Maravarman, is also described as having first persecuted Shaivas, when he himself was a Jain; that Sambandar vanquished the Jainas not in battle but in debate, which was the occasion for the king to convert from Jainism to Shaivism (wagers in which the second or a third party promises to convert if you win the debate are not uncommon in India�s religious literature); and that Sambandar had escaped Jain attempts to kill him. 44 This Shaiva-Jaina conflict was clearly not a one-way affair, and as per the very tradition invoked by Prof. Thapar, Jains themselves had been the aggressors. It is even a matter of debate whether this persecution has occurred at all. Nilakanth Shastri, in his unchallenged History of South India, writes about it: "This, however, is little more than an unpleasant legend and cannot be treated as history.� 45 Admittedly, this sounds like Percival Spear�s statement that Aurangzeb�s persecutions are �little more than a hostile legend� 46 : a sweeping denial of a well-attested persecution. However, Mr. Spear�s contention is amply disproves by contemporary documents including firmans (royal decrees) and eye-witness accounts, and by the archaeological record, e.g. the destruction of the Kashi Vishvanath temple in Varanasi by Aurangzeb is attested by the temple remains incorporated in the Gyanvapi mosque built on its site. Such evidence has not been offered in the case of Jnana Sambandar at all. On the contrary: �Interestingly, the persecution of Jains in the Pandya country finds mention only in Shaiva literature, and is not corroborated by Jain literature of the same or subsequent period.� 47 On the other hand, the historicity of the Jain-Shaiva conflict in general is confirmed by Shaiva references to more cases of Jain aggression, none of which is mentioned by Romila Thapar. Dr. Usha Sivapriya, before duly quoting classical Tamil sources, argues that the literatures posterior to Manikkavasaghar (an ancient Tamil sage, author of Thiruvasagham) �had plenty of reference to the nature, torture and terrorism of Jaina missionaries and rulers in Tamil kingdom�. 48 It all started with the invasion by Kharavela, king of Kalinga, at the turn of the Christian era: �Kharavela defeated the Tamil kings headed by Pandiyans and captured Madhurai. The Kalinga or Vadugha king enforced Jaina rule in Tamil kingdom. People were forcibly converted at knifepoint, temples were demolished or locked down, devotees were tortured and killed.� 49 And it continued intermittently for centuries under Pandya and Pallava rule: �When the Digambara Jaina missionaries had failed in converting the masses, they tried to torture and kill them. (�) After failing in the attempt of converting Pandiyans the Digambara Jains tried to kill the Pandiyan Kings through various means, by sending a dangerous snake, wild bull and mad elephant.� 50 Dr. Sivapriya links the advent of Jainism in Tamil Nadu with an episode of conquest by non-Tamils. Goel adds: �The persecution of Jains in the Pandya country by some Shaivas had nothing to do with Shaivism as such, but was an expression of a nationalist conflict which I will relate shortly. What 1 want to point out first is that most of the royal dynasties which ruled in India after the breakdown of the Gupta Empire and before the advent of Islamic invaders, were Shaiva (�). The Jains are known to have flourished everywhere; not a single instance of the Jains being persecuted under any of these dynasties is known. (�) M. Arunachalam, in a monograph published eight years before Professor Thapar delivered the lectures which comprise her pamphlet (�) has proved conclusively, with the help of epigraphic and literary evidence, that the Kalabhara invaders from Karnataka had occupied Tamil Nadu for 300 years (between AD 250 and 550), and that they subscribed to the Digambara sect of Jainism.� 51 So, this is where �nationalist� resentment against the conquerors came to coincide with resentment against Jainism: �It so happened that some of the Kalabhara princes were guided by a few narrow-minded Jain ascetics, and inflicted injuries on some Shaiva and Vaishnava saints and places of worship. They also took away the agrahâras which Brahmanas had enjoyed in earlier times. And a reaction set in when the Kalabharas were overthrown. The new rulers who rose subscribed to Shaivism. It was then that the Jains were persecuted in some places, and some Jain places of worship were taken over by the Shaivas under the plea that these were Shaiva places in the earlier period.� 52 In such cases, �Professor Thapar does not mention the Jain high-handedness which had preceded. (... ) Professor Thapar should have mentioned the persecution of Shaivas practised earlier by the Pandya king who was a Jain to start with, and who later on converted to Shaivism and persecuted the Jains. This is another case of suppressio verb suggestio falsi practised very often by her school.� 53 To clinch the issue and confirm that the Pandya incident of persecution of Jains is atypical and disconnected from Hindu doctrines, Goel adds: �But the reaction was confined to the Pandya country. Jainism continued to flourish in northern Tamil Nadu which also had been invaded by the Kalabharas, where also the Shaivas and Vaishnavas had been molested by the Jains, and where also the Shaivas had come to power once again. It is significant that though Buddhists also invite invectives in the same Shaiva literature, no instance of Buddhists being persecuted is recorded. That was because Buddhists had never harmed the Shaivas. It is also significant that the Vaishnavas of Tamil Nadu show no bitterness against the Jains though they had also suffered under Kalabhara rule.� 54 7.10. Jains and Virashaivas A later offshoot of Shaivism, viz. the Virashaiva or Lingayat sect, also showed its hostility to Jainism repeatedly. Indeed, Prof. Thapar�s next piece of evidence is that �inscriptions of the sixteenth century from the Srisailam area of Andhra Pradesh record the pride taken by Veerashaiva chiefs in beheading shvetambara Jains�. 55 Concerning such cases, she alleges that: �The desire to portray tolerance and non-violence as the eternal values of the Hindu tradition has led to the pushing aside of such evidence.� 56 Now, the Veerashaivas were an anti-caste and anti-Brahminical sect. As these are considered good qualities, secularists have tried to link them to the influence of Muslim missionaries (�bringing the message of equality and brotherhood�), who were indeed very active on India�s west coast, where and when the Veerashaiva doctrine was developed. If we assume there was indeed Muslim influence on the Veerashaiva sect, the secularists should acknowledge that the Veerashaivas� occasional acts of intolerance may equally be due to the influence of Islam. At any rate �Brahminism� cannot be held guilty of any misdeeds committed by this anti-Brahminical sect. But it seems well-established that the Lingayats did give the Jains a hard time on several occasions. Prof. Thapar�s continues: �The Jaina temples of Karnataka went through a traumatic experience at the hands of the Lingayats or Virashaivas in the early second millennium AD.� 57 After a time of peaceful coexistence, which Romila Thapar acknowledges, �one of the temples was converted into a Shaiva temple. At Huli, the temple of the five Jinas was converted into a panchalingeshwara Shaivite temple, the five lingas replacing the five Jinas in the sancta. Some other Jaina temples met the same fate.� 58 Could this be a case of a peaceful hand-over? Maybe the community itself had converted and consequently decided to convert its temple as well? After all, the temples were not destroyed. No, because: �An inscription at Ablur in Dharwar eulogizes attacks on Jaina temples as retaliation for Jaina opposition to Shaivite worship.� 59 It may be remarked at the outset that the element of retaliation sets this story apart from Christian or Islamic iconoclasm, which did not require in any way that some form of aggression had first been committed by the other party. When Saint Boniface, the Christian missionary to the Frisians and Saxons, cut down the sacred trees of the Frisians, he was not taking revenge for any wrong committed by them against him: he was unilaterally destroying cultic objects of what he believed to be a false religion (in glorification of his chopping down sacred trees, he is iconographically depicted with an axe in his hand). When Ghaznavi invaded India and took great strategic risks to venture as far as Prabhas Patan and destroy the famous Somnath temple there, he was not retaliating but unilaterally initiating an aggression. In this case, however, the inscription cited by Prof. Thapar herself justifies the unspecified �attacks� on Jain temples as an act of retaliation. This proves that either the Jains had indeed been the first aggressors, or if they were not, that the Shaivas felt the need to claim this: otherwise, attacking someone else�s temple didn�t feel right to them. Christian and Islamic iconoclasts had no such scruples. No Hindu revivalist historian could have mustered better evidence for the radical difference between the alleged cases of intolerance by Hindus and the Islamic and Christian religious persecutions, than this brief information given in passing by Romila Thapar. There is a second aspect to this inscriptional evidence. Here again, Mr. Goel accuses Prof. Thapar of distorting evidence by means of selective quoting. The inscription of which she summarizes a selected part, says first of all that the dispute arose because the Jains tried to prevent a Shaiva from worshipping his own idol. 60 It further relates that the Jains also promised to throw out Jina and worship Shiva if the Shiva devotee performed a miracle, but when the miracle was produced, they did not fulfil their promise. In the ensuing quarrel, the Jina idol was broken by the Shaivas. The most significant element is that the Jain king Bijjala decided in favour of the Shaivas when the matter was brought before him. He dismissed the Jains and showered favours on the Shaivas. Again, in this story the conflict is not a one-way affair at all. We need not accept the story at face value, as it is one of those sectarian miracle stories (with the message: �My saint is holier than thy saint�) which abound in the traditions surrounding most places of pilgrimage, be they Christian, Sufi, or Hindu. Goel cites the testimony of Dr. Fleet, who has edited and translated this inscription along with four others found at the same place. He gives summaries of two Lingayat Puranas and the Jain Bijjalacharitra, and observes that the story in this inscription finds no support in the literary traditions of the two sects, and that Bijjala�s own inscription dated 1162 AD discovered at Managoli also does not support the story either. 61 The fact that the inscription under consideration does not bear a date or a definite reference to the reign of a king, does not help its credibility either. And do authentic inscriptions deal in miracles? I do not think that historians working with conflicting testimonies are in a position to make apodictic statements and definitive conclusions, so I will not completely dismiss this inscription as fantasy. It is possible that the Jainas had indeed fallen on hard times, and I do not dispose of material that would refute prof. Thapar�s contention that �in the fourteenth century the harassment of Jainas was so acute that they had to appeal for protection to the ruling power at Vijayanagar�. 62 But note that the ruling power at Vijayanagar, whose protection the Jains sought, was of course Hindu. Clearly, the Jains� experience with Hindus was such that they expected Hindu rulers to protect religious freedom and pluralism. Not much is left of the allegation of �Hindu persecution of Jains�, and in that light, Goel�s conclusion must be considered relatively modest: �It is nobody�s case that there was never any conflict between the sects and sub-sects of Sanatana Dharma. Some instances of persecution were indeed there. Our plea is that they should be seen in a proper perspective, and not exaggerated in order to whitewash or counterbalance the record of Islamic intolerance. Firstly, the instances are few and far between when compared to those listed in Muslim annals. Secondly, those instances are spread over several millennia (�) Thirdly, none of those instances were inspired by a theology (�) Fourthly, Jains were not always the victims of persecution; they were persecutors as well once in a while. Lastly, no king or commander or saint who showed intolerance has been a Hindu hero, while Islam has hailed as heroes only those characters who excelled in intolerance.� 63 And even if all the claims of a Hindu persecution of Jains had been true, they would still not prove the non-Hindu character of Jainism. From the history of Christianity, Islam and Communism, great persecutors of outsiders to their own doctrines, we know numerous instances where the worst invective and the choicest tortures were reserved for alleged heretics within their own fold. 7.11. Conclusion At the institutional level, the Hindutva opposition to the recognition of Jainism as a separate non-Hindu religion is largely a losing battle. Religious separatism has its own dynamic, feeding egos who feel more important as leaders of a religion in its own right rather than a mere sect within a larger tradition. Anti-Hindu separatists are also assured of the support of secularist bureaucracies such as the Minorities� Commission, of the secularist media and of all the non-Hindu religious lobbies. All of these are eager to fragment and weaken Hindu society. Yet, at the sociological level, the Jain community is entirely part of Hindu society, caste and all. Even more importantly, a great many Jains (certainly a larger portion of the community than in the case of Sikhism or Buddhism) come forward themselves to affirm their Hinduness. Historically, Jainism has always enjoyed a place under the umbrella of Hindu pluralism, suffering clashes with southern Shaivism only a few times when its own sectarianism had provoked the conflict. Deciding the question whether Jainism is a sect of Hinduism requires a proper definition of Hinduism. The answer varies with that definition. If Hinduism means veneration of the Vedas, then Jainism may formally be taken to be outside the Hindu fold, though it remains closely akin to Hindu schools of philosophy springing from Hindu thought (particularly Nyaya-Vaisheshika). If Hinduism implies theism, then Jainism should definitely be counted out; but a theistic definition of Hinduism is highly questionable, eventhough after centuries of theistic devotionalism, many unsophisticated Hindus would accept it. On the other hand, if Hinduism means the actually observed variety of religious expressions among non-Muslims and non-Christians in India, then there is nothing in Jainism that would make it so radically different as to fall outside this spectrum. If Hinduism means all traditions native to India (as per Savarkar and the original Muslim usage), then obviously Jainism is a Hindu tradition.	i don't know
The English rock band Beady Eye were formed in 2009 after the break-up of which group?	Liam Gallagher's Band Beady Eye Splits Up Weather Liam Gallagher's Band Beady Eye Splits Up One of the most successful rock stars of the last 20 years announces on Twitter the end of the band he formed after leaving Oasis. 03:37, UK, Sunday 26 October 2014 Image Caption: Liam Gallagher made the announcement on his Twitter account Former Oasis singer Liam Gallagher has announced the split of his band Beady Eye - the project he started after leaving the group he founded with his brother Noel. The rock star posted the news on Twitter, but did not explain the reason. Gallagher formed Beady Eye in 2009 with former Oasis members Gem Archer, Andy Bell and Chris Sharrock. He left his previous band after a series of fallouts with Noel, who then went on to have a successful solo career with his band High Flying Birds. Gallagher tweeted: "Beady Eye are no longer. Thanks for all your support. LGx" Video: Noel Gallagher in Kiev Bell wrote on Twitter: "Thanks to all the Beady Eye fans. I had a blast. See you on the other side. Big Love Andy B X" The split is likely to prompt speculation that Liam and Noel might be able to bury the hatchet and consider reforming. Beady Eye released a debut album in 2011 called Different Gear, Still Speeding, which reached number three on the UK album chart. A second release, BE, made number two in 2013. One of the band's high points was playing at the London Olympics in 2012, in a celebration of British music. But, despite the relatively high chart positions of the albums, most of the singles failed to make the Top 40 and the second album sold less than a third of the copies of its predecessor. In February the band cancelled an appearance at the Coachella festival in California and later that month announced they had parted with manager Scott Rodger. The band has posted no news on its website since February this year. Several posters reacting to the news on Twitter said they hoped the news would mean Oasis would reunite. The band were one of the most successful rock acts of the last 20 years, selling millions of albums and seen by millions of fans live. Q magazine reported in its December issue that the brothers were talking to each other again after their estrangement, with Noel saying: "We're on good terms, as good as we can be." But he has given no impression a reunion is likely, and has several live performances lined up in the coming six months. Top Stories	Oasis (disambiguation)
Whose eyes feature in the title of a 1978 film, directed by Irvin Kershner?	The Quietus \| Features \| A Quietus Interview \| Ocular Spectacular: Liam Gallagher And Andy Bell Of Beady Eye Interviewed Ocular Spectacular: Liam Gallagher And Andy Bell Of Beady Eye Interviewed Julian Marszalek , February 28th, 2011 03:49 Julian Marszalek meets the first of the Gallagher brothers (and his trusty second in command) out of the post Oasis starting gates and finds him in combative mood Add your comment » Standing with his hands clasped firmly behind his back, Liam Gallagher stares from behind his fringe to give an almost withering look of contempt. His mouth gives off the merest hint of a sneer but one suspects that he feels that it isn’t worth the bother as he finds himself feeding a hunger that’s clearly palpable. He stands like an immovable rock impervious to what’s going on around him. He’s at the centre of the universe and right here, right now, nothing else matters other than the music that he’s bringing a voice to. That voice… one part John Lydon sneer to two parts John Lennon nasal delivery is about to set the country alight. These are the anthems that will soon be on everybody’s lips, a soundtrack to hedonism, freedom and late nights that morph into early mornings and beyond… …and so much for The Quietus’ first encounter with Liam Gallagher back in May 1994 at Windsor’s Old Trout when Oasis, then touring ‘Shakermaker’, were building up a rabid fanbase thanks to live shows that combined instantly accessible songs with a seductive sonic ferocity that hadn’t been heard since the days of The Jesus & Mary Chain. Ah yes – The Jesus & Mary Chain. Two brothers at war who finally fell apart both painfully and publicly and it’s a story that comes to be repeated as Liam and older brother Noel find their relationship and band disintegrating as internecine fighting finally brings the Oasis tale to a sad and sorry end. Like the subsequent albums post (What’s The Story) Morning Glory, their 2009 demise may have proved predictable but the undeniable truth for both believers and haters was that by reaching the conclusion of this sprawling saga, a large entertaining hole has been left wide open and gaping on the cultural landscape. The Quietus has found itself in the presidential suite of a Marylebone hotel to meet both Liam Gallagher and guitarist Andy Bell as they ready themselves to launch their post-Oasis band, Beady Eye – formed with erstwhile band mates, guitarist Gem Archer and drummer Chris Sharrock - with their debut album, Different Gear, Still Speeding and inaugural UK tour. Contrary to his hell-raising image, Liam Gallagher proves to be a charming and genial host. Relaxed and at ease with himself, he’s possessed of a fierce self-belief and self-awareness that’s frequently overlooked in the column inches that he generates. His intelligence is evident as he considers the questions that are put to him and the frankness of his answers is refreshing and, at times, shocking. It’s this strength that can be a weakness. Unlike many artists of his stature who are adept players at the publicity game, Gallagher refuses to censor himself and the pain caused by the implosion of the band he helped create means that he lashes out at his brother in the most provocative (and occasionally unpleasantly misogynist) terms. But his anger seems to be directed solely at his brother and himself. His blue eyes hold your gaze and there’s an ever-present sense of danger about his demeanour which probably goes some way to explain why two music PRs sit at opposite ends of the room like a pair of referees in case it all kicks off. Of course it doesn’t and the interview is punctuated by much laughter. The passion that Gallagher and Bell exude when discussing their new musical venture is at the heart of what fuels them. They’re acutely aware of what they’ve created and its place in the pop firmament and their hunger for success is no different from when they both started off their respective bands all those years ago… The Oasis split has been fairly well documented elsewhere but how did you feel immediately after the split? Did you feel relieved or did you feel apprehensive about the future? Liam Gallagher: No, not relief. But that’s life and I could kind of see it coming. It had been brewing for a bit and Noel was acting like a fucking woman, like a bitch and I was acting like a dickhead. But I like to think that there’s a reason behind my fucking actions because I like to keep it clean. There was a lot of shit going down and a lot of shit being written about my band and shit in the press and all that and Noel being so fucking close to the press. He was having a word with some of his friends in higher places and if it was me, I’d be fucking pulling knobheads up and saying to journalists, 'Wind your fucking neck in a bit.' But you know, his mates are more important than his brother or his fucking band so fuck him. I’m not having it. You know, people who slate me in the press and coming back to my dressing room and drinking my fucking beer? Fuck that; it doesn’t work like that round my way, mate. You slag me off you don’t come to my fucking dressing room and drink my beer. That was basically it. It’s not all about me drinking or bollocks like that; it takes two to tango, you know what I mean? But how did you feel immediately afterwards? LG: Relief, to be quite honest; I’ll give you that. Shock as well but I knew that it was coming. And now, I’m very glad that it’s fucking all over. Which is a shame but nothing lasts forever. Judging in hindsight, which is the best thing, what’s grown out of it is Beady Eye and we’re making fucking music. Andy Bell: I was on the sidelines of Liam and Noel’s issues but at the same time I felt like we’d all been sacked from Oasis. Things were finally taken to the next level. Oasis had been such a massive force that you end feeling like you’d been sacked. LG: It was like a Noel solo thing anyway. He was doing everything. You’d say something like, “Like try this” and you’d get a look as if to say, “What the fuck are you talking about, you clown?” and that doesn’t wash with me, man. He might have written the tunes but I sang them and I like to think that I sold them. I stood my ground, he stood his ground and two worlds collided. AB: It was the natural end to the band. Oasis had a life span and it wasn’t going to last forever. It wasn’t like one of those bands like the Stones. It was always going to do one in the same spirit that it started. When I was in the band we did a little tour without Noel and there were always some issues and madness going on. From that point on that was the way that it hobbled along. In saying all this, the last tour we did was the best we’d ever done. As a live band we got better and better and on the stadium shows on that tour we played really, really well. But within the band, something had to go at some point. How soon after the break-up did you decide to form Beady Eye? AB: We went back to the hotel [after Noel walked out] and sat around drinking beer and we were there! The band members of Beady Eye were there so it didn’t take much of a leap to go, 'Let’s do something.' Andy, was there ever point of loyalties being tugged because my understanding is that Noel brought you into the band… LG: [interrupting] See, this is the thing. Noel’s getting credit for [drummer Chris] Sharrock, Gem, Andy and everyone else and I get credit for all the people that got fucking sacked. Noel didn’t just go, 'Right, I’m going to get Andy Bell!' because he’d have to come through me. Both of us hired people and if anyone sacked anybody then it was Noel Gallagher. He sacked [drummer Alan White] Whitey, he sacked Bonehead, he sacked Guigsy [bassist, Paul McGuigan] and whoever else it fucking was but the hiring came from both of us. Noel Gallagher hired everyone? Fuck off, mate! AB: Look, Noel walked out on the band. He didn’t say, 'Andy, do you fancy heading off with me?' LG: And a statement was made pretty fucking quickly that night. It wasn’t like a week later, it was basically, 'I’m outta here!' Bosh! 'Here’s my statement.' Was there any question of you stopping playing? LG: Never, ever. We’re here to make music, man. Noel Gallagher’s not going to stop us. Fuck that! He’s the brother of a brother in a band. If he wants to walk and doing his fucking thing then fine, man. No one's gonna stop us making music because of Noel Gallagher. Fuck that! I like to think that we’ve got it in us. Given the way that you described the working practices of Oasis, how much freedom does Beady Eye afford you in comparison? AB: Beady Eye is a democracy and we all bring in ideas and we all bring in songs and of course we have complete freedom. That’s the thing that has to be mentioned in comparison to Oasis. That doesn’t mean that we didn’t have freedom in Oasis because we did. The dynamic in Beady Eye is really healthy. LG: We’re all doing what we want to make this band great down to the album cover, our interviews, our videos, our tunes and we just fall into it. It’s a band and that’s what I like. We’re all watching each other’s backs. If it fails then we’ll all carry that weight but if it becomes a big success then we’ll all rejoice in that. Oasis notched up some incredible milestones – Knebworth, multi-nights at Wembley Stadium, cracking the US Top 10. What do you want to achieve with Beady Eye? Can you match that? Do you even want to match that? Are you ambitions now different? AB: Totally different. Our ambitions are about music, really. LG: Yeah, and to still be making music. We’re thinking about it and thinking that we can be great. I like to think that we could start where we left off but it’s still early days. AB: We’re playing different kinds of songs and where trying not to trade off the Oasis thing. The only way that we’d be trading off of it is if we’d play those songs which fucking isn’t much fun. When Noel Gallagher does it, he’ll have the whole Oasis back catalogue and that’s cool but we’re a different band and we’ve got our own bunch of tunes and that’s it. LG: We don’t need those fucking tunes, you know what I mean? But Beady Eye’s [success or failure] won’t be through a lack of trying. Without a doubt, because we’re playing great, the songs are great and some of the songs here stand up to anything that Oasis have ever done. And the next [album] will be. But it’s not in our hands, it’s in the hands of the people upstairs but we are shit hot and we’re as good if not better than Oasis. So what are your musical ambitions? LG: Just to get out there and play, one tour at a time, man. Smash fuck out of this tour, let people know that we’re not dicks and that we can play our instruments and that the album’s great and that we can play live; get out to the festivals and fucking be the talking point of that festival. I’m not going there to play second fiddle to anyone. Whether we do or not is another fucking thing but we’ll be going in there like we fucking own it and not in an arrogant way but saying, 'This is our fucking thing' and be the talking point. And that’s it and then go back and start the new record and do the same again. Do you feel under any pressure at the moment? LG: None whatsoever. There’s no pressure. We’re doing what we want and if we don’t want to do it then we won’t do it. You’ve both started bands before from ground level up. How does forming Beady Eye as established musicians compare? AB: It’s very similar. You know, we’ll demo a tune with just the band in the room. It’s not posh – you’re doing it because you want to do it when you haven’t got a deal. Even though we had the wherewithal to start our own label doesn’t change the fact that we started this on a “starting-in-a-room” level and these are all our tunes and that for me really reminds me of that time in my life [when Ride started]. LG: That same hunger is there, without a doubt. Once we’re outta here and back in that rehearsal room we’re like everybody else except we’re that little bit fucking cooler, man. It’s definitely happening. AB: When you go to a band’s gig, if they’re going to be shit then they’re going to be shit. It’s the dynamic between the band members that makes for a great gig. And the audience is a massive part of it and that room is what makes the gig and if we don’t stand up then we’ll get found out. LG: We want to go round the world and play all these places, you know? We want this to be a massive success but at the same time because of the way of the world and that, it won’t be a let down if it doesn’t. I’m not going to be sitting there going, “Fuck!” We’ll just get up and make a new record. This is what we do. We’re not going to change our thing just because we’re not hip at the moment or anything but we’re going to stick to our guns. We want to be big, man. But if we were a younger band and it didn’t happen then your world would be shattered a bit more. AB: We have different values now. Playing Wembley Stadium isn’t an end. We’re chasing that great record. Your first release, ‘Bring The Light’, wrong-footed a lot of people, didn’t it? AB: I didn’t think that it was going to be so shocking. In the context of the album it makes sense. LG: I think [the naysayers] would’ve moaned whatever we put out. You put an Oasis record out and they’re going to fucking moan. I’m glad it’s out and I thank the Lord for tunes like that and it turned me on and the guys are having a great time. If people don’t get it first time around, so be fucking it. We got it first time around. That’s the music that we like but we don’t drive around in Cadillacs. You see how my hair is? I don’t do it like that for the interviews and then afterwards fucking grease it back! That’s music, man. That’s Elvis; that’s Jerry Lee Lewis; that Eddie Cochran. That’s the bones of it but to put a whole album of that out would be fucking ridiculous. The press have recently been putting it about that rock music is dead. LG: It probably is in places. But it’s not round our way. It’s as simple as that, really. AB: It’s not really in the charts much though, is it? But it reminds me of ‘89/’90 because it was a similar thing then. It was all massively pop and Stock, Aitken and Waterman were viewed in the same way that X Factor is now. LG: It’s nice to have a Number 1 record and a Number 1 single but it doesn’t matter so long as we can go out and do mega-storming gigs, you know? That’s all that matters to us. We’ve been round the block and we can take these things on the chin a bit. Just because the single goes in at Number 31 or whatever doesn’t mean that we’re a shit band. It’s just that the times have changed and we haven’t. AB: Beady Eye are connected to rock & roll’s primal howl. Our music has got that 50s spirit, that 60s spirit and it’s got punk rock spirit but when we do it, it’s retro and when The White Stripes do it, it’s modern. It’s all to do with people’s perceptions of your band. LG: It’s all about fucking choice, man; if the music’s there, then great. If no one’s making the music then it’s fucking dead but if it’s there then there’s always fucking hope. As long as people can say, 'Right, I’m going to a gig tonight!' then that’ll do me. It’ll never die. AB: You know when you get fallow fields and you leave them for a year? Then you get a good crop and rock’s like that. It goes underground and when you least expect it you get a really good crop. Do you find it a worrying development that something like Mumford & Sons walk away with Best Album at the Brits? LG: I think it’s alright but they were fucking ashamed about winning and that’s the fucking sad bit. 'Oh, we shouldn’t be here!' Then what did you join a fucking band for then? They bow their heads down going, 'Oh, we don’t deserve it' like a fucking dick. What’s that about? You must have seen it before so don’t pretend like you’ve just come out of a cider apple factory. AB: I’ve got nothing against them but I get the feeling they went back to their dressing room and went, 'YEAH!' [mimes air-punching]. LG: Still, it’s better than Take That, isn’t it? Let’s talk influences. Liam, you grew up in Manchester in the 80s and my understanding is that electro and hip-hop was everywhere. Did that make any impact on your life and if so, why didn’t those influences manifest themselves in your music? LG: ‘Cause I’m not into it now. You get the odd tune coming out every now and again like Wretch 32’s ‘Traktor’. It’s like So Solid Crew but I think they’re better. I like it. One tune and I thought, I’m having that! It’s a sound that does something to me but I won’t be buying the album. AB: Dance music and hip-hop culture comes into rock music all the time and it’s a free-flowing thing but when it comes to naming your favourite albums of all time, you’ll say Hendrix or The Beatles because that’s where your heart is. LG: I’m well aware that our new album has been done before. It ain’t nothing new but it’s fucking great. I’m well aware of people going, 'Well, you know, you could’ve put some fucking beats there' but I’m not going to do that for the sake of it. That’s not our fucking thing. We’re quite happy doing the rock & roll thing. AB: It’s not about copying. Half the bands who want to be modern are copying each other and they’re not authentic in the way that I appreciate. I’m authentic, Liam’s authentic and we’re an authentic band because we do what we feel. We don’t feel constrained by, 'Oh, we might get this if we do a song this way.' We do what we naturally do and it makes us feel good and we’ve got the balls to stand up and do it. LG: We just like what we do. I heard that fucking Radiohead record and I just go, 'What?!' I like to think that what we do, we do fucking well. Them writing a song about a fucking tree? Give me a fucking break! A thousand year old tree? Go fuck yourself! You’d have thought he’d have written a song about a modern tree or one that was planted last week. You know what I mean? You’re about to release Beady Eye’s debut album and inevitably critical knives are being sharpened. Does criticism sting after all this time? LG: Everyone’s got every right to criticise our record. Everyone’s got every fucking right to go, “Oh, it’s The Beatles, it’s The Stones, it’s The Kinks!” but I’ve got a thick skin. All I want is for the kids to like it. I don’t give a shit about the rest. We wouldn’t put this out unless we were 100% behind it. Otherwise we wouldn’t be having this conversation; this is the record we’ve wanted to make, these are the clothes we like to fucking wear, these are the drinks we like to drink, these are the cigs we like to smoke. There’s no point in kidding yourself – you might as well indulge in what you fucking like. Life’s too fucking short so you might as well have a good time. You’re not going to deprive yourself of shit because of some fucking knobhead in the press. Your extra-curricular activities include your own clothing range with Pretty Green and you’ve also moved into film production where you’re filming Richard DiLello’s account of Apple Corps, The Longest Cocktail Party. How is the film coming along? LG: It’s doing all right. We’re not re-inventing the wheel. We’re going back and tweaking a few things and filling it with gems from the past with 60s influence. I like it. It’s getting better all the time and it’s fucking great which is a top position to be in. It’s a personal thing and people either buy it or they don’t; it’s no skin off my fucking nose. I’ve seen the script and it’s mega. It makes me laugh and it tickles me and it’ll do. But if it’s morbid and it’s boring then it won’t see the light of day. My involvement is getting the right people about. Jesse Armstrong from Peep Show is involved and it’s fucking good, man. I read the script and he narrowed it down a bit and he had me rolling around on the floor. If we can keep it like that it’ll be good, man. There’s a lot of humour in it but it’s a bit dark too. It’s not just one thing; it’s got a bit of everything. But it’s definitely got some fucking funny bits in it and some darkness. Do you view your relationship with Noel as irreparably damaged? LG: He hasn’t got people around him going, 'Sort it out' and I haven’t got people around me saying, 'Sort it out.' There’s a lot of people involved in it – without mentioning any names – but I don’t feel the need to go round to his fucking house and have the door slammed in my face. There’s no encouragement from any parties whereas if there was then it would get sorted. But to get it sorted for what? He wants to go on his own and make his own fucking music and be the man and let everyone know that he can fucking flush the toilet without the band or that he can pour his own fucking tea and that’s fine. I haven’t got time for that fucking bollocks in my life. I want to be part of band and make great records. I haven’t got fucking time for, 'Oh, look at what I can do! I can do this! And I can fucking sack people!' That’s bollocks to me and people like that need to grow up; he needs to go and do that fucking shit. I’ll tell you fucking what, I’m not sitting here for him to go, 'Oh, I’m going to do my solo career and you guys can wait for five years while I fucking lord it around and have it and then I’ll fucking ring you up if it doesn’t go as well as people expect it to be.' Fuck that! We’re gone! We’re out of here! Say it’s 2014 and someone approaches you with a huge suitcase of cash to reform Oasis for the 20th anniversary of ‘Definitely Maybe’, would you do it? LG: I know that through my previous work with Oasis that I don’t need it just yet. I’m not going to say, 'Never', but at the moment no fucking chance. But it wouldn’t be for money, mate. I like to think that if we did get back together - which we fucking won’t - but if we did then it would be for the fans. It would be for the people and the music and not for fucking money. Fuck that shit! You’re a finely turned out band but do you think your career could survive baldness? LG: No, it couldn’t. But there’s hair transplants these days. Look at that little fucker from Ant and Dec! He was fucking bald in that jungle thing and now he’s got a thick fucking head of hair like Warren Beatty in Shampoo. I turned over to watch the fucking ‘News At Nine’ and I turn it back on and he’s got hair! But it’s a fucking terrible thing, isn’t it? AB: It’s like Francis Rossi, the poor guy. The ponytail had to go in the end. LG: But it couldn’t have gone on the front of the head, could it? I’d rather go grey than fucking bald and I’m not going to be dyeing it if it does go grey. Beady Eye	i don't know
What is the first name of the Mr. Campbell who is a Crystal Palace striker?	Hull City 2-0 Crystal Palace - BBC Sport Hull City 2-0 Crystal Palace By Steve Canavan Mohamed Diame scored his third goal since joining from West Ham on transfer deadline day Hull win for the first time since beating QPR on opening day Neil Warnock's four-game unbeaten run as Palace boss ended Mohamed Diame scores third goal in four Palace games Nikica Jelavic is on target for the fourth time this season Hull picked up three points for the first time since the opening day of the season with a hard-fought win over Crystal Palace. Tigers' midfielder Mohamed Diame powered a header past Julian Speroni on the hour-mark to break the deadlock. Nikica Jelavic's fourth goal of the season late on secured a much-needed 2-0 victory for Steve Bruce's side. Media playback is not supported on this device Hull resilience is back - Bruce Defender Damien Delaney came closest for Palace but his header was cleared off the line by Liam Rosenior. It was just about deserved for the home side, who came to life at the end of a lacklustre first half and were the better side after the interval. Palace are something of a bogey team for Hull - the Tigers had beaten them only once in their previous 15 meetings. And for the opening 40 minutes it looked like that run would continue as Hull struggled to break down a well-organised Eagles side unbeaten in four league games since Neil Warnock took over at the end of August. Analysis "Mohamed Diame is playing brilliantly. Steve Bruce is giving him more licence to get forward and get into the box. "It takes time to build and establish yourselves in the Premier League but Hull have done that." Despite Palace defender Scott Dann having to be carried off on a stretcher with suspected medial ligament damage after 11 minutes, the visitors played the better football early on and looked dangerous on the break. The one thing they failed to do, though, was trouble Steve Harper, the 39-year-old making his first league start of the season because of an injury to Hull number one Allan McGregor. The home side, reverting to their tried and trusted 3-5-2 formation, sparked into life on 38 minutes when Abel Hernandez exchanged passes with Diame inside the box and slid a shot inches wide. The striker, signed on transfer deadline day for a club record £10m from Palermo, had scored in his previous two home games but could not repeat the trick, missing another decent opening on the stroke of half time. Hull City's Nikica Jelavic has also scored against Newcastle, Aston Villa and Stoke this season But it set the tone for the second half with Hull's tails up and sensing a breakthrough. That duly came on the hour when impressive Scottish international wing-back Andrew Robertson, one of several Hull summer signings, whipped in a left-wing cross and Diame gave Speroni no chance from 10 yards with a bullet header. It was Diame's third goal in four games since joining from West Ham. Hull's Mohamed Diame on his scoring run "I am happy about scoring another goal. I am a midfielder and all midfielders need to score. It is important for my confidence. I am happy and hopeful I can score more." Harper was called into action when he acrobatically tipped over Yannick Bolasie's blistering long range drive. Nevertheless, Hull were in control and made sure of victory when Jelavic struck, firing a low shot past Speroni from Tom Huddlestone's pass. Media playback is not supported on this device Hull City 2-0 Crystal Palace: Warnock questions referee consistency Palace almost grabbed a consolation in stoppage time but Delaney's header from a corner was cleared off the line. It was Hull's first win on home soil since April and Palace's first league away defeat since a 2-1 reverse at Arsenal on the opening day when Keith Millen was caretaker boss. Hull City manager Steve Bruce: "It was an important result for us because it has been so unlike us in recent weeks to let leads slip and concede goals. "We've had success by being resolute and difficult to beat. So the clean sheet pleased me because we have worked hard and gone back to a tried and tested 3-5-2 system. It is nice to get back to winning ways." Crystal Palace manager Neil Warnock: "In the 40th minute there was a blatant elbow from Michael Dawson on Fraizer Campbell. I have seen red cards given for less than that and the referee doesn't even see it. "It is OK the ref seeing pulling shirts but the elbows are the ones you've got to spot, and he is one of our top referees. I can't understand it." Rival managers Neil Warnock and Steve Bruce share a joke before kick off Palace's Jason Puncheon had a good tussle with Hull's Scottish international wing back Andrew Robertson Hull City owner Assem Allam was cheerful before kick off, despite saying he won't put any more money in the club unless he gets his way over a name change to Hull Tigers Hull goalscorer Mohamed Diame muscles Palace left back Joel Ward off the ball Palace striker Fraizer Campbell, who scored 15 goals on loan at Hull in the 2007-08, battles with Tigers skipper Curtis Davies 27 Elmohamady Substituted for Bruce at 90+2'minutes 17 Diamé 14 Livermore Booked at 35mins 8 Huddlestone 26 Robertson Substituted for Rosenior at 81'minutes 9 Hernández Substituted for Ramírez at 76'minutes 18 Jelavic 6 Dann Substituted for Mariappa at 12'minutesBooked at 55mins 27 Delaney 18 McArthur Substituted for Gayle at 70'minutes 15 Jedinak 10 Campbell Booked at 44minsSubstituted for Chamakh at 64'minutes 7 Bolasie	Fraizer
In which sport is the Swaythling Cup a major trophy?	Fraizer Campbell - London Crystal Palace - 2017 Player Profile - Rotoworld.com Latest News Recent News Alan Pardew could be forced into stepping up his search for a new striker after Fraizer Campbell limped out of the friendly win over AFC Wimbledon with a suspected hamstring strain. Palace are short on numbers in attack after Emmanuel Adebayor and Marouane Chamakh were released at the beginning of the summer. Also, factor the loss of Dwight Gayle, who moved to Newcastle for £10m and Pardew has been left with only one fully fit striker – Connor Wickham – with a Premier League start to his name. The full extent of Campbell’s injury is not yet known, but with a little over two weeks until the season opener against West Brom, the search for a new striker looks set to intensify. Palace have been linked with Christian Benteke, while they continue to monitor the situation with Saido Berahino very closely. Fri, Jul 29, 2016 07:17:00 AM Source: Croydon Advertiser Alan Pardew is likely to be without strike duo Marouane Chamakh and Fraizer Campbell when Palace travel to West Ham in the early kick-off as the pair struggle to overcome hamstring injuries. Chamakh has struggled this season with muscular issues and felt a problem in the build-up to last weekends’ clash with Arsenal while Campbell was forced off during the derby defeat to the Gunners. Although the severity of the strains are not yet known it is believed Palace are already considering options without the strikers with Dwight Gayle, Glenn Murray and Shola Ameobi all potential replacements. The Eagles will also assess the fitness of loanee Yaya Sanogo who has missed the last two weeks because of a similar thigh complaint although he was ineligible in GW26 under the terms of his loan agreement. Thu, Feb 26, 2015 06:41:00 AM Source: Irish Independent Crystal Palace and Newcastle ended in a 1-1 draw in Alan Pardew's clash with his former team. Newcastle took the lead through Papiss Cisse in the first half but Alan Pardew showed he knows his former side all too well and was able to inspire his current squad to an equalizer. Substitute Frazier Campbell came on and tied the match up, giving both teams a point. Neither team seems to be in danger of relegation at the moment and the draw was a fair result in what proved to be an even match. Alan Pardew has proved his worth to this Palace side as he has now won 16 points in his first seven matches. Wed, Feb 11, 2015 05:20:00 PM Source: Sky Sports Fraizer Campbell picked up a knock on Boxing Day and is at risk to missing the week 19 match at QPR. Campbell's injury isn't expected to be very serious but with only 48 hours to recover from Boxing Day, it's unlikely he is passed fit for Sunday. With Crystal Palace's manager getting sacked, Campbell is to be avoided for at least this week. Depending on the new manager and his injury/circumstance, he could become an option in later weeks. Don't drop him just yet in season-long formats. Marouane Chamakh is also injured and Palace will have to rely on Dwight Gayle to lead the line. Sat, Dec 27, 2014 05:53:00 PM	i don't know
What sort of passports were internationally-recognised travel documents given to stateless refugees?	passports - How to travel if you are stateless? - Travel Stack Exchange How to travel if you are stateless? up vote 17 down vote favorite 3 After reading this question few questions popped up in my head. I know what a stateless person is after I read this wikipedia page but I could not find how do stateless people travel? if stateless people have no nationality then logically they have no passport.. if they do not have passport how do stateless people travel? There are a few solutions detailed in the answers but generally speaking being stateless creates many problems, which is why there many rules in place (in national law and in treaties) to avoid it as much as possible. – Relaxed Oct 6 '13 at 20:46 1 It could be argued that it is the treaties and national laws create the problems. For Touaregs in Sahara, being in Marocco or in Algeria does not make any sense... – Taladris Nov 19 '14 at 5:48 On the history of travel documents for stateless persons, see en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nansen_passport – Andrew Lazarus Dec 9 '14 at 1:47 In Kuwait, stateless persons are given a special passport (which they have to surrender upon arrival) that allows them to travel. – Burhan Khalid Dec 10 '14 at 4:35 The UK Border Agency has a page describing just this, including how to apply for travel documents if one was stateless. They note that: A stateless persons' document issued to an adult will usually be valid for 10 years if you have permission to stay in the United Kingdom permanently (known as 'indefinite leave to remain'). If you have temporary permission to stay in the United Kingdom (known as 'limited leave to remain'), your stateless persons' document will usually be valid for the same period as your permission to stay here, up to a maximum of five years. In addition they point out that if granted, a stateless persons' document is normally valid for travel to all countries. Indeed, since 1954, you've been able to obtain a ' 1954 Convention Travel Document ' which for all intents and purpose, acts as a travel document, like a passport. Indeed, it says 'travel document' on the front cover. This arose from the 1954 Convention on Stateless Persons . 2 How does one apply for a visa then? Visa requirements are different depending where you come from, and rules would be hard to apply if there's no country which claims you as its citizen. – mindcorrosive♦ Aug 4 '12 at 8:55 1 @mindcorrosive that's why laissez-passer holders are required to have visa to any country, see my answer. – littleadv Aug 4 '12 at 9:13 @mindcorrosive - Presumably it's still up to individual companies to grant you visas, but given they're usually on a nationality basis in your passport, this still allows a stateless person to have a travel document. – Mark Mayo♦ Aug 4 '12 at 9:23 @mindcorrosive if the country is a member of the UN 1954 conventions, they must process a Visa with the same principles of any other class of "Alien" applying. They should not specialize for statelessness. Most, but not all countries do require a Visa for a stateless person to travel there. Although this changes depending on treaties with neighbouring countries where residency or a national document may allow travel regardless. – Jayson Minard Jan 18 '16 at 13:14 When I travel (as stateless), I find that some countries are very straight forward (Mexico, 6 months visa processed in an hour; Argentina a visa for every trip, but always granted; Brasil doesn't seem to know what to do; Ecuador no visa, they accept my travel doc as-is; Peru is almost impossible to go to, not because stateless, but because of the type of travel doc I have isn't in the treaties with the country that issued it; Schengen gives all members a chance to reject a Visa in cases like this, none have, but it isn't always granted [50% success so far]; ...) – Jayson Minard Jan 18 '16 at 13:15 A laissez-passer can also (mostly?) be issued to people who are not stateless but for some reason have no passport to return to their country. In this case, as in your example, the point is that it's a document valid for one journey, indicating the willingness of the destination country to grant entry to the holder. This is distinct from the documents detailed in user102008's answer. – Relaxed Oct 6 '13 at 20:43 1 Typically this is NOT the document for a stateless person. This is the document for people that need one way travel and the UN conventions try to prevent someone from being trapped in a country, whereas they should be allowed to travel to another to either regain documentation or a travel document, or to reach their country of residence when they have no other means to do so. Stateless is covered by the 1954 convention and the form of document described in that convention. Some countries that do not yet have this or are not a member of the convention, do whatever they can that is similar. – Jayson Minard Jan 18 '16 at 13:09 Donovan Mcg 111 Some of the information contained in this post requires additional references. Please edit to add citations to reliable sources that support the assertions made here. Unsourced material may be disputed or deleted. 2 Er, can you provide more details? What state did you used to be a member of, if any? Where are you now based, if not within a detention center? – Mark Mayo♦ Nov 18 '14 at 22:36 1 This is not true, I am stateless, I have a local ID card, and a travel document issued by the country in which I live. Stateless does not mean you cannot have documentation or legal identity. I have 2 stateless friends, one in Slovakia and he has a normal life, travels on 1954 convention document. Another in Paraguay, normal life, travels on his Cédula. And me in Uruguay, travel on a Titulo de Identidad y Viaje. – Jayson Minard Jan 18 '16 at 13:05	Nansen passport
