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Eric Coates' 'Knightsbridge March', signature tune of BBC Radio's 'In Town Tonight' is from which work?	Eric Coates: Biography Eric Coates Biography English Eric Coates was born on August 27th, 1886, at Hucknall. His father was a well-loved and respected doctor in this small mining town in the centre of the Nottinghamshire coalfields between Nottingham and Mansfield. Coates showed an interest in music at an early age, studying first the violin and then the viola with George Ellenberger, a pupil of Joachim, and harmony with Dr Ralph Horner in Nottingham. At the age of twenty he arrived in London determined to make a career in music despite some family misgivings. He won a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Music where he studied viola with Lionel Tertis and composition with Frederick Corder. This was in the days of Sir Alexander Mackenzie when the Academy was in Tenterden Street. At the outset Mackenzie recognised Coates' talents. 'Mark my words, young man,' he said to Coates, 'ye'll start as a viola player but ye'll end up as a composer!' From 1912-1919 Eric Coates was principal viola of the Queen's Hall Orchestra under Sir Henry Wood. He also played under the batons of Elgar, German, Delius, Hoist, Walford Davies, Bantock, Richard Strauss, Debussy, Ethel Smyth (who addressed him delightfully as 'the man who writes tunes'), Mengelberg Nikisch and Beecham. He also played in theatre orchestras including the one at the Savoy Theatre for the Gilbert & Sullivan Operas. Although a very modest man, he enjoyed telling the story about members of the orchestra having a competition to see who would be the first to play an entire score from memory —and how he won. Coates played in string quartets too. He took Lionel Tertis' place in the Hambourg String Quartet for a tour of South Africa. Eventually, in 1919, when neuritis in his left hand made playing the viola more and more difficult, Eric Coates turned exclusively to composition. By this time, his music was acquiring a steady following with such established successes as Stonecracker John (1909) and Miniature Suite with its entrancing Scene du bal, first performed at a Prom Concert in 1911. Eric Coates' work is in the tradition of polished melodic light music started by Sir Arthur Sullivan and continued by Edward German. Indeed, in his early years, Coates was much influenced by German. During the 1920s, however, Eric Coates developed a distinctive style which embraced his own use of the newly-introduced American syncopated idiom. He was the first European composer to treat this new style seriously and successfully integrate it into symphonic writing. When he adopted syncopation, the music critics of the heavier press ignored him but it never concerned him. 'After writing the London Suite,' he once said, 'I moved from the music page to the news page and it was one of the moves I have never regretted.' For over twenty seven years Eric Coates' march Knightsbridge, from his London Suite introduced BBC Radio's In Town Tonight. For forty years By the Sleepy Lagoon announced Desert Island Discs. And these were not the only long running programmes that used Coates' music. His march Calling All Workers was the clarion call for the thousands of Music While You Work programmes broadcast during the hard days of the war. Halcyon Days (Elizabeth Tudor) from The Three Elizabeths Suite opened and closed BBC Television's immensely popular serialisation of Galsworthy's The Forsyte Saga. These were just a few of the programmes that were enhanced by Eric's music which seems to give them a special cachet and perhaps a touch of magic because they all seemed to be successful. After Knightsbridge was first broadcast in 1933, twenty thousand letters arrived at Broadcasting House within the following two weeks asking for the name of the composer and the signature tune of In Town Tonight. Whereas many British composers sought inspiration in the countryside it was usually the reverse for Coates. He was most happy working amongst the sounds and excitement of London. Inspiration sometimes came to him in the most unusual places. A certain pillar box in Harley Street, for instance, is said to have inspired one of his marches. Eric Coates received many letters suggesting ideas for suites. Most of these were unsuitable but one from a Rev Arthur L Hall of Barnes did inspire The Three Elizabeths dedicated to the then Queen Consort (to become the Queen Mother) and first performed in 1944. The years from 1926 to 1939 were the most prolific in Coates' career and marked his rise to international fame. From this period comes: The Three Bears, Cinderella, The Enchanted Garden, London Suite, London Again Suite, From Meadow to Mayfair, the Saxo-Rhapsody, The Three Men, Four Ways and The Jester at the Wedding. What is not quite so well known today is that Coates composed a large number of songs. Speaking of these, Mrs Stanford Robinson, who sang many of them under her professional name, Lorely Dyer, said: 'I always enjoyed singing Eric's songs. They had a lovely vocal line and gave one every chance to colour one's voice. My favourites were Fairy Tales of Ireland, Bird Songs at Eventide, I Heard You Singing and, most of all, Green Hills of Somerset. Eric Coates enjoyed conducting his own music and had very decided views on the subject. He liked his music to be taken at brisk and lively tempi — he frowned on those conductors who made it sound slow and stodgy — there was nothing like that about him. Stanford Robinson, who must have conducted more performances and made more recordings of Eric's music than any other conductor, said, 'He was a very good conductor. He was always neat and emmaculate and, of course, having been an orchestral player himself, he did not bully the orchestra but he was always in control.' One's overall impression, reading his autobiography, Suite in Four Movements, published in 1953, is that Eric Coates was an essentially happy person, full of joie de vivre. His son, Austin Coates, confirmed that this was so and said: 'Yes, that's absolutely true although at home we noticed how calm and extremely well ordered he was. For instance, he couldn't settle down to write music until he was properly dressed in the morning complete with tie and Harris Tweed coat — and, perhaps, a Turkish cigarette. He was very formal at home and incredibly tidy. If I left a book lying around anywhere there would be quite a lot of remonstrances to follow. But he was very easy to live with.' Recently, Sir Charles Groves wrote of him, 'Eric Coates was a gentle and quietly-spoken man but his music crackled with vitality. He could write tunes and could clothe them in the most attractive instrumental colours; not for nothing had he been Henry Wood's Principal Viola in the Queen's Hall Orchestra. 'He did not, as far as I know, aspire to writing symphonies or oratorios. He knew what he could do and he did it superbly well. 'Someone once said that the marches of Souza would make a man with a wooden leg step out; a man would have to have a wooden heart not to respond to the music of Eric Coates.' When Eric Coates died on December 21st 1957, it was rightly commented that perhaps no other composer had ever provided music to suit the public taste so unerringly for so many years. Indeed from his early song successes in Edwardian days to those of his last orchestral works (including The Dam Busters' March), Eric Coates was recognised as the 'uncrowned king of light music'. Reproduction Rights This biography can be reproduced free of charge in concert programmes with the following credit: Reprinted by kind permission of Warner/Chappell Mailing List	London Suite
What to a North American is a calumet?	In Town Tonight Home > Adults' Programmes > In Town Tonight In Town Tonight In Town Tonight Introduction "Once more we stop the mighty roar of London's traffic and, from the great crowds, we bring you some of the interesting people who have come by land, sea and air to be In Town Tonight" Originally a long running BBC Radio programme , the television version always started with a view of Piccadilly Circus (above) in London and the traffic was ordered to 'STOP!' by the announcer whilst the programme was being shown. At the end the announcer would command 'Carry on London!' An early compere of the TV programme was John Ellison. The movement Knightsbridge March from Eric Coates' London Suite with its traffic noises, street cries and fanfares was chosen to introduce the BBC's new radio feature "In Town Tonight". Thousands of listeners rang the BBC to request the title of the tantalising few bars they had just heard and 20,000 letters descended on the BBC asking the composer's name. Gramophone records of the march could not be made fast enough. Like his favourite poet, Byron, Eric Coates woke up one morning to find himself famous. In Town Tonight ran for 27 years on radio and Eric Coates became England's best known composer at home and abroad. His melodies were whistled in the streets as well as sung in concert halls. Watch The Southlanders on In Town Tonight from 1955 Musical Anecdote Eric Maschwitz was getting together a new programme called "In Town Tonight" - a Saturday evening, half hour radio programme introducing well known or unknown - but interesting - people who were "in town tonight." They had everything ready for the introduction: the sound of traffic and flower sellers in Piccadilly Circus "Buy My Sweet Violets", that sort of thing. Then, at the last moment, Eric Maschwitz said 'We've got to have some music for this; send someone down to Chappells (in Bond Street down from Broadcasting House) and get them to send every record with a London title. The records came up - amongst them The Knightsbridge March part of the London Suite which my father had just recorded with the London Philharmonic Orchestra. It was chosen by Maschwitz about twenty minutes before the programme went on the air. As it happened, it was part of the show's success from the start. Thirty thousand letters were received in six weeks asking about the music which was a huge postbag in those days. Eric Coates' Son wrote: But the best part of it all was that my father was in his dark room in his Baker Street flat the night when In Town Tonight was first broadcast (he used to transform his writing room into a dark room when he was developing) and my mother called to him and said: "They're playing something of yours on the radio; I can't think what it is.". He emerged from the dark room, listened a moment and said "No, neither can I" and went back again. Half an hour later my mother called him again. "Dear, they're playing this thing again; it must be a signature tune or something." He emerged again and said: "Yes, well I don't suppose it will do it any harm!" If you have any comments or further information of interest, please e-mail [email protected]	i don't know
Which legendary king of the Britons is said to have founded the city of Bath?	Bath Holiday Cottages - a history of The City of Bath Celtic Bath; Bladud Bath was founded by Bladud, the eldest son of the legendary King Lud. As a boy, Bladud contracted leprosy and was banished to Swainswick to become a pig farmer. One day as he was watching his pigs, Bladud noticed that some of the pigs were rolling around in the thick mud and he went to take a closer look. The mud was hot, and he found that the marsh was fed by a bountiful hot spring. Noticing that the pigs scurvy had been cleared up by the mud, Bladud himself started to roll in it, smothering his whole body from head to foot. His leprosy soon disappeared. When he was clear he ran back in delight to his fathers court and in time was made King. In gratitude he built a temple by the hot spring and founded the city of Bath. Celtic Sun God Among the most significant Celtic works of art of Roman Europe is the outstanding sun gods head that welcomed pilgrims to the temple of Sulis Minerva in Bath. Within its garlands of druids oak leaves and framed by great serpentine locks of hair, the head of the Celtic sun god glowered all-seeing from its Roman temple pediment, transfixing Roman and Briton alike. Celtic Bath Although Bath was in fact built nearly 1,000 years after Bladud, it was without doubt a major Celtic place of power. The Celtic Dobunni guarded this most sacred site with five hillforts which dominated the hot spring from their surrounding hilltops. Most distinguished are the Celtic forts at Lansdown and Solsbury Hill. In a druids grove by the hot steaming spring, the goddess Sul was worshipped as the guardian to the gateway to the Underworld. Through major gateways such as Baths hot spring, the Celts believed that deities and ancestors could be approached. Sulis Minerva The Romans had a genius for appropriating local deities and blending them with their own gods. So, Sul became Sulis Minerva when they built their temple where the druids grove had stood. Sul, goddess of arcane prophecy, was tempered with the cultured arts and science of Minerva. Like the Celts, the Romans believed that the goddess guarded the entrance to the Underworld. Roman Bath Aquae Sulis Although still mostly buried under magnificent Georgian streets, the Roman ruins in Bath are unsurpassed in Britain. Some believe Baths Roman art and sumptuousness equal any in the empire; certainly Bath has no rivals north of the Alps. About 2m below the present level of the city, the Romans started building their great baths and temple at the sacred spring soon after the Conquest, in the middle of the 1st Century AD. They named their city Aque Sulis and soon transformed the Celtic druids grove into one of the major therapeutic centres of the West. The Romans revered the Spring just as the Celts had done; by the 3rd century its stunning temple and luxurious baths attracted pilgrims from throughout the Roman world. The Great Bath The art and engineering of the remarkable baths at Minerva's temple offer us a glimpse of Roman Britain at its most glorious. The complex housed no fewer than five healing hot baths by the time it was completed in the 4th century AD. An elaborate hypocaust heating system serviced a series of hot sweat rooms; swimming pools and cold rooms cooled the pilgrims down. At the centre, in its own hall and lined with 14 massive sheets of lead, was the Great Bath. Surrounded by the gods, whose statues emerged mysteriously from the swirling steam, the Great Bath must have seemed a wonder of the ancient world. The Temple The ancient world marvelled at Minerva's great temple in Bath. Shrouded in steam, pilgrims approached the mysterious sacred spring at the heart of the temple believing it to be the actual residing place of Sulis Minerva, whose healing cult had spread from Britain throughout the Empire. Not only was Minerva's water renowned for its healing powers; by throwing their offerings into the spring, pilgrims believed that they could communicate directly with the Underworld. Almost 20,000 coins and several gold and silver artefacts have since been recovered. The visual and symbolic focus of the temple was the sacrificial altar. The great mass of stone stood nearly 2m high; its top was chiselled smooth and slightly dished to hols the animals that were slaughtered for augury. Curses Amongst the most remarkable and revealing artefacts recovered from the Roman Baths are the written dedications, vows and curses that centuries of pilgrims cast into the hot spring. As well as appealing to Sulis Minerva for health or wealth, the pilgrims inscribed curses on thin pewter sheets which were then usually rolled up and placed in the water. Typically each curse stated a lost love or piece of stolen property; numerous suspects 'whether pagan or Christian' were often listed with an appeal that the guilty should meet some foul end. Common are spells to counter others curses; writing backwards was thought to imbue the magic with extra potency. The Ruin Flooding finally ruined Bath wondrous temple and the Great Bath complex. Built in the slight hollow around the hot spring, the Baths and temple were particularly vulnerable to the rising water level of the 4th century AD. The baths drained into the River Avon, as they do today, and as the Avon's level rose so river water increasingly backed up the drains until they were eventually blocked with mud and silt. When the Romans withdrew from Britain, the baths were simply not repaired and soon fell to ruin. Saxon Christians dismantled the sacrificial altar to use as paving stones for their new monastery. Before long the hot spring returned to marsh. The site of Minerva's great temple became a dumping place for town refuse and, in later times, a Saxon graveyard. Middle Ages King Arthur Bath is well known for being the site of the legendary battle of Badon, which the Welsh annals say was the twelfth and greatest battle fought by Arthur against the invading Saxons. Known as the 'Siege of Badon Hill', the exact site of the battle was probably the refortified Celtic hillfort at Bannerdown, where farmers are reported to have apparently 'dug up cupfuls of teeth'. The battle was at turning point for Arthur and Britain. By not only defeating but also reversing the initial aggressive thrust of the Saxons, Arthur may well have saved the Celtic population to the West. According to the great Dark Age historian Nennius '960 men were killed by one attack of Arthur and no-one save himself laid them low'. Saxon Bath Bath finally fell to the Saxons at the Battle of Dyrham Park just to the north of the city. Although the great Roman temple and baths were lost to flood and ruin, Bath continued as an important religious site with the founding of a Saxon monastery in the 7th century. As its lands increased, the monastery grew rich and powerful. King Edgar was crowned in splendour in the new monastery church of St Peter in the 10th century, reflecting Bath's new status as one of the leading cultural and religious centre's of Wessex. In the late Saxon era, Bath was fortified against Viking attack and operated its own mint. Even under the French Benedictines, the monastery continued to flourish; but with the death of William the Conqueror, the hated William Rufus took control. The Normans A Norman doctor turned churchman, John De Villula bought the ruined City of Bath for 500 pounds of silver. Instituted as the Bishop of Bath, Villula started to build a new cathedral on the burned Saxons abbeys ruins. With typical Norman ambition, the huge 100m long cathedral was to be one of the largest in Europe. The present abbey occupies only its nave. Villula also extended the monastery, whose collegiate school was widely renown for its scholarship. But the most important was his interest in the therapeutic qualities of Bath's hot springs. He ordered the baths to be refitted and built treatment centres in the city. The wool trade and cloth making maintained Bath's wealth. Although badly hit by the plague, Bath continued to prosper and the old city walls were rebuilt. Yet Villulas enormous cathedral was near ruined by neglect. Not until a dream about Jacobs ladder inspired the 16th century Bishop King was it rebuilt. Legend recounts that Bishop King was impelled by a great voice from Heaven which said 'Let a King restore the church.'; though it was rebuilt to a much smaller scale. Medieval Bath The great 16th century traveller John Leland was inspired by Bath's Roman ruins but not at all impressed by the hot water which 'rikketh like a sething potte', apparently. The waters fed four baths to cater for the many afflicted who came to Bath for their cures. Royalty and gentry enjoyed the King's Bath, built above the Great Bath of Roman times and the major attraction, once the cathedral and monastery were ruined. But in contrary the Cross Bath was foul. Contemporary accounts recoil in horror at the thought of diseased men and women bathing naked together while onlookers jeered and threw animals into the bath. Sumwhat Decayed From its magnificent Roman origins as a spa town, Bath became 'sumwhat decayed', as the late-medieval traveller John Leland wrote. The baths themselves began to lose their glory; many complained that only the sick now came to enjoy the waters. The streets were also far from pleasing to the eye. According to Baths famous architect John Wood 'Soil of all sorts, and even carrion, were cast and laid in the streets, and the pigs turned out by day to feed and rout among it; butchers killed and dressed their cattle at their own doors; people washed every kind of thing they had to make clean at the common conduits in the open streets ....' Georgian Bath Bath's population multiplied itself by well over ten times during the course of the 18th century. From a still small classic medieval city of just 2000 people, with its market place and many mangers and defensive walls, Bath was transformed into a fashionable metropolis of nearly 30,000 citizens in just 100 years. The Dandy Into the 'decayed' country town that was Bath at the start of the 18th century, walked the wigged adventurer and dandy 'Beau' Richard Nash. A drop-out from Oxford University, the army and the law, Beau Nash earned his money as a gambler and immaculate socialite. With Queen Anne's visit to Bath in 1802 Beau Nash saw his chance to make fortune and influential friends. Immediately, Nash set about transporting Bath into the kind of fashionable resort in which his gambling skills would thrive. Within just three years he had raised a considerable sum of money for the repair of Bath's woeful roads. Beau Nash and his great new city of pleasure and social elegance grew side by side. As Nash's influence increased, Bath with its splendid new public buildings, orchestras and balls, began to rival London as the place to be seen. The Postmaster Perhaps the man to whom Bath owes the most is Ralph Allen. Allen's story is remarkable. Sheltering in a hut while a storm raged in , a postmaster noticed the child Ralph Allen. Seeing genius in the boy, he found him a position in Bath's post office. Young Allen thrived so meteoric was his career that he was soon known as The Man of Bath. Ralph Allen's fortune and the new splendour of Bath were made with limestone cut from his quarries near by. With the same golden stone, he built a fabulous mansion in Prior Park at which such as Fielding, Pope, Gainsborough and Garrick stayed; it was Allen who invited the young William Pitt to stand as the MP for Bath. The Circus Beau Nash made Bath fashionable, Ralph Allen gave his administrative genius and blocks of Bath stone, but the great Georgian city would never have been built without the brilliance of the architects John Wood and his son of the same name. With Allen as his patron, Wood the Elder's dream was to build a city with the visual splendour and magnificence of ancient Rome. Wood died before his dream was realised, but the work was superbly completed by his son. 'I proposed to make a grand Place of Assembly, to be called the Royal Forum of Bath; another place, no less magnificent, for the Exhibition of Sports, to be called the Grand Circus; and a third place, of equal state with either of the former, for the Practice of Medicinal exercises, to be called the Imperial Gymnasium,' Wood the Elder wrote. Soon Queen Square and the Parades rose gloriously from the medieval city. Work began on the grand Circus, which was completed by Wood's son. The Circus is the earliest attempted in Britain. Its bold and brilliant design amazed 18th century society. Similarly outstanding was Wood the Younger's Royal Crescent - the first open curved terrace built in Europe. The Minerva Head In 1727, stylish Bath was thrilled by the discovery of the head of Minerva's cultic statue. The gilded bronze head of the Roman goddess was found when a vast trench was dug to lay sewers. This was Georgian Bath's first glimpse of its great Roman temple. The actual site of Minerva's temple remained undiscovered for 60 years. When new foundations were being laid for the Pump Room in 1790, a solid Roman pavement was unearthed 4m below ground. Minerva's great temple had finally been found. High Society As well as the many dukes, duchesses, earls and lords who enjoyed Bath, the Georgian city was home to many of the great people of their time. Horace Walpole, Dr Johnson, James Boswell and Thomas Gainsborough frequented Bath's card tables, concerts and balls. Bath's MP was Sir William Pitt. Jane Austen lived and wrote in Bath at the beginning of the 19th century and Bath is the place where Charles Dickens wrote The Pickwick Papers. The 19th Century Bath's last great building project was inspired and financed by the richest man in England of his time - Sir William Pulteney, after whom the stunning Pulteney Bridge was named. When Great Pulteney Street was completed in 1790, Bath's glorious century was drawing to an end. With the huge expense of fighting the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, Britain slipped into recession at the start of the 19th century and a financial scandal caused the collapse of Bath's banks. Apart from rebuilding the abbey in 1833, Bath's great boom was at an end. The Fosseway At Bath the River Avon crossed the Fosse Way and the major road from London to Wales. The Roman roads themselves followed great prehistoric routes that converged on the vital river-crossing at Bath. As well as connecting Bath with the great places of Roman Britain the Fosse Way provided the Romans with lead mined in the Mendip Hills to line their remarkable hot baths. The Avon was to prove vital to Bath's great 18th century building boom. By improving its course to Bath, Ralph Allen was able to transport his huge blocks of quarried stone to the city. As the Industrial Revolution dawned, Allen's Avon Navigation became the birthplace of the Kennet and Avon Canal. The 12m wide and 100 km long canal was an amazing engineering feat; its 79 locks took Bath's cloth to London and the world. The canal was in turn replaced by Brunel's Great Western Railway. The Civil War Like many of Somerset's fast-changing cities and towns, Bath's population was deeply divided in the years leading up the Civil War. It was a division based on social, economic and religious grounds. The local gentry joined with Bath's merchants and cloth-makers in their revolt against the tax-raising whims and religious edicts of an aloof and Catholic king. The Royalists were determined to prevent the Puritans from dismantling the Church and State and to stop what they saw as extreme Puritan religious reforms. By the summer of 1643, two great rival armies occupied Somerset's two Episcopal cities only twenty miles apart - the Royalist army had marched to Wells and the Puritans held Bath. The Battle of Lansdown In July 1643, the two armies met at Bath. A huge Royalist force had marched form Wells and taken Bradford-on-Avon. By securing Bradford's vital bridge, they threatened to encircle and destroy the smaller Parliamentary army barracked in Bath, just a few miles down-river .On the morning of July 5th, the massive Royalist army approached Parliament's forces entrenched on Lansdown Hill. Led by the 'Conqueror' Sir William Waller, Parliament's army slipped out of the city to take up a stronger defensive position on the steep slopes of Lansdown by an Iron Age hillfort. So impregnable seemed Parliament's position on Lansdown Hill that the Royalist army saw no no option but to retreat. Seizing their opportunity, Parliament's cavalry charged down the hill to attack the retreating Royalist horses and routed them. Some galloped all the way to Oxford; but the Royalist Cornish infantry stood firm. Somehow the Cornish pikemen held , Parliament's charging horses, winning time for their army to turn around and re-engage. The pikemen forced Parliament's cavalry back up the and then attacked. With astonishing bravery, they advanced up the steep slope into Parliament's great guns and took Lansdown. It was a Pyrrhic victory: Parliament was defeated but Royalist losses were appalling. The Monmouth Rebellion Just 42 years after the bloody Battle of Lansdown, the cloth-makers and merchants again rose up against taxes and royal religious edicts, supporting the Protestant Duke of Monmouth in his claim for the throne. As Monmouth marched through Somerset, his ranks swelled from the 80 men who landed with him from Holland to four whole regiments. Within two weeks his swelling Puritan army reached Bath, where the royal army was barracked. Monmouth's herald called up to the city walls for the Royalists to surrender but was quickly answered with a well-aimed bullet to the head. Monmouth skirted Bath and stayed the night of Friday June 26th in the George Inn at nearby Norton St Philip. He was surprised on the very next day with a Royalist attack. The royal army stormed the town, threatening to overrun the barricade that Monmouth had erected to protect his headquarters in the George Inn; but in a brilliant ambush, the rebels managed to flank the royal force. Harried and surrounded on three sides, the King's troops scrambled through hedges and small lanes to where their big guns waited. Royal losses were mounting when torrential rain forced Monmouth to pull back. World War 2 Strategic position Although some of Bath's manufacturers were engaged on wartime production, producing gun mountings, torpedo parts, aircraft propellers and other products for military use, German Intelligence had not identified Bath as a strategic target. Similarly, although the Admiralty had moved its entire warship design operation from London to Bath, the intelligence at the time thought that just a few high ranking staff officers had decamped to Bath and were staying in hotels. Thus Bath was officially "a lesser town without specific aiming points" and to maintain that fiction Bath was deliberately undefended, having neither a balloon barrage nor anti-aircraft guns. Hostile aircraft did fly over Bath, but usually on their way to other targets such as Bristol. The Bath Blitz Nine times during the "Air Battle for England" bombs fell within Bath's boundaries, but these were strays which were intended for targets elsewhere and became misdirected due to bad weather or poor navigation. Mostly they fell without casualties, but in March 1941, 6 people died when bombs fell on Twerton, and the following month, 11 were killed when Widcombe was the target. But in April 1942, Bath itself was the target, in a reprisal for the RAF bombing of Lübeck. During two nights and the following morning at the end of April, many hundreds of high explosive bombs and countless incendiary devices were dropped. The official figures show that around 900 buildings were completely destroyed and around 12,500 buildings were damaged during these raids. Over 400 people were killed, many of them women and children. Yet contemporary Bath bears almost no sign of its recent history: it appears to be an elegant and intact Georgian city. Many of the buildings were repaired, or rebuilt to the original design. Unlike other cathedral cities that were bombed, Bath has no memorial to those who died, and as time marches on, fewer residents who remember it. It is for that reason the Bath Blitz Memorial Project was founded and their web site gives details of what happened and their plans for a memorial.	Bladud