The peace treaty was signed at Versailles, but where in France was the armistice signed?	Issuance of Vatican Passports to Trans-Mediterranean Immigrants Issuance of Vatican Passports to Trans-Mediterranean Immigrants A Modest Proposal Worthy of the 21st Century? - / - References Introduction In this period much is made of the genius of humanity in enabling travel to Mars. However, in the same period, Europe is clearly at a total strategic loss in the face of mass migration across the Mediterranean from Africa -- with all the dangers to human life, and all the poverty and fear driving that process. Over 100,000 are estimated to have arrived in Europe in the first six months of 2015, compared with an estimated 170,100 migrants in 2014, exceeding by far the 42,925 of the previous year.. There is seemingly a lack of new thinking appropriate to this strategic confusion regarding an increasingly problematic situation. This is to be compared to the creativity and expertise deployed in the exploration of outer space, as discussed separately ( Challenges More Difficult for Science than Going to Mars , 2014). As a provocation, a previous exercise envisaged the possibility of emulating the pre-emptive sinking of the Rainbow Warrior of Greenpeace, in a New Zealand harbour by French government agents (without loss of life), as an example of a strategy which could be explored with respect to any vessels suspected of preparing to smuggle people from African harbours ( 12 Strategic Questions for Europe Regarding Forced Immigration from Africa -- in the light of the continuing influx and the associated fatalities , 19 April 2015). Such is the evolution of European values, from what was previously considered scandalous, this now features as a major strategic option for Europe ( Lord Ashdown: destroy migrant smugglers' boats before they leave port , The Guardian, 21 April 2015; EU draws up plans for military attacks on Libya targets to stop migrant boats , The Guardian, 10 May 2015; EU Officials Are Considering Bombing Libyan Smuggling Boats , Common Dreams, 21 May 2015 ). The articulation of "unasked questions" also queried the role of the primary authority of Christian Europe in safeguarding human life, and in ensuring its reproduction under any circumstances (most notably amongst the impoverished on other continents). This question focused on the current role the Vatican is playing in articulating a resolution to the immigration crisis through use of its own extensive resources and accommodation facilities -- especially given its long-term responsibility for engendering the crisis and sustaining its further development. Pursuant to that consideration, the following proposal relates to an unexplored possibility open to the Vatican. As a "modest proposal" it is made in the spirit of that famously made by of Jonathan Swift ( A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Poor People From Being a Burthen to Their Parents or Country, and for Making Them Beneficial to the Publick , 1729). Whether it is to be taken as seriously as the pre-emptive sinking of the Rainbow Warrior will be interesting for the future to note. Historical and systemic responsibility of the Catholic Church There is little question as to the responsibility for humanity on Earth -- long claimed by the Catholic Church and understood to be divinely mandated. Both responsibility and mandate have been variously recognized by European governments over centuries -- a pattern extended to governments on other continents. In respect of this, European history has been witness to a Holy Roman Empire of which echoes have been seen or anticipated in the European Community and its potential future evolution. The Holy See participated actively in international relations long prior to the founding of the Vatican City State -- significantly enabled by formal recognition of its territorial independence by the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini in 1929 through the Lateran Treaty (see Foreign relations of the Holy See ). With respect to the Vatican City State, the Holy See has "full ownership, exclusive dominion, and sovereign authority and jurisdiction", and has long been recognised as a subject of international law and as an active participant in international relations. Unique diplomatic status has thus been effectively accorded to the "Vatican" within the international community and within international law. The Holy See participates as an observer in AU, Arab League, Council of Europe, OAS, IOM, and in the United Nations and its agencies FAO, ILO, UNCTAD, UNEP, UNESCO, UN-HABITAT, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, WFP, WHO, WIPO. It participates as a guest in NAM, and as a full member in IAEA, OPCW, OSCE. Concerns have been expressed regarding this pattern of influence and avoidance of the obligations it implies, notably by the Center for Research on Population and Security ( Vatican influence on the United Nations, the World Health Organization and other international agencies ; Church or State? The Holy See at the United Nations ). Insight is also provided by Concordat Watch ( How the Vatican evades human rights obligations through Canon Law, diplomatic immunity and other dodges ) More intriguing are the systemic consequences of the claimed moral and ethical responsibility of the Catholic Church in relation to issues of human reproduction. This responsibility is in unquestionable conformity with the divine mandate accorded by the injunction: Be fruitful and multiply ( Genesis 1:28 ) -- a doctrine shared by all the Abrahamic religions . In the many international arenas in which reference has been made to the consequences of unconstrained population growth, the Catholic Church has been remarkably forceful in quashing or reframing initiatives and debate on measures which might be envisaged to remedy resultant difficulties. The pattern was made evident on the occasion of the International Conference on Population and Development , Cairo, 1994). Significantly, little systematic effort has since been made to review these issues together since that event. This is despite the extreme suffering with which such failure may be associated. The fatalities evident in the case of current immigration are but the "tip of the iceberg" in this regard, given the many millions "in the pipeline" over the decades to come, and those whose births are currently enabled to sustain that process. Emotional blackmail consequent on irresponsible delegation of systemic responsibility Whilst identifying itself with the divine mandate and the systemic responsibility thereby accorded, the Catholic Church skillfully distances itself from the secular consequences of multiplication of the population. Any unfortunate consequences in terms of starvation, misery and fatality are dissociated from that systemic role. They are held to be the responsibility of the governments and peoples of the world whose actions should necessarily guided by insight into the divine will, preferably as provided by the Catholic Church. Strategic challenges of ensuring adequate food, shelter, social security, health, and the like, are then the responsibility of governments informed by their electorates -- inspired by the moral and ethical guidance of the Catholic Church. If it is only too evident from widespread suffering that governments are inadequate to the task -- or to similar tasks in the wealthier countries -- again this is seemingly no cause for consideration of more appropriate strategies to relieve that suffering. Ensuring evident suffering is thus to be recognized as a device for placing moral pressure on secular authorities, much as beggars in the streets make evident their own suffering as a means blackmailing passers-by to support them. There is consequently a curious indifference to suffering, presumably held by the Catholic Church to be serving a higher cause ( Indifference to the Suffering of Others: occupying the moral and ethical high ground through doublespeak , 2013). There is thus a sense in which the Catholic Church specializes in engendering a sense of guilt in others as a consequence of its own policies -- in order to derive resources from them for a higher cause with which is uniquely identifies itself. From this perspective, there is a case for exploring the possibility of taking the interpretation of the divine mandate even more seriously -- by multiplying to an even higher degree the growth in the population, as argued separately ( Enabling Fruitful Multiplication of Global Population: eliciting massive social consensus by unconstrained reframing of strategic priorities , 2015). That this possibility has been taken seriously by some is an indication of the strategic challenge of the times. In this light it needs to be clearly affirmed that the Catholic Church takes no responsibility whatsoever for the suffering which its theological and diplomatic arguments have enabled and continue to enable. As with the wealthy down the ages, the cynicism of this position is disguised by publicizing its charitable initiatives and advocating universal support for them. Characteristic of doublespeak, these are designed to respond to a limited number of selected sufferers -- ignoring the systemic suffering which continues to be fruitfully multiplied by those policies. Curiously no sense of the need for prudence and precaution is cultivated on the part of the faithful faced with shortage of resources, as may be variously illustrated ( Resource Insights from Plus or Minus 12 People on a Liferaft: thought experiment to highlight global dilemmas in a comprehensible context , 2014). This is evident from the size of families of the impoverished faithful of Abrahamic religions. In this respect the Catholic Church has indeed demonstrated its acclaimed leadership role -- especially for other Christian denominations. Ironically the current massive migration of refugees across the Mediterranean could even be explored as a case of strategic blowback , namely an unforeseen systemic response to its population policies. This could be understood as analogous to the process recognized in the case of American global strategy, as variously discussed ( Chalmers Johnson , Blowback: the costs and consequences of American Empire , 2004; William Rivers Pitt , The True History of Blowback in One Sentence , TruthOut, 23 October 2014; Mary Anne Weaver, Blowback , The Atlantic, May 1996). Modest proposal: issue Vatican passports to all refugees arriving in Europe Given that the Vatican positions itself within the secular framework of the international community and the pattern of related diplomatic treaties in terms of international law, there is a case for inquiring how its strong advocacy of human rights could be most appropriately related to those of human responsibilities. In this respect it is appropriate to note that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) has not as yet been matched by any Universal Declaration of Human Responsibilities, despite various initiatives in this regard. For example the InterAction Council drafted a Universal Declaration of Human Responsibilities , (proposed in 1997, amended in 1998) for consideration by the United Nations as a complement to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). No action has since been taken on the original proposal (available in many languages). In a reaction to it, the UN approved a Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (53/144, 9 December 1998). Clearly the Catholic Church has not used the respect in which it is held to advance any such initiatives, if only in the active debate on the desirability of some such clarification. The argument can be taken further through slight adaptation of the wording of such documents, as discussed separately ( Universal Declaration of Responsibilities of Human Intercourse: a draft proposal , 2007). The Catholic Church is nevertheless currently faced with systemic consequences of the secular impact of the guidance it provides -- and considers to be unquestionable. This moral stance is increasingly difficult to defend -- as indicated by the various scandals with which the Church has been intimately associated over the past decade ( Vatican Bank investments , sexual abuse by clergy of parishioners and cover up, systematic removal of children of indigenous peoples from their families, etc). These have of course become apparent as a result of revelations by those outside the Church -- having long been considered acceptable within it. In adopting a paternal role with respect to the engendering of ever more children, the arrival of migrants from Africa can then be recognized in secular and systemic terms as a case of "chickens coming home to roost" in a very real sense -- giving special spiritual significance to the right of return. With respect to the divine mandate of the Catholic Church, the appropriate strategic response is clearly framed by the biblical text: Jesus said, "Let the little children come to me, and do not hinder them, for the kingdom of heaven belongs to such as these." ( Matthew 19:14 ). However, rather than organizing matters such that others are blackmailed into taking responsibility for the systemic failures of the Catholic Church, there is a case for exploring options in which the Church uses its resources to respond strategically to the challenge it has engendered and which its policies are systematically sustaining for the foreseeable future. There is therefore every reason, in terms of its secular role and legal opportunities, for passports to be issued by the Vatican to refugee arrivals on behalf of the universal Catholic Church. This would resolve a range of legal problems, now irresponsibly delegated by the Catholic Church to the governments of the Christian countries of Europe variously beholden to it. Feasibility of issuing Vatican passports As clarified by Wikipedia with respect to the distinction between Vatican and Holy See passports , the term "Vatican passport" can mean either a passport issued by the Holy See or one issued by the Vatican City State . The latter can issue normal passports for its citizens; the Holy See issues personal, diplomatic and service passports (see Legal status of the Holy See ). Again, as noted by Wikipedia, of the approximately 800 residents of Vatican City, over 450 have Vatican citizenship. The Vatican City State law on citizenship, residence and access (promulgated on 22 February 2011), classifies citizens in three categories: Cardinals resident in Vatican City or in Rome; Diplomats of the Holy See; Persons residing in Vatican City because of their office or service. There is clearly little internal obstacle to promulgating a new Vatican law which would extend the third category or introduce a fourth -- designed specifically for refugees. This could be appropriately understood in terms of some notion of "right of return", possibly even in terms of the famed biblical Parable of the Prodigal Son (or Lost Son), explained as follows by Wikipedia: According to the Gospel of Luke ( Luke 15:11-32 ), a father gives his two sons his inheritance before he dies. The younger son, after wasting his fortune (the word 'prodigal' means 'wastefully extravagant'), goes hungry during a famine. He then returns home with the intention of begging to be employed and renouncing his kinship to his father. Regardless, the father finds him on the road and immediately welcomes him back as his son and holds a feast to celebrate his return. The older son refuses to participate, stating that in all the time he has worked for the father, he did not even receive a goat to celebrate with his friends. The father reminds the older son that everything the father has is the older son's (his inheritance) but that they should still celebrate the return of the younger son The parable fruitfully frames discussion as to how "prodigal" and "lost" might be understood in relation to Europe (with its colonial history and responsibilities), and the product of those policies as inspired by Church dogma. Given the parallels with the Pope as Holy Father -- and the children so faithfully fathered by proxy -- the parable usefully clarifies the strategic response which is morally appropriate for the Catholic Church to adopt. Could canon law reframe incoming refugees as children systemically (and multiply) fathered through surrogate mothers by the Pope in his various incarnations? Could refugees instigate legal proceedings to subtantiate this form of fatherhood, and its current responsibilities -- within the theological framework provided by canon law? Given the Catholic claim to exclusive Papal representation of the fatherhood of God in relation to the children engendered in terms of this framework, and the requirement that priests be addressed as "father", do those thereby engendered have no legitimate claim ( Call No Man "Father"? Catholic Answers, 10 August 2004)? The current challenge could therefore be fruitfully reframed by the Catholic Church in theological terms. It calls for creative reinterpretation of paternity in a context in which spiritual fatherhood has long been stressed -- and deliberately cultivated as a form of address. Fatherhood has been subtly associated with procreation through explicit use of a seminary as a training context for dissemination. Through promotion of chastity, the biology of insemination has been given symbolic form as a spiritual process -- whatever the aberrations in practice through which the point is made otherwise (notably by higher members of the clergy). Curiously the "genetic" emphasis on "Be fruitful and multiply" (Genesis 1:28) can indeed be extended to include a "memetic" analogue, as might now be understood by secular society. Dissemination and insemination are then to be reframed in memetic terms -- however this is to be worded in theological language, or is already so understood in terms of implanting memes and conserving memetic lineage. Given current controversy regarding insemination by proxy -- and in vitro variants -- the question of artificial memetic insemination merits clarification from this subtler perspective. Especially intriguing is any correspondence to provisions in the biological case for concealment of knowledge of the biological father. Forms of spiritual fatherhood and paternity have long been acknowledged within and beyond the domain of formal religion (Brian Anderson, The Responsibility of a Spiritual Father , The Bridge, 26 September 2010; Dan Shaffer, Spiritual Fathers: restoring the reproductive Church , Building Brothers, 2006; Kato Mivule, Are Spiritual Fthers supported by the New Testament , Yesu Mulungi: African Christian Perspectives, 27 September 2011). In terms of canon law, this recognition of paternity could be readily interpreted in terms of the right to a passport -- as is the case in many secular legislations. It could also be understood as consistent with authoritative papal declarations (Francis X. Rocca, Pope says Catholics must practise 'responsible parenthood' , Catholic Herald, 19 January 2015; Pope John Paul II, Responsible Parenthood Linked to Moral Maturity , 5 September 1984). This could lead to recognition of the Catholic Church as the preeminent exponent of "planned parenthood" through its population policies -- prior to the misleading adoption of the term to carry the opposite meaning. For the Catholic Church this subtler definition is consistent with understandings of a passport to heaven, as has been variously implied by the granting of indulgences (Owen Bourgaize, Passport to Heaven , Sermon Central, November 2002; Marguerite Farison, Passport to Heaven, 1989; Timothy Green Beckley and Diane Tessman, Your Passport to Heaven, 1998; Harold W. Decksheimer, Christianity Your Free Passport To Heaven, 2011; Understanding Heaven Passport, Insight for Living Ministries, 2013). This offers a particular irony in that reaching Europe is legiimately framed as Heaven by many refugees in comparison with the Hell from which they have so laboriously escaped -- a Hell which religious authorities have been so complicit in engendering. The Vatican can of course be readily framed as an Embassy of Heaven on Earth -- even a Gateway to Heaven. In addition to clothing and immediate care when migrants disembark in Europe, "legal care" could be immediately offered in the form of a Vatican passport. This could well entitle migrants to residency in the Vatican -- appropriately adapted to that end, if only in the spacious St Peter's Square . One or more (inflatable) domes could be readily installed to offer effective shelter within that space, as well as in the grounds of the extensive network of Christian monasteries, convents and related institutes ( Lists of Christian monasteries ; Catholic Religious Orders and Communities ). Direct transport to such locations could be arranged from the ports of disembarkation. The strategy could also be framed as a response to dramatically falling numbers in such communities (Gareth Rubin, Monasteries in drive to recruit more novices , The Observer, 11 January 2009). Given the numbers expected over the decades to come, the sense of Vatican citizenship could be extended to include residency in the many Catholic religious institutions around Europe (monasteries, convents, churches, and the like). Many countries have long accepted legal notions of residence by passport holders of other countries. The Vatican is clearly able to extend its legal framework to include non-residency when its passport holders reside in other countries of Europe. As with the other European microstates (Monaco and San Marino), the Vatican is considered as a de facto member of the Schengen Area , since it does not have border controls with the Schengen countries, although it has not officially signed documents that make it part of Schengen. This presumably implies that Vatican citizens can reside anywhere within the Schengen zone with a minimum of administration difficulty. A related possibility is already envisaged with respect to abandoned Italian villages (Silvia Marchetti, 6,000 ghost towns: Italy's answer to migrant crisis? CNN, 26 May 2015). Creativity of this kind could be elaborated further by the Vatican through recognition of the possibility of extending its citizenship arrangements to enable the emergence of what has otherwise been recognized as a form of "virtual nation". This can be associated with widespread recognition of the existence and role of diasporas , as discussed separately ( Affinity, Diaspora, Identity, Reunification, Return: reimagining possibilities of engaging with place and time , 2013). Such creativity would respond to the psychosocial challenges faced by refugees, and readily neglected in responding to the material needs. A challenging further step, appropriate to the new thinking required by the 21st century, is consideration of how Catholics everywhere could be more appropriately associated with the secular role of the Vatican and the Holy See. As a form of diaspora, potentially enabled by a form of citizenship, this could help to address the complicity of the Catholic faithful in the strategic policies regarding shortage of resources in relation to population increase. This could include specific forms of taxation ( tithing ) to address the consequences of any strategic preferences in this regard -- as is effectively practiced in Germany and other Catholic countries as church tax . With respect to discussion of migrant quotas, such reframing would focus any emerging suggestions regarding billeting of refugees onto Catholic households -- as supporters of Catholic population policies -- rather than subject the households of non-supporters to the consequences such policies. Especially creative for the Vatican would be the use of such an extended citizenship initiative to include the currently disenfranchised Romani people of Catholic faith within the European diaspora community. Prior to the following consideration of a precedent with which the Vatcian has been directly associated, it is appropriate to recall the role of the Nansen passport issued via the League of Nations by its High Commissioner for Refugees and the Nansen International Office for Refugees . The latter was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1938. By 1942, the passports were honoured by governments in 52 countries. Approximately 450,000 Nansen passports were provided to stateless people and refugees who needed travel documents but could not obtain one from a national authority. Although "Nansen passports" are no longer issued, existing national and supranational authorities, including the United Nations, issue travel documents for stateless people and refugees, including certificates of identity (or "alien's passports") and refugee travel documents . This proposal is more obviously relevant in the case of refugees and migrants who are already of Catholic persuasion, as with many Syrian Christians. It can be readily extended to encompass those who are affiliated with other Christian faiths. The argument can however be further extended in terms of the Great Commission of Christianity whereby Christian teachings are communicated persuasively to all nations of the world ( Matthew 28:16-20 ). This would therefore include those refugees currently of Muslim faith. The point to be emphasized is that those in dire need may be quite prepared to convert to Catholicism in exchange for assistance and the legitimation offered by a passport. There is a long history of instances of opportunistic conversion to Christianity, most obviously recognized as forced conversion . That of the Emperor Constantine remains a matter of continuing controversy (Andrew Pierson, Constantine True Conversion or Political Opportunist , 2012); Religious Conversions: the moment of truth , The Economist, 24 July 2008). Such conversion has been most notable in the case of those of Jewish faith -- as a means of avoiding persecution (David Novak, When Jews Are Christians , First Things, November 1991; Mark Oppenheimer, Jewish Converts Offer a Window on Conservative Christianity , The New York Times, 24 May 2013; Elisheva Carlebach, Divided Souls: Converts from Judaism in Germany, 1500-1750, 2001). Highly controversial historical precedent? It is an historical irony that the seemingly extraordinary possibility of issuing Vatican passports to refugees has a precedent. This can be recognized in continuing debates regarding the degree to which the Catholic Church in some way provided assistance to Nazis in the closing phases of World War II. The facts of the matter and their interpretation remain highly controversial. Popular presentation of the arguments has notably taken the form of several books ( Gerald Steinacher , Nazis on the Run: How Hitler's Henchmen Fled Justice , 2012; David Cymet, History vs. Apologetics: The Holocaust, the Third Reich, and the Catholic Church , 2011; John Cornwell , Hitler's Pope: the secret history of Pius XII , 1999; David G. Dalin , The Myth of Hitler's Pope: How Pope Pius XII Rescued Jews from the Nazis , 2005; Mark Aarons and John Loftus , Unholy Trinity: The Vatican, The Nazis, and the Swiss Bankers, 1998). The details presented as facts have given rise to the belief that the Vatican, under the leadership of Pope Pius XII , knowingly and willingly assisted hunted Nazi war criminals to escape from justice by taking flight overseas, particularly to Latin America. The belief notably includes an understanding that large numbers of Vatican passports were issued to Nazis because nobody in the world would question them. He is recognized for his earlier role in concluding the controversial Reichskonkordat (1933) between the Holy See and Nazi Germany. The canonization of Pope Pius XII has been under consideration since his death in 1958. With respect to the issuance of Vatican passports, as issued by the Vatican Refugee Organisation ( Pontificia Commissione d'Assistenza ai Profugh ), it has been claimed that these "travel documents" were not full "passports", and were not in themselves enough to gain passage overseas. They could however be used to obtain a displaced person passport from the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). However enabling this process could be considerably facilitated by a Catholic authority. Particular emphasis has been placed on the role of Bishop Alois Hudal who had a personal history of Nazi sympathies -- and the extent to which his activities were explicitly or implicitly authorised by the Catholic hierarchy. The term ratline has been given to the the mechanisms by which thousands of Nazi war criminals fled to the remotest parts of the globe -- a process involving espionage, Nazi priests, and a network of Catholic monasteries and safe houses ( Uki Goni , The Real Odessa: Smuggling the Nazis to Perón's Argentina, 2003; Peter Levenda , Ratline: Soviet Spies, Nazi Priests, and the Disappearance of Adolf Hitler, 2012). As a matter of history, the topic has been most recently highlighted in an essay by Kevin Madigan ( How the Catholic Church Sheltered War Criminals , Commentary, December 2011). This has evoked predictable responses by Catholic scholars ( Ronald J. Rychlak , Shoddy Scholarship in the Study of Pope Pius XII , Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights, April 2012; William Doino Jr., Kevin Madigan's Offenses Against History , First Things, February 2012; Guy Walters, The Truth About Pius and the Nazi "Ratlines" , The Catholic Herald, August 14, 2009; Michel Garroté, Le Pape Argentin et l'Evêque Nazi , Les Observateurs.ch, 30 April 2015). The debate has been summarized by the Catholic News Agency ( Claims of papal help for Nazi war criminals "verifiably false" , 16 April 2012). Whether articulated by historians or journalists, the controversy is framed from a Catholic perspective perspective as a combination of sloppy work and over-the-top charges, seen as providing a textbook example of how a verifiably false account can be reported as fact in the mainstream media. Unfortunately the pattern of predictable responses is difficult to dissociate from the typology of cover-ups provided by Wikipedia. More unfortunate is the difficulty of dissociating such responses from those made by Catholic authorities with respect to sexual abuse by the Catholic clergy, and the associated pattern of cover-ups with which the Vatican has seemingly been complicit to an unfortunate degree -- as recently highlighted by investigations of the United Nations ( Catholic church leaders prepare for grilling by UN human rights panel , The Guardian, 5 May 2014; Vatican tries to draw line under clerical sex abuse scandals at UN hearing , The Guardian, 5 May 2014; UN Committee Against Torture criticises Vatican handling of sex abuse , The Guardian, 22 May 2014; Committee against Torture, Concluding observations on the initial report of the Holy See , 17 June 2014). Holy See / Vatican State as an indicative embodiment of existential uncertainty? Whether in legal, functional or representational terms, the references above make clear that there is a degree of uncertainty (in any particular context) as to whether the Catholic Church is interacting with the the secular realities of the world as the "Holy See" or as the "Vatican" -- notably in its recent relation with its investigation by the United Nations. This situation bears a strange resemblance to the issues resolved in fundamental physics in its dependence on the Uncertainty Principle . Simply framed it indicates the constraints on completely defining matter as being best understood as a particle or a wave -- when there is a degree of uncertainty which is both fundamental and essential. The possibility of an analogue in the psychosocial domain has been articulated by Garrison Sposito ( Does a generalized Heisenberg principle operate in the social sciences? Inquiry, 12, 1969). Such a possibility can be variously explored ( Being a Waveform of Potential as an Experiential Choice: emergent dynamic qualities of identity and integrity , 2013; Being Neither a-Waving Nor a-Parting: cognitive implications of wave-particle duality in the light of science and spirituality , 2013). In addition to framing refugees in conventional legal terms, they might fruitfully be recognized as "wave-forms" ( Encountering Otherness as a Waveform -- in the light of a wave theory of being , 2013). There is clearly some irony to such terminology, given the sense in which the challenge they represent is notably framed in terms of incoming "waves" of refugees. In its literal concreteness, could the "Vatican" then be compared to what is associated with the definitiveness of a "particle" -- in contrast with the far subtler function of a "wave", with which the "Holy See" could be usefully associated? There is of course a further degree of irony to the symbolic significance attached to wave-like gestures of representatives of the Holy See and public responses to them, as may be otherwise argued ( Quantum Wampum Essential to Navigating Ragnarok , 2014). However this capacity to shift between the two modalities can also be explored in terms of the game-playing with respect to certainty/uncertainty -- made evident in the widely recognized confidence game known under a variety of names ( Find the Lady , Three-card Monte, etc). In practice the Catholic Church is able to represent itself concretely as the "Vatican", but to reframe itself as the "Holy See" whenever convenient, especially in emphasizing matters of faith and spirituality, and the credibility they engender.. This strategic capacity may be regretted, given the ways in which it is exploited to the disadvantage of those holding beliefs distinct from Catholicism. However with respect to the proposal above, through the principled embodiment of such uncertainty, the Catholic Church constitutes an exemplar of how the constraints of concrete reality can be reframed through subtlety. This frames the manner in which "nation state" can have a "wave-like" dimension -- perhaps characteristic of contrasting references to "cultures". In this sense, the proposal reframes the conventional focus by "states" on citizenship (by contrast with the "statelessness" of refugees), notably through recognition of diasporas as being a form of experiential identity beyond such legal definitions. The modest proposal opens the way to recognizing such forms of collective identity. Given its skills in shifting between legal formality and subtlety, the "Vatican" can creatively adapt these to the massive reality of refugees and to the disenfranchised like the Romani people. Of particular interest, given the theological underpinnings of the Catholic belief system and its institutional forms, is how manifestations and distinctions are held to exist. This can be dramatically highlighted with respect to current political issues regarding the requisite "concrete proof" for nuclear weapons production in Iran, following that evidenced in the case of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq. The concern can however be fruitfully extended ( 10 Demands for Concrete Proof by We the Peoples of the World , 2012). Re-imagining the dynamic of potential existence More intriguing, and more provocative, is the question of the "existence" of any collective entity and how such existence is to be understood. This is most fruitfully illustrated by the case of the so-called " international community ", increasingly cited as though it existed, and is capable of pressure and initiatives in relation to other collective entities -- even beyond those of the United Nations. As noted by Wikipedia, the term is typically used to imply the existence of a common point of view towards strategic issues in a period in which such consensus is questionable, as separately argued ( The Consensus Delusion , 2011). Appeals are increasingly made to that community. Its failure to act in response to them may well be deplored by those in need, as evident in a key report of Amnesty International ( The Global Refugee Crisis: a conspiracy of neglect (June 2015): The refugee crisis is one of the defining challenges of the 21st century, but the response of the international community has been a shameful failure. We need a radical overhaul of policy and practice to create a coherent and comprehensive global strategy.... The international community has failed to provide [refugees], or the humanitarian agencies supporting refugees with sufficient resources... The current refugee crisis will not be solved unless the international community recognizes that it is a global problem that requires states to significantly step up international cooperation Of relevance to this argument is that the international community does not "exist". It has no legal basis, if that is the primary criterion -- whether or not de facto existence can be claimed or assumed. There is no "concrete proof" of its existence which could be accepted in a conventional legal process or through application of any conventional scientific method. Deploring the failure to act of a "non-existent" entity then merits the most careful consideration. Whether framed in terms of a duty to rescue , or as a failure to provide assistance to a person in need, the capacity to indict the international community for crimes against humanity through some sort of class action suit is clearly extremely limited (Christa Rottensteiner, The Denial of Humanitarian Assistance as a Crime under International Law , International Review of the Red Cross, 835, September 1999). In legal terms any action by the international community might then be considered comparable with an Act of God , recalling an exploration of the possibility of legal action against his religious representatives ( The Man Who Sued God , 2001). Such thinking thus frames the question of whether and how the "United States" exists, as this continues to be variously explored ( Does America even exist? 31 December 2011; Does America Still Exist? ; Richard Rodriguez, Does America Still Exist? Fudan University, 2012), most notably by Stephen Clarkson ( Does North America Exist? Governing the Continent after NAFTA and 9/1 1, Woodrow Wilson Center, 2008). The question with respect to the USA is currently of great relevance in the light of the ongoing debate regarding the right to exist of Palestine -- recognized as it is by the vast majority of countries ( John V. Whitbeck , The State of Palestine Exists , The Huffington Post, 1 September 2013). To what extent can the USA be held to exist, or to have a right to exist? How could concrete proof be presented in support of that claim? There is great irony to the fact that current controversy regarding arguments with respect to the existence of God can be understood to be as questionable as those with respect to the existence of the "United States" or "Israel" -- whether framed in scientific, legal, historical or theological terms. Within each of these frames, the issue is the nature of "concrete proof" and the manner in which its status and credibility is determined, as with fiat currency . Hence the concern regarding adherence to so-called "fiat beliefs". The current massive exercise in " printing money " is therefore of relevance ( ECB launches 1 trillion euro rescue plan to revive euro economy , Reuters, 22 January 2015). The legitimacy which such an extraordinary process has acquired could be seen as now framing the provocative possibility of "printing passports" -- applying the strategic logic of " quantitative easing " to "refugee easing". Curiously the process bears comparison in functional and existential terms with the credibility of the controversial sale of indulgences by Church authorities ( From Quantitative Easing (QE) to Moral Easing (ME): a stimulus package to avert moral bankruptcy? 2010). Ironically an indulgence can be understood as a form of "passport to heaven". Again, given the fundamental dependence of the Catholic Church on faith and theology, such thinking can be extended to the seemingly abstruse philosophical question of how an individual can be held to exist, whether by collectives or through the experience of the person traumatically challenged by life as a refugee. Such issues become more immediately relevant in a period in which radicalisation is of increasing security concern, as discussed separately ( Radicalisation of Existence and Identity , 2015; Radicalisation versus Demonisation? 2015). This is also of concern with regard to both the infiltration by terrorists of migrating refugees and any willingness to die for an ideal, as argued by Costica Bradatan (Dying for Ideas: the dangerous lives of the philosophers, 2015). Consideration of this modest proposal could elicit new insight into the attribution of identity to people through "identity papers" enabling them to "travel" -- and into the sense of identity which is thereby enabled experientially for the individual. Elements of such possibilities are already evident in the nature of the identity of a person with multiple passports and associated entitlements, especially as understood by that person. In that sense the Vatican could also provide passports to people of its choice, most notably any of Catholic faith wherever they dwell. How is identity then to be understood, honoured and respected? Rather than the simplistic assertion that collective entities either exist or do not (Conditions A and B), it may be more fruitful to imagine two additional conditions (C and D), as argued by Kinhide Mushakoji (Global Issues and Interparadigmatic Dialogue; essays on multipolar politics, 1988). Thus the international community, as with the United Nations, the United States, and the European Community, both exist and do not (Condition C), and neither exist nor do not (Condition D). Desperate appeals to them for remedial action need to take this into consideration -- as in the case of analogous appeals to any deity. It is then meaningful to recognize the extent to which this applies equally to a person required to live coherently in a reality characterized by ambiguity -- especially when vulnerable to fatality. ( Living with Incomprehension and Uncertainty , 2012; Living as an Imaginal Bridge between Worlds: global implications of "betwixt and between" and liminality , 2011). A human being may be acknowledged to exist or not, thereby encompassing assertions that a person is a "nonentity", a "nobody" (or "does not exist"), an experience which can be a reality for many, whether momentarily or frequently -- especially when faced with the expectation of nothing. However it thereby also acknowledges that a person may both exist and not exist (Condition C), or may neither exist nor not exist (Condition D). All four conditions are evident in the case of a refugee, as framed by society and in the experience of that person. A "Vatican passport" could be creatively conceived to acknowledge the dynamic between these four conditions. As argued, this could then apply to those who are not framed as refugees -- but may well become such in an uncertain future. Just as the claim was widely made that " I am Charlie Hebdo ", it can be claimed that "I am a refugee", or "I am stateless" (or may become so). A "Vatican passport" could be understood to "re-cognize" this dynamic. The extent to which such a passport "exists" or "does not exist" in the eyes of the international community is itself thereby reframed. Any denial of this paradoxical dynamic reality, so appropriate to experience in the 21st Century, could be challenged by the paradigmatic assertion of centuries ago ( E pur si muove ) or by that of earlier millennia ( Neti Neti ). Produced on the occasion of announcement of the forthcoming Papal Encyclical Laudato Si' Costica Bradatan. Dying for Ideas: the dangerous lives of the philosophers. Bloomsbury Academic, 2015 Susantha Goonatilake. Toward a Global Science: mining civilizational knowledge. Indiana University Press, 1999 Stephen Hawking. The Dreams That Stuff Is Made Of: the most astounding papers of quantum physics -- and how they shook the scientific world. Running Press, 2011 Thomas Homer-Dixon. The Upside of Down: catastrophe, creativity, and the renewal of civilization. Island Press, 2006 Kinhide Mushakoji. Global Issues and Interparadigmatic Dialogue; essays on multipolar politics. Albert Meynier, 1988. V. V. Nalimov. Realms of the Unconscious: the enchanted frontier. ISI Press, 1982 John Ralston Saul. The Unconscious Civilization. Free Press, 1999.	i don't know
Which country shares its western border with Romania and its eastern border with Ukraine?	Political Map of Ukraine - Nations Online Project ___ Political Map of Ukraine About Ukraine Map is showing Ukraine, the country in eastern Europe, north of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, at the crossroads between Europe and Asia. This fertile country is known as the breadbasket of Europe. With an area of 600,000 km² it is the second largest country in Europe after Russia, twice the size of Italy or slightly smaller than the U.S. state of Texas . Ukraine is bordered by Belarus , Hungary , Moldova , Poland , Romania , Russia , and Slovakia , its capital is Kiev . Topographically, Ukraine consists mainly of plains and plateaus, but the Carpathian mountains in the west reach 2,061 m (6,760 ft.) at Mount Hoverla (Hora Hoverla), which is the highest mountain in Ukraine. Ukraine's major rivers are: Dniester, The Western and the Southern Bug (Pivdennyi Buh), Desna, Seversky Donets and the Dnieper (Dnipro) an important waterway and the longest river in Ukraine with its large water reservoirs the Kremenchuk Reservoir and the Kakhovka Reservoir. Depicted on the map are Ukraine with surrounding countries, international borders, main rivers, major cities, main roads, railroads, and major airports, as well as the Russian occupied Crimean peninsula and the region in eastern Ukraine under the control of pro-Russian activists. You are free to use this map for educational, or informational purposes, please refer to Nations Online Project. Cities and towns in Ukraine: The map shows the location of following Ukrainian cities: Largest cities (with a population of over 1 million): Kyiv (Kiev), Kharkiv (Kharkov), Dnipropetrovsk, Odesa (Odessa), and Donetsk (not to be confused with the Russian town of Donets'k at the Ukrainian border near Luhansk). Other Cities and towns: Alchevsk, Berdyansk, Berdychiv, Bila Tserkva, Brovary, Cherkasy, Chernihiv, Chernivtsi, Chornobyl (Chernobyl), Dniprodzerzhynsk, Drohobych, Dzhankoy, Feodosiya, HorlivkaIzmayil, Ivano-Frankivsk, Kalush, Kerch, Kherson, Khmelnytskyi, Kirovohrad, Kolomyya, Konotop, Korosten, Kostyantynivka, Kovel, Kramatorsk, Krasnyi Luch, Kremenchuk, Kryvyi Rih, LozovaIzyum, Lubny, Luhansk, Lutsk, Lviv, Makiyivka, Marhanets, Mariupol, Melitopol, Mukacheve, Mykolayiv, Nikopol, Nizhyn, Nova Kakhovka, Novohrad-Kamianets-Podilskyi, Pavlohrad, Pervomaysk, Poltava, Pryluky, Reni, Rivne, Romny, Sevastopol , Shostka, Simferopol, Sloviansk, Smila, Stakhanov, Starobilsk, Stryi, Sumy, Ternopil, Uman, Uzhhorod, Vinnytsia, Volynskyi, Yalta, Yenakiieve, Yevpatoriya, Zaporizhzhia, Zhovti Vody, Zhytomyr.	Moldova
Who composed the opera ‘Carmen’ (1875)?	NATO: Russia Has 'Sizeable' And 'Very, Very Ready' Forces At Ukraine Border \| The Huffington Post NATO: Russia Has 'Sizeable' And 'Very, Very Ready' Forces At Ukraine Border 03/23/2014 06:18 am ET \| Updated May 23, 2014 1.2k * Commander says NATO needs to rethink positioning of forces * Says Russia's use of snap exercises means forces can intervene * General says Russia's Crimean takeover ran "like clockwork" (adds quotes, background) By Adrian Croft BRUSSELS, March 23 (Reuters) - NATO's top military commander said on Sunday that Russia had built up a large force on Ukraine's eastern border and he was worried Moscow may be eyeing Moldova's mainly Russian-speaking separatist Transdniestria region after annexing Crimea. NATO's Supreme Allied Commander Europe, U.S. Air Force General Philip Breedlove, voiced concern about Moscow using a tactic of snap military exercises to prepare its forces for possible rapid incursions into a neighbouring state, as it had done in the case of Ukraine's Crimea region. Russia launched a new military exercise, involving 8,500 artillery men, near Ukraine's border 10 days ago. Breedlove said the Russian tactic should lead the 28-nation Western military alliance to rethink the positioning and readiness of its forces in eastern Europe so that they were ready to counter Moscow's moves. "A snap exercise puts an incredible force at a border. The force that is at the Ukrainian border now to the east is very, very sizeable and very, very ready," he said, speaking at an event held by the German Marshall Fund, a thinktank. "You cannot defend against that if you are not there to defend against it. So I think we need to think about our allies, the positioning of our forces in the alliance and the readiness of those forces ... such that we can be there to defend against it if required, especially in the Baltics and other places." Ukraine is not a NATO member, but Moscow's intervention in Crimea has caused alarm particularly in ex-Soviet republics in the Baltics, which are now members of NATO. NATO had tried to make Russia a partner but "now it is very clear that Russia is acting much more like an adversary than a partner," Breedlove said. He voiced concern that Russia could have Transdniestria in its sights after Crimea, saying that, in Russia's view, the separatist region of Moldova was the "next place where Russian-speaking people may need to be incorporated." LINK-UP FEARS Some of the elements of the Crimea scenario are also present in Transdniestria, which lies on Ukraine's western border but is just a few hundred kilometres (miles) from Crimea. "There is absolutely sufficient (Russian) force postured on the eastern border of Ukraine to run to Transdniestria if the decision was made to do that and that is very worrisome," Breedlove said. In Moscow, Deputy Defence Minister Anatoly Antonov said Russia was complying with international troop limits near the border with Ukraine, and international inspectors had conducted missions in the last month to check on Russian troop movements. "We have nothing to hide there," Antonov was quoted by the state RIA and Itar-Tass news agencies as saying. The Russian-speakers of Transdniestria seceded from Moldova in 1990, a year before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, amid fears that Moldova would shortly merge with neighbouring Romania, whose language and culture it broadly shares. The separatist region fought a brief war with Moldova in 1992 and it declared itself an independent state, but it remains unrecognized by any country, including Russia. Russia has 440 peacekeepers in Transdniestria plus other soldiers guarding Soviet-era arms stocks. The speaker of Transdniestria's separatist parliament urged Russia last week to incorporate the region. In response, the president of ex-Soviet Moldova warned Russia against considering any move to annex Transdniestria. Ukraine's Foreign Minister Andrii Deshchytsia told the Brussels conference on Friday that Transdniestria should be a big concern for Europe as well as Ukraine and Moldova because of the risk Moscow could seek to link up pro-Russian regions in Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia. If Russia decided to connect Transdniestria with the Crimea and Georgia's Abkhazia region, it would make a corridor that would create a "very destabilising zone in Europe", he said. FROZEN CONFLICTS Breedlove said Russia appeared to be using these so-called "frozen conflicts" in neighbouring countries as a tool to stop them joining the European Union and NATO. "If Russia is worried about a country moving towards the West, the way to solve that is an incursion, a frozen conflict, and now no one wants to think about bringing that nation aboard into NATO because it might mean conflict with Russia," he said. U.S. officials have said the Pentagon will more than double the number of U.S. fighter jets on a NATO air patrol mission in the Baltics and do more training with Poland's air force as it strives to reassure allies alarmed by the crisis in Ukraine. Breedlove said the United States was considering other steps but declined to give details. He said Russia's incursion into Crimea had run "very much like clockwork" in contrast to its 2008 intervention in Georgia, which suffered from a lot of military failings. Russia started by cutting Ukrainian forces in Crimea from their commanders using cable cuts, jamming and cyber attacks and then surrounded them, he said. Breedlove said Russia tried to create doubts over the identity of gunmen in Crimea as part of a disinformation campaign. Moscow officially denied deploying extra troops and Russian soldiers in the region wore unmarked uniforms. When military bases in Crimea were taken over, it was "a thin veneer of locals in the front and a lot of men in green (Russian troops) right behind," he said. (Reporting by Adrian Croft; Editing by Rosalind Russell) More:	i don't know
What traditional name for a badger comes originally from an Irish Gaelic word?	Folklore Folklore See our Finding Evidence of Badgers booklet Folklore about Badgers Many years ago, people believed all sorts of weird and wacky things about badgers. These old sayings and stories (folklore) seem very strange today! That said, some of the stories do persist, so we will try and correct some of the modern silliness too. Names for Badgers The badger has had a series of names over the centuries. In a few areas it was called a "grey" - this being because it exhibits a generally grey appearance when viewed in a dim light. In other times it has been known as a "black and white", or even, one suspects in more modern times, as "stripey". More commonly, it has been known simply, and affectionately, as simply Brock (sometimes written as brox or as the Celtic broc). People and places who have "brock" in their name have at least some connection with badgers of old. It's modern "scientific" name is Meles meles - this meaning that it is a member of the mustelid class of carnivores (and therefore not a rodent). Names in other languages include: English = Brock The name of the Rangers football ground ("Ibrox") means home of the badger! Types of Badgers? Back in the 16th Century one writer called Turberville stated that there were two types of badger in Britain. He stated that there was one breed known as "badgerwhelps", these had taller legs, yellow ears and lived in sandy areas. The other breed were known as "badgerpigs", and these were less yellow, shorter, more fierce and had a terrible stink about them! Of course with our modern knowledge, we can see that Turberville's "theory" has absolutely no basis in zoological or anatomical reality. We suspect that Turberville had been looking at too few badgers and had been reading rather too many books on witchcraft. Talking of which... Witchcraft Other people believed that badgers could help to protect you against witchcraft! All you needed was some badger hair, and a bag made from the skin of a black cat. You also needed to be a bit of a star gazer . . . "A tuft of hair gotten from the head of a full-grown Brock is powerful enough to ward off all manner of witchcraft; these must be worn in a little bag made of cat's skin - a black cat - and tied about the neck when the moon be not more than seven days old, and under that aspect when the planet Jupiter be mid-heaven at midnight." That's not an "excuse" I'd want to give to a modern-day Magistrate! Badgers Luck Some people thought that badgers could bring bad luck. This rhyme dates from about 200 years ago: Should one hear a badger call, And then an ullot cry, Make thy peace with God, good soul, For thou shall shortly die. So, according to this bit of folklore, if you hear a badger call, then hear an "Ullot" (an owl) hoot, you are not long for this world! Badgers and their Legs Some people used to say that badgers had legs that were shorter on one side than the other. This was supposed to be because badgers often walked on sloping ground on the sides of hills! More Bad Luck Another 200-year-old story says that badgers - like black cats - can bring bad luck or good luck. If the badger walks across the path that you have just walked on, you are in for very good luck. However, if the badger walks across the path in front of you, and if it happens to scrape up a bit of earth as it goes, then it is time for you to choose your coffin! The old rhyme goes like this: Should a badger cross the path Which thou hast taken, then Good luck is thine, so it be said Beyond the luck of men. But if it cross in front of thee, Beyond where thou shalt tread, And if by chance doth turn the mould, Thou art numbered with the dead. Monster Badgers? Some people used to believe that some badgers grew into such monstrous beasts that they could cause terror and mayhem and destroy sheep, cattle and horses. And, no, a badger can't "bring down a horse at a gallop" or "break a leg of a Holstein-Friesian heifer". Badgers can dig through Reinforced Concrete? Whilst badgers can dig into soft soil (and even quite firm soil), they can't dig through proper solid reinforced concrete. That said, if your concrete is made with too much sand, or you used far too much water in the concrete mixer, a badger might be able to get through after a very, very determined effort. Badger Ham? In times of old, that is before the common use of refrigerators, people did all manner of things to preserve meat of many kinds. One of the foods they used to preserve were badger hams - these were the smoked and salted hind quarters from a badger. Back in those days, I guess you ate food for survival rather than the taste. Just to keep everyone within the law, preparing, keeping or eating a badger ham would be a criminal offence today! Badger Buttons Yes ... people did used to use badger teeth as buttons on ceremonial dress in the Scottish Highlands. Call me a bit weird if you want, but going out to a posh dinner and seeing a load of manky yellow teeth across the dining table, would be enough to put me off my food! Badger Bones One particularly masculine bone from an important bit of the male badger used to be used as either a tie-pin. At a wedding, it was sometimes given by the father-of-the-bride to the bride-groom so the marriage would be blessed with many children! Call me a cynic, but I'd prefer something a bit more pragmatic, like a nice set of bedroom furniture! Badger Masks The badger would sometimes be skinned, and its face used to decorate the sporran on a Highland kilt.See the following link for more details: I suppose the only people who wear them nowadays, are the sort of people who are dumb enough to wear real animal fur too! Beat the Badger game? The story of Gwawl and Rhiannon shows how an ancient game 'Badger in the Bag' was supposed to have originated. Traces of this custom, called 'Beat the Badger' still exist in Fife (between Edinburgh and Dundee in Scotland). This violent "game" takes the form of an ancient ordeal of running the gauntlet, where the player ran between a double line of boys wielding sticks. Badgers Smoke Underground? Nope ... badgers do not smoke underground. In very cold weather, when the air is still, you might sometimes see a small plume of steam rising from the ventilation hole of a badger sett. This is nothing more than warm air leaving the sett - just like your breath turns "white" when you breathe out in cold air. Badgers "do" their own funerals? Badgers do not bury their dead in the many we humans would expect in a conventional funeral. When we conduct a funeral, we do so because we are imaginative enough to believe that the dead person's soul has gone to live in heaven. Badgers, like other animals, do not have such intelligence, and so they can not comprehend the desire for a formal funeral like we would. As for the so-called badger "funerals", rarely, a sett may collapse, and a badger may be trapped underground by roots or heavy stones; which is why we might think the badgers have buried one of their own. On other occasions, a smelly rotting corpse of a dead badger may start to attract vermin and pests into the sett, so badger may cover the corpse with old bedding or soil to mask the bad smell. In rare cases, the smell may become so bad, that the other badgers seal the dead badger into a tunnel by piling a "plug" of soil to block the tunnel. Badgers Hibernate? Badgers don't hibernate through the winter. A bit like proverbial 2nd-Year University students, they might have a few "lazy" days when they don't emerge from their warm comfy bed because it's too cold, but they don't actually hibernate. Badgers don't need to drink water? Not true. Badgers generally eat very moist foods, so you won't often see them drinking copious amounts of water. However, in hot dry periods (or in the freezing winter months), they do need fresh clean water - otherwise they will get too de-hydrated and die. In hot summers, far fewer badger cubs survive, and for years to come badger numbers will remain depressed. Even if you do not feed badgers in your garden, a good supply of fresh running water in the hot summer will benefit badgers and other animals enormously. Badgers are blind? Nope ... badgers have relatively poor vision, but they can see. As Rough as a Badgers Bum? Surprisingly, perhaps, this does have a grain of truth in it. Badgers may fight amongst themselves, often to work out who can become the most senior badger in the clan. In these fights, one badger will try and bite the other badger on the bum. These injuries can result in bite marks to the bum, and to a loss of fur on the bum. Accordingly, some badgers can appear to have a bald bum, which would feel rough to the touch due to any few remaining stubbly hairs. Badgerland Shop	Brock