Which word refers to a retired professor who retains his title by way of an honour?	GENUKI: National Gazetteer (1868) - Bath, Somerset We are in the process of upgrading the site to implement a content management system. National Gazetteer (1868) - Bath "BATH, comprises the parishes of St. Michael, St. Peter_and_St. Paul, and St. James, a city, municipal and parliamentary borough, in the hundred of Bath Forum, in the county of Somerset 12 miles to the S.E. of Bristol, and 107 miles from London. It is a principal station on the Great Western railway, and is connected by a short branch line through Bradford with the Wilts, Somerset, and Weymouth railway. It is situated on the river Avon, and the Kennet and Avon canal. The great natural feature of the place is its mineral waters, which have been known and valued from a very remote antiquity, and from which the city has taken its name in ancient and modern times. It is needless to repeat the myths of the prehistoric age, although they have still a stone memorial in the shape of a statue of the British king Bladud, set up in 1699 in the King's Bath, and bearing an inscription to his honour. What is certain is, that Bath was an important Roman station, and was called by the Romans Aqua Solis, or Aquae Calidae. Two of the principal ancient ways passed through it: the Fosse Way, which extended from the coast of Devonshire to the north coast of Lincolnshire; and the great road between London and Wales, called by the Romans the Via Julia, and by the Saxons Akeman Street. In the numerous and interesting remains which have been discovered from time to time, we have evidence that the Romans erected here a fine temple, extensive baths, altars, &c. The walls with which the city was defended were of immense strength, and about 20 feet in height. There were four gateways, through which roads passed to neighbouring stations. For about one hundred and fifty years after the Romans withdrew from Britain, the Britons had peaceable possession of the city. Attacks were made on it by the Saxon Ella in 493, and by Cerdic in 520, without success. But in 577 it was captured, plundered, and laid in ruins. It was ultimately rebuilt, and ere long regained its importance. The Saxons gave it the name of Akeman Ceaster, or" town of invalids." In 775, the city was taken by Offa, King of Mercia, who founded here a monastery on the site of the nunnery which had been built by Oaric in 676, and was destroyed by the Danes. Offa rebuilt at the same time the church of the monastery. In this church took place the coronation of Edgar as king of England, by the famous St. Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury. The monastery was refounded in 970 by Edgar for Benedictine monks; and, though subsequently destroyed by the Danes, was restored, and flourished till the Dissolution, under Henry VIII., when its revenue amounted to £695. In the year 1107, the city was honoured by the presence of King Henry I., who was the guest of John de Villula, the bishop of Wells, by whom the see was transferred to Bath. The bishop had about eighteen years previously bought the city of the king. During the civil war in the reign of Stephen, Bath was in the possession alternately of the forces of the king and the Empress Matilda, whose head-quarters were at Bristol. It was garrisoned for Charles I., taken by the parliament, recovered by the royalists after the battle of Lansdown, and finally given up to the parliament in 1645. Charles II. visited the city in 1663. Queen Charlotte resided here some time in 1817. Bath is one of the most beautiful of English cities. For situation and the elegance of its buildings it is perhaps unrivalled. It is seated in a deep and picturesque valley crossing the fine range of oolitic hills which extend along the western side of England. The hills encircle it like an amphitheatre, and the river Avon winds through the valley, skirting the city on the east, south, and south-west sides. Lansdown, the loftiest ground in the neighbourhood, is a little to the north, and rises to the height of 813 feet above the level of the sea. The views from it are extensive, and of remarkable beauty. From North Stoke brow, the prospect includes the two cities of Bath and Bristol. There are fine woods in the neighbourhood. The city is built for the moat part of the oolite, or fine white freestone, quarried extensively at Combo Down, and at other points to the south and east and largely exported to all parts of the kingdom. Till near the middle of the 18th century, Bath occupied no larger area than that enclosed by the Roman walls, and lay wholly in the valley; but Queen Anne and Prince George of Denmark having conceived a partiality for the place, it grew into favour, and since that time it has been greatly extended, and now spreads up the sides and along the summits of the hills. The extension and improvement of the city was commenced under the superintendence of John Wood, a local architect, who laid the foundation of Queen's-square in January, 1729. Some of the handsomest ranges of buildings in Bath were erected from the plans of Mr. Wood, and his son and successor. Among these are the Circus, the Royal-crescent, North and South parades, &c. Other enterprising men followed the example thus set, and many fine streets and splendid buildings were speedily planned and erected. The Lansdown, Camden, and Cavendish crescents may be mentioned, all finely situated, and commanding beautiful prospects. In the eastern suburb are Laura-place and Great Pulteney-street, leading to Sydney Gardens. The principal public buildings are the Abbey church, the guildhall, the Great Pump Room, the assembly rooms, the theatre, and the Literary Institution. The Great Pump Room, situated in the Abbey churchyard, adjoining the King's Bath, was erected by the corporation in 1797. It is a handsome edifice with a Corinthian portico, and measures in the interior 60 feet in length by 56 in breadth and 34 feet in height, with semicircular recesses, in which are statues, vases, and paintings. It contains a marble statue of Beau Nash, long master of the ceremonies there in the heyday of Bath gaieties, and forms a fashionable promenade during the winter season, having an excellent band of music stationed in the gallery. The hot springs and public baths are four in number, besides several private baths. They are named the King's Bath the Kingston or New Baths, the Cross Bath, and the Hot Bath, and are all near the centre of the old Roman city. The Queen's Bath adjoins the King's, and is supplied from it. The spring supplying the Hot Bath has a temperature of 117°, the highest of all, and yields 128 gallons of water per minute. The King's Bath is 114° (yielding 126 gallons), and the Cross Bath 109°. The four springs together discharge nearly 185,000 gallons daily. The waters, when analysed, are found to contain carbonic acid gas 2.4 inches, sulphate of lime 18 grains, chloride of sodium 6.6, sulphate of soda 3.0, carbonate of lime 1.6, and small quantities of silica and oxide of iron. The specific gravity is 1.002. The waters are valuable in cases of gout, rheumatism, palsy, diseases of the skin, and scrofula affecting the joints. The King's Bath as a handsome colonnade, and the statue of the mythical founder of the baths, King Bladud. It is supposed to be built on the site of the ancient Roman baths (as are also the Kingston Baths, in Church-street), and took the name it now bears in the 13th century. The bath itself is 65 feet 10 inches long, by 40 feet 2 inches wide. Under the Bath Improvement Act, the corporation expended much money in the repair of the baths, pump-rooms, and similar edifices; and within the year 1855, the Cross Baths, Kingston Baths, and the Queen's Private Baths, were entirely restored. The assembly rooms, the scene of the principal amusements of the city, are situated at the east end of the Circus. They were completed in 1771, but burnt in 1820. They were afterwards rebuilt, and form a handsome suite of rooms, including a ballroom, card-rooms, library, and refreshment-rooms, magnificently furnished and decorated. The ball-room is 106 feet in length and 43 feet in breadth. The theatre, which was opened in 1805, has been lately (1862) burnt and was reckoned one of the finest provincial houses. There are two club-houses, billiard-rooms, and two riding-schools. There is a race-course, 1½ mile in circuit, on Lansdown Hill, and races take place twice in the year. Bath is not the seat of any important manufacture, but it has a good general trade. The manufacture of a coarse woollen cloth, called Bath coating, was once carried on to a great extent in the city, and gave employment, in the 17th century, to sixty looms in one of its parishes alone. Paper-making is carried on in the vicinity. An abundant supply of coal is obtained from beds a few miles distant. The Avon is navigable to Bristol, and the Kennet and Avon canal connects the city with the Thames at Reading. The first charter of incorporation was granted to the city by Queen Elizabeth on her visit to Bath in 1590, and has been modified from time to time, as circumstances required. Under the Reform and Municipal Corporation Acts, Bath is divided into seven wards, and the government of the borough is vested in a mayor, 14 aldermen, and 42 councillors, with the style of the "mayor, aldermen and citizens of the city of Bath." It has exercised the elective franchise from the reign of Edward I., returning two members to parliament. The mayor is the returning officer. The limits of the municipal and parliamentary boroughs, which are conterminous, include the original city, covering 980 acres and the parishes of Bathwick, Lyncombe, Walcot, and Widcombe, comprising altogether 3,534 acres. It has a revenue of above £23,000, arising from lands, the hot springs of the baths and pump-rooms, the cold springs of the water-works, and the market tolls. The population, according to the census of 1861, is 52,525, against 54,240 in 1851, showing a decrease in the decennial period of no less than 1,712, while the number of inhabited houses have increased in the same period from 7,744 to 8,021. Borough sessions are held quarterly, and courts of record and request once a week. The guildhall, erected in 1775 is a spacious and elegant stone structure with a Corinthian portico, containing, besides numerous offices of the corporation, a fine banqueting-hall, 80 feet by 40, hung with the portraits of George III., Queen Charlotte, the Earls of Chatham and Camden, who once represented the city in parliament, besides other celebrities. Here is preserved the brass head of Minerva, dug up in 1727 in Stall-street, and the silver cup and salver presented by Frederick, Prince of Wales, to the corporation in 1734. At the back of the guildhall is the market-place, with a convenient market-house. The borough gaol stands about 1 mile from the city, and was built in 1842 at the cost of £23,000. The local police number about 80 strong. Bath is the seat of a Poor-law Union and a County Court district, the head of an excise district, a polling place for the county elections, and the headquarters of the 2nd Somersetshire militia. The Union poorhouse is situated on a hill to the south of the city. Bath is, with Wells, the head of a diocese in the province of Canterbury, including within its limits the entire county of Somerset. It is divided into the three archdeaconries of Bath, Wells, and Taunton; but the episcopal palace is situated at Wells. The living, a consolidated rectory known as the Abbey rectory, is in the diocese of Bath and Wells, of the value of £750, and in the patronage of Simeon's Trustees. The Abbey church, once cathedral, is a noble cruciform building in the perpendicular style of architecture, with a fine central tower 162 feet in height, and contains a peal often bells. The length of the church is 210 feet, and its breadth through the transepts 126 feet. It stands on the site of the old conventual church, on the spot where once stood the Roman temple of Minerva. It was rebuilt by Bishop Oliver King and Bishop Montague; the work being commenced by the former about the close of the 15th century, and completed by the latter at the beginning of the 17th century. The original purity and simplicity of its architecture has been marred by faulty restorations. On the west front are sculptures representing Jacob's ladder, or, as some say, the dream by which Bishop King was called to rebuild the church. The windows are numerous and of large dimensions; that at the east end being square. A beautiful screen was erected in 1825, after a design by Mr. Manners, an architect of the city, under whose direction much was done subsequently towards restoring the church to its first simplicity. Near the altar is the oratory of Prior Bird, who died in 1525, a richly-ornamented chapel in the Tudor style, which was exquisitely restored by Davis in 1833. A new organ was erected in 1838, by Mr. Smith, of Bristol, and which is said to be the fourth in size in the United Kingdom. The church contains a very large number of fine and interesting monuments, among which is conspicuous that of Bishop Montague, who died in 1618, and was interred here. The monuments include several works by Bacon, others by Flaxman, Nollekens, and Chantrey. The church dedicated to St. James was rebuilt in 1848, and contains sittings for 1,200 people. It is in the Italian style of architecture, with a noble clock tower and peal of eight bells. St. Michael's was rebuilt in 1837; it has a fine tower and spire, resembling Salisbury cathedral. Its living is a rectory in the patronage of Simeon's Trustees. The parish church of Walcot, dedicated to St. Swithin, stands within the liberties of the city; it was rebuilt in 1780. The living, value £350, is in the gift of the Rev. S. H. Widdrington. Christ Church, a handsome structure in the perpendicular style, was built in 1798; it has a handsome Gothic altarpiece, and organ in the same style. The living is a curacy in the gift of the Rector of Walcot, within whose parish it is situated. St. Saviour's, Walcot, is a modern structure, opened for public worship on the 28th April, 1832. It contains 700 free sittings, and 400 rented seats. Its architecture is of the decorated style, and its beauty is almost unrivalled by any building of modern date in this part of the country. The body of the church is surrounded with graduated buttresses, surmounted with pinnacles; the tower, 120 feet high, is divided into three stages, ornamented and embattled, and the roof is canopied and ornamented with bosses. The living is a rectory, value £390, in the gift of the Rev. Dr. Stamen St. Matthew's, Widcombe, is a handsome new church, erected in 1347, capable of accommodating 1,000 people. It is in the decorated style of architecture, of the 14th century, and has a handsome tower 155 feet high. The communion table was presented by the present incumbent in 1860. The old church, Widcombe, is a picturesque object with its ivy-mantled tower. It is the oldest church in Bath, and well merits the care which the architect, C. E. Davis, Esq., has bestowed on its restoration, which is still, however, incomplete. There are also new churches dedicated severally to the Holy Trinity (James-street), St. Stephen (Lansdown-road), St. Mark (Lyncombe), St. Mary, and St. John the Baptist (Bathwick). The principal chapels in connection with the Establishment are: St. Mary's (Queen's-square), the Octagon Chapel (Milsom-street), Margaret Chapel, St. Mary Magdalene's (Beechen Cliff), the Penitentiary Chapel, St. John's Chapel, All Saints (Lansdown-place), and Laura Chapel. There are also many large and handsome chapels belonging to the various bodies of Dissenters and the Roman Catholics. A Jewish synagogue was erected in 1841. Bath has several new cemeteries, besides the Abbey, consecrated in 1844, and the Lansdown in 1848; the latter is on part of the Beckford estate, the gift of the Duchess of Hamilton. Bathwick cemetery lies in the vale of Smallcombe, and was consecrated in 1856. The Roman Catholic cemetery, situated at Porrymead, about 1 mile to the south-east of the city, was consecrated in 1859. There is also a very extensive cemetery in the Lower Bristol-road, for the parishes of Lyncombe, Widcombe, and St. James's. It was completed in 1861, and contains two chapels. In the Walcot cemetery is the tomb of William Beckford, author of "Vathek." Bath has a free grammar school, founded in 1552 by Edward VI., and endowed with part of the possessions of the ancient monastery. The corporation are entrusted with the management of the school, which has a revenue from endowment of £84. The school-house was erected about the middle of the 18th century. The blue-coat school was founded by Robert Nelson in 1711, for 50 scholars of each sex. There are several other free schools, National schools, and others. The charitable institutions of Bath are numerous and important. St. John's Hospital, the most ancient, was founded in 1180, and endowed by Reginald Fitz-Jocelyn, for a master and 12 poor men and women. Its revenue is between 18,000 and £9,000, and the corporation exercise the patronage of it. A chapel is attached to the hospital. The Bath General Hospital, or Infirmary, now called the Bath Mineral Water Hospital, was established in 1738, and is largely endowed. It is open to poor patients from all parts of the country who are certified to require the use of the baths. The hospital affords accommodation for 134 patients, 86 males and 48 females; the average number in the house for the last nine years has been 113. A spacious building has been recently (1861) added, at an expense of £18,000, containing the chapel, board-room, patients' day rooms, officers' apartments, &c.; and the older building which it adjoins is devoted to the sleeping and bathing apartments, into which the water is introduced direct from the springs. The president and governors are a corporate body, and its income is about £700 per annum. The large hospital called the United Hospital and Dispensary was founded in 1747. It is a large and commodious building, erected at a cost of 17,000, by voluntary subscription, and is capable of accommodating upwards of 100 patients. Partis's College, founded and endowed by Mrs. Partis in 1827, is for the reception and maintenance of 30 poor gentlewomen, 10 of them being clergymen's widows or daughters. In addition to these institutions, there are St. Catherine's Hospital; St. Mary Magdalene's, founded before the middle of the 14th century, and having a revenue of £118; Bellott's Hospital, founded in 1609, and rebuilt in 1859, with accommodation for 12 poor persons, having separate apartments; a penitentiary; an eye infirmary, erected in 1811; the Eastern Dispensary, erected in 1845, and several other benevolent institutions. There are two literary and scientific institutions, one known as the Royal Bath Literary and Scientific Institution, founded in 1823; the other the Commercial and Literary Institution, founded in 1847. In connection with the first-named is a museum, containing a large and very valuable collection of local Roman remains, and many British and Saxon relics. The Roman include tesselated pavements, an altar, fragments of columns, urns, and coins of eight or ten emperors. The Atheneum was formerly the Mechanics' Institution. It has a library of 5,000 volumes, and a museum of natural history. New Kingswood College, for Wesleyan Methodists, and the Lansdown and Bath Proprietary College, are both new stone buildings, in the early English style of architecture, situated on the highest point of Bath, towards the north. In connection with the former are a chapel, school-house, house for the governor, &c. A new savings-bank in the Italian style of architecture was erected in 1842. Sydney Gardens and Victoria Park are the principal public walks and resorts of pleasure seekers. The Gardens, comprising 16 acres, are on the east side of the Avon, and were opened in 1795. They are tastefully laid out, and in them, alternately with the Botanical Gardens, the Bath Horticultural Society holds its fruit and flower shows. They have succeeded to the fame of the old Spring Gardens, the site of which has been required for building ground. Victoria Park is on the west side of the city, and was opened in 1830 by her Majesty, then Princess Victoria. The Victoria Column is of freestone, and was set up in 1837. At the north-west corner of the park is a colossal bust of Jupiter, by the late John Os borne, a self-taught sculptor. Orange-grove, formerly a favourite pleasure-place, is now planted with trees, and contains many lodging-houses. An obelisk erected there commemorates the restoration to health of the Prince of Orange in 1734, by the use of the Bath waters. Another obelisk stands in Queen's-square, which was erected by Beau Nash in memory of the visit of Frederick, Prince of Wales, in 1737. On the summit of Lansdown is Beckford's Tower, a square structure 154 feet in height, surmounted by a lantern, and commanding a magnificent prospect over the Severn, Salisbury plain, and the surrounding country. It is now used as the chapel to Lansdown cemetery. On Lansdown is the column setup in 1720 by Lord Lansdown to the memory of Sir B. Granville, who fell in the battle which took place here in 1643. The Avon is crossed by several handsome bridges of stone and iron-that of St. Lawrence, at the southern extremity of the city, is an ancient structure of stone; the Pulteney bridge, also of stone, with three arches, leads from the centre of the city to Laura-place and the Sydney Gardens; and the Cleveland bridge, an elegant structure of iron, connects Walcot with Bathwick; it was completed in 1827; besides several handsome suspension bridges. There are several drinking fountains in various parts of the city, but perhaps the handsomest is the one adjacent to the Abbey, facing the High-street, and contiguous to the markets. It was opened in June, 1861, and represents Rebecca at the Well. The figure is of Italian marble, standing on a pedestal of red Pennant stone, ascended by a flight of three steps of blue Pennant stone; the water flows from a bottle into a marble basin, very chastely finished, the work of Thomas Sheppard, of the Kingston Marble Works. Bath was the birth place of the following eminent men:- Gildas, the old historian of the 6th century; John Hales, professor of Greek at Oxford in the 17th century; Benjamin Robins the mathematician author of "Anson's Voyage round the World," who died in 1751; and William Hone, author of the "Every-day Book." Prior Park, near Combe Down, was the seat of Ralph Allen, Esq., long an influential member of the corporation of Bath. Many literary men visited there and Fielding is said to have portrayed the generous host in the character of All worthy, in his novel of "Tom Jones." Prior Park was afterwards the residence of Bishop Warburton. Bath gives the title of Marquis to the Thymic family, of Longleat. The markets are held on Wednesday and Saturday; and fairs on the 14th February and the 10th July. These latter, however, are now falling off; except for the sale of cattle." [Description(s) from The National Gazetteer of Great Britain and Ireland (1868) Transcribed by Colin Hinson ©2003] We are looking for somebody who can help with the maintenance of this page, which currently has a status of Pending - The section is active and has a maintainer assigned but a replacement maintainer is being sought. For more information about what helping us entails, look at our help wanted page . If you would like to consider helping us then please contact Malcolm Daniels .	i don't know
Which British boxer was involved in a fracas with Derek Chisora at a press conference in Munich in 2012?	David Haye, British Boxer, Speaks Out Over Munich Brawl With Dereck Chisora \| The Huffington Post David Haye, British Boxer, Speaks Out Over Munich Brawl With Dereck Chisora 20/02/2012 16:52 Samuel Luckhurst Football writer, The Manchester Evening News David Haye has said that he will assist the boxing authorities in their enquiries over his altercation with fellow British heavyweight boxer Dereck Chisora in Munich. The pair were involved in a physical exchange on Saturday night at Chisora's post-fight press conference, following Chisora's WBC bout loss to Vitali Klitschko. Haye's trainer Adam Booth's head was cut during the melee which ensued. German police released Chisora without charge on Sunday morning and still hope to speak to Haye, who has returned to the UK, but his exact whereabouts remains unknown. The Briton released a statement today via his promoters, where he promised to co-operate with any investigation that may take place. David Haye stressed in a tweet at 1:16am Munich time that he was eager to fight Vitali Klitschko: Dereck Chisora has sought to diffuse the row by apologising for his conduct in Germany: He said: "I realise I am no angel - and don't mind a bit of professional trash-talk to help raise boxing's profile - but, during my 21 years in the sport, I have never been involved in, or even witnessed, such a serious fracas," reported Sky Sports News . "If requested, I shall happily assist the boxing authorities with any investigation they wish to launch and, ultimately, hope that all lessons learned from this incident will be implemented," he added. Haye confessed that Chisora's promise to "physically shoot him" and the realisation that the boxer was staying at the same hotel as him prompted his swift departure from Germany. He continued: "It was then that I heard Chisora say he planned to 'shoot me dead'. I decided to leave the venue and return to my hotel, a move which I hoped would diffuse the situation. However, Chisora's team were staying at the same hotel as me and, in light of the threats Chisora had made in front of the world's media, it seemed far more appropriate for me and Adam to leave the hotel as quickly as possible."	David Haye
With which 1960's group do you mainly associate the name of Justin Hayward?	David Haye blames Dereck Chisora for Munich brawl \| Daily Mail Online David Haye has revealed he is 'bitterly disappointed' over his bloody brawl with Dereck Chisora but piled the blame onto his fellow British heavyweight for causing the shameful scenes in Munich's Olympiahalle on Saturday night. Haye and Chisora break silence Click here to read Dereck Chisora's full statement Chisora also released a statement shortly after Haye broke his silence on Monday afternoon, in which he offered a 'wholehearted' apology for the shocking scenes and said he was 'deeply embarrassed'. Chisora has been called to appear before a British Boxing Board of Control hearing on Wednesday, March 14 in relation to his conduct before and after his fight against Vitali Klitschko in Munich, the BBBC have confirmed. Haye insisted he will assist the boxing authorities in their enquiries into his brawl with Chisora. German police have released the Zimbabwean-born fighter without charge and are hoping to speak to Haye, whose whereabouts are still unknown. German police are ready to seek help from Scotland Yard in their bid to find Haye. Haye released a statement on Monday through his promoters in which he promised to co-operate with any investigation which takes place. Scroll down to see the video (warning: contains explicit language) Take that: David Haye punches Dereck Chisora while seemingly holding a drinks bottle Head-to-head: Chisora squares up to Haye at the post-fight press conference Melee: A bottle opener is see flying through the air (circled) after Haye threw a left hook Haye said: 'It is with regret that I feel I have to issue this statement to clarify certain matters, following an unfortunate incident that occurred on Saturday night (February 18) in Munich, Germany at the Vitali Klitschko vs. Dereck Chisora post-fight press conference. 'I was in Munich to watch the WBC world heavyweight title bout between Klitschko and Chisora and provide punditry for BoxNation, and accredited as such. 'During the post-fight press conference, I was stood at the back of the room. It wasn't until Bernd Bonte said my name and involved me in the press conference that I commented. I was then happy to banter back and forth with Bonte and Klitschko, keen to ascertain whether he (Vitali) would stay true to his word and reiterate his desire to do what his younger brother couldn't do - knock me out. 'I felt as though the public would want to hear more information about this potential bout and that we could both start beating the drum ahead of a showdown later this year. 'However, at this point Chisora began firing insults at me from his position on the top table. In fact, he has recently made a habit of saying derogatory things about me in the press. He's back: Chisora arrived in London on Sunday night after catching a flight to Heathrow Too far: Haye picks up a camera tripod as his violent brawl with Chisora reaches a whole new level 'Moments before declaring he wanted to go face-to-face with me, Chisora assured the gathered media that he would give me "two slaps". Chisora had, of course, already been shrouded in controversy that weekend. 'Despite this, Chisora climbed down from the top table, removed his robe and then walked towards me, entourage in tow, in an aggressive manner. I held my ground, but, unfortunately, he caused a serious disturbance to occur, something which threatened to damage the reputation of the sport we both love. 'Regrettably, some members of his entourage also encouraged the chaos. Nevertheless, Chisora and I soon separated, brushed ourselves down and moved in opposite directions. The confrontation then reignited, however, and both Don Charles and Adam Booth became involved in the mess. Adam suffered a cut to the head. 'Thankfully, it didn't take long for the ruckus to again settle down. It was then that I heard Chisora say he planned to "shoot me dead". 'I decided to leave the venue and return to my hotel, a move which I hoped would diffuse the situation. However, Chisora's team were staying at the same hotel as me and, in light of the threats Chisora had made in front of the world's media, it seemed far more appropriate for me and Adam to leave the hotel as quickly as possible. Probe: A police car carrying Chisora arrives at the police headquarters in Munich on Sunday Investigation: Chisora was arrested and taken to this police HQ for questions but was later released 'Consequently, I left Munich on an earlier flight on Sunday morning and have been thinking about what happened ever since, as well as replaying the incident many times via YouTube. It goes without saying, I am bitterly disappointed to have been a part of what transpired on Saturday evening. 'I realise I am no angel - and don't mind a bit of professional trash-talk to help raise boxing's profile - but, during my 21 years in the sport, I have never been involved in, or even witnessed, such a serious fracas. If requested, I shall happily assist the boxing authorities with any investigation they wish to launch and, ultimately, hope that all lessons learned from this incident will be implemented. 'I also hope Dereck Chisora is able to learn from his mistakes this past weekend, right the wrongs and then go on to fulfil his potential in the boxing ring.' Chisora's own statement read: 'Following the extensive media coverage that my WBC World Heavyweight title challenge against Vitali Klitschko in Munich at the weekend has attracted, I feel I must wholeheartedly apologise for my part in the regretable scenes both before and after what was to be the biggest night of my career. 'Whilst my behaviour was inexcusable, there were many things that went on behind the scenes that ultimately caused my frustrations to boil over, however this is of course no excuse. I cannot go into the specific details at the moment as quite rightly the British Boxing Board of Control will be investigating this matter and also the altercation that took place between David Haye and myself where I was struck by a bottle. 'Despite all of this, the bottom line is, I have let my family, my team and worst of all the sport I love down. I acknowledge that my actions were totally unprofessional, with or without provocation. Now, with a cool head and the benefit of hindsight, my actions at the weekend were regretable to say the least and I am deeply embarrassed at the scenes reported in the media. Bloody mess: Adam Booth suffered a head injury during the brawl after claiming he was glassed Armed: A video still appears to show Dereck Chisora holding a bottle 'I acknowledge that I have a duty as a professional boxer to conduct myself properly at all times, especially with boxing being a sport of controlled aggression. I have let lots of people down on Saturday night, including myself, and for that I am truly sorry. 'In Munich I fully cooperated with the German authorities and as a result I was released without charge. 'I will be making no further comment at this stage and will wait for any formal hearing to take place. The British Boxing Board of Control (BBBC) have also confirmed they are investigating the behaviour of Chisora before, during and after his points defeat to WBC heavyweight champion Vitali Klitschko. However, they cannot punish Haye as he is no longer a licensed boxer. Secretary Robert Smith said: 'Mr Dereck Chisora has been called to appear before the Stewards of the British Boxing Board of Control on Wednesday, 14th March 2012 under Regulation 25 (misconduct) with regard to his behaviour prior, during and after his contest for the World Boxing Council Heavyweight Championship against Vitali Klitschko on Saturday, 18th February 2012 in Munich. A further statement will be issued following this hearing.' Haye, with a glass bottle in his right hand, punched Chisora. Drink spilled on to Chisora’s shirt and the end of the bottle appeared to catch his chin. Women screamed as more members of both camps joined the fray involving the two British heavyweight boxers, and huge men lurched around the room, scattering bottles, tables and chairs. A bleeding Chisora roared: ‘He’s glassed me. He’s f****** glassed me. I’m not having it. I swear I’m going to shoot him.’ Haye has claimed he was acting in self-defence as Chisora moved menacingly towards him. But if the camera equipment was in his hands then it is possible that he drew blood, however accidentally, not only from the mouth of Chisora’s trainer but from the forehead of his own man Booth. While Chisora - who was freed by police after questioning - arrived back in London late on Sunday, Haye made an early dash home with his former trainer Adam Booth, who suffered a bloody wound in the press-conference fight. Fight: Haye clashes with Chisora's camp in a bloody confrontation which will be investigated by police Taunt: Haye holds up three fingers to replicate Chisora's third defeat after losing to Vitali Klitschko Moments before Chisora was detained by police at Munich airport, Haye's flight to London had taken off. After the row, Haye and Booth had rushed to their five-star hotel in Munich, threw their belongings into bags and set off for the airport before 4.30am. Haye returned briefly to his home in Bexleyheath and then left for a secret location, believed to be a country club. As well as a police investigation, Chisora and Haye also face being banned from boxing. Munich Police spokesman Gottfried Schlicht said: 'We still don't know where David Haye is. I don't know whether British police have been contacted yet because that is the job of the court, not the Munich Police. 'We have to ask the court in Munich and the court goes to Scotland Yard or wherever in the UK. That is likely to happen but I don't know how long the process will take. My opinion is that it should or will happen as soon as possible but I can't say whether that will take days or weeks. I don't know. 'Until we speak to Haye, nothing more can happen. We need both sides. We've heard Dereck Chisora and now we wait to hear David Haye.' Booth said: 'We have not been contacted or called by the German police. Of course we would answer any questions, and would go to Germany to be interviewed. We have nothing to run away from. Where it should have stayed: Vitali Klitschko had earlier beaten Dereck Chisora on points 'We left the press conference, and it would have been stupid to go back to the same hotel as Chisora and his mob. He had said he was going to assault David, and then screamed he was going to shoot him and burn him. We decided to go to the airport and get an early flight home. 'What David did was a defensive reflex. The man said he was going to slap him, walked 20 yards towards him, took his jacket off, went straight into a headbutt and shoved his fist into David's chin. Everything was a defensive reflex from David.' The Klitschkos looked on in wry amazement. Their manager Bernd Bonte had parried the first outburst from Haye by telling him there was no chance of him fighting either of the brothers, saying emphatically: ‘You’re out, out, out. You cannot talk your way again into a fight with us.’ The British Boxing Board of Control are now investigating Chisora after he also courted controversy with his pre-fight antics, slapping his 40-year-old opponent at the weigh-in and then spitting water into brother Wladimir's face in the ring. Former sports minister Richard Caborn, who is now the president of the Amateur Boxing Association of England, has called on the BBBC to review their rules on how the professional sport conducts itself. Centre of attention: The Zimbabwe-born boxer has been involved in a number of controversial incidents Line of the law: Police were called to the scene and will launched an official investigation into the brawl Caborn said the scenes in Munich were 'absolutely disgraceful' and threatened 'immense damage' to the amateur game, which he said was well run. Chisora's promoter Frank Warren claimed the blame for the disgraceful scenes in Munich should be shared rather than dumped solely at the door of his fighter. 'His emotions were high, his face was bleeding,' Warren said of Chisora on BBC Radio 5 Live. 'But it was unacceptable. I'm not trying to defend him - I'm just explaining the facts and what exactly did happen. 'What happened as far as Dereck's concerned [threatening to shoot Haye] - call it 'street talk', call it whatever you want - it's ridiculous, it's out of order, it's wrong. Nobody can condone that. Saying you're going to shoot somebody in front of 250 press, to say the least, is a stupid remark. 'It was unacceptable. Everybody has to accept some responsibility - Dereck Chisora, David Haye, the British Boxing Board of Control, myself. 'Could I have stopped it? I doubt it. What could have stopped it is had the German promoters had some adequate security. But they didn't. [Chisora's trainer] Don Charles, you see the transcripts of what he said - 'please get that man out of here' - but they didn't have any security. Spit storm: Chisora was caught on camera blasting Wladimir with water before the fight Decent showing: Chisora lost on points, but gave Klitschko a run for his money in Munich 'The BBBC also have to accept some responsibility in as much as their chairman was there and was nowhere to be seen when all this was going on. He disappeared.' Warren was also unhappy that the aftermath overshadowed what had happened in the ring. 'There was a lot of horrible stuff that went on prior to the fight,' he said. 'What I was more annoyed about was that Dereck Chisora put in a really good performance in the ring. He went there as big underdog and gave Klitschko the hardest fight he has had since he fought Lennox Lewis. 'That was all taken away by David Haye gatecrashing the press conference, calling out Klitschko and I thought that was disrespectful to Dereck Chisora.' Warren has no plans to promote any potential future match-up between Chisora and Haye. 'No, I wouldn't," he said when asked about the possibility. 'I'm sure down the road that will probably happen now, but I don't feel I could do that. Any differences they had, that should have happened in the ring rather than instead of the circumstances it did.'	i don't know