Which liqueur is named after the Carthusian monastery where it was first made in 1737?	Folklore Folklore See our Finding Evidence of Badgers booklet Folklore about Badgers Many years ago, people believed all sorts of weird and wacky things about badgers. These old sayings and stories (folklore) seem very strange today! That said, some of the stories do persist, so we will try and correct some of the modern silliness too. Names for Badgers The badger has had a series of names over the centuries. In a few areas it was called a "grey" - this being because it exhibits a generally grey appearance when viewed in a dim light. In other times it has been known as a "black and white", or even, one suspects in more modern times, as "stripey". More commonly, it has been known simply, and affectionately, as simply Brock (sometimes written as brox or as the Celtic broc). People and places who have "brock" in their name have at least some connection with badgers of old. It's modern "scientific" name is Meles meles - this meaning that it is a member of the mustelid class of carnivores (and therefore not a rodent). Names in other languages include: English = Brock The name of the Rangers football ground ("Ibrox") means home of the badger! Types of Badgers? Back in the 16th Century one writer called Turberville stated that there were two types of badger in Britain. He stated that there was one breed known as "badgerwhelps", these had taller legs, yellow ears and lived in sandy areas. The other breed were known as "badgerpigs", and these were less yellow, shorter, more fierce and had a terrible stink about them! Of course with our modern knowledge, we can see that Turberville's "theory" has absolutely no basis in zoological or anatomical reality. We suspect that Turberville had been looking at too few badgers and had been reading rather too many books on witchcraft. Talking of which... Witchcraft Other people believed that badgers could help to protect you against witchcraft! All you needed was some badger hair, and a bag made from the skin of a black cat. You also needed to be a bit of a star gazer . . . "A tuft of hair gotten from the head of a full-grown Brock is powerful enough to ward off all manner of witchcraft; these must be worn in a little bag made of cat's skin - a black cat - and tied about the neck when the moon be not more than seven days old, and under that aspect when the planet Jupiter be mid-heaven at midnight." That's not an "excuse" I'd want to give to a modern-day Magistrate! Badgers Luck Some people thought that badgers could bring bad luck. This rhyme dates from about 200 years ago: Should one hear a badger call, And then an ullot cry, Make thy peace with God, good soul, For thou shall shortly die. So, according to this bit of folklore, if you hear a badger call, then hear an "Ullot" (an owl) hoot, you are not long for this world! Badgers and their Legs Some people used to say that badgers had legs that were shorter on one side than the other. This was supposed to be because badgers often walked on sloping ground on the sides of hills! More Bad Luck Another 200-year-old story says that badgers - like black cats - can bring bad luck or good luck. If the badger walks across the path that you have just walked on, you are in for very good luck. However, if the badger walks across the path in front of you, and if it happens to scrape up a bit of earth as it goes, then it is time for you to choose your coffin! The old rhyme goes like this: Should a badger cross the path Which thou hast taken, then Good luck is thine, so it be said Beyond the luck of men. But if it cross in front of thee, Beyond where thou shalt tread, And if by chance doth turn the mould, Thou art numbered with the dead. Monster Badgers? Some people used to believe that some badgers grew into such monstrous beasts that they could cause terror and mayhem and destroy sheep, cattle and horses. And, no, a badger can't "bring down a horse at a gallop" or "break a leg of a Holstein-Friesian heifer". Badgers can dig through Reinforced Concrete? Whilst badgers can dig into soft soil (and even quite firm soil), they can't dig through proper solid reinforced concrete. That said, if your concrete is made with too much sand, or you used far too much water in the concrete mixer, a badger might be able to get through after a very, very determined effort. Badger Ham? In times of old, that is before the common use of refrigerators, people did all manner of things to preserve meat of many kinds. One of the foods they used to preserve were badger hams - these were the smoked and salted hind quarters from a badger. Back in those days, I guess you ate food for survival rather than the taste. Just to keep everyone within the law, preparing, keeping or eating a badger ham would be a criminal offence today! Badger Buttons Yes ... people did used to use badger teeth as buttons on ceremonial dress in the Scottish Highlands. Call me a bit weird if you want, but going out to a posh dinner and seeing a load of manky yellow teeth across the dining table, would be enough to put me off my food! Badger Bones One particularly masculine bone from an important bit of the male badger used to be used as either a tie-pin. At a wedding, it was sometimes given by the father-of-the-bride to the bride-groom so the marriage would be blessed with many children! Call me a cynic, but I'd prefer something a bit more pragmatic, like a nice set of bedroom furniture! Badger Masks The badger would sometimes be skinned, and its face used to decorate the sporran on a Highland kilt.See the following link for more details: I suppose the only people who wear them nowadays, are the sort of people who are dumb enough to wear real animal fur too! Beat the Badger game? The story of Gwawl and Rhiannon shows how an ancient game 'Badger in the Bag' was supposed to have originated. Traces of this custom, called 'Beat the Badger' still exist in Fife (between Edinburgh and Dundee in Scotland). This violent "game" takes the form of an ancient ordeal of running the gauntlet, where the player ran between a double line of boys wielding sticks. Badgers Smoke Underground? Nope ... badgers do not smoke underground. In very cold weather, when the air is still, you might sometimes see a small plume of steam rising from the ventilation hole of a badger sett. This is nothing more than warm air leaving the sett - just like your breath turns "white" when you breathe out in cold air. Badgers "do" their own funerals? Badgers do not bury their dead in the many we humans would expect in a conventional funeral. When we conduct a funeral, we do so because we are imaginative enough to believe that the dead person's soul has gone to live in heaven. Badgers, like other animals, do not have such intelligence, and so they can not comprehend the desire for a formal funeral like we would. As for the so-called badger "funerals", rarely, a sett may collapse, and a badger may be trapped underground by roots or heavy stones; which is why we might think the badgers have buried one of their own. On other occasions, a smelly rotting corpse of a dead badger may start to attract vermin and pests into the sett, so badger may cover the corpse with old bedding or soil to mask the bad smell. In rare cases, the smell may become so bad, that the other badgers seal the dead badger into a tunnel by piling a "plug" of soil to block the tunnel. Badgers Hibernate? Badgers don't hibernate through the winter. A bit like proverbial 2nd-Year University students, they might have a few "lazy" days when they don't emerge from their warm comfy bed because it's too cold, but they don't actually hibernate. Badgers don't need to drink water? Not true. Badgers generally eat very moist foods, so you won't often see them drinking copious amounts of water. However, in hot dry periods (or in the freezing winter months), they do need fresh clean water - otherwise they will get too de-hydrated and die. In hot summers, far fewer badger cubs survive, and for years to come badger numbers will remain depressed. Even if you do not feed badgers in your garden, a good supply of fresh running water in the hot summer will benefit badgers and other animals enormously. Badgers are blind? Nope ... badgers have relatively poor vision, but they can see. As Rough as a Badgers Bum? Surprisingly, perhaps, this does have a grain of truth in it. Badgers may fight amongst themselves, often to work out who can become the most senior badger in the clan. In these fights, one badger will try and bite the other badger on the bum. These injuries can result in bite marks to the bum, and to a loss of fur on the bum. Accordingly, some badgers can appear to have a bald bum, which would feel rough to the touch due to any few remaining stubbly hairs. Badgerland Shop	i don't know
What is the first name of Mr. Maldonado, the Venezuelan Formula 1 driver?	Pastor Maldonado and the worst drivers in F1 history \| GiveMeSport Pastor Maldonado and the worst drivers in F1 history Published 24/7 Following another eventful race weekend at the Bahrain Grand Prix last weekend, Pastor Maldonado has faced heavy criticism from the racing world. Not only did the Venezuelan have a disastrous qualifying session on Saturday in which he was knocked out of Q1, Maldonado had another fruitless race in which he collided with both rookie Max Verstappen's Toro Rosso, and the Williams of Felipe Massa. Bizarrely in Bahrain, the Lotus man was also found to be out of position on the grid starting in 18th, two places behind his allocated grid slot. Article continues below 2015 has seen Maldonado fail to finish three of the first four races and although he managed to complete the sundown race in Bahrain in 15th, the one-time Grand Prix winner's lack of points is largely down to collisions with other cars. In Australia, Maldonado crashed out of the race on the second corner of the first lap. A week later in Kuala Lumpur suffered a puncture after a collision with Valtteri Bottas also in the opening exchanges, and in China he went off in the entrance to the pit lane, followed by another spin and a collision with McLaren's Jenson Button on Lap 49. Article continues below The question remains then, is Maldonado a bad driver? Maldonado's Record When it comes to controversy, Maldonado is certainly no stranger to the spotlight. Over the course of the last three seasons, he has consistently claimed the unappealing crown of the most reprimanded driver on the grid and never finished above 15th in the Drivers' Championship. In 2012, he racked up a full five penalty points ahead of anyone else, failing to complete five of the twenty races with two DNF's classified as over the 90% race distance. In this season he sparked heated post-race interviews from Sergio Perez following the Monaco and British Grand Prix's, calling for tougher action on Maldonado for his mistakes. Maldonado also had an intense ongoing battle with Lewis Hamilton where in Valencia he crashed into the Brit after a close quarter dual which resulted in a penalty for the then Williams driver. In 2013, he failed to finish three races but was involved in five racing incidents from speeding to causing collisions across the course the season. Last year was perhaps the Venezuelan's worst in Formula One. As well as crashing into the pit wall on one bizarre occasion, he crashed out in practice and qualifying on numerous outings. In Hungary, Maldonado span heading to the grid. At Silverstone and Bahrain he collided with Sauber driver Esteban Gutierrez, the latter of which causing the Mexican to roll his car spectacularly. He failed to complete five races, with one where he did not start, and one where he was classified but failed to cross the line. Some of Maldonado's retirements have been due to technical issues, but many have been due to collisions on track and bizarre incidents which seem to be a characteristic of his driving these days. Despite this, in 2012 he won the Spanish Grand Prix becoming the first Venezuelan to achieve the feat in F1, and in 2011 despite not finishing seven of the nineteen races, his incident record was relatively average. In 2010, he also won the coveted GP2 trophy ahead of fellow Formula One racers Sergio Perez, Marcus Ericsson, Romain Grosjean and Suzuki victim Jules Bianchi. Worst Driver Ever? Maldonado's CV is less than flattering and his record speaks for itself. Despite evidence of the 30-year Old's undoubted pace and financial backing from his home land, there are major questions about his competence in close wheel-to-wheel action. He is not the first driver to suffer heavy criticism for his eventful races however, so to label Maldonado one of the worst in history is perhaps a little premature. Japanese drivers Taki Inoue and Yuji Ide are two names the average Formula One fan could easily forget. Famous for exactly that; largely forgettable racing careers. Inoue only had one full season in the sport, of the 18 races he competed in, Inoue failed to complete a whopping 13 of them. Likewise, fellow countryman Yuji Ide was only seen for one season back in 2006. Racing for minnow team Super Aguri, Ide only started the first four races of the season before being replaced after an incident with Christian Albers at the San Marino Grand Prix. Ide only finished one of four races. Giovanna Amati, the last female Formula One driver to compete in the series, is another contender for the undesirable accolade. She competed in three race weekends in 1992 for Brabham but failed to qualify for a single race. At South Africa, she spun six times in practice and qualified nine seconds slower than pole sitter Nigel Mansell. In Mexico she was more than ten seconds slower than Mansell, and in Brazil, despite showing a slight improvement she also failed to qualify and was replaced by Damon Hill. Canadian ‘Al’ Pease also only participated in three Grand Prix’s between the period of 1967-1969, all at his home Grand Prix. Despite being a highly successful racing driver in Canada’s history, Pease was not classified in 1967 for finishing 43 laps behind the lead car, did not start in 1968 and was disqualified from the race in 1969 for actually driving too slowly. More recently, Italian Luca Badoer holds the unfortunate record of being the driver to complete the most races without a single World Championship point to his name. Despite proving himself as a competent driver as had he competed in the modern era’s point system he would have held 26 points, Badoer failed to complete 33 of his 58 Grand Prix weekends in his career. On his return to Formula One in place of the injured Brazilian Felipe Massa during the 2009 season, Badoer raced for Ferrari. He competed twice although was someway off the pace of the rest of the field, most notably two seconds slower than team-mate Kimi Raikkonen. After ten years out however, it is notable that many of the other drivers defended Badoer’s performance. American Scott Speed also suffered a largely forgettable Formula One career along with Indian driver Narain Karthikeyan. Speed had two seasons in the sport and Karthikeyan had three in two stints. Both are only remembered by the purist with Karthikeyan’s only notable achievement being a fourth place finish at the ‘Tyregate’ US Grand Prix in 2005. Brazilian driver Nelson Piquet Jr. is remembered for ‘that’ crash at the Singapore Grand Prix in 2008. During the same season, Piquet Jr. finished 12th in the Drivers’ Championship and had some respectable points scoring races, most notably second in Germany. However, he failed to complete 50% of the 18 races in the season. In 2009 he was dropped midway through the season by Renault once again despite not particularly bad performances, but during the FIA Investigation into the ‘Crashgate’ scandal Renault team Principal Flavio Briatore perhaps wanted rid of him for other reasons. All in all then, Pastor Maldonado is certainly not the worst driver to compete in Formula One. His record isn’t the most flattering but his lengthy stay in the sport and a race victory to his name are testament to his recognisable racing abilities. However, the Venezuelan’s consistent talent to be drawn into controversy make him vulnerable to questions, and as long as that continues question marks will remain over his capacity to compete at the highest level in Motorsport. Do YOU want to write for GiveMeSport? Get started today by signing-up and submitting an article HERE: http://gms.to/writeforgms Topics:	Pastor
If a ship has been turned onto its side for cleaning, it is said to be what? (Eight letters.)	Analysis: Maldonado, Doctor Jekyll or Mr Hyde? Analysis: Maldonado, Doctor Jekyll or Mr Hyde? 9,318 views By: Valentin Khorounzhiy , News Editor 03/02/2016 09:17 Love him or hate him, Pastor Maldonado left no one indifferent during his five-year spell in Formula 1. Valentin Khorounzhiy evaluates the F1 career of a man who made his mark in the sport. It is probably fair to say that even the biggest connoisseurs of Formula 1's driver market history will be hard-pressed to think of a change more popular than Renault's recent last-second decision to hire Kevin Magnussen in place of Pastor Maldonado. Part of why that move has been so well received is, of course, the public perception of Magnussen, a driver who most will agree has been hard done by in his previous F1 stint and who still has plenty to offer in the sport. Yet the fans' positivity towards the Dane gets massively overshadowed by the glee, the open expressions of euphoria over Maldonado being kicked out. For many F1 drivers, losing a seat means the end of their careers in the category, and Maldonado, despite his well-documented support from his government, could be no exception. If the 2015 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix was indeed the Venezuelan's final race, will he be remembered as a punchline – a hero for one grand prix and a spectacular joke for the 94 others he contested? And is that the evaluation he will have deserved? The villainous Even Maldonado's staunchest supporters simply have to admit that, in the recent years, the Venezuelan has been, by far, the most unpopular driver on the grid. There have, perhaps, been drivers less-liked – but there have been none more disliked. And it would be simply insulting for anyone to act incredulous as to why that has been the case, for the reasons have been numerous. Maldonado's history of erratic driving, largely in wheel-to-wheel combat, has been well-documented. His name has long become synonymous with the stewards' room and with subsequent penalties – and while he, perhaps, has never been involved in crashes as spectacular as his erstwhile teammate Romain Grosjean, but he's certainly maximised the sheer numbers. He's also never particularly cared to own up and take the blame for his infractions, which, to be fair, is true for pretty much every driver on the grid, except that none of the others have had to defend themselves on quite as many occasions. Maldonado, however, has also sometimes opted to play the victim of perceptions and confirmation bias - and while he has been in fact the victim of horrifically unfunny nicknames and terrible jokes, it's a lot harder to suggest, within any reasonable doubt, that the stewards have been in on the Maldonado roasting this whole time. He's a pay driver – not just that, he's basically the face of the modern pay driver. For the last few years, his backers paid a lot to ensure his place on the grid, as other drivers struggled to break into the sport. And his backers also just happen to be the government of a country that, despite its rather low levels of income inequality, has generally been perceived as rather poor – and is currently suffering economic turmoil tied to the fall of the very oil prices that have helped keep Maldonado in Formula 1. The rapid Maldonado is crash-prone. He is arrogant. But, by ordinary racing driver standards, he's brutally quick – and even by F1 standards, he's far from slow. In every major junior series where Maldonado competed full-time – and even in a lot of the ones where he just made cameos – the Venezuelan banked race wins. In GP2, he won on his fourth start – and while it did take him until the fourth season to take the title, he did so in quite some style. Spending his debut season in a distinctly uncompetitive Williams FW33, he was on course for the team's best finish of the year by far in Monaco, only to tangle with Lewis Hamilton – a collision for which the Briton, not Maldonado, would be penalised. And while he would go on to have a completely unnecessary incident with Hamilton at Spa, one he deserved much more than a five-place grid drop for, his pace quite encouraging for a rookie – and by the end of the year he was a regular match for Rubens Barrichello. 2012, of course, was marked by that Spanish Grand Prix win which, while helped by Hamilton's qualifying exclusion,was still earned by a sublime Sunday performance against an in-form Fernando Alonso. For the rest of the season, however, the Venezuelan would throw away great qualifying performances with mistake after mistake, albeit he was harshly denied chances of further podiums with mechanical issues in Singapore and Abu Dhabi. The erratic At no point since would Maldonado end up driving a car as good as the FW34, and at no point would he be nearly as good as on May 13, 2012. He was frequently outperformed by debutant Valtteri Bottas the year after, and did himself no favours by having a public falling out with Williams. And then, having joined Lotus, he got Grosjean as a teammate, the Frenchman proceeding to completely obliterate Maldonado's reputation as a qualifying expert. It was a lack of evident progress, perhaps, that seems most disappointing than anything else. The crashing never subsided compared to his early years, and, in fact, seemed to get worse as it went along. The speed, meanwhile, never went away – but never really became something Maldonado could display with any consistency. In early 2015, he looked particularly limp next to Grosjean in qualifying and kept making mistakes in the races, and while both of those aspects were improved on quite a bit in the latter half of the season, it was arguably too little, well too late. If it were an argument of merit, not sponsorship, would Maldonado have any chance of holding on to a Renault seat over a Magnussen – or over a wildcard like Stoffel Vandoorne or Jean-Eric Vergne? No. Of course not. He's had his chance and, over the past three years, has found himself outperformed more often than not. But is Maldonado, grand prix winner Maldonado, anywhere the worst driver on the grid, and anywhere near as poor as all the dreadful jokes and angry ramblings made him out to be? He isn't even close.	i don't know
The three largest towns in ‘The English Riviera’ are Torquay, Paignton, and … what?	English Riviera – Torquay – A Local Guide The English Riviera! Confused? Are you visiting Torquay, Paignton or Brixham, Torbay or the English Riviera? The individual towns are clear. Brixham, furthest South, a fishing port, Paignton at the centre of the three and known for its great beaches and Torquay, the largest and best known protected by Thatcher, the Orestone and Shag Rock from the East and Lyme Bay. Torbay is recognised as natural harbour and was made a unitary authority on 1 April 1998. The local tourism authorities call it the “English Riviera” and align it with its French counterparts, on account of its beaches and mild climate. Why and what is the English Riviera? Its location is actually Torbay, which is the combination of Torquay, Paignton and Brixham. 2 miles of coastline, a UNESCO-recognised Global Geopark and replete with coves, beaches, walks, spectacular views and many things for locals and visitors to do. With rapid regeneration, restaurants, shopping, trips, great local towns such as Dartmouth then the English Riviera is a great place to be! Trip Advisor, the well known online customer authority named Torquay in Devon as 4th in their Travelers’ Choice Top 10 Destinations in the United Kingdom. The first three. Its Mediterranean feel and attractions added to the position recognising the marine aviary, Kents Cavern and Agatha Christie. The other top rated attractions were Bygones, Babbacombe Theatre and the pleasure Cruises. So whether its Torquay, Paignton or Brixham its all the Engish Riviera. Move in land a little and its a great base to visit Dartmoor, the South Hams and the great small villages and towns that abound in Devon.	Brixham
Where in southern England would you find the Aubrey Holes?	About The English Riviera - Visitor Information - English Riviera About the English Riviera Autumn & Winter Winter Escapes Your Itinerary Planner Welcome to My Riviera. Use this tool to build your own journey or choose from an exciting range of specially selected tours. Things to Do Search online for hundreds of things to do at the English Riviera such as various attractions and events. Type You are here: Info > About the English Riviera About the English Riviera Stretching along 22 miles of unspoilt and spectacular coastline and covering the three unique towns of Paignton, Brixham and Torquay, the English Riviera offers holidaymakers an abundance of stunning scenery, fantastic family attractions, fun-packed events and around-the-clock entertainment, making it the perfect family destination at any time of the year. Things to do From waterside action, fun-filled family trips and historical walks, the English Riviera has a great range of things to do for all the family. Enjoy exhilarating water sports and maritime activities including boat trips, deep sea fishing, kite-surfing and sailing. If you’re looking for lively entertainment there is a great variety of events along the waterfront, from vibrant beer festivals and live music events to top-class sailing competitions and Agatha Christie themed revelries. To get away from the hustle and bustle there are hundreds of coastal walks and cycle routes to choose from, leading you to a treasure-trove of remote and breathtaking surroundings. Places to go Spanning across the English Riviera, South Devon’s beautiful bay, are countless attractions and fascinating sites to suit families and visitors of all ages. Explore the Global Geo Park sites to discover tales of the area’s drowned forests, sabre-tooth tigers and the earliest human remains. Ideal for the kids, Paignton Zoo is an absolute must-see with thousands of animals, a range of habitats and acres of activities. Alternatively, use your time to relax and soak up the laid back atmosphere of one of the many picturesque villages or the bustling waterfront and its glorious beaches. Location Map	i don't know
What river converges with the River Test at Southampton?	Rivers & Canals in Hampshire - VisitHampshire.co.uk Rivers & Canals in Hampshire Following the St Swithun's Way Nigel Rigden Hampshire's matrix of rivers and canals provide the perfect haven for a relaxing walk or cycle along tow paths and river banks that boast rare and exciting flora and fauna. From the sites of special scientific interest (SSSI) along the Basingstoke Canal to the chalky streams the River Itchen , which is very popular with anglers and the internationally famous River Hamble amongst sailors - there is something for everyone to relax and enjoy.	Itchen
Which English magician and tv host was born on this day in 1938?	FishPal - England - Test and Itchen - Lower Itchen Grayling - Home Lower Itchen Grayling Lower Itchen, near Southampton Summary The fishery offers excellent grayling fly fishing during the winter months (from 11th October - 31st January). Please note that the fishing offered online does not include the services of a ghillie. If one is required please contact the fishery on the numbers opposite where details and costs of the ghillie service can be obtained. In extreme weather conditions, please call or email the fishery prior to fishing, ie, 24-48 in advance. We cannot offer refunds for high water, if you have not contacted the fishery. Description For Coarse fishing, click: this page The Lower Itchen Fishery Grayling Fly fishing can be an overlooked but exhilarating sport with the grayling often referred to as the "Lady of the River" The fishery offers excellent grayling fly fishing during the winter months (from 11th October - 31st January). In 2001 one in ten of the grayling weighed in at over 2lbs and the best fish was 3lb 1oz We are privileged to have been chosen to host the Federation of English Fly fishers, South East Region (for the past 7 years) and the Southern Region from 2001, who have held their Region Rivers Eliminator matches on our water, the winners from which go on to the National Rivers Final from which the England Fly Fishing team are selected. We often have current and ex-world champion fly fishers fishing on our water during the winter months. Client testimonials "The most fantastic day out I have experienced for grayling fishing with the fly on a chalkstream. You can almost guarantee to catch, no matter what the weather." Baz Reece, England Fly Fishing Team Member & European Silver Medallist "The fishing is superb. I have had two fish over 3lbs and there are not many places you can do that!" Clive Collier, ex-England International and Rivers Organiser for the South East Federation The fishing is offered on a day basis which must be booked in advance. It is also possible to book the top beats exclusively for a party of up to 25 fishermen. The fishery is situated under five miles from Junction 5 off the M27 providing excellent access from surrounding areas with London only 77 miles away. For the local business person, Southampton is only a few miles away allowing fishing after a day at the office or to entertain business clients at the river. With Southampton Parkway train station only 2 miles away getting from London Waterloo takes just 1 hour. For those further afield, Southampton Airport is about a 5 minute car journey away. Once at the fishery access to the beats is via a private track which follows the course of the river and enables rods to park beside their beat, making the fishery ideal for the more mature fisherman and suitable for the disabled. The entrance to the fishery is via Gaters Mill, which is, in itself steeped in history. There have been mills on the site since Doomsday. Within the mill complex is the Fisherman's Lodge with a kitchen area for the preparation of snacks and refreshments and a lounge area in which to sit and chat to fellow fishermen. Fishing huts and shelters are also provided at various points along the riverbank, together with BBQ facilities. Our resident Keeper, Clayton Moorhouse, is there to help answer any questions about the river and to give advice and guidance on fishing, and act as ghillie and can be booked for 2 to 8 hours. Book Fishing Days No days available online through us at this moment. There may be some later, at which point a booking link will appear here. To be automatically emailed when rods are added, please go to our rod alert page	i don't know
Which legend of the British pop world died on March the 8th 2016?	People we lost in 2016 People we lost in 2016 Updated 7:21 AM ET, Mon October 24, 2016 Chat with us in Facebook Messenger. Find out what's happening in the world as it unfolds. Photos: People we lost in 2016 Hide Caption 1 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Debbie Reynolds , one of Hollywood's biggest stars in the 1950s and 1960s, died December 28, one day after her daughter, actress Carrie Fisher, passed away. She was 84. Hide Caption 2 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Actress Carrie Fisher , best known for her role as Princess Leia in the "Star Wars" franchises, died December 27, according to her daughter's publicist. Fisher had suffered a cardiac event on December 23. She was 60 years old. Hide Caption 3 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Actor and comedian Ricky Harris , who was a regular on the TV sitcom "Everybody Hates Chris" and first gained attention on HBO's "Def Comedy Jam," died December 26, according to his publicist. He was 54. Hide Caption 4 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Singer George Michael , who shot to fame with the '80s band Wham!, died on Christmas Day, according to Britain's Press Association. He was 53 years old. Hide Caption 5 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 English novelist Richard Adams , author of the famous children's book "Watership Down," died at the age of 96 on December 24. Hide Caption 6 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Zsa Zsa Gabor , the Hungarian beauty whose many marriages, gossipy adventures and occasional legal scuffles kept her in tabloid headlines for decades, died December 18, said her former longtime publicist Ed Lozzi. She was 99. Hide Caption 7 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Craig Sager , the longtime Turner Sports sideline reporter best known for his colorful -- and at times fluorescent -- wardrobe, died December 15 after battling acute myeloid leukemia, the network said. He was 65. Hide Caption 8 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Actor Alan Thicke , known for his role as the father in the sitcom "Growing Pains," died on December 13, according to his agent, Tracy Mapes. He was 69. Thicke's career spanned five decades -- one in which he played various roles on and off screen, from actor to writer to composer to author. Hide Caption 9 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 John Glenn, the first American to orbit the Earth, died December 8, according to the Ohio State University. He was 95. Hide Caption 10 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Joseph Mascolo , the actor who portrayed archvillain Stefano DiMera in the NBC soap opera "Days of Our Lives," died December 7 after a battle with Alzheimer's disease, the network said. He was 87. Hide Caption 11 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Greg Lake , a founding member of influential progressive rock group Emerson, Lake & Palmer, died December 7 after a bout with cancer, his manager said. He's seen here at left with bandmates Keith Emerson, center, and Carl Palmer in 1972. Hide Caption 12 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Actor Ron Glass , known for his role on the police sitcom "Barney Miller," died November 25, his agent said. Glass also starred in "Firefly" and its film sequel "Serenity." Hide Caption 13 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Florence Henderson , whose "Brady Bunch" character Carol Brady was one of television's most famous mothers, died November 24 at the age of 82, her manager, Kayla Pressman, said. Hide Caption 14 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Sharon Jones , the powerful lead singer of the Dap-Kings, died November 18 after a battle with pancreatic cancer, manager Alex Kadvan told CNN. She was 60. Hide Caption 15 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Gwen Ifill , the veteran journalist and newscaster who co-anchored "PBS NewsHour," died after a battle with endometrial cancer, according to PBS on November 14. She was 61. Hide Caption 16 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Leon Russell , who emerged as a rock 'n' roll star in the 1970s after working behind the scenes as a session pianist for other musicians, died November 13, his wife told CNN. He was 74. Hide Caption 17 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Robert Vaughn , who played a slick spy on TV's "The Man From U.N.C.L.E.", died November 11, his manager, Matthew Sullivan, told CNN. Vaughn was 83. Hide Caption 18 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Canadian singer-songwriter Leonard Cohen died at the age of 82, according to a post on his official Facebook page on November 10. A highly respected artist known for his poetic and lyrical music, Cohen wrote a number of popular songs, including the often-covered "Hallelujah." Hide Caption 19 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Janet Reno , the first female US attorney general, died November 7 following a long battle with Parkinson's disease, her sister Maggy Hurchalla said. Reno, 78, served in the Clinton White House from 1993 to 2001. Hide Caption 20 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Tom Hayden , a peace activist whose radical views helped spur the anti-Vietnam War movement, died October 23. He was 76. Hide Caption 21 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Actor and comedian Kevin Meaney , who had been a regular on late-night TV and was famous for delivering the line, "That's not right," died, his agent said October 21. Meaney's age and the cause of death weren't immediately known. Hide Caption 22 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Phil Chess , the co-founder of the iconic rock-and-roll and blues label Chess Records, died October 18, according to his son. He was 95. Phil and his brother Leonard founded Chess Records in the late 1940s and helped spawn the careers of many popular musicians in the 1950s. Hide Caption 23 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Dylan Rieder , a professional skateboarder and model, died on October 12 due to complications from leukemia, according to his father. He was 28. Hide Caption 24 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Actor Tommy Ford , best known for his role as Tommy in the 1990s hit sitcom "Martin," died in Atlanta, a spokeswoman for his family announced on October 12. Ford was 52. Hide Caption 25 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Award-winning author Gloria Naylor , whose explorations of the lives of black women in the 1980s and 1990s earned her wide acclaim, died on September 28. She was 66. Hide Caption 26 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Golfing legend Arnold Palmer , who helped turn the sport from a country club pursuit to one that became accessible to the masses, died September 25 at the age of 87, according to the U.S. Golf Association. Hide Caption 27 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Miami Marlins pitcher Jose Fernandez , one of baseball's brightest stars, was killed in a boating accident September 25, Florida authorities said. He was 24. Hide Caption 28 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Veteran actor Bill Nunn, best known for playing Radio Raheem in "Do the Right Thing" and Robbie Robertson in the "Spider-Man" trilogy, died September 24 at age 63. Hide Caption 29 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Grammy and Emmy Award winner Stanley Dural Jr., also known as Buckwheat Zydeco, died September 24 in Lafayette, Louisiana. He was 68. Hide Caption 30 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 "L.A. Confidential" director and writer Curtis Hanson , 71, died of natural causes on September 20, Los Angeles police said. He won an Oscar with Brian Helgeland for the screenplay on "L.A. Confidential," and he also directed "8 Mile" and "Wonder Boys." Hide Caption 31 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Charmian Carr , best known for her role as Liesl in "The Sound of Music," died September 17 at the age of 73, according to her family. Carr died of complications from a rare form of dementia. Hide Caption 32 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 W.P. Kinsella, the author of "Shoeless Joe," the award-winning novel that became the film "Field of Dreams," died at 81 on September 16. Hide Caption 33 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Legendary playwright Edward Albee -- whose works included "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?" -- died at the age of 88 after a short illness, according to his personal assistant Jakob Holder. Albee died September 16 at his home in Montauk, New York. Hide Caption Photos: People we lost in 2016 Actress and transgender rights activist Alexis Arquette died September 11. She was 47. Hide Caption 35 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 The Lady Chablis , the unabashed Savannah, Georgia, transgender queen who became a gay icon after finding fame in the 1990s through the "Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil" book and movie, died September 8. She was 59. Hide Caption 36 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Actor Hugh O'Brian , best known for his portrayal of the title role in the 1950's TV Western "The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp," died on September 5. He was 91. Hide Caption 37 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Character actor Jon Polito, who appeared in films such as "American Gangster" and "The Big Lebowski," died September 2, his manager confirmed. He was 65. Hide Caption 38 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Fred Hellerman , a singer and composer who was the last surviving member of the iconic and influential folk music quartet the Weavers, died September 1 at the age of 89. He is on the right along with the other members of his quartet. Hide Caption 39 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Actor Gene Wilder , who brought a wild-eyed desperation to a series of memorable and iconic comedy roles in the 1970s and 1980s, died August 29 at the age of 83. Some of his most famous films include "Young Frankenstein," "Blazing Saddles" and "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory." Hide Caption 40 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Mexican music icon Juan Gabriel, who wooed audiences with soulful pop ballads that made him a Latin American music legend, died August 28 at the age of 66. Hide Caption 41 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Actor Steven Hill , best known for playing District Attorney Adam Schiff on NBC's "Law & Order," died August 23, his son confirmed to CNN. He was 94. Hide Caption 42 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Matt Roberts , former guitarist of the band 3 Doors Down, died August 21, his father said. Roberts, seen here at center, was 38. A cause of death was not immediately known. Hide Caption 43 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 British actor Kenny Bake r, best known for playing R2-D2 in the "Star Wars" films, died on August 13, Baker's niece, Abigail Shield, told CNN. He was 81. Hide Caption 44 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Famous New Orleans jazz clarinetist Pete Fountain died August 6 of heart failure. He was 86. Hide Caption 45 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Actor David Huddleston , perhaps best known for his role in the 1998 film "The Big Lebowski," died August 2 at the age of 85. Hide Caption 46 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Youree Dell Harris , better known as "Miss Cleo," the pitchwoman for the Psychic Readers Network, died July 26 of cancer, according to an attorney for her family. She was 53. Hide Caption 47 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Timothy LaHaye , the evangelical minister and co-author of the "Left Behind" book series, died July 26 following a massive stroke. He was 90 years old. Here, he is seen at left with co-author Jerry B. Jenkins in 2004. Hide Caption 48 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Garry Marshall , who created popular TV shows such as "Mork and Mindy" and "Happy Days" and directed hit films such as "Pretty Woman" and "The Princess Diaries," died July 19 at the age of 81, his publicist said. Hide Caption 49 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Actress Noel Neill , who played Lois Lane in the 1950s TV version of "Superman," died July 3 at the age of 95. Hide Caption 50 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Director Michael Cimino , whose searing 1978 Vietnam War drama "The Deer Hunter" won five Oscars, including best picture, died July 2. He was 77. Hide Caption 51 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Nobel Peace Prize laureate and Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel died at the age of 87 on July 2. Wiesel's book "La Nuit" is the story of the Wiesel family being sent to Nazi concentration camps. Hide Caption 52 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Scotty Moore, a legendary guitarist credited with helping to launch Elvis Presley's career, died at the age of 84 on June 28. Moore is a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and he was ranked No. 29 on Rolling Stone's list of the 100 greatest guitarists. Hide Caption 53 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Pat Summitt , who built the University of Tennessee's Lady Volunteers into a perennial power on the way to becoming the winningest coach in the history of major college basketball, died June 28 at the age of 64. Her death came five years after she was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Hide Caption 54 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Bill Cunningham , one of the most recognizable figures at The New York Times and in all of New York, died June 25 at the age of 87. Cunningham was a street-life photographer; a cultural anthropologist; a fixture at fashion events; and a celebrity in spite of his desire to keep the camera focused on others, not himself. Hide Caption 55 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Bluegrass music pioneer Ralph Stanley died June 23 at the age of 89, publicist Kirt Webster announced on Stanley's official website. Stanley was already famous in bluegrass and roots music circles when the 2000 hit movie "O Brother, Where Art Thou?" thrust him into the mainstream. He provided a haunting a cappella version of the dirge "O Death" and ended up winning a Grammy. Hide Caption 56 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Anton Yelchin , who played Pavel Chekov in the most recent "Star Trek" movies, died June 19 after a freak car accident outside his home, police said. He was 27. Hide Caption 57 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Actor Ron Lester , who portrayed Billy Bob in the 1999 football movie "Varsity Blues," died June 17 at the age of 45, according to his representative Dave Bradley. Bradley said Lester died of organ failure -- specifically his liver and his kidneys. Lester had openly talked about his struggle with his illness on Twitter. Hide Caption 58 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Singer Attrell Cordes , known as Prince Be of the music duo P.M. Dawn, died June 17 after suffering from diabetes and renal kidney disease, according to a statement from the group. He was 46. Hide Caption 59 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Michu Meszaros , the actor who played "Alf" in the popular '80s sitcom, died June 12, according to his longtime friend and manager Dennis Varga. Meszaros was 77. Hide Caption 60 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Singer Christina Grimmie died June 11 from gunshot wounds. The 22-year-old singer, who finished third on season 6 of "The Voice" on NBC, was shot while signing autographs after a concert in Orlando. Hide Caption 61 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Hockey legend Gordie Howe , left, scored 801 goals in his NHL career and won four Stanley Cups with the Detroit Red Wings. Howe, also known as "Mr. Hockey," died June 10 at the age of 88, his son Marty said. Hide Caption 62 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Mixed martial arts fighter Kimbo Slice died June 6 at the age of 42. Slice, whose real name was Kevin Ferguson, initially gained fame from online videos that showed him engaging in backyard bare-knuckle fights. He then became a professional fighter with a natural charisma that endeared him to fans. Hide Caption 63 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Muhammad Ali , the three-time heavyweight boxing champion who called himself "The Greatest," died June 3 at the age of 74. Fans on every continent adored him, and at one point he was the probably the most recognizable man on the planet. Hide Caption 64 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Drummer Nick Menza , who played on many of Megadeth's most successful albums, died after collapsing on stage during a show with his current band, Ohm, on May 21. He was 51. Hide Caption 65 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Actor Alan Young , known for his role as Wilbur Post in the television show "Mr. Ed," died on May 19. He was 96. Hide Caption 66 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 CBS News legend Morley Safer , whose work on "60 Minutes" embodied the show's 50 years on air, died at the age of 84, according to CBS on May 19. Hide Caption 67 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Grammy-winning songwriter Guy Clark died May 17 at the age of 74. The Texas native died after a long illness, according to a statement from his publicist. Hide Caption 68 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 William Schallert , a familiar face in television and film thanks to roles on "The Patty Duke Show," "Star Trek" and many more, died May 8 at age 93, his son said. Hide Caption 69 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Madeleine LeBeau , known for her role in "Casablanca," died May 1 after breaking her thigh bone, her stepson Carlo Alberto Pinelli told CNN. The actress, who played the jilted girlfriend of Rick (Humphrey Bogart) in the movie, was 92. Hide Caption 70 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Papa Wemba , one of Africa's most flamboyant and popular musicians, died after collapsing on stage at a music festival in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, on April 23, according to a statement from the Urban Music Festival. He was 66. Hide Caption 71 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 The musician Prince died at his home in Minnesota on April 21 at age 57. The medical examiner later determined he died of an accidental overdose of the opioid fentanyl. Hide Caption 72 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Michelle McNamara , the crime writer who founded the website TrueCrimeStory.com and the wife of popular comedian Patton Oswalt, died April 21, her husband's publicist confirmed. She was 46. No cause of death was provided. Hide Caption 73 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Joan Laurer, the former pro wrestler better known as Chyna, was found dead in her Redondo Beach, California, apartment on April 20. The cause of death is under investigation, but police said there were no signs of foul play. Laurer was 45. Hide Caption 74 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Actress Doris Roberts , best known for her role as Marie Barone on the sitcom "Everybody Loves Raymond," died April 17. She was 90. Hide Caption 75 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Will Smith , a former first-round pick in the NFL who played for the New Orleans Saints' Super Bowl-winning team, was shot to death after a traffic incident on April 9. He was 34. Hide Caption 76 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Country music legend Merle Haggard died on April 6 -- his 79th birthday -- of complications from pneumonia, his agent Lance Roberts told CNN. Hide Caption 77 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Architect Zaha Hadid , whose designs include the London Olympic Aquatic Centre, died March 31, a spokesperson from Zaha Hadid Design told CNN. She was 65. Hadid died of a heart attack in a Miami hospital where she was being treated for bronchitis, according to her firm's press office. Hide Caption 78 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Actress Patty Duke , star of "The Patty Duke Show," died March 29, at the age of 69. Duke won an Academy Award at age 16 for playing Helen Keller in 1962's "The Miracle Worker." Hide Caption 79 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Actor James Noble , who played Gov. Eugene X. Gatling in the television series "Benson," died from a stroke on March 28. He was 94. Hide Caption 80 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Author and poet Jim Harrison died March 26 at his winter home in Arizona. He was 78. His many books include "Legends of the Fall," which was made into a 1994 movie starring Brad Pitt and Anthony Hopkins. Hide Caption 81 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Garry Shandling , the inventive comedian and star of "The Larry Sanders Show," died March 24. He was 66. Shandling's comedy and mentorship influenced a generation of comedians. Hide Caption 82 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Ken Howard , seen here as Hank Hooper on "30 Rock," died March 23. He was 71. Howard also starred in "The White Shadow" and appeared in many other TV series. Hide Caption 83 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Malik Taylor, better known to fans as Phife Dawg of the rap group A Tribe Called Quest, died March 23 at the age of 45. He's seen here at center during a performance in 1996. Taylor had long suffered from health issues associated with having Type 1 diabetes. In 2008, he underwent a kidney transplant. Hide Caption 84 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Actor Larry Drake , best known for his role as Benny on "L.A. Law," died at his home in Los Angeles on March 17, according to his manager Steven Siebert. Drake was 66. Hide Caption 85 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Frank Sinatra Jr. , the son of the legendary entertainer who had a long musical career of his own, died March 16, said manager Andrea Kauffman. He was 72. Hide Caption 86 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Keith Emerson , keyboardist for the influential progressive rock group Emerson, Lake & Palmer, died March 10, according to the band's official Facebook page. He was 71. Hide Caption 87 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Sir George Martin , the music producer whose collaboration with the Beatles helped redraw the boundaries of popular music, died March 8, according to his management company. He was 90. Above, Martin poses with the Beatles after the album "Please Please Me" went silver in 1963. Hide Caption 88 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Former first lady Nancy Reagan , who joined her husband on a storybook journey from Hollywood to the White House, died of heart failure on March 6. She was known as a fierce protector of her husband, President Ronald Reagan, as well as a spokeswoman of the "just say no" anti-drug campaign. She was 94. Hide Caption 89 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Pat Conroy, who used his troubled family history as grist for a series of novels, including "The Prince of Tides" and "The Great Santini," died March 4 at age 70. Hide Caption 90 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Bud Collins , the legendary tennis writer who was the first newspaper scribe to regularly appear on sports broadcasts, died March 4. He was 86. Collins was beloved for his cheerful and enthusiastic coverage of a sport he covered for almost 50 years. Hide Caption 91 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Lee Reherman , a former football player and star of "American Gladiators," was found dead on March 1. He was 49 years old. Hide Caption 92 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 George Kennedy , the brawny, Oscar-winning actor known for playing cops, soldiers and blue-collar authority figures in such films as "Cool Hand Luke," "Airport" and the "Naked Gun" films, died February 28. He was 91. Hide Caption 93 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Tony Burton , who played trainer Tony "Duke" Evers in the "Rocky" film franchise, died on February 25. He was 78. Hide Caption 94 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Singer Sonny James , who ruled the country music charts for nearly 20 years, died February 22 at the age of 87. Hide Caption 95 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Umberto Eco , author of the novels "The Name of the Rose" and "Foucault's Pendulum," died February 19 at the age of 84, his U.S. publisher said. Hide Caption 96 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Harper Lee , whose novel "To Kill a Mockingbird" was awarded a Pulitzer Prize in 1961, was confirmed dead on February 19. She was 89. Her long-anticipated second novel, "Go Set a Watchman," was published in 2015. Hide Caption 97 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Boutros Boutros-Ghali , who was the United Nations' sixth secretary-general in the early 1990s, died on February 16. He was 93. Hide Caption 98 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 George Gaynes , the veteran actor best known for "Punky Brewster" and the "Police Academy" films, died on February 15. He was 98. Hide Caption 99 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Denise Matthews , who fronted the group Vanity 6 but was best known for her collaboration with Prince, died February 15 at a hospital in Fremont, California. She was 57. Hide Caption 100 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia , the leading conservative voice on the high court, died at the age of 79, a government source and a family friend told CNN on February 13. Hide Caption 101 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Edgar Mitchell was the sixth man to walk on the moon and just one of 12 total who have done so. The Apollo 14 astronaut, who was 85, died on February 4. Hide Caption 102 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Dave Mirra , whose dazzling aerial flips and tricks made him a legend in freestyle BMX, died February 4 of an apparent self-inflicted gunshot wound, police in North Carolina said. He was 41. Hide Caption 103 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Maurice White , the Earth, Wind & Fire leader and singer who co-wrote such hits as "Shining Star," "Sing a Song" and "September," died on February 4, his brother and bandmate Verdine White said. He was 74. Hide Caption 104 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Joe Alaskey , a voice actor who performed such characters as Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck, died February 3 at the age of 63. The actor voiced many other beloved Looney Tunes characters, including Tweety Bird, Sylvester the Cat and Plucky Duck. Hide Caption 105 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 At left is Bob Elliott , half of the TV and radio comedy duo Bob and Ray. He died February 2 at the age of 92. For several decades, Elliott and Ray Goulding's program parodies and deadpan routines were staples of radio and television. Elliott was the father of comedian and actor Chris Elliott and the grandfather of "Saturday Night Live" cast member Abby Elliott. Hide Caption 106 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Paul Kantner , a guitarist in the '60s psychedelic rock band Jefferson Airplane and its successor, Jefferson Starship, died on January 28. He was 74. Hide Caption 107 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Abe Vigoda , the long-surviving "Godfather" and "Barney Miller" actor, died January 26 at age 94. Vigoda became famous for his role as the decrepit detective Phil Fish on the television series "Barney Miller," but it was the inaccurate reporting of his death in 1982 that led to a decades-long joke that he was still alive. He played into the joke in late-night television appearances with Conan O'Brien and David Letterman. Hide Caption 108 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Glenn Frey , a founding member of the Eagles, died at the age of 67, a publicist for the band confirmed on January 18. "Glenn fought a courageous battle for the past several weeks but, sadly, succumbed to complications from rheumatoid arthritis, acute ulcerative colitis and pneumonia," read a post on the band's official website. Frey had been suffering from intestinal issues. Hide Caption 109 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Dan Haggerty , who played mountain man Grizzly Adams in a hit movie followed by a TV show, died on January 15. He was 74 and had been battling cancer. Hide Caption 110 of 119 Photos: People we lost in 2016 Alan Rickman , the British actor who played the brooding Professor Severus Snape in the "Harry Potter" series years after his film debut as the "Die Hard" villain Hans Gruber, died January 14 after a short battle with cancer, a source familiar with his career said. He was 69. Hide Caption	George Martin