What, in American English, is the meaning of 'sophomore'?	Sophomore - definition of sophomore by The Free Dictionary Sophomore - definition of sophomore by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/sophomore Related to sophomore: Sophomore Album soph·o·more a. A second-year student in a US college. b. A tenth-grade student in a US high school. 2. A person in the second year of carrying out an endeavor. 3. A three-year-old racehorse, usually in its second year of racing. adj. 1. Of or relating to the second year of an endeavor, especially of attending a school or college. 2. Being the second in a series: a singer's sophomore album. [Alteration (probably influenced by Greek sophos, wise, and mōros, stupid) of sophumer, from obsolete sophom, sophism, dialectic exercise, variant of sophism .] sophomore (Education) chiefly US and Canadian a second-year student at a secondary (high) school or college adj (of a book, recording, etc, by an artist) second: her sophomore album. [C17: perhaps from earlier sophumer, from sophum, variant of sophism + -er1] soph•o•more (ˈsɒf əˌmɔr, -ˌmoʊr; ˈsɒf mɔr, -moʊr) n. a student in the second year at a high school, college, or university. [1645–55; earlier sophumer, perhaps =sophum sophism + -er 1] sophomore A student in the second year of a college course, or a high-school student in the tenth grade. ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: lowerclassman , underclassman - an undergraduate who is not yet a senior Adj. 1. sophomore - used of the second year in United States high school or college; "the sophomore class"; "his sophomore year" intermediate - lying between two extremes in time or space or state; "going from sitting to standing without intermediate pushes with the hands"; "intermediate stages in a process"; "intermediate stops on the route"; "an intermediate range plane" Translations [ˈsɒfəmɔːʳ] N (US) → estudiante mf de segundo año GRADE sophomore n (US) → étudiant (e) m/f de deuxième année modif sophomore year → deuxième année f Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: View in context Perhaps the president of a corps notices that one of the membership who is no longer an exempt--that is a freshman-- has remained a sophomore some little time without volunteering to fight; some day, the president, instead of calling for volunteers, will APPOINT this sophomore to measure swords with a student of another corps; he is free to decline--everybody says so--there is no compulsion. View in context Then we'll be able to look as bored and sophisticated as any Sophomore of them all. The "freshettes" stood about in detached groups of two or three, looking askance at each other; the "freshies," wiser in their day and generation, had banded themselves together on the big staircase of the entrance hall, where they were shouting out glees with all the vigor of youthful lungs, as a species of defiance to their traditional enemies, the Sophomores, a few of whom were prowling loftily about, looking properly disdainful of the "unlicked cubs" on the stairs. against six Sophomores and a Freshman from the Gladiatorial College! when he had slain all the sophomores and was dallying with the	The Second
"Complete the line from Kipling's poem A Smugglers Song, ""Five and twenty ponies, trotting through the dark, Brandy for the Parson .........."""	What does sophomore mean? definition, meaning and pronunciation (Free English Language Dictionary) intermediate (lying between two extremes in time or space or degree) Learn English with... Proverbs of the week "Better safe than sorry." (English proverb) "If you do not sow, you can't reap." (Albanian proverb) "The person who pours water to other is the last one to drink." (Arabic proverb) "Dress up a stick and itï¿½ll be a beautiful bride." (Egyptian proverb) Page delivered in 0.0793 seconds AudioEnglish Definitions... Just One Click Away! Now you can lookup any word in our dictionary, right from the search box in your browser! Click here to add the AudioEnglish.org dictionary to your list of search providers.	i don't know
Who wrote the scripts for the TV series 'One Foot in the Grave'?	BFI Screenonline: One Foot In The Grave (1990-2000) One Foot In The Grave (1990-2000) 6 series of 37x30 min episodes total plus 4 specials Theme Song Eric Idle Cast: Richard Wilson (Victor Meldrew); Annette Crosbie (Margaret Meldrew); Angus Deayton (Patrick Trench); Janine Duvitski (Pippa Trench); Doreen Mantle (Jean Warboys); Owen Brenman (Nick Swainey) Show full cast and credits Pensioners Victor and Margaret Meldrew try to lead a normal suburban life but events invariably conspire against them. Victor's fury at the failings of the world, and his ability to attract misfortune, causes constant conflict with people around them - much to Margaret's exasperation. Show full synopsis One Foot in the Grave (BBC, 1990-96; 2000) is one of the finest, most complex, British sitcoms. Its enormous success - only matched in the 1990s by Only Fools and Horses (BBC, 1981-96) - proved the form could ask difficult questions of a mass audience while still providing huge belly-laughs. The situation is deceptively simple and traditional. Some critics balked at its apparently 'old-fashioned' suburban domestic setting, but the layers of normality are gradually peeled back to expose a dark and disturbing universe spinning out of control. For all his anger, Victor Meldrew ( Richard Wilson ) remains sympathetic. His catchphrase - "I don't believe it!" - is funny because through him we see that the world really is mad. Victor rails against universal irritations, such as voicemail or clingfilm. Then bizarre misfortunes beset Victor - mistaking a dead hedgehog for a slipper or finding a toupee in a loaf of bread. Finally, the madness is the unfairness of a world in which we struggle to overcome pain and failure. The only hope becomes Margaret ( Annette Crosbie ) and Victor's kindness. The show avoids being depressing because it resonates with its viewers' experience. His neighbours may consider Victor insane and unreasonable, but we know better. He voices all the complaints and concerns that we try to control, suffering so that we don't have to. With its studio laughter, suburban setting, and comic pratfalls, One Foot in the Grave could be seen as one of the last great 'traditional' British sitcoms. But it also paves the way for much of the new comedy that followed with series such as The Office (BBC, 1999-). David Renwick 's densely plotted scripts, with their bleak view of life and dark, occasionally macabre humour, created a new kind of expectation for viewers of television comedy. Fans of the show understand that the most hilarious visual joke might immediately be followed by sudden tragedy. They also appreciate that the comic and serious elements complement each other - the acknowledgement of death and cruelty serve to heighten the laughter. The show was brought back for a final series in 2000, culminating in Victor's death from a hit and run driver. It might seem an odd way for a sitcom to end but for One Foot in the Grave , where comedy and tragedy are so intertwined, it seems entirely appropriate. Phil Wickham	David Renwick
In which country was former Essex and England bowler Derek Pringle born?	Richard Wilson to play Victor Meldrew again - News - British Comedy Guide Richard Wilson to play Victor Meldrew again Richard Wilson to play Victor Meldrew again Thursday 17th September 2015, 10:47am Richard Wilson has revealed he is to play his iconic character Victor Meldrew again. The actor is stepping back into the shoes of the grumpy pensioner for one-night only, as part of a one-man show he is putting on. He will perform an extract from a One Foot In The Grave TV script as part of An Evening With Richard Wilson. The show takes place at The Crucible Theatre in Sheffield on the 23rd October. Speaking to The Mirror , he said: "I am bringing Victor back for a night. I am going to do 20 minutes of Victor because the guy who wrote One Foot In The Grave wrote an episode of Victor by himself and it was a brilliant episode." One Foot In The Grave , which is regularly named as one of Britain's best sitcoms, was created by David Renwick . It ran on the BBC for six series between 1990 and 1995 , with some episodes clocking up over 15 million viewers. Wilson, who was most recently seen in Danny And The Human Zoo , says he has no plans to stop acting. "I am into my 80th year. I have no plans to retire as I still want to [work]. If I did I would be bored and I would get slouchy and give up." However, he added: "I have to think about death. We don't talk about death enough. We should talk about it more. I have done a will but only recently. I have made a will in the last five years. I should have done it earlier. It makes life easier and makes people realise that they don't have to worry about my funeral plans. One thinks about it a bit more when you come into your 80th year. But I have not planned my funeral. I just want people to have a good time." Talking about An Evening With Richard Wilson, the venue confirms: "Victor Meldrew is back! For one night only, Richard Wilson will delight audiences by reprising his role as Victor Meldrew, performing hilarious scenes from One Foot In The Grave . "Join Victor as he battles with the irritations of life, with plenty of laugh-out-loud exasperation along the way. This is an event not to be missed! "Richard will also talk about his life and work and the highs and lows of playing Meldrew, as well as answering questions on his extensive television and theatre career." Tickets for the show are on sale now from the Venue website	i don't know
The Uffizi and the Bargello are among the museums of art in which European city?	Bargello Museum Tickets Bargello Museum Tickets Address: Via del Proconsolo 4 - Firenze Opening hours: daily, 8.15-13.50. The ticket office closes at 13.20. From 22 March to 18 August the museum is also open in the afternoon. Closing: on the 1st, 3rd and 5th Sunday and 2nd and 4th Monday of each month; New Year’s Day, May 1st and Christmas Day. THE BARGELLO MUSEUM in FLORENCE The medieval palace was in the past the seat of the chief of the military police, or Bargello; it was restored in the second half of the 19th century and became a museum of Renaissance statuary and of minor arts. The collections of statues, starting from Quattrocento artworks by Donatello, Ghiberti Luca della Robbia, includes masterpieces by Michelangelo, as the Bacchus and the Brutus, and reaches the end of the 16th century, with Cellini and Giambologna. The large section dedicated to minor arts displays among other precious items, the outstanding collection of ivories, the Renaissance maiolica from Urbino, jewellery and objects decorated in enamel. HOW TO CHOOSE THE CORRECT TICKET Half price ticket: for 18-25 year olds from the European Union and for regular state teachers (official documentation requested). Free ticket (reservation only):European Union citizens under 18 and over 65. Children under 12 must be accompanied by an adult. Children under 6 years old (European or not) enter free. No reservation is need for them. Italy Travels cannot be held responsible for partial closing museum rooms, itinerary variations inside the museum, cancellations or entrance delays due to unaspectable events, strikes or decisions taken by the museum direction or by the Ministero dei Beni Culturali or by the Sovraintendenza Read cancellations policies, click HERE . Photo & video	Florence
In which Yorkshire town or city was the Rugby League founded in 1895?	Bargello National Museum Tickets Photo Gallery Reserve here your tickets and enjoy the visit without queues! It's extremely easy to visit the Bargello National Museum with us and to buy tickets on line for the most important museums in Florence avoiding long lines Enjoy a visit to the Bargello National Museum without stress. Make your on-line reservation in advance to get in, avoiding the long lines at the entrance. Openings: Open Tuesday to Sunday 8,15 – 13,30 Closed: on the 1st, 3rd and 5th Sunday and 2nd and 4th Monday of each month; New Year’s Day, May 1st and Christmas Day. Address: Via del Proconsolo, 4, Firenze REDUCED TICKETS Reduced prices and free tickets. Reduced tickets: for European Union citizens aged between 18 and 25 years, Teachers of Public Institutions in the EU (Vatican City, Monaco , Switzerland, Luxembourg , Republic of San Marino, Lichtenstein). Free tickets: for non EU citizens under 18, EU citizens under 18, You will be asked to show your ID card at the entrance for reduced and free tickets. DETAILED INFORMATION Audioguides: Available in Italian, English, French, German, Spanish, Russian and Japanese. Disabled persons: The museum is accessible for disabled persons. Cloakroom: Near the entrance. Visitors must hand in umbrellas, there is no charge. Bookshop:There is one bookshop at the entrance of the Museum NOTES Requested time may not be available, the museum will then confirm the closest available time to the requested one on the same date. Florence Museum Tickets is not responsible for changes or cancellations in museum programs. A commission charge is added to the price of the ticket for the booking. An additional fee will be added for any further booking change or modification. Visit the National Museum of Bargello where you can find significant and extraordinary collections of sculptures and works of the Renaissance Art. The Bargello Museum is the largest and richest museum in Italian sculptures. Here, in this majestic building built around the middle of the thirteenth century as a fortress for the Capitano del Popolo, you may enjoy some of the most important sculptures from the Florentine Renaissance. You can even see the marble statue of David and St. George by Donatello and the Michelangelo's Bacco, one of his few works with a profane theme, and the Pitti Tondo Portrait of Brutus. Masterpieces Inside the museum you can find the masterpieces of Donatello's and works by Luca della Robbia, Verrocchio, Michelangelo and Cellini Greatest works	i don't know
The third of her name of the annals of the Royal Navy, which aircraft carrier was sunk by a German U-Boat in the Mediterranean in November 1941?	Aircraft carrier warfare, World War 2 Europe 10th - Germany invaded Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg Norwegian Campaign - The Allies had evacuated central Norway, but continued to build up forces for the attack on Narvik in the north. By the 23rd carriers “Furious” and “Glorious” had flown ashore the first modern RAF fighters. JUNE 1940 Europe Norwegian Campaign - At the end of the evacuation, fleet carrier “GLORIOUS” (below) and escorting destroyers “ACASTA” and “ARDENT” sailed for Britain independently of the other withdrawing forces. West of Lofoten Islands on the 8th they met the 11in gun battlecruisers “Scharnhorst” and “Gneisenau” sailing to attack suspected Allied shipping off Harstad. The British ships were soon overwhelmed and sunk, but not before “Acasta” hit “Scharnhorst” with a torpedo. Few of the Royal Navy crews survived. 13th - Five days after the sinking of “Glorious”, aircraft from carrier “Ark Royal” attacked the damaged “Scharnhorst” in Trondheim but to little effect. Mediterranean 10th - Italy Declared War on Britain and France Mediterranean Naval Strengths - The Western Mediterranean was primarily the responsibility of the French Navy - although British reinforcements could soon be dispatched from the Home Fleet as shortly happened. The Eastern Mediterranean was in the hands of the Mediterranean Fleet and a small French squadron based at Alexandria. It was up to strength in major units but still weak in cruisers, destroyers and submarines when compared with the Italian Navy. This was partly offset by the presence of carrier “Eagle” to accompany battleships “Malaya”, “Ramillies”, “Royal Sovereign” and “Warspite”. The large Italian fleet was mainly based in the Mediterranean, but had no carriers. 12th -The Mediterranean Fleet with “Warspite”, “Malaya”, carrier “Eagle”, cruisers and destroyers sailed from Alexandria for a sweep against Italian shipping in the Eastern Mediterranean. South of Crete, light cruiser “CALYPSO” was torpedoed and sunk by Italian submarine “Bagnolini”. British Force H - By the end of the month, Force H had been assembled at Gibraltar from units of the Home Fleet. Vice-Adm Sir James Somerville flew his flag in battlecruiser “Hood” and commanded battleships “Resolution” and “Valiant”, carrier “Ark Royal” and a few cruisers and destroyers. From Gibraltar, Force H could cover the Western Mediterranean and the Atlantic. JULY 1940 Atlantic French Navy in the Atlantic - Carrier “Hermes” and cruisers “Dorsetshire” and Australian sister-ship “Australia” laid off Dakar, French West Africa on the 8th after negotiations were refused on the future of French battleship “Richelieu”. Attacks made with depth-charges from a fast motorboat failed and a torpedo strike by Swordfish inflicted only minor damage. Mediterranean French Navy in the Mediterranean - In the Action at Oran (Operation 'Catapult'), Adm Somerville arrived with Force H off the French Algerian base of Mers-el-Kebir near Oran on the 3rd. French Adm Gensoul was offered a number of choices to ensure his fleet with its four capital ships stayed out of Axis hands. All were turned down and, at around 18.00, Force H opened fire on the anchored ships. "BRETAGNE" blew up and the "Dunkerque" and "Provence", together with other ships, were badly damaged. Battlecruiser "Strasbourg" and some destroyers managed to break out in spite of attacks by aircraft from carrier "Ark Royal", and reached Toulon in the south of France. Three days later the damaged "Dunkerque" was torpedoed at her moorings by "Ark Royal's" Swordfish. The tragic and unhappy episode was over as far as Oran was concerned. 5th - Obsolescent torpedo-carrying Swordfish from carrier "Eagle's" squadrons flew from land bases on successful attacks against Tobruk and area. On the 5th, aircraft of 813 Squadron sank Italian destroyer "ZEFFIRO" and a freighter at Tobruk. The success was repeated two weeks later 9th - Action off Calabria or Battle of Punto Stila - On the 7th, Adm Cunningham sailed from Alexandria with battleships "Warspite", Malaya", Royal Sovereign", carrier "Eagle", cruisers and destroyers to cover convoys from Malta to Alexandria and to challenge the Italians to action. Next day - the 8th - two Italian battleships, 14 cruisers and 32 destroyers were reported in the Ionian Sea covering a convoy of their own to Benghazi in Libya. Italian aircraft now started five days of accurate high-level bombing (also against Force H out of Gibraltar) and cruiser "Gloucester" was hit and damaged. Mediterranean Fleet headed for a position to cut off the Italians from their base at Taranto. On the 9th, "Eagle's" aircraft failed to find the Italians and first contact was made by a detached cruiser squadron which was soon under fire from the heavier Italian ships. "Warspite" came up and damaged "Giulio Cesare" with a 15in hit. As the Italian battleships turned away, the British cruisers and destroyers engaged, but with little effect. Mediterranean Fleet pursued to within 50 miles of the south west Italian coast off Calabria before withdrawing. As Adm Cunningham covered the by now delayed convoys to Alexandria, "Eagle's" Swordfish attacked Augusta harbour, Sicily on the 10th. Destroyer "Pancaldo" was torpedoed, but later re-floated and re-commissioned. 20th - "Eagle's" Swordfish continued their strikes against Italian targets around Tobruk. In the nearby Gulf of Bomba, 824 Squadron was responsible for sinking destroyers "NEMBO" and "OSTRO" and another freighter. STRATEGIC & MARITIME SITUATION - MEDITERRANEAN With the fall of France, Italy continued to dominate the central Mediterranean. The comparatively healthy naval position also changed for the worse. In all except capital ships – seven British to six Italian - the Royal Navy was distinctly inferior in numbers to the Italians, but had its two near-priceless fleet carriers – “Ark Royal” based on Gibraltar, and “Eagle”, later joined by “Illustrious” operating out of Alexandria. They would dominate the Mediterranean over the next six months. AUGUST 1940 Atlantic Battle of the Atlantic - Long range Focke Wulf Kondor bombers started patrols off the coast of Ireland. As well as spotting for U-boats they attacked and sank many ships, and continued to be a major threat until the introduction of ship-borne aircraft in late 1941 started to counteract them. Mediterranean Malta - The decision was taken to reinforce Malta and in Operation 'Hurry', carrier "Argus" flew off 12 Hurricanes from a position southwest of Sardinia. This was the first of many reinforcement and supply operations, often bitterly fought to keep Malta alive and in the fight against Axis supply routes to their armies in North Africa. Now, as in the future, cover from the west was provided by Force H. The opportunity was taken for carrier "Ark Royal's" aircraft to hit Sardinian targets. 22nd - Land-based Swordfish from carrier "Eagle's" 824 Squadron repeated their July success with another torpedo strike in the Gulf of Bomba near Tobruk. Just as she prepared for a human torpedo attack on Alexandria, submarine "IRIDE" and a depot ship were sunk. SEPTEMBER 1940 Atlantic 23rd-25th - Dakar Expedition, Operation 'Menace' - Because of Dakar's strategic importance to the North and South Atlantic shipping routes, an expedition was mounted to acquire the port for Allied use. Free French troops led by Gen de Gaulle were carried in ships escorted and supported by units of the Home Fleet and Force H under the command of Vice-Adm John Cunningham. They included battleships "Barham" and "Resolution", carrier "Ark Royal", three heavy cruisers. Naval forces at Dakar included the unfinished battleship "Richelieu" and two cruisers recently arrived from Toulon. Attempts to negotiate on the 23rd soon failed and as Vichy French ships tried to leave harbour, shore batteries opened fire, damaging heavy cruiser "Cumberland" and two destroyers. Shortly afterwards, the Vichy submarine "PERSEE" was sunk by gunfire and large destroyer "L'AUDACIEUX" disabled by cruiser "Australia" and beached. A Free French landing was beaten off. Next day, on the 24th, Dakar was bombarded by the warships and "Richelieu" attacked by carrier "Ark Royal's" aircraft. Vichy submarine "AJAX" was sunk by destroyer "Fortune". The bombardment continued on the 25th, but battleship "Resolution" was now torpedoed and badly damaged by submarine "Beveziers" and "Barham" hit by "Richelieu's" 15in gunfire. At this point the operation was abandoned and the Anglo-Free French forces withdrew. Mediterranean Royal Navy in the Mediterranean - Reinforcements were sent to the Mediterranean Fleet in Alexandria right through until the end of the year. They were covered from Gibraltar by Adm Somerville's Force H, then met in the central basin by Adm Cunningham and escorted the rest of the way. The opportunity was usually taken to carry in supplies of men and material to Malta. Early in September new fleet carrier "Illustrious" with its armoured flight deck, battleship "Valiant" and two cruisers were transferred in this way in Operation 'Hats'. On passage with the new arrivals, aircraft from Force H's "Ark Royal" attacked Sardinian targets. After joining up with carrier "Eagle" and now in the eastern Med, "Illustrious" sent aircraft against Rhodes. The Italian Fleet sortied during these operations, but failed to make contact. The arrival of "Illustrious" allowed Adm Cunningham to go ahead with his plans to attack the Italian battlefleet at Taranto. 17th - Units of the Mediterranean Fleet including battleship "Valiant" sailed with carrier "Illustrious" for a raid on Benghazi. Swordfish biplanes torpedoed destroyer "BOREA", and mines laid by them off the port sank "AQUILONE". OCTOBER 1940 Mediterranean 12th/14th - Attacks on Malta Convoy - From Alexandria a convoy safely reached Malta covered by the Mediterranean Fleet with four battleships and carriers "Illustrious" and "Eagle". As the Fleet returned on the 12th, attacks were made by Italian light forces southeast of Sicily. Cruiser "Ajax" sank Italian torpedo boats "AIRONE" and "ARIEL" and badly damaged destroyer "ARTIGLIERE" which was finished off by heavy cruiser "York". Later heading back east, the carriers launched air strikes against Leros island in the Dodecanese. NOVEMBER 1940 Mediterranean 11th - Fleet Air Arm Attack on Taranto, Operation 'Judgement' - Early in the month a complex series of reinforcement and supply moves (1-5) mounted from both ends of the Mediterranean led to the classic air attack (6) on the Italian battlefleet at Taranto. (1) From Alexandria, Adm Cunningham, with battleships "Malaya", "Ramillies", Valiant" and "Warspite", carrier "Illustrious", cruisers and destroyers, sailed to cover west-bound convoys to Crete and Malta. Aircraft carrier "Eagle" had to be left behind because of defects caused by earlier bombing. (2) From Gibraltar, Force H in a separate operation called "Coat" supported the east-bound passage of battleship "Barham", two cruisers and three destroyers to reinforce the Mediterranean Fleet. (3) Troop reinforcements were also carried to Malta at this time from Gibraltar. (4) Still in the eastern half of the Med, Adm Cunningham's Fleet met its new members and covered the return of an empty ship convoy from Malta. (5) On the 11th a cruiser force was detached for a successful attack on Italian shipping in the Strait of Otranto at the entrance to the Adriatic Sea. (6) "Illustrious" meanwhile, escorted by cruisers and destroyers, headed for a position in the Ionian Sea 170 miles to the southeast of Taranto. All six battleships of the Italian Navy were at anchor there. That night she launched two waves of Swordfish biplanes, some belonging to "Eagle". Under the command of Lt-Cdrs K. Williamson and J. W. Hale, the total of no more than 20 aircraft of Number 813, 815, 819 and 824 Squadrons hit "CONTE DI CAVOUR" and "CAIO DIULIO" with one torpedo each and the brand new "LITTORIA" with three. All three battleships sank at their moorings and "Cavour" was never recommissioned, all for the loss of just two Swordfish. The Japanese Navy carefully studied the attack as Pearl Harbor learnt to its cost just a year later. 27th - Action off Cape Spartivento, Southern Sardinia - A fast convoy under the codename Operation 'Collar' sailed eastward from Gibraltar with ships for Malta and Alexandria. Cover as usual was provided by Force H with battlecruiser "Renown", carrier "Ark Royal", cruisers "Despatch" and "Sheffield" Meanwhile, units of the Mediterranean Fleet including "Ramillies" and cruisers "Newcastle", "Berwick" and "Coventry" headed west for a position south of Sardinia to meet them. Other ships accompanied the two Mediterranean Fleet carriers in separate attacks on Italian targets - "Eagle" on Tripoli, Libya and "Illustrious" on Rhodes off the southwest Turkish coast. These moves took place on the 26th. Next day, on the 27th, south of Sardinia, aircraft of Force H carrier "Ark Royal" sighted an Italian force with two battleships and seven heavy cruisers. Force H, now joined by the Med Fleet's "Ramillies", sailed to meet them. In an hour-long exchange of gunfire "Renown" and the cruisers were in action, during which time "Berwick" was damaged and an Italian destroyer badly hit. The slower "Ramillies" had not come up by the time the Italians had turned back for home. Adm Somerville pursued, but as he approached Italian shores had to turn back himself. The convoys arrive safely. DECEMBER 1940 Mediterranean Mediterranean Operations - Another series of convoy and offensive operations were carried out by the Mediterranean Fleet with battleships "Warspite", "Valiant "and carrier "Illustrious". On the 17th carrier aircraft attacked Rhodes and on the night of the 18th/19th the two battleships bombarded Valona, Albania. At the same time, battleship "Malaya" passed through to the west for Gibraltar. On the way, escorting destroyer "HYPERION" hit a nine near Cape Bon, northeast tip of Tunisia on the 22nd and had to be scuttled. "Malaya" carried on to meet up with Force H. The German Luftwaffe's X Fliegerkorps - including Ju87 Stuka dive-bombers - was ordered to Sicily and southern Italy to bolster the Italian Air Force. Mediterranean Theatre after Seven Months - Mussolini's claimed domination of the Mediterranean had not been apparent. In spite of the loss of French naval power, Force H and the Mediterranean Fleet and their carriers had more than held the Italian Navy in check. Malta had been supplied and reinforced, and the British offensive in North Africa was underway. Elsewhere, the Greeks were driving the Italians back into Albania and away to the south the Italian East African Empire was about to be wound up. However, it was now only a matter of months and even weeks before the Luftwaffe appeared in Sicily, Gen Rommel in North Africa and the German Army in Greece, followed by their Paratroops in Crete JANUARY 1941 Mediterranean 6th-11th - Malta Convoy "Excess" - Another complex series of convoy and ship movements (1-6) revolving around Malta led to carrier "Illustrious" being badly damaged and the Royal Navy losing its comparative freedom of operation in the Eastern Mediterranean. This followed the arrival in Sicily of the German Luftwaffe's X Fliegerkorps. (1) On the 6th, convoy 'Excess' left Gibraltar for Malta and Greece covered by Gibraltar-based Force H. (2) At the same time the Mediterranean Fleet from Alexandria prepared to cover supply ships to Malta and (3) bring out empty ones. (4) Mediterranean Fleet cruisers "Gloucester" and "Southampton" carried troop reinforcements to Malta and then (5) continued on west to meet 'Excess'. (6) Force H returned to Gibraltar. By the 10th, 'Excess' had reached the Strait of Sicily and was attacked by Italian torpedo boats. "VEGA" was sunk by escorting cruiser "Bonaventure" and destroyer "Hereward". As the Mediterranean Fleet including "Illustrious" met the convoy off the Italian-held island of Pantelleria, screening destroyers "GALLANT" hit a mine. Still west of Malta, heavy attacks by German and Italian aircraft were launched. Carrier "Illustrious" was singled out and hit six times by Ju87 and Ju88 bombers. Only the armoured flight deck saved her from total destruction as she struggled into Malta with 200 casualties. There, under continual attack, she was repaired temporarily and left on the 23rd for Alexandria. Sister-ship "Formidable" was sent out to replace her via the Cape of Good Hope, but it was some weeks before she reached the Eastern Mediterranean. All merchantmen reached their destinations safely, but at a cost of a cruiser and destroyer, and the loss of carrier "Illustrious'" vital air power. FEBRUARY 1941 Mediterranean 9th - Force H Attack in the Gulf of Genoa - "Renown", "Malaya" and carrier "Ark Royal," sailed right up into the Gulf of Genoa, northwest Italy. The big ships bombarded the city of Genoa while "Ark Royal's" aircraft bombed Leghorn and laid mines off Spezia, all on the 9th. An Italian battlefleet sortied but failed to make contact. MARCH 1941 Atlantic Battle of the Atlantic - On 6th March 1941, faced with the mortal threat of the German U-boat and aircraft offensive in the Atlantic, Winston Churchill issued his famous Battle of the Atlantic directive. Catapult armed merchantmen (CAM) were to be fitted out, merchant ships equipped with AA weapons as a first priority, and more Coastal Command squadrons formed and fitted with radar. Port and dockyard congestion was to be dealt with and the defence of ports greatly improved. Mediterranean 28th - Battle of Cape Matapan - As ships of the Mediterranean Fleet covered troop movements to Greece, 'Ultra' intelligence was received reporting the sailing of an Italian battlefleet with one battleship, six heavy and two light cruisers plus destroyers to attack the convoy routes. On the 27th, Vice-Adm Pridham-Wippell with cruisers "Ajax", "Gloucester", "Orion" and the Australian "Perth" and destroyers sailed from Greek waters for a position south of Crete. Adm Cunningham with carrier "Formidable" (right) and battleships "Warspite", "Barham" and "Valiant" left Alexandria on the same day to meet the cruisers. Around 08.30 on the 28th, south of Crete, Adm Pridham- Wippell was in action with an Italian cruiser squadron. Just before noon he found himself between them and the battleship "Vittorio Veneto" which had now come up. An attack by Swordfish from carrier "Formidable" failed to hit the Italian battleship, but enabled the British cruisers to extricate themselves. Mediterranean Fleet heavy units arrived, but their only chance of action was to slow down the Italians before they could reach Italy. A second Swordfish carrier aircraft strike at around 15.25 hit and slowed down "Vittorio Veneto", but only for a short while. At 19.30 a third carrier strike southwest of Cape Matapan stopped heavy cruiser "Pola". Later that evening (still on the 28th), two more heavy cruisers - "Fiume" and "Zara with four destroyers were detached to help "Pola". Before reaching her, Adm Cunningham's ships detected them by radar and "FIUME", "ZARA" and destroyers "ALFIERI" and "CARDUCCI" were crippled by the close range gunfire of "Barham", "Valiant" and "Warspite". All four Italians were finished off by four destroyers led by the Australian "Stuart". Early next morning on the 29th, "POLA" was found, partly abandoned. After taking off the remaining crew, destroyers "Jervis" and "Nubian" sank her with torpedoes. The Royal Navy lost one aircraft. APRIL 1941 Atlantic Battle of the Atlantic - Over the next few months a number of long awaited ship types and weapons started to be introduced. These would contribute significantly to the eventual defeat of the U-boat and includd: (1) The first Auxiliary Fighter Catapult Ships flying the White Ensign and equipped with a single 'one-way' Hurricane were ready in April 1941. They shot down their first Kondor in August. In May a Hurricane was successfully launched from a Red Ensign Catapult Armed Merchantman (CAM), but they did not claim their first victim until November. CAM-ships were eventually superseded in 1943 by Merchant Aircraft Carriers (MACs) - merchantmen with full flightdecks, but sailing under the Red Ensign and also carrying oil or grain. (2) The final step in the introduction of ship-borne aircraft into the Battle of the Atlantic came in June when the first escort carrier was ready for service. HMS Audacity, converted from a German prize, had a short life, but proved the great value of these vessels. Mediterranean 3rd - Leading up to the capture of Massawa, capital of the Italian colony of Eritrea, the surviving eight Italian destroyers and torpedo boats were lost or scuttled. On the 3rd, five seaworthy destroyers sailed to attack Port Sudan, Sudan further north along the Red Sea shore. Shore-based Swordfish from carrier "Eagle" sank "MANIN" and "SAURO". Malta - In the first week of April, carrier "Ark Royal" escorted by Force H sailed from Gibraltar and flew off 12 Hurricanes for Malta. Three weeks later the operation was repeated with 20 more aircraft. From the other end of the Mediterranean, Alexandria-based battleships "Barham", "Valiant" and "Warspite" together with carrier "Formidable" covered the movement of fast transport "Breconshire" to Malta. On the 21st they bombarded Tripoli on the return. MAY 1941 Atlantic 18th-28th - Hunt for the "Bismarck" - Starting on the 18th, new German 15in battleship "Bismarck" and heavy cruiser "Prinz Eugen" sailed from Gdynia in the Baltic for the Atlantic via Norway. A simultaneous sortie by the battlecruisers "Scharnhorst" and "Gneisenau" from Brest was fortunately prevented by the damage inflicted by the RAF. 21st - In the evening the German ships were sighted in a fiord south of Bergen, Norway. Two of the Home Fleet's capital ships, "Hood" and "Prince of Wales" (still not fully completed and working up), sailed from Scapa Flow towards Iceland to support the cruisers on Northern Patrol. 22nd - "Bismarck" was reported at sea and the main body of the Home Fleet under Adm Tovey left Scapa Flow and headed west. Battleship "King George V", fleet carrier "Victorious", cruisers and destroyers were later joined by battlecruiser "Repulse". "Victorious" was also a recent addition to the Fleet and also working up. 23rd - In the early evening, heavy cruisers "Suffolk" and shortly "Norfolk" sighted the German ships north west of Iceland and shadowed them southwestwards through the Denmark Strait separating Iceland from Greenland to the west. "Hood" and "Prince of Wales" pressed on to intercept west of Iceland. 24th - That morning the big ships met and opened fire. Around 06.00, after firing two or three salvos, "Bismarck" hit "HOOD" which blew up with only three survivors. Now it was "Prince of Wales" turn to be the target. After being hit several times she turned away but not before damaging "Bismarck" and causing her to lose fuel oil to the sea. German Adm Lutjens decided to make for St Nazaire in France and headed southwest and later south out of the Denmark Strait. The two Royal Navy cruisers, and for a while the damaged "Prince of Wales", continued to shadow. Adm Tovey hurried west with the rest of Home Fleet. With "Hood's" loss, Force H (Adm Somerville) with battlecruiser "Renown", carrier "Ark Royal" and cruiser "Sheffield" was sailing north from Gibraltar. Battleship "Ramillies", released from convoy escort duties, and "Rodney", then to the west of Ireland, headed towards "Bismarck's" expected track. "Ramillies" played no part in later operations. At 18.00, still an the 24th, "Bismarck" feinted north towards her shadowers for long enough to allow "Prinz Eugen" to get away. Around midnight, southeast of Cape Farewell, Swordfish from Adm Tovey's carrier "Victorious" got one hit on "Bismarck" after she had resumed her southerly course. The damage was negligible. Shortly after, in the early hours of the 25th, she altered course to the southeast for France and the cruisers lost contact. At this point Adm Tovey's heavy ships were only 100 miles away. 25th - "Bismarck" held her southeasterly course, but broke radio silence. Unfortunately the British direction-finding service put her on a northeasterly heading. Adm Tovey sailed in that direction for a while before turning to the southeast in pursuit. Now he was well astern of his quarry. Only by slowing her down could destruction become possible. In the meantime, Force H continued to sail north to take up a blocking position between "Bismarck" and her new goal of Brest. 26th - After a 30-hour interval, "Bismarck" was once more sighted, this time by a RAF Catalina of No 209 Squadron, and only 30hr from home. In the afternoon a Swordfish strike from Force H's carrier "Ark Royal" attacked cruiser "Sheffield" in error. They missed. A second strike took place in the evening by 810, 818 and 820 Squadrons with 15 Swordfish led by Lt-Cdr Coode. They torpedoed "Bismarck" twice and one hit damaged her propellers and jammed the rudder. As "Bismarck" circled, destroyers of the 4th Flotilla (Capt Vian) came up around midnight, and made a series of torpedo and gun attacks but with uncertain results. Capt Vian's "Cossack", "Maori", "Sikh", "Zulu" and Polish "Piorun" had been detached from troop convoy ("Winston's Special") WS8B, an indication of the seriousness of the "Bismarck" threat. By this time Adm Tovey's force of heavy ships had lost "Repulse" to refuel, but been joined by "Rodney". They now came up from the west but did not attack just yet. 27th - "King George V", "Rodney" and the still circling "Bismarck" all opened fire around 08.45. Only the German ship was hit and by 10.15 she was a blazing wreck. Heavy cruiser "Dorsetshire", having left convoy SL74 the previous day, fired torpedoes to finish her off. "BISMARCK" sank at 10.36 to the southwest of Ireland. Shadowing cruiser "Norfolk" was there at the end.. Mediterranean Royal Navy Operations in the Mediterranean - Early in the month, Force H and the Mediterranean Fleet carried out another series of complicated supply, reinforcement and offensive operations. (1) Five fast transports sailed from Gibraltar with tanks and supplies urgently needed for the Army of the Nile (Operation 'Tiger'). Four arrived safely. (2) On passage they were accompanied by battleship "Oueen Elizabeth" and two cruisers sailing to join the Mediterranean Fleet. (3) Two small convoys were escorted westward from Egypt to Malta. (4) Other units of the Mediterranean Fleet shelled Benghazi, Libya on the night of the 7th/8th. (5) After covering the 'Tiger' convoy, carrier "Ark Royal" joined by carrier "Furious", was once again south of Sardinia and flying off a further 48 Hurricanes to Malta on the 21st. Five days later, "Ark Royal's" Swordfish were crippling the "Bismarck" in the North Atlantic! 21st May-1st June - Battle for Crete - Most of the Mediterranean Fleet with four battleships, one carrier, 10 cruisers and 30 destroyers fought the Battle. For the Navy there were two phases, both of which took place under intense air attack, mainly German, from which all losses resulted. Phase One was from the German airborne invasion on the 20th until the decision was take on the 27th to evacuate the island. During this time the Mediterranean Fleet managed to prevent the sea-borne reinforcement of the German paratroops fighting on Crete, but at heavy cost. Most of these losses happened as the ships tried to withdraw from night-time patrols north of the island out of range of enemy aircraft. On the 26th, carrier "Formidable", accompanied by battleships "Barham" and "Queen Elizabeth", flew off aircraft from a position well to the south for an attack on the Scarpanto Island airfields. In the counter-attack "Formidable" and destroyer "Nubian" were damaged. Phase Two was from 27th May to 1st June when over 15,000 British and Dominion troops were evacuated. Ten thousand had to be left behind and again the naval losses were heavy. Throughout the two phases, losses included three cruisers and six destroyers sunk, two battleships, one carrier and five cruisers badly damaged. JUNE 1941 Germany invaded Russia Mediterranean Malta - With German forces now in Greece and Crete the problems of supplying Malta were even greater. From airfields in Crete as well as Libya, the Luftwaffe and Italian Air force were as close to the eastern convoy routes from Alexandria, as Sardinia and Sicily were to the western ones through the Strait of Gibraltar. Nevertheless the men and material were fought through for the defence of Malta and its use as an offensive base. In the one month of June alone, carrier "Ark Royal" once on her own, at other times accompanied by "Furious" or "Victorious", flew off more than 140 aircraft for Malta. Middle East - Concerned about German influence in Vichy French Lebanon and Syria, British, Dominion and Free French forces invaded on the 8th from points in Palestine, Jordan and later from Iraqi territory. During the campaign a Royal Navy cruiser and destroyer force fought a series of actions with Vichy French warships as well as German aircraft. A number of British destroyers were damaged, but a French destroyer and submarine were sunk including: 16th - Fleet Air Arm torpedo-bombers flying from Cyprus sank the large destroyer "CHEVALIER PAUL" JULY 1941 Mediterranean 21st-24th - Malta Convoy, Operation 'Substance' - 'Substance' set out from Gibraltar with six transports covered by Force H with "Ark Royal", battlecruiser "Renown", cruisers and destroyers. Battleship "Nelson", three cruisers and more destroyers reinforced Force H from the Home Fleet. On the 23rd, south of Sardinia, continuous Italian air attacks started. Cruiser "Manchester" was hit and destroyer "FEARLESS" sunk by aircraft torpedoes. Next day the transports reached Malta safely. AUGUST 1941 Atlantic Russian Convoys - The first Russian convoy, 'Dervish', sailed from Iceland with seven ships and arrived safely. Carrier "Argus" accompanied them to fly off Hurricanes for Kola. SEPTEMBER 1941 Atlantic Battle of the Atlantic - Escort carrier "Audacity" sailed with UK/Gibraltar convoy OG74. Her American-built Martlet fighters shot down the first Kondor to fall victim to an escort carrier, but U-boats still managed to sink five merchantmen. Mediterranean Malta - Carriers "Ark Royal" and "Furious" between them flew off over 50 Hurricanes for Malta in two separate operations. 24th-28th - Malta Convoy: Operation 'Halberd' - 'Halberd' sailed from Gibraltar with nine transports. Force H (Adm Somerville), reinforced from the Home Fleet, included "Nelson", "Rodney" and "Prince of Wales" and the usual air cover from "Ark Royal". On the 26th the Italians sailed to intercept but returned to base next day. South of Sardinia on the 27th, "Nelson" was damaged by an Italian aircraft torpedo, and at the end of the day Force H turned back for Gibraltar. Convoy and escort went on to reach Malta on the 28th minus one transport lost to air attack. By now in 1941, three major convoys had reached Malta - 'Excess' in January, 'Substance' in July and now 'Halberd'. Nearly 40 merchantmen had got through with only one sunk. The cost to the Royal Navy had been one cruiser and a destroyer sunk, and a battleship, carrier and two cruisers damaged. NOVEMBER 1941 Atlantic 3rd - The recently completed fleet carrier "Indomitable" ran aground and was damaged off Kingston, Jamaica. She was due to accompany capital ships "Prince of Wales" and "Repulse" to the Far East as a deterrent to Japanese aggression. Her absence in December may have proved fatal to the two big ships. Battle of the Atlantic - There was a considerable drop in U-boat sinkings in the North Atlantic in the last two months of the year; again the reasons were varied - the increasing number of escorts, the help given by the US Navy, and the increasing effectiveness of land-based aircraft. Escort carrier "Audacity" was also proving her worth. U-boats concentrations off Gibraltar led to the need to strengthen the HG/SL convoy escorts. After the attacks on HG75 in October, the next HG did not sail until December when "Audacity" was available to close the Britain/Gibraltar air gap. Mediterranean 13th - As Force H returned to Gibraltar after flying off more Hurricanes from "Ark Royal" and "Argus" for Malta, the famous and much 'sunk' "ARK ROYAL" was hit by one torpedo from "U-81". Next day she foundered in tow only a few miles from home. One man was killed. "U-81" was one of four U-boats that had just passed into the Mediterranean. Indian Ocean British Forces - Britain's limited naval deterrent to Japanese expansion, capital ships "Prince of Wales" and "Repulse" met at Colombo, Ceylon on the 28th, en route to Singapore. Without the fleet carrier "Indomitable" they had no ship-borne aircraft support. Pacific Ocean Japanese Pearl Harbor Force - As US-Japanese talks dragged on and the United States demanded the departure of Japan from China as well as French Indochina, the Pearl Harbor Strike Force sailed into the North Pacific. Vice-Adm Nagumo commanded the fleet carriers "Akagi", "Hiryu", "Kaga", "Soryu", "Shokaku" and "Zuikaku", plus two battleships, cruisers and destroyers.	HMS Ark Royal
In which city of South America would you find the neighbourhood of Ipanema?	HMS Ark Royal THE AIRCRAFT CARRIER ARK ROYAL Compiled by Jos� M. Rico The Ark Royal in early 1939. View from the port quarter showing a Swordfish plane about to land. Ark Royal's Badge The World War II aircraft carrier Ark Royal was the third ship of her name in history, and the first to be planned and built as an aircraft carrier. She was less than three years in service with the Royal Navy, but saw a great amount of action during the first two years of World War II. A period of time in which the Ark Royal was almost permanently at sea. In September 1939, she was engaged in patrol operations in the North sea. In October she was sent to the South Atlantic to assist in the search of the Graf Spee . During the German invasion of Norway (April-June 1940), the Ark Royal was employed too. Later, she provided support during the attack against the French warships at Mers-el-Kebir, and took part in several convoy operations and air strikes against Italian bases in the Mediterranean. However, Ark Royal's most notorious action was the key role she played during the chase of the battleship Bismarck in May 1941. Her Swordfish torpedo bombers crippled the German battleship, thus allowing Admiral Tovey's force to engage and sink her. Ark Royal then resumed her operations with Force H in the Mediterranean, but on 13 November 1941 she was torpedoed and sunk by U-81 near Gibraltar. CAREER TIMELINE 16 September 1935: Lay down. Built by Cammell Laird Shipyard, Birkenhead. 13 April 1937: Launched on Merseyside. The Rev. W. Webb, Vicar of St. Mary's, Birkenhead, pronounces the old blessing. "May God protect this ship and all who sail on her," and Lady Maund Hoare launches her in the presence of 60,000 people. She is the third ship to bear the distinguished name. The final cost of the new Ark Royal will be �2,330,000. The launching of the Ark Royal on 13 April 1937. 16 November 1938: Commissioned under Captain (later Rear-Admiral) A. J. Power. 16 December 1938: Construction work completed. December 1938 - January 1939: Conducts sea trials on the Clyde. 12 January 1939: Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers of the 820 Squadron (Lieutenant-Commander A.C.G. Ermen) land on Ark Royal's flight deck for the first time. January-March: 1939: Mayden cruise to the Mediterranean. Ark Royal enters Valetta Harbour at Malta and then continues to Alexandria where she runs exercises with carrier Glorious. End of March 1939: Sails for home waters. Summer 1939: In home waters. 31 August 1939: In view of the possible outbreak of hostilities, the Ark Royal puts to sea with the Home Fleet to patrol the waters between the Shetlands and Norway. 01 September 1939: One of Ark Royal's reconnaissance Swordfish makes a forced landing due to bad visibility on a Norwegian fiord and sinks. The crew was later able to ship to England before the declaration of war on 3 September. 14 September 1939: At about 0240, Ark Royal launches three Blackburn Skuas of 803 squadron to search for the recently torpedoed SS Fanad Head. Just about the same time, the Ark Royal is attacked by the U-39 (Kapit�nleutnant Glattes). The attack fails since the German torpedoes armed with magnetic pistols do not work properly. Thereafter, Ark Royal's escorting destroyers Faulknor, Firedrake und Foxhound force the German submarine to surface and later sinks. The entire crew are saved and taken on board destroyer Faulknor. U-39 becomes the first German U-boat lost in the war. Meanwhile, the Skuas sight the Fanad Head laying stopped and being shelled by U-30 with her deck gun. Two Skuas crash into the sea while attacking the U-30 that dives. 26 September 1939: Skuas from Ark Royal shot down the first German plane of the war over the North Sea, a Dornier 18 flying boat. At about 0220, the Ark Royal is attacked by a Heinkel 111 (Leutnant Adolf Francke). A 2,000 lbs bomb lands close to the ship some 30 yards from the port bow. German propaganda claims to have sunk the carrier but this is not the case. 27 September 1939: Returns to Scapa Flow. 02 October 1939: Ark Royal puts to sea together with the battle cruiser Renown and a screen of four destroyers forming Force K. 12 October 1939: Force K reaches Freetown and refuels. She then sails to the South Atlantic to assist in the search for the German Panzerschiff Admiral Graf Spee. 03 December 1939: Enters into Capetown harbour and remains there for 24 hours. 17 December 1939: Ark Royal and Renown arrive at Rio, Brazil. Both ships refuel and then sail on the same day for the Plate. On their way to R. Plate, news arrive that the Germans had scuttled their ship, and therefore Ark Royal heads to Freetown. 27 December 1939: Reaches Freetown. 15 February 1940: Ark Royal returns to England to refit. Her crew goes on leave for the first time since the outbreak of the war. 22 March 1940: Sails for the Mediterranean and later arrives at Alexandria in company with Glorious. 10 April 1940: Ark Royal and Glorious are recalled to Gibraltar following the German invasion of Norway. After that they move to Scapa Flow. 23 April 1940: Ark Royal and Glorious leave Scapa Flow for the Norwegian coast. 01 May 1940: Captain C. S. Holland takes over command of the Ark Royal from Captain Power. 25 May 1940: Ark Royal leaves the Norwegian coast for Scapa Flow. 13 June 1940: At midnight, a striking force of 15 Skuas from Ark Royal is launched to attack the battleship Scharnhorst in Trondheim harbour. The German battleship is hit by a 500-pound bomb but it fails to detonate. On the other hand, the striking force is intercepted by German fighters and eight Skuas are lost. 13-18 June 1940: At Scapa Flow. 18 June 1940: Ark Royal sails from Scapa Flow to join Force H at Gibraltar. 23 June 1940: Arrives at Gibraltar. 03 July 1940: Under the command of Vice-Admiral Sir James Somerville, Force H approaches Oran, Algeria, and takes action against the French ships at Mers-el-Kebir. 09 July 1940: While covering convoy movements in the Western Mediterranean, forty Italian Savoia S. M. 79 bombers attack Force H in the afternoon dropping over 100 bombs. However, no damage or casualties are inflicted on Force H. The Ark Royal under attack by Italian bombers on 9 July 1940. 02 August 1940: At 0230, the Ark Royal launches an air strike with twelve Swordfish bombers led by Lieutenant-Commander G. B. Hodgkinson on Cagliari, Sardinia. The aerodrome installations are damaged and two Swordfish lost. 02-03 September 1940: Conducts two air strikes (Operations "Smash" and "Grab") with Swordfish bombers on Cagliari. These attacks are led by Lieutenant-Commander Mervyn Johnstone. 21 September 1940: Sails from Freetown in company with Force M towards Dakar. 23-24 September 1940: Ark Royal takes action against French ships at Dakar. 28 September 1940: Sails to the United Kingdom to refit. 09 November 1940: Conducts an air strike on Cagliari. 27 November 1940: Force H takes action against the Italian fleet off Cape Spartivento, Sardinia. Ark Royal launches two air strikes on Italian warships and it is attacked herself in the afternoon by Italian Savoia 79 bombers. Ark Royal is straddled several times by bombs but suffers no damage. In the evening Force H returns to Gibraltar. 06 January 1941: Force H departs Gibraltar escorting a convoy bound for Malta. 02 February 1941: Launches a striking force of eight Swordfish to attack the Tirso dam in Sardinia. 09 February 1941: Launches air strikes with Swordfish bombers on the Italian ports of Genoa, Spezia, Pisa and Leghorn. Swordfish bomber armed with bombs takes off from Ark Royal during the bombardment of Genoa. February-March 1941: Operations with Force H in the Eastern Atlantic escorting outward and homeward bound Sierra Leone Convoys. 20 March 1941: A Fulmar from Ark Royal sights the German battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau at about 600 miles WNW of Cape Finisterrre. However, the Ark Royal is too far to launch an air strike and both German warships enter Brest on the 22th. 19 April 1941: Captain Loben E. Maund takes over command of the Ark Royal from Captain Holland. 22 May 1941: Force H returns to Gibraltar after safely flying off to Malta 48 Hurricane fighters from Ark Royal and Furious. 24 May 1941: Force H (Ark Royal, Renown, and Sheffield) departs Gibraltar. 26 May 1941: Following the sighting of the Bismarck by Catalina Z/209, Swordfish 2H from Ark Royal piloted by Sub-Lieutenant (A) J. V. Hartley, with Sub-Lieutenant (A) P. R. Elias as his observer, sights the German battleship at 1114 hours. At 1450, fifteen Swordfish commanded by Lieutenant-Commander J. A. Stewart-Moore, take off from the Ark Royal to attack the Bismarck. At 1550, they obtain radar contact with a ship and dive to attack. The attack, however, turns out to be a failure as the ship sighted is actually the light cruiser Sheffield (Captain Charles A. Larcom) which had been previously detached from Force H to make contact with the Bismarck. Luckily for the British, the Sheffield is not hit by any of the eleven torpedoes launched because they were armed with faulty magnetic pistols. Two torpedoes explode on hitting the water, three on crossing the cruiser wake, and the other six are successfully avoided. The Swordfish return to the Ark Royal and land on her deck after 1700. At 1915, another group composed of fifteen Swordfish takes off, this time under the command of Lieutenant-Commander T.P. Coode and with their torpedoes armed with contact pistols. The striking force first approaches the Sheffield to get the range and bearing of the Bismarck, and at 2047, dive to attack. During the course of the attack, the Bismarck is hit by at least two 18 inch MK XII torpedoes. One torpedo (or two) hits the port side amidships, and another strikes the stern in the starboard side jamming both of her rudders at 12� to port. 27 May 1941: At 0920, Ark Royal launches twelve Swordfish in order to attack the crippled Bismarck that is being engaged by Admiral Tovey's force at this time. The striking force appears in the scene of the battle at about 1015, but due to the heavy fire from the British warships stays away. The Bismarck finally sinks at 1040. 29 May 1941: Ark Royal arrives at Gibraltar to resume her operations with Force H in the Mediterranean. 13 November 1941: While on her way to Gibraltar in company with the Malaya, Argus, Hermione and seven destroyers, the Ark Royal is attacked by the U-81 (Kapit�nleutnant Guggenberger) in the Mediterranean. At 1541, a torpedo strikes the starboard side and the ship immediately takes a 10� list. By 1600, the starboard list has increased to 18�, and Captain Maund orders all those not required to remain aboard to abandon ship. Destroyer Legion (Commander R. S. Jessel) comes alongside Ark Royal's port quarter, takes most of her crew on board, and then cast off at 1648. Some 250 men including the Captain remain on board to try to save the ship. In the following hours Destroyer Laforey comes alongside Ark Royal two times to provide feed water and electrical power, but by 0400 on the 14th, the list has increased to 27�. At 0430, the remaining crew leaves the ship. Then at 0613, fourteen hours after being torpedoed, the Ark Royal turns over and sinks shortly after in approximate position 36� 03' North, 04� 45' West (see the map below). Out of a crew of more than 1,500 officers and men only Able Seaman E. Mitchell is killed. View HMS Ark Royal Sinking in a larger map The Ark Royal with a heavy starboad list and sinking being assisted by the destroyer Legion (G74). 03 May 1943: The aircraft carrier Ark Royal, the fourth vessel to bear the name is laid down. She is launched on 3 May 1950 and commissioned on 28 February 1955. Scrapped in 1980. 07 December 1978: The new aircraft carrier Ark Royal, the fifth vessel to bear the name is laid down by Swan Hunter at Wallsend. She is launched on 20 June 1981 and commissioned on 1 November 1985. Decommissioned on 11 March 2011. 18 December 2002: The wreck of the Ark Royal III is found. It lies at a depth of about 3,500 feet east of Gibraltar. LINE DRAWING 16 November 1938 - 30 April 1940: Captain A. J. Power. 01 May 1940 - 18 April 1941: Captain C. S. Holland. 19 April 1941 - 13 November 1941: Captain Loben E. Maund. TECHNICAL DATA Displacement: standard 22,000 mt, full load 27,000 mt. Dimensions: overall length/flight deck 243.8 m (800 ft), waterline length 685 ft, beam 21.7 m, maximum draft 7.2 m, height 12.45 m. Armour: belt 80 mm, turrets 70-160 mm, upper deck 30 mm, armour deck 30 mm, conning tower 150 mm, torpedo bulkhead 20 mm. Armament: 16 x 4.5-in, 42 x 2 pom-poms, Aircraft: - 1939-40: 26 Fairey Swordfish, 24 Blackburn Skuas. - 1940-41: 30 Fairey Swordfish, 12 Blackburn Skuas, 12 Fairey Fulmars. - 1941: 36 Fairey Swordfish, 18 Fairey Fulmars. Propulsion plant: 6 Admiralty-Yarrow small-tube type boilers, three Parsons turbine sets, 103,000 shp. Speed: 31.7 knots. Endurance: 6,800 nm at 16 knots. Fuel capacity: 4,250 mt.	i don't know
Buckland Abbey in Devon was the home of which famous 16th century English seaman?	The Garden Buckland Abbey The Garden Buckland Abbey was the home of Tudor England’s most infamous seaman, Sir Francis Drake . Drake was born sometime in the early 1540s at Crowndale, Devon and rose from humble farming beginnings to become one of England’s most famous seafarers. He was revered in England as a heroic commander and adventurer and feared and detested by the Spanish as an unscrupulous pirate. He bought Buckland Abbey with his share of plunder after his circumnavigation of the globe from 1577-80. Buckland Abbey remained in his family until the 1940s, when a fire caused severe damage to the home it was gifted to the National Trust. Buckland Abbey’s gardens have been reconstructed in a late medieval style. A Tudor garden has been recreated on the north side of the abbey, replacing an ancient and much loved line of yews that had succumbed to root disease. Four beds, one of lavender, one of rosemary and two full of old varieties vegetables surround a circular pool and fountain. The borders are full of bright and aromatic plants that fit in with the abbey setting including old irises, columbines, peonies and delphiniums. Beyond this is a medieval meadow garden that was the height of fashion during the medieval times of the Cistercian monks. Ragged robin, ox-eyed daisies and other plants were firmly established in the soil, then, a carefully selected grass was laid. A cut is made once a year in September after the flowers have shed their seeds. The long grass is full of wild tulips, narcissis, scabious, musk mallow, poppies and other wild flowers. The cuttings are removed because most wild flowers prefer a low fertility of soil and traditionally these cuttings would have been used to feed cattle and herbs. Grass cuttings were also spread on the floors of building, when it became dirty a new layer was strewn down over the top. The mead attracts admiral and tortoiseshell butterflies and the dark dagger and elephant hawk moths, among other moths and butterflies. Behind the massive Cistercian barn is an extensive herb garden planted with the aid of the famous twentieth century garden designer Vita Sackville-West. Fifty-two beds edged with neatly clipped box are packed with a wide variety of herbs grown not only for their medicinal values, but also for their gorgeous smells and appearance. The rest of the grounds were overgrown with huge trees at the beginning of the twentieth century, which have now been cut down and made into a vast lawn. Some magnificent traditional English trees still remain overlooking the lawns. Efforts have been made to introduce and cultivate plants that were introduced to England during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries in the herbaceous borders, linking back to the time of Buckland Abbey’s most famous and boldest sea-faring owner. Drake died at sea on the 28th January 1596 and was buried in a lead coffin just off Porto Bello. Among the many artefacts at Buckland Abbey, his drum is the most unique. It is said that when England is in danger of being invaded Drake’s drum will beat, recalling him to save the nation.	Francis Drake
What was the name of the tea-lady played by Julie Walters in Victoria Wood's spoof soap opera Acorn Antiques?	Educational Excursions \| Isca School of English \| Devon Book Your Course Excursions Our excursions are an important and enjoyable part of your course, and introduce you to important parts of the British way of life, our heritage and culture, and to some of the many beautiful attractions in Devon, one of the most popular holiday destinations in England. We will take you on an all-day coach excursion each Saturday, with all entry fees included. We visit such places as: the 16th century palace of Longleat, home to the Marchioness of Bath and famous for its Safari Park and Lions! the UNESCO World Heritage City of Bath, visiting the beautiful Roman baths after a walking tour Stonehenge and Salisbury the National Marine Aquarium and Plymouth the Eden Project in Cornwall and Mevagissey, a traditional seaside harbour Tintagel and King Arthur’s Castle the caves at Cheddar and the lovely beach with its traditional pier at Western Super-Mare Buckland Abbey, the home of the English hero (Pirate to the Spanish!) Sir Francis Drake We will take you on a half-day coach excursion every Tuesday afternoon. We will take you down to the coast to sunbathe or have a swim, or up onto the moors for a walk in lovely countryside. We visit such places as: Torquay and the English Riviera Sidmouth and the Jurassic Coast Exmouth for sea swimming and beach volleyball Dartmoor National Park, which inspired Conan Doyle to write Sherlock Holmes “ Hound of the Baskervilles” Sports and other Activties You will work hard, but you will play hard too! You will have a full programme of sports and activities each week, with a choice of the following sports and activities: There are 4 activity sessions each week Two evening Sports Nights each week Football with a qualified FA referee Rounders (similar to softball)	i don't know
Which precious stone, currently housed at the Smithsonian Natural History Museum in Washington DC, is beleived to be the second most-visited artwork in the world?	DC Metro Magazine, Aug. 2014 - Sep. 2014 by John Parisi - issuu August â€“ September, 2014 Celebrating Our Most Famous Flag DCMetroMagazine.com @DCMetroMagazine SAVE $5 www.madametussauds.com/washington 1001 F Street NW, Washington, D.C 20004 • 1-866-823-9565 Metro: Red, Blue, Orange Line – Exit Metro Center – 11th and G Streets NW Red, Green, Yellow Line – Exit Gallery Place – 9th and G Streets NW Present this at the time of purchase and receive $5 Off an Adult Admission Ticket. Discount is not valid for advance ticket purchases and cannot be combined with any other offers. Valid up to 8 guests. The images shown depict wax figures created and owned by Madame Tussauds. All figures appear in wax. Madame Tussauds reserves the right to remove and/or change figures in the attraction. On occasion, Madame Tussauds may close for special events. Please call ahead for updates. exp 12/31/14 code V547 August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 3 In This Iss u e S ta f f F e at u r e s Publisher & Editor John Parisi Design & Layout Chris Mahon Events Editor Kathleen McDonough Alexandria Editor Kathleen McDonough Dining Editor Lisa Shapiro Contributing Writers Gabby Birkman Amy Trotter Houston Beth Kanter Kathleen Landrum Kathleen McDonough Account Executives Richard Mundy Rosalind Smith John Parisi Social Media Editor Erica Moody EDITORIAL AND WEBSITE INTERN JAMES MIESSLER CAP Media, Inc. PO Box 2356 Springfield, VA 22152 Issue 0603 All rights reserved. Reproduction of any material within the publication is strictly prohibited without the written consent of the publisher. Single copy $3.75. While every precaution is taken to ensure the accuracy of information herein, CAP Media, Inc. assumes no responsibility for losses incurred due to inaccurate information. CAP Media, Inc., 2356 Springfield, VA 22152 (703) 455-9223. Published 6 times per year. Events & Theater Sections Capital Wheel National Harbor Welcome to Washington, DC, One of the Most Popular Destinations in the World! W ith 16 million people flocking to DC annually, both visitors and locals alike know that this is a city steeped in history—and history in the making. This is the place to explore the best of our country’s historic landmarks, inspiring monuments and the many museums housing the artifacts that tell the story of a nation. But there’s even more to enjoy when you’re in DC. In addition to the area’s expected attractions and activities, in August and September visitors will be thrilled to find that the quintessential summer activities abound. Music in the fresh air is a staple of the season, with opportunities to enjoy just about every genre at outdoor venues all around the DC-Metro. And movies under the stars are another favorite summer tradition, with films offered “al fresco” in several neighborhoods. Even better, all film series and most concerts are FREE! 6 53 Shopping But these aren’t the only ways to embrace summer in the area. With the debut of the spectacular Capitol Wheel —offering incomparable views from 180 feet above the Potomac River—National Harbor has added a new regional icon to its expansive roster of world-class outdoor activities, many FREE of charge, that promise an unforgettable All-American experience. In addition to the Wheel, visitors can enjoy the 36-foot Americana-themed Carousel, a crab and beer fest, dragon boat races, fireworks and dancing fountain shows, even performances by the worldrenowned Cirque du Soleil under the striped big top. And be ready to get out your red, white and blue for a second time this summer in commemoration of the 200th anniversary of the War of 1812 and the penning of our national anthem, “The Star-Spangled Banner”. Cannonfire and fireworks will pepper the conclusion of bicentennial celebrations throughout the area, culminating in the 10-day Star-Spangled Spectacular in Baltimore that will feature tall ships, air shows by the U.S. Navy Blue Angels, live broadcast concert at the Inner Harbor and a fireworks and light show at Ft. McHenry that is predicted to be a record-setting, jaw-dropping spectacle! So break out the sunblock and flip flops, because there’s still plenty of summer to enjoy and unique ways to stay cool and be cool—inside, outside, day or night— in and around our nations’ capital. As you’re sure to discover, DC and its surrounding region is much, much more than just marble monuments and memorable museums. And DC Metro Magazine is pleased to be your guide to our dynamic city and its surrounding areas that offer nearly limitless opportunities to experience the best in history, culture, dining, shopping and unique scenic adventures. Our mission is to make sure you experience and enjoy all that DC has to offer! The Staff of DC Metro Magazine C ONTAC T For advertising or distribution (703) 455-9223 DCMetroMagazine.com August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 5 In & Around Wolf Trap Center for the Performing Arts IN& AROUND the Beltway Daily The Capital Wheel at National Harbor The newest addition to DC’s iconic skyline will have visitors feeling like they’re sitting on top of the world! Marvel at incomparable views of the White House and Capitol, Arlington Cemetery, the historic City of Alexandria and beyond as you soar 180 feet above the Potomac River from the comfort of closed, climate-controlled gondolas. There’s no better way to take in the Nations’ Capital and the beauty of its changing seasons than from the bird’s eye view offered by this exciting observation wheel, one of an elite group around the globe. Adult: $15; Senior/Military: $13.50; Child (11&under): $11.25. 10am-11pm. National Harbor, 165 Waterfront Street, National Harbor, MD 20745 www.nationalharbor.com Mondays in August Crystal Screen Summer Films This crowd-pleasing outdoor film festival presents “In Flight”, an offering of aviation-themed blockbuster movies under the stars. There’s no better place to meet friends and enjoy a leisurely and affordable night out with dinner and a movie, whether a take-out picnic on the grass or a traditional sit-down dinner at a nearby Crystal City restaurant. (Or stop by the Washington Wine Academy tent for $5 craft beer and wines; open from 7pm till movie start.) FREE! Movies shown at sundown, rain or shine. 