General Motors, commonly known as GM, is based in which Michigan city?	Sir George Martin, the 'fifth Beatle' dead at 90 Sir George Martin, the 'fifth Beatle' dead at 90 Kylie Northover reddit More Legendary British music producer Sir George Martin, best known for his work with The Beatles and often referred to as "the fifth Beatle" has died, aged 90, according to a message on social media from former Beatle drummer Ringo Starr. A Universal spokesperson confirmed his death to The Hollywood Reporter though details are not yet clear. Art imitating life in Ocean's Eight? Play Video The influence of Sir George Martin The influence of Sir George Martin Senior Fairfax music writer Bernard Zuel reflects on the legacy of Sir George Martin who has died at age 90. Up Next Art imitating life in Ocean's Eight? Play Video Art imitating life in Ocean's Eight? Kim Kardashian and Kendall Jenner make cameos in the heist movie Ocean's Eight. Up Next Super Bowl Gaga wants to sing from the roof Play Video Super Bowl Gaga wants to sing from the ... Super Bowl Gaga wants to sing from the roof In a logistically complex move, Lady Gaga wants to sing from the 79-metre-high roof of the NRG stadium for her Super Bowl half-time performance. Up Next Sitcom Facebook post causes King of a stir Play Video Sitcom Facebook post causes King of a stir Sitcom Facebook post causes King of a stir How I Met Your Mother has been slammed for posting a 'gross' tribute post to Martin Luther King Jr on its Facebook page. Up Next Tribute band drops out of Trump inauguration Play Video Tribute band drops out of Trump ... Tribute band drops out of Trump inauguration Yet another act pulls out of Donald Trump's Inauguration Gala, and this time it's a Bruce Springsteen tribute band. Up Next Harrelson role in the Han Solo movie Play Video Harrelson role in the Han Solo movie Harrelson role in the Han Solo movie Actor Woody Harrelson talks about joining the Star Wars universe, confirming he will play a 'criminal and mentor' in the forthcoming young Han Solo spin-off. Up Next Green Day slam Trump in new video Play Video Green Day slam Trump in new video Green Day have released a Trump themed music video Troubled Times on Martin Luther King Jr Day. Up Next Tom Hardy reveals James Bond selection process Play Video Tom Hardy reveals James Bond selection ... Tom Hardy reveals James Bond selection process Actor Tom Hardy is refusing to discuss rumours he will play the iconic spy over fears it will eliminate him from the casting pool. More videos The influence of Sir George Martin Senior Fairfax music writer Bernard Zuel reflects on the legacy of Sir George Martin who has died at age 90. The composer, arranger and musician is famed for his work with The Beatles in the 1960s and '70s, and was considered one of the greatest record producers of all time, with 30 number one singles in the UK and 23 in the US, throughout his career. It's his work with The Beatles, though, that he will perhaps be best remembered. Martin signed the Fab Four in 1962 and went on to produce almost their entire catalogue. SHARE With John Lennon in the 1960s. Photo: Ringo Starr tweeted on Wednesday afternoon "God bless George Martin", followed by another tweet with a photo of the band and Martin in their heyday. Advertisement God bless George Martin peace and love to Judy and his family love Ringo and Barbara George will be missed xxx Sir George Martin at the Abbey Road Studios in West London in 2006. Photo: David Rose Shortly after, Sean Lennon, son of late Beatle John Lennon, also sent out a tweet. R.I.P. George Martin. I'm so gutted I don't have many words. Thinking of Judy and Giles and… https://t.co/3Nc8sCgRpN — Sean Ono Lennon (@seanonolennon) March 9, 2016 After studying music, Martin worked at the BBC in the classical music department, before moving to record company EMI, where he produced comedy records ith the likes of Peter Sellers and Spike Milligan as well as jazz and lounge records. Martin worked with other big names throughout his career, including Gerry & The Pacemakers, Elton John, Cheap Trick, Celine Dion, Jeff Beck and Kenny Rogers, winning seven Grammy Awards and two Brit Awards. He also composed music for film and television, including Paul McCartney and Wings' Live And Let Die in 1973. Tributes to Martin, widely regarded as one of the world's leading music producers, continue on social media, from around the world. Sir George Martin was a giant of music - working with the Fab Four to create the world's most enduring pop music.	i don't know
What is the surname of the pop twins known as ‘Jedward’?	Jedward — Free listening, videos, concerts, stats and photos at Last.fm x factor John & Edward (born John Paul Henry Daniel Richard Grimes and Edward Peter Anthony Kevin Patrick Grimes on 16 October 1991 in Dublin), artistically known as Jedward are an Irish pop singing duo. Known for their distinctive blond quiffs and unique performances, the identical twins have risen to fame since appearing in the sixth series of The X Factor in 2009, in a phenomenon described as the "Jedward paradox". They released their debut song " Under Pressure (Ice Ice Baby… read more	Grimes
Which top tennis player became father to two sets of twins in less than five years?	Kirsting MacRuary is jailed for two years after having sex with two 14-year-old boys \| Daily Mail Online comments A 39-year-old woman obsessed with pop twins Jedward has been jailed for two years after having sex with two 14-year-old boys. Kirstin MacRuary, 39, groomed the two teenagers over Facebook before inviting them over to her home to get drunk and watch films, before taking them upstairs for sex. MacRuary been obsessed with Irish pop act Jedward and has posted of her need for 'Jedcest' with the 'hot' singers on her Facebook page - from when they were 12 years old. Jailed: Kirstin MacRuary, 39, has been jailed for having sex with two teenage boys in her home after writing on Facebook that she wanted 'Jedcest' with Irish pop duo John and Edward Grimes known as 'Jedward' RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share But she was locked up for two years today after Ayr Sheriff Court heard she had shown no remorse for abusing the two boys. At an earlier hearing she pled guilty to two separate counts of having sex with them. She groomed her 14-year-old victims online and invited them to her house in Dundonald, South Ayrshire, to get drunk and watch films. On one occasion, MacRuary perched herself on the arm of a sofa before sliding down next to the first teenager before inviting him upstairs and had sex with him. Guilty: MacRuary admitted to two separate counts of having sex with two 14-year-old boys in Ayrshire Obsession: Facebook posts show her obsession with the boys began when they were just twelve years old The boy later said that it 'made him feel weird'. MacRuary then made a move on the second 14-year-old boy, who had also been in her house watching a movie. After MacRuary suggested the boy went upstairs for a nap she followed him into the spare bedroom, undressed him and had sex with him. Police launched an investigation after the boy became anxious and made a dash from the house. Officers checked her laptop and found a chat with the two boys in which she told one of them she missed their 'cute little face.' Her teen victims cannot be named for legal reasons. On social media MacRuary has shared countless photoshopped pictures of the Jedward twins. Sex offender: She was jailed for 12 months for both charges, amounting to two years served consecutively Abuse: MacRuary invited the two boys over to her house to get drunk and watch movies, before on two separate occasions taking them to bedrooms upstairs, undressing them and having sex with them Health: Her defence solicitor has said that 'there are concerns' about his client's mental health In one Facebook post she says: 'I miss my Jeds, need some Jedcest now.' And MacRuary refers to herself as Kirstin Grimes on the social media site - the surname shared by Jedward brothers John and Edward. Defence solicitor Ian Gillies said: 'It is safe to say in my submission that this lady clearly needs supervision at the higher end of the scale. 'It is clear that she needs some assistance. There are concerns about her mental health.' Sheriff John Montgomery said he no option but to jail her. 'You've pled guilty to two charges of having sexual intercourse with two boys aged between 13 and 16. They were both 14 years old at the time of the offences. 'I have read the report, and it's astonishing because you don't express any remorse. 'There is no alternative to a custodial sentence. 'On the first charge I sentence you to 12 months imprisonment. On the second charge I sentence you to 12 months imprisonment. To be served consecutively. Two years.' MacRuary was also placed on the sex offenders register.	i don't know
What is the four-word name of the 1951 play on which ‘Cabaret’ is based?	CABARET Tickets, Multiple Dates \| Eventbrite SLEEPY HOLLOW THEATRE AND ARTS PARK Event description Description Cabaret is a musical based on a book written by Christopher Isherwood , music by John Kander and lyrics by Fred Ebb . The 1966 Broadway production became a hit, inspiring numerous subsequent productions in London and New York, as well as the 1972 film by the same name. It is based on John Van Druten 's 1951 play I Am a Camera , which was adapted from the short novel Goodbye to Berlin (1939) by Christopher Isherwood . Set in 1931 Berlin as the Nazis are rising to power, it is based in nightlife at the seedy Kit Kat Klub, and revolves around the 19-year-old English cabaret performer Sally Bowles and her relationship with the young American writer Cliff Bradshaw. A sub-plot involves the doomed romance between German boarding house owner Fräulein Schneider and her elderly suitor Herr Schultz, a Jewish fruit vendor. Overseeing the action is the Master of Ceremonies at the Kit Kat Klub. The club serves as a metaphor for ominous political developments in late Weimar Germany .	I Am a Camera
Following the overture, what is the opening number in ‘Oliver’ (1968)?	Team Broadway – Cabaret – Teen City Stage 2016-2017…A Fresh Look July 25, 2016 Team Broadway – Cabaret Teen City Stage’s High School Team Broadway Students Will Present Cabaret at Pease Auditorium on January 8 and 9, 2016 Info Cabaret is a musical based on a book written by Christopher Isherwood, music by John Kander and lyrics by Fred Ebb. The 1966 Broadway production became a hit, inspiring numerous subsequent productions in London and New York, as well as the 1972 film by the same name. It is based on John Van Druten’s 1951 play I Am a Camera, which was adapted from the short novel Goodbye to Berlin (1939) by Christopher Isherwood. Set in 1931 Berlin as the Nazis are rising to power, it is based in nightlife at the seedy Kit Kat Klub, and revolves around the 19-year-old English cabaret performer Sally Bowles and her relationship with the young American writer Cliff Bradshaw. A sub-plot involves the doomed romance between German boarding house owner Fräulein Schneider and her elderly suitor Herr Schultz, a Jewish fruit vendor. Overseeing the action is the Master of Ceremonies at the Kit Kat Klub. The club serves as a metaphor for ominous political developments in late Weimar Germany. Come hear some of the most memorable songs in theatre history, including “Cabaret,” “Willkommen” and “Maybe This Time.” Leave your troubles outside – life is beautiful at CABARET, the Tony-winning musical about following your heart while the world loses its way. Cast	i don't know
In heraldry, the colour green is known as what?	Heraldic Colours (or Tinctures) \| Patrick Baty – Historical paint consultant Heraldic Colours (or Tinctures) Tinctures One of the main aims of heraldry is to provide easily recognisable symbols and this is achieved by using clear colours and by following strict rules. However, not all of these are colours in the true sense – some are metals, furs, “stains” and “proper”, hence the more correct use of the word tincture.1 As one might expect with a system of coded symbols the tinctures themselves have meaning attached and one can often begin to read more into the message conveyed by the original bearer of the arms. Over time many of these meanings have changed, but there are still certain themes that can be picked up and I outline below the commonly accepted ones. The principal heraldic tinctures have changed little over the years. These are: Metals Ermine – White covered with black spots Vair – White and blue pattern (A number of variations of both of these furs are found.) What are these Tinctures? The exact colours employed in heraldry are usually left to the heraldic artist, whilst remaining within loose bounds. In 1934 the British Colour Council published a Dictionary of Colour Standards in two volumes, one showing 220 colours presented on pure silk ribbon, named, numbered, and coded, and the other giving the history of each colour, the various names by which each had previously been known and the authority for standardisation. Amongst these were seven of the above colours, the purpose of which was to provide a guide to selecting appropriate shades. As the British Colour Council developed its services to industry it became apparent that the bias in the dictionary towards colours for textiles made it less relevant as a standard reference work for Interior Decoration. In 1949 it published the Dictionary of Colours for Interior Decoration , which is discussed in another post. Volume 3 of that work listed the colours and provided a brief history of those illustrated in the other two volumes of colour samples. Under the heading Heraldic Colours it provided details which had been supplied by Somerset Herald 2 at the College of Arms . The following page is from Volume 2 of the Dictionary of Colours for Interior Decoration: Sample page from Dictionary of Colours for Interior Decoration showing Murrey Volume 3 tells us that: “These heraldic terms date from the early thirteenth century, when heraldry became established as a science. The heraldic colour names are mainly of French derivation, or influenced by Latin. The names are still used in heraldry today. It goes on to list the colours and provides examples of most of them: This metal is often represented by yellow. Gold represents glory, generosity, constancy and elevation of the mind. A version was offered in the Dictionary: Gold (CC 72) Azure Blue from Old French azur. Azure signifies piety, sincerity, loyalty and chastity. This was not illustrated in the 1949 edition, but it appeared as Larkspur (BCC 196) in the Dictionary of Colour Standards of 1934. A recent project of mine saw me researching the heraldic Beasts of King Henry VIII for a recreation of a Tudor garden at Hampton Court Palace . As well as identifying which beasts were relevant, I also had to establish how they were to be painted and where each of the tinctures were to be applied. Jane Seymour’s Heraldic Panther. Tudor Garden, Hampton Court Palace. The heraldic panther resembles a leopard. However, it is silver and covered with spots of blue and red and has flames issuing from its ears and mouth. Jane’s panther, which is collared with a coronet and chained, was the dexter supporter of her arms. A panther had been counted among the number of royal beasts since the time of Henry IV and possibly earlier. In this example one can see the following heraldic tinctures: Argent; Or; Gules; Azure and Vert. The latter is shown in its sixteenth century form, for at that stage there was only one satisfactory pigment to achieve a green colour in oil paint – Verdigris . Experiments carried out with it show that when first applied the colour is a very blue green and it is this form that has been used here. However, it becomes much yellower with time and exposure. As can be seen below the present green colour used in heraldry tends to be much yellower. Vert This is from the French vert meaning green and, in turn, from the Latin word for green – viridis. Vert is symbolic of joy, youth and beauty and demonstrates loyalty in love. The Dictionary of Colours for Interior Decoration shows this as Apple Green (CC 98). Apple Green (CC 98) Gules There is a great deal of dispute about the origin of the word. Some say that it derives from the Old French word goules, literally meaning “throats” (related to the English gullet; modern French gueules). It is also possible that the word may come from the Hebrew gulude, a piece of red cloth, or Arabic gule a red rose or possibly ghül a feeder on carcasses. Gules is symbolic of nobility, boldness and ferocity and has strong military connotations. In the Dictionary of Colours for Interior Decoration it is indicated as Poppy (CC 41) Poppy (CC 41) Purpure The word comes from the Latin purpura, meaning ‘purple’. Purpure suggests justice, temperance and sovereignity. The use of this colour is rare, although ancient examples do exist – for example in the arms of Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln in the thirteenth century. The Dictionary of Colours for Interior Decoration shows it as Prune (CC 305). Prune (CC 305) This emerged in the twentieth century, in response to wartime requirements of the Royal Air Force . No 1 (F) Squadron Royal Air Force – Note Sky Blue Stains Murrey This is the colour of mulberries . The name is believed to come from the Old French moré and is sometimes referred to as Sanguine, the colour of blood. In the sixteenth century it was used as one of the two livery colours of the House of York . Murrey is meant to indicate patience in adversity. The Dictionary of Colours for Interior Decoration shows it as Murrey (CC 192). Murrey (CC 192) Tenné This colour is sometimes known as Tawny and is of an orange hue. This colour is meant to signify ambition. It was not illustrated in the Dictionary of Colours for Interior Decoration, but it appeared as Mace (BCC 73) in the 1934 edition. Tenné Tenné also appears on a coloured silk ribbon in the magnificent volume of Traditional British Colours that was produced for the Coronation of His Majesty King George VI in 1937. Another word is often encountered in connection with heraldic colour and that is the term proper, which is used to indicate that something is in its natural colour or shape, for example an animal or plant. The Blazon The blazon is the written description of a coat of arms. At first this might make little sense, but once understood it will be seen to be masterpiece of concision and will enable one to visualise the arms. For example in the arms at the head of this page the shield is blazoned as follows: “Gules on a Bend cotised Or an Escallop Ermine between two Cross Crosslets fitchy Sable” Translated, this means something like “…on a gold band with a narrower stripe on either side are two black crosses, the ends of whose arms are crossed and the lower limbs pointed. In between these is a scallop shell in ermine. The whole is placed on a red shield.” The crest , which sits on top of the helmet is further blazoned: “On a Helm with a Wreath Argent and Gules An Eagle wings inverted and addorsed Argent gorged with a Collar gemel Gules and holding in the beak a Trefoil slipped Or” This might be translated roughly as “…on a helmet with a twisted roll of red and silver fabric stands a silver eagle whose wings are behind the body and whose wingtips are tucked back. Around its neck is a double red collar and in its beak a stylised golden clover leaf.” I think that one can see immediately that the formal blazon is more succint and less inclined to cause confusion. Challenge In the above arms over twenty references have been worked in to the design. Most will only be known to the bearer himself, but some will begin to become clear with a little thought. How many of these clues can be picked up? Rules Concerning the Use of Colour For the sake of visual clarity a number of rules were devised concerning the use of colour in heraldry: Never place a metal on a metal – for example a silver on a gold shield. Never place a colour on a colour – for example a red lion on a blue shield. A fur can take the place of a metal or a colour. Note how these rules have been obeyed in the arms featured at the top of this page, where a gold bend has been placed over the red shield and how the superimposed crosses are black and the scallop shell is in ermine rather than silver/white. A Brief Word on Furs In addition to metals and colours heraldry also uses furs . These are really patterns that suggest the costly furs worn by the medieval nobility. The two main ones being ermine and Vair . Ermine & Vair On the left can be seen the coat of arms of the former Duchy of Brittany described by one of the few known one-word blazons in existence, simply Ermine. On the right, I believe, are the arms of the Counts of Guisnes. Here is a photograph of a real piece of vair – the fur has been made from the back and front of squirrel pelts sewn together. The use of the word vair in this post has prompted a comment about a possible mistranslation / mistranscription in the original story of Cinderella, which has long been a cause of puzzlement. This concerns her glass slippers. The story appeared in Charles Perrault’s Histoires ou contes du temps passé avec des moralités, which was published in 1697.3 It has been suggested that pantoufle de vair (fur slipper) might have been mistaken for pantoufle de verre (glass slipper). Current Availability of Colours As with almost all the colours shown on this site they could be mixed into conventional modern paint by Papers and Paints Ltd . Notes 1 I have tried to use the word “tincture” when it applies to the full range of colours, metals, furs, ‘stains’ and ‘proper’, while keeping “colour” when it applies to what one might generally consider a colour, but as you see it does get a bit confusing. 2 In 1934 this was Sir George Bellew . He later became Garter King of Arms . 3 Cendrillon ou la petite pantoufle in Perrault’s collection, which in English is known as Stories or Tales of Olden Times with Morals, or also Tales of My Mother Goose. I am grateful to Sarah Waldock for pointing this out and to Mark Liberman for the more detailed explanation. Sources A.C. Fox-Davies. A Complete Guide to Heraldry. Skyhorse Publishing. 2007. Stefan Oliver. Introduction to Heraldry. David & Charles. 2002. Stephen Slater. The Illustrated Book of Heraldry. Hermes House. 2002. Thomas Woodcock and John Martin Robinson. The Oxford Guide to Heraldry. Oxford University Press. 1988.	Field of view in video games
In the tv programme ‘Dad’s Army’, what is Private Pike’s first name?	Colors of Heraldry - Knowledge Base, HouseofNames.com Colors of Heraldry Gules (Red) Red, with the former name of Belic, is the military colour for excellence and fortitude. Red corresponds to the metal copper and is denoted in engravings by numerous perpendicular lines. It also represents fire and summer. Ancient laws restricted its use to princes and their families. Red is symbolic of nobility, boldness and ferocity. Purpure (Purple) Purple is a rare colour in early rolls of arms. In heraldic terms it is referred to as ï¿½purpure.ï¿½ This is the traditional colour of kings and royalty, and therefore, signifies justice and majesty. In engravings, it is expressed by lines in bend sinister, or slanting to the left. Tawny (Orange) An orange is the name given to a tawny roundle, a roundle being any circular charge of colour or metal. It is supposed to represent a tennis ball. Tennis was once a game played strictly by royalty and nobles and the orange indicates that the bearer was a member of that class; however, the orange is seldom met in heraldry. Azure (blue) Blue was called "azure" by heralds, and represents the colour of an eastern sky on a clear day. It also corresponds to the metal tin. The word, "azure" was introduced from the east during the Crusades. It signifies piety and sincerity, and is equated with autumn. In engravings it is represented by horizontal lines. Sable (black) Black, the coldest of the colours, corresponds to lead. Black, or "sable," is symbolic of sadness. It also corresponds with winter and is a humble color, suitable for the deeply religious. It denotes the qualities of knowledge, piety, serenity and work. Engravers represent it with numerous horizontal and vertical lines crossing each other. Vert (green) Green, or in heraldic terms, "vert," signifies felicity and pleasure. It was symbolic of joy, youth and beauty. Green was also associated with the spring. The bearer of the green is obliged to defend the peasant and all who work on the land. It is expressed in engravings by lines in bend, or slanting to the right.	i don't know
‘Not a Penny More, Not a Penny Less’ (1976) was whose debut novel?	Not A Penny More, Not A Penny Less: Amazon.co.uk: Jeffrey Archer: 9781447218227: Books Not A Penny More, Not A Penny Less Add all three to Basket One of these items is dispatched sooner than the other. Show details Buy the selected items together This item:Not A Penny More, Not A Penny Less by Jeffrey Archer Paperback Â£8.99 Only 6 left in stock (more on the way). Sent from and sold by Amazon. FREE Delivery on orders over Â£10. Details Kane and Abel by Jeffrey Archer Paperback Â£8.99 In stock. Sent from and sold by Amazon. FREE Delivery on orders over Â£10. Details Prodigal Daughter by Jeffrey Archer Paperback Â£8.99 In stock. Sent from and sold by Amazon. FREE Delivery on orders over Â£10. Details Customers Who Bought This Item Also Bought Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1 This shopping feature will continue to load items. In order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading. Enter your mobile number or email address below and we'll send you a link to download the free Kindle App. Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. Apple To get the free app, enter your mobile phone number. or Don't have a Kindle? Get your Kindle here , or download a FREE Kindle Reading App . Product details Publisher: Pan; Reprints edition (13 Sept. 2012) Language: English Product Dimensions: 12.9 x 2 x 19.7 cm Average Customer Review: Product Description Review "One of the top ten storytellers in the world."-Los Angeles Times"Archer...has an extraordinary talent for turning notoriety into gold, and telling fast-moving stories." -The Philadelphia Inquirer"A master at mixing power, politics, and profit into fiction."--Entertainment Weekly"Archer plots with skill, and keeps you turning the pages."--The Boston Globe"Cunning plots, silken style...Archer plays a cat-and-mouse game with the reader."--The New York Times"A storyteller in the class of Alexandre Dumas...unsurpassed skill...making the reader wonder intensely what will happen next."--The Washington Post"Archer is one of the most captivating storytellers writing today. His novels are dramatic, fast moving, totally entertaining-and almost impossible to put down."-Pittsburgh Press Review 'One of the top ten storytellers in the world.' (Los Angeles Times) 'A master at mixing power, politics, and profit into fiction.' (Entertainment Weekly) 'Archer plots with skill, and keeps you turning the pages.' (The Boston Globe) 'Cunning plots, silken style ... Archer plays a cat-and-mouse game with the reader.' (The New York Times) --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title. By Ilavarasu Tamilmani on 1 Nov. 2005 Format: Paperback If you want a story of pure revenge, of people who get back at their deceiver, no matter what it takes, then this novel is for you. There are other novels in the same genre, but when the master story teller sets forth on the same theme, you get a novel like this. It stands apart from the rest in terms of the scenes, pace (or its variation), balance etc. There is no doubt about it. Harvey Metcalfe, whose business acumen (irrespective of the moral connotations) had been sharpened on the streets, cons four unsuspecting investors (who are strangers to each other, but who had been baited by Harvey for carrying out his plans), with prospects of huge oil money. And they are not common folk - each of them is a notable person in his right - Stephen is an Oxford professor, Robin is a high profile physician, Jean-Pierre, a famous art dealer, and James Brigsley, an heir to earldom. They have one aspect in common - they have all been ripped off by Harvey - for a huge sum of money (million dollars). How they join hands and get back at Harvey forms the rest of the story, in this thriller saga of revenge, with cunning and deceit. The pace never wanes any time, and I never wanted to keep the book down. If you liked the Payback movie, you are going to love this novel more, since it has 4 people wanting revenge - not a penny more, not a penny less... that is their motto, and they stand by it. I expected a page-turner, and got one in this. It has the intelligence, pace, language, plot, characters - all that makes this a great novel, which is expected from a novelist of such acclaim as Archer. I read this after finishing Kane and Abel and The Prodigal Daughter, and should say that this novel is devoid of any unnecessary digressions, in spite of handling at least four players. Read more ›	Jeffrey Archer
In 1954, Sun Myung Moon founded the Unification Church in which country?	Jeffrey Archer's best books ahead of Mightier Than The Sword launch \| Books \| Entertainment \| Daily Express BOOKS Thirty Nine Steps and The Count of Monte Cristo: Jeffrey Archer's six best books JEFFREY ARCHER, 74, is the former Conservative MP whose first book Not A Penny More, Not A Penny Less was published in 1976. Other bestsellers include Kane And Abel and First Among Equals. The latest novel in his Clifton Chronicles series, Mightier Than The Sword, is published this week. 14:19, Fri, Feb 27, 2015 \| UPDATED: 17:38, Thu, Mar 26, 2015 REX Jeffrey Archer new book Mightier Than The Sword is out this week BE WARE OF PITY by Stefan Zweig Pushkin, £8.99 The story of a general recalling an incident that changed his life. I read the opening page and put it down because I wasn’t in the mood to take anything quite that good. I waited for the right moment because it’s a great story beautifully written. THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO by Alexandre Dumas Penguin Classics, £8.99 Dumas penned this and The Three Musketeers in the same year. What an amazing man. It is too long but it’s a clever idea. A man is in prison, learns a secret, gets out and takes revenge on the people who put him in prison. I tried to rewrite it myself in A Prisoner Of Birth. THE COLLECTED SHORT STORIES OF SAKI by Hector Hugh Munro Available in high street bookshops only I love short stories and Saki is the true master. Tobermory, about a cat, and Sredni Vashtar, about a boy living with his awful aunt, are just magnificent. He teases the reader and you want your hero to win so badly. THE THIRTY-NINE STEPS by John Buchan Vintage, £6.99 I first read this as a schoolboy. The hero is accused of a crime he didn’t do and has to reach a place to prove it and it’s about the chase. You turn the page and turn the page because you have got to find out more. REUNION by Fred Uhlman Vintage, £6.99 A short book that begins with the son of an aristocrat sitting next to a Jewish boy in class. They become best friends but then Nazis arrive. It has an ending to kill for and made me think more carefully about how you develop prejudices. A gem. THE JEEVES OM NIB US VOL 1 by PG Wodehouse Hutchinson, £18.99 It’s part of our British way of life to giggle at the upper classes. Wodehouse is a genius at taking the mickey out of the aristocracy so he makes the butler clever and poor Bertie a fool but that doesn’t stop you loving Bertie and taking his side. Related articles	i don't know
Which American newspaper commissioned Stanley to find Livingstone?	Stanley begins search for Livingstone - Mar 21, 1871 - HISTORY.com This Day in History: 03/21/1871 - Stanley begins search for Livingstone On this day in 1871, journalist Henry Morton Stanley begins his famous search through Africa for the missing British explorer Dr. David Livingstone. In the late 19th century, Europeans and Americans were deeply fascinated by the "Dark Continent" of Africa and its many mysteries. Few did more to increase Africa's fame than Livingstone, one of England's most intrepid explorers. In August 1865, he set out on a planned two-year expedition to find the source of the Nile River. Livingstone also wanted to help bring about the abolition of the slave trade, which was devastating Africa's population. Almost six years after his expedition began, little had been heard from Livingstone. James Gordon Bennett, Jr., editor of the New York Herald, decided to capitalize on the public's craze for news of their hero. He sent Stanley to lead an expedition into the African wilderness to find Livingstone or bring back proof of his death. After setting out from Zanzibar in March 1871, Stanley led his caravan of nearly 2,000 men into the interior of Africa. Nearly eight months passed--during which Stanley contracted dysentery, cerebral malaria and smallpox--before the expedition approached the village of Ujiji, on the shore of Lake Tanganyika. Sick and poverty-stricken, Livingstone had come to Ujiji that July after living for some time at the mercy of Arab slave traders. When Stanley's caravan entered the village on October 27, flying the American flag, villagers crowded toward the new arrivals. Spotting a white man with a gray beard in the crowd, Stanley stepped toward him and stretched out his hand: "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" These words--and Livingstone's grateful response--soon became famous across Europe and the United States. Though Stanley urged Livingstone to return with him to London, the explorer vowed to continue his original mission. Livingstone died 18 months later in today's Zambia. Lead Story Stanley begins search for Livingstone Share this: Stanley begins search for Livingstone Author Stanley begins search for Livingstone URL Publisher A+E Networks On this day in 1871, journalist Henry Morton Stanley begins his famous search through Africa for the missing British explorer Dr. David Livingstone. In the late 19th century, Europeans and Americans were deeply fascinated by the “Dark Continent” of Africa and its many mysteries. Few did more to increase Africa’s fame than Livingstone, one of England’s most intrepid explorers. In August 1865, he set out on a planned two-year expedition to find the source of the Nile River. Livingstone also wanted to help bring about the abolition of the slave trade, which was devastating Africa’s population. Almost six years after his expedition began, little had been heard from Livingstone. James Gordon Bennett, Jr., editor of the New York Herald, decided to capitalize on the public’s craze for news of their hero. He sent Stanley to lead an expedition into the African wilderness to find Livingstone or bring back proof of his death. At age 28, Stanley had his own fascinating past. As a young orphan in Wales, he crossed the Atlantic on the crew of a merchant ship. He jumped ship in New Orleans and later served in the Civil War as both a Confederate and a Union soldier before beginning a career in journalism. After setting out from Zanzibar in March 1871, Stanley led his caravan of nearly 2,000 men into the interior of Africa. Nearly eight months passed–during which Stanley contracted dysentery, cerebral malaria and smallpox–before the expedition approached the village of Ujiji, on the shore of Lake Tanganyika. Sick and poverty-stricken, Livingstone had come to Ujiji that July after living for some time at the mercy of Arab slave traders. When Stanley’s caravan entered the village on October 27, flying the American flag, villagers crowded toward the new arrivals. Spotting a white man with a gray beard in the crowd, Stanley stepped toward him and stretched out his hand: “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” These words–and Livingstone’s grateful response–soon became famous across Europe and the United States. Though Stanley urged Livingstone to return with him to London, the explorer vowed to continue his original mission. Livingstone died 18 months later in today’s Zambia; his body was embalmed and returned to Britain, where he was buried in Westminster Abbey. As for Stanley, he returned to Africa to fulfill a promise he had made to Livingstone to find the source of the Nile. He later damaged his reputation by accepting money from King Leopold II of Belgium to help create the Belgian-ruled Congo Free State and promote the slave trade. When he left Africa, Stanley resumed his British citizenship and even served in Parliament, but when he died he was refused burial in Westminster Abbey because of his actions in the Congo Free State. Related Videos	New York Herald
Children’s tv presenter Justin Fletcher is the man behind which popular persona?	Dr. Livingstone, I Presume? Missionary Icon Turns 200 — Charisma News All Other Social Networks Dr. Livingstone (RNS) Join us on our podcast each weekday for an interesting story, well told, from Charisma News. Listen at charismapodcastnetwork.com . When journalist Henry Morton Stanley found the world’s most famous missionary barely alive at the tiny village of Ujiji on the shores of Lake Tanganyika on Nov. 10, 1871, he gave the English language one of its most famous introductions: “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” As Britain marks David Livingstone’s 200th birthday on Tuesday (March 19), Christians are being reintroduced to one of the greatest missionaries and explorers of the 19th century. That 1871 meeting in the heart of Africa is the stuff of legend. In 1864, Livingstone — already one of the world’s most famous men because of his trek across Africa and the 1855 “discovery” of the Victoria Falls that straddles modern-day Zambia and Zimbabwe — mounted an expedition to discover the source of the Nile River. As months stretched into years, nothing was heard from the famed explorer. Rumors swirled in London that he was dead. “Where is Livingstone?” yelled newspaper headlines. The public demanded an answer. By 1871, the hunt for Livingstone had reached fever pitch. James Gordon Bennett, publisher of the New York Herald, sensed a major scoop and commissioned Stanley to find Livingstone, dead or alive. After eight months of back-breaking travel, Stanley arrived in Ujiji to learn that Livingstone was alive but far from well. “I did not know how he would receive me,” he later wrote. “So I did what cowardice and false pride suggested was the best thing--walked deliberately to him, took off my hat and said, ‘Dr. Livingstone, I presume?’” advertisement “Yes,” he said, with a kind smile, lifting his cap slightly. “Then,” said Stanley, “I said aloud – ‘Thank God, Doctor, I have been permitted to see you.’” And Livingstone answered: “I feel thankful that I am here to welcome you.” Born into extreme poverty in Blantyre, Scotland on March 19, 1813, Livingstone started work as a mill hand at the age of 10, working up to 14 hours a day in temperatures that often reached 90 degrees. Livingstone studied to become a medical doctor, and at age 27 he was accepted as a missionary to Africa. Soon after his arrival in 1840, he set three goals: to explore the continent, convert Africans to Christianity (he managed only one) and help end the slave trade. The letters he sent back to the London Missionary Society helped fuel the movement to end the slave trade, which he often described as “the world’s open and running sore.” His work sowed the seeds for the modern Anglican Communion, the global outpost of the Church of England scattered across the British Empire. “Livingstone was an outstanding, distinguished missionary and much more,” said Scottish historian Tom Devine. “He was not the most famous man in Scotland; he was the most famous man in the world.” The former Anglican bishop of Botswana, Musonda Mwamba, added: “Livingstone identified very much with our people. He fell in love with Africa. He was one of us.” Livingstone remains popular in his native Scotland and England, but also in Africa, where leaders are usually quick to tear down any street name or building that reminds them of their British colonial past. The Livingstonia Mission in Malawi was established by missionaries from the Free Church of Scotland in 1875, and remains a Christian learning center. Leaders are readers! Subscribe now and get 3 magazines for the price of 1. Get Ministry Today, Charisma and SpiritLed Woman all for $24. YES - Sign me up! 3 Reasons Why you should read Life in the Spirit. 1) Get to know the Holy Spirit. 2) Learn to enter God's presence 3) Hear God's voice clearly! Click Here to draw closer to God!	i don't know
In the Noddy stories, what is the name of Big Ears’ brother?	Noddy (character) - Wikipedia, Photos and Videos Noddy (character) NEXT GO TO RESULTS [51 .. 100] WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE Jump to: navigation , search Noddy is a fictional character created by English children's author Enid Blyton , originally published between 1949 and 1963. Television shows based on the character have run on British television since 1955 and continue to appear to this day. Contents Noddy[ edit ] Noddy is a little wooden puppet, which is a boy, who lives in his own little House-for-One in Toyland . The first book explains Noddy's origins. He was made by a woodcarver in a toy store but ran away after the man began to make a wooden lion, which scared Noddy. As he wanders through the woods, with no clothes, money or home, he meets Big Ears , a friendly brownie . Big Ears decides that Noddy is a toy and takes him to live in Toyland. He generously provides Noddy with a set of clothing and a house. While Noddy is quite happy to be a toy, the citizens of Toyland are not sure that he actually is one. They put Noddy on trial and examine whether he is a toy or an ornament. Eventually, Noddy is declared a toy, but still has to convince the court that he is a good toy. The judge accepts that Noddy is good after a doll tells the court that he saved her little girl from a lion, and he is allowed to stay in Toyland. Noddy gets his car in the second book. It is given to him after he helps solve a local mystery. As a self-employed taxi driver, Noddy loves driving his friends around Toyland in his little red and yellow taxi . The other toys can hear him coming by the distinctive "Parp, Parp" sound of his taxi's horn and the jingle of the bell on his blue hat. Often he uses his car to visit all of the places in Toyland. When his taxi business is not doing so well, or when he needs help, Noddy turns to Big Ears. Big Ears will often lend him what he needs. On occasion, Noddy will allow people to make his head nod, in exchange for small items, like his morning milk. Noddy's constant companion and household pet is the exuberant "Bumpy Dog". Bumpy accompanies Noddy on almost all his adventures. Noddy is kind and honest, but he often gets in trouble, either through his own misunderstandings, or because someone (usually the naughty goblins Sly and Gobbo) has played a trick on him. He is very childlike in his understanding of the world and often becomes confused as a result. For example, in the first Noddy book, Noddy and Big Ears are building Noddy's house for one. Noddy suggests that they build the roof first, in case it rains. With no understanding of gravity or of the need for roof supports, this is perfectly logical to him. As the series continues, Noddy becomes wiser but without losing his charm and lovable naivety. Noddy's best friends are Big Ears, Tessie Bear, Bumpy Dog and the Tubby Bears. Tessie is a gentle hearted, gold bear who often wears a bonnet with flowers and a skirt. She is very kind and very loving towards all of her friends and neighbours. Bumpy Dog is Tessie's pet. He loves to run up and "bump" people over. Noddy frequently gets annoyed with Bumpy but still likes him. Whenever Noddy threatens Bumpy, Tessie gets upset, and sometimes even begins to cry. The Tubby Bears live next door to Noddy. They are gold and chubby teddy bears. Mr. and Mrs. Tubby Bear frequently help Noddy. It is clear that Mr. and Mrs. Tubby Bear are the superiors of Noddy, as if he were a child. Their first names are never mentioned and Noddy always refers to them as Mr. and Mrs. They have one son, also named Tubby, who is occasionally referred to as Master Tubby. Tubby is naughty and is usually in trouble for breaking rules, being rude, or doing something wrong. Noddy often attempts to scold or punish Tubby, with little result. On one occasion, Tubby gets tired of always being bossed around and being punished and decides to run away to sea. Noddy and Bumpy accidentally join with him. By the end of the journey, Tubby misses his parents and brings them back presents from his trip, as an apology. Noddy has many run-ins with Mr Plod the local policeman. Some are caused by Noddy's lack of understanding of how Toyland works. Other times it is because of a case of mistaken identity. Mr. Plod is generally long-suffering towards Noddy and Noddy likes Mr. Plod and frequently goes out of his way to help him. Mr. Plod often catches the mischief makers on his police bicycle, by blowing his whistle and shouting "Halt, in the name of Plod!!" before locking the culprits up in his jail. Characters[ edit ] Big-Ears , a wise, bearded brownie who lives in a toadstool house outside of ToyLand and is Noddy's best friend. He finds Noddy and brings him to Toyland at the start of the first book. Mr. Plod (sometimes called PC Plod), is the Toyland policeman. He is a good friend of Noddy and thinks Toytown can't live without him. (He has not been featured in the franchise since 2009) Bumpy Dog, in the original books, lives with Tessie Bear, but accompanies Noddy on many adventures. Noddy first met the Bumpy Dog in Toytown because he was injured and Noddy used his scarf to help him. Noddy felt he was unable to have Bumpy Dog live with him, so Tessie Bear offered to keep him. Mr. Wobbly Man, a funny little man who cannot lie down . He has a round base which he wobbles about on. He rocks back and forth to get around. (He has not been featured in the franchise since 2009). Master Tubby Bear, Mr and Mrs Tubby Bear's son , and is sometimes called Bruiny. He was naughty in the books and older television series, but he was better behaved in Make Way for Noddy . (He has not been featured in the franchise since 2002) Mr. Tubby Bear, Noddy's next door neighbour. First name unknown. (He has not been featured in the franchise since 1999) Mrs. Tubby Bear, Noddy's next door neighbour, it is clear that she, like Mr Tubby Bear, are the superiors of Noddy, as if they are adults and he is a child, mainly because Noddy always refers to them as "Mr and Mrs Tubby Bear". First name unknown. (She has not been featured in the franchise since 1999). Teddy Tubby Bear, Mr Tubby Bear's brother, Mrs Tubby Bear's brother-in-law and Master Tubby Bear's uncle, who appeared in the third book, Noddy and His Car. Clockwork Mouse, a toy mouse who often requires winding up. Dinah Doll, a china doll who sells all kinds of everything in the market. A later addition, not in the original books. (She has not been featured in the franchise since 2009) Tessie Bear, A clever and kind female teddy bear and a great friend of Noddy. (She has not been featured in the franchise since 2009) Mr. Sparks, Toyland's handyman , who can mend anything. His favourite catchphrase is "A Challenge? I Like it!" (He has not been featured in the franchise since 2002) Mr. Golly, in the books is the owner of the Toyland garage. He was replaced by Mr. Sparks in the TV series in the early 1990s . Miss Harriet the Pink Cat (aka Miss Pink Cat), a cat who sells ice cream. She is portrayed as a fussy and neat cat with a French accent and no patience for foolishness, even her own. (She has not been featured in the franchise since 2002) Mr. Jumbo, an elephant friendly with Clockwork Mouse. (He has not been featured in the franchise since 2009) The Skittles, a family consisting of Sally Skittle and her many children of various sizes. The Skittles are red and yellow in colour with black hands. The skittles love being knocked down. They frequently run out in front of Noddy's car so he will hit them and knock them over. (They have not been featured in the franchise since 2009) Twinkly, a star who appeared in the episode "Catch a Falling Star". Little-Ears, Big-Ears' brother who looks just like Big-Ears, but his ears are much smaller. He lives in a very tidy toadstool. Bunkey, a thoroughly mischievous character, who purports to be half bunny and half monkey. He is later exposed as a fraudulent monkey who escaped from a travelling circus. Sly and Gobbo, mischievous goblins . They usually steal things such as ice cream, coins or Noddy's car. They do not appear - or at least not nearly as much - in Enid Blyton's original books. (They have not been featured in the franchise since 2009) Clockwork Clown, a toy clown who makes funny tricks. He stands only using his hands not his feet because he has "fused" feet like those of a sea lion . (He has not been featured in the franchise since 2002) Martha Monkey, a mischievous tomboy who replaced naughty schoolboy Gilbert Golly. (She has not been featured in the franchise since 2009) Miss Prim, the school mistress who replaced the slipper-wielding Miss Rap. Mr. Milko, the local milkman (He has not been featured in the franchise since 1999) Mr. Train Driver, is the train driver who drives the Toyland Express train. (He has not been featured in the franchise since 2002). Sneaky and Stealthy, Sly and Gobbo's cousins , who appear in later versions of the television show. The original Noddy stories featured golliwogs – black-faced woollen dolls. These dolls were popular in the UK at the time the stories were written, but were later seen as racial stereotypes and retired. [1] They were replaced by a variety of other characters from 1989 onwards. Some long-time fans have decried the changes as part of " political correctness ". No. of books 24 Early Noddy books have become collectibles , along with other Blytons. The total number is hard to count: the Noddy Library (Sampson Low) of two dozen titles, which became the New Noddy Library when revised, was just part of a big production in the 1950s, with Big Noddy Books of larger format, and strip books. There were numerous spin-offs, also. Widely differing estimates can be found. Sales of Noddy books are large, with an estimated 600,000 annual sales in France alone, and growing popularity in India, a large market for Blyton books. The Noddy character was formerly owned by Chorion , who sold the rights on to DreamWorks Classics (a part of DreamWorks Animation which now a subsidiary of NBCUniversal ) in 2012. Noddy Goes to School (1952) Noddy at the Seaside (1953) Noddy Gets into Trouble (1954) Noddy and the Magic Rubber (1954) You Funny Little Noddy (1955) Noddy Meets Father Christmas (1955) Noddy and Tessie Bear (1956) Be Brave, Little Noddy! (1956) Noddy and the Bumpy-Dog (1957) Do Look Out, Noddy (1957) You're a Good Friend, Noddy (1958) Noddy Has an Adventure (1958) Noddy Goes to Sea (1959) Noddy and the Bunkey (1959) Cheer Up, Little Noddy! (1960) Noddy Goes to the Fair (1960) Mr. Plod and Little Noddy (1961) Noddy and the Tootles (1962) Noddy and the Aeroplane (1963) On 17 November 2008, it was announced that Enid Blyton's granddaughter, Sophie Smallwood, was to write a new Noddy book to celebrate the character's 60th birthday. Noddy and the Farmyard Muddle (2009) was illustrated by Robert Tyndall, who has drawn the characters in the Noddy books since 1953, [2] ever since the death of the original illustrator, Harmsen van der Beek . Television productions and incarnations[ edit ] Noddy and Mr Plod in Noddy's car, as depicted in the 2000s (decade) TV production. In the 1990s and early 2000s TV series, as well as a new series of books, Noddy has been updated, with the original Golliwog characters replaced by other sorts of toys. For example, Mr. Golly who ran the Toyland garage was replaced by Mr. Sparks who in the new 2004 version of the series appears to be Scottish, and Dinah Doll, described as "a black, assertive minority female", was added to the franchise by the BBC during the 1992–1999 series . Adaptations[ edit ] Programme of Noddy in Toyland at the Stoll Theatre, London Noddy first appeared on stage at the 2660-seat Stoll Theatre in Kingsway , London, in 1954. The very large cast were all children or teenagers, mostly from the Italia Conti acting school . There was a full theatre orchestra. The finale was a scene at the "Faraway Tree", with many of the children dressed as fairies, flying on wires. It ran for several years, but the Stoll was knocked down and replaced by an office block in the late 1950s. [3] The Peacock Theatre was built in the basement of the new building, but Noddy did not return. It is doubtful if the 1954 show would make a comeback due to the high budget and new laws concerning child labour. In addition, some of the content in the show would be considered offensive by modern standards,[ citation needed ] such as the Golliwogs mugging the townspeople and Mr Plod hitting troublemakers with his truncheon at regular intervals (with sound effects from the pit). In 1993, a stage production of Noddy opened at Wimbledon Theatre , followed by a long UK national tour, including a Christmas season in London at the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith , and was released on VHS Video in 1994. The production was presented by Clarion Productions. The production was written and directed by David Wood with scene and costume designs by Susie Calcutt. The original cast included Eric Potts as Big Ears and Karen Briffett as Noddy. The show was very well received among critics, audiences and even Enid Blyton 's daughter Gillian Baverstock . David Wood adapted a successful sequel to the play entitled "Noddy and the Tootle" which opened at the Wimbledon Theatre and endured on a long UK National Tour in 1995–1996. Karen Briffett reprised her role as Noddy and Big Ears was played by Jonathan Broxholme . This production was too presented by Clarion Productions. The characters returned between September 2003 and January 2004 for a computer-animated series, which was eventually named Make Way for Noddy . This was created by Chorion , on Five , and the episodes were filmed from 2001 to 2004 externally. It originally aired in 12-minute segments as part of the Milkshake! programme on Britain's Channel 5 . In the autumn of 2004, a set of 100 new two-minute TV interstitials were created by Chorion. These interstitials, entitled Say it With Noddy, feature Noddy learning words in a variety of foreign languages. They also introduced Noddy's new friend Whizz from Robot Village, who presses a button on his chest to play recordings of native speakers saying the new foreign words Noddy was to learn. A CG animated series, called Noddy In Toyland, was made in 2009 by Chorion , produced by Brown Bag Films in Ireland. The series features much more detailed faces for Big Ears and Mr. Plod, a new wardrobe for Tessie Bear, and incorporates Whizz as a full-time character. Sly and Gobbo's cousins, Sneaky and Stealth, are introduced and usually work alongside them. The full series is available digitally on iTunes . A CG animated series, named Noddy, Toyland Detective was produced by French producer/distributor Gaumont Animation , in association with DreamWorks Animation Television , and in partnership with France Télévisions . It premiered on Channel Five 's preschool block Milkshake! on April 18, 2016. [4] [5] Other media[ edit ] There was a spoof page of "Noddy-ana" in Hot Rod magazine (U.K.), in about 1976–78; Noddy had a hot rod, and Big Ears smoked, and was very disrespectful to Mr. Plod. In the book Seven Deadly Wonders by Matthew Reilly , a character is nicknamed Noddy, while his best friend's nickname is Big Ears. IDW 's The Transformers introduced the character of "Tappet" a robot who is based on Noddy visually and clearly transforms into Noddy's classic car. The puppet of Big Ears from the 1955–1963 Noddy television series appeared as a member of the "Puppet Government" in The Goodies episode " The Goodies Rule – O.K.? ". In Alan Moore's series The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen , Toyland is a real nation located in the Arctic Circle . The King and Queen of Toyland are Frankenstein 's Monster and Olympia from The Tales of Hoffmann . Noddy, Big Ears and PC Plod are referred to in the Two Ronnies crossword sketch where Ronnie Corbett thinks their names are "Roddy, Big Ears, and PC Plop!" Derivative uses[ edit ] Noddy being associated with small children's reading has led to "Noddy" being sometimes used as an adjective meaning "petty or trivial" (compare with " Mickey Mouse "), for example, in computer programming : "This simultaneous linear equation subroutine crashes out on the Noddy case when n = 1, but otherwise it works." or "Remember to check all the Noddy cases." See also[ edit ] Toytown was a BBC radio series for children, broadcast for Children's Hour on the Home Service from 1929. It featured Larry The Lamb as its chief character. [6] References[ edit ] ^ Pilgrim, David. "The Golliwog Caricature" . The Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia. Ferris State University. Retrieved 21 July 2014.	little ears