1851 South Bell Street (across from the Crystal City Metro Station), Arlington, VA 22202 www.crystalcity.org 6 DC METRO August – September, 2014 Fridays in August Jazz in the Garden Now in its 14th year, The National Gallery of Art’s concert series features an array of jazz artists performing a range of styles every Friday evening in the Sculpture Garden. FREE! 5-8:30pm. The National Gallery of Art Sculpture Garden, 7th and Constitution NW, Washington, DC 20565 www. nga.gov/programs/jazz Fridays in August Summer Nights at the Air Force Memorial Grab a friend and spend a musical summer evening at the Air Force Memorial as part of the Air Force Band Summer Concert Series. The spectacular view of the capital skyline from across the Potomac River will be underscored by the new and classic big band repertoire presented by the Air Force Band and its ensembles. FREE! 8pm. Air Force Memorial, One Air Force Memorial Drive, Arlington, VA 22204 www.usafband.af.mil $10; 6&under: FREE; reduced prices through Sept. 14 and for groups. 10am-7pm. Revel Grove, 1821 Crownsville Road, Annapolis, MD 21401 www.rennfest.com Fridays in August and September Sundays in August and September Outdoor Concerts at Yards Park Movies on the Potomac Maryland Renaissance Festival Nothing says summer like an evening under the stars — and there’s no better way to enjoy the season than at National Harbor’s weekly outdoor movie series. Lawn chairs or blankets are recommended. Snacks and non-alcoholic drinks are permitted; no alcohol allowed. FREE! Movies start approximately 20 minutes after sunset and all movies are rated PG. National Harbor, 137 National Plaza, National Harbor, MD 20745. For show times and titles: www.nationalharbor.com Everyone’s “rockin’ on the riverfront” this summer! This popular riverfront destination, located near the Washington Navy Yard and Nationals Park, is a great place to unwind and listen to a variety of music, ranging from reggae to 80’s to R&B. Bring a picnic or purchase food and beverage at the Park. FREE! 6:30-8:30pm. The Yards Park, 355 Water Street SE, Washington, DC 20003 www.capitolriverfront.org Small town charm just a short drive from DC! Saturdays in August Fireworks and Fountain Show at Gaylord National Resort National Harbor hosts a fabulous summer fireworks show over the Potomac River that can be enjoyed throughout the Gaylord National Resort, whether from a window table at one of the resort restaurants or along the hotel’s waterfront. And don’t miss the resort’s amazing atrium water fountain that “dances” to music, with water that shoots 60-feet high! FREE! Fountain shows held nightly on the hour at 6, 7 and 8pm; fireworks at 9:30pm Saturdays in August. Gaylord National Resort, National Harbor, Maryland www.nationalharbor.com Old Town Winchester Weekends, Starting August 23 Maryland Renaissance Festival Hankering for turkey legs served by saucy wenches? This annual fun family event features all the merriment of the Renaissance era including food, music, games, jousting, shopping and lots more! Adult: $22; Senior (62+): $19; Child (7-15): Civil War Battlefields Marine Corp Sunset Review Parade Twilight Tattoo Delivering another spectacular mix of artistic circus arts and dramatic street entertainment, Cirque’s latest extravaganza comes to town and invites DC audiences to a mysterious island where beauty and courage await! Under The Grand Chapiteau (Big Top) at The Plateau at National Harbor, 300 Waterfront Street, National Harbor, MD 20745 www.cirquedusoleil.com A one-hour performance, the Sunset Parade features the music of “The Commandant’s Own”, the U.S. Marine Drum and Bugle Corps and precision drill by the Marine Corps Silent Drill Platoon. Spacious lawns provide ample room for guests to bring lawn chairs and blankets for informal viewing. FREE! 6:30-7:30pm. Iwo Jima /U.S. Marine Corp War Memorial, Marshall Drive, between Route 50 and Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, VA 22209 www.marines.mil Blending the precision and discipline of the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard) with the orchestral sounds of The U.S. Army Band, “Pershing’s Own”, the popular outdoor ceremonial Twilight Tattoo is an hour-long sunset military pageant that pays tribute to the sacrifices of those who served. Pre-ceremony pageantry begins at 6:45pm, Tattoo at 7pm. FREE! Grass seating is available – blankets or lawn chairs suggested. Performances located at Summerall Field (June) and Whipple Field (July) at Joint Base MyerHenderson Hall (adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery), 204 Lee Avenue, Fort Myer, Arlington, VA 22209 www.twilight.mdw.army.mil August 9 City of Alexandria Irish Festival Slainte mhath! (Good Health!) The music, food and culture of Ireland will be celebrated as Old Town hosts its annual Irish Festival. FREE! 11am7pm, rain or shine. Waterfront Park, 1 Prince Street (on the Potomac River between King and Prince Streets), Alexandria, VA 22314. www.Ballyshaners.org August 14 and September 11 Second Thursday in Old Town Old Town Alexandria’s the place to be on the second Thursday of the month for unique interactive art events. The waterfront area of lower King Street finds the arts bubbling up at the Torpedo Factory Art Center, with live performances, DIY activities, contests, art receptions and more. And with world-class dining available at Old Town’s acclaimed restaurants, Thursday becomes the new Saturday! FREE! 6-9pm. Torpedo Factory Art Center, 105 N. Union Street and restaurants throughout Alexandria, VA 22314 www.torpedofactory.org/events August 15 – 16 Chickasaw Festival The Chickasaw Nation of Oklahoma will celebrate its tribal heritage and history with two-days of food, hands-on activities and performances, including dancing, singing, storytelling and other cultural arts such as beading, woodwork, pottery, weaving and more. Come join in and get to know the Chickasaw people. FREE! National Museum of the American Indian, 4th Street & Independence Ave., SW Washington, DC 20024 www.nmai.si.edu August 15-24 Alexandria Restaurant Week With more than 50 participating restaurants, Alexandria, VA is a culinary hot spot this summer. This 10-day, two-weekend event entices diners to enjoy a tantalizing $35 prix fixe, three-course meal 8 DC METRO August – September, 2014 Chickasaw Festival or dinner for two. View Restaurant Week menus and make reservations online at: VisitAlexandriaVA.com August 16 Chesapeake Crab & Beer Fest Get crackin’ and experience a true regional summertime tradition at this all-you-care-to-taste extravaganza! Complete with tens of thousands of crabs, over 50 beers and wines, arts & crafts, live music, family fun and much more, all under huge tents that make the most of the beautiful summer breezes off the Potomac River. Advance and on-site ticket packages available. Two sessions: 11am-3pm and 5pm9pm. Waterfront and Piers at National Harbor, 137 National Plaza, National Harbor, MD 20745 www.mdcrabfest.com August 17-24 6th Annual DC Beer Week Craft beer fans rejoice! Each year since its inception this celebration of good beer in the National Capital Region—from conception to consumption and everything in between—has grown larger, now offering more than 180 separate events during the weeklong festival. Enjoy panel discussions, beer dinners, glassware giveaway happy hours, a beer dinner cruise on the Potomac River and more. At venues throughout DC, Virginia and Maryland. www.dcbeerweek.net. August 30 Library of Congress National Book Festival This national celebration of the joy of reading returns for it’s 14th year and promises to be better than ever, offering renowned writers, poets and illustrators in an expanded selection of genre pavilions. Meet and hear firsthand from favorite poets and authors, get books signed, have photos taken with storybook characters and much, much more! More than 100 authors will headline, including Sandra Day O’Connor, Elizabeth McCracken, Mona Simpson, and local chef Cathal Armstrong. This year the festival will hold evening hours for the first time with special events taking place between 6-10 p.m. FREE! Walter E. Washington Convention Center, 801 Mt. Vernon Place NW, Washington, DC 20001 www.loc.gov/bookfest August 24 Dragon Boat Regatta The 3rd Annual National Harbor Dragon Boat Regatta is a familyoriented event that celebrates Asian cultures, diversity, ethnicity, roots and history. Dragon boat racing is an exciting team competition and this event features the best local and premier dragon boat teams from along the east coast racing in multiple distances. FREE! First race: 8:30am, last race: 4pm. Spectators are welcome to watch the race from the waterfront plaza and piers. National Harbor, 137 National Plaza, National Harbor, MD 20745. www.nationalharbordragonboat. com August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 9 26th Annual DC Blues Festival Virginia Scottish Games Enjoy an afternoon of live blues by outstanding local and national acts, plus workshops and more - including children’s activities. FREE! 12-7:30pm. Carter Barron Amphitheater, 4850 Colorado Avenue (near the intersection 16th Street and Colorado Avenue), NW Washington, DC 20008 www.dcblues.org The Scottish Games is a unique annual festival that celebrates Alexandria, VA’s Scottish heritage, with the cornerstone of the event being the highland athletic competitions. Visitors will also enjoy piping & drumming, highland dancing, fiddling competitions as well as sheep-herding demonstrations, vendors & crafters, clan and society exhibits, children’s activities, live entertainment and plenty of Scottish food and drink. 9am-6pm. Saturday concert until 9pm. Adult: $20; Child (5-12): $5; 4&under: FREE. Dogs welcome! Great Meadow, 5089 Old Tavern Road, The Plains, VA 20198 www.vascottishgames.org August 31 Labor Day Capitol Concert Take a break from your labors and end the summer on a musical note with the National Symphony Orchestra at this annual concert on the US Capitol grounds. FREE! 8pm; gates open at 3pm. Please note: no alcohol consumption permitted. West Lawn of the US Capitol, East Capitol and 1st Streets, NE, Washington, DC 20051 www.kennedy-center.org August 30-31 Alexandria War of 1812 Bicentennial After nearly a year of special activities commemorating Alexandria’s involvement in the War of 1812, the bicentennial closes with a weekend of grand events in Old Town and along the Potomac River featuring interactive historical exhibits, educational programs, boat tours and other waterfront activities plus rematch challenges between local residents and the British Embassy to restore honor after Alexandria’s 1814 surrender to British troops. FREE! Multiple venues in Old Town; Waterfront Event: Aug 31, 12-5pm. at Waterfront Park, 1 Prince Street, Alexandria, VA 22314 www.alexandriava.gov September 13 Nation’s Football Classic The Nation’s Football Classic™ celebrates the passion and tradition of the college football experience of Historically Black Colleges and Universities, while highlighting the unity of African American culture. This year, local favorite Howard University’s Bison will be pitted against Morehouse College’s Maroon Tigers for what is sure to be an exciting afternoon of football. 3:30pm. See website for tickets and full schedule of related weekend educational and social activities. RFK Stadium, 2400 E. Capitol Street, SE, Washington, DC 20003 www.NationsFootballClassic.com September 13-14 12th Annual Alexandria King Street Arts Festival Six blocks of downtown Old Town are transformed into an outdoor gallery featuring over 200 of the nation’s top award-winning artists and showcases paintings, sculpture, photography, glass, jewelry and more. Besides outstanding art for viewing and purchase, visitors will find many interactive activities and artist demonstrations presented by the local arts community. FREE! Saturday 10am to 7pm; Sunday 10am to 5pm. King Street, from Washington Street east to Union Street, Alexandria, VA 22314 www.visitalexandriava.com 10 DC METRO August – September, 2014 September 14 36th Adams Morgan Day Festival Spend the day celebrating at Washington’s longestrunning neighborhood festival in one of the most culturally diverse and vibrant neighborhoods of the city. Enjoy live entertainment, international dance performances, arts and crafts and food from around the globe. Don’t miss the two large signature music stages and the best “Kid’s Fair” of any DC festival. This is one of DC’s most beloved events, attracting thousands of locals and visitors alike. FREE! 127pm. 18th Street NW, between Florida Avenue and Columbia Road, and Belmont Road, Washington, DC 20005 www.ammainstreet.org September 20 H Street Festival This annual event is quickly emerging as one of DC’s coolest, most eclectic neighborhood festivals. And with H Street’s most popular business and restaurants sponsoring the streetside food and drink stands, music and dance performances, as well as eating contests and so much more, attendees will get the chance to truly experience the uniqueness of this developing arts and entertainment district. FREE! 12-7pm. H Street between 8th and 14th Streets NE, Washington DC 20002 www.hstreet.org/events/festival PRESENT THIS COUPON TO RECEIVE DCM Gallery Place-Chinatown on 7th between E &F ME TRO Arlington Festival of the Arts pe O For a second year the fine arts come to Arlington’s Clarendon neighborhood. Enjoy a weekend of true visual inspiration, as over 100 artists showcase their works including glass, mixed media, paintings, jewelry, and pottery and providing all sorts of opportunities to appreciate – and purchase- art. FREE! 10am5pm. Located on North Highland Street, between Clarendon & Wilson Blvds., Arlington, VA www.artfestival.com/Festivals/Arlington_ Festival_of_the_Arts_Virginia n e Ev ry ay D September 20-21 Colonial Market and Fair at Mount Vernon With dozens of America’s finest artisans at work, visitors to Mount Vernon will be able to observe demonstrations of 18th-century craftwork and purchase traditional wares. This annual fair also features music, fire-eating, sword-swallowing, puppet and magic shows. During fair days, Potomac River sightseeing cruises are free-of-charge. 9am-5pm. Included in regular Estate admission: Adult: $17; Senior (62yrs+): $16; Youth (6-11): $8; 5&under, FREE. Mount Vernon Estate and Gardens, 3200 Mount Vernon Memorial Highway, Alexandria, VA 22309 www.mountvernon.org Discover the Real George Washington Discover the man and the ideas that founded a nation at Mount Vernon. Featuring beautiful gardens and grounds, interactive museum, specialty tours, distillery and gristmill, and more! 16 miles south of Washington, D.C. on the George Washington Parkway 703.780.2000 \| MountVernon.org August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 11 September 27 September 28 Capitol Hill’s Barracks Row welcomes the fall season with its signature annual event. Thousands will be on hand to enjoy, among other activities, the annual military chefs competition, tours of the home of the Commandants, sword fights and readings from the Folger Shakespeare Theatre, acrobatic performances from the Trapeze School of New York, and a kids area that includes a petting zoo. With a midway surrounded by the Barracks’ famous Restaurant Row, be prepared to find a patio table, order lunch and watch the scene unfold. FREE! 11am-5pm. On 8th Street, SE (below Pennsylvania Avenue), Washington, DC 20003 www.barracksrow.org This annual festival consistently makes DC’s “best of” lists by bringing together a wide range of artists and more than 25,000 Washingtonians in an environment that fosters intellectual curiosity and leads to engaging interactions, all while enjoying Turkish food and coffee, browsing and shopping at the Turkish Bazaar, watching mesmerizing stage performances and participating in crafts activities for children and adults alike. FREE! 11am-7pm. On Pennsylvania Avenue, between 12th and 14th Streets NW, in front of Freedom Plaza and two blocks from the White House, Washington DC 20004 www.turkishfestival.org Barracks Row Fall Fest Fiesta Musical The celebration of Hispanic Heritage Month continues with a family-friendly fiesta at the National Zoo. With animal demonstrations, Hispanic and Latino music, costumed dancers, traditional crafts for sale, and Latin American foods, this event offers something for everyone. FREE! 11am-5pm. National Zoo, 3001 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20008 www.nationalzoo.si.edu Turkish Festival DAR Constitution Hall 1776 D Street, NW Washington, DC 20006 (202) 628-4780 www.dar.org/conthall August 16 Pat Metheny Unity Group Bruce Hornsby 7:30pm Sing-A-Long Sound of Music 7:15pm August 24 Boston 8pm September 4 Gipsy Kings Ole’ Noys 8pm So proudly we hail. A  . Celebrate the 200th anniversary of our national anthem in its birthplace—Baltimore. Experience Fort! Flag! Fire! at Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine. Family-friendly activities include living history encampments, fife and drum concerts, flag-raising ceremonies, cannon-firing demonstrations and more! J    G F S-S S S 10–16, 2014 —————————————— B    B A LT I M O R E . O R G In & Around Dirty Dancing – The National Theater 1321 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20004 202-628-6161 www.thenationaldc.com August 26-September 14 Dirty Dancing The staged musical of the smash-hit film is an unprecedented live experience, exploding with heartpounding music, passionate romance, and sensational dancing. The show features the hit songs “Hungry Eyes,” “Hey Baby,” “Do You Love Me?,” and the heartstopping “(I’ve Had) The Time Of My Life.” SHAKESPEARE THEATRE COMPANY The Lansburgh Theatre: 450 7th Street NW Sidney Harman Hall: 610 F Street, NW Washington, DC 20004 202-547-1122 www.shakespearetheatre.org August 19-31 in the Sidney Harman Hall Free For All: The Winter’s Tale ARENA STAGE 1101 Sixth Street, SW Washington, DC 20024 202-488-3300 www.arenastage.org September 5-October 19 in the Kreeger Theater The Shoplifters Alma, a senior citizen shoplifter who’s been caught red-handed, enters a hilarious battle of wills in this biting, world-premiere comedy about the haves and have-nots. John Carroll Lynch (Fargo, The Drew Carey Show) makes his Arena debut as Otto, a seen-it-all security guard trying to maintain his integrity in a dishonorable world. FOLGER SHAKESPEARE LIBRARY 201 East Capitol Street, SE Washington, DC 20003 202-544-7077 www.folger.edu 14 DC METRO August – September, 2014 September 5-21 in the Elizabethan Theatre King Lear Shakespeare’s Globe in London presents renowned classical actor Joseph Marcell (and TV’s Geoffrey the English butler on the hit TV show The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air) in the title role of the Bard’s classic tragedy. KENNEDY CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS 2700 F Street, NW Washington, DC 20566 202-467-4600 www.kennedy-center.org Through August17 in the Opera House Disney’s The Lion King Winner of six Tonys including Best Musical, Disney’s The Lion King returns to DC! With direction and costumes by Julie Taymor, Elton John and Tim Rice’s score brings the African pridelands to life with “Circle of Life” and many more great songs. The Shakespeare Theatre Company’s “Free For All” is a much-loved Washington tradition, offering free performances to the general public for the past 23 years. STC will kick off its new theater season with this annual rite of summer’s end when the company re-mounts Shakespeare’s fanciful tale of jealousy and remorse, the dark romance The Winter’s Tale. Tickets available on the day of the show by visiting Sidney Harman Hall as well as through an online lottery system; visit website for details. Disney’s The Lion King – Kennedy Center SIGNATURE THEATRE Come To Unwind and Relax Now Open in Fairfax Shirlington Village at 4200 Campbell Avenue Arlington, VA 22206 703-820-9771 www.signature-theatre.org August 5-September 21 Sunday in the Park with George Signature launches its 25th Anniversary season with Stephen Sondheim’s Pulitzer Prize and Tony Award®-winning Sunday in the Park with George. A musical inspired by the painting “A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte” by Georges Seurat, this is a complex masterpiece that powerfully—and lyrically— succeeds in merging past and present into beautiful, poignant truths about life, love and the creation of art. THE STUDIO THEATRE 1501 14th Street, NW Washington, DC 22205 202-667-8436 www.studiotheatre.org OfferinG Belleville Massages: Swedish, Deep, Sports, Trigger Point, and Aromatherapy Abby and Zack traded the comforts of America for noble adventure abroad, moving to the trendy Parisian enclave Belleville for his prestigious post with Doctors Without Borders. Their lives seem perfect. But when Abby returns home early one afternoon, she uncovers a few seemingly inconsequential surprises. Chillingly precise and psychologically astute, this play anatomizes the consequences of deceptions small and large and the terrifying, profound unknowability of our closest relationships. 10875 Main St., Suite 111 Fairfax VA 22030 703.352.5100 [email protected] September 3-October 12 Claes Oldenburg, Flying Pizza – American Art Museum Arthur M. Sackler Gallery An American in London: Whistler and the Thames In the Sackler Gallery’s first international loan exhibition of art by Whistler, more than eighty works bring to vivid life the city, the Thames, and the people of James McNeill Whistler’s Victorian London. Living within sight of the river, Whistler recorded the changes wrought by industrialization: changing vistas, new landmarks, even the dense atmosphere of smog mingled with gaslight. Over the years his subject matter, techniques, and compositions evolved with his sites as he sought to convey the essence of the river—the lifeblood of the city—ebbing and flowing before his perceptive eyes and caught by his skillful brush. HILLWOOD ESTATE MUSEUM AND GARDEN 4155 Linnean Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 Tuesday-Saturday and select Sundays Adult: $15; Senior: $12; Student: $10; Child (ages 6 – 18): $5 www.hillwoodmuseum.org AMERICAN ART MUSEUM 8th and F Streets, NW Washington, DC 20004 FREE! www.americanart.si.edu Through August 31 FOLGER SHAKESPEARE LIBRARY 201 East Capitol Street, SE Washington, DC 20003 FREE! www.folger.edu Pop Art Prints Through October 26 In the 1950s and 1960s, the pop art movement challenged the assumed distinction between high art and popular culture with the works of artists like Jasper Johns, Roy Lichtenstein, Andy Warhol and others of their generation. An enthusiastic audience eagerly embraced pop art and these artists became celebrities and their work in demand. One reason they turned to prints was to satisfy this demand. They favored commercial techniques such as screenprinting and lithography with which they could produce bright colors and impersonal, flat surfaces. As editioned multiples, prints were more widely available and affordable than unique works of art, and pop art imagery was readily reproduced in the popular press. This exhibit presents a selection of thirty-seven prints from the Museum’s permanent collection that are rarely on public view. 2nd Floor South Discover the colorful world of heralds and their rivals, all competing to profit from the craze for coats of arms that seized England during the reign of Elizabeth I. An ambitious world was full of newly wealthy and successful families, eager to display their success and status. Genealogy in its modern form also took off: ancestral research was vital to a rich heraldic display, and new ways were established for setting out family trees graphically. Symbols of Honor: Heraldry and Family History in Shakespeare’s England FREER GALLERY of ART ARTHUR M. SACKLER GALLERY MUSEUMS of ASIAN ART Freer: Jefferson Drive at 12th Street, SW Sackler: 1050 Independence Avenue, SW Washington, DC 20013 FREE! www.asia.si.edu 16 DC METRO August – September, 2014 New! Cartier: Marjorie Merriweather Post’s Dazzling Gems One of Cartier’s most important and enduring clients, Marjorie Merriweather Post commissioned some of the most exquisite jewelry sets, fashionable accessories, and finely crafted jeweled frames of any American collector. Following their return from exhibition in France, jewelry and objects from Hillwood’s Cartier collection will offer a notable perspective on the important role that Cartier played in the life and style of this American icon. MOUNT VERNON ESTATE and GARDENS 3200 Mount Vernon Memorial Highway Mount Vernon, VA 22121 Adult (12-61): $17; Senior (62+): $16; Youth (6-11): $8; 5yrs and under: FREE www.mountvernon.org New! In the F.M. Kirby Foundation Gallery Gardens & Groves: George Washington’s Landscape at Mount Vernon Come explore Washington’s design for his estate, highlighting the first president’s interests and talents as a landscape designer. On view in The Donald W. Reynolds Museum & Education Center, this new exhibit showcases more than 40 objects, combining rarely-seen items from Mount Vernon’s collection with original Washington books and letter loaned from institutions across the country, and, as its centerpiece, a spectacular model of Mount Vernon’s landscape as Washington last saw it in 1799. NATIONAL BUILDING MUSEUM Come to Washington, DC and Get Away with Gray Line: Truly the Local Expert! 401 F Street NW Washington DC 20001 Adults: $8; Youths (3-17yrs), Students w/ID & Seniors (60+): $5 www.nbm.org New and Through September 1 Only! The BIG Maze Get lost at the Museum this summer in a neverbefore-seen large-scale maze! Soaring approximately 18 feet high and measuring 60 feet by 60 feet, the maple plywood structure will boast a series of twists and turns for visitors to weave through and explore. Inspired by ancient labyrinths, garden and hedge mazes of 17th and 18th-century Europe, and modern American corn mazes, this contemporary maze will be located in the West Court of the Museum’s historic Great Hall. In addition to viewing the maze from the ground floor, visitors will also be able to get an unexpected aerial perspective from the secondand third-floor balconies. NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY 8th and F Streets NW Washington, DC 20001 FREE! www.npg.si.edu Through September 7 American Cool Cool is an original American sensibility and remains a global obsession, becoming a password that connotes a balanced state of mind, a dynamic mode of performance, and a certain signature style. Cool has been embodied in jazz musicians such as Miles Davis and Billie Holiday, in actors such as Robert Mitchum, Faye Dunaway, and Johnny Depp, and in singers such as Elvis Presley, Patti Smith, and Jay-Z. American Cool is a photography and cultural exhibition featuring portraits of these iconic figures, each of whom has contributed an original artistic vision to American culture and who have been captured by a roll call of fine-art photographers including Henri CartierBresson, Annie Leibovitz, Richard Avedon, Herman Leonard and Diane Arbus. ! The Lincoln Experience NEW A comprehensive look at one of the most popular and influential Presidents of all time! Half-Day Tours Featuring the must-see sights of DC, including our new Lincoln Experience Tour! Full-Day Tours Comprehensive and convenient! Includes admission to the US Capitol. Day-Away Tours New and Improved Gettysburg and Monticello Tours. WWW.GRAYLINEDC.COM 202-289-1995 or 240-426-5381 August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 17 WASHINGTON NATIONALS Nationals Park 1500 South Capitol Street, SE Washington, DC 20003 Tickets: 888-632-NATS (6287) www.washington.nationals.mlb.com Home Schedule August: Friday, August 1 – 7:05pm vs. Philadelphia Phillies Saturday, August 2 – 7:05pm vs. Philadelphia Phillies Sunday, August 3 – 1:35pm vs. Philadelphia Phillies Tuesday, August 5 – 7:05pm vs. New York Mets Wednesday, August 6 – 7:05pm vs. New York Mets Thursday, August 7 –12:35pm vs. New York Mets Friday, August 15 – 7:05pm vs. Pittsburgh Pirates Saturday, August 16 – 7:05pm vs. Pittsburgh Pirates Sunday, August 17 – 5:05pm vs. Pittsburgh Pirates Monday, August 18 – 7:05pm vs. Arizona Diamond Backs Tuesday, August 19 – 7:05pm vs. Arizona Diamond Backs Wednesday, August 20 – 7:05pm vs. Arizona Diamond Backs Thursday, August 21 – 4:05pm vs. Arizona Diamond Backs Friday, August 22 – 7:05pm vs. San Francisco Giants Saturday, August 23 – 4:05pm vs. San Francisco Giants Sunday, August 24 – 1:35pm vs. San Francisco Giants September: Friday, September 5 – 7:05pm vs. Philadelphia Phillies Saturday, September 6 – 4:05pm vs. Philadelphia Phillies Sunday, September 7 – 1:35pm vs. Philadelphia Phillies Monday, September 8 – 7:05pm vs. Atlanta Braves Tuesday, September 9 – 7:05pm vs. Atlanta Braves Wednesday, September 10 – 4:05pm vs. Atlanta Braves Tuesday, September 23 – 7:05pm vs. New York Mets Wednesday, September 24 – 7:05pm vs. New York Mets Thursday, September 25 – 7:05pm vs. New York Mets Friday, September 26 – 1:05pm & 7:05pm vs. Miami Marlins Saturday, September 27 – 4:05pm vs. Miami Marlins Sunday, September 28 – 1:35pm vs. Miami Marlins MLS Soccer DC UNITED RFK Stadium 2400 East Capitol Street, SE Washington, DC 20003 Tickets: www.ticketmaster.com Home Schedule August: Sunday, August 17 – 8pm vs. Colorado Rapids Sunday, August 31 – 2:30pm vs. New York Red Bulls September: Saturday, September 27 – 3pm vs. Philadelphia Union WNBA Basketball WASHINGTON MYSTICS Verizon Center 601 F Street, NW Washington, DC 20004 Tickets: www.ticketmaster.com Home Schedule August: Tuesday, August 5 - 7pm vs. New York Liberty Wednesday, August 13– 11:30am vs. Chicago Sky Saturday, August 16 – 7pm vs. New York Liberty NFL Football WASHINGTON REDSKINS FedEx Field Landover, MD (Individual game tickets may be of limited availability or sold-out, but may possibly be obtained at www. Ticketmaster.com, or from other fans at the official NFL Ticket Exchange, www.ticketexchangebyticketmaster.com) www.redskins.com Home Schedule August (Preseason): Thursday, August 7 – 7:30pm vs. New England Patriots Monday, August 18 – 8pm vs. Cleveland Browns September Sunday, September 14 – 1pm vs. Jacksonville Jaguars Thursday, September 25 – 8:25pm vs. New York Giants 18 DC METRO August – September, 2014 NHL Hockey WASHINGTON CAPITALS Verizon Center 601 F Street, NW Washington, DC 20004 Tickets: www.ticketmaster.com Home Schedule September (Preseason): Sunday, September 21 – 5pm vs. Buffalo Sabres Friday, September 26 – 7pm vs. Boston Bruins Exploring outside of Washington Baltimor e , Maryland ashington, D.C. ranks as one of the best day tripping starting points in the country. In addition to being a city packed with its own collection of places to explore, Washington neighbors states with an unbelievable number of parks, historic homes, waterfalls, monuments, farms, beaches, lakes, archaeological excavations, mountains, Civil War battlefields, campgrounds, trails, horse stables, wineries, museums and even an amusement park or two. Along the way there are also worldclass inns, restaurants and performance venues as well as plenty of lesser known but equally as appealing greasy spoons, farm stands, coffeehouses, regional theaters and artisan cooperatives The diversity of the sites within driving distance from the city means most everyone can find something that will make them happy. Whether you prefer urban streets, cobblestone sidewalks, sandy beaches, dirt roads or historic pathways, the region surrounding the nationâ€™s capital holds many destinations where youâ€™ll want to leave your footprints over and over again. August â€“ September, 2014 Dc Metro 19 Destinations Celebrating the Most Famous Flag in America Am y T r o t t e r H o u s t o n Along with the bald eagle, Uncle Sam, apple pie, and to a lesser extent Captain America, few things define us as the United States more than the stars and stripes of the American flag. The Star-Spangled Banner bonds Americans like little else as a visual reminder of our nation. It is used to express emotion, be it pride or protest, and is planted on the moon. T his year, we celebrate the bicentennial of the most famous American flag, the original Star-Spangled Banner that flew over Fort McHenry during the War of 1812. Today this icon is housed in a low-lit gallery in the Smithsonian National Museum of American History (14th Street and Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC - americanhistory.si.edu). We celebrate not only this precious symbol of our then youthful country, but also how the sight of it waving defiantly over Fort McHenry “by dawn’s early light” inspired a young lawyer named Francis Scott Key to pen “The Defense of Fort M’Henry,” four stanzas that would become our national anthem. In 1931, The Star-Spangled Banner was declared the official national anthem by an act of Congress and signed by President Herbert Hoover. 