What is the name of the forgetful Blue Tang fish in ‘Finding Nemo’?	Noddy \| CBBC on Choice Wikia \| Fandom powered by Wikia CBBC on Choice Wikia Share Noddy's Toyland Adventures is a children's television programme that was broadcast from September 1992 until December 1994 on the [ A2 ],[ [1] ] and [ CBBC ] and again from 2002 on the France 2,PBS and [ [2] ]. It was produced by [3] and was produced and shown in stop-motion animation. The show featured the most-memorable voice-acting talents of character voice-actors and television writers Jimmy Hibbert and Susan Sheridan (both of whom also worked on the UK version of The Little Polar Bear , as well as the later 'also Cosgrove Hall Produced' TV series Animal Shelf ), with every episode of Noddy's Toyland Adventures being written by Julia and Chris Allen respectively during its broadcast run. It follows the adventures of Noddy a little wooden doll who lives in Toyland with his red and yellow taxi often trying to make sixpence or getting himself in trouble. His best friends Big Ears , Mr Plod and Tessie Bear are always ready to lend a hand, especially when he gets tricked by Gobbo and Sly the wicked Goblins. Whatever the situation the episode mostly ends with Noddy laughing and nodding his head which makes the bell on his hat ring. The show had some airtime in Canada and America as " Noddy " which featured the original segments redubbed with Canadian and American voices with live action segments that aired in between. The show was eventually moved back to the UK in 1999, this time as " Noddy in Toyland " (not to be confused with the 2009 show); it was decided to keep the original British voices, but the live action segments remained. Contents Noddy Big-Ears , a wise, bearded Brownie who lives in a toadstool house outside of Toytown. He is Noddy's best friend and if Noddy has problems, Big Ears is always kind to help his best friend. He was voiced by Jimmy Hibbert in the UK dub and Benedict Campbell in the US dub. Mr Plod , The Toytown policeman. He is a good friend of Noddy and thinks Toytown can't live without him. He sometimes blames Noddy for being in trouble and Noddy is always trying to be honest to him. He has a British accent in both the UK and US dubbed versions. He was voiced by Jimmy Hibbert in the UK dub and Benedict Campbell in the US dub. Bumpy Dog , Noddy's constant companion. He is highly excitable and will rush at friends and lick them in greeting, but has sensitive feelings if scolded by Noddy or anyone else. Mr Wobbly Man , a funny little man who cannot lie down . He has a round base which he wobbles about on. He rocks back and forth to get around. He was voiced by Jimmy Hibbert . Master Tubby Bear , Mr. and Mrs. Tubby Bear's son whose sometimes naughty and mischievous. He was voiced by Jimmy Hibbert . Mr Tubby Bear , Noddy's next door neighbour. First name unknown. He was voiced by Jimmy Hibbert . Mrs Tubby Bear , Noddy's next door neighbour, it is clear that she, like Mr Tubby Bear are the superiors of Noddy, as if they are adults and he is a child, mainly because Noddy always refers to them as "Mr and Mrs Tubby Bear". First name unknown. She was voiced by Susan Sheridan . Clockwork Mouse , a toy mouse who often requires winding up. He's always taken things that don't belong to him. He also often gets into scrapes as a result of Noddy's misadventures, although the two are generally good friends. He was voiced by Susan Sheridan . Dinah Doll , a china doll who sells all kinds of everything in the market. She is a good friend to Noddy, and the two are always ready to help each other out. She was voiced by Susan Sheridan . Tessie Bear , A clever and kind teddy bear and a great friend of Noddy. If Noddy gets the blame, she'll think of a plan to prove it really wasn't Noddy who was playing tricks or stealing. She was voiced by Susan Sheridan . Mr Milko , Toyland's local milkman. He sometimes can be gloomy and sad, but Noddy's bell on his hat always cheers him up. He was voiced by Jimmy Hibbert . Mr Sparks , Toyland's handyman, who can mend anything. He was voiced by Jimmy Hibbert . Miss Pink Cat , a cat who is portrayed as a fussy and neat cat with a French accent and no patience for foolishness, even her own. She always bosses to Noddy to do something for her and doesn't like Noddy for being late. In the American dubbed version, she speaks with a Southern accent. She was voiced by Susan Sheridan . Mr Jumbo , an elephant friendly with Clockwork Mouse. He was voiced by Jimmy Hibbert . The Skittles , a family of bowling pins consisting of Mrs Skittle and her many children of various sizes. The Skittles are red and yellow in colour with black hands. They love to be knocked down, and even frequently run out in front of Noddy's car so he will hit them and knock them over. Little-Ears , Big-Ears' brother who looks just like Big-Ears, but his ears are much smaller. Bert Monkey , a mo nkey with a tail that is so prehensile that it has a mind of its own, often stealing objects all by itself. He was voiced by Jimmy Hibbert . Martha Monkey , a mischievous tomboy but very silly and bossy to Noddy and making rude remarks always. She was voiced by Susan Sheridan . Sly and Gobbo , are goblins who are very mischievous and greedy. They always steal things like ice cream, coins or Noddy's car. They always play horrid tricks onto Noddy. However, they always end up in jail after they have completed their evil schemes and are often found out by Mr Plod and sometimes Big-Ears. They were voiced by Susan Sheridan and Jimmy Hibbert in the UK dub and Catherine Disher and James Rankin in the US dub. Clockwork Clown , a toy clown who makes funny tricks. He stands only using his hands not his feet because he has 'fused' feet like those of a sea lion . He was voiced by Jimmy Hibbert . Mr Train Driver , train driver who drives the Toyland Express train. He was voiced by Jimmy Hibbert . Sammy Sailor , local harbour sailor. He was voiced by Jimmy Hibbert in the UK dub and James Rankin in the US dub. Mr Noah , lives on the ark with Mrs Noah and the animals. Mrs Noah , lives on the ark with Mr Noah and the animals. Noddy's Car , the yellow car with red decals which Noddy drives. It has a brain of its own and can talk to other characters with its unique sounding horn that says "parp parp!" List of Episodes 1994 Film of Noddy Live The Great Noddy Video (BBCV 5529) 6 March 1995 Noddy Goes Shopping, Noddy Borrows An Umbrella, Noddy Meets Some Silly Hens, Noddy Lends A Hand, Noddy Finds A Furry Tail Noddy - To The Rescue (BBCV 5665) 2 October 1995 Noddy To The Rescue, Noddy Sets A Trap, Noddy Has A Bad Day, Noddy And The Fishing Rod Noddy - The Champion (BBCV 5798) 4 March 1996 Noddy The Champion, Noddy and The Warm Scarf, Noddy and The Golden Tree, Noddy and his Unhappy Car, Noddy Has An Afternoon Off Noddy - The Magician (BBCV 5911) 7 October 1996 Noddy The Magician, Noddy and His Money, Noddy Borrows Some Trousers, Noddy and His Alarm Clock, Noddy Buys a Parasol Noddy - The Best of Noddy (BBCV 6121) 5 May 1997 Noddy And The Goblins, Noddy and Martha Monkey, Noddy Gets a New Job, Noddy Meets Some Silly Hens, Noddy and The Golden Trees, Noddy and his Money Noddy 2 on 1 - Noddy And The Naughty Tail/Noddy And The Kite (BBCV 6352) 2 February 1998 Noddy Loses Sixpence, Noddy And The Goblins, Noddy And The Naughty Tail, Noddy And The Pouring Rain, Noddy And The Kite, Noddy And His Bell, Noddy And Martha Monkey, Noddy's New Friend Noddy - Bumper Video, and Other Stories (BBCV 6923) 14 February 2000 Noddy and the Broken Bicycle, Noddy the Dancer, Noddy Delivers Some Parcels, Noddy Gets a New Job, Noddy and the Missing Hats, Noddy Borrows an Umbrella Noddy And The Bouncing Ball and Other Stories(BBCV 6984) 4 September 2000 Noddy and the Bouncing Ball, Noddy Tidies Toyland, Noddy and the Goblins, Noddy and the Magic Watch, Noddy Gets Caught in a Storm Noddy - Big Video (BBCV 7222) 9 July 2001 Noddy and The Noisy Drum, Noddy Is Far Too Busy, Noddy and The Artists, Noddy and The Singing Bush, Noddy Tells a Story, Noddy and The Nurse, Noddy and The Treasure Map UK DVD release Edit The original Noddy series has never been released on DVD as of yet. However it is hoped that all episodes of the show could be released on DVD by Classic Media in 2015. The ideas for the cover for each release will be as follows, Series 1 with a red cover, Series 2 with a green cover, Series 3 with a blue cover and Series 4 with a yellow cover. Repeats Edit Noddy has been repeated several times on BBC1 and BBC2 in the 1990's and 2000's, CBBC on Choice have also repeated Noddy from Series 1-3, beginning from the very first day on Monday November 29th 1999 after Tweenies at 7.20am, 10.20am, 1.20pm and 4.20pm, It was also broadcast at 7.00am, 10.00am, 1.00pm and 4.00pm Make Way for Noddy at Christmas 1999. It came on everyday for the first 7 weeks before taking a short break for Juniper Jungle and Oakie Doke broadcasting in it's place. It returned as a weekday regular on Monday February 28th 2000 at 7.15am, 10.15am, 1.15pm and 4.15pm and was broadcast at the same time on weekdays until Friday September 1st 2000, It returned to weekends on Saturday September 9th 2000 at 7.50am, 10.50am, 2.20pm and 5.20pm until Sunday December 10th 2000 before taking a break for a while before returning again on Wednesday 21st February 2001 at 9.20am, 12.20pm, 3.20pm and 6.20pm taking a break inbetween beginning Friday 4th May 2001 for Penny Crayon, Just So Stories, 64 Zoo Lane and Bill and Ben before returning on Monday July 23rd 2001 at the same times as before. Noddy finished airing on CBBC on Choice on Friday 28th September 2001 regularly although it returned at the end of the year to broadcast the 30 minute episode "Noddy and Father Christmas" which has been repeated three times, First time on Monday 27th December 1999 at 7.00am, 10.00am, 1.00pm and 4.00pm, Monday 25th December 2000 at 7.30am, 10.30am, 1.30pm and 4.30pm and Tuesday 25th December 2001 at 8.30am, 11.30am, 2.30pm and 5.30pm. Noddy continued to be broadcast on CBeebies in 2002-2003 showing Series 1-4 and returned in 2006 to broadcast Series 4 only.	i don't know
In a series of films, 1997 to 2002, which character owned a cat named Mr. Bigglesworth?	Mr. Bigglesworth \| Austin Powers \| Fandom powered by Wikia Share Mr. Bigglesworth is the hairless pet cat of Douglas Powers in the Austin Powers movie series. He was originally a long-haired white Persian cat like the one constantly held by villain Ernst Stavro Blofeld of the James Bond series. Along with Dr. Evil , Mr. Bigglesworth was forced into a hasty escape in a cryogenic capsule. All of his hair had fallen out during the process rendering him permanently bald. Mr. Bigglesworth is played by a champion purebred hairless Sphynx cat (despite their name Sphynx cats come from Toronto, not Egypt) named SGC Belfry Ted Nude-Gent, bred by Michelle Berge of Belfry Cattery. Ted Nude-Gent is also something of a cinematic pioneer, having been cast in a role more suitable for a dog due to the necessary training deemed impossible to do with a cat; Sphinxes are among the most easily trained of all cats and among the most sociable. Filming of the three Austin Powers films was delayed more than once because of Ted's particular fondness for Mike Myers , upon whose lap he would often be found sleeping. Dr. Evil's miniature clone Mini-Me has a tiny version appropriately named "Mini Mr. Bigglesworth." Three Sphinx kittens named Mel Gibskin, Paul Nudeman and Skindiana Jones were cast in the role. Dr. Evil: That makes me angry. And when Dr. Evil gets angry, Mr. Bigglesworth gets upset. (Meow) And when Mr. Bigglesworth gets upset people die!	Dr. Evil
What was the pen name of the author of ‘The Adventures of Pinocchio’ (1883)?	Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery (1997) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery ( 1997 ) PG-13 \| A 1960s hipster secret agent is brought out of cryofreeze to oppose his greatest enemy in the 1990s, where his social attitudes are glaringly out of place. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON TV a list of 40 titles created 23 May 2011 a list of 40 titles created 05 Jun 2012 a list of 45 titles created 04 Aug 2012 a list of 36 titles created 18 Dec 2014 a list of 28 titles created 9 months ago Title: Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery (1997) 7/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 3 wins & 6 nominations. See more awards » Videos Dr. Evil is back...and has invented a new time machine that allows him to go back to the 60's and steal Austin Powers's mojo, inadvertently leaving him "shagless". Director: Jay Roach Upon learning that his father has been kidnapped, Austin Powers must travel to 1975 and defeat the aptly named villain Goldmember - who is working with Dr. Evil. Director: Jay Roach Two slacker friends try to promote their public-access cable show. Director: Penelope Spheeris The inseparable duo try to organize a rock concert while Wayne must fend off a record producer who has an eye for his girlfriend. Director: Stephen Surjik Popular Broadway actor Gary Johnston is recruited by the elite counter-terrorism organization Team America: World Police. As the world begins to crumble around him, he must battle with terrorists, celebrities and falling in love. Director: Trey Parker After Homer accidentally pollutes the town's water supply, Springfield is encased in a gigantic dome by the EPA and the Simpson family are declared fugitives. Director: David Silverman A rejected hockey player puts his skills to the golf course to save his grandmother's house. Director: Dennis Dugan When the four boys see an R-rated movie featuring Canadians Terrance & Phillip, they are pronounced "corrupted", and their parents pressure the United States to wage war against Canada. Director: Trey Parker A goofy detective specializing in animals goes in search of a missing dolphin mascot of a football team. Director: Tom Shadyac Ron Burgundy is San Diego's top-rated newsman in the male-dominated broadcasting of the 1970s, but that's all about to change for Ron and his cronies when an ambitious woman is hired as a new anchor. Director: Adam McKay A group of misfits enter a Las Vegas dodgeball tournament in order to save their cherished local gym from the onslaught of a corporate health fitness chain. Director: Rawson Marshall Thurber Planet Spaceballs' President Skroob sends Lord Dark Helmet to steal planet Druidia's abundant supply of air to replenish their own, and only Lone Starr can stop them. Director: Mel Brooks Edit Storyline Austin Powers is a 60's spy who is cryonically frozen and released in the 1990's. The world is a very different place for Powers. Unfortunately for Austin, everyone is no longer sex-mad. Although he may be in a different decade, his mission is still the same. He has teamed up with Vanessa Kensington to stop the evil Dr. Evil, who was also frozen in the past. Dr. Evil stole a nuclear weapon and is demanding a payment of (when he realises its the 90's) 100 billion dollars. Can Austin Powers stop this madman? or will he caught up with Evil's henchman, with names like Alotta Fagina and Random Task? Only time will tell! Written by simon Frozen in the 60's... thawing spring '97, baby! See more » Genres: Rated PG-13 for nudity, sex-related dialogue and humor \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 2 May 1997 (USA) See more » Also Known As: $9,548,111 (USA) (2 May 1997) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia The exterior location shot of Austin and Vanesa's honeymoon scene is of The Broadmoor, a world famous 5-star resort hotel in Colorado Springs located less than four miles from Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station. The famous Cheyenne Mountain entrance was shown as the location shot for the scene where a U.S. Air Force Master Sergeant reports the detection of Dr. Evil's Big Boy rocket. See more » Goofs When Dr. Evil is threatening the UN, the flag next to the UN secretary changes to an Israeli flag. It changes back in the next shot. See more » Quotes [first lines] Dr. Evil : Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to my underground lair. I have gathered here before me the world's deadliest assassins, and yet each of you has failed to kill Austin Powers. That makes me angry. And when Dr. Evil gets angry, Mr. Bigglesworth gets upset. And when Mr. Bigglesworth gets upset... people DIE! See more » Crazy Credits The very last thing that appears on screen at the end of the credit is the words: Groovy, Baby! See more » Connections Referenced in Wendigo (2001) See more » Soundtracks	i don't know
In public schools and some old-fashioned grammar schools, what is understood by ‘prep’?	school_1 noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes \| Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com jump to other results where children learn 1 [countable] a place where children go to be educated My brother and I went to the same school. (formal) Which school do they attend? I'm going to the school today to talk to Kim's teacher. We need more money for roads, hospitals and schools. school buildings Grammar Pointschool When a school is being referred to as an institution, you do not need to use the:When do the children finish school? When you are talking about a particular building, the is used:I’ll meet you outside the school. Prison, jail, court, and church work in the same way:Her husband spent three years in prison. note at college , hospital See related entries: Public spaces 2 [uncountable] (used without the or a) the process of learning in a school; the time during your life when you go to a school (British English) to start/leave school (North American English) to start/quit school Where did you go to school? (British English) All my kids are still at school. (North American English) All my kids are still in school. (North American English) to teach school (= teach in a school) The transition from school to work can be difficult. British/Americanat / in school In British English somebody who is attending school is at school:I was at school with her sister. In North American English in school is used:I have a ten-year-old in school. In school in North American English can also mean ‘attending a university’. CollocationsEducationLearning acquire/get/lack (an) education/training/(British English) (some) qualifications receive/provide somebody with training/tuition develop/design/plan a curriculum/(especially British English) course/(North American English) program/syllabus give/go to/attend a class/lesson/lecture/seminar hold/run/conduct a class/seminar/workshop sign up for/take a course/classes/lessonsSchool go to/start preschool/kindergarten/nursery school be in the first, second, etc. (North American English) grade/(especially British English) year (at school) study/take/drop history/chemistry/German, etc. (British English) leave/finish/drop out of/ (North American English) quit school (North American English) graduate high school/collegeProblems at school be the victim/target of bullying (British English) play truant from/ (both British English, informal) bunk off/skive off school (= not go to school when you should) (both especially North American English) skip/cut class/school (British English) cheat in/(North American English) cheat on an exam/a test get/be given a detention (for doing something) be expelled from/be suspended from schoolWork and exams do your homework/(British English) revision/a project on something work on/write/do/submit an essay/a dissertation/a thesis/an assignment/(North American English) a paper finish/complete your dissertation/thesis/studies/coursework hand in/ (North American English) turn in your homework/essay/assignment/paper study/prepare/ (British English) revise/ (North American English) review/ (North American English, informal) cram for a test/an exam take/ (both British English) do/sit a test/an exam (especially British English) mark/ (especially North American English) grade homework/a test (British English) do well in/ (North American English) do well on/ (informal, especially North American English) ace a test/an exam pass/fail/ (informal, especially North American English) flunk a test/an exam/a class/a course/a subjectUniversity apply to/get into/go to/start college/(British English) university leave/graduate from law school/college/(British English) university (with a degree in computer science) study for/take/ (British English) do/complete a law degree/a degree in physics (both North American English) major/minor in biology/philosophy earn/receive/be awarded/get/have/hold a master’s degree/a bachelor’s degree/a PhD in economics 3 [uncountable] (used without the or a) the time during the day when children are working in a school Shall I meet you after school today? School begins at 9. The kids are at/in school until 3.30. after-school activities See related entries: School life students and teachers 4 the school [singular] all the children or students and the teachers in a school I had to stand up in front of the whole school. for particular skill 5 [countable] (often in compounds) a place where people go to learn a particular subject or skill a drama/language/riding, etc. school college/university 6 [countable, uncountable] (North American English, informal) a college or university; the time that you spend there famous schools like Yale and Harvard Where did you go to school? see also graduate school See related entries: Higher education institutions 7 [countable] a department of a college or university that teaches a particular subject the business/medical/law school the School of Dentistry See related entries: Higher education institutions of writers/artists 8[countable] a group of writers, artists, etc. whose style of work or opinions have been influenced by the same person or ideas the Dutch school of painting of fish 9[countable] a large number of fish or other sea animals, swimming together a school of dolphins compare shoal There are many compounds ending in school. You will find them at their place in the alphabet. See related entries: Groups of animals Word Originnoun senses 1 to 8 Old English scōl, scolu, via Latin from Greek skholē ‘leisure, philosophy, lecture-place’, reinforced in Middle English by Old French escole. noun sense 9 late Middle English: from Middle Low German, Middle Dutch schōle, of West Germanic origin; related to Old English scolu ‘troop’. Compare with shoal sense (1).Extra examples Are the children still in school? Eric is off school again. He runs a karate school in San Jose, California. He was expelled from school for verbally abusing his teacher. His mum kept him off school for two weeks when he was ill. It is a failing school with some of the worst results in the city. It was just a typical school day. My parents let me stay home from school yesterday. She attends a special school for children with learning difficulties. She didn’t do very well at school. She teaches elementary school in Atlanta. She’s a middle-school teacher. She’s got four children of school age. The next day was Monday, a school day. Their son’s at the school near the station. We’re going to play football after school. You don’t need to keep your child home from school because of a cough. a range of after-school activities school-age children the cleverest child in the school An announcement was made to the whole school His parents went to the school to talk to his teacher. I’ll meet you outside the school. In Britain children start school when they are five. More money is needed for roads, hospitals and schools. My sister and I went to the same school. My younger son is still at school. She wants to go to drama school. The university has a school of dentistry. a language/riding school an elementary/a junior high/a high school an infant/a junior/a primary/a secondary school to teach school He had very little schooling.Idioms one of the old school	Homework
The fall of the Berlin Wall began on November 9th in what year?	The Tatler Guide to State Schools - part two - Tatler school guide 2014 - Tatler This is the Tatler State Schools Guide 2014. Read the latest Tatler guide to the best state secondary schools 2017 here We are not idiots. We know that Tatler is the last place you might expect to find a guide to state schools. But consider this: to put two children through the private system costs around £600,000 - that's £1.2 million before tax. And is private really superior? Not always, not any more. The state sector has some spanking-new buildings, strong discipline, sporting rigour and academic ambition. Plus, your child gets a better preparation for the real world, the one where not everything is handed to them on a sterling-silver platter, where there is a cosmopolitan mix, where you will have to fight to get to the top. And best of all, when you do finally get into the Cabinet, everyone will love you because you didn't go to Eton. So here they are, the crème de la crème of the British state system. Do everything you can to get your children a place at one of these schools - you will not regret it. SECONDARY SCHOOLS HOLLAND PARK SCHOOL (London, W8) PUPILS 1,392 boys and girls, aged 11-18 In its Sixties and Seventies heyday, Holland Park was the school of choice for the champagne socialist - Tony Benn sent his children here and Anjelica Huston was a pupil. It took a nosedive in the Nineties, but is back on song thanks to dynamic head Colin Hall, with 70.2 per cent A-B at A-level last year (up from 38.3 per cent in 2008). Mr Hall describes his school as 'a vibrant, energetic place, not for the faint-hearted'. Around 1,150 apply for 240 places, and there's a wide mix of abilities. Applicants sit tests and are graded into four bands; 25 per cent are admitted from each band. If you live more than a mile from the school gates, chances of getting a place are pretty small, but there are 24 art-aptitude places. Last year, they opened a new £80m building with a competition-sized swimming pool. WEST LONDON FREE SCHOOL (London, W6) PUPILS 360 boys and girls (full capacity: 840), aged 11-18 Toby Young's WLFS has swiftly established itself as the most oversubscribed school in Hammersmith and Fulham, with 10 applicants for every place. Siblings get priority for the 120 spaces on offer, with the remainder allocated by lottery according to proximity. There are 12 music scholarships too. The USP is a 'classical liberal education', with small classes, strong discipline and a rigorous academic curriculum. Latin is compulsory up to 14. Head Sam Naismith is a former England international hockey coach: 'He's like a grammar-school head,' says a mother. 'Firm without being dictatorial.' Pupils range from the children of successful authors to Kurdish immigrants, plus 'lots of middle- class Euros and the odd lord'. TIFFIN SCHOOL (Surrey) PUPILS 1,100 boys, aged 11-18 Good old-fashioned grammar- school roots and a private-school feel - check out those stripy blazers. Around 1,840 boys sit the 11-plus for 150 places. No catchment area, so pupils come from as far afield as Surrey, Ealing and Wimbledon. Head Hilda Clarke ('very dedicated, very organised, takes no prisoners and sets high aspirations,' says a mother) advises parents to look elsewhere if their boys' journey to school will take longer than an hour, because there's so much commitment to extracurriculars like music (Tiffin Boys' Choir is world-famous) and sport. 'It's a bit scruffy,' says another mother, 'but of all the schools we looked at, this was the one that spoke to me.' Jonny Lee Miller is one notable alumnus. HENRIETTA BARNETT SCHOOL (London, NW11) PUPILS 717 girls, aged 11-18 'Outstanding,' says a London public school head (Ofsted agrees). 'Very academic', says a mother (over 95 per cent A-B at A-level last year). The highest performing state school in the country, says The Sunday Times. HBS is super-selective: bright sparks sit exams in English, maths and numerical and verbal reasoning; approximately 2,100 apply each year for 93 Year 7 places. For those lucky 93, there's a superb all-round education in a lovely, Grade-II listed Lutyens building. Fab facilities, too: check out the newmultimillion-pound science wing and the double AstroTurf outside. 'Very socially and ethnically diverse... strong music department... sport definitely not a strong point,' says a former pupil - in summary, she says, 'fairly intense'. We'll say. ST MARYLEBONE C OF E SCHOOL (London, W1) PUPILS 1,080 girls, aged 11-18; mixed sixth form The Oratory (all-boys, Catholic, Kensington) gets all the attention, the Blairs and the Cleggs. But you practically have to have the Pope on speed-dial to get a place, so we'd rather shine the spotlight on St Marylebone's, alma mater of Lily Cole and Naomie Harris. It's a brilliant, all-singing, all-dancing (performing arts are a speciality) comprehensive and the girls 'feel lucky to be here', a parent tells us. SMS is a Church of England school: 60 per cent of pupils are C of E, but all faiths are welcomed. There are lectures from the likes of Sir Mervyn King. Only one PE lesson a week, but, says a pupil, 'if you're into sport, you can do loads.' After school, girls congregate in Starbucks for hot chocolate, or hoof around by the fountains in Regent's Park. CHERWELL SCHOOL (Oxford) PUPILS 1,875 boys and girls, aged 11-18 Cherwell used to be one of the great underachievers - surprising, given its Oxford catchment area and location, three streets north of the Dragon and three streets south of Summer Fields, smack in the heart of affluent, professional Summertown. But the school is now going great guns under head Paul James, who's been in situ since 2010 - he was assistant head at Magdalen College School during Andrew Halls' reign there (AH has since leapt on to be the fabulously successful head of King's College School, Wimbledon). Cherwell is a huge school across two sites, with ever-improving results (61 per cent A-B at A-level in 2013), and an Oxbridge haul of 15 pupils (seven per cent) that a lot of independents would kill for. Yasmin Le Bon is a former pupil. The soundbite here is 'a centre of opportunity'. 'Making and taking opportunities to learn and be successful is at the heart of what we do,' says Mr James. CRANBROOK SCHOOL (Kent) PUPILS 823 boys and girls, aged 13-18 (257 boarding) Kent is positively bursting with good grammar schools. Parents sing the praises of the Judd School, Tonbridge Grammar and St Olave's, but the Kent school that really stands out is Cranbrook, the only state-grammar co-ed day and boarding school in the country. The school's 'preferred area' runs to a 5.3-mile radius. Day pupils go free, of course; the 250 boarders pay about £11,000 a year - a snip when you look at the results (78 per cent A-B at A-level last year, with an impressive Oxbridge tally) and facilities. One former student is comedian Harry Hill. Sports are formidable: they field teams against independent and grammar schools across the South-East every week. As you'd expect, it's selective and oversubscribed, with three applicants for every place - but, hey, worth a shot? PETER SYMONDS SIXTH-FORM COLLEGE (Hampshire) PUPILS 3,680 boys and girls, aged 16-19 PS is a super-sized, super-popular, super-successful sixth-form college, which attracts applicants from many of the best independents for the breadth of A-level subjects it offers and its sensational Oxbridge record (48 last year). Previous students include Ben Ainslie and Alexa Chung. It's non-selective, and there's no catchment area, but first dibs on places goes to students who are local and/or attend PS's partner schools. Pupils come from all over Hampshire, Berkshire and Wiltshire - and it also happens to be the official sixth form of the Falkland Islands. An insider sums it up: 'A very respectable powerhouse.' An honourable mention to King's Winchester, which takes pupils up to the age of 16. BOURNE GRAMMAR (Lincolnshire) PUPILS 1,188 boys and girls, aged 11-18 Head Jonathan Maddox encourages his pupils to be competitive, not just academically but on the sports fields as well, and there's great emphasis on independent learning - 'they learn early on that they must be organised at all times,' we're told. Emphasis, too, on future job prospects: one wannabe barrister is a regular in the public gallery of Peterborough law courts. Bourne is very popular: for September 2014 entry, more than 460 pupils sat the 11-plus tests for 224 places. The catchment area has recently been widened because the school is expanding to meet parental demand. 'Children of air vice-marshals to farmers,' says a mother, 'rich or poor, it seems very happy and everyone seems to live in harmony, with no snobbery and very little bullying.' Educational nirvana. ROBERT MAY'S SCHOOL (Hampshire) PUPILS 1,200 boys and girls, aged 11-16 It's no coincidence that house prices are through the roof in the Odiham area - Robert May's' catchment area encompasses 'all the top villages', including Hampshire gems Upton Grey, Hartley Wintney and Long Sutton, which sound like figments of John Betjeman's imagination. Results are spot on (84 per cent A-C at GCSE in 2012) and the school boasts numerous county, regional and national representatives in sports, ranging from badminton to equestrianism. 'Without a doubt, the most outstanding secondary school in the Basingstoke area,' says one mother. 'It has the ethos of a private school, and people literally sell their kidneys to be in this catchment.' She exaggerates, we assume. DAME ALICE OWEN'S SCHOOL (Hertfordshire) PUPILS 1,451 boys and girls, aged 11-18 The golden ticket for Islington parents, with excellent facilities and a smart campus. The admissions procedure is mind-boggling. Siblings get priority, then 65 of the 200 places are allocated according to ability, determined by exam. In addition, 10 places are awarded for musical aptitude and a further 20 to children from Islington (where the school was founded). Then the catchment area kicks in. Academically, it's stellar - 30 Oxbridge places last year. It's very meritocratic - 'the message is if you work hard, you can achieve' - and a very kind place too. Music is pitch perfect. The school's recent 400th-anniversary concert was at the Royal Albert Hall. 'We don't do school concerts,' sniffed the Albert Hall; 'Neither do we,' said the school. SIR WILLIAM BORLASE'S GRAMMAR SCHOOL (Buckinghamshire) PUPILS 1,031 boys and girls, aged 11-18 Girls turn down places at Wycombe Abbey to go to Borlase's. 'You are swept up by the sense of pride the pupils have in their school,' says a parent. Head Dr Peter Holding has been at the helm since 1997 and teaches every child during their first year. Entry is selective: prospective pupils sit the Bucks County Council tests, with more than four applicants for every place at 11-plus - those living within the catchment area get priority. The academic results are exceptional - 83 per cent A-B at A-level last year - with particular strength in maths and the sciences. Sport is also outstanding: the hockey club was coached by members of the GB Olympic team and the rowing club compete internationally. There's also a brilliant equestrian team. Oh, and superlative performing arts too - a pupil is one of the current leads in the West End production of Billy Elliot. HILLS ROAD SIXTH- FORM COLLEGE (Cambridge) PUPILS 2,000 boys and girls, aged 16-19 Remember that Sutton Trust report a couple of years ago about the top five feeders to Oxbridge? Westminster, Eton, St Paul's, St Paul's Girls... and - shock horror - a state sixth-form college called Hills Road. One mum says that it's 'hard to find a bad state school in Cambridge', given its gene pool, but Hills Road is a very, very good one. The sheer size is quite daunting and pupils are expected to organise their own time and be self-motivated. 'Long hours, a LOT of homework, no hand-holding - and that sense of being a little fish in a big pond,' a former pupil tells us. The catchment area is large and there are some places for out-of-area applicants. Students can wear what they like. 'And they do,' says a mother. It's university in microcosm. WYMONDHAM COLLEGE (Norfolk) PUPILS 1,323 boys and girls, aged 11-18 (650 boarding) The largest state-maintained boarding school in the country and alma mater of MP Stephen Byers. 'Boarding makes the place,' says head Melvyn Roffe. It's nicely flexi and they've recently invested £6.5m on an extension to the sixth-form boarding house, so every Year 13 student has an ensuite bathroom. Great preparation for university - 'it feels like a small Oxbridge college,' says Mr Roffe. They achieved 62 per cent A-B at A-level last year, with most going to their first choice of university, impressive considering that there's no academic selection. There's no catchment area either - anyone with an EU passport can apply, so it's popular with expats and Forces families. COLYTON GRAMMAR SCHOOL (Devon) PUPILS 823 boys and girls, aged 11-18 Up a country lane in deepest Devon, Colyton was ranked top of all state and independent schools at Key Stage 4 by the Department for Education last year. Intense competition for places: pupils sit a three-part 11-plus entrance exam, with more than 500 applicants for 120 places. Pupils take GCSEs a year early, and then spend three years on four A-levels, as well as general studies, critical studies and the Extended Project Qualification. A place here is the equivalent of winning the lottery. GILLINGHAM SCHOOL (Dorset) PUPILS 1,779 boys and girls, aged 11-18 Gillingham has orchards and lots of wide open spaces for pupils to let off steam. There's no entrance exam, so students are a mixed-ability, mixed-background bunch. 'There's a healthy, positive feel about the school,' says one staff member, 'and it's an excellent preparation for the real world.' Sixth-formers are treated like adults - 'they experience the challenges that arise from a big, mixed school,' says a mother. There's a huge range of extracurricular activities and lunchtime clubs, and stacks of trips (Barcelona, Belgium, skiing). Great sporting prowess too ('Less good for the girls,' whispers one pupil): the under-17 cricket team were national champions in 2012, beating schools like Dulwich College. BISHOP WORDSWORTH'S SCHOOL (Wiltshire) PUPILS 915 boys, aged 11-18 'So smart it's almost like a public school,' says a mother. Bishop Wordsworth's is Salisbury's hot ticket for boys; girls head to South Wilts Grammar. Anyone within a reasonable travelling area can apply for one of the 120 places; around 300 sit the 11-plus and places are allocated according to whether boys live in the designated area (65 per cent do), whether they are from a Forces family and whether they have a brother at the school. 'Boys achieve fantastic things year in, year out,' says head Stuart Smallwood - 74 per cent A-B at A-level last year. Ralph Fiennes is an alumnus. There is a choice of 32 A-level subjects (shared teaching with South Wilts girls for some). The standard of rugby is sky-high, and they're Sherborne's biggest rivals on the pitches. ST JOHN'S MARLBOROUGH (Wiltshire) PUPILS 1,700 boys and girls, aged 11-18 The joke around Marlborough is that St John's is now so smart it's changing the pronunciation of its name to 'Sinjuns' to reflect its newly posh identity. Head Dr Patrick Hazlewood has spruced things up: the school moved to a new campus with state-of-the-art facilities in 2009. It's not selective, and (naturally) it's oversubscribed - the strict admissions policy boils down to straight-line distance between a pupil's home and the school. St John's has a great working relationship with Marlborough College, which calls it 'an excellent day school'. ERMYSTED'S GRAMMAR SCHOOL (North Yorkshire) PUPILS 809 boys, aged 11-18 Boys come to Ermysted's from a wide range of backgrounds - 'Dales farming families to City stockbrokers to factory workers,' says a mother, 'It is a true meritocracy and very competitive.' It's a selective grammar school: boys sit the 11-plus in September for the 112 places available - the top 28 per cent get in, with priority going to those in the school's catchment area. The academic results are excellent (72 per cent A*-B at A-level in 2013); it's first-rate on sports, especially rugby and cross country. There's a wealth of clubs and extracurricular activities and the boys get together with Skipton Girls' High for drama. We also hear terrific things about Ripon Grammar, a similarly outstanding state grammar which offers some boarding. NORTH BERWICK HIGH SCHOOL (East Lothian) PUPILS 953 boys and girls, aged 12-18 James Gillespie's and Broughton have strong reputations, but North Berwick High, in 'terribly posh' East Lothian, is one of the best performing schools in Scotland. It has a great academic record and tip-top sport - they play many of the local independents, have established links with local clubs and in 2011 a pupil won a basketball scholarship to America. Professional golfer Catriona Matthew is a former pupil. The music department is well respected and drama is popular. Parents speak highly of the pastoral care. 'An impressive school well served by a good catchment area,' says the head of a leading Scottish prep. Can't say fairer than that. HAVE YOU SEEN?	i don't know
What sort of creature is a turnstone?	Turnstone – What's Wild in Cornwall Rolling waves, baffling birds and a surfing seal…an afternoon at Polly Joke Just five miles from Newquay. Enjoyed by surfers and dog walkers and those wanting an uncrowded beach walk. Worth a visit. No toilets or cafe. That’s the kind of information you get if you do an internet search for Polly Joke. To say that this is underestimating the call and stark beauty of this small Cornish beach is itself an understatement. I visited a couple of weeks ago with two good friends, one of whom had been visiting the beach since a child, and the other for many years, whereas for me it was my first time. And yet for each of us there were new things to find, fresh wonders to experience, a sense of apartness from the stresses of everyday life. Land around Polly Joke (Photo credit: NickDeluxe) We parked in the small National Trust car park nearby (turn off the road at the sign for Treago Farm), or you can park at West Pentire, a mile away. The National Trust owns the land around the bay, Cubert Common, which definitely sounds worth a ‘spring flower’ explore. But for now, on a brisk early-year day, you should go through the gate and head down the river valley towards the beach. Polly Joke is derived from Porth Joke. A Google search turns up that ‘Joke’ either means ‘chough’ or, and perhaps more likely, that the name comes from the old Cornish words for Jackdaw Cove – Pol-Lejouack. We didn’t see either of these corvids – choughs (not likely!) or jackdaws (more possible) – but we saw plenty else. You do in fact have to look hard. Isn’t it amazing how many creatures have adapted to merge into the background as much as possible. You have to be pretty alert and able to look beyond the “obvious” to see what is really lying there before your eyes. Literally lying there, in the case of one immature seal. Or rock. Until it hmmphed and lifted its back flippers to us. Definitely a seal. Seal masquerading as a rock (Photo credit: Amanda Scott) We also had to work hard to spot this bird hacking away at mussels on a rock. None of us being experienced birders, we only sorted later that it was a Turnstone. Can you spot it? Turnstone attacking mussels (photo credit: Amanda Scott) And what about the surfing seal of the title of this post? Ecological ‘received wisdom’ is that animals do nothing energetic that isn’t focussed on survival gain. And yet we do find animals doing things for no obvious reason. For quite a while we watched an adult seal surfing, seeking out the decent waves, riding them into shore, and then repeating the show over and over again. One of us had in fact been there the day before, surfing alongside (probably) the same seal. It was hard to believe the seal was doing this for any reason other than sheer delighted fun. Kestrel: Polly Joke (photo credit: Amanda Scott) We ourselves had a bit of fun with a kestrel, that swooped over our heads and then hid itself in the cliff side. Poised with cameras, we waited for it to take off again, dreaming of an amazing in-flight shot. Not to be! It took off before we were ready, but we still enjoyed the drama and grace as it soared away. Here’s a rather fuzzy shot of it watching us from the cliffs. Cave at Polly Joke (photo credit: Amanda Scott) The beach itself is sandy, full of shells and small stones. Caves beckon, and ripples in the sand lead you on towards the northern Cornish sea. I studied geology a few years ago, and one of the things I loved best was to find evidence of old beaches in the geological record – shell lines in rock faces, ripples preserved in rocks, cross-bedding reflecting the ebb and flow of tides. Here at Polly Joke those sand ripples are here and now – no different in form from those we can examine in rocks from millennia ago. We cannot escape our connection with the past – we are part of it, and it has structured our very being. Do not ever think we are separate from nature. It was then, it is now, and it is our future. We are as much a part of it as is the seal, the turnstone, the kestrel, the sea and the sand. At Polly Joke, or Porth Joke, the Bay of the Jackdaw, or wherever, we are called to remember that. Share this:	Bird (disambiguation)
G.G.R. is which 1992 Al Pacino and Jack Lemmon drama film?	Shore Birds Globe Trotters of the Bird World General Information Some 214 species of shorebirds comb the beaches, mudflats, marshes, and plains of the world. These birds are truly the globe trotters of the world, with migratory flights that span continents, hemispheres and the vast oceans of the world with feats of timely precision that mankind can only dream of. So what is a shore bird? And why are they among the most popular and interesting of birds? First, shorebirds are small to medium size waders characterized by slender, probing bills and longish legs. They include the sandpipers, plovers, jacanids, snipes, curlews, lapwings, godwits, ruffs, dowitchers, avocets, thick-knees, coursers and stilts. Second, they are some of the world�s most amazing migrants, making round trip journeys from the high arctic to southern South America, Australia, Africa and widely scattered islands of the Pacific, frequently to the same sites year after year. Third, they frequent wetlands and marshes, habitats that are rapidly disappearing, so they are biological indicators of the state of the world�s health. Fourth, many species are poorly known. Field identification is tremendously challenging, and Fifth, each species demonstrates an exquisite example of resource partitioning, or ecological nichemanship. The species that appear below illustrate the range of size, color and preferred habitats of these birds. The Purple Sandpiper summers in Arctic regions of Canada, Europe and Asia. Their winter range is restricted by their finicky preference for rocky coasts, thus remarkably illustrating the ecological concept of nichemanship. Population numbers have no doubt benefited by the building of rocky jetties along sandy beaches. Figure 1 - Purple Sandpipers (Calidris maritima) Figure 2 - Purple Sandpipers feeding These sure footed birds walk about on slippery, wave splashed rocks probing for crustaceans, mollusks, amphipods, insects, fly larvae, and algae. Along the Atlantic coast, these birds winter farther north than any other shorebird. Notice how their dark plumage blends well with their rocky environment. Purple Sandpipers are rarely seen on sandy beaches unless rocky habitat is close by. The Sanderling prefers open sandy beaches, and is a worldwide, cosmopolitan globe trotter. These birds breed in high Arctic regions, migrate south along the coasts and interior regions of continents to southern South America, the Mediterranean, Burma, China, South Africa, and Australia. Their white plumage stands out against the rocky environment compared to the Purple Sandpipers, but on the beach, they are perfectly adapted to blend in. Figure 3 - Sanderlings (Calidris alba) Figure 4 - Sanderlings The Sanderling, as if the opposite of the Purple Sandpiper, prefers to feed on the shifting sands at the water�s edge. The move incessantly along a beach, running to and fro along the water�s edge while deftly staying just ahead of the advance and retreat of the waves. They probe the beaches of the world for flies, insect larvae, small crustaceans, small crabs, shrimps, mollusks, marine worms, and for meiofauna, the many creatures that are especially adapted to live in the microspaces between the grains of sand. On the beach, their white color blends well with their preferred sandy environment. The Pacific Golden Plover breeds in the high Arctic on Siberian and Alaskan coasts. The Alaskan breeders, using precise navigation, make a direct flight from Alaska to Hawaii across 2,700 miles of open Pacific to return to the same winter territory each winter. It is one of the most abundant winter visitors to the Hawaiian Islands. It is commonly found on lawns, mudflats, and grassy slopes. Siberian breeders winter along the coasts of Australia, Asia, New Zealand and Islands of the West and Central Pacific. Figure 5 - Pacific Golden Plover (Pluvialis fulva) Figure 6 - Black-necked (Hawaiian) Stilt Stilts are easily identified by their slender body, thin pointed bill, black and white plumage and extremely long legs. They are found worldwide in tropical and subtropical wetlands, where they feed on fish, worms, aquatic insects and crabs. Those that breed in Eurasia and North America are migratory. The American Oystercatcher is one of eleven species of oystercatchers that occur worldwide. As a group, these birds are sedentary and strictly coastal, except for the Eurasian Oystercatcher, which is more migratory and breeds well inland in Eurasia. Figure 7 - American Oystercatcher Figure 8 - Loafing Oystercatchers The oystercatchers prefer to dine on oysters, clams, mussels, marine worms, sea urchins, crabs and other forms of marine life. The bill is laterally compressed and shaped like a double edged knife. It is used to pry shellfish and limpets from rocks. The chisel like tip of the bill is deftly inserted between the two shells of an oyster or bivalve to snip the abductor muscle that holds the valves closed. This is a skill that may take a young oystercatcher up to a year to learn from its parents, so parental care is well illustrated in the oystercatchers. The Bristle-thighed Curlew, seen in this long telephoto view, breeds on the barren tundra of Alaska�s mountains. Late in the summer, they make an incredible oceanic journey to winter on Polynesian Islands extending from the Caroline Islands to Fiji, East Polynesia and east to Pitcairn Island. They often stop to rest and refresh in Hawaii, where this individual was photographed. This migratory flight across thousands of miles of trackless Pacific requires precise navigational abilities. Failure to hit their island target would certainly prove fatal. Figure 9 - Bristle-thighed Curlew (Numenius tahitiensis) Figure 10 - Wandering Tattler (Heteroscelus incanus) The Wandering Tattler is a solitary shorebird that breeds along mountain streams in Alaska. It also performs a remarkably precise oceanic migration that takes it to remote Pacific Islands, and as far away as the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. Some individuals also winter along the west coast of Mexico and the southwestern coast of the US. The Wilson�s Phalarope is the most terrestrial of the three species of Phalaropes that occur worldwide. The Wilson�s occurs only in the Americas. It breeds in shallow wetlands that occur in the prairies of North America, and winters in freshwater ponds in Argentina and other parts of South America. Studies show that migrating individuals of this species will stop at the same shallow ponds and flooded fields year after year, demonstrating the importance of conserving even the most menial of wetland areas. Figure 11 - Wilson�s Phalarope (Phalaropus tricolor) Figure 12 - Ruddy Turnstones (Arenaria interpres) The colorful Ruddy Turnstone, one of two species of turnstones, occurs on coastal areas around the world. It breeds along the high Arctic coasts of Canada, Alaska, Siberia, Europe and Greenland, and winters along the coasts of the southern USA, South America, Africa, Asia, Australia, Indonesia and islands of the Pacific. The Black Turnstone occurs only along the west cost of North America. These birds use their strong bill and neck to flip over rocks and seaweed to uncover small crustaceans and insects. They travel and feed in flocks up to several hundred individuals, and cross vast continental and oceanic areas when migrating. The Northern Jacana is strictly a fresh water shorebird found in Central America and parts of the Caribbean where mats of floating vegetation occur. This species, and several other species of shorebirds, practice an unusual breeding behavior. The female engages in polyandry (have one to four male mates), and will lay a clutch of eggs for each male. The males then incubate the eggs by sitting on their wings with two eggs held between each wing and their breast. Figure 13 - Northern Jacana (Jacana spinosa) Figure 14 - Northern Jacana These birds have a lovely wing pattern, and often display it by holding the wings aloft for a moment after landing. These birds are also well adapted for life on floating vegetation. Notice the length of the toes on the young bird at the top of this picture. The long toes distribute the weight of the bird across a large area enabling the bird to walk on floating vegetation without falling through. Figure 15 - Northern Jacana Foot Figure 16 - Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) The survival of many species of shorebirds is in doubt. One good example from North America is the Piping Plover. This bird nests on open, sandy beaches of the east coast, the Great Lakes, and inland lakeshores. This brings them into direct conflict with man�s summer vacation activities. Many nests fail because of disturbance and destruction. It is estimated that less than 20 breeding pairs remain in the Great Lakes area. Ecological Nichemanship Shorebirds provide wonderful examples of ecological nichemanship. As you have noticed, the bills of different species of shorebirds are highly variable. Some are short and stout, some are long and straight, and some are extremely long, narrow and curved. These variations enable each species to exploit specific food sources unavailable to other birds. Long, thin, curved bills allow a species to probe deep into mudflats to reach burrowing organisms such as marine worms. Straight, stout bills allow other species to exploit more difficult food items like crabs, clams and oysters. Short, stout bills are adapted to feed on organisms that occur in shallow sandy or muddy areas, to probe for more shallow organisms, or to flip over rocks and debris to find food. There is a Spoon-billed Sandpiper that feeds by sweeping its spoon shaped bill from side to side in water to sweep up food items. There is also a Wry-billed Plover, one of the few bird species with a bill curved to one side. This unique bill is perfectly designed to catch mayfly larvae and fish eggs that cling to the underside of stones in streams. Conservation As of this writing (September 2001), the debate to drill or not to drill in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is raging. At least 22 species of shorebirds breed in or near this refuge. Some species have very restricted breeding ranges. What will be the impact of drilling on the nesting success of these birds? Nearly 60% of the wetlands that existed in the USA during presettlement times have disappeared. In some areas, more than 90% of original wetlands have been destroyed. This trend occurs worldwide as man continues to encroach into new areas. Those patches of wetlands that remain are fragmented and suffer from varying degrees of disturbance and pollution. Development and disturbance along our beaches has a tremendous negative impact on the nesting success of many species of shorebirds and other water birds. All of this adds up to a tragic testimony of man�s ignorance and disregard for his environment and the creatures such as shorebirds and other wildlife that depend on them to breed, winter, and stop and rest on long migratory journeys.	i don't know
Of which party, a mix of Arab nationalism and socialism, was Saddam Hussein a member?	Saddam Hussein News \| Photos \| Quotes \| Video \| Wiki - UPI.com Saddam Hussein News Next Wiki Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabic: صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي Ṣaddām Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Maǧīd al-Tikrītī; 28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was the fifth President of Iraq, serving in this capacity from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003. A leading member of the revolutionary Ba'ath Party, which espoused a mix of Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, Saddam played a key role in the 1968 coup that brought the party to long-term power. As vice president under the ailing General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, and at a time when many groups were considered capable of overthrowing the government, Saddam created security forces through which he tightly controlled conflict between the government and the armed forces. In the early 1970s, Saddam nationalized oil and other industries. The state-owned banks were put under his control, leaving the system eventually insolvent. Through the 1970s, Saddam cemented his authority over the apparatuses of government as oil money helped Iraq's economy to grow at a rapid pace. Positions of power in the country were filled with Sunnis, a minority that made up only a fifth of the population. Saddam suppressed several movements, particularly Shi'a and Kurdish movements seeking to overthrow the government or gain independence, respectively. Saddam maintained power during the Iran–Iraq War of 1980 through 1988. In 1990 he invaded and looted Kuwait. An international coalition came to free Kuwait in the Gulf War of 1991, but did not end Saddam's rule. Whereas some venerated him for his aggressive stance against Israel, including firing missiles at Israeli targets, he was widely condemned for the brutality of his dictatorship. This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License . It uses material from the Wikipedia article " Saddam Hussein ." Quotes	Ba'ath Party
In what year did the Suez Crisis, also known as the Tripartite Aggression, take place?	Saddam Hussein Rankings & Opinions 30 lists Saddam Hussein Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti was the fifth President of Iraq, serving in this capacity from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003. A leading member of the revolutionary Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and later, the Baghdad-based Ba'ath Party and its regional organization Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region—which espoused ba'athism, a mix of Arab nationalism and Arab socialism—Saddam played a key role in the 1968 coup that brought the party to power in Iraq. As vice preside...	i don't know
In 1954, what was the last item to be no longer rationed in Britain?	BBC ON THIS DAY \| 4 \| 1954: Housewives celebrate end of rationing About This Site \| Text Only 1954: Housewives celebrate end of rationing Fourteen years of food rationing in Britain ended at midnight when restrictions on the sale and purchase of meat and bacon were lifted. Members of the London Housewives' Association held a special ceremony in London's Trafalgar Square to mark Derationing Day. The Minister of Fuel and Power, Geoffrey Lloyd, burned a large replica of a ration book at an open meeting in his constituency. But the Minister of Food, Major Gwilym Lloyd-George, told a meeting at Bebington in Cheshire he would keep his as a souvenir and praised all those traders and organisations that had co-operated with the rationing system. For the first time since the war began in 1939 London's Smithfield Market opened at midnight instead of 0600 and meat sellers were doing a roaring trade. High prices Although the final step in dismantling the whole wartime system of food distribution comes into effect, it's not all good news. Butchers are predicting meat prices will soar for the next couple of weeks until the effect of supply and demand cools the situation down. In February the Ministry of Food stopped controlling the sale of pork and announced it would end all food rationing this summer. Food rationing began on 8 January 1940, four months after the outbreak of war. Limits were imposed on the sale of bacon, butter and sugar. Then on 11 March 1940 all meat was rationed. Clothes coupons were introduced and a black market soon developed while queueing outside shops and bartering for extra food became a way of life. There were allowances made for pregnant women who used special green ration books to get extra food rations, and breastfeeding mothers had extra milk. Restrictions were gradually lifted three years after war had ended, starting with flour on 25 July 1948, followed by clothes on 15 March 1949. On 19 May 1950 rationing ended for canned and dried fruit, chocolate biscuits, treacle, syrup, jellies and mincemeat. Petrol rationing, imposed in 1939, ended in May 1950 followed by soap in September 1950. Three years later sales of sugar were off ration and last May butter rationing ended.	M.E.A.T.