20 DC METRO August – September, 2014 “It’s a wonderful song because it’s a living tradition,” says Burt Kummerow, President of the Maryland Historical Society. This is why the song can be interpreted by Jimi Hendrix at Woodstock and Renee Fleming at the Super Bowl. Though sometimes a forgotten conflict, The War of 1812 was instrumental in bonding our national spirit and cementing America as The United States. Visiting the places associated with the bicentennial is a special way to appreciate the history. Here are the not-to-miss places to visit in Baltimore, birthplace of the Star-Spangled Banner flag and our national anthem. Star Spangled Spectacular Main Events Saturday, September 13, 2014 1:00 p.m. – 4:00 p.m. Blue Angels Location: Over downtown Baltimore and Inner Harbor 8:00 p.m. – 10:00 p.m. Patriotic Concert Location: Pier Six Pavilion 9:00/9:30 p.m. (start) Fireworks Location: Fireworks will be seen over Fort McHenry and Baltimore Harbor Sunday, September 14, 2014 Fife and Drum at Fort McHenry Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine Star-shaped Fort McHenry (2400 East Fort Avenue - www.nps.gov/fomc) is the flagship for activities related to the bicentennial celebrations with the signature event: Fort! Flag! Fire! All through August, history plays out at the fort with tours of the original buildings, hoisting the flag over the ramparts, and firing the cannons. Daily programs led by enthusiastic park rangers include visitors unfurling a full-size replica of the Star-Spangled Banner. Living history programs take place Wednesday to Sunday with costumed re-enactors “on duty” to give talks on life in 1814, demonstrations, and more. The Fort McHenry Guard Fife and Drum Corps dress in War of 1812 uniforms and perform period specific music. Narrated boat tours run on the hour taking visitors out in the harbor to where Francis Scott Key first observed the enormous flag. Key was sent to negotiate the release of an American prisoner and watched the bombardment of the fort from a ship amid the British fleet. From this vantage point, he saw the “broad stripes and bright stars… so gallantry streaming.” Ranger Vince Vaise, Chief of Interpretation, best describes the Star-Spangled Banner as “32 by 40 feet of pure awesome.” Don’t miss the state-of-the art visitor’s center with interesting displays and an excellent film that tell the story of what happened 200 years ago. In early September, Key’s original manuscript will be on display at the fort for two weeks. Maryland Historical Society (MdHS) The In Full Glory: Maryland during the War of 1812 exhibition at the Maryland Historical Society (105 W. Monument Street - www.mdhs.org) contains fascinating artifacts, paintings and documents relating to the war and specifically to the Battle of Baltimore. The brand new exhibit BEARINGS of Baltimore, Circa 1815 is an interactive 3-D representation of the city 200 years ago painstakingly created by the University of Maryland Baltimore County’s Imaging Research Center. Simply touch the screen to zoom in on historically accurate city streets. Point to a “Hotspot” like Fort McHenry or The Shipyards to learn more about the place and flip through digital documents from the museum’s collections. The MdHS is a treasure trove of personal items and historic documents. It is home to Francis Scott Key’s original handwritten manuscript, a humble, creased page containing the lyrics inspired by the sight of the gigantic flag waving proudly over the ramparts of Fort McHenry. Interestingly, the handwriting gets more cramped toward the bottom of the page as Key was running out of space. Nearby is the original sheet music. The MdHS holds the receipt from the Indian Queen Hotel where Key stayed and recorded his thoughts. “He wrote this as a song, not as a poem,” says Kummerow, noting Key penned the lyrics specifically to be sung to the tune of To Anacreon in Heaven. A popular British song at the time; it is still the melody used today. The lyrics were handed out as broadsides and printed in local newspapers. It was first performed in public on October 19, 1814 at the Holliday Theatre in Baltimore. According to Kummerow, “by November it had gone viral.” Standing proudly in the museum is the sculpture of Lady Baltimore, which stood atop The Battle Monument (North Calvert Street between East Fayette and East Lexington Streets) for 190 years before being relocated to the museum. A concrete replica now stands in her place atop the monument. Don’t miss the Mendes Cohen display that includes the outlandish outfit he wore to Queen Victoria’s coronation with a hat that may have inspired Gilbert and Sullivan. Cohen, a veteran of the Battle of Baltimore, was an adventurer and a fascinating Baltimorean. Adjacent the 1812 exhibit, take a peek into the life 9:00 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. “By Dawn’s Early Light” Flag Raising at Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine (Featuring Governor O’Malley) Location: Fort McHenry National Monument and National Shrine of Elizabeth Patterson Bonaparte, sister-in-law of Napoleon. Headstrong Elizabeth seemed to court controversy and once wrote to her father, “nature never intended me for obscurity.” Learn more about her captivating life and penchant for elegant fashions. In 2013, the MdHS commissioned a replica StarSpangled Banner constructed using authentic fabric and hand stitching techniques. While the majority of hand-stitching was done by professional ‘stitchers’, over 2,000 people from around the world added a stitch or two during public sewing days. This flag has traveled to War of 1812 battlefields and been flown over Fort McHenry. Exhibits Around the Heart of the City “We are thrilled to officially host the bicentennial celebration of two of our nation’s most iconic symbols, the American flag and our national anthem,” said Maryland Governor Martin O’Malley in an email to DC Metro Magazine. “With interactive exhibits, shows and much more, visitors and Marylanders alike will have the chance to learn more about our nation’s journey and Baltimore’s central role in shaping our modern national identity.” Baltimore is going all out to celebrate the 200th anniversary of our national anthem and flag. Whether you visit now and partake in the plethora of events, or wait until the crowds have thinned out, the city offers an array of sights and sounds that bring the crucial events of 1814 to life. Begin at the Baltimore Visitor Center (401 Light Street – www.baltimore.org) where you can pick August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 21 Destinations The Star Spangled Banner, Original Manuscript Washington, DC in Flames On August 24, 1814, amateur American soldiers met well-trained British troops at the Battle of Bladensburg in Maryland. When the Americans fled, the road to Washington, DC was wide open and the British moved on to the capital. Under instructions from her husband, President James Madison, to flee the city, Dolley Madison made sure she took the large Gilbert Sullivan painting of General George Washington lest the iconic image be destroyed. Though the British entered Washington under a flag of truce, they were fired upon by the Americans. In retaliation, the British marched down Pennsylvania Avenue and set fire to public buildings, including the Capitol, Treasury, the Navy Yard and the White House, which lit up the night sky. Mrs. Madison fled to Dumbarton House (www.DumbartonHouse.org). Following the burning of Washington, residents of Baltimore united to defend against an impending British attack that would come two weeks later. up valuable information and view an exhibit on the Chesapeake Campaign. Nearby is the Maryland Science Center (601 Light Streetwww.mdsci.org) showcasing the new IMAX film Star-Spangled Banner: Anthem of Liberty dedicated to the War of 1812 from its beginning through the burning of Washington, DC and the bombardment of Fort McHenry. Visitors may purchase tickets only for the movie, if they wish. Discover city landmarks through the Baltimore National Heritage Area Trails & Tours (www. explorebaltimore.org), where numerous signs and markers tell the story of Baltimore’s varied history. Sports fans will want to stop in at the Babe Ruth Birthplace Museum (216 Emory Street – www. baberuthmuseum.org), where the permanent ’O’ Say Can You See: The Star-Spangled Banner in Sports exhibit tells the story of how the national anthem came to be played at sporting events. The short-film takes viewers back to the 1918 World Series when Babe was on the pitcher’s mound for the Red Sox and the national anthem was first played, forever linking the patriotic tune with the sporting world. Players and fans stand, salute the flag, and sing prior to the umpire crying “Play Ball!” It is perhaps the only thing that bonds Orioles and Yankees fans. Stroll through Fell’s Point Historic District for a taste of waterfront history and life. Enjoy a variety of restaurants, shops, and coffee places. Stop at the Fell’s Point Visitor Center (1724 Thames 22 DC METRO August – September, 2014 Street - www.fellspoint.us/fells-point-visitorcenter) for information on walking tours. Explore the Inner Harbor where you will find numerous marine creatures at the National Aquarium (501 E. Pratt Street - www.aqua.org). Observe the “Top of the World” from the Baltimore World Trade Center (401 E. Pratt Street - www.viewbaltimore. org) with great views over the city. The Maritime Museum (5 Pratt Street, Pier 3 and 5 - www. historicships.org) shares the stories of American naval power and showcases historic vessels. Tour the tall ship Pride of Baltimore II (www. pride2.org) and learn more about the history of Baltimore’s privateers – check the schedule and go for a sail! For a new perspective, head over to the American Visionary Art Museum (800 Key Highway – www.avam.org) and check out the free outdoor exhibit, A Very Visionary Star-Spangled Sidewalk. Here, each line of the national anthem has been interpreted over 520 feet of sidewalk. It is definitely worth seeing, as well as the old school bus that looks like a disco ball, which might be parked out front. While in the neighborhood wander through the Federal Hill Historic District (www.historicfederalhill.org), where there is a nice view of the harbor from atop the hill, and stop in at the Cross Street Market (1065 S. Charles Street www.bpmarkets.com). The Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African American History & Culture (830 E. Pratt Street – www.rflewismuseum.org) features an engaging exhibit, For Whom It Stands: The Flag and the American People, focusing on African American experiences with the flag. Visitors are drawn to many untold stories of how the flag was not always a symbol of unity. Among the many works is Gordon Parks’s immortal photograph American Gothic (1942) featuring Mrs. Ella Watson, a government cleaning woman holding a broom and mop. The visual re-interpretation of the flag is expressed through traditional and contemporary works. at The Hampstead Hill Festival on September 14 during Star Spangled Spectacular. The daylong festival includes multiple entertainers and a performance of 1814: The Rock Opera. It runs from 10:00 a.m. to 8:30 p.m. at the Patterson Park Pagoda (www.creativealliance. org/1814 - near E. Pratt Street and S. Patterson Park Avenue). Star-Spangled Banner Pass Tall Ships in Baltimore Harbor Next door is The Star-Spangled Banner Flag House (844 E. Pratt Street – www.flaghouse.org) dedicated to the history of Mary Pickersgill. An accomplished flag maker, she was commissioned in the summer of 1813 by Fort McHenry’s commander, Major George Armistead, to make a huge 32x40 foot flag that would become known as the Star-Spangled Banner. Among the people who helped Mary hand stitch the flag were her daughter Caroline, two nieces, and a 13-yearold African American indentured servant and apprentice named Grace Wisher. Created from 400 yards of fine English wool bunting, each of the 15 stripes is two feet wide and each of the 15 stars is two feet across. Incredibly, the project was completed in only six weeks. Take a docentled tour to learn more about Mary and her busy working class home. Following the Battle of Baltimore, Lieutenant Colonel George Armistead (he was promoted after the fight) took custody of the enormous StarSpangled Banner. Over the years, the Armistead family would pull the flag out of its canvas storage bag and show it to guests, and snippets were occasionally given away as mementos. The flag remained in the family until 1912, when it was donated to the Smithsonian in Washington, DC with instructions that it always be available for public viewing. Star Spangled Spectacular The most exciting time in Baltimore will be September 10-16 for the incredible Star Spangled Spectacular (www.starspangled200.com). See tall ships and naval vessels together in the Inner Harbor, and the Blue Angels Air Show will take place over the harbor. To add to the excitement, the Baltimore Orioles host the New York Yankees – look for everyone to be singing the national anthem together. There will be fireworks, a patriotic concert, food and lots of family-friendly events. On the morning of September 14, a replica Star-Spangled Banner will be hoisted over Fort McHenry exactly 200 years after the Battle of Baltimore, which will surely be an emotional moment. Governor O’Malley fronts the Irish rock band O’Malley’s March and composed The Battle of Baltimore for this bicentennial. The band will play Use this pass for access to Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine, the Maryland Historical Society, and The StarSpangled Banner Flag House. The seven-day pass is valid Sunday through Saturday, and note that some attractions are closed on Monday (baltimore.org/info/star-spangled-banner-pass). Where to Stay “Charm City” offers a variety of hotels including the stylish Hotel Monaco Baltimore (2 N. Charles Street - www.monaco-baltimore.com) housed in the former B&O Railroad Headquarters. A former tobacco factory is home to the elegant Inn at Henderson’s Wharf (1000 Fell Street www.hendersonswharf.com). Pets are welcome at the Admiral Fell Inn (888 S. Broadway admiralfell.com), a boutique hotel in historic Fell’s Point. Enjoy classic luxury at the Four Seasons Baltimore (200 International Drive - www. fourseasons.com/baltimore). Numerous chain hotels offer more economical accommodations. Where to Eat Many restaurants are running specials to coincide with the bicentennial festivities. Check the Visit Baltimore website (baltimore.org/star-spangleddeals) for more information. Near Fort McHenry sample the wares at Wine Market Bistro (921 E. Fort Avenue - winemarketbistro.com). Enjoy pizza with house made mozzarella and gelato at Verde (641 S. Montford Avenue - www.verdepizza.com). Try breakfast at the eclectic Blue Moon Café (1621 Aliceanne Street - www.bluemoonbaltimore. com). Seafood is a staple and Bertha’s Mussels (734 S. Broadway - www.berthas.com) is an institution, or enjoy crab cakes at Phillips Seafood (601 E. Pratt Street - www.phillipsseafood.com). How to Get There If you drive from Washington, DC, Interstate 95 North will take you right into Baltimore where there are multiple downtown parking garages. Another good option is the MARC or Amtrak trains from Union Station. Once in Baltimore you can take the free Charm City Circulator (www. charmcitycirculator.com), hybrid buses that run along four different routes seven days a week. The Banner Route runs between the Inner Harbor Washington, DC Events to celebrate the bicentennial August 23-24: Undaunted-The Battle of Bladensburg Commemoration and Monument Unveiling. This day-long festival includes a reenactment, music programs, historic trades village, children’s village, Food Truck Rally and fireworks (www.anacostiatrails.org). August 24: The 200th Anniversary of the Burning of Washington. Events will be held around the city and include a 5K run at the Historic Congressional Cemetery, White House Historical Association Commemoration, Georgetown Family Festival, Yards Park Beer Festival and National Museum of the United States Navy Commemoration (dcwarof1812.org). August 30-31: Alexandria, Virginia War of 1812 Commemorative Weekend will feature a yacht race, cricket match and tug of war (www.visitalexandriava.com). September 3-4: America Under Fire Symposium featuring scholars on the War of 1812, President and Mrs. Madison, and the United States Constitution. The proceedings will be published and available for purchase. Location: David M. Rubenstein National Center for White House History at Decatur House (1610 H Street, NW - www.whitehousehistory.org). and Fort McHenry. The Charm City Circulator Harbor Connector runs free water routes across the harbor from five locations in partnership with Baltimore Water Taxi. Use the NextBus app for bus times. Want to Learn More? In Full Glory Reflected: Discovering the War of 1812 in the Chesapeake (2012) by Ralph E. Eshelman and Burton K. Kummerow is both a historical account of the War of 1812 and a travel guide to historic sites along the Star-Spangled Banner Trail. What So Proudly We Hailed (2014) by Marc Leepson is a new biography of Francis Scott Key. Websites: Baltimore.org/national-anthem and www.starspangled200.com. August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 23 Incredible Waterfront Dining All Over DC Summertime in the nation’s capital can be brutal. When the temperatures climb, escape the heat at one of the many D.C. area waterfront restaurants to enjoy some delicious food and refreshing libations. Locals and visitors alike can enjoy outdoor dining, spectacular views, and prime peoplewatching, especially when the sun goes down. The waterfront is a prime spot to catch the sunset or enjoy the dazzling night sky. Diners can enjoy a cool breeze and the calming sound of the water, providing an escape from the city. Some of the best al fresco dining in the DC area is along the waterfront with remarkable views of the Potomac River with the beautiful backdrop of the national monuments. Here are some of the top restaurants with waterfront views. S ome of the best views of DC landmarks and the Potomac River are from The Washington Harbour (3000 K St., NW) along the Georgetown waterfront. In the summertime, happy hour along the Georgetown waterfront is a place to see and be seen. Sequoia’s three-tier outdoor terrace offers stunning views of the waterfront with the flotilla of boats and kayaks passing by along with panoramic views of the Kennedy Center, the Watergate, and the Key Bridge. If you prefer to stay out of the humidity, the rear facade of two-level restaurant is nearly all glass, allowing diners to enjoy the view of the river without suffering from the heat or the crowds. Sequoia offers modern American cuisine, a formidable wine list, and a renowned River Bar. Don’t miss out on the fresh oysters! Be aware, all of Sequoia’s reservations are for inside only, while dining on the patio is seated on a first come, first serve basis. Waterfront dining at Farmers Fishers Bakers 24 DC METRO August – September, 2014 Next door, offering fresh seafood, Tony and Joe’s, large 200-seat patio offers incredible views of the Kennedy Center, the Key Bridge and Roosevelt Island. Try one of their enormous sandwiches served with a mound of crispy golden fries, seasoned with Old Bay, and tangy coleslaw. Nick’s Riverside Grill (3050 K St., NW), which is often less crowded offers a more comfy atmosphere, with their spacious patio spilling onto Washington Harbour’s boardwalk with a prime view of the large fountain. Be sure to arrive early! A spot under one of their bright-blue umbrellas to watch the sun go down is a coveted seat. Also in Washington Harbour, Farmers Fishers Bakers, an upscale casual restaurant with an in-house bakery, sushi bar, full bar with 24 beer tap, and patio with water views. Like well-know sister restaurant, Founding Farmers, they also “support the American Family Farm” along with made-from-scratch food, delicious hand crafted drinks, and green practices all around. The Washington Harbour is a great option for waterfront dining; there is a something for everyone. Although not technically waterfront, Sea Catch Restaurant (1054 31st St., NW) offers visitors a charming patio overlooking the beautiful C&O Canal. Take advantage of their complimentary valet parking and their fresh seafood simply prepared in a casual, relaxed atmosphere. Also with views of the historic C&O Canal, Capella Hotel’s (1050 31st St., NW) The Grill Room and Rye Bar features a picturesque canal front patio. The Grill Room specializes in hand-cut artisanal meats and fresh seafood. The Rye Bar features rare Rye Whiskeys and craft cocktails. On the opposite side of the city, the historic Southwest Waterfront, along Washington, DC’s largest waterfront expanse, has been revitalized. The Wharf located at 7th and Water Streets, SW (1100 Maine Ave. SW), is one of the few surviving open air seafood markets on the east coast. In operation since 1805, it is the oldest continuously operating fish market in the United States. This place is like the red-light district of raw seafood. You’ll find everything from rare fish to Maryland Blue Crabs. Cantina Marina (600 Water St., SW), a place that you’d expect to find in Miami, a fun waterside bar with draft beers in plastic cups and Jimmy Buffett playing on the speakers. Dining at National Harbor It’s a place to go and have a margarita and watch the sun move over the water. Enjoy authentic Cajun dishes, such as, the gumbo, catfish, and po’ boys or try the Baja-California-style tacos. Their Crab balls, which are a cross between croquettes and crab cakes are a must have. Besides delicious seafood, you can enjoy mouth-watering barbecue at the Southwest Waterfront. King Ribs Bar-B-Q, a local institution of the community for over 40 years, Bufus Buchanan offers arguably the best BBQ ribs in the city. His amazing ribs, chicken and steaks have a loyal following among longtime residents, and his location along the waterfront also makes it a great spot to enjoy a summer evening. Stop by on Thursday evenings from 5-8 p.m. and enjoy live Jazz, or on Friday evening from 6-8 p.m. where the 7th Landing hosts a variety of live music. Nearby, the brand new and more upscale, located in the new Yards Park, Osteria Morini (301 Water St SE,) offers authentic Italian fare from the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Morini’s menu offers a wide array of smaller plates, cured meats, signature pastas, and simply grilled meats and spit roasts. Enjoy the views of the beautiful new modern Capitol Riverfront neighborhood while sipping a glass of wine from their list comprised of selections from the North Central regions of Italy. Just outside of DC, the National Harbor, rising from the banks of the Potomac River in Prince George’s County, MD, is a 350-acre mecca for shopping, dining, and more with five hotels (including the Gaylord National Resort and Convention Center), over 30 restaurants, shops, and fully functioning marina. There is no metro, but enjoy Water Taxi service to and from Old Town Alexandria, Mount Vernon, and Georgetown. What a fun way to travel! The National Harbor offers a wide array of restaurants ranging from elegant waterfront dining to family-friendly and casual eating establishments. At McLoone’s Pier House (141 National Plz), where counting down to sunset is cause for celebration. A very lively happy hour spot with live music daily starting at 7 p.m., you can watch the sun set over the flotilla of sails and masts, while sipping on your specialty cocktail and enjoying bowls of their peel-and-eat shrimp. Dine al fresco on their outdoor patio with a breathtaking view of the sunset. Menu highlights include while fresh salads or pasta, savory crab dip, fresh sushi, mouth-watering burger, or steak - you’ll have a hard time choosing! Known for its fresh seafood, McCormick and Schmick’s (145 National Plz), offers stunning views of the river and features more than 30 varieties of fresh fish and seafood delivered daily from local and international waters. Cool off inside at Bond 45 (149 Waterfront St.), a New York-born Italian steakhouse with its dim lighting and dark, clubby interior while enjoying a Prohibition cocktail served in an antique teacup. Or if you’re lucky, snag a table on their outdoor patio overlooking the water and enjoy picturesque sunset over the river while enjoying a fresh crab cake or dry-aged steak. Don’t miss their antipasto bar with house-made cheeses or desserts buffet. Enjoy upscale, modern and authentic Mexican cuisine at Rosa Mexicano (153 Waterfront St.) while enjoying a refreshing pomegranate margarita and guacamole, prepared tableside, on the outdoor patio overlooking the water. The National Harbor is a great place to spend the day. There are tons of shops, outlets, restaurants, and activities for all ages, even an entire store devoted to Peeps! In fact, the skyline of National Harbor has a dramatic new addition: The Capital Wheel, a 180-foot-tall, 42-car Ferris wheel that holds as many as 336 riders. Just outside of the District, the historic Old Town, Alexandria, Virginia offers striking views of the riverfront. Located on the historic Potomac River at the foot of King Street, The Chart House (1 Cameron St.), the area’s only waterfront dining location boasts panoramic views of the river, as well as, other DC landmarks. With nightly entertainment, enjoy a relaxing evening with while watching the sunset on the water. Situated on Daingerfield Island, adjacent to the Washington Marina, enjoy watching the boats set sail on the Potomac at Indigo Landing, (1 Marina Dr.) Their 100-seat outdoor deck and location along the water is the perfect setting for a night out. Find refuge from your long day of museum hopping in the bustling city and enjoy the tranquility of the naturalistic setting while viewing the monuments from your relaxing chair. Instead of waiting in line, you can enjoy the views of DC over your favorite cocktail, specialty drink, or a glass of fine wine from our international wine list. Also in Virginia, visit Madigan’s Waterfront (201 Mill St. Occoquan, VA), located right on the Occoquan River. Their expansive partially covered deck and tiki bar is especially attractive on summer evenings, where you can enjoy live entertainment, drinks and fresh seafood, and watch for Ospreys flying down the Occoquan River. August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 25 DC METRO August â€“ September, 2014 2014 Guide Virginia AIR FORCE MEMORIAL This memorial honors the millions of patriotic men and women who have served and 54,000 who have died while in the U.S. Air Force. Located off Columbia Pike near VA-244, the memorial overlooks the Pentagon and all of Washington, D.C. Features three stainless steel spires that soar skyward evoking flight and the flying spirit. Metro: Pentagon Metro Station (Blue/Yellow lines) Memorial is within walking distance One Air Force Memorial Drive Arlington, VA 22204 (703) 979-0674 Open: Daily. Admission: Free www.airforcememorial.org ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETERY Situated on 612 acres, the cemetery is a resting place of nearly a quarter-million military veterans and dignitaries. An eternal flame flickers at the grave of John F. Kennedy. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis and two of the couple’s children are also buried there. Also view the Changing of the Guard at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, attended 24 hours a day by members of the 3rd U.S. Infantry. Entrance at west-side of Memorial Bridge. Self-guided or paid shuttle tour available. Parking lot. Free Visitors Center - closes an hour after the Cemetery. Metro: Arlington Cemetery Station (Blue Line) Arlington National Cemetery 1 Memorial Dr. Arlington, VA 22211 Arlington, VA 22211, (877) 907-8585 Open: Daily, 8AM-7PM (5PM October- March). Admission: Free (Ticketed trolley tour is available; see price and special activities on website www.Arlingtoncemetery.mil Guarding the Tomb of the Unkown Soldier CARLYLE HOUSE A Georgian Palladian manor house built in 1753 by Scottish merchant and Alexandria city founder John Carlyle. Here, five royal governors and General Braddock met to discuss funding the French and Indian War. Metro: King Street Station (Take Trolley 11:30AM-10:15PM) 121 N. Fairfax St. Alexandria, VA 22314 (703) 549-2997 Open: Tues. – Sat., 10 a.m.-4 p.m.; Sun. Noon-4 p.m. (see website for special events and activities). Admission: Adults $5, Child (5-12) $3 www.carlylehouse.org August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 27 Museums & Attractions Air Force Memorial The World’s Largest Shakespeare Collection tours exhibits plays COLVIN RUN MILL 19th century water wheel and operating gristmill. Miller’s house has exhibits about historic Great Falls community life. Metro: NA (Parking lot available) 10017 Colvin Run Road Great Falls, VA 22066 (703) 759-2771 Open: 11AM-4PM (closed on Tuesdays - See website for tours, mill grinding, etc. and winter hours). Admission: Free www.fairfaxcounty.gov/parks/colvinrunmill DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration) MUSEUM AND VISITORS CENTER Since 2001, this interactive museum traces the impact of drugs on American society and the efforts of Federal law enforcement to educate the public and to combat this problem. Metro: Pentagon City (Blue/Yellow lines) 700 Army Navy Dr., Arlington, VA 22202 (202) 307-3463 Open: Tuesday – Friday: 10AM-4PM Admission: Free www.deamuseum.org FAIRFAX COUNTY VISITOR CENTER One block from the US Capitol 201 East Capitol Street, SE 202.544.7077 or www.folger.edu 28 DC METRO August – September, 2014 Stop by the Visitor Center in the Tysons Corner Center to get current information on where to stay, what to do, and how to get where you’re going in Fairfax County and the region from one of the service counselors. They are even giving out free gifts, maps and coupons for stopping by to say hello! Metro: NA (take Capital Beltway (I-495) near intersection of State Routes 7 and 123, parking available) Tysons Corner Center, Level 2 1961 Chain Bridge Road McLean, VA 22102 (703) 752-9500 Open: Monday – Saturday, 10AM-6PM; Sunday, 11AM-6PM (Closed Thanksgiving and Christmas) Admission: Free www.fxva.com GADSBY’S TAVERN MUSEUM The building was named for its 1796-1808 operator, Englishman John Gadsby. The Museum consists of two buildings, the 1785 Georgian tavern and the 1792 City Hotel that have been authentically restored to their 18th century appearance. George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and the Marquis de Lafayette all tipped a few here in Old Town Alexandria. Now it’s a museum with regular guided tours. Metro: King Street Station (Yellow/Blue lines). Take King Street Trolley 11:30AM-10:15PM or taxi 134 N. Royal St., Alexandria, VA 22314 (703) 746-4242 Open: April – Oct., Sun. and Mon. 1-5PM, Tues. – Sat. 10AM-5 PM; Nov. – March, Wed. – Sat. 11AM-4PM, Sun. 1-4PM. Admission: Adults $5, Child (5-12) $3 www.gadsbystavern.org GEORGE WASHINGTON MASONIC MEMORIAL Modeled after one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, Pharaoh’s Lighthouse in Alexandria, the Masonic Temple is visible from the Potomac and surrounding areas. The memorial displays a magnificent 17-ft. bronze statue of George Washington and an outstanding collection of Washington artifacts. Daily 9 a.m.-4 p.m. Metro: King Street Station (Blue/Yellow lines) Parking lot at memorial 101 Callahan Drive Alexandria, VA 22301 (703) 683-2007 Open: Daily, Apr. 1 – Sept. 30, Mon – Sat., 9AM-4PM, Sun. 12PM-4PM; Oct. 1 – Mar. 31, Mon. – Sat. 10AM-4PM, Sun. 12PM-4PM. Admission: $5.00 for those 13+ for the First and Second Floor exhibits. For Guided Tours, including tower and observation deck - $8.00. See website for tour times. www.gwmemorial.org GEORGE WASHINGTON’S DISTILLERY & GRISTMILL Costumed distillers demonstrate the distillation process in the two-story building, which also features a storage cellar, office, and two bedrooms where the site manager and assistant would have lived. On the second floor can be seen a History Channel video called “George Washington’s Liquid Gold” and a museum exhibit, “Spirits of Independence: George Washington and the Beginnings of the American Whiskey Industry,” which tells the story of whiskey at Mount Vernon and its history in America. George Washington’s Distillery & Gristmill is $4 for adults, $2 for children ages 6-11, and free for children 5 and under. When combined with admission to Mount Vernon, tickets are $2 for adults, $1.50 for children ages 6-11, and free for children 5 and under. Metro: Huntington Station (Yellow Line) - Located just three miles south of Mount Vernon. Open: Daily, March 31 – October 31, 10AM-5PM, open through October. Admission: $4 for adults, $2 for children ages 6-11, and free for children 5 and under. Special pricing when combined with admission to Mount Vernon. GEORGE WASHINGTON’S MOUNT VERNON ESTATE AND GARDEN The riverside estate of George Washington is an American landmark of the life of America’s first President, George Washington. It includes the Ford Orientation Center and Donald W. Reynolds museum and Education Center, new facilities with 25 galleries and theaters, and more than 700 artifacts, and interactive displays that introduce visitors to the real George Washington. The most famous dentures in the world are on permanent display, along with three life-size models of Washington created from a forensic investigation. An action adventure movie, video presentations produced by the History Channel, and an “immersive” Revolutionary War experience with falling snow, rumble seats, and fog all help tell Washington’s life story. The historic area features the restored Mansion, original outbuildings, the tomb where the Washington’s are buried, beautiful gardens, and heritage breed animals who work at a four acre farm site near the river. See website for Estate admission. Metro: Huntington Station (Yellow Line) Take taxi or bus 3200 Mount Vernon Memorial Highway Mount Vernon, VA 22309 (703) 780-2000 Open: Daily, Mar. 31 – Aug. 8AM-5PM; Mar., Sept., Oct. 9AM-5PM and Nov. through Feb. 9AM-4PM. Admission: Ages 0-5: Free; 6-11: $7; 12-61: $15; 62+: $14 (See website for group prices) www.mountvernon.org HISTORIC BLENHEIM & CIVIL WAR INTERPRETIVE CENTER George Washington Masonic Temple See Fairfax’s newest Civil War site, recently opened to the public, featuring 12 beautiful acres and the famous Blenheim House with more than 115 Union soldier inscriptions still left intact in the attic; some of the best preserved graffiti from the Civil War. A new 4,000-square-foot Civil War Interpretive Center includes an illustrated timeline of Fairfax’s role in the Civil War. Metro: N/A 3610 Old Lee Highway, Fairfax, VA 22030 (703) 591-0560 Open: 10am to 3pm, Tuesday through Saturday. Guided Tours at 1 pm Tuesday through Saturday. Closed Sundays, Mondays. FREE. www.visitfairfax.com LOUDOUN MUSEUM A featured site on the Virginia Civil War Trails, the museum offers exhibits, events, walking and driving tours, and educational programs. Metro: N/A Two hour metered parking on Loudoun Street - parking garage one half block from museum. 16 Loudoun Street SW, Leesburg, VA 20175 (703) 777-7427 Open: Fri. – Sat., 10AM-5PM and Sun. 1-5PM. Closed federal holidays. Admission: Adults -$3.00; Students/ Teachers/Seniors $1.00; Children under four Free. www.loudonmuseum.org THE LYCEUM: ALEXANDRIA’S HISTORY MUSEUM a German machine gunners’ position. Travel along the frozen TokTong pass in Korea amidst enemy troops, and disembark a helicopter into the landing zone atop Hill 881 South in Vietnam. Welcoming over 3 million visitors since its opening in 2006, the National Museum and Marine Corps Heritage Center includes Semper Fidelis Memorial Park and Chapel that sits amid natural woodlands and has landscaped pathways with impressive views of the Museum. Metro: N/A (Take I-95 to the Marine Corps Base Quantico exit #150) 18900 Jefferson Davis Highway, Triangle, VA 22172 1 (877) 635-1775 Open: Daily, 9AM-5PM. Closed December 25. Admission & Parking: Free. www.usmcmuseum.com Once used as a Civil War hospital, the Lyceum tells the story of Alexandria, once one of the busiest ports in America. Archaeological finds, old photography, maps, original artworks and a wide variety of historic artifacts provide the visitor with a picture of the City’s past. In 1985 The Lyceum became the History Museum for Alexandria, VA. Metro: King Street Station (Blue/Yellow lines) King Street Trolley from 11:30AM-10:15PM 201 S. Washington St., Alexandria, VA 22314 (703) 746-4994 Open: Mon. – Sat. 10AM-5PM and Sun. 1-5PM. Admission: $2.00/person www.alexandriahistory.org NATIONAL FIREARMS MUSEUM With world class historical and modern firearms spanning over six centuries, the National Firearms Museum displays the finest firearms collection in the country. Exhibits range from the best sporting guns and masterworks of firearms engraving to Presidential, Olympic, law enforcement, and military arms. Metro: N/A (Parking on site) NRA Headquarters Building 11250 Waples Mill Rd. Fairfax, VA 22030 (703) 267-1600 Open: Daily, 9:30AM-5PM. Closed major holidays. Admission: Free. www.NRAmuseum.com NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE MARINE CORPS Experience American history through the eyes of Marines. Interactive and immersive experiences allow guests to witness and feel the rigidity of boot camp and the force of drill instructors. To edge through a stand of trees at Belleau Wood and come up behind August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 29 Museums & Attractions Hirshorn Musuem RESTON MUSEUM Ongoing exhibits tell the unique story of the innovative, world-renowned, planned community of Reston. The museum also offers archives, walking tours, special events and a one-of-a-kind shop. Metro: N/A 1639 Washington Plaza Reston, VA 20190 (in the Lake Anne Historic District) (703) 709-7700 Open: Tues. – Fri., Sun. 12-5PM and Sat. 10AM-5PM Admission: Free www.restonmuseum.org SMITHSONIAN NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM STEVEN F. UDVARHAZY CENTER Combined with the National Air and Space Museum on the National Mall in DC, this is the largest and most prestigious air and space museum complex in the world. Visitors can view nearly the entire collection of air and spacecraft memorabilia the Smithsonian has to offer. An open space with 10-story arched trusses and with a network of walkways and displays on the floor. Visit the Boeing Aviation Hangar, the James S. McDowell Hanger with the newest addition of the Space Shuttle Discovery, The Museums on the Mall 30 DC METRO August – September, 2014 Donald D. Engen Observatory and the Airbus IMAX Theater. Among them will be such icons as the Space Shuttle Enterprise, a Lockheed SR71 Blackbird reconnaissance airplane, the Enola Gay and much more. Metro: NA (South of the main terminal at Washington Dulles International Airport, Chantilly) 14390 Air and Space Museum Parkway Chantilly, VA 20151 (703) 572-4118 Open: Daily, 10AM-6:30PM through September 3, 2012; then 10AM-5:30PM (Closed December 25 - see website for early event closures). Admission: Free www.airandspace.si.edu/museum/udvarhazy THEODORE ROOSEVELT ISLAND Accessible by wooden footbridge just off the George Washington Memorial Parkway, Theodore Roosevelt Island is an oasis of calm in the city. It is a 91-acre wilderness preserve that serves as a memorial to the nation’s 26th president, honoring his contributions to conservation of public lands for forests, national parks, wildlife and bird refuges, and monuments. Theodore Roosevelt Island has 2 1/2 miles of foot trails where you can observe a variety of flora and fauna. A 17-foot bronze statue of Roosevelt stands in the center of the island. Metro: Rosslyn Station (Blue/Orange Lines) The Island is located at GW Memorial Parkway, just north of the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Bridge. It’s accessible by car only from the northbound parkway.) Southbound traffic: Take Theodore Roosevelt Bridge to Constitution Ave. Take a right on 23rd St and cross the Memorial Bridge. Once on the bridge, return to the George Washington Parkway. Open: Daily, 6AM-10PM. Free (Limited parking) Admission: Free www.nps.gov/this Washington D.C. BASILICA of the NATIONAL SHRINE OF IMMACULATE CONCEPTION The largest U.S. Roman Catholic Church/Shrine containing the largest collection of contemporary Christian art in the U.S. This ByzantineRomanesque style church is one of the ten largest churches in the world with 70 chapels. Open: Tours are: Mon. – Fri. 9AM (every 15 min.) - 6PM (April - August). Mon – Friday 9AM (and every 15 min.) - 3:30 pm The ticket booth on Raoul Wallenberg Place (formerly 15th Street) is open at 8 AM Monday through Friday, with the exception of Federal holidays, from 8:00 AM until all tickets are distributed. www.moneyfactory.gov CORCORAN GALLERY OF ART The Corcoran Gallery of Art, America’s first dedicated art museum, was founded in 1869 by William Corcoran and stands as a major center of American art known internationally for its distinguished collection of historical and modern art as well as contemporary art, photography, European painting, sculpture, and decorative art. Metro: Farragut West Station or Farragut North Station (Orange/Blue/Red lines). 