The test of the UK’s first atomic device in October 1952 was known as Operation what?	BBC - Primary History - World War 2 - Food and shopping Food and shopping Grow your own food Wartime shopping There were no supermarkets. You went to different shops for different items. For fruit and vegetables, you went to the greengrocer. For meat, to the butcher. For fish, to the fishmonger. For bread and cakes, to the baker. For groceries such as jam, tea, biscuits and cheese you went to the grocer. Other shops sold clothes, shoes, medicines, newspapers and all the other things people needed to buy. In most shops, the shopkeeper or shop assistants served customers from behind a counter. Many shops were small family businesses. Most big towns had department stores . Back to top Rationing Food rationing began in 1940. This meant each person could buy only a fixed amount of certain foods each week. Much of Britain's food came from other countries in ships. Enemy submarines sank so many ships that there was a shortage of some foods. Rationing made sure everyone got a fair share. You had to hand over coupons from your ration book, as well as money, when you went shopping. When you had used up your ration of one food (say, cheese or meat), you could not buy any more that week. Vegetarians could swap meat coupons for other foods. Back to top What could people buy? People had to register with local shops to use their ration books. Often long queues formed as soon as people heard that shops had more supplies. The first foods rationed were bacon, sugar, tea, butter and meat. Lots more foods were rationed later, including sweets! One egg a week was the ration in 1941. There were no bananas, so younger children did not see their first banana until the war ended. Clothes were rationed too, so clothing factories could switch to war work. Paper, petrol and other things, such as soap (one bar a month) and washing powder, were also rationed. Back to top What foods would we have missed? Frozen pizza, chicken nuggets, burgers and chips perhaps. Remember, there were no home freezers! Potatoes were not rationed, so you could make your own chips - if you could find some oil or fat to cook them in. In summer, people were asked to eat more salads, to save cooking fuel. With eggs rationed, people tried dried egg powder. One packet was equal to 12 fresh eggs. Dried egg made good scrambled eggs, but it was bad luck if you only liked eggs fried or boiled. Unfamiliar foods appeared too, such as Spam (tinned meat) from America, and snoek, a fish from South Africa. Back to top Grow your own food Many people grew vegetables at home or on allotments . Children helped 'Dig for Victory' by digging, planting and weeding. Some children worked on farms picking potatoes and fruit. Some families kept chickens, ducks and rabbits (to eat). People started 'Pig Clubs', collecting food leftovers in pig bins to feed the pigs. There were plenty of potatoes and carrots, and lots of suggestions for new ways to cook them! 'Potato Pete' and 'Doctor Carrot' advertised these foods, to encourage people to eat more of them.	i don't know
What is the name of Raj’s Yorkshire Terrier in ‘The Big Bang Theory’?	Cinnamon \| The Big Bang Theory Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia S10 Cinnamon is Raj 's dog, a Yorkshire Terrier given to him by Howard and Bernadette in " The Transporter Malfunction " (S05E20) after his failed date with Lakshmi , so that he could get through his loneliness without having a girlfriend . Raj shamelessly pampers her, cooking her elaborate meals and taking her for walks in a pet stroller, which prompted Howard to remark to her that he "has a crazy mother , too." Cinnamon as an infant, upon meeting Raj . Cinnamon's first appearance was when Bernadette pulls her out of her purse to give to Raj. Her fur is shorter and she is smaller being only probably a few months old. He immediately coos and hugs the pup, calling her the "cutest little Yorkie ever". He at first assumes she is a he, but Bernadette and Howard correct him saying the two of them would hit it off. Raj thanks them and then tells the pup they'll go see if she'll fit in his man purse. This remark causes Bernadette to mutter to Howard "Metrosexual, my ass." In " The Tangible Affection Proof " (S06E16), Raj told Stuart that he was planning to spend the day with his "special lady," except that she got worms and was at the vet . Lucy , Raj's neurotic not-quite-yet girlfriend, met Cinnamon in " The Closure Alternative " (S06E21) and thought that she was really cute, despite Raj's claim (as he was trying at the time to convince her how "manly" he was) that she would "rip her face off with the right command." Cinnamon also appears at the beginning of the episode when Howard installs a camera at Raj's. Raj talking to his dog. In " The Proton Resurgence " (S06E22), Howard and Bernadette looked after Cinnamon while Raj worked a long weekend in the telescope lab, but they accidentally lost her during a trip to the park. When she was found and returned to him, Raj berated a worried-to-death Howard and Bernadette over Skype for losing her, only to have Bernadette berate him when he revealed that he didn't call them right away to let them know that Cinnamon was safe and sound. In the beginning of the episode, Raj asks Howard to watch over Cinnamon while he is working in a telescope lab. Howard asks why not put her in a kennel and he gets defensive asking why Howard doesn't put his mother in a home. Howard claims his mother would be better in a kennel. Cinnamon with her daddy (Raj) and her uncle (Howard) Cinnamon appearing out of the baby stroller. Raj comes in with a pink baby stroller and reveals his precious pup to "Uncle Howard". (There are oohs and awws from the audience at her reveal.) He says that Cinnamon is having a sleepover party with her "Uncle Howard" and "Aunt Bernadette". Howard makes a stale comment that Cinnamon would be adorable until Raj had a stroke she'd eat him. This comment does not phase Raj as he claims he would be happy to be her "nom-noms". Raj hands a backpack to Howard lists all the things Howard will need to care for Cinnamon. In terms of feeding, she'll eat fancy veal or scampi for dinner and egg fritta with choice of homefires or English muffins for breakfast, but not both because both of of them are "watching their weight". Howard calls her a "classy dog". Raj then tells him not to leave the lid on the toilet seat up as she will drink out of it, proving that Cinnamon is still a dog no matter how much she is pampered. Howard says he feels for saying that he's got a "psychotic mommy too". (Notice that Cinnamon is wearing a pink collar and a barette in her fur). Howard and Bernadette take the pup to the park and come back with her pink stroller. Bernadette comments on Howard's throwing abilities and claims he was being considerate in making sure Cinnamon didn't wear out her legs. Bernadette also comments on how the three of them made her feel like a family. This thought brightens Howard's hopes of one day having a family, especially if they are as quiet as Cinnamon. Howard lifts the hood of the stroller to reveal that she is gone. Panic ensues between the couple as they blame each other for not watching over her and Bernadette says that Howard throws like a girl. Howard and Bernadette go back to the park in search of the lost pup. They call out for her, but get no response. Bernadette suggests that she can't understand their calls because of Raj's accent. Each tries to imitate her master, but still get no response. Her master gets a call from someone saying that he found her in the park. Raj picks her up and takes the shaken pup for massages. (The question is if Cinnamon was really shaking in fear or that was her natural state of movement.) Raj gets in touch with Howard and Bernadette as Howard was printing out "lost dog" posters with Googled images of "foo-foo little dogs". Howard claims that Bernadette took Cinnamon for a walk until Raj calls him a liar and reveals the pup on webcam. Cinnamon re-appears in Season 7 in " The Discovery Dissipation " (S07E10) when Raj is staying with Howard and Bernadette. She and her master are in need of a home as their apartment is being renovated and there is no hotel that will take pets. Seen in her stroller at the beginning of the episode with Raj is bringing in lattes and a hot chocolate for his hosts she vanishes from shot until Raj lifts her up and allows her to lick his face. Howard comments on how she uses her tongue to clean her butt. Raj tells him that's why he brushes her teeth because the other half of her tongue time is licking Raj's face. Visiting Leonard and Penny. She appears at the end when Raj has been kicked out of Howard and Bernadette's apartment for being the ideal house guest and causing the couple to fight. She is seen moving around in her carrier as Leonard and Penny make up the couch for Raj. Raj claims he left her toothbrush at Howard and Bernadette's and says she'll be sharing with "daddy". Disgusted, Penny tells her to bark once if she wants Penny to call the PETA when Sheldon and Amy walk in. Sheldon immediately freaks out and Leonard tries to re-assure Sheldon that she's in her carrier and can't get out. Sheldon immediately compares the cute little dog to Jurassic Park 's dinosaurs and how if they escaped so could she. What happens to her after Raj gives Sheldon and Amy relationship advice, is unknown of whether they were kicked out or they stayed. Cinnamon visits the pretty vet. Cinnamon comes back into the series in " The Locomotive Manipulation " (S07E15) as Raj drops her off with Leonard and Penny while he is in the telescope lab again. His first choice was probably Bernadette and Howard, but they were on a train trip with Sheldon and Amy. Cinnamon eats Leonard's Valentine's chocolates (which is toxic to dogs) and ends up at the vet. Raj is very upset at Penny and Leonard, but his devotion to his dog touches the vet ( Yvette ) who slips her phone number into her instructions. Upon discovering the phone number, Raj jokingly quips that he would've poisoned Cinnamon years ago "If [he] knew it was that easy". Howard would later create a game named Emily or Cinnamon as a joke on Raj, where participants would guess whether a quote by Raj was to his girlfriend or his dog. Cinnamon can be seen sleeping in Raj's bed in " The Cohabitation Experimentation " while Howard and Bernadette keep calling him since he knows the sex of their unborn baby. Trivia Every time Raj has left Cinnamon with someone else, disaster usually occurs. Howard and Bernadette accidentally lost her at the park, and she was almost poisoned when she ate chocolate while Leonard and Penny had sex. To this date, the only couple who hasn't looked after Cinnamon for Raj is Sheldon and Amy , leaving it unclear as to what would happen then.	Cinnamon
Played by Idris Elba, what is the first name of tv’s DCI Luther?	The Big Bang Theory \| Warner Bros. Entertainment Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia The Big Bang Theory 18–24 minutes (without commercials) Production company(s) September 24, 2007 (2007-09-24) – present External links [Source] The Big Bang Theory is an American sitcom created by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady , both of whom serve as executive producers on the show along with Steven Molaro . All three also serve as head writers. It premiered on CBS on September 24, 2007. The show is primarily centered on five characters living in Pasadena, California : roommates Leonard Hofstadter and Sheldon Cooper , both physicists; Penny , a waitress and aspiring actress who later becomes a pharmaceutical representative, who lives across the hall; and Leonard and Sheldon's equally geeky and socially awkward friends and co-workers, aerospace engineer Howard Wolowitz and astrophysicist Rajesh Koothrappali . The geekiness and intellect of the four guys is contrasted for comic effect with Penny's social skills and common sense. Over time, supporting characters have been promoted to starring roles: Leslie Winkle , a physicist colleague at California Institute of Technology and a former lover to each of Leonard and Howard; Bernadette Rostenkowski-Wolowitz , Howard's girlfriend (later his wife), a microbiologist and former part-time waitress alongside Penny; neuroscientist Amy Farrah Fowler , who joins the group after being matched to Sheldon on a dating website (and later becomes Sheldon's girlfriend); and Stuart Bloom , the cash-strapped owner of the comic book store the characters often visit. Contents Edit The show's initial pilot, developed for the 2006–07 television season, was substantially different from its current form. The only characters from the initial pilot that were kept for the reshot pilot for the series were Leonard and Sheldon (portrayed by Johnny Galecki and Jim Parsons , respectively, and named after Sheldon Leonard). Althea (Vernee Watson), a character featured in the first episode, was also featured in the initial pilot and brought to the reshot pilot. The cast was rounded off by two female leads: Canadian actress Amanda Walsh as Katie, "a street-hardened, tough-as-nails, woman with a vulnerable interior" who the boys meet after she breaks up with her boyfriend and invite to live in their apartment (Katie was replaced by Penny, portrayed by Kaley Cuoco, in the second pilot); and Iris Bahr as Gilda, a scientist colleague and friend of the boys who was threatened by Katie's presence. The initial pilot used Thomas Dolby's hit "She Blinded Me with Science" as theme music. The series was not picked up, but the creators were given an opportunity to retool the show and produce a second pilot. They brought in the remaining cast and retooled the show to its final format. The original unaired pilot has never been officially released, but it has circulated on the Internet. On the evolution of the show, Chuck Lorre said, "We did the 'Big Bang Pilot' about two and a half years ago, and it sucked... but there were two remarkable things that worked perfectly, and that was Johnny and Jim. We rewrote the thing entirely, and then we were blessed with Kaley and Simon and Kunal." As to whether the world will ever see that original pilot, maybe on a future DVD release, Lorre said, "Wow, that would be something, we will see. Show your failures..." The first and second pilots of The Big Bang Theory were directed by James Burrows , who did not continue with the show. The reworked second pilot led to a 13-episode order by CBS on May 14, 2007. Prior to its airing on CBS, the pilot episode was distributed on iTunes free of charge. The show premiered September 24, 2007, and was picked up for a full 22-episode season on October 19, 2007. The show is filmed in front of a live audience, and is produced by Warner Bros. Television and Chuck Lorre Productions . Production was halted on November 6, 2007, due to the Writers Guild of America strike. Nearly 3 months later, on February 4, 2008, the series was temporarily replaced by a short-lived sitcom, Welcome to the Captain. The series returned on March 17, 2008 in an earlier time slot and ultimately only 17 episodes were produced for the first season. After the strike ended, the show was picked up for a second season airing in the, premiering in the same time slot on September 22, 2008. With increasing ratings, the show received a two-year renewal through the 2010–11 season in 2009. In 2011, the show was picked up for three more seasons. In March 2014, the show was renewed again for three more years through the 2016–17 season. This marks the second time the series has gained a three-year renewal. David Saltzberg, a professor of physics and astronomy at the University of California, Los Angeles, checks scripts and provides dialogue, mathematics equations, and diagrams used as props. According to executive producer/co-creator Bill Prady, "We're working on giving Sheldon an actual problem that he's going to be working on throughout the first season so there's actual progress to the boards ... We worked hard to get all the science right." Several of the actors in The Big Bang Theory previously worked together on Roseanne including Johnny Galecki, Sara Gilbert, and Laurie Metcalf (who plays Sheldon's mother, Mary Cooper). Additionally, Lorre was a writer on the series for several seasons. Theme song Edit The Canadian alternative rock band Barenaked Ladies wrote and recorded the show's theme song, which describes the history and formation of the universe and the Earth. Ed Robertson, lead singer and guitarist in the band, was asked by Lorre and Prady to write a theme song for the show after the producers attended one of the band's concerts in Los Angeles. By coincidence, Robertson had recently read Simon Singh's book Big Bang, and at the concert, he improvised a freestyle rap about the origins of the universe. Lorre and Prady phoned Robertson shortly thereafter and asked him to write the theme song. Having been asked to write songs for other films and shows only to have them rejected in favor of other artists' songs, Robertson agreed to write the theme only after learning that Lorre and Prady had not asked anyone else. On October 9, 2007, a full-length (1 minute and 45 seconds) version of the song was released commercially. Although some sources identify the song title as "History of Everything", the cover art for the single identifies the title as Big Bang Theory Theme. A music video was also released via special features on The Complete Fourth Season DVD and Blu-ray set. The theme was included on the band's greatest hits album, Hits from Yesterday & the Day Before, which was released on September 27, 2011. Actors' salaries Edit For the first three seasons, Galecki, Parsons, and Cuoco, the three main stars of the show, received at most $60,000 per episode. The salary for the three went up to $200,000 per episode for the fourth season. Their per-episode pay went up an additional $50,000 in each of the following three seasons, culminating in $350,000 per episode in the seventh season. By season seven, the three were also receiving 0.25 point of the series' backend money. Before production began on the eighth season, the five main stars looked to renegotiate new contracts, with Galecki, Parsons, and Cuoco seeking around $1 million per episode, as well as more backend money. Contracts were signed at the beginning of August 2014, giving the three principal actors an estimated $1 million per episode for three years, with the possibility to extend for a fourth year. The deals also include larger pieces of the show, signing bonuses, production deals and advances towards the back-end. In September 2013, Bialik and Rauch renegotiated the contracts they held since they were introduced to the series in 2010. On their old contracts, each was making $20,000–$30,000 per episode, while the new contracts doubled that, beginning at $60,000 per episode, increasing steadily to $100,000 per episode by the end of the contract, as well as adding another year for both. In August 2014, Helberg and Nayyar renegotiated their contracts, giving them a per-episode pay in the "mid six-figure range", up from around $100,000 per episode they each received in years prior. The duo, who were looking to have salary parity with Parsons, Galecki and Cuoco, signed their contracts after the studio and producers threatened to write the characters out of the series if a deal could not be reached before the start of production on season 8. Main cast Edit These actors are credited in all episodes of the series: Johnny Galecki as Leonard Hofstadter , PhD – An experimental physicist with an IQ of 173, he received his PhD when he was 24 years old. His mother, Dr. Beverly Hofstadter (Christine Baranski), is a neuroscientist and psychiatrist who provided little, if any, nurturing when Leonard was growing up. Like all of the other major male characters, he is a nerd who loves video games, comic books and Dungeons & Dragons. The straight man of the series, he shares an apartment in Pasadena with colleague and friend Sheldon Cooper. Leonard is smitten with his neighbour Penny when they first meet. They briefly date at the end of season 1 and the start of season 2 and in season 3, they begin an on-again, off-again romantic relationship. Leonard also briefly dates Leslie and Dr. Stephanie Barnett (Sara Rue) in season 2, and in season 4, he becomes seriously involved with Raj's sister Priya (Aarti Mann), a successful lawyer, but she eventually returns to India and they break up in season 5 when she admits to cheating on him. In season 5, he and Penny get back together, and at the end of season 7, he proposes (not for the first time) and she accepts. Jim Parsons as Sheldon Cooper , \|M.A., PhD – Originally from Galveston, Texas, he was a child prodigy with an eidetic memory who began college at the age of 11 (after completing the fifth grade), started graduate studies at 14, and earned a PhD at 16. A theoretical physicist researching quantum mechanics and string theory, he has two master's degrees, a PhD and a Sc.D. However, despite his IQ of 187, he finds many routine aspects of social situations and life in general difficult to understand and deal with. His father died when he was 14, and his mother, Mary (Laurie Metcalf) is a devout Christian. He also has a twin sister, Missy (Courtney Henggeler), who later has a baby in season 7. He has a poor grasp of other people's feelings and little or no understanding of nuances, often questioning others if a comment is intended as sarcasm. As a result, he is extremely tactless and acts wildly inappropriately much of the time. He is determined to have his own way, boasts of his superior intelligence and belittles the accomplishments of his friends, making him appear petty and childlike. Sheldon has an extremely ritualized way of living (e.g. sitting in the same spot on the sofa in the apartment or knocking on a door three times, each time saying the name of the person he's addressing) and a compulsion to complete things. He is also wary of germs and dislikes physical contact. Despite all these quirks, in season 4, he begins a relationship with Amy, who eventually becomes his girlfriend during season 5. In season 8, Sheldon tells Amy that he loves her. Kaley Cuoco as Penny – An aspiring actress from a town outside of Omaha, Nebraska , Penny lives across the hall from Sheldon and Leonard. She attends casting calls and auditions, but is not very successful. To pay the bills, she is a waitress and occasional bartender at The Cheesecake Factory . Penny quits her job in season 7 and at the start of season 8 becomes a pharmaceutical representative at Bernadette's company after having given up hope of becoming a successful actress; she appreciates the financial independence the new job gives her. Penny attended, but did not graduate from a community college (she goes back to school in season 6), but has far more common sense and social awareness than the other main characters. Penny is also very untidy and frequently drinks alcohol. To date, her surname has not been revealed. She dates Leonard at the end of season 1 and the start of season 2, and in season 3, they begin an on-again, off-again romantic relationship. At the end of season 7, she accepts Leonard's proposal of marriage (after having proposed to him earlier in the season while intoxicated). Aside from Leonard, Penny has dated various men over the course of the series, which is at times brought up by Sheldon. She briefly dated Stuart in season 2, and in seasons 3 and 4 dated Zack Johnson ( Brian Thomas Smith ), a handsome and friendly but dim-witted guy, who she married in Las Vegas (they didn't think weddings in Las Vegas were real). In season 4, Penny, Bernadette and Amy form their own group, where they hang out in each other's apartments or go out together. Penny also has a very close friendship with Sheldon, despite his quirks. Cuoco began being credited as Kaley Cuoco-Sweeting starting with the season 7 episode " The Convention Conundrum ", following her marriage to tennis player Ryan Sweeting . Simon Helberg as Howard Joel Wolowitz , M.Eng. – An aerospace engineer , Howard is Jewish (although not always Orthodox) and lives with his mother Debbie ( Carol Ann Susi ). His father left both of them when he was 11 and has not heard from him since, with the exception of a letter on his eighteenth birthday, which he refused to open. Unlike Sheldon, Leonard and Raj, Howard lacks a PhD, earning him Sheldon's scorn. He defends this by pointing out that he has a master's degree in engineering from the elite MIT and that the apparatus he designs are launched into space, unlike the purely abstract work of his friends. He himself goes into space at the end of season 5, training as an astronaut and serving as a payload specialist on the International Space Station, although he often annoys his friends by constantly talking about space. He has a marked sense of humor, which Leonard and Raj occasionally appreciate. In the early seasons of the show, Howard fancies himself a ladies' man and devises outrageous pick-up lines, which have limited success with women. In season 3 he starts dating Bernadette, and although they later break up off-screen, they get back together and later get engaged in season 4 and get married at the end of season 5. In season 6, Howard finally moves out of his mother's house and into Bernadette's apartment. Howard also has a tendency to waste money on ridiculous things and often argues with Bernadette over money due to his low income, resulting in Bernadette often giving Howard an allowance. Kunal Nayyar as Rajesh Ramayan "Raj" Koothrappali , PhD – From New Delhi, India, he works as a particle astrophysicist at Caltech. His family is very wealthy. Over the course of the series he communicates with his parents, Dr. and Mrs. V.M. Koothrappali ( Brian George and Alice Amter ), via webcam (they later divorce in season 8). He is very shy around women and is unable to talk to them for the first six seasons (except for his mother and his sister), unless he drinks alcohol (or at least thinks he has drunk it) or takes an experimental medication. Unfortunately, the former gives him an outrageous, unpredictable personality, while the latter causes unforeseen side effects. Even so, he often has better luck with women than his overly confident best friend, Howard. Raj also has very feminine tastes and often takes on a stereotypical female role in his close friendship with Howard, but he insists that he is not gay. During season 4, his sister Priya stays with him and becomes Leonard's girlfriend (much to Raj's annoyance). In season 6, Raj meets Lucy ( Kate Micucci ), who also has social anxiety, and they begin a relationship. However, Lucy ends the relationship, as she feels too pressured when he wants her to meet his friends. Afterwards, a heartbroken Raj finally speaks to Penny without having consumed alcohol. In season 7, he begins dating Emily Sweeney ( Laura Spencer ), a dermatologist, and their relationship later becomes exclusive. Raj also has a Yorkshire Terrier called Cinnamon, and the gang often joke about how unusually close he is with his dog. These actors were first credited as guest stars and later promoted to main cast: Sara Gilbert as Leslie Winkle , PhD (recurring season 1, starring season 2, guest star season 3) – a physicist who works in the same lab as Leonard. In appearance, she is essentially Leonard's female counterpart, wearing black-framed glasses and sweat jackets. She is an enemy of Sheldon's, due to their conflicting scientific theories. Though each considers the other to be intellectually inferior, Leslie is much wittier than Sheldon, regularly calls him "dumbass", and usually bests him in their repartee. Leslie has casual sex with Leonard and later Howard. Gilbert and Galecki played the on-screen couple of Darlene Connor and David Healy in Roseanne. Gilbert was promoted to a main cast member during the second season, but was demoted back to guest star status because producers could not come up with enough material for the character. Gilbert left the series after season 3 to focus her efforts on The Talk, on which she serves as executive producer for CBS. Melissa Rauch as Bernadette Rostenkowski-Wolowitz , PhD (recurring season 3, starring since season 4) – a young woman with a very high-pitched voice who is initially a waitress co-worker of Penny's, paying her way through graduate school, studying microbiology. Bernadette is of Polish origin and was raised in a Catholic household. Her father Mike ( Casey Sander ) is a toughened retired police officer and she has four other siblings. Bernadette is introduced to Howard by Penny as a result of an agreement between Howard and Leonard that if either ever ended up with a hot girlfriend, he would get the girlfriend to introduce the other to "a hot chick". At first, they do not get along, apparently having nothing in common, until they find out that they both have overbearing mothers. During season 3, they date and then break up off-screen. They get back together and get engaged in season 4 and marry at the end of season 5. After successfully defending her doctoral thesis, she lands a high-paying research position at the end of season 4 (which becomes a source of conflict between her and Howard in later seasons). Although a generally sweet and good natured person, Bernadette has a very short temper and can be vindictive and lash out when provoked, often sounding like Howard's mother, and intimidating her colleagues. She is also shown to have a competitive streak. Mayim Bialik , PhD, as Amy Farrah Fowler , PhD (guest star season 3, starring since mid-season 4) – a woman selected by an online dating site as Sheldon's perfect mate after Raj and Howard secretly set up an account using Sheldon's information, prompting Raj to comment, "We finally have proof that aliens walk among us!"Amy is from Glendale and is a fan of Little House on the Prairie . She and Sheldon initially have many similar traits, though after befriending Penny and Bernadette, Amy eventually becomes more interested in social and romantic interaction and is more socially aware than Sheldon. Once she and Sheldon meet, she becomes, as Sheldon puts it, a girl who is his friend, but not his "girlfriend". Their relationship slowly progresses up to the point where Sheldon considers her his girlfriend and tells her that he loves her. Amy's sexual frustration in her relationship with Sheldon is a recurring topic in the series. Amy also believes she and Penny are best friends ("besties", as she puts it), a sentiment that Penny does not share. Penny eventually becomes a real friend, overlooking Amy's Sheldon-like qualities. Amy's admiration for Penny has at times bordered on physical attraction. Amy has a PhD in neurobiology, and frequently uses monkeys in her research and experiments. Bialik herself has a doctorate in neuroscience. In the season 1 episode " The Bat Jar Conjecture ", Raj suggests recruiting "the girl who plays TV's Blossom" (whom Bialik played) for their Physics Bowl team. Kevin Sussman as Stuart Bloom (recurring seasons 2–5, & 7, starring season 6 & 8) – the mild-mannered, under-confident individual who runs the comic book store that the guys frequent. A brilliant artist, Stuart is a graduate of the prestigious Rhode Island School of Design and though he is socially awkward, he possesses slightly better social skills than the rest of the guys. Unlike the others he is not a techno-geek. During Stuart's first appearance, the guys bring Penny along to the store, and he manages to ask her on a date. They go out a few times, until Penny mistakenly calls him "Leonard" while they are making out, leaving him devastated. In the season 4, he implies he is in financial trouble and that the comic book store is now also his home. At Howard's bachelor party, Stuart uses his toast to tell Howard how lucky he is and compares it to his own situation of living in the back of his store. In season 6, he is invited to join the guys' group while Howard is in space. At the end of season 7, the comic book store burns down and he gets a new job caring for Howard's mother. The two become close and develop a strange relationship, much to the annoyance of Howard. However, this strange relationship, is refuted by Stuart. He also briefly dates Howard's second cousin Jeanie (Kara Luiz), whom Howard lost his virginity to. Edit Much of the show focuses on science, particularly physics. The four main male characters are employed at Caltech and have science-related occupations, as do Bernadette and Amy. The characters frequently banter about scientific theories or news (notably around the start of the show), and make science-related jokes. Science has also interfered with the characters' romantic lives. Leslie breaks up with Leonard when he sides with Sheldon in his support for string theory rather than loop quantum gravity. When Leonard joins Sheldon, Raj, and Howard on a three-month Arctic research trip, it separates Leonard and Penny at a time their relationship is budding. When Bernadette takes an interest in Leonard's work, it makes both Penny and Howard envious and results in Howard confronting Leonard, and Penny asking Sheldon to teach her physics. Sheldon and Amy also briefly end their relationship after an argument over which of their fields is superior. David Saltzberg, who has a PhD in physics, has served as the science consultant for the show for six seasons and attends every taping. While Saltzberg knows physics, he sometimes needs assistance from Mayim Bialik, who has a PhD in neuroscience. Saltzberg sees early versions of scripts which need scientific information added to them, and he also points out where the writers, despite their knowledge of science, have made a mistake. He is usually not needed during a taping unless a lot of science, and especially the whiteboard, is involved. Science fiction, fantasy, comic books and gaming Edit The four main male characters are all avid science fiction, fantasy, and comic book fans and memorabilia collectors. Star Trek in particular is frequently referenced and Sheldon identifies strongly with the character of Spock; when he is given a used napkin signed by Leonard Nimoy as a Christmas gift from Penny he is overwhelmed with excitement and gratitude ("I possess the DNA of Leonard Nimoy?!"). Star Trek: The Original Series cast member George Takei has made a cameo, and Leonard Nimoy made a cameo as the voice of Sheldon's vintage Mr. Spock action figure (both cameos were in dream sequences). Star Trek: The Next Generation cast members Brent Spiner and LeVar Burton have had cameos as themselves, while Wil Wheaton has a recurring role as a fictionalized version of himself . All four male characters can speak Klingon to varying degrees—the opening of the episode " The Panty Piñata Polarization " shows them playing "Klingon Boggle". In the ending of the episode "The Launch Acceleration", Amy and Sheldon were seen playing doctor, with Amy dressed in a Star Trek medical uniform. In the episode " The Bakersfield Expedition ", the four male leads dress up as Star Trek: The Next Generation characters for a Star Trek convention. They are also fans of Star Wars, battlestar Galactica, and Doctor Who. In season 2, Raj likens Sheldon to C-3PO , an intelligent, yet semi-annoying protocol droid in the Star Wars series. In episode 5 of season 2, Sheldon wants to return a set of white Star Wars sheets to Pottery Barn as they are too exciting for sleeping in. In the episode "The Ornithophobia Diffusion", when there is a delay in watching Star Wars on Blu-ray, Howard complains, "If we don't start soon, George Lucas is going to change it again" (referring to Lucas' controversial alterations to the films). In one episode, while talking post-coitus, Penny quotes Yoda to Leonard: "Do. Or do not. There is no try," thrilling Leonard. In 2009, Katee Sackhoff of Battlestar Galactica appeared as herself in "The Vengeance Formulation" and in "The Hot Troll Deviation" as Howard's fantasy dream girl. Leonard likes Babylon 5, but Sheldon dismisses it as derivative. Sheldon also expresses a great liking for Joss Whedon's Firefly: he is shown to be quite upset with the Fox network for cancelling it and even incorporated the series into the Roommate Agreement. As well as this, Sheldon demonstrates knowledge of the TV series Stargate SG1: in the episode "The Cushion Saturation", he explains that the team requires a 'tactical retreat' and attempts to use an episode of Stargate SG1 to demonstrate his idea. The four males are also fans of fantasy and make references to The Lord of the Rings and Harry Potter novels and movies. Howard can speak Sindarin, one of the two Elvish languages from The Lord of the Rings. In one episode, they find a movie prop of the One Ring and they all fight over who gets to keep it, and what to do with it. Leonard wears a Frodo Baggins costume in one episode, while Sheldon has a Gollum action figure on his desk. Raj, who is a fan of Harry Potter, makes many references to the franchise and once bought a "hand crafted" Harry Potter wand on eBay. Sheldon, in the episode "The Spoiler Alert Segmentation", tells Leonard that Dumbledore dies in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince . After getting into an argument with Leonard about the spoiler, Sheldon also intentionally reveals that Dobby the elf dies in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. Sheldon knows a lot about the sport of Quidditch . Wednesday night is the group's designated "comic book night" because that is the day of the week when new comic books are released. The comic book store is run by fellow geek and recurring character Stuart. On a number of occasions, the group members have dressed up as pop culture characters, including The Flash , Aquaman , Frodo Baggins , Superman , Batman , Spock , The Doctor , Green Lantern , and Thor . As a consequence of losing a bet to Stuart and Wil Wheaton, the group members are forced to visit the comic book store dressed as Catwoman , Wonder Woman , Batgirl , and Supergirl . Sheldon often wears T-shirts depicting Batman, Superman, Flash, or Green Lantern. DC Comics announced that, to promote its comics, the company will sponsor Sheldon wearing Green Lantern T-shirts. The male characters are also fans of the Indiana Jones series, and are willing to spend several hours in line outside of a theater to watch a special screening of Raiders of the Lost Ark with 21 seconds of new footage. Various games have been featured, as well as referenced, on the show (e.g. World of Warcraft, Halo, Mario, etc.), including fictional games like Mystic Warlords of Ka'a (which became a reality in 2011) and Rock-paper-scissors-lizard-Spock. Leonard and Penny's relationship Edit One of the recurring plot lines is the relationship between Leonard and Penny . Leonard becomes attracted to Penny within a short time of seeing her in the pilot episode. The first season frequently featured Leonard's attraction to Penny as a basis for humor. Leonard and Penny go on a date that started the final episode of the first season and ended at the start of the second season; however, Penny quickly breaks up with Leonard because she is afraid that her educational attainments are not good enough for Leonard and that he may become bored in the first episode of season 2 ("The Bad Fish Paradigm"). Her excuse for breaking up with Leonard was when he showed her some brochures from a local community college and she took it as a knock against her schooling level and that she felt that he would only date someone with a college education. They both date other people throughout the second season, but clearly still have feelings for each other as when Penny admits this to herself in "The Monopolar Expedition". When Leonard returns from a three-month expedition to the North Pole in the season 3 premiere, they commence a relationship which lasts for most of the season until Leonard tells Penny that he loves her and she realizes she cannot say it back, and she reluctantly breaks up with him after Wil Wheaton meddles with their relationship in order to beat Sheldon at bowling per "The Wheaton Recurrence". Again, both Leonard and Penny go on to date other people; most notably with Leonard dating Raj's sister Priya for much of season 4. Penny has shown regret towards her decision to break up with Leonard by admitting to Raj that she misses Leonard in " The Roommate Transmogrification ". She also exhibits jealousy towards Priya, especially after Priya demands Leonard stay away from her as in "The Prestidigitation Approximation". After dating Leonard, Penny also has negative reactions to her male dates who are not very intelligent after dating Zack in "The Lunar Excitation" (season 3). Eventually, as the episodes rolled on, Leonard became more and more interested in Priya. However she seemed to become less and less interested in Leonard as they went on dating. Later in the fourth season, in "The Roommate Transmogrification" episode, Leonard is at Raj's apartment, making out with Priya, when her parents call from India, and she has Leonard leave the room as she answers the call. Unknowing of Leonard's presence or his secret relationship with Priya, her parents state that they will be so happy when Priya moves back to India. Leonard comes in, shouting out that he is shocked she is moving back to India, and assumes it means he and Priya are breaking up. Leonard goes home to his apartment, where Raj has been sleeping because of Leonard staying at Raj's apartment. Penny and Raj, while enjoying a friendly evening, got intoxicated and ended up in bed. Leonard assumes the worst when they emerge from his room, although Penny assures the group "It's not what it looks like." In the premiere of season 5 (" The Skank Reflex Analysis "), Penny learns from Raj that they did not have intercourse, but agrees not to tell anybody. Leonard forgives both Raj and Penny, and never learns the truth about what really happened. In season five in " The Infestation Hypothesis ", Leonard resumes his relationship with Priya online. It seems to work for Leonard, but he is conflicted when he meets Alice, a girl who is really into him, at the comic book store. Leonard decides he must be faithful to Priya, ending things with Alice. Leonard confesses to Priya about going out with Alice, only to discover that Priya has slept with a former boyfriend, and they break up in " The Good Guy Fluctuation ". Penny is still single and dating, though when inebriated has confessed that she regrets breaking up with Leonard, as in "The Roommate Transmogrification". In "The Ornithophobia Diffusion" (season 5), Leonard and Penny go to the movies as friends. Leonard decides that since they are no longer dating he can be honest and does not have to pay for everything or do whatever Penny wants to make Penny like him and have sex with him. The two bicker all evening and sabotage each other's attempts to chat up people in the bar. Penny decides that she likes the new, more assertive Leonard. Leonard sees this as another opportunity to grovel and try to get Penny to sleep with him, so she leaves. On the spur of the moment in "The Recombination Hypothesis", Leonard asks Penny out on a date after he imagined what getting back with her might be like. Their real date ends successfully, and they agree to try to renew their relationship slowly in "The Beta Test Initiation". They share a kiss. During her renewed relationship with Leonard she has dismissed comments about him ever leaving or dumping her or about worrying about his unfaithfulness around other women and strippers as in the episode "The Stag Convergence". After Penny suggested having sex in "The Launch Acceleration", Leonard breaks the mood by proposing to her. They later meet and Penny has the courage to tell him "no" and not break up with him as she did two years previously when he told her that he loved her in "The Wheaton Recurrence". In the sixth season episode, "The 43 Peculiarity", Penny finally tells Leonard that she loves him. When Sheldon's assistant Alex Jensen asks Leonard out to dinner, the dynamics of their relationship is reversed with Leonard feeling good at the extra female attention and Penny insecure about their relationship. In "The Egg Salad Equivalency', when Leonard is the object of attention of both Alex and Penny, and Leonard confesses that Alex's interest makes him feel giddy, Penny feels insecure about the relationship. To deal with her insecurities, she buys a pair of stereotypical "smart" glasses to look the part. Leonard finds this alluring, then immediately pulls her into his bedroom. In "The Tangible Affection Proof", it is Valentine's Day, and in the middle of their dinner, Penny sees a former boyfriend proposing to the woman who stole him from her. Leonard then tries to propose again, but Penny stops him cold. They make up in the end, but Leonard tells Penny that if she ever wants to get married, then she should be the one to propose. Penny does ask him to be her Valentine. By the season finale, "The Bon Voyage Reaction", she is secure enough in their relationship to send him off on an exciting four-month expedition, missing him, but not worrying about the two of them. In the seventh season episode, "The Hofstadter Deficiency", she briefly becomes upset when Leonard does not appear to miss her whatsoever while on the expedition, and starts to get close to Sheldon. This all changes when Leonard comes home rather early and secretly stays with her until his expected arrival, only to be discovered by Sheldon the day before. Over the course of the season, they continue to get closer and closer. Finally, in the penultimate episode "The Gorilla Dissolution", Penny admits that she has had an epiphany and realizes she should marry Leonard. Leonard is initially in denial, considering that she has rejected all such advances in the past, but eventually is able to convince him. He proposes to her mere seconds later (with a ring that he had kept in his pocket for years), and she says yes. Sheldon and Amy's relationship Edit A storyline that began in the third season finale is the relationship of Sheldon and Amy Farrah Fowler, PhD, a neurobiologist. Raj and Howard found her as a possible match for Sheldon through an online dating service (without Sheldon's knowledge) in "The Lunar Excitation". By Sheldon's own admission, she is most like him by any standard to his mother in "The Zazzy Substitution". Like him, she has previously avoided relationships (whether romantic or otherwise is unclear, although conversation in numerous episodes indicates she was a social outcast), and only participated in the online dating herself to fulfill an agreement with her mother that she date at least once a year (in exchange, her mother does not discuss Amy's lack of a love life, plus she gains use of her mother's George Foreman Grill ) as told to Penny on her date with Sheldon during "The Robotic Manipulation". During the four months of their relationship (taking place off-screen between seasons 3 and 4), they communicated on a daily basis via text messages, email, and Twitter, but never saw each other in person per "The Robotic Manipulation". Sheldon, however, did not consider Amy his girlfriend. Penny later suggests that they should go on a date and ends up driving them and having dinner with them in "The Robotic Manipulation". Penny refers to Sheldon and Amy collectively as "Shamy" in "The Shiny Trinket Maneuver", but discontinues this after Amy indicates that she dislikes that nickname. In "The Agreement Dissection", Amy, Penny, and Bernadette decide to take Sheldon dancing. Sheldon dances only with Amy, which he does not mind. He later follows Amy back to her apartment. They talk for a few minutes before she kisses him on the lips. Instead of getting annoyed, Sheldon just says "Fascinating." This is a catalyst for later events and clash of personalities in the relationship of the more scientific, masculine Sheldon, and the more socially open, feminine, and annoyed Amy. In "The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition", after Amy agrees to go on a date with Stuart, Sheldon asks Amy to be his girlfriend, interrupting her date with Stuart, with the stipulation that no other changes occur in their current relationship. Amy says yes, and Sheldon then lets her and Stuart continue their date. The same night and episode, he draws up "The Relationship Agreement" to verify the ground rules of him as her boyfriend and vice versa (similar to his "Roommate Agreement" with Leonard). Amy agrees but later regrets not having a lawyer read through it. After Penny and Bernadette go wedding shopping without Amy in " The Isolation Permutation ", Sheldon comforts a depressed Amy by cuddling with her on her couch; however, Amy first suggests that they have coitus. While cuddling, Amy suggests quite bluntly she is eager for more, pointing out to him that "Second base is right there." In the episode "The Launch Acceleration", Amy says she would like to do an experiment using her neurobiology bag of tricks to increase Sheldon's feelings toward her. Sheldon is skeptical, but goes with it. Amy says she would like to put on some romantic dinner music, and ends up putting on the Super Mario Bros. theme song. Sheldon catches on, and calls Amy out on the fact that she is trying to engage his feelings of the happiest times of his life as he starts to hum along. This is further reinforced when she offers Sheldon his favorite drink, Strawberry Quik. She also prepared "spaghetti with little pieces of hot dog cut up" for dinner, which is Sheldon's favorite since his mother used to make it for him. Sheldon is thrilled, and says they should do this more often – instantly realizing he has been caught in Amy's "trap" as Amy stands next to him with a big smile. At the end of the episode, they were playing doctor "Star Trek style" (Amy dressed in Star Trek attire). Amy's actions seem to work on Sheldon, who is not happy about it but makes no attempt to stop her. In the final fifth season episode "The Countdown Reflection", Sheldon takes Amy's hand as Howard is launched into space. Amy glances over at him looking quite surprised. In the sixth season premiere episode "The Date Night Variable", after a dinner in which Sheldon fails to live up to this expectation, Amy gives Sheldon an ultimatum that their relationship is over unless he tells her something from his heart. Sheldon gives a romantic speech about his new and conflicting emotions, only to reveal that he quoted the first Spider-Man movie. Despite this, Amy accepts it. In " The Fish Guts Displacement ", Sheldon takes care of a sick Amy. Sheldon rubs VapoRub on her chest, unknowingly arousing Amy. The following day, Sheldon is angry because her throat culture showed that she was no longer sick, and that Amy was pretending to be sick after initially feeling better. Amy apologizes, but Sheldon thinks that she needs to be punished (which Sheldon thinks in terms of corporal punishment, but Amy thinks in terms of erotic spanking). The episode ends with Sheldon placing Amy across his knees for a spanking, which Amy also enjoys to some mood music. In "The Cooper/Kripke Inversion", Penny asks Sheldon whether he would ever consider a sexual relationship with Amy. Sheldon states that he has been working on his discomfort about physical contact and admits that "it's a possibility" that he could one day get physical with Amy. In "The Tangible Affection Proof", it is Valentine's Day, and Sheldon keeps a gift that he was supposed to give Amy, but Amy gives Sheldon the perfect Valentine's Day by staying in his apartment and doing exactly what he wants to do: watch a favorite movie and have pizza. Sheldon makes Amy his emergency point of contact, which sends her to tears as she is now responsible for his well-being. In "The Love Spell Potential", the girls participate in a game of Dungeons & Dragons] along with the boys. Penny says that Sheldon and Amy's game characters should "do it" in the game, believing that Sheldon and Amy would not get physical anytime soon. Bernadette then casts a love spell on both of them. Amy gets upset and leaves and Sheldon is sent to look after her. Amy tells him that their friends think that their relationship is a joke and asks him if they are ever going to get intimate. Sheldon does not think that they are a joke, explaining that he never thought about intimacy with anyone before Amy, and says he would not rule it out. Sheldon then plays out the love potion scenario with Amy, much to her delight - but in the privacy of Sheldon's bedroom and with no physical contact between them. In "The Locomotive Manipulation", Amy plans a romantic Valentine's Day with Sheldon at a bed-and-breakfast on a vintage train with Bernadette and Howard. Sheldon meets a fellow train enthusiast and spends most of the trip talking with him instead of Amy. Amy gets angry and confronts Sheldon, furious about how insensitive he is to her feelings of wanting a romantic vacation. Sheldon accuses Amy of trying to force a romantic atmosphere by manipulating him with his passion for trains. In a fit of sarcasm in being romantic, Sheldon kisses Amy for the first time, only to discover that he enjoys the feeling. Consequently, Sheldon slowly starts to open up over the course of the rest of the season, and starts having a more intimate relationship with Amy. However, in the season finale, Sheldon leaves town temporarily to cope with all the changes going on in that episode. This leaves Amy heartbroken, and in her suffering she comically attacks Leonard, shouting "How could you let him go?" In the season 8 episode "The Prom Equivalency", Amy and Bernadette organize a prom do over, in the roof of the guy's apartment building. Sheldon becomes scared of the prom rituals that Penny and Leonard told him about, like losing your virginity on prom night, and hides in his room to avoid going. Amy stands outside Sheldon's door, and when she is about to leave Sheldon leaves his room and explains why he left. He tells Amy that he thought she looked pretty in her prom dress and started to panic, worrying that he could possibly give in to his urges even though he isn't ready. Amy reassures Sheldon that even though she is always hoping that he will one day want to be physically intimate, she just wants to have a good time at prom. Right before they leave, Amy stops Sheldon and tries to tell him she loves him, but he doesn't have to say it back if he is not ready. She continues to ramble and Sheldon stops her by saying that he loves her too, understanding what she was about to say. Amy is shocked and ecstatic by what Sheldon just confessed and therefore has a panic attack, just like Sheldon earlier on in the episode. Religion Edit A recurrent theme is Sheldon's conflict with his devout mother, Mary, who is a creationist, and whose beliefs occasionally clash with Sheldon's irreligion and vision of evolution. In "The Lunar Excitation", Sheldon mentions his promise to his mother to attend church once a year. Also, in "The Mommy Observation", Sheldon refers to his mother's religious beliefs as "pre-Enlightenment mythology". Evidence of Sheldon's irreligion is seen when he is heard exclaiming "Why hast thou forsaken me, o deity whose existence I doubt?" upon the discovery that his World of Warcraft account has been hacked. According to Raj, Sheldon also begged the deity in which he did not believe to kill him quickly upon getting food poisoning at the Rose Bowl. On the other hand Sheldon says he wishes "to employ his rare and precious mental faculties to tear the mask off nature and stare at the face of God." Sheldon's religious upbringing leads to moments of religious interjection when his emotions are high – on one occasion, he happily exclaims "Thank you, Jesus!" when he scores a strike in bowling, quickly adding "As my mother would say In addition, he frequently says the word "Lord" when he is upset. At the same time, a running gag in the series is the fact that Howard, who is Jewish and Raj, who is Hindu, frequently defy many of their respective religious customs without worry, such as their constant flouting of dietary prohibitions. They both also tend to give each other grief about them. In the episode "The Financial Permeability", Raj quotes from the book of Leviticus after Howard eats pork, and Howard counters with the fact that he keeps quiet when Raj eats a Whopper. Nevertheless, they are seen to be semi-observant. Raj, for example, occasionally mentions reincarnation and explains his belief in karma, stating that he believes it to be "practically Reaction Newtonian – for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction." Howard celebrates at least some Jewish holidays, once refused to pray in a Christian church so he does not "burst into flames" and also wore tattoo sleeves instead of getting real tattoos so he "still can be buried in a Jewish cemetery". Another frequent theme is Penny's confidence in supernatural beliefs that frequently conflict with Leonard and Sheldon's scientific beliefs and knowledge, such as ghosts, astrology, psychics and voodoo. This is first seen in the Pilot, when she makes reference to her being a Sagittarius, to which Sheldon criticises her belief in astrology, but is most frequently seen in an episode in which she and Leonard had a falling out over the validity of psychics. Howard's mother Edit In scenes set at Howard's home in which he interacts with his never-seen mother (voiced by Carol Ann Susi until her death), he always does so via shouting conversations between the rooms in his house, and she similarly interacts with other characters in this manner, though she did appear momentarily in the overhead photo of Howard and Bernadette's wedding and from the side in "The Spoiler Alert Segmentation" episode, though her face was not shown. She reflects the Jewish mother stereotype in some ways, such as being overly controlling of Howard's adult life and sometimes trying to make him feel guilty about causing her trouble. She is dependent on Howard, as she requires him to help her with her wig and makeup in the morning. Howard in turn is attached to his mother to the point where she still cuts his meat for him, takes him to the dentist, does his laundry and "grounds" him when he returns home after briefly moving out. Until Howard's marriage to Bernadette in the fifth season finale, Howard's former living situation led Leonard's psychiatrist mother to speculate that he may suffer from some type of pathology, and Sheldon to refer to their relationship as Oedipal. Her tendency to communicate with Howard by shouting between rooms has led Bernadette and Raj to do impressions of her, and Bernadette to attempt to communicate with her in one episode by imitating her style of shouting. Vanity card Like most shows created by Chuck Lorre, The Big Bang Theory ends by showing a vanity card written by Lorre after the credits, followed by the Warner Bros. Television closing logo. These cards are archived on Lorre's website. Reception Edit The Big Bang Theory initially received mixed reviews and originally received a score of 57/100 from review aggregator Metacritic, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Tom Shales of The Washington Post gave the show a positive review, saying "Big Bang is the funniest new sitcom of the season". Robert Bianco of USA Today also gave the show a positive review, saying "This may not be the sitcom breakthrough for which we've all been hoping, but Lorre has produced a first episode that leaves you eager to try the second". Robert Lloyd of the Los Angeles Times gave a mixed review, stating "It's just the same joke endlessly repeated – the everyday translated into geek-speak, and the obscure and difficult treated as if it were common knowledge". Mike Duffy of the Detroit Free Press gave a negative review, stating "This is by far the least charming—the lame, leering sitcom tales of two brainiac losers goofily smitten by the babelicious girl next door. It's about as witty as a pocket protector". James Chamberlin of IGN gave season 2 an 8.4 out of 10 score, saying, "This may be a show about nerds, but you don't have to be a brainiac to enjoy it." Amanda Sloane Murray, writing for the same website, gave season three nine out of 10, describing it as "more intelligent than most sitcoms in recent memory". The American Film Institute ranked season three one of the 10 best television seasons of 2009. Leigh H. Edwards of PopMatters gave season 4 an 8/10, commenting "The comic commentary may be poking gentle fun at nerds, but the real target of the show's sharp satire is the arbitrary, self-serving stupidity of mainstream culture". On the other hand Brian Tallerico of Hollywood Chicago panned the series writing: "There's nothing here that seems even remotely original." Tom Gliatto of People remarked of season 5, "It's bright and obvious as a cartoon yet written with a clean, precise patter of jokes. It's also very well cast". Kate Ward of Entertainment Weekly gave season 6 a 91/100, remarking "Bialik manages to steal scenes from Parsons as if she's been with the crew since, well, the big bang". Robert Bianco continued to give a positive review, noting "When it comes to making viewers catch their breath from laughing, no show tops Big Bang, and that's an ability that should never be undervalued in a comedy. Bang is one of those rare series where just thinking about some of the plots is enough to make you laugh all over again". On the other hand, June Thomas of Slant Magazine gave the season a negative review, calling it "disappointing". U.S. standard ratings Edit The Big Bang Theory has been highly rated since its premiere. When the third season premiered on September 21, 2009, The Big Bang Theory ranked as CBS's highest-rated show of that evening in the adults 18–49 demographic (4.6/10) along with a then-series-high 12.83 million viewers. After the first three seasons aired at different times on Monday nights, CBS moved the show to Thursdays at 8:00 ET for the 2010–2011 schedule, to be in direct competition with NBC's Comedy Block and Fox's American Idol (then the longest reigning leading primetime show on U.S. television from 2004 to 2011). During its fourth season, it became television's highest rated comedy, just barely beating out eight-year champ Two and a Half Men. However, in the age 18–49 demographic (the show's target age range), it was the second highest rated comedy, behind ABC's Modern Family. The fifth season opened with viewing figures of over 14 million. The sixth season boasts some of the highest-rated episodes for the show so far, with a then-new series high set with " The Bakersfield Expedition ", with 20 million viewers, a first for the series, which along with NCIS, made CBS the first network to have two scripted series reach that large an audience in the same week since 2007. In the sixth season, the show became the highest rated and viewed scripted show in the 18–49 demographic, trailing only the live regular NBC Sunday Night Football coverage, and was third in total viewers, trailing NCIS and Sunday Night Football. Season seven of the show opened strong, continuing the success gained in season six, with the second episode of the premiere, " The Deception Verification ", setting the new series high in viewers with 20.44 million. Showrunner Steve Molaro, who took over from Bill Prady with the sixth season, credits some of the show's success to the sitcom's exposure in off-network syndication, particularly on TBS, while Michael Schneider of TV Guide attributes it to the timeslot move two seasons earlier. Chuck Lorre and CBS Entertainment president Nina Tassler also credit the success to the influence of Molaro, in particular the deepening exploration of the firmly established regular characters and their interpersonal relationships, such as the on-again, off-again relationship between Leonard and Penny. Throughout much of the 2012–13 season, The Big Bang Theory placed first in all of syndication ratings, receiving formidable competition from only Judge Judy and Wheel of Fortune (first-run syndication programs). By the end of the 2012–13 television season, The Big Bang Theory had dethroned Judge Judy as the ratings leader in all of syndicated programming with 7.1, Judy descending to second place for that season with a 7.0. The Big Bang Theory did not place first in syndication ratings for the 2013-14 television season, beaten out by Judge Judy. Season Edit The show made its UK debut on Channel 4 on February 14, 2008 bringing in an average audience of 1 million viewers. The second episode, shown the following week, also received 1 million. For the third episode, an average of 1.1 million tuned in. The show is also shown as a 'first-look' on Channel 4's digital offshoot E4 , and brings in 400,000 viewers on average. The fifth episode received 880,000 viewers. After the first five episodes, the average number of viewers continues to hover around the 1 million mark. Episode 13 was watched by 1.3 million viewers and was the most watched episode. In December 2008, Virgin Media made the first nine episodes of the first season available to watch on its TV Choice On Demand service, and the rest of season 1 was made available in January 2009. As of December 5, 2009, all 23 episodes of season 2 were also made available on Virgin Media TV Choice On Demand Service, but both seasons have now been removed. Season 3 began airing on E4 and E4 HD on December 17, 2009 at 9:00 p.m. but was on hiatus between February 25 and May 6, 2010, when the final 11 episodes of the season aired. Season 4 began airing on E4 on November 4, 2010, at 9:00 p.m. It drew 877,000 viewers, with a further 256,000 watching on the E4+1 hour service. This gave the show an overall total of 1.13 million viewers, making it E4's most watched program for that week. E4 broke season four after 12 episodes in January 2011. Season 4 returned on E4 from June 30, 2011, for the remaining episodes. Season 5 began airing in 2012 at 8:00 p.m. as part of E4 Comedy Thursdays, as a lead-in to Perfect Couples. Episode 19, the highest-viewed episode of the season, attracted 1.4 million viewers. Season 6 premiered on E4 on November 15, 2012, with 1.89 million viewers and a further 469,000 on the time shift channel, bringing the total to 2.31 million – E4's highest viewing ratings of 2012, and the highest the channel has received since June 2011. Season 7 premiered on E4 on October 31, 2013 at 8:30pm. Season 8 premiered on E4 on October 23, 2014 at 8:30pm. Canadian ratings Edit The Big Bang Theory started off quietly in Canada, but managed to garner major success in later seasons. The Big Bang Theory is telecast throughout Canada via the CTV Television Network in simultaneous substitution with cross-border CBS affiliates. Now immensely popular in Canada, The Big Bang Theory is also rerun daily on the Canadian cable channel The Comedy Network. The season 4 premiere garnered an estimated 3.1 million viewers across Canada. This is the largest audience for a sitcom since the series finale of Friends. The Big Bang Theory has pulled ahead and has now become the most-watched entertainment television show in Canada. Episodes Edit The Big Bang Theory premiered in the United States on September 24, 2007 on CBS. The series debuted in Canada on CTV in September 2007. The Canadian network Vrak.TV began airing a version of the series dubbed in French on August 28, 2012. On March 12, 2008, Nine Network in Australia debuted the series. Broadcast of Big Bang Theory on Irish networks 3e and RTÉ Two began September 9, 2008. On February 14, 2008, the series debuted in the United Kingdom on channels E4 (HD) and Channel 4 . New Zealand network TV2 started broadcasting the series September 17, 2008. DVD/Blu-ray releases September 18, 2013 24 The three-disc box set contains all 24 episodes. Special features include "The Big Bang Theory: The Final Comedy Frontier", where astronauts Buzz Aldrin and Mike Massimino join the cast to analyze Howard's space mission, "Houston, We Have a Sitcom", "Electromagnetism: The Best Relationship Moments in Season 6", "The Big Bang Theory at Paleyfest 2013", and a gag reel. Running time: 477 minutes. Also available on Blu-ray/DVD combo pack with UltraViolet download. Despite the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth seasons receiving Blu-ray releases in conjunction with their DVD releases, the first and second seasons were only available on DVD upon their time of release. Warner Bros. has since released the first two seasons on Blu-ray/DVD combo packs with UltraViolet downloads on July 10, 2012. All of the episodes from seasons 1 & 2 on Blu-ray received newly remastered surround-sound audio, with the first season sporting a never-before-seen gag reel, which was not included during the initial first season DVD release. Scientist cameos Edit Template:See also As the theme of the show revolves around science, many distinguished and high profile scientists have appeared as guest stars on the show. Famous astrophysicist and Nobel laureate George Smoot had a cameo appearance in episode 17 " The Terminator Decoupling ", of the second season. Theoretical physicist Brian Greene also appeared on the show in " The Herb Garden Germination ", episode 20 of the fourth season. Astrophysicist, science populizer, and physics outreach specialist, Neil deGrasse Tyson appeared in " The Apology Insufficiency ", episode 7 of the fourth season. Cosmologist Stephen Hawking made a short guest appearance in the fifth-season episode " The Hawking Excitation " on April 5, 2012. In the episode he meets Sheldon Cooper and points out a mistake in Sheldon's new Higgs boson analysis. Hawking also speaks on the phone at the end of the episode "The Extract Obliteration" with Sheldon, but is not seen on-camera. In the end of season 5 and the beginning of season 6 NASA astronaut Michael J. Massimino was featured as himself multiple times in the role of Howard's fellow astronaut. Online media Edit Warner Bros. Television controls the online rights for the show. Full episodes are available at, while short clips and recently aired full episodes are available on cbs.com. In Canada, recent episode(s) and pictures are available on CTV.ca. After the show has aired in New Zealand the shows are available in full online at TVNZ's on demand web service. Syndication Edit In May 2010, it was reported that the show had been picked up for syndication, mainly among Fox's owned and operated stations and other local stations, with Warner Bros. Television's sister cable network TBS holding the show's cable syndication rights. Broadcast of old shows began airing in September 2011. TBS now airs the series in primetime on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays, with evening broadcasts on Saturdays (TBS's local sister station in Atlanta also holds local weeknight rights to the series). Although details of the syndication deal have not been revealed, it was reported the deal "set a record price for a cable off-network sitcom purchase". CTV holds national broadcast syndication rights in Canada, while sister cable network The Comedy Network holds cable rights. Awards and nominations Edit In August 2009, the sitcom won the best comedy series TCA award and Jim Parsons (Sheldon) won the award for individual achievement in comedy. In 2010, the show won the People's Choice Award for Favorite Comedy, while Parsons won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series. On January 16, 2011, Parsons was awarded a Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series – Comedy or Musical, an award that was presented by co-star Kaley Cuoco . On September 18, 2011, Parsons was again awarded an Emmy for Best Actor in a Comedy Series. On January 9, 2013, the show won People's Choice Award for Favorite Comedy for a second time. On August 25, 2014, Jim Parsons was awarded an Emmy for Best Actor in a Comedy Series. List of awards and nominations for The Big Bang Theory Year Edit Through the use of his vanity cards at the end of episodes, Lorre alleged that the program had been plagiarized by a show produced and aired in Belarus . Officially titled Теоретики (The Theorists), the show features "clones" of the main characters, a similar opening sequence, and what appears to be a very close Russian translation of the scripts. However, no legal action was required to end production of the other show: as soon as the word got out that the show was unlicensed, the actors quit and the producers cancelled it. Dmitriy Tankovich (who plays Leonard's counterpart, "Seva") said in an interview: "I'm upset. At first, the actors were told all legal issues were resolved. We didn't know it wasn't the case, so when the creators of The Big Bang Theory started talking about the show, I was embarrassed. I can't understand why our people first do, and then think. I consider this to be the rock bottom of my career. And I don't want to take part in a stolen show". External Links	i don't know
People suffering from the Cotard Delusion believe what?	Disturbing Disorders: Cotard’s Delusion (Walking Corpse Syndrome) « The Chirurgeon's Apprentice by The Chirurgeon's Apprentice In 1880, a middle-aged woman paid a visit to the French neurologist, Jules Cotard (pictured below), complaining of an unusual predicament. She believed she had ‘no brain, no nerves, no chest, no stomach, no intestines’. Mademoiselle X, as Cotard dubbed her in his notes, told the physician she was ‘nothing more than a decomposing body’. She believed neither God nor Satan existed, and that she had no soul. As she could not die a natural death, she had ‘no need to eat’. Mademoiselle X later died of starvation. [1] Although this peculiar condition eventually became known as ‘Cotard’s Delusion’ the French neurologist was not the first to describe it. In 1788—nearly 100 years earlier—Charles Bonnet reported the case of an elderly woman who was preparing a meal in her kitchen when a draught ‘struck her forcefully on the neck’ paralyzing her one side ‘as if hit by a stroke’. When she regained the ability to speak, she demanded that her daughters ‘dress her in a shroud and place her in her coffin’ since she was, in fact, dead. [T]he ‘dead woman’ became agitated and began to scold her friends vigorously for their negligence in not offering her this last service; and as they hesitated even longer, she became extremely impatient, and began to press her maid with threats to dress her as a dead person. Eventually everybody thought it was necessary to dress her like a corpse and to lay her out in order to calm her down. The old lady tried to make herself look as neat as possible, rearranging tucks and pins, inspecting the seam of her shroud, and was expressing dissatisfaction with the whiteness of her linen. In the end she fell asleep, and was then undressed and put into bed. Hoping to break her spell, a physician attended her bedside and administered a ‘powder of precious stones mixed with opium’. Eventually, the woman did awake from her delusional state; however, she continuously redeveloped her paroxysm every three months for the rest of her life. During the periods when she thought that she was dead ‘she talked to people who had long been dead, preparing dinners for them and hosting the occasion somberly and constantly’. [2] Today, the condition is sometimes referred to as ‘Walking Corpse Syndrome’. Although rare, people are still diagnosed as suffering from nihilistic delusional beliefs that they are dead and no longer exist. Occasionally, the condition is characterized by a belief that one is missing essential body parts or organs, as in the a case of a 28-year-old pregnant woman who thought her liver was ‘putrefying’ and that her heart was ‘altogether missing.’ In 2013, New Scientist interviewed a man named Graham Harrison, who had attempted suicide 9 years earlier by taking an electrical appliance with him into the bath, and awoke in the hospital believing he was dead. He said: When I was in hospital I kept on telling them that the tablets weren’t going to do me any good ’cause my brain was dead. I lost my sense of smell and taste. I didn’t need to eat, or speak, or do anything. I ended up spending time in the graveyard because that was the closest I could get to death. It was his brain which had died. He had fried it, or so he thought. Doctors tried to rationalize with him, but to no avail. Eventually, Graham was referred to Dr Adam Zeman, a neurologist at the University of Exeter, and Dr Steven Laureys, a neurologist at University of Liège. They used positron emission tomography (PET) to monitor his metabolism. What they found was unsettling. ‘Graham’s brain function resembles that of someone during anaesthesia or sleep. Seeing this pattern in someone who is awake is quite unique to my knowledge’, Dr Laureys told New Scientist. ‘I’ve been analysing PET scans for 15 years and I’ve never seen anyone who was on his feet, who was interacting with people, with such an abnormal scan result’. The below image shows the areas of Graham’s brain which are underactive (coloured in blue) in comparison with a healthy person. Graham is the only patient with Cotard’s Delusion to have undergone a PET scan, and therefore scientists can draw few conclusions about the results since they have no basis for comparison. The condition has been tentatively linked to bipolar disorder in young people, as well as severe depression and schizophrenia in older patients. Treatment of the condition is varied. Typically, those suffering from it are put on a combination of anti-depressants and anti-psychotic drugs, although electroconvulsive therapy has also been known to be successful. For Graham, psychotherapy and drug treatment has helped ebbed the symptoms of Cotard’s Delusion, though it’s been a long, hard journey. Over the past decade, he could often be found sitting in local graveyards in an attempt to get closer to death. ‘The police would come and get me, though, and take me home’, he said. [3] Graham is one of the lucky ones. Many who have suffered from the condition in the past have died from starvation, and some have even resorted to pouring acid on themselves in an effort to stop being one of the ‘walking dead’. One thing is for certain: Cotard’s Delusion, or ‘Walking Corpse Syndrome,’ illustrates just how little we still know about the human brain in the 21st century. If you enjoy reading my articles, please consider becoming a patron of The Chirurgeon’s Apprentice. Support my content by clicking HERE . 1. Berrios G.E & Luque R, ‘Cotard’s Delusion or Syndrome: A Conceptual History’, Comprehensive Psychiatry, 36:3 (May/June, 1995), p. 218. 2. Hans Forstl and Barbara Beats, ‘Charles Bonnet’s Description of Cotard’s Delusion and Reduplicative Paramnesia in an Elderly Patient (1788)’, British Journal of Psychiatry (1992), p. 417. 3. Helen Thomson, ‘Mindscapes: First Interview with a Dead Man’, New Scientist (23 May 2013).	that they are dead
Also known as winter depression, what is the full form of S.A.D.?	What is Cotard's syndrome? The rare mental illness which makes people think they are dead \| The Independent What is Cotard's syndrome? The rare mental illness which makes people think they are dead Cotard's syndrome is "certainly rare", according to Mind Thursday 5 November 2015 11:30 BST Click to follow Indy Lifestyle Online The cause of Cotard's syndrome is debated Getty A rare mental illness can make the sufferer believe they are dead, partly dead or do not exist. Chronicled in the Washington Post by Meeri Kim, Cotard’s syndrome — sometimes dubbed ‘Walking Corpse syndrome' — is a condition where patients believe they are dead, parts of their body are dead or that they do not exist. Any evidence to support the fact they are alive is “explained away” by sufferers, according to the Post. It is not classified under the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) but is recognised as a “disease of human health” in the International Classification of Diseases. According to Mind: “It is linked with psychosis, clinical depression and schizophrenia”. A spokeswoman for Mind told The Independent the syndrome was “certainly rare”. “Cotard’s syndrome is a type of delusion that is usually associated with denial of self-existence," she said. "The person experiencing the delusion might believe that they are dead, dying, parts of their body do not exist or they do not need to do activities to keep themselves alive (drink, eat, basic hygiene etc.)” French neurologist Jules Cotard identified the first case in the 1800s. He described a woman suffering from the condition as affirming “she has no brain, no nerves, no chest, no stomach, no intestines… only skin and bones of a decomposing body”. Health news in pictures Health news in pictures 1/25 Most child antidepressants are ineffective and can lead to suicidal thoughts The majority of antidepressants are ineffective and may be unsafe, for children and teenager with major depression, experts have warned. In what is the most comprehensive comparison of 14 commonly prescribed antidepressant drugs to date, researchers found that only one brand was more effective at relieving symptoms of depression than a placebo. Another popular drug, venlafaxine, was shown increase the risk users engaging in suicidal thoughts and attempts at suicide Getty 2/25 'Universal cancer vaccine’ breakthrough claimed by experts Scientists have taken a “very positive step” towards creating a universal vaccine against cancer that makes the body’s immune system attack tumours as if they were a virus, experts have said. Writing in Nature, an international team of researchers described how they had taken pieces of cancer’s genetic RNA code, put them into tiny nanoparticles of fat and then injected the mixture into the bloodstreams of three patients in the advanced stages of the disease. The patients' immune systems responded by producing "killer" T-cells designed to attack cancer. The vaccine was also found to be effective in fighting “aggressively growing” tumours in mice, according to researchers, who were led by Professor Ugur Sahin from Johannes Gutenberg University in Germany Rex 3/25 Green tea could be used to treat brain issues caused by Down’s Syndrome A compound found in green tea could improve the cognitive abilities of those with Down’s syndrome, a team of scientists has discovered. Researchers found epigallocatechin gallate – which is especially present in green tea but can also be found in white and black teas – combined with cognitive stimulation, improved visual memory and led to more adaptive behaviour. Dr Rafael de la Torre, who led the year-long clinical trial along with Dr Mara Dierrssen, said: “The results suggest that individuals who received treatment with the green tea compound, together with the cognitive stimulation protocol, had better scores in their cognitive capacities” 4/25 New online test predicts skin cancer risk Health experts have created a new online tool which can predict a person’s risk of developing a common form of skin cancer. The tool uses the results of a 10-question-quiz to estimate the chance of a person aged 40 or over of having non-melanoma skin cancers within three years. Factors including the age, gender, smoking status, skin colour, tanning ability, freckling tendency, and other aspects of medical history are covered by the quiz 5/25 Multiple Sclerosis stem cell treatment 'helps patients walk again' A new treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS) has enabled some patients to walk again by “rebooting” their immune systems. As part of a clinical trial at Sheffield's Royal Hallamshire Hospital involving around 20 patients, scientists used stem cells to carry out a bone marrow transplant. The method known as an autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) works by using chemotherapy to destroy the area of the immune system which causes MS Rex Features 6/25 Dementia patients left without painkillers and handcuffed to bed Dementia patients experience a ‘shocking’ variation in the quality of hospital care they receive across England, a charity has warned. Staff using excessive force and not giving dementia patients the correct pain medication were among the findings outlined in a new report by The Alzheimer’s Society, to coincide with the launch of Fix Dementia Care campaign Rex Features 7/25 Cancer risk 'increased' by drinking more than one glass of wine or pint of beer per day Drinking more than one glass of wine or pint of beer a day increases the risk of developing cancer, according to medical experts. New guidelines for alcohol consumption by the UK published by chief medical officers warn that drinking any level of alcohol has been linked to a range of different cancers. The evidence from the Committee on Carcinogenicity (COC) overturns the oft-held view that a glass of red wine can have significant medical benefits for both men and women 8/25 Vaping 'no better' than smoking regular cigarettes Vaping could be “no better” than smoking regular cigarettes and may be linked to cancer, scientists have found. The study which showed that vapour from e-cigarettes can damage or kill human cells was publsihed as the devices are to be rolled out by UK public health officials as an aid to quit smoking from 2016. An estimated 2.6 million people in the UK currently use e-cigarettes 9/25 Rat-bite fever A teenager was hospitalised and left unable to move after she developed the rare rat-bite fever disease from her pet rodents which lived in her bedroom. The teenager, who has not been named, was taken to hospital after she complained of a pain in her right hip and lower back which later made her immobile, according to the online medical journal BMJ Case Reports. She suffered for two weeks with an intermittent fever, nausea and vomiting and had a pink rash on her hands and feet. The teenager, who had numerous pets including a dog, cat, horse and three pet rats, has since made a full recovery after undergoing a course of antibiotics. Blood tests showed that she was infected with for streptobacillus moniliformis – the most common cause of rat-bite fever. One of her three pet rats lay dead in her room for three weeks before her symptoms showed 10/25 Taking antidepressants in pregnancy ‘could double the risk of autism in toddlers’ Taking antidepressants during pregnancy could almost double the risk of a child being diagnosed with autism in the first years of life, a major study of nearly 150,000 pregnancies has suggested. Researchers have found a link between women in the later stages of pregnancy who were prescribed one of the most common types of antidepressant drugs, and autism diagnosed in children under seven years of age 11/25 Warning over Calpol Parents have been warned that giving children paracetamol-based medicines such as Calpol and Disprol too often could lead to serious health issues later in life. Leading paediatrician and professor of general paediatrics at University College London, Alastair Sutcliffe, said parents were overusing paracetamol to treat mild fevers. As a result, the risk of developing asthma, as well as kidney, heart and liver damage is heightened 12/25 Fat loss from pancreas 'can reverse' effects of type-2 diabetes Less than half a teaspoon of fat is all that it takes to turn someone into a type-2 diabetic according to a study that could overturn conventional wisdom on a disease affecting nearly 3 million people in Britain. Researchers have found it is not so much the overall body fat that is important in determining the onset of type-2 diabetes but the small amount of fat deposited in the pancreas, the endocrine organ responsible for insulin production 13/25 Potatoes reduce risk of stomach cancer Scientists have found people who eat large amounts of white vegetables were a third less likely to contract stomach cancer. The study, undertaken by Chinese scientists at Zhejiang University, found eating cauliflower, potatoes and onions reduces the chance of contracting stomach cancer but that beer, spirits, salt and preserved foods increased a person’s risk of the cancer 14/25 Connections between brain cells destroyed in early stages of Alzheimer’s disease Scientists have pinpointed how connections in the brain are destroyed in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease, in a study which it is hoped will help in the development of treatments for the debilitating condition. At the early stages of the development of Alzheimer’s disease the synapses – which connect the neurons in the brain – are destroyed, according to researchers at the University of New South Wales, Australia. The synapses are vital for brain function, particularly learning and forming memories 15/25 Sugar tax The Government should introduce a sugar tax to prevent an “obesity crisis” from crippling the NHS, a senior Conservative MP and former health minister has said. Dr Dan Poulter believes that the case for increased taxes on unhealthy sugary products was “increasingly compelling” PA 16/25 Cancer breakthrough offers new hope for survivors rendered infertile by chemotherapy A potentially “phenomenal” scientific breakthrough has offered fresh hope to cancer patients rendered infertile by chemotherapy. For the first time, researchers managed to restore ovaries in mice affected by chemotherapy so that they were able to have offspring. The scientists now plan to begin clinical trials to see if the technique, which involves the use of stem cells, will also work in humans by using umbilical cord material and possibly stem cells taken from human embryos, if regulators agree 17/25 Take this NHS test to find out if you have a cancerous mole An interactive test could help flag up whether you should seek advice from a health professional for one of the most common types of cancer. The test is available on the NHS Choices website and reveals whether you are at risk from the disease and recommends if you should seek help. The mole self-assessment factors in elements such as complexion, the number of times you have been severely sunburnt and whether skin cancer runs in your family. It also quizzes you on the number of moles you have and whether there have been any changes in appearance regarding size, shape and colour 18/25 Health apps approved by NHS 'may put users at risk of identity theft' Experts have warned that some apps do not adequately protect personal information 19/25 A watchdog has said that care visits must last longer The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (Nice) said home help visits of less than 30 minutes were not acceptable unless part of a wider package of support 20/25 Pendle in Lancashire tops list of five most anxious places to live in the UK Pendle in Lancashire has been named the most anxious place to live in the UK, while people living in Fermanagh and Omagh in Northern Ireland have been found to be the happiest 21/25 Ketamine could be used as anti-depressant Researchers at the University of Auckland said monitoring the effects of the drug on the brain has revealed neural pathways that could aid the development of fast-acting medications. Ketamine is a synthetic compound used as an off anaesthetic and analgesic drug, but is commonly used illegally as a hallucinogenic party drug. Dr Suresh Muthukumaraswamy, a senior researcher at the university and a member of the institution’s Centre for Brain Research, used the latest technology in brain imaging to investigate what mechanisms ketamine uses to be active in the human brain 22/25 A prosthetic hand that lets people actually feel through The technology lets paralysed people feel actual sensations when touching objects — including light taps on the mechanical finger — and could be a huge breakthrough for prosthetics, according to its makers. The tool was used to let a 28-year-old man who has been paralysed for more than a decade. While prosthetics have previously been able to be controlled directly from the brain, it is the first time that signals have been successfully sent the other way 23/25 The biggest cause of early death in the world is what you eat Unhealthy eating has been named as the most common cause of premature death around the globe, new data has revealed. A poor diet – which involves eating too few vegetables, fruits, nuts and grains and too much red meat, salt and sugar - was shown to be a bigger killer than smoking and alcohol 24/25 Scientists develop blood test that estimates how quickly people age Scientists believe it could be used to predict a person’s risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease as well as the “youthfulness” of donated organs for transplant operations. The test measures the vitality of certain genes which the researchers believe is an accurate indication of a person’s “biological age”, which may be younger or older than their actual chronological age 25/25 Aspirin could help boost therapies that fight cancer The latest therapies that fight cancer could work better when combined with aspirin, research has suggested. Scientists from the Francis Crick Institute in London say the anti-inflammatory pain killer suppresses a cancer molecule that allows tumours to evade the body’s immune defences. Laboratory tests have shown that skin, breast and bowel cancer cells often generate large amounts of this molecule, called prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). But Aspirin is one of a family of drugs that sends messages to the brain to block production of PGE2 and this means cancer cells can be attacked by the body’s natural defences Esmé Weijun Wang spoke to the Post about her experience of the condition, which she suffered from for two months, explaining that after weeks of losing “her sense of reality” she woke up and told her husband she had actually died a month before, when she had fainted on a plane. She said: “I was convinced that I had died on that flight and I was in the afterlife and hadn’t realised it until that moment." Ms Wang, who was previously diagnosed with a form of bipolar-type schizoaffective disorder, later recovered and “no longer saw herself as a rotting corpse”. A Mind spokesperson said “in terms of prevalence, there seems to be very few studies” meaning it is difficult to assess how many people are affected by the condition. The Washington Post says “what causes Cotard’s syndrome and other delusions is a matter of debate” and speculates on a range of possibilities including brain impairment. Professor and clinical psychologist Peter Kinderman told The Independent: "This syndrome is extremely rare so there's not much known about it, most literature on it is individual case studies over many years." He says one theory about the condition's cause is that when "conditions exist to make someone feel confused or distressed" the individual can combine all their thoughts and beliefs - some of which may be distressing and unusual, with the feeling that they don't recognise themselves. He said this could mean "people come up with the best conclusion they can to explain the experiences they're having, which may be that they're dead." Read more	i don't know
According to the proverb, what ‘makes a muckle’?	phrases - What is the meaning of "Many a mickle makes a muckle"? - English Language & Usage Stack Exchange "Mickle" is a (now obsolete except in dialect) word meaning "great", and is cognate with "much". "Muckle" is a variant, particularly used in Scotland. The OED says of the phrase you are asking about: [mickle, n.:] A large sum or amount. Chiefly in proverb: many a little (also pickle) makes a mickle (now freq. in the garbled form many a mickle makes a muckle). The form many a mickle makes a muckle (earliest recorded in quot. 1793) arises from a misapprehension that, rather than being variants of the same word, mickle and muckle have opposite meanings, the former representing ‘a small amount’ and the latter ‘a large amount’. up vote 0 down vote A Mickle is an Irish word for 'coin' and a Muckle is an old Cockney term (derived from old Yiddish slang) meaning a 'bundle'. The phrase means to save each coin and create a bundle, i.e. a bundle of coins. In more modetn venacular it translates to 'save a penny, save a pound'. Keith Waterhouse did not invent the term but attempted to relate it to a wider audience - being the literate classes as the folk who actually used the term were illiterate working poor of London. He was using it to relay amusement at the kind of expressions used by the uneducated poor. In addition, though the phrase was used up North in Yorkshire and Scotland it originated in the East End of London. Interestingly enough 'to take the mick' is from the same Irish word 'mickle' - to take the 'mickle'/ to take the 'penny' (i.e. to fool or deceive someone of their money). Also you will still sometimes hear a London Black Cab driver use the word 'Muckle' to describe a large amount, for instance 'theres a Muckle to be made tonight' or 'theres a Muckle to be made if you do the hours', however disclosure of good earnings is usually only discussed in the confidence of another Cabbie. Stand on me, I'm a 3rd generation Cabbie.	many mickle
After Auckland and Wellington, what is New Zealand’s third-largest city by population?	Muckle - www.alphadictionary.com Muckle Joined: Wed Feb 02, 2005 9:28 am Location: Lewisburg, PA Post by Dr. Goodword » Thu Sep 19, 2013 11:21 pm • muckle • Part of Speech: Adjective, Adverb Meaning: (Scots English) 1. Much, many. 2. Large, great. Notes: Usage of today's word tapered off over the course of the 20th Century even in its last stronghold, Scotland, always a land of fascinating words. An older variant of this word is mickle. In The Eve of St. Agnes (xiv) Keats pleads, "Let me laugh awhile, I've mickle time to grieve." Most Scots today would probably prefer using muckle, as did Frank Kippax as recently as 1992 in The Butcher's Bill: "The Home Guard barged in and waved a muckle pistol in his face." In Play: Today our word is heard mostly in the idiom, "Many a mickle maks a muckle," meaning roughly "a many littles make a lot," an encouragement to save for a rainy day. This idiomatic (unpredictable) phrase seems contradictory and probably is a corruption of "Many a little maks a muckle," suggesting the Scots themselves are letting this quaintly old fashioned word slip away. Still and again, J. D. Salinger wrote in Catcher in the Rye (1951), Chapter 11, that Jane Gallagher "was sort of muckle-mouthed", because when she talked excitedly "her mouth sort of went in about fifty directions". Word History: The origin of today's word is a prominent root meg- "great, large" found in almost every Indo-European language in some form. It came to Old English as mikel and much in English, but we find it in Norwegian and Danish meget "very (much)" and Swedish mycken "much", as well. The ancient Greek cognate is megas "great", borrowed in all the English words beginning with mega, such as megastar, megaton, and megabyte. It also underlies megalomania "delusions of wealth and power". In Armenian it became mec "great" and in Albanian, madh "great". Sanskrit maha "great" is used in several words borrowed into English, including mahatma "great spirit" as in Mahatma Gandhi, maharishi "great seer," and maha raja "great king". The last word also includes raja, a relative of royal and French roi "king." (And now muckle thanks to that great Italian Scotsman Sal McGundy for suggesting today's almost lost Good Word.) • The Good Dr. Goodword Post by MTC » Fri Sep 20, 2013 8:25 am "Many a nickle makes a mickle." More nonsense from MTC? Not according to Wiktionary which comments about "Many a mickle makes a muckle:" This form is erroneous, since "mickle" and "muckle" both mean "large amount" and indeed are etymologically identical. The correct forms are "many a little makes a mickle" or "many a pickle makes a mickle", but these are less-often heard.[1] [1] Many a Mickle, Cheshire, 1953, Page 12 ( http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/many_a_mi ... s_a_muckle ) Further research online reveals the source for the mickle/muckle equivalence is the revered Fowler's: "Source: Alan D. Mickle, Many a Mickle (Melbourne, Australia: F. W. Cheshire, 1953), p. 11-12. Alan Mickle obtained his information from Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage." Post by Slava » Fri Sep 20, 2013 8:24 pm hairyengland wrote: Good Afternoon, Thought I might just drop a note to "correct" the assertion that a fore-runner to "muckle" was "mickle". In fact "mickle" has the opposite meaning & is considered by Scots to represent a very small amount. A good example is contained in the plea for thriftiness when saving ie "Mony (many) a mickle maks (makes) a muckle" Hope this is constructive. Keep up the good work, never miss the daily contributions. Regards R.Bingham Welcome to the Agora, hairyengland. May you post well and prosper, to paraphrase Spock. Sorry to pick on your first post, but I must ask for clarification of your "correction." None of the online sources I've looked at agrees with your contention that mickle means small, few, or little. All state unequivocally that "mickle makes a muckle" is a corruption of other phrases. Perhaps it is true that modern Scots consider the modern mickle to mean little, and for their purposes that's fine. Yet, from an etymological viewpoint, it's not true; as the Dr. pointed out in his post. Can you provide us any sources to back up your claim? Life is like playing chess with chessmen who each have thoughts and feelings and motives of their own. Quote Post by MTC » Fri Sep 20, 2013 9:47 pm Let me intercede before hairyengland replies. Whether he provides authorities or not, I still appreciate his "man on the street" response. That's what authorities record and rely on, isn't it, current usage? Next, the authority Collins English Dictionary (see previous post) defines "mickle" as both "a lot" and "a little" which makes it a contranym. According to Collins, in the proverb "many a little makes a mickle" it means "a lot." In the Scottish proverb, "many a mickle maks a muckle" it means "a little." Perhaps hairyengland is merely reporting the first meaning. Mickle has a muckle of meanings. Post by Slava » Fri Sep 20, 2013 11:17 pm MTC wrote: Let me intercede before hairyengland replies. Whether he provides authorities or not, I still appreciate his "man on the street" response. That's what authorities record and rely on, isn't it, current usage? Actually, no. Current usage is what I meant to refer to in my post regarding modern Scots. However, current usage does not necessarily reflect actual meaning. That is why this is an idiom, not a factual statement. Next, the authority Collins English Dictionary (see previous post) defines "mickle" as both "a lot" and "a little" which makes it a contranym. According to Collins, in the proverb "many a little makes a mickle" it means "a lot." In the Scottish proverb, "many a mickle maks a muckle" it means "a little." Perhaps hairyengland is merely reporting the first meaning. Yet, look at the etymology of the Collins entry you cite. It states mickle comes from OE, "much." Collins does not address the concept of how something that means much could have come to mean little. A true contranym would be explained, don't you think? I cannot accept the "a little" meaning of mickle, as it is overwhelmingly considered a confusion or corruption of the original. As the majority of references state, mickle and muckle are etymologically identical, except for the first vowel. Small, a few, little, were never the first meaning of mickle. All I'm asking is that people who believe or consider otherwise provide evidence to back up the claim. Life is like playing chess with chessmen who each have thoughts and feelings and motives of their own.	i don't know
What is the capital of Papua New Guinea?	What is the Capital of Papua New Guinea? - Capital-of.com Dates of religious and Civil holidays around the world. www.when-is.com Capital of Papua New Guinea The Capital City of Papua New Guinea (officially named Independent State of Papua New Guinea) is the city of Port Moresby. The population of Port Moresby in the year 2000 was 255,000. Papua New Guinea is an English speaking country in the Pasific Ocean. Additional Information	Port Moresby
A.S.M. was which Coen brothers film?	capital of Papua New Guinea - Dictionary Definition : Vocabulary.com capital of Papua New Guinea Definitions of capital of Papua New Guinea 1 n the administrative capital and largest city of Papua New Guinea Synonyms: the capital city of a nation Word Family Usage Examples Sign up, it's free! Whether you're a student, an educator, or a life-long learner, Vocabulary.com can put you on the path to systematic vocabulary improvement.	i don't know
What colour are laburnum flowers?	Flower display page: Laburnum. No results available at mo. BlueWisteria.co.uk for down to earth gardening information. Flower Display Page: Laburnum. New Search Family description Laburnum. Laburnum trees are a spectacular sight when they flower in late spring. The entire tree is covered with the pendulant flower clusters. The tree itself is usually of slight stature and is deciduous. Mature trunks produce an extremely hard, chocolate-brown timber that is used in lathe turning and fine carpentry. Laburnum may be grown either as a standard tree in an open surrounding, a large shrub in a mixed border, or trained to cover pergolas and similar walkways where the flowers are able to hang above the visitor's head. All parts of this plant are toxic, particularly the seeds, so do not eat them. Do not get paranoid about the plant though, as they are not renowned for leaping into peoples mouths. General care. Most of the care of this plant is training and support while young. If growing Laburnum as a standard, it will require suitable strong staking until well established. During the autumn/winter months, the seed pods may be snipped off small plants, but this activity becomes futile once the tree gains a decent size. During dry spells, make sure the tree gets adequate water to prevent stress. Relatively free from disease, mildew may be troublesome on small plants, but the usual killer of these is either water logging during winter or attacks from honey fungus. Notes on Toxicity or Culinary usage. All parts of this tree are toxic but particularly the seeds which can easily kill a small child. Be aware of this danger but do not get hysterical about it. Learn and live, teach and thrive. Sales Items for sale listed below. Species description. Laburnum anagyroides. The Laburnum most commonly seen in gardens and is sometimes called golden rain because of the spectacular flower display in late spring. The yellow blossoms hang down in large bunches and for this reason young trees are often trained over arches and walkways. Display characteristics for Laburnum anagyroides. Flower colours and blooming period. Bloom	Hong Jin-ho
What colour are borage flowers?	A Modern Herbal \| Laburnum Constituents ---Synonym---Yellow Laburnurn. ---Part Used---Seeds. The Laburnum, indigenous to the higher mountains of Europe, is cultivated throughout the civilized world for its flowers, which appear early in the spring, in rich, pendent, yellow clusters. All parts of the plant are probably poisonous and children should be warned never to touch the black seeds which contain this highly poisonous alkaloid, as cases of poisoning after eating the seeds have been frequent. The Laburnum is a native of the mountains of France, Switzerland, and southern Germany, where it attains the height of 20 feet and upwards. It was introduced into England previously to 1597, at which time Gerard appears to have grown it in his garden under the names of Anagyris, Laburnum, and Bean Trefoil. The heart-wood is of a dark colour, and though of a coarse grain it is very hard and durable, will take a polish, and may be stained to resemble ebony. It is much in demand among turners, and is wrought into a variety of articles which require strength and smoothness. Cytisus purpurascens (Fr. C. d'Adam), the PURPLE LABURNUM, is a hybrid between C. Laburnum and C. purpureus. It was originated in Paris in 1828, by M. Adam, and has since been much cultivated in England. A curious result of hybridizing appears in this variety occasionally. The branches below the graft produce the ordinary yellow Laburnum flowers of large size; those above often exhibit a small purple Laburnum flower, as well as reddish flowers intermediate between the two in size and colour. Occasionally, the same cluster has some flowers yellow and some purple (Balfour). Laburnum trees should not be allowed to overhang a field used as a pasture, for when cattle and horses have browsed on the foliage and pods, the results have proved deadly. Symptoms of poisoning by Laburnum root or seeds are intense sleepiness, vomiting, convulsive movements, coma, slight frothing atthe mouth and unequally dilated pupils. In some cases, diarrhoea is very severe and at times the convulsions are markedly tetanic. In an article on the use of insecticides against lice, by A. Bacot, Entomologist to the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine, in the British Medical Journal of September 30, 1916, the writer records the results of experiments with various reputedly insecticidal substances, but mainly with Cytisine, the alkaloid obtained from the seeds of the Gorse and Laburnum, the physiological properties of which resemble those of Nicotine. He found that while Cytisine is quite satisfactory from an experimental point of view, its use is contraindicated, because the degree of concentration required is such as to entail risk of absorption over a wide area of the body, with almost certain toxic consequences. ---Constituents--- Cytisine was discovered in 1863 by Husemann and Marme, as one of the poisonous alkaloids present in the seeds of the Laburnum. It is a white, crystalline solid, of a bitter, somewhat caustic taste, with a very poisonous action. It has been recommended in whooping cough and asthma. The same alkaloid has been isolated from the seeds of several leguminous plants. Plugge, in 1895, stated that he found it in eight species of the genus Cytisus, two of the genus Genista, two of the genus Sophara, two of the genus Baptisia, in Anagyris Joetida, and in other plants. He considered the Ulexine of Gerrard from Ulex Europaea (Linn.) to be identical with Cytisine.	i don't know
Which bird is known as the windhover in certain parts of the UK?	Magpie FAQ Magpie FAQ BirdWatch Ireland received more queries about Magpies than any other bird. Some people love them, some people hate them, but everyone seems to have an opinion about them. With this in mind, we have decided to answer some of the most commonly-asked questions about this well-known Irish bird here. ⇒ How did the Magpie get its name? The term “pie” is derived from French, which itself comes from the Latin word “pica”, meaning black-and-white, or pied. Pie forms the basis of most vernacular names for this species. The modern name became established from about 1600 onwards in the midlands and south of England . The species was known as “Piannet” in the north of England at that time. Magpie is derived from “Magot Pie”, which first appeared in Shakespeare’s ‘Macbeth’. The Magpie is known as the “Pie Bavarde” in French, the “Urraca” in Spanish, the “Elster” in German, the “Gazza” in Italian and the “Snag Breac” in Irish. ⇒ What is the scientific name of the Magpie? The scientific name of the magpie is Pica pica, a reference to its black-and-white plumage. ⇒ What family of birds does the Magpie belong to? The Magpie is a member of the crow family, the Corvidae. It belongs to the genus Pica, which consists of 3 species: These species provide a link between the true crows and the jays. ⇒ What does the Magpie look like? Magpies are familiar birds to most, with their distinctive black-and-white plumage, and they are not easily confused with any other Irish bird. Seen at close range, the black feathers have a metallic sheen, bluish-purple on the body and green on the tail. The tail itself is a very striking feature; it is wedge-shaped and very long (about as long as the body). ⇒ What habitat do Magpies live in? In Europe the Magpie is predominantly a lowland bird of open or lightly wooded country. Magpies prefer areas which provide the opportunity to forage on the ground, nest, roost and find cover. Magpies will inhabit both broad-leaved and coniferous woodland. In the recent past a notable development has been their spread into urban areas, including large cities. ⇒ What are the habits of the Magpie? The Magpie is a very social and conspicuous bird. It is normally observed in pairs or family parties. However it is not unusual to see small flocks or communal roosts. Some pairs maintain a territory throughout the year while others abandon their territory outside the breeding season. It is not unusual to see non-breeding birds within a pair’s territory; it may well be that they are the offspring of a previous year. They are often seen close to humans and can appear to be quite bold, though always very wary. Magpies have a “confident” demeanour and may be seen strutting about with their tails held high. They will readily take to driving off predators such as birds of prey or domestic cats. ⇒ What do Magpies eat? Magpies are omnivorous. They feed mainly on the ground, eating a wide range of food, e.g., beetles, seeds, berries, small mammals, small birds and their eggs, nestlings and even reptiles. They may be often observed searching the roads early in the morning for road kill. They will often scavenge around homes, parks etc. searching out scraps. ⇒ What are the breeding habits of the Magpie? The Magpie is a solitary nester. The nest is a dome of thorny twigs with a side entrance placed high in a tree. The inside is lined with hair, wool, etc. Normally a new nest is built each year, and both partners take part in the building of the nest. Usually 5–7 eggs are laid; these are usually bluish-green and are incubated for up to 3 weeks. The young remain in the nest for a couple of weeks following hatching while being fed by the parents. The fledglings remain close to the nest for a few days. When the Magpies abandon the nest it is frequently used by other species, e.g. Kestrel, Long-eared Owl. ⇒ What is the worldwide range of the Magpie? The Magpie’s range extends throughout much of the biogeographical region known as the Palearctic. It is found throughout Europe , extending eastwards through most of central and southern Siberia to the Pacific. There is also an isolated population in SW Arabia. ⇒ What is the history of the Magpie in Ireland ? Magpies were apparently first recorded in Wexford in 1676: a report of a flock of a dozen flying in over the sea. Breeding in Dublin was first noted in 1852. Magpies have shown a marked increase in numbers over much of the country since the late 1940s. A dramatic fall in the species population in the late 1950s and early 1960s seems to have been the result of certain agricultural chemicals. Following the withdrawal of organochlorine pesticides used as seed dressings, Magpie numbers have increased. There has been a notable spread into urban areas, and they now breed in inner Dublin ⇒ What is the status of the Magpie in Ireland today? The current Countryside Bird Survey has revealed that the magpie is the 8th most widespread species in the Republic of Ireland , having been recorded in 85% of the survey’s 1-kilometre squares. However, despite the apparent abundance the average count per survey square is only 5. This is far less than, e.g., the Blackbird with 13 or the Wren and the Swallow with 14. ⇒ Are Magpies destructive towards small birds? It is true that Magpies will take the eggs and the young of other birds. However this predation is restricted to a relatively short period, and for most of the year they take other foods. A recent survey on urban Magpies showed that eggs and young birds form a small percentage of their diet. It is probably fair to say that Magpies may sometimes be blamed for predation by domestic cats, squirrels or rats, and are often used as scapegoats when the real reason for a local decline in small birds is habitat destruction, the biggest threat of all to our birdlife. Detailed census work has shown no major decline in the populations of small birds that may be attributed to Magpies. A fluctuation in the numbers of small birds is more usually associated with habitat change or severe winters. Normally, predators do not control the numbers of their prey: the predator population cannot increase beyond a level which the prey can support. A partial predator such as the Magpie is unlikely to have any lasting effect on small birds and their hatchlings. ⇒ What is the legal position in relation to the control of Magpie numbers? Largely because Magpies eat the young of intensively reared gamebirds, the law states that an authorised person may kill them at any time of the year or destroy their nests. An authorised person would be the landowner or someone acting with the permission of the landowner. The use of poison is illegal in most cases and is not recommended as a method of control for Magpies, particularly in suburban circumstances. Care should be taken to ensure that it is indeed Magpies that are occupying a Magpie’s nest that is to be destroyed, as they are often used by other species. ⇒ What effect have control measures on the population of Magpies? Where Magpies are common, control measures are unlikely to be effective, as new birds will quickly move in to replace those which have been killed. As the main predation of nests takes place when Magpies are feeding young, preventing them from hatching their eggs may better reduce the problem. However, this would only be necessary in very extreme circumstances. ⇒ What may be done in gardens to better protect small birds from Magpies? In gardens, thick cover provided by dense hedges, bushes and creepers in which small birds nest may diminish the level of Magpie predation. Particularly good are evergreens such as laurel, yew and ivy, especially when they are close to the house.	Kestrel
Who wrote ‘Tristram Shandy’ (1759 onwards) and ‘A Sentimental Journey’ (1768)?	Magpie FAQ Magpie FAQ BirdWatch Ireland received more queries about Magpies than any other bird. Some people love them, some people hate them, but everyone seems to have an opinion about them. With this in mind, we have decided to answer some of the most commonly-asked questions about this well-known Irish bird here. ⇒ How did the Magpie get its name? The term “pie” is derived from French, which itself comes from the Latin word “pica”, meaning black-and-white, or pied. Pie forms the basis of most vernacular names for this species. The modern name became established from about 1600 onwards in the midlands and south of England . The species was known as “Piannet” in the north of England at that time. Magpie is derived from “Magot Pie”, which first appeared in Shakespeare’s ‘Macbeth’. The Magpie is known as the “Pie Bavarde” in French, the “Urraca” in Spanish, the “Elster” in German, the “Gazza” in Italian and the “Snag Breac” in Irish. ⇒ What is the scientific name of the Magpie? The scientific name of the magpie is Pica pica, a reference to its black-and-white plumage. ⇒ What family of birds does the Magpie belong to? The Magpie is a member of the crow family, the Corvidae. It belongs to the genus Pica, which consists of 3 species: These species provide a link between the true crows and the jays. ⇒ What does the Magpie look like? Magpies are familiar birds to most, with their distinctive black-and-white plumage, and they are not easily confused with any other Irish bird. Seen at close range, the black feathers have a metallic sheen, bluish-purple on the body and green on the tail. The tail itself is a very striking feature; it is wedge-shaped and very long (about as long as the body). ⇒ What habitat do Magpies live in? In Europe the Magpie is predominantly a lowland bird of open or lightly wooded country. Magpies prefer areas which provide the opportunity to forage on the ground, nest, roost and find cover. Magpies will inhabit both broad-leaved and coniferous woodland. In the recent past a notable development has been their spread into urban areas, including large cities. ⇒ What are the habits of the Magpie? The Magpie is a very social and conspicuous bird. It is normally observed in pairs or family parties. However it is not unusual to see small flocks or communal roosts. Some pairs maintain a territory throughout the year while others abandon their territory outside the breeding season. It is not unusual to see non-breeding birds within a pair’s territory; it may well be that they are the offspring of a previous year. They are often seen close to humans and can appear to be quite bold, though always very wary. Magpies have a “confident” demeanour and may be seen strutting about with their tails held high. They will readily take to driving off predators such as birds of prey or domestic cats. ⇒ What do Magpies eat? Magpies are omnivorous. They feed mainly on the ground, eating a wide range of food, e.g., beetles, seeds, berries, small mammals, small birds and their eggs, nestlings and even reptiles. They may be often observed searching the roads early in the morning for road kill. They will often scavenge around homes, parks etc. searching out scraps. ⇒ What are the breeding habits of the Magpie? The Magpie is a solitary nester. The nest is a dome of thorny twigs with a side entrance placed high in a tree. The inside is lined with hair, wool, etc. Normally a new nest is built each year, and both partners take part in the building of the nest. Usually 5–7 eggs are laid; these are usually bluish-green and are incubated for up to 3 weeks. The young remain in the nest for a couple of weeks following hatching while being fed by the parents. The fledglings remain close to the nest for a few days. When the Magpies abandon the nest it is frequently used by other species, e.g. Kestrel, Long-eared Owl. ⇒ What is the worldwide range of the Magpie? The Magpie’s range extends throughout much of the biogeographical region known as the Palearctic. It is found throughout Europe , extending eastwards through most of central and southern Siberia to the Pacific. There is also an isolated population in SW Arabia. ⇒ What is the history of the Magpie in Ireland ? Magpies were apparently first recorded in Wexford in 1676: a report of a flock of a dozen flying in over the sea. Breeding in Dublin was first noted in 1852. Magpies have shown a marked increase in numbers over much of the country since the late 1940s. A dramatic fall in the species population in the late 1950s and early 1960s seems to have been the result of certain agricultural chemicals. Following the withdrawal of organochlorine pesticides used as seed dressings, Magpie numbers have increased. There has been a notable spread into urban areas, and they now breed in inner Dublin ⇒ What is the status of the Magpie in Ireland today? The current Countryside Bird Survey has revealed that the magpie is the 8th most widespread species in the Republic of Ireland , having been recorded in 85% of the survey’s 1-kilometre squares. However, despite the apparent abundance the average count per survey square is only 5. This is far less than, e.g., the Blackbird with 13 or the Wren and the Swallow with 14. ⇒ Are Magpies destructive towards small birds? It is true that Magpies will take the eggs and the young of other birds. However this predation is restricted to a relatively short period, and for most of the year they take other foods. A recent survey on urban Magpies showed that eggs and young birds form a small percentage of their diet. It is probably fair to say that Magpies may sometimes be blamed for predation by domestic cats, squirrels or rats, and are often used as scapegoats when the real reason for a local decline in small birds is habitat destruction, the biggest threat of all to our birdlife. Detailed census work has shown no major decline in the populations of small birds that may be attributed to Magpies. A fluctuation in the numbers of small birds is more usually associated with habitat change or severe winters. Normally, predators do not control the numbers of their prey: the predator population cannot increase beyond a level which the prey can support. A partial predator such as the Magpie is unlikely to have any lasting effect on small birds and their hatchlings. ⇒ What is the legal position in relation to the control of Magpie numbers? Largely because Magpies eat the young of intensively reared gamebirds, the law states that an authorised person may kill them at any time of the year or destroy their nests. An authorised person would be the landowner or someone acting with the permission of the landowner. The use of poison is illegal in most cases and is not recommended as a method of control for Magpies, particularly in suburban circumstances. Care should be taken to ensure that it is indeed Magpies that are occupying a Magpie’s nest that is to be destroyed, as they are often used by other species. ⇒ What effect have control measures on the population of Magpies? Where Magpies are common, control measures are unlikely to be effective, as new birds will quickly move in to replace those which have been killed. As the main predation of nests takes place when Magpies are feeding young, preventing them from hatching their eggs may better reduce the problem. However, this would only be necessary in very extreme circumstances. ⇒ What may be done in gardens to better protect small birds from Magpies? In gardens, thick cover provided by dense hedges, bushes and creepers in which small birds nest may diminish the level of Magpie predation. Particularly good are evergreens such as laurel, yew and ivy, especially when they are close to the house.	i don't know
Someone born today would have which sign of the zodiac?	Astrology: Why Your Zodiac Sign and Horoscope Are Wrong Astrology: Why Your Zodiac Sign and Horoscope Are Wrong By Pedro Braganca \| October 23, 2007 12:16pm ET MORE It's a great conversation starter: "What's your sign?" But before you ask or answer that question, consider this: Your zodiac sign corresponds to the position of the sun relative to constellations as they appeared more 2,200 years ago! The science behind astrology may have its roots in astronomy but don't confuse these two disciplines. Astronomy can explain the position of the stars in the sky but it’s up to you to determine what, if anything, their alignment signifies. In short, as you'll see below, your zodiac sign is not what you think it is, and your corresponding horoscope can't be right. [Read: Wobbly Earth Means Your Horoscope Is Wrong ] The Constellations of the Zodiac The ecliptic, or the position of the Sun as it’s perceived from the revolving Earth, passes through the constellations that formed the Zodiac - Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius and Pisces. Zodiac signs were originally determined by which constellation the Sun was "in" on the day you were born. Early astronomers observed the Sun traveling through the signs of the Zodiac in the course of one year, spending about a month in each. Thus, they calculated that each constellation extends 30 degrees across the ecliptic. However, a phenomenon called precession has altered the position of the constellations we see today. Precession and Astrology The first day of spring in the Northern Hemisphere was once marked by the zero point of the Zodiac. Astronomers call this the vernal equinox and it occurs as the ecliptic and celestial equator intersect. Around 600 BCE, the zero point was in Aries and was called the "first point of Aries." (Figure 1) The constellation Aries encompassed the first 30 degrees of the ecliptic; from 30 to 60 degrees was Taurus; from 60 to 90 degrees was Gemini; and so on for all twelve constellations of the Zodiac. Unbeknownst to the ancient astrologers, the Earth continually wobbles around its axis in a 25,800-year cycle. This wobble—called precession—is caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon on Earth's equatorial bulge. Over the past two-and-a-half millennia, this wobble has caused the intersection point between the celestial equator and the ecliptic to move west along the ecliptic by 36 degrees, or almost exactly one-tenth of the way around. This means that the signs have slipped one-tenth—or almost one whole month—of the way around the sky to the west, relative to the stars beyond. For instance, those born between March 21 and April 19 consider themselves to be Aries. Today, the Sun is no longer within the constellation of Aries during much of that period. From March 11 to April 18, the Sun is actually in the constellation of Pisces! (Figure 2) See also Figure 3, which demonstrates the precession of the equinoxes from 600 BCE to 2600. Your "Real Sign" The table below lists the dates when the Sun is actually within the astronomical constellations of the Zodiac, according to modern constellation boundaries and corrected for precession (these dates can vary a day from year to year). You will most likely find that once precession is taken into account, your zodiac sign is different. And if you were born between November 29 and December 17, your sign is actually one you never saw in the newspaper: you are an Ophiuchus! The eliptic passes through the constellation of Ophiuchus after Scorpius. Now you really have something cool with which to start that conversation! Check out your “real” zodiac sign below and see what the sky looked like on your birthday by going to the Birthday Sky application. Capricorn - Jan 20 to Feb 16 Aquarius - Feb 16 to Mar 11 Pisces - Mar 11 to Apr 18 Aries - Apr 18 to May 13 Taurus - May 13 to Jun 21 Gemini - Jun 21 to Jul 20 Cancer - Jul 20 to Aug 10 Leo - Aug 10 to Sep 16 Virgo - Sep 16 to Oct 30 Libra - Oct 30 to Nov 23 Scorpius - Nov 23 to Nov 29 Ophiuchus - Nov 29 to Dec 17 Sagittarius - Dec 17 to Jan 20	PISCES
What is the capital city of Cyprus?	Astrology: Why Your Zodiac Sign and Horoscope Are Wrong Astrology: Why Your Zodiac Sign and Horoscope Are Wrong By Pedro Braganca \| October 23, 2007 12:16pm ET MORE It's a great conversation starter: "What's your sign?" But before you ask or answer that question, consider this: Your zodiac sign corresponds to the position of the sun relative to constellations as they appeared more 2,200 years ago! The science behind astrology may have its roots in astronomy but don't confuse these two disciplines. Astronomy can explain the position of the stars in the sky but it’s up to you to determine what, if anything, their alignment signifies. In short, as you'll see below, your zodiac sign is not what you think it is, and your corresponding horoscope can't be right. [Read: Wobbly Earth Means Your Horoscope Is Wrong ] The Constellations of the Zodiac The ecliptic, or the position of the Sun as it’s perceived from the revolving Earth, passes through the constellations that formed the Zodiac - Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius and Pisces. Zodiac signs were originally determined by which constellation the Sun was "in" on the day you were born. Early astronomers observed the Sun traveling through the signs of the Zodiac in the course of one year, spending about a month in each. Thus, they calculated that each constellation extends 30 degrees across the ecliptic. However, a phenomenon called precession has altered the position of the constellations we see today. Precession and Astrology The first day of spring in the Northern Hemisphere was once marked by the zero point of the Zodiac. Astronomers call this the vernal equinox and it occurs as the ecliptic and celestial equator intersect. Around 600 BCE, the zero point was in Aries and was called the "first point of Aries." (Figure 1) The constellation Aries encompassed the first 30 degrees of the ecliptic; from 30 to 60 degrees was Taurus; from 60 to 90 degrees was Gemini; and so on for all twelve constellations of the Zodiac. Unbeknownst to the ancient astrologers, the Earth continually wobbles around its axis in a 25,800-year cycle. This wobble—called precession—is caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon on Earth's equatorial bulge. Over the past two-and-a-half millennia, this wobble has caused the intersection point between the celestial equator and the ecliptic to move west along the ecliptic by 36 degrees, or almost exactly one-tenth of the way around. This means that the signs have slipped one-tenth—or almost one whole month—of the way around the sky to the west, relative to the stars beyond. For instance, those born between March 21 and April 19 consider themselves to be Aries. Today, the Sun is no longer within the constellation of Aries during much of that period. From March 11 to April 18, the Sun is actually in the constellation of Pisces! (Figure 2) See also Figure 3, which demonstrates the precession of the equinoxes from 600 BCE to 2600. Your "Real Sign" The table below lists the dates when the Sun is actually within the astronomical constellations of the Zodiac, according to modern constellation boundaries and corrected for precession (these dates can vary a day from year to year). You will most likely find that once precession is taken into account, your zodiac sign is different. And if you were born between November 29 and December 17, your sign is actually one you never saw in the newspaper: you are an Ophiuchus! The eliptic passes through the constellation of Ophiuchus after Scorpius. Now you really have something cool with which to start that conversation! Check out your “real” zodiac sign below and see what the sky looked like on your birthday by going to the Birthday Sky application. Capricorn - Jan 20 to Feb 16 Aquarius - Feb 16 to Mar 11 Pisces - Mar 11 to Apr 18 Aries - Apr 18 to May 13 Taurus - May 13 to Jun 21 Gemini - Jun 21 to Jul 20 Cancer - Jul 20 to Aug 10 Leo - Aug 10 to Sep 16 Virgo - Sep 16 to Oct 30 Libra - Oct 30 to Nov 23 Scorpius - Nov 23 to Nov 29 Ophiuchus - Nov 29 to Dec 17 Sagittarius - Dec 17 to Jan 20	i don't know
What acid is responsible for the sting in nettles?	Compound Interest - The Chemistry of Stinging Nettles The Chemistry of Stinging Nettles Click to enlarge Doubtless the majority of people reading this will, at some point in their life, have had the unpleasant experience of being stung by stinging nettles. But what chemicals do stinging nettles contain that elicit this effect? Further to that, a commonly espoused remedy for the stings, in the UK at least, is to rub dock leaves on them – but does this actually work, or is it just a widespread myth? This graphic sorts the nettle sting remedy fact from the fiction. The nettle species, Urtica dioica, actually encompasses six different subspecies, all but one of which have stinging hairs. It is more common in areas with moist soil – which explains its ubiquity in the UK! It’s also abundant in Asia, North America, much of Europe, and even some Northern African countries. Despite it being so widespread, however, there’s still a lot we don’t know about stings from stinging nettles. What we do know well is how they occur. Stinging nettles are covered with countless tiny hollow hairs called trichomes. When something brushes against these hairs, their very fragile silica tips break off, and the remainder of the hair can then act like a needle. It pierces the skin, and releases a cocktail of various chemicals from the base of the hair, and it’s these that cause the sting. What’s in this mix of different chemicals that causes the sting? Whilst we still haven’t identified every single compound in the mixture, we have some idea. We used to think that the main component was formic acid, the same compound contained in ant venom. Whilst formic acid is certainly capable of causing a stinging sensation, and it is present in stinging nettles, it’s now thought that it’s present in too low a concentration to account for the extended pain of a stinging nettle sting. Other chemicals contained in the stinging nettle venom, and the ones we now think are primarily responsible for the pain it induces, are histamine, acetylcholine, and serotonin. Serotonin, in particular, might sound familiar – it’s produced in our bodies, and sometimes referred to as the ‘happy hormone’, though it’s actually responsible for a number of other roles too. When injected by the stinging nettle, however, it functions as an irritant, leading to pain. Acetylcholine is another neurotransmitter that can accomplish a similar effect, and you might remember histamine from previous discussions of allergies, particularly hayfever . In the venom, histamine causes inflammation and pain. Whilst all of the above contribute to the painful experience of a nettle sting, it’s still not the full story. Independently, they don’t explain why the effect of a nettle sting is so prolonged. It’s possible that there are synergistic effects between them and other chemicals in the venom mixture. Additionally, tartaric acid and oxalic acid are two compounds, isolated in a different species of stinging nettle, which were implicated in the drawn-out effect. However, further studies could reveal that there are still gaps in our current understanding. So, you’re out and about, and get stung by a stinging nettle – what do you do? In some countries, your immediate reaction would probably be to hunt for a dock leaf to rub on the affected area. To many, this is almost second nature, but is it actually in any way effective? Anecdotally, it certainly seems to be, but actually there’s little in the way of scientific evidence. Some have claimed that the dock leaf’s sap is alkaline, which neutralises the acidic compounds in the nettle sting. Even if this is the case, however, we’ve already pointed out that it’s not just the acidic compounds in nettle venom that are problematic. Additionally, dock leaf sap actually isn’t alkaline, so the whole argument falls apart. It’s certainly not a neutralisation reaction that’s soothing the sting. Another suggestion is that dock leafs contain a natural antihistamine, which prevent histamine in the venom from producing inflammation and pain. This sounds like a decent theory – but there’s no scientific evidence that dock leaves do contain an antihistamine. After a lot of hunting, the only paper I could find naming a specific compound references another paper that supposedly shows dock leaf to have high levels of chlorphenamine. However, the paper being referenced doesn’t actually contain any mention of this at all. The ‘dock leaves contain antihistamines’ claim is a widespread one – a quick google will show as much – but in all cases it is unsubstantiated, and the trail of breadcrumbs always leads back to the same study which seems to be erroneously referencing a finding that doesn’t exist. As I result, I’m not convinced it isn’t just a total fabrication. (Of course, if anyone can provide evidence to the contrary, it’d be great to see!). [Edit: 20/05/2016: Since writing this article, a paper which shows that dock leaf extract can have some effect on serotonin in the nettle sting has been brought to my attention. While it’s far from conclusive, being around 60 years old and only mentioned in conference proceedings, it does at least hint at the possibility of there being a chemical basis to dock leaves’ effects. Without any further or more recent research to back it up, the jury’s still out as to whether dock leaf acts merely as a placebo or not – more research needed!]. Another oft-suggested remedy is applying calamine lotion to the skin. Calamine is usually a mixture of zinc oxide and a small amount of iron (III) oxide, and is unsurprisingly the main ingredient in calamine lotion. It’s an anti-pruritic (anti-itching) agent, which is commonly applied to insect stings ( which we’ve also looked at previously ) to ease itching. Its efficacy has also been debated at times, and it won’t completely nullify the pain of the nettle sting, but it may help take the edge off. Other, stranger methods of treating stings have also been suggested. Urinating on them is one that crops up more often than you might expect, but it’s likely to have little or no effect – and whilst we’re on the subject, there’s little point in urinating on a jellyfish sting either . Plantain leaves, much like dock leaves, are also a common remedy in some countries, though again, there’s currently no scientific evidence that they have any particular chemical effect. One remedy that will alleviate the pain of the sting somewhat is the use of antihistamine or corticosteroid creams. Both of these prevent the action of histamine. Whilst, of course, it doesn’t do much to some of the other chemical components of the venom, preventing histamine’s action does at least help to reduce inflammation and some of the pain. Currently, this is the only remedy for nettle stings for which there is concrete scientific evidence. So, next time you’re out walking and get stung by a nettle, there’s nothing wrong with hunting for the distraction or placebo effect of a dock leaf. But, even better, maybe have some antihistamine cream pre-packed as well!	Formic
Under what name did Terry the dog achieve fame in a 1939 film?	Which acid is present in nettles? \| Reference.com Which acid is present in nettles? A: Quick Answer The leaves of fresh nettles contain small proportions of the plant sterols. However they also contain high levels of the flavonal glycosides like formic and carbonic acid and quercitin, according to Dr. Christopher’s Herbal Legacy. Full Answer Various analyses about nettles reveal around 50 chemical constituents. The stinging nettle’s roots have undergone extensive studies and contain serotonin, choline, acetylcholine, histamine, two resins, sugar, albumen, gum and starch. In addition, homovanillyl alcohol, neo-olivil, secoisolariciresinol, scopoletin, steryl glyocosides, sterols and oleanol acid are present in nettles. There are only a small number of studies that have been conducted on the seeds of the nettle plants. From those few studies, selenium, potassium, sodium, manganese, magnesium, phosphorous, calcium, copper, zinc, niacin, riboflavin, thiamin, linolenic acid were found.	i don't know
Who connects the BBC news, ‘Crimewatch’, and ‘Antiques Roadshow’?	BBC NEWS \| Entertainment \| Bruce to host Antiques Roadshow Bruce to host Antiques Roadshow Bruce has hosted three series of BBC Two's The Antiques Show TV newsreader Fiona Bruce is to take over as presenter of the BBC's Antiques Roadshow, with Michael Aspel leaving next spring after eight years on-air. Aspel, 74, will depart as the programme marks its 30th anniversary on-air and said this was "a good time" to go. Bruce, currently seen on Crimewatch and BBC One's Ten O'Clock News, said it was "a dream come true" to be taking over a series which she watched regularly. The show sees experts valuing art and other objects belonging to the public. Aspel said he had "travelled many thousands of miles and met some wonderful people" while recording around the UK. "I've been in television for 50 years and have a very tidy mind, so it's great to finish on an anniversary, and while I am feeling totally fulfilled," he said. Bruce has hosted three series of BBC Two's The Antiques Show His successor has been with the BBC for 18 years, starting as a researcher on the current affairs show Panorama. As well as her newsreading commitments, the 43-year-old has also presented three series of The Antiques Show for BBC Two. Peter Fincham, the controller of BBC One, promised that Bruce would "bring a new and fresh tone" to one of the BBC longest-running factual programmes. There have been more than 500 episodes of Antiques Roadshow, recorded in 420 venues. Aspel said he had "no immediate plans" to host any other TV programme. "But that doesn't mean I won't be back if an interesting project comes along," he added.	Fiona Bruce
Born in 1963, whose real name is Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou?	BBC News Online \| Bruce to host Antiques Roadshow Bruce to host Antiques Roadshow 22 June 07 12:22 GMT TV newsreader Fiona Bruce is to take over as presenter of the BBC's Antiques Roadshow, with Michael Aspel leaving next spring after eight years on-air. Aspel, 74, will depart as the programme marks its 30th anniversary on-air and said this was "a good time" to go. Bruce, currently seen on Crimewatch and BBC One's Ten O'Clock News, said it was "a dream come true" to be taking over a series which she watched regularly. The show sees experts valuing art and other objects belonging to the public. Aspel said he had "travelled many thousands of miles and met some wonderful people" while recording around the UK. "I've been in television for 50 years and have a very tidy mind, so it's great to finish on an anniversary, and while I am feeling totally fulfilled," he said. His successor has been with the BBC for 18 years, starting as a researcher on the current affairs show Panorama. As well as her newsreading commitments, the 43-year-old has also presented three series of The Antiques Show for BBC Two. Peter Fincham, the controller of BBC One, promised that Bruce would "bring a new and fresh tone" to one of the BBC longest-running factual programmes. There have been more than 500 episodes of Antiques Roadshow, recorded in 420 venues. Aspel said he had "no immediate plans" to host any other TV programme. "But that doesn't mean I won't be back if an interesting project comes along," he added.	i don't know
George Ford is a player and dad Mike Ford is the coach at which English rugby club?	Mike Ford: My sacking has affected George's form but my son will bounce back for England Mike Ford: My sacking has affected George's form but my son will bounce back for England Mike Ford (c) poses with his two sons George (r) and Joe in 2011 Credit: Getty Gavin Mairs , Rugby News Correspondent 30 May 2016 • 10:00pm George Ford will depart for Australia on Tuesday for the three-Test tour with a message of strong support from his father Mike, the former England and Bath coach, who insists that the fly-half has the mental strength to bounce back from his poor kicking display in the victory over Wales. Ford Snr was at Twickenham on Sunday when sections of the crowd booed and jeered his son as he missed two penalties and four conversions during England’s 27-13 triumph in the Old Mutual Wealth Cup match. George Ford missed six of seven kicks at goal in the match Credit: REX Ford will now face strong competition for the No. 10 shirt from Saracens fly-half Owen Farrell, who played at inside centre during the Six Nations. Farrell was also England’s first-choice kicker during the Grand Slam triumph, with Luther Burrell, named in the squad as the replacement for the injured Manu Tuilagi, now a strong contender for the inside centre position. Mike Ford admitted that his son, who was England’s fly-half during the Grand Slam campaign, had been affected by his father’s recent sacking as director of rugby at Bath. Mike Ford left Bath earlier this month Credit: Action Images But Ford Snr, who brought George to Bath from Leicester in 2013, was certain that his missed kicks at Twickenham would not impact on his ability to lead the England line in the first Test in Brisbane a week on Saturday. “George is a strong kid and has achieved quite a lot in his short career so far and you forget how young they are, these kids, and also the affect of my sacking on him,” Mike Ford told The Telegraph. “We are unbelievably tight and close and it affects him that I got sacked. He doesn’t want that, he is like every child whose dad loses his job but, with George, he has then got to go out and play for England. “It affects your life and he took it badly, like we all did. We talked about it and told him he would be all right, just go out and train well. “But the thing about him – and there have been times when he has missed kicks at Bath – is that it never affects his performance. “He doesn’t shrink away from things, he keeps getting ball on the front foot and keeps trying things. He is pretty courageous. “A lot of players would say ‘take me off’ but it doesn’t worry him what people perceive or what the critics say. He just works unbelievably hard every day. “It has been a long season for them all, and there is fatigue but I have no doubt that he will bounce back. He has done it many times in his career.” Watch \| Sir Ian McGeechan: How England can beat Australia 01:24 George Ford received strong backing from Eddie Jones after the match, with the England head coach criticising those who booed the player. His father claimed he did not hear the negative reaction from the crowd but admitted it had been tough to watch his son struggle with his kicking performance. “You want your son to do really well and, when he misses a kick, it affects you. But he will bounce back. He has started 19 games and England have won 17 out of the 19 games. People soon forget. “George’s greatest thing at the minute is the way he brings other people into the game – J J [Jonathan Joseph] and Anthony [Watson] will vouch for that and Luther [Burrell] on Sunday.” Ford is in daily contact with his son and his message to George last night was to remember the things he had already achieved in the game. “He is very good to talk to but he also needs an arm around him,” Ford added. “Don’t forget, George, you are a world-class player. “He seeks perfection every day, and there is nothing wrong with that, but it is impossible to get it. But as long as he is seeking it and doing the best he can, then he will always be on the right track. “Remember the strength you have got in terms of what you have achieve so far. It happens to everyone, doesn’t it? “It looks like he has got terrific support from England management with Eddie. Eddie knows what he does every day and that is good for George as well. “It is no big deal. Great players all have blips so the greatest players all come back and get to the top again and George will do that without question.” Mike Ford has no doubt his son will bounce back Credit: REX Jones, meanwhile, is optimistic that England have the ability to win a Test series in Australia for the first time. England have only won three times against the Wallabies on Australian soil, once in 2010 and twice in 2003. “I have no doubt we can win the series,” said Jones. “I had no doubt before the [Wales] game but I was surprised we won it so easily, I thought it would be tighter. “But we have to understand Australia will be much harder. The attack they will fire will be much more difficult so we have work to do on our defence. We need our set piece to get better. I enjoyed our flexibility in attack today. Hopefully we will continue on that line, with a good stand-off of course.”	Baath
What surname is shared by the Formula 1 champions in 1962, 1968, and 1996?	George Ford lays into Sam Burgess for swift Bath exit as Mike Brown says doesn't trust Rugby World Cup team-mates \| Daily Mail Online comments George Ford has condemned Sam Burgess, his club and England team-mate, for abandoning Bath part-way through his contract, to return to rugby league in Australia. A day after the cross-code international explained — in an exclusive Sportsmail column — his reasons for quitting union abruptly, the strength of the ill-feeling towards him in the West Country was laid bare. Ford joined his father, Mike, Bath’s head coach, in expressing dismay at Burgess’s sudden departure and suggesting that he had let down people who had helped him in union. Sam Burgess speaks to the media on his return to Australia after quitting Bath and rugby union Burgess has been critcised by former team-mates for leaving Bath after only a single season The 26-year-old arrives at Sydney international airport with fiancee Phoebe Hooke (right) SAM BURGESS COLUMN CLICK HERE to read why Sam Burgess felt he 'couldn't do anything right' playing rugby union in England Last Thursday, Bath captain Stuart Hooper advised Burgess not to visit the training ground to say farewell to the squad once his return to South Sydney Rabbitohs had been confirmed. Now, it has become apparent that his advice was intended to shield the 26-year-old from hostility in the ranks. RELATED ARTICLES 59 shares ‘I’m massively disappointed,’ said George Ford, when asked about Burgess’s swift exit. ‘I thought he was a guy who was going to have a go and stick it out. He played in the World Cup and I thought he was going to come back to the club, get his head down, play in the back row here and become a world-class player. It all happened quickly but as players we expected him to stay here and he’s not. ‘He said his heart wasn’t in the game, he’s a better rugby league player and he misses his family. He signed a three-year deal and I think you know at the time what you are doing when you do that. Bath fly half George Ford has blasted Burgess for letting down the people at the club who helped him In his exclusive Sportsmail column, Burgess admitted his heart was not in staying in England George's father and Bath director Mike Ford (centre) claims Burgess didn't have the stomach to stay and fight SAM BURGESS - CODE CROSSER 2014-15: Bath (21 matches, 4 tries) England Saxons: 1 match England: 5 Tests 'If you commit to the club, you commit to that set of players, staff and fans. He committed for three years but he’s gone after a year and a bit. It is disappointing and it’s left a big hole in our back row. ‘There are lads here who would die for the club — those lads who have come through the academy, and other lads like me who have been here for two or three years and are passionate about it. 'The lads who would die for this club sacrificed a lot for Sam when he came over and committed to him and put time and effort into making him the player he was at the back end of last year when he was named in that World Cup squad. I feel for those lads.’ Burgess felt he was 'fighting a losing battle' in rugby union, despite making England's World Cup side Burgess was used as a scapegoat for England's disastrous World Cup after being picked by Stuart Lancaster The England fly-half suggested that Burgess should have stayed in union and worked hard to prove himself, adding: ‘One thing I would say: nothing ever gets given to you. Nothing is ever easy. If it was easy, everyone would be doing it. 'To become a world-class player in rugby union, you’ve got to put in the hard graft and it does take time. It doesn’t come overnight. It’s just whether you want to do it or not.’ Bath have already taken steps to address the manpower shortage in their back row, with a transfer coup — having agreed a fee for Scotland’s David Denton, 25, from Edinburgh. Mike Ford also expressed his disappointment at Burgess’s departure, saying: ‘All I know is that he didn’t have the stomach to see out his contract.’ England's Mike Brown claims he no longer trusts team-mates following the World Cup fall out The Harlequins star does not believe any of the players have a right to gripe after their dismal showing The decision by Burgess to return to rugby league in a hurry is just one aspect of a disastrous World Cup aftermath for all involved with England. Negative details about the campaign and build-up have been emerging in a steady flow and Mike Brown claimed that he has lost trust in his Test team-mates as a result. ‘The trust has gone,’ the Harlequins full back told the Daily Telegraph. ‘It is difficult because we have not left it in a good place and it doesn’t help with all these people deciding to pipe up in the squad that probably shouldn’t be, probably anonymously. I don’t think anyone was good enough in an England shirt to be piping up saying, “This was wrong, that was wrong” and that sort of thing. ‘If they are going to say something, I think they should put their name to it. It will come out who it was at the end of the day. When it does I will be one of the first people to speak to them. It is going to be hard for me to call anyone team-mates until we meet up.’ George Ford echoed his England colleague’s sentiments, adding: ‘Yes, it is disappointing. Obviously things didn’t go brilliantly for us, but we said we’re going to stick together and hopefully a lot of us will be playing together again. Ford has called for his England team-mates to stick together in the face of adversity England players look despondent after becoming the first host nation to crash out of the group stages ‘So for things to come out... you don’t know who said what, but it is disappointing. It’s caused a lot of distraction. It is all a bit messy at the moment. I think the lads in particular will be glad when the review is over and decisions are made, so we can all know what’s going on, crack on and try to re-build to become a good team, which I’m sure we will do.’ Mike Ford was part of the England coaching set-up at the 2011 World Cup and had to endure the brutal review which followed that tournament. He urged the RFU to present their findings this time as soon as possible, adding: ‘I don’t know what’s taking them so long. The longer they leave everything, nothing positive is going to come out of the England camp. It happened to me in 2011. I said right at the beginning, “Don’t take your time over this, because it’s not nice for families and people involved”.’ SAM BURGESS TIMELINE Feburary 2014: Burgess announces he will switch to rugby union October 2014: NRL Grand Final with South Sydney Rabbitohs against Sydney Roosters, winning Clive Churchill Medal for man of the match after playing most of game with broken cheek and eye socket October 2014: Official contract with Bath and rugby education begins November 2014: Debuts for Bath after recovering from face injuries January 2015: Scored his first Bath try against Wasps at The Rec, named man of the match January 2015: Named in the England Saxons squad to play the Irish Wolfhounds April 2015: Started at blindside flanker for the first time for Bath against Newcastle Falcons and executed more turnovers than any Premiership player in the round August 2015: Named in the England Elite Squad to make his International debut against France at Twickenham. Started in England's 19-14 win; became first England player sin-binned on international debut September 2015: Played 19 minutes in 35-11 bonus point win over Fiji in Rugby World Cup opener September 2015: Controversially started in England's 28-25 loss to Wales; England leading 25-18 when replaced by George Ford October 2015: Replaced Brad Barritt 16 minutes from the end of England's 33-13 loss to Australia that made Lancaster's side the first hosts not to make the quarter-finals October 2015: Given leave from Bath to 'spend time with family' amid speculation over returning to rugby league November 2015: Returned to training with Bath on Monday, November 2, with coach Mike Ford confident he would stay at club. Present: Burgess move to the Rabbitohs is confirmed	i don't know

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.