500 17th Street NW, Washington, DC 20006 (between E St. and New York Ave. one block from the White House) (202) 639-1700 or for tickets 1 (800) 745-3000 Open: Thurs., Fri., Sat., Sun., 10AM-5 PM; Wed., 10AM-9 PM. Closed Mondays and Tuesdays. Admission: Adults $10; Seniors (62+)/Students w/ valid ID $8; Children under 12 years of age are free; Members enjoy free admission year-round. www.corcoran.org CRIME MUSEUM This interactive and simulated situation museum in Penn Quarter dissects both the concept of crime and the dark side of the criminal mind. It explores the techniques used by law enforcement agencies to investigate and prosecute. Enter a crime scene to solve a case in a real crime scene lab. Drive in a police academy training pursuit. Check out an authentic electric chair, gas chamber and jail cell. The John Walsh “America’s Most Wanted” actual stage set is located in the museum. Metro: Gallery Place/Chinatown Station (Yellow/Green/Red lines) Exit Arena- Street parking and garages nearby 575 7th St., NW Washington, DC 20004 (202) 393-1099 Open: March 18th – August 24th Monday – Thursday 9:00 AM – 7:00 PM Last Entry at 6:00 PM Friday – Saturday 9:00 AM – 8:00 PM Last Entry at 7:00 PM Sunday 10:00 AM – 7:00 PM Last Entry at 6:00 PM August 25th – March 17th Sunday – Thursday Friday – Saturday 10:00 AM – 7:00 PM Last Entry at 6:00 PM 10:00 AM – 8:00 PM Last Entry at 7:00 PM Pricing: Adults ($21.95); Seniors, Military & Police ($19.95); Children over age 5 ($14.95). Last ticket sold an hour prior to close (check website for event closures). www.crimemuseum.org now through aug. 31, 2014 visit our glass case of emotion. #stayclassynewseum KIDS FREE! Metro: Brookland -CUA (Red line) 400 Michigan Ave. NE, Washington, DC 20017 (202) 526-8300 Open: Daily, April 1 – October 31, 7AM-7PM and November 1 – March 31, 7AM - 6PM www.nationalshrine.com JULY 1 - SEPT. 1, 2014 *Details at newseum.org BUREAU OF ENGRAVING AND PRINTING August 29, 2012 marks the 150th Anniversary of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. See millions of dollars printed during your tour of the BEP. The 40 minute tours are free but tickets are required during peak season (first Monday in March through the last Friday in August). There is an introductory film and gallery tour of the production process. Metro: Smithsonian Metro Station (Blue/Orange lines) 14th & C Sts, SW, Washington, DC (202) 874-2330 or 1 (866) 874-2330 Newseum newseum.org anchorman 2: the legenD continues opens nationwide Dec. 20, 2013 August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 31 Museums & Attractions INTERNATIONAL SPY MUSEUM Celebrating its tenth anniversary, this is the nation’s first public institution dedicated solely to espionage, shedding light on an all-but-invisible profession. The Museum maintains the largest collection of international espionage artifacts ever placed on display. Visitors are invited to test their espionage skills throughout the museum. Take on the role of a former spy experiencing memorizing specific details and see if you can keep your “cover.” Metro: Gallery Place Metro Station (Yellow/Red/Green lines) Exit Galleries - 9th and G Streets NW 800 F St., NW, Washington, DC 20004 (202) 393-7798, (866) 779-6873 Open: May through Sept. 2, 9AM-7PM; Sept. 3 – Nov. 21, 10AM-6PM. Closed Nov. 22, Dec. 25th (see website for seasonal holiday hours). For Admission: (Adult ages 12-64) $21.95; (Senior ages 65+, Military/Intelligence Community) $15.95; Child ages 5-11) $14.95; Children age 6 & under free. Parking: meters and lots. www.spymuseum.org KREEGER MUSEUM DUMBARTON HOUSE Visit this Federal period historic house museum, ca. 1800. The historic structure and collection of Federal-era decorative arts, paintings and furniture are preserved to educate the public about life in Washington, DC during the early years of the Republic. The life and times of Dumbarton House’s first resident, Joseph Nourse (1804-1813), are the interpretive focus; Nourse served as first Register of the U.S. Treasury through six U.S. presidencies and is known as “America’s First Civil Servant.” Dumbarton House is accredited by the American Association of Museums. The Dumbarton House is the headquarters for The Society of The Colonial Dames of America. Metro: Dupont Circle Station (Red Line - Exit Q St. N; walk six blocks or take D-2/D-6 bus) 2715 Q St., NW, Washington, DC 20007 (Georgetown) (202) 337-2288 Open: Tue – Sun 11am-3pm year-round (last museum entry 2:45 pm). Admission: Adults $5 www.DumbartonHouse.org FOLGER SHAKESPEARE THEATRE-LIBRARY This is the home of the world’s largest and finest collection of Shakespearean materials and Renaissance books, manuscripts and works of art. The Folger Shakespeare’s Library captures the Bard of Avon, his times, and his legacy through changing exhibitions and the permanent Shakespeare Gallery. The landmark building includes a replica of the Globe Theatre. It was a gift to the nation donated by Mr. and Mrs. Henry Clay Folger in 1932. Metro: Capitol South Station (Blue/Orange lines - 4 blocks) Union Station Station (Red lines - 6 blocks) 201 East Capitol Street, SE, Washington, DC 20003 (202) 544-4600 or Box Office for tickets (202) 544-7077 Open: Open Mon.-Sat., 10AM - 5PM, Sun. 12- 5 PM. Closed Oct. 1-12 (installation of exhibit) Nov. 22 and Dec. 25. Admission: Free. Group tours arranged by calling (202) 675-0395; www.folger.edu FORD’S THEATRE MUSEUM The newly renovated museum transports visitors to 19th-century Washington, tracing Lincoln’s presidency from his arrival to his assassination using environmental re-creations, videos and threedimensional figures and a remarkable collection of 32 DC METRO August – September, 2014 historic artifacts. The theatre is a working historical theatre, historical monument, world-class museum and educational center. Ford’s Theatre celebrates the legacy of our nation’s 16th President and explores the American experience through theatre and education. It is the best place to explore and celebrate Lincoln’s ideals, leadership principles; courage, integrity, tolerance, equality and creative expression. Metro: Metro Center Station (Red/Blue/Orange lines) – Exit G and 11th Streets (Street parking and garage parking). 511 10th St., NW, Washington, DC 20004 (202) 347-4833 Open Daily: Theatre 9AM-5PM. The box office will stay open until 8pm when there is an evening performance. Petersen House and Education Center 9AM-5:30 PM. Closed Nov. 22 and Dec. 25. Admission: Free; but you must have a ticket that may be reserved online (www. ticketmaster.com or (800) 982-2787 – processing fee $2.50/person) or at the Ford’s Theatre box office. www.fords.org FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT MEMORIAL 7.5 acre river-front park with waterfalls and a monumental bronze sculpture of the president seated in his wheelchair with his beloved Scottie, Fala. Site near the Jefferson Memorial and designed especially for wheelchairs. Metro: Smithsonian Metro Station (Orange/Blue lines) Ohio Drive Bordered by the Tidal Basin and the Potomac River S.E., Washington, D.C., (202) 426-6841 Open: Daily except Dec. 25. Admission: Free www.npr.gov/fdrm FREER GALLERY OF ART ARTHUR M. SACKLER GALLERY The galleries house a world-renowned collection of 6,000 Asian art objects. The artists are from China, Japan, Korea, South and Southeast Asia. Metro: Smithsonian Metro Station (Orange/Blue lines) FREER – Jefferson Drive at 12th St., SW Washington, DC 20013 SACKLER – 1050 Independence Ave., SW Washington, DC 20013 (202) 633-1000 Open: Daily 10 a.m.-5:30 p.m. (Closed on Dec. 25th) Admission: Free. Limited street parking. www.asia.si.edu The Kreeger Museum is a private, non-profit art museum located in the former residence of David and Carmen Kreeger. It showcases the Kreeger’s permanent collection of 19th and 20th century paintings and sculptures. Highlights include works by Monet, Van Gogh, Picasso, Renoir, Cezanne, Chagall, Rodin, Miro, Moore, Kandinsky and various local artists. Metro: Tenleytown – AU Station (Red Line) exit Wisconsin Ave for taxi or 45 minute walk. 2401 Foxhall Road, NW, Washington DC 20007 (202) 338-3552 Open: Tues-Fri reservations are required for a guided tour given at 10:30 a.m. or 1:30 p.m. Sat. 10 a.m.-4 p.m. Prices: Adults $10, Students w/ID, Seniors, Military $7, Children & members free www.kreegermuseum.org KOREAN WAR VETERANS MEMORIAL Built by the Korean War Veterans Memorial Advisory at a cost of $18 million in donated funds, this memorial, located on a 2.2 acre site adjacent to the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool, features a sculptured column of 19-foot soldiers arrayed for combat with the American flag as their symbolic objective. A 164foot mural wall is inscribed with the words, “Freedom is Not Free” and is etched with 2500 photographic images of nurses, chaplains, crew chiefs, mechanics, and other support personnel to symbolize the vast effort that sustained the military operation. Metro: Foggy Bottom Station or Smithsonian Station both (Blue/Orange lines) Daniel French Dr., Washington, D.C. South of the Reflecting Pool (202) 426-6841 Open: The memorial is now open 24 hours a day. Admission: Free www.nps.gov/kwvm LIBRARY OF CONGRESS The world’s largest library with Thomas Jefferson’s own collection and currently housing over 20 million books. Visit the three buildings that have scheduled tours and enjoy free exhibits, concerts and films. Explore the Jefferson Building, know for its impressive 19th century architechture. Don’t miss the Gutenberg Bible. Metro: Capitol South Metro (Blue/Orange lines) 10 First Street, SE, Washington, DC 20540 (202) 707-8000 Open: Mon. – Sat. 8AM-5:30 PM Admission: Free MARIAN KOSHLAND SCIENCE MUSEUM NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART Metro: Verizon Center Station (Green/Red/Yellow lines) Judiciary Square Station (Red line) 6th and E Sts., NW, Washington, DC (202) 334-1201 Open: Daily (except Tues.) 10AM-6PM (last ticket sold at 5PM) Closed: Tuesdays and Jan. 1, Nov.22 and Dec. 25. Admission: Adults $7; Seniors/Military/Students/Children $4 www.koshland-dc.org Metro: Judiciary Square Station (red line), Archives Station (Yellow/Green lines), and Smithsonian Station (blue/orange lines) 6th and Constitution Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20565 (202) 737-4215 Open: Mon.-Sat. 10 AM-5 PM.; Sun. 11AM.-6 PM. Closed Jan.1 and Dec. 25 Admission: Free - Limited Street Parking www.nga.gov The museum uses engaging interactive exhibits to bring to life the numerous reports conducted by the prestigious National Academies every year. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. NATIONAL MEMORIAL This newly dedicated memorial honors Dr. King’s legacy of national and international contributions to world peace through non-violent social change. As the first monument on the National Mall to honor a man of color – and only the fourth to honor a nonpresident - its location on the Tidal Basin creates a visual and historical continuity between the Lincoln and Jefferson Memorials and is designed to be an engaging visitor experience tied to other landscapes and monuments, not as a single object or memorial dominating the site. The composition of the memorial utilizes natural landscape elements - including water, stone, and trees - to powerfully convey four fundamental and recurring themes throughout Dr. King’s message: justice, democracy, hope and love. A 450-foot inscription wall features more than a dozen King quotes engraved into granite which serve as a lasting testament and reminder of Dr. King’s humanitarian vision. The memorial includes the “Mountain of Despair” and the “Stone of Hope,” and features a 30-foot sculpture of Dr. King. The beautifully designed multi-building museum houses the nation’s most complete permanent collection of American and European art as well as captivating special exhibits. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AFRICAN ART See how people from Africa transform religious beliefs and cultural ideals into various art forms. Daily 10 a.m.-5:30 p.m. Closed December 25th. Free. Limited street parking. Metro: Smithsonian (Orange/Blue lines) 950 Independence Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20560 (202) 633-4600 Africa.si.edu NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN This architectural masterpiece took seven years to build and cost over $219 million. The museum opened to the public in 2004 and has attracted millions of people interested in learning about the languages, culture, history and art of Native Americans. It is the first national museum in the country dedicated exclusively to Native Americans. The five-story, 250,000-square-foot curvilinear building is clad in a golden-colored Kasota limestone designed to evoke natural rock formations shaped by wind and water over thousands of years. Metro: L’Enfant Plaza (Blue/Orange/Green/Yellow lines) Exit Maryland Ave/Smithsonian Museum 4th & Independence Avenue SW Washington, DC 20560 (between the National Air & Space Museum and the U.S. Capitol Building. (202) 633-1000 Open: Daily 10AM–5:30PM; closed December 25. Free www.nmai.si.edu NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN HISTORY Explore major themes in American history and culture, from the War of Independence to the present day. This is the museum that houses Archie Bunker’s chair, Dorothy’s Ruby Slippers, Seinfeld’s “puffy shirt”, Abraham Lincoln’s top hat, Dizzy Gillespie’s angled trumpet and the First Ladies’ dress collection. Recent renovations added a new visitor’s center and a state-of-the-art display gallery for the original Star-Spangled Banner. Don’t miss “The Price of Freedom” exhibit. Metro: Federal Triangle (Blue and Orange Lines) or Smithsonian, 14th Street at Constitution Avenue Washington, DC, (202) 633-1000 Open: Daily 10 a.m.-5:30 p.m. (Closed Dec. 25) Free. www.americanhistory.si.edu Metro: Smithsonian and Foggy Bottom (Closest stations and then walk) Entrances to the Memorial site are located at Independence Avenue, SW, west of West Basin Drive; Independence Avenue, SW, at Daniel French Drive; Ohio Drive, SW, south of the Ericsson Statue; and Ohio Drive, SW, at West Basin Drive. Parking is extremely limited in the area, with public transportation suggested as the best way to reach the memorial. Open: Daily www.nps.gov/mlkm; www.mlkmemorial.org NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM The winner and still champion! That’s right – DC (not Paris or Rome) is home to “The World’s Most Visited Museum.” You’ll see why when you spend the day watching the history of aviation unfold starting with the Wright Brothers’ 1903 Flyer and Lindbergh’s Spirit of St. Louis through the advances into space and the Apollo 11 lunar command module (just to name a few). Also worthy of note is the Lockheed Martin IMAX Theater (admission), Flight Simulators (admission) and the Albert Einstein Planetarium (admission). Metro: L’Enfant Plaza Station (Blue/Green/Orange/Yellow lines). Very limited 2 hour meter street parking. 6th St. and Independence Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20560, (202) 357-2700, (202) 633-2214 Open: Mar. 17 – Sept. 3, 10AM-7:30 PM; Sept. 4 – Mar.16, 10AM-5PM. Closed December 25. See website for early closures. Admission: Free, www:nasm.si.edu August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 33 Museums & Attractions NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Everyone in the family is sure to find something amazing while exploring the largest, most comprehensive natural history collection in the world. Kids’ favorites include the Tyrannosaurus Rex skeleton in the dinosaur exhibit, the live interaction with over 65 species of arthropods at the Insect Zoo and the new live butterfly house. Moms won’t want to miss the National Gem Collection which houses the world-famous Hope Diamond. The national Fossil Hall is now closed for renovations until 2019 Metro: Smithsonian Station (Blue and Orange lines) 1000 Constitution Ave NW, Washington, DC 20004 (202) 633-1000 Open: 10AM-5:30PM (Open some holidays until 7:30PM - Check website. Closed Dec. 25) Free www.mnh.si.edu NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY The Smithsonian’s National Portrait Gallery tells the history of America through individuals who have shaped its culture. Through the visual arts, performing arts and new media, the Portrait Gallery portrays poets and presidents, visionaries and villains, actors and activists whose lives tell the American story. Metro: Gallery Place, Chinatown - Exit Galleries (Red, Yellow and Green lines) Eighth and F Streets, NW, Washington, DC 20001 (202) 633-1000 Open: Daily 11:30AM-7PM (Closed Dec. 25), Free www.npg.si.edu NATIONAL POSTAL MUSEUM The museum explores America’s postal history from colonial times to the present. Visitors learn how mail has been transported, emphasize the importance of letters, and spotlight the creation and wondrous diversity of postage stamps. The collection contains prestigious U. S. and international postal issues and specialized collections, archival postal documents and threedimensional objects that trace the evolution of the postal services. A Smithsonian Institution, the museum is located conveniently in the old Post Office building next to Union Station. METRO: Red Line to Union Station 2 Massachusetts Ave., NE, Washington, D.C. 20001 (202) 633-5555 OPEN: Seven days a week from 10 a.m. to 5:30 p.m., except December 25. Admission is free. www.postalmuseum.si.edu NATIONAL WORLD WAR II MEMORIAL Located poignantly between the Reflecting Pool and the Washington Monument this memorial is dedicated to the 16 million who served in World War II. Two 43-ft. arches to the north and south represent the Atlantic and Pacific Theaters. The 56 pillars represent the U.S. States, territories, and D.C. at the time of the war. Freedom Walk has a field of 4,000 sculptured gold starts, each representing the death of 100 Americans in the war (400,000). Dedicated on May 29, 2004. Metro: Smithsonian Metro, (Blue/Orange lines) 17th St. between Constitution Ave. and Independence Ave. NW, Washington, DC (800) 639-4992 Open: Daily - Free. www.wwiimemorial.com 34 DC METRO August – September, 2014 NEWSEUM The Newseum is a dazzling, high-tech roller coaster ride through 500 years of headline history, featuring dozens of galleries, theaters and interactive exhibits that bring you face to face with the greatest events of our time. Stand in the shadow of the Unabomber’s cabin, touch the Berlin Wall and hear never-told stories from the journalists and photographers who have stood on the front lines of history. Main galleries explore electronic news, photojournalism, new history and world news. Unique artifacts, powerful photography and moving images invite you to remember, relive and share moments that changed our lives. The Newseum, in partnership with Hewlett-Packard, just opened a 2,500-square-foot HP New Media Gallery which will give visitors a chance to step into a threedimensional social network. The gallery features five groundbreaking interactive experiences and two video presentations that illustrate the evolution and progression of global media. Metro: Archives/Navy of MemorialPenn Quarter (Yellow and Green Lines), Smithsonian (Blue and Orange Lines) or Gallery Place-Chinatown 555 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20001 (888) 639-7386 Open: Daily 9 AM – 5 PM (Closed on Thanksgiving, December 25, January 1) Admission: Adults (19 to 64) $22.95 +tax, Seniors (65 and up) $18.95 +tax, Youth (7 to 18) $13.95 +tax, Children 6 and younger free. www.newseum.org THE PHILLIPS COLLECTION The White House THE PRESIDENTS GALLERY BY MADAME TUSSAUDS WASHINGTON, D.C. Take a remarkable interactive, chronological journey through U.S. history. Featuring life-sized wax figures of all the U.S. Presidents from George Washington to Barack Obama, guests will explore the 44 presidencies. Some new interactive experiences include: crossing the Delaware River with George Washington, sitting with Franklin D. Roosevelt for a fireside chat, walking on the moon with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, braving the Underground Railway with Harriet Tubman and meeting the founder of the Girl Scouts – Juliette Gordon Low – as well as sports, pop and musical icons. The Phillips Collection, America’s first museum of modern art, opened in 1921 in the home of Duncan Phillips (1866-1966). The museum, internationally recognized for the incredible collection, includes nearly 3,000 works by American and European artists—among them, Degas, Cézanne, Gauguin, van Gogh, Bonnard, Matisse, Picasso, Braque, Klee, Homer, Whistler, Hopper, Stieglitz, O’Keeffe, Calder, Rothko, and many others. Discover for yourself this international treasure and one of Washington, DC’s best-loved museums. Some special exhibits offer audio tours. Limited street parking. Metro: Red Line – exit Metro Center – 11th and G Streets NW; Yellow Line exit Galleries at 9th and G Streets NW - walk 2 blocks 1001 F Street NW, Washington, DC 20004 (202) 942-7300 Open: Fall-Winter Hours: Sun-Mon, 10AM-6PM; TuesThurs, 12PM-6PM; Fri-Sat; 10AM-6PM (last tickets sold at 6 PM) Admission: Adult 13 and up $21.50, Child 4 to 12 $17.00, 3 and under free, tickets are cheaper online. www.madametussadsdc.com Metro: DuPont Circle (Red line) 1600 21st St., NW, Washington, DC 20009 (202) 387-2151 Open: Tues.-Sat. 10 AM -5 PM.; Thurs. open to 8:30 p.m.; Sun. 11 AM - to 6PM; Closed Federal Holidays. Price Info: 18 and under free admission. Admission: Ticketed exhibitions: Adults $12, Students and visitors 62 and over $10. Saturday and Sunday when no ticketed exhibition is on view, adults $10, students/visitors 62 and over $8. www.phillipscollection.org The Smithsonian American Art Museum captures the aspirations, character and imagination of the American people throughout three centuries. It is the home to one of the largest and most inclusive collections of American art in the world. American Art has the largest collection of New Deal art and the finest collections of contemporary craft, American impressionist paintings, and masterpieces from the Gilded Age. THE RENWICK GALLERY OF THE SMITHSONIAN AMERICAN ART MUSEUM Steps away from the White House, this museum will celebrate its 40th anniversary in November. The permanent collection of the Renwick Gallery, a branch of the American Art Museum, features contemporary American crafts in glass, ceramics, metal, wood, and fiber. Metro: Farragut North Station (Red line) & Farragut West Station (Blue/Orange lines) 1661 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20006 (Corner of 17th and Pennsylvania NW) (202) 633-7970 (recorded message) (202) 633-1000 Open: Daily - 10AM – 5:30PM. Closed December 25 Admission: Free www.americanart.si.edu/renwick SMITHSONIAN AMERICAN ART MUSEUM Metro: Gallery Place – Chinatown Station (Green/Red/Yellow lines) Exit Galleries 8th and F Streets NW, Washington, DC 20004 (202)633-7970/202-633-1000 Open: Daily 11:30AM - 7PM. Closed December 25 (check website for private event closings) Admission: Free www.americanart.si.edu SMITHSONIAN NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK The National Zoo is home to more than 2,000 animals of nearly 400 different species, including giant pandas, Asian elephants, tigers, lions, birds, reptiles and much more. The best known residents are the giant pandas, Tian Tian and Mei Xiang. The Zoo welcomes more than 2 million visitors a year, free of charge. Some popular highlights include seven lion cubs, born last fall; the Asia Trail exhibit, which includes red pandas, clouded UNITED STATES CAPITOL The United States Capitol is among the most architecturally impressive and symbolically important buildings in the world. It houses the meeting chambers of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Since its opening in 1793, the Capitol has been built, burnt, rebuilt, extended and restored. Today, it stands as a monument not only to its builders but also to the American people and their government. If you wish to tour The Capitol, you’ll need to plan ahead. Reservations are required. Passes may be booked in advance online at www. visitthecapitol.gov, through the offices of your Senators or Representatives, or through the Office of Visitor Services by calling (202) 226-8000. leopards, fishing cats and otters; the invertebrate house, with an 11:00 a.m. daily octopus feeding; and Amazonia, the 15,000 square-foot rain forest habitat with Amazon river fish and dozens of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. A 163-acre urban oasis, the Zoo is located in Rock Creek Park. There are 30 animal demonstrations that take place every day. For the first time at the Reptile Discovery Center (opens at 10AM daily) impressed tortoises will be exhibited. Metro: Woodley Park/Zoo/Adams Morgan Station (Red line) - 3 block walk or take L2/L3 bus. Or, Cleveland Park Station (Red Line) 3 block walk or take L1/L2 bus. If driving parking maximum $22 per day. 3001 Connecticut Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20008 (202) 633-4888 Open: Daily. Grounds: Apr. – Oct. 6AM-8PM.; Nov. – Mar. 6AM-6PM. Exhibit Buildings: 10AM. Closed December 25. Admission: Free www.nationalzoo.si.edu SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES Walk the halls of our highest court and attend lectures every hour on the half hour. Mon.-Fri. 9:30 a.m.-3:30 p.m. when court is not in session. Metro: Capitol South (Blue/Orange lines) 1 First St NE, Washington DC, 20543 (202) 479-3000 Open: Mon. – Fri. 9AM-4:30PM www.supremecourt.gov THE TEXTILE MUSEUM The museum is devoted to the handmade textile arts. It’s mission it to expand public knowledge and appreciation—locally, nationally, and internationally—of the artistic merits and cultural importance of the world’s textiles. METRO: Dupont Circle- Q Street (Red Line) exit 2320 S Street, NW, Washington, DC 20008 (202) 667-0441 Museum is closed and rescheduled to reopen late 2014 or early 2015. www.textilemuseum.org THOMAS JEFFERSON MEMORIAL Beneath the marble rotunda, the 19-foot statue of the third U.S. president is surrounded by passages from the Declaration of Independence and other famous Jefferson writings. Metro: Smithsonian Metro (Orange/Blue lines) 900 Ohio Dr, SW, Washington DC, 20242 (202) 426-6841 Open: Daily 8 AM-12AM Metro: Union Station Metro Station (Red line) or Capitol South Station (Blue/Orange lines) East Capitol St. at First St., Washington, DC 20515 (grounds) Closest parking garage Union Station Open: Mon. – Sat. 8:30 AM-4:30PM (first tour at 8:50AM last tour at 3:20PM). Closed Jan.1, Inauguration Day, Nov. 22, Dec.25. Admission: Free www.visitthecapitol.gov or www.aoc.gov UNITED STATES CAPITOL VISITOR CENTER The Visitor Center, the new main entrance to the U.S. Capitol, is located beneath the East Front plaza of the Capitol, at First and East Capitol Streets. Guided tours of the U.S. Capitol begin at the Orientation Theaters on the lower level. In this 580,000 square foot addition to the historic building you’ll learn about the history, architecture and art of the U.S. Capitol as well as our unique legislative process. Metro: Capitol South (Blue/Orange lines) East Capitol St. at First St., Room SVC-101 Washington, DC 20002 (East Plaza of the Capitol, between Constitution and Independence Avenues NE); (202) 226-8000 Open: Mon.-Sat. 8:30 AM-4:30PM (first tour at 8:50AM last tour at 3:20PM). Closed Jan.1, Inauguration Day, Nov. 22, Dec.25. Admission: Free Although admission is free passes are required for tours and visitors are required to go through a security screening. www.visitthecapitol.gov. UNITED STATES BOTANIC GARDEN The United States Botanic Garden, run by the Congress of the United States, is located on the U.S. Capitol Grounds campus near Garfield Circle. The building itself, which includes a large Lord & Burnham greenhouse, is divided into separate rooms, each one simulating a different habitat. The United States Botanic Garden traces its beginning to 1816, when the Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences proposed the creation of a botanic garden to collect, grow, and distribute plants of this and other countries that might contribute to the welfare of the American people. Metro: Federal Center SW Station (Blue/ Orange lines) Metro-buses: # 30, 32, 34, 35, and #36 stop at Independence & First Streets NE 100 Maryland Ave SW, Washington DC, 20001 (202) 225-8333, (202) 225-1116 (tours) Open: Daily Bartholdi Park - Dawn to Dusk; Conservatory 10AM-5PM; National Gardens 10AM-7PM May 28 - Sept. 3, then 10AM-5PM Admission: Free – Cell phone tours available www.usbg.gov VIETNAM VETERANS MEMORIAL The famous black granite wall, inscribed with the names of 58,209 American servicemen and women lost in Vietnam, serves as a venue for reconciliation between those opposed to this war and those that sacrificed their lives for it. The memorial consists of three distinct sections. “The Wall,” the three servicemen statue and flag pole, and the women in service to the Vietnam War statue. Metro: Foggy Bottom Station (Blue/Orange lines) or Smithsonian Station (Blue/Orange lines) Vietnam Veterans Memorial is located north of the Lincoln Memorial, near the intersection of 22nd St. and Constitution Ave. NW. (202) 426-6841, (202) 634-1568 Open: Daily - Park ranger available - 8AM-12AM Admission: Free www.nps.gov/vive WASHINGTON MONUMENT Towering higher than any building in DC, the Washington Monument exemplifies the simplistic elegance and enduring presence of our first president. The Monument is the most prominent structure in DC and built to honor President George Washington. Although a long restoration was recently completed, an August, 2011 earthquake created significant structural damage that has necessitated its temporary closing. Metro: Smithsonian Station (Blue/Orange lines) 2 15th St. NW, Washington DC, 20024 (15th and Constitution Aves NW) (202) 426-6841, (800) 967-2283 Open: 9am to 5pm, last tour begins at 4:45pm, summer hours (memorial day to labor day) 9am to 10pm, last tour begins at 9:45pm. www.nps.gov/wamo WHITE HOUSE/WHITE HOUSE VISITOR CENTER NOTE: As of press time, White House tours have been eliminated as the result of Sequester. If you want to tour the home of every U.S. president except George Washington, you must make a tour request (up to 6 months in advance) through your member of Congress (Senator or Representative). If planning in advance isn’t you, then at least visit the White House Visitors Center. Located at the South East corner of 15th and E Streets NW. The center includes exhibits on White House architecture and furnishings, first families and social and diplomacy events and a thirty-minute video. Advance reservation made through your member of Congress required. Metro: Farragut West, Federal Triangle or McPherson Square (all Blue/orange lines); Metro Center (Blue/Orange/Red lines) White House: 1600 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, 15th and 17th Sts. Washington, DC Visitor Center: Located just west of the corner of 15th and E Streets NW (202) 456-7041 – Recorded White House Line (202) 208-1631 – White House Visitor Center Open: WHITE HOUSE - BY APPOINTMENT ONLY through member of CONGRESS Tues. – Thurs. 7:30 AM-11AM; Fri. 7:30 AM-12PM; Sat. 7:30 AM-1PM. Closed: Jan. 1, Nov.22 and Dec. 25. Admission: Free White House VISITOR CENTER Daily 7:30AM-4:30 PM Closed: Jan. 1, Nov.22 and Dec. 25. Admission: Free www.nps.gov/whhow August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 35 Di n i n g The Price reflects the estimated price of a dinner for one with one drink and tip. Lunch usually costs 25% less. $$ = $30 and under Dining Guide Washington, D.C. 701 Penn Quarter \| American \| $$$ Located just steps away from the White House, 701 is a modern American restaurant with exquisite food framed by an elegant decor. Try their popular pre-theater prix-fixe menu for $32 per person before a show 5:30-6:45p.m or light fare in the lounge for those tight on time. 701 Pennsylvania Ave., NW (202) 393-0701 www.701restaurant.com Decanter at St. Regis Downtown \| French \| $$$ With the talents of Executive Chef Rondier, Alain Ducasse’s fresh and contemporary concept in the opulent St. Regis hotel, radiates casual elegance. The restaurant is ranked No. 6 on Washingtonian Magazine’s list of 100 Very Best Restaurants; it’s one of DC’s most romantic restaurants. The Macarons are a must try! 923 16th St., NW (202) 509-8000 www.Adour-WashingtonDC.com Bibiana Osteria Enoteca Downtown \| Italian \| $$$ Dubbed one of the “Best New Restaurants in America” by Esquire magazine in 2010 and one of the District’s hot spots, Bibiana offers authentic regional Italian cuisine in a chic modern backdrop. Executive Chef Nick Stefanelli offers a variety of well executed small plates, antipasti and regional specialties such as black spaghetti with Maryland Crab. 1100 New York Ave., NW (202) 216-9550 www.bibianadc.com 36 DC METRO August – September, 2014 D i n i n g Cuba Libre Fogo de Chao Taste the Old Havana with a menu inspired by the cuisines of various Latin regions and their expansive rum menu, with more than 75 premium varieties. Try one of their 15 mojitos, made with fresh sugar cane juice. Inside looks like a movie set with a streetscape of ornate carved wood replicated from vintage photographs. Meat lovers rejoice at this Brazilian Steakhouse where savory cuts of meat and old world traditions are celebrated. Enjoy the all-you-can-eat buffet and the ‘Passadores’ or meat waiters offering table side service of ‘rodizio’ such as, beef, pork, lamb, or chicken. It truly is a one-a-kind experience! Penn Quarter \| Cuban \| $$$ 801 Ninth St., NW (202) 408-1600 www.cubalibrerestaurant.com District Chophouse & Brewery Downtown \| American \| $$$ Located a block from the Verizon Center, the ChopHouse serves steakhouse classics and hand-cut chops, paired with handcrafted Ales brewed on site. Also fresh seafood and an extensive wine list, all in a unique turn of the century bank transformed into one of Washington’s hot spots. 509 7th St.,NW (202) 47-3434 www.chophouse.com Ella’s Wood-Fired Pizza Penn Quarter \| Pizza \| $$ Considered one of the best pizza places in the city, this is a popular restaurant features traditional, Neapolitan-style, thin crust pizza baked in a blistering-hot, wood-fired pizza oven. Enjoy happy hour seven days a week with $5 personal pizzas and $3.50 sangrias. 901 F St., NW (202) 638-3434 www.ellaspizza.com Penn Quarter \| Brazilian \| $$$ 1101 Pennsylvania Ave., NW (202) 347-4668 www.fogodechao.com Founding Farmers - DC Jaleo Penn Quarter \| Crystal City \| Arlington \| Spanish \| $$$ With three DC area locations to tempt you, Jaleo brings alive the spirit and flavors of Spain with a menu of tapas, or small plates, including savory paellas in a festive, yet casual atmosphere. Enjoy a glass of superb sangria or chose from a fine selection of Spanish wines. www.jaleo.com La Tasca Foggy Bottom \| American \| $$ Penn Quarter \| Alexandria Arlington \| Spanish \| $$ Founding Farmers offers a fresh Farm-to-Table American menu in a modern and eco-friendly setting. Dishes are made from scratch, inspired by the heartland with sustainably farmed products, with locally sourced items and in-season vegetables and fruits whenever possible. As the Greenest Restaurant in DC, Founding Farmers is a Certified Green Restaurant, a first for a Washington, DC, restaurant. Located in Chinatown, walking distance from the Verizon center, expect delicious tapas or small plates that are easy to sample and share, and the sangria is a must. Head out for the happy hour between 4-7 p.m. for discounted sangria and $3 selected dishes. Thursday nights the Sangria Pitchers are half price. Has five locations in the D.C./Baltimore area. 1924 Pennsylvania Ave., NW (202) 822-8783 www.WeAreFoundingFarmers.com 722 7th St., NW (202) 347-9190 www.latascausa.com Hard Rock Café Penn Quarter \| American \| $$ With locations all over the world, the Hard Rock in the nation’s capital is especially patriotic. The restaurant is very family friendly, affordable and has the best rock-n-roll memorabilia from stars such as Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson, and more! Always fun with great music. For the late night set, the restaurant has been hosting more and more live music. 999 E St., NW (202) 737-ROCK www.hardrock.com/washington Matchbox Penn Quarter \| Pizza \| $$ Known for its brick oven pizza and incredible mini-sliders, Matchbox offers American food in a modern setting. This restaurant includes a full bar, complete with a good beer and wine selection. Call ahead for reservations – it’s a popular place. Now with locations at 1901 14th St., NW and on Capitol Hill. 1901 145h St., NW (202) 289-4441 www.matchboxdc.com August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 37 Di n i n g 1 WASHINGTONIAN’S TOP 100 PREMIUM ENTRÉES. MOUTHWATERING STEAKS. EXCEPTIONAL SERVICE. Celebrated Chef Mike Cordero unveils Old Town’s newest steak destination N Spectacular Seafood Creole & Cajun Specialities EW 0777 808 KING STREET ALEXANDRIA, VA ! 3804 Mt. Vernon Ave. Alexandria 703-684-6010 Tempo Advert www.rtsrestaurant.net 10/27/04 3:19 PM Page 1 Reservations: 703 299 0777 808 KING ST. ALEXANDRIA, VA Simple Elegance, Exceptional Food “European & Californian cuisine consistently hits the high notes.” Joan Horwitt,Mid Atlantic Magazine One of Alexandria’s Best kept secrets... Nestled in the West End, this elegant but unpretentious neighborhood restaurant is where the locals dine. Ample free parking. Reservations are suggested. All major credit cards accepted. Fabulous Seafood Menu - Waterfront Dining Private Parties & Receptions - Experienced Event Planner Live Entertainment Friday & Saturday Nights 703.494.6373 4231 Duke Street • Alexandria, VA 703-370-7900 DC METRO August – September, 2014 www.madiganswaterfront.com Located on the Historic Occoquan River 201 Mill Street, Occoquan, Virginia 22125 Oya Restaurant & Lounge Zaytinya In a uberchic space, Oya offers an innovative menu of creative sushi, small plates and entrees that blends the best of Classic American with an Asian flair. Expect exceptional food for a modest price with its $38 3-course prix fixe dinner every night of the week. Even better, Oya offers a 3-course lunch for just $20 weekdays. Offering an innovative menu of mezze or ‘little dishes’, inspired by Turkish, Greek and Lebanese cuisines, in a sleek and modern setting. Under the direction of internationally renowned chef José Andrés, Zaytinya is a popular spot for happy hour, with its generous specials, creative cocktails and unique Mediterranean wines reflecting its rich regional diversity. Penn Quarter \| Eurasian \| $$ 777 9th St., NW (202) 393-1400 www.oyadc.com Oyamel Cocina Mexicana Penn Quarter \| Mexican \| $$ Part of internationally acclaimed Chef José Andrés’ ThinkFoodGroup, Oyamel is a vibrant fine dining Mexican restaurant offering innovative spins on ceviche, tacos, and moles. Sip a delicious $4 margarita at the bar Sunday through Friday from 4:30-6:30 p.m. or enjoy half-price wine. 401 7th St., NW (202) 628-1005 www.oyamel.com Rasika Penn Quarter \| Indian \| $$$ Rasika offers modern Indian cuisine exuberantly conceived and executed with precision and is considered one of the area’s best restaurants. The Palak Chaat is a must try! The dining room is opulent with plush fabrics, shimmering silk panels, stone floors and rich spice colors throughout. Now with a new location in West End, 1190 New Hampshire Ave., NW. 633 D St., NW (202) 637-1222 www.rasikarestaurant.com R.F.D. Penn Quarter \| American \| $ Beerlovers will revel in this brew heaven with hundreds upon hundreds to choose from, some even the most fanatic connoisseur may not have heard of. The menu is familiar bar fare. Did we mention they have beer? 810 7th St. NW (202) 289-2030 www.lovethebeer.com/rfd.html Rosa Mexicano Penn Quarter \| Mexican \| $$$ Offering high-end Mexican food, enjoy freshlymade guacamole mixed table-side and wash it all down with a refreshing margarita. Sip sangria, premium tequila or chose a glass from their expansive wine list while enjoying the festive, stylish and comfortable ambiance. 575 7th St. NW (202) 783-5522 www.rosamexicano.com Penn Quarter \| Mediterranean \| $$$ 701 9th St., NW (202)638-0800 www.zaytinya.com Georgetown 1789 Restaurant Georgetown \| American \| $$$$ Situated in an elegant two-story Federal townhouse, 1789 is the perfect spot to dine during the cold winter months with its festive holiday décor. In the main dining room, table #14 has the best view of the elegant historic fireplace. 1226 36th St., NW (202) 965-1789 www.1789restaurant.com Bangkok Joe’s Georgetown \| Asian Fusion \| $$ Located on the Georgetown Waterfront, Bangkok Joe’s has been rated the best spot for dumplings by Washingtonians. Enjoy authentic, yet modern Thai cuisine. They also offer a discounted Happy Hour menu 7 days a week from 5-7 p.m. 3000 K St., NW (202) 333-4422 www.bangkokjoes.com Cafe Milano Georgetown \| Italian \| $$$ Cafe Milano offers upscale Italian cuisine, topnotch service, and a place “to be seen” with any of the Hollywood celebs who frequent the area. Choose from their extensive wine list featuring vino from many Italian regions. J. Paul’s Georgetown \| American \| $$ One of D.C.’s most popular watering holes for the last 25 years, J. Paul’s offers classic American fare such as burgers, steaks, BBQ and seafood, such as fresh oysters. J.Paul’s also hosts brunch Saturday and Sunday. Don’t miss out on their complimentary signature soft pretzels! Drinks specials are also plentiful during their generous happy hour. 3218 M St., NW (202) 333-3450 www.j-pauls.capitalrestaurants.com Martin’s Tavern Georgetown \| American \| $$ Established in 1933, the renowned tavern is one of Washington D.C.’s most historic family-owned enterprises. For 75 years, Martin’s Tavern has been a must-visit corner stone in historic Georgetown for everyone from sitting Presidents and media icons, to city residents and worldly travelers. 1264 Wisconsin Ave., NW (202) 333-7370 www.martins-tavern.com Neyla Georgetown \| Mediterranean \| $$ The menu by Lebanese born Chef Housh melds all exotic Mediterranean cultures and offers a variety of mezza or small plates of vegetables, salads, grilled meats and fish set off by light, and subtly spiced sauces. Enjoy the intimate but relaxed atmosphere with friendly service. The Belly dancers offer unique entertainment on Saturday evenings. 3206 N St., NW (202) 333-6353 www.neyla.com Old Glory Georgetown \| Barbeque \| $ 3251 Prospects St., NW (202) 333-6183 www.cafemilano.net Old Glory captures the food, flavor and feel of America with good ol’ barbeque. Enjoy mouthwatering pulled pork, chicken, and ribs. Open 2-3 a.m. on weekend, perfect when out on the town. 3139 M St., NW (202) 337-3406 www.oldglorybbq.com Il Canale Georgetown \| Pizza \| $$ Georgetown \| Italian \| $$ Serving authentic Italian cuisine and the best thin crust gourmet pizza in DC, cooked in a wood-fired oven imported from Naples. This is where Italians go to eat Italian. Tucked away near the C&O Canal in the heart of Georgetown. 1063 31st St. NW (202) 337-4444 www.ilcanaledc.com Pizzeria Paradiso Celebrating its 21st anniversary, Pizzeria Paradiso offers hot Neapolitan pies made from a woodburning oven centered in the main dining room. Ask to sit downstairs during colder weather and warm up by the wonderfully cozy cellar complete with fireplace. Their impressive beer list includes more than a dozen on tap and more than 200 bottles. 3282 M St., NW (202) 337-1245 www.eatyourpizza.com August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 39 Di n i n g Sunday Brunch 10:30 am - 3:00 pm Monday - Thursday 11am - 10pm Friday - Saturday 11am - 11pm Sequoia Sunday Dinner 4pm - 10 pm Located inCenter Located in Lorton Town Lorton town Center 9020 Lorton Station Blvd Suite E Lorton, VA 22079 9020 Lorton Station Blvd Suite E 571.642.0605 Lorton, VA 22079 571-642-0605 Voted “Best Brunch in Northern Virginia” Sunday Brunch 10:30am - 3:00 pm Monday-Thursday 11am-10pm Friday-Saturday 11am-11pm Sunday Dinner 4pm - 10pm Georgetown \| Seafood \| $$$ New Wine Bar Enjoy a gorgeous sunset at Sequoia situated on the Enoteca waterfront overlooking the Potomac River. Enjoy fresh seafood while taking in the stunning riverfront Monday - Closed Tuesday view- Thursday through5pm the- 10pm large glass paneled walls. Friday - Saturday - 12am 3000 K St.,5pm NW Sunday 5pm - 10 pm (202) 944-4200 www.paneevino-ristorante.com www.arkrestaurants.com/sequoia_dc.html The Tombs Georgetown \| American \| $$ Unlike its fancy schmancy sibling, 1789, the Tombs, located in the basement beneath, is an outright college hang out. The menu offers reasonably priced bar and grill fare, such as burgers and fries; however their fried green tomato BLT sandwich is a favorite. It’s a cool place to people watch and meet some local youngins. 1226 36th St., NW (202) 337-6668 www.tombs.com Alexandria Asian Bistro Old Town\| Asian \| $$ Don’t let the modest exterior fool you. This PanAsian bistro offers freshly prepared dishes from Thailand, China, and Malaysia — all for a reasonable price. Sushi lovers will love their “Fire Roll”. 809 King Street (703) 836-1515 www.abristro.com Na m e d the Be One of st I t a l ian Menu si Wa s h n t h e ington Area The Best Mimosa Sunday Brunch in Northern VA Lunch Buffet Available Monday - Saturday Separate, Supervised Children’s Dining Room Fine Authentic Italian Dinner Served Nightly Live Entertainment 6124 Franconia Rd. Springfield, VA 703.922.6222 ParadisoRistorante.com Within minutes of Springfield and Alexandria Hotels Private Party Rooms and Full Catering for Corporate Meetings and All Special Events 40 DC METRO August – September, 2014 Bastille Old Town \| French \| $$$ Dine like an insider at this hidden gem in north Old Town. Transport to a rustic French village at this tucked away Gallic Bistro which offers seasonal authentic French cuisine but without the fine dining cost. Their 3-course $29 Sunday prix-fixe dinner is a steal! Bastille also has a terrific Sunday brunch. 1201 N. Royal Street (703) 519-3776 www.bastillerestaurant.com BRABO by Robert Wiedmaier/ Tasting Room Old Town \| Belgian/French \| $$$ Located inside the sophisticated Lorien hotel, just a few blocks from the King Street Metro, the award winning chef Robert Wiedmaier offers his mouthwatering Belgian-French fare in an elegant dining atmosphere. Stop in between 5-6:30 p.m. daily for steamed mussels and a glass of wine for just $15.00. 1600 King Street (703) 894-3440 www.braborestaurant.com Flat Iron Steak & Saloon Alexandria \| Steak \| $$ In the heart of historic Old Town, Alexandria, enjoy affordable, juicy steaks from local farms, and American fare. Locals rave about the Happy Hour, which ends at 8 pm. The atmosphere is lively and you can’t beat a menu of delicious appetizers for just $5. Try half price bottles of wine on Wednesdays or stop by on the weekend, Saturdays and Sundays for their very popular Steak & Eggs Brunch. 808 King St. (703) 922-6222 www.paradisoristorante.com Gadsby’s Tavern Old Town \| American \| $$ Established in 1770, Gadsby’s Tavern (and museum) is considered the finest Public House in America visited by our founding fathers. Enjoy the authentic American Revolution-era decor while sipping a beer like Thomas Jefferson, sitting where George Washington and John Adams sat. Also offers Sunday brunch: 11 a.m.-3 p.m. 138 N. Royal Street (703) 548-1288 www.gadsbystavernrestaurant.com La Bergerie Old Town \| French \| $$$ For more than twenty years, La Bergerie has offered guests classic French cuisine in a romantic and elegant ambiance. Diners revel in their signature light and fluffy soufflés, steak and frites, and exceptional wine list. For a more modest price point try their prix-fixe dinner menu. 218 N. Lee Street (703) 683-1007 www.labergerie.com Nina’s Dandy Old Town \| American \| $$$$ Enjoy a dinner cruise aboard the Nina’s Dandy with an unparalleled view of DC’s majestic monuments and beautiful Potomac River. With two climate controlled boats in the fleet, visitors can opt for a lunch or dinner cruise, as well as a champagne brunch each Sunday. Departs from the Old Town waterfront dock at Zero Prince Street. (703) 683-6076 www.dandydinnerboat.com Las Tapas Old Town \| Spanish \| $$ Offering the largest selection of authentic Spanish Tapas in the area with 76 appetizer varieties of lean grilled meats, fresh seafood and vegetables. Enjoy brunch every Saturday and Sunday 10 a.m.-3 p.m and their Flamenco dance performances every TuesdayThursday evenings; live Spanish bands Friday and Saturday nights. 710 King Street (703) 836-4000 www.lastapas.us August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 41 Di n i n g Paradiso – Alexandria/ Springfield Le Refuge Madigan’s Waterfront Celebrating almost 30 years, this charming and intimate French country restaurant offers traditional fare and excellent service. The prix-fixe daily specials are a steal. Enjoy house specialties such as Bouillabaisse, Salmon in crust, Rack of Lamb, Beef Wellington and Soft Shell Crabs with an extended French wine list. In the heart of historic Occoquan , Madigan’s offers formal dining on the waterfront under the stars. Enjoy casual waterfront dining on their topside deck or visit their tiki bar for a season cocktail. Known for it’s seafood and being very popular with the locals for a lively happy hour. Sip your cocktail on the deck, while watching for Ospreys flying down the Occoquan River. Old Town \| French \| $$$ 127 N. Washington Street (703) 548-4661 www.lerefugealexandria.com Occoquan \| Seafood \| $$ 201 Mill St. (703) 494-6373494-6373 www.madiganswaterfront.com Known for its great pizzas, made from an authentic wood burning brick oven. Their dough and sauce are made fresh daily inspired by old Sicilian family recipes dating back generations. In addition to classic Italian fare, Paradiso features an extraordinary Sunday Brunch. Enjoy their extensive banquet of breakfast and lunch dishes 10:00 am to 2:30 pm. Parents can enjoy a date night anytime with their Supervised Children’s Dining Area, a truly one of a kind concept. 6124 Franconia Rd. (703) 922-6222 www.paradisoristorante.com Taverna Cretekou Nationally Recognized • Festive Atmosphere Award-winning French and Basque cuisine La Bergerie is renowned for its charming atmosphere and Old World setting. Among the house specialties are lobster bisque, fresh foie gras, Dover sole, venison chops and dessert soufflés. Celebrating our 40th year! Zagat rated. Featured in DiRõNA since 1997. Extensive wine list that has won Wine Spectator’s Award of Excellence. Private rooms for any occasion. Business Casual Attire. Reservations Recommended. Validated Garage Parking. 703.683.1007 www.LaBergerie.com 218 North Lee Street, Old Town Alexandria Daily Lunch Buffet - 11:30am to 2:30pm \| Dinner - 5pm to 10pm Saturday - 12pm to 10:30pm \| Sunday Brunch - 11pm to 3pm Sunday Dinner - 5pm to 9:30pm 818 King Street, Old Town Alexandria, VA (p) 703.548.8688 (w) www.TavernaCretekou.com Providing memorable dining experiences for over 30 years. 42 DC METRO August – September, 2014 12/5/08 8:12:23 AM RT ’s Delray \| American \| $$ Don’t let the interior fool you. This family-friendly neighborhood restaurant has served up fresh seafood and Creole and Cajun specialties for more than 25 years. Try their famous Jack Daniels Shrimp, Spicy She-Crab Soup, Cajun Veal Oscar, and their popular Crawfish Etouffèe. 3804 Mount Vernon Ave. (703) 684-6010 www.rtsrestaurant.net The Wharf beers in a dining room made entirely in Italy while enjoying picturesque views of the Potomac River. Enjoy an excellent selection of baked goods, from hearty cinnamon buns to sun dried tomato bagels, as well as, Seattle’s Best branch coffee, using local roaster, The Daily Roast. Open daily. Located just 1 block from the Potomac riverfront, the Wharf has offered fresh traditional style seafood since 1971. Think meat and potatoes, but seafood. Enjoy whole Maine lobster, She Crab soup, local and soft shell crabs. 125 National Plaza (301) 839-1811 www.fiorellaspizzeriaecaffe.com 2300 Mt. Vernon Ave. (703) 739-9268 www.stelmoscoffeepub.com 119 King Street (703) 836-2836 www.wharfrestaurant.com St. Elmo’s Coffee Pub Old Town \| American \| $ Taverna Cretekou Old Town \| Greek \| $$ The inviting décor and authentic Greek menu with excellent wine offerings transports you to the Greek Isles. Enjoy at this welcoming, friendly, quiet neighborhood gem. Old Town \| American/Seafood \| $$$ National Harbor \| Italian \| $$$$ Tempo This Italian-themed steakhouse feels as historic as the Times Square original it was modeled after, but with gorgeous views of the Potomac River. Enjoy the plentiful antipasto bar with dozens of choices and their Prohibition style cocktails served in a tea cups. Dine at one of Alexandria’s best kept secrets featuring northern Italian and French cuisine specializing in fresh seafood. Are you a dessert lover? Then don’t miss one of the best pastry trays around. Cadillac Ranch 818 King Street (703)-548-8688 www.tavernacretekou.com West End Alexandria \| Italian \| $$ 4231 Duke Street (703) 370-7900 www.temporestaurant.com Warehouse Bar & Grill Old Town \| American/Seafood \| $$ Walking distance from the King Street metro, this quaint seafood and steak house offers quality fare at a great value. Their best dishes are Crab Cakes and their Cajun and Creole inspired dishes. Locals rave about their New Orleans style Sunday Brunch. 214 King Street (703) 683-6868 www.warehousebarandgrill.com 149 Waterfront St. (301) 839-1445 bond45.com National Harbor \| American \| $$ Step into this upscale saloon and transport to the wild west. Enjoy all American steaks, BBQ, and burgers. Stay for late night fun with cowboys who dare to ride the mechanical bull. 186 Fleet St. (301) 839-1100 www.cadillacranchgroup.com Fiorella National Harbor \| Italian \| $$ This New York pizzeria outpost offers more than 30 Roman style pizzas with house-made cheeses. Enjoy Italian specialty entrees, sexy wines and international Grace’s Mandarin National Harbor \| Asian Fusion \| $$$ East meets west with Grace’s eclectic menu of Pan Asian flavors that come together to arouse your taste buds. Enjoy an elegant yet casual atmosphere with views of the Potomac River from every table. Enjoy their Sushi bar, stylish cocktails, expansive selection of wines and large selection of sake. 188 Waterfront St. (301) 839-3788 www.gracesrestaurant.com McCormick and Schmick’s National Harbor \| Seafood\| $$$ Located on the scenic banks of the Potomac River, McCormick and Schmick’s features the freshest selection of seafood offered in the DC area. The “Fresh List” changes daily and exhibits catches from around the globe. 145 National Harbor (301) 567-6224 www.mccormickandschmicks.com Public House National Harbor \| American\| $$ Enjoy upscale American fare at this lively sports pub. With multiple big screen plasma televisions, you can be sure that you will have a view to watch the big game! Whether it is a DJ or Live Entertainment the late night atmosphere lets everyone enjoy their time away from work and the real world! 199 Fleet St. (240) 493-6120 www.publichousenationalharbar.com August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 43 Di n i n g Rosa Mexicano El Paso Mexican Restaurant PassionFish Enjoy upscale Mexican cuisine in a stylishly festive atmosphere with incredible water front views. Try the Pomegranate Margaritas or Guacamole en Molcajete, made tableside in a traditional lava-rock mortar. 153 Waterfront St. (301) 567-1005 www.rosamexicano.com Enjoy authentic Mexican fare made with the freshest ingredients in a lively atmosphere with bright colorful decor. The menu offers a variety of traditional dishes and flavors. El Paso operates five restaurants in the area, with their newest location at 9715 Fairfax Blvd in Fairfax, VA. Located in the bustling Reston Town Center, this family-friendly neighborhood favorite is dedicated to providing the finest quality, sustainable seafood available, all in a casual fine dining experience. National Harbor \| Mexican\| $$$ 6804 Commerce St. (703) 912-6166 www.elpasomexicanrestaurants.com Cafe Oggi Mon Ami Gabi McLean \| Italian \| $$ Celebrating 20 years, enjoy high quality light and contemporary Italian fare at this authentic trattoria at reasonable prices. Opt for one of their numerous daily specials and revel in their excellent friendly service by their Italian-speaking waiters. 6671 Old Dominion Dr. (703) 442-7360 www.cafeoggi.com Chef Geoff’s Tysons Corner-McLean \| DC \| Contemporary American \| $$$ Located on a cobblestone courtyard across from booming Tysons Corner shopping center, enjoy an upscale innovative American menu by Chef Geoff Tracy. Stop by for a terrific Sunday brunch and every Monday for half price wines. Enjoy the popular happy hour daily from 3-7 p.m. 8045 Leesburg Pike (571) 282-6003 www.chefgeoff.com Chima Brazilian Steakhouse Tysons Corner \| Brazilian \| $$$ An experience like no other! Enjoy their unique style of “Rodizio” service where Gauchos bring a rotation of a variety of beef, pork, chicken and fish directly to your table. The expansive salad bar offers over 30 items to accompany your meal. 8010 Towers Crescent Dr. (703) 639-3080 www.chimasteakhouse.com 44 DC METRO August – September, 2014 Reston \| French \| $$ Located in the bustling Reston Town Center, Mon Ami Gabi is a Classic French Bistro offering crepes, quiches, steaks and fresh seafood. French wines are served by the glass or the bottle from our rolling wine cart. 11950 Democracy Dr. (703) 707-0233 www.monamigabi.com Nostos Restaurant Vienna \| Greek/Mediterranean \| $$ The newest restaurant by the Pagonis family, who has served traditional Greek fare in the DC area for over twenty years, presents a fresh, modern take on Greek culinary culture. Stimulate your senses with a wide variety of “mezedes”, or small sharing-sized dishes, and fresh fish from the Mediterranean Sea. 8100 Boone Blvd. (703) 760-0690 nostosrestaurant.com Pane E Vino Lorton \| Italian \| $$ Enjoy authentic Southern Italian fare at this family-owned in an atmosphere reminiscent of a fine trattoria. Enjoy half price wine on Wednesday nights and a Sunday brunch buffet with many stations of made-to-order (10:30 a.m.-3 p.m.). Also visit the recently opened Wine Bar-Enoteca next door. 9020 Lorton Station Blvd. www.paneevino-ristorante.com Reston \| Seafood \| $$$ 11960 Democracy Dr. (703) 230-3474 www.passionfishreston.com Ruth’s Chris Steak House Fairfax \| American/Steak \| $$$$ This well-known steakhouse serves the finest USDA Prime beef available. Enjoy a hot, juicy and delicious steak in a warm, inviting atmosphere and Ruth’s Chris’ genuine hospitality. 4100 Monument Corner Dr. (703) 266-1004 www.ruthschris.com/Steak-House/ 3503/Fairfax Villa Mozart Fairfax \| Italian \| $$$ Italian born Chef-owner Andrea Pace offers seasonal Italian fare in a chic and comfortable setting without being pretentious. Take advantage of their $20 3-Course Prix Fixe Lunch (Monday to Friday) and $39 3-Course Prix Fixe Dinner (Monday to Thursday). 4009 Chain Bridge Rd. (703) 691-4747 www.villamozartrestaurant.com Neighborhoods Neighborhood Guide America’s Historic Main Streets Alexandria, Virginia hen a young George Washington surveyed the land that would later become his home town, he could not have imagined the fascinating future for which he was laying the foundation. Washington, of course, went on to become the beloved Father of our Country. His tiny hometown became Alexandria, Virginia, today a picturesque community with a rich and varied history located along the Potomac River just minutes from our nation’s Capitol – and one of America’s favorite historic destinations. From its early role as an 18th century seaport and home to America’s patriots, to its transition as a railroad center in the 19th century and its manufacturing days in the early 1900s, Alexandria has always been a center of commerce and innovation. Today it is home to high technology firms, national associations, retail and hospitality businesses, and the performing arts.But, it is the City’s historic ambiance and aura of historic significance combined with its urban sophistication that set Alexandria apart. Its Old Town district, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is filled with historic homes and commercial buildings that house trendy shops, galleries and restaurants. Set against this historic backdrop of Old Town, the City’s new Wireless Zone offers one the chance to catch up on emails, while enjoying a latte at an outdoor café. The Eisenhower Valley is home to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, offices, restaurants, entertainment, and a regional park. The West End is home to historic Fort Ward Civil War Museum, Landmark Mall, restaurants, several hotels, as well as Winkler Botanical Reserve. Alexandria is many things. To the dog lover, it is a destination that caters to man’s best friend. For those who love the arts, it is home to the famed Torpedo Factory Art Center, the Alexandria Symphony, and a season of Fall for the Arts events. For the lover of history, Alexandria honors its Scottish origins and multicultural heritage with parades and festivals throughout the year. August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 45 Neighborhoods George Washington’s Mount Vernon Estate Waterfront – Alexandria Alexandria Attractions 1 Ramsay House Visitor’s Center Follow the signs to Ramsay House, the home of William Ramsay, Scottish merchant and city founder. Here you will find detailed brochures of historic attractions, a walking tour map and guided tour information. Free. Hours: 9-5pm every day except Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Year’s Day 221 King Street, 703-746-4200 134 North Royal Street 703-746-4242 2 5 Christ Church Alexandria’s oldest church, “the Church Nigh Alexandria” was attended by George Washington and Robert E. Lee. Completed in 1773 this Colonial Georgian landmark is an active Episcopal parish today. Historic churchyard gravesites range from Yankee seamen in 1771 to Confederate prisoners-of-war. Charming gift shop. Open to the public. Donations accepted. Hours: 9-4 daily, 2-4:30 Sunday. Cameron and North Washington Streets, 703-549-1450 3 Gadsby’s Tavern Museum Gadsby’s Tavern Museum and the adjoining City Hotel (c. 1785 and 1792) provide the visitor with two outstanding examples of Colonial architecture. The 46 DC METRO August – September, 2014 Tavern was frequented by George Washington and was the site of the festive Birthnight Celebration. Today, Gadsby’s Tavern Restaurant offers authentic fare and the servers wear 18th-century attire. The original Tavern houses a museum of colonial furnishings. Open to the public. Admission. Hours: 10-5pm TuesdaySaturday, 1-5 Sunday & Monday. Last tour at 4:15. Carlyle House A lovely, imposing mansion built by John Carlyle in 1752. It was here that 5 royal governors were summoned by General Braddock to find a way to induce the colonists to pay for his campaign against the French and Indians. The Stamp Act which followed eventually provoked the American Revolution. Open to the public. Admission. Hours: 10-4 Tuesday through Saturday, noon-4pm Sundays. Last tour at 4 pm. 121 North Fairfax Street, 703-549-2997 6 Boyhood Home of Robert E. Lee Before the War of 1812, Light Horse Harry Lee brought his wife and their five children to live in this beautifully furnished house, built in 1795. Robert E. Lee spent his growing-up years as a student here, and although currently a private residence, commemorative plaques relate the fascinating history of this historic home and famous residents. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places. until 1918. Lloyd House served as barracks for WAVES, a rooming house, and a library. The building now house the Office of Historic Alexandria. Open Monday through Friday, Hours: 9:00am to 5:00pm. 7 607 Oronoco Street, 703-548-8454 The Lyceum Alexandria’s History Museum. Originally built in 1839 as a lecture hall and reading room, the building today offers exhibitions, regular concerts and lectures, and The Lyceum Museum Shop. Open Mon.-Sat., 10-5pm and Sun., 1-5pm, except Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Year’s. Donation Accepted. 201 S. Washington Street, 703-746-4994 9 Stabler-Leadbeater Apothecary Museum This apothecary shop was in operation from 1796 to 1933 and has a remarkable collection of herbal botanicals, hand blown glass, and medical equipment. Its manufacturing room is intact from the turn of the 19th century. Archival materials give a glimpse into history, with names of famous customers in documents. Admission. Wed.-Sat., 11-4, Sunday, 1-4. 105-107 South Fairfax Street, 703-746-3852 11 Lloyd House This gracious Georgian home was constructed in 1796 by John Wise, an early tavern keeper and tanner. In 1832, John Lloyd, a successful merchant bought the house and his family remained here 220 N. Washington Street. 703-746-4554 Lee-Fendall House Philip Fendall built this 1785 mansion where Light Horse Harry Lee wrote the farewell address from Alexandrians to George Washington when Washington left Mount Vernon to become the first president. There are guided tours daily. Admission. Hours: 10-4pm Tuesday through Saturday, 12-4 Sunday. Last tour 3:45. Closed Monday. (Occasional private parties on weekends) 614 Oronoco Street,. 703-548-1789 13 Torpedo Factory Art Center Once an actual torpedo factory, this jewel of Old Town Alexandria’s historic waterfront is now a premier art center attracting more than 500,000 visitors a year. Browse 6 public galleries and engage with more than 165 artists in open studios. Also home to The Art League School and the Alexandria Archaeology Museum. Free. Hours: 10am-6pm daily, Thursdays until 9pm. 105 North Union Street, 703-838-4565 14 Alexandria Black History Museum Alexandria Society for the Preservation of Black Heritage, the Museum documents the history of Alexandria’s African American community. The Center is housed in the Robert H. Robinson Library, which was built in 1940 as a segregated library for the black community. Open 10-4 Tues. through Saturday. Donations Accepted. 902 Wythe Street, 703-746-4356 15 Fort Ward Museum and Historic Site Fort Ward Museum houses a fine Civil War collection. Also to be enjoyed are a 45.2 acre historic park with restored bastion, picnic tables and an outdoor amphitheater. Free. Hours: 9-5pm Tuesday through Saturday, 12-5pm Sunday. 4301 West Braddock Road. 703-746-4848 16 George Washington Mason National Memorial Towering over the King Street Metro Station at Russell Rd., the Memorial provides a dazzling view of Alexandria, the Potomac River and surrounding areas. The top (330 feet high) can be reached by elevator. George Washington memorabilia on display. Daily 9-5pm. 703-683-2007 18 George Washington’s Mount Vernon Estate and Gardens George Washington’s Mount Vernon is America’s most popular historic estate. Visitors explore history first hand here, tour the Mansion and get to know the “real” George Washington. More than a dozen outbuildings are meticulously restored, including a major greenhouse, stables, slave quarters, and kitchen. The 500-acre estate also features museum exhibitions, active archeological digs, the Slave Memorial and Burial Ground, and new George Washington: Pioneer Farmer site. 703-780-2000, www.mountvernon.org 19 Freedom House Built around 1812 as a residence, this three story brick and adjoining buildings served as the offices of Franklin and Armfield Slave Market. From 1828 to 1861 more than 10,000 slaves were sold, over 3,750 of which were sent to work on cotton and sugar plantations throughout the South. Early in the Civil War the house was a military prison for black soldiers. By the end of the war it was a hospital serving black soldiers and contraband slaves who fled the South. Free. Hours: 9-5pm Monday-Friday. 1315 Duke Street, 703-836-2858 Founded in 1983 by the Parker-Gray Alumni Association and the August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 47 Best Neapolitan PIZZA In Washington Serving All Authentic Italian Cuisine 1063 31st St. NW 202.337.4444 Ilcanale.com 20 % off your entire check with this coupon, lunch and dinner Sunday through Thursday. Not valid with any other offer. Arlington rlington overlooks downtown D.C., with breathtaking views of monuments and memorials available from many locations. Besides having easy access to D.C. and walking distance to Georgetown, in the heart of Arlington lies the Arlington National Cemetery, final resting place of American war heroes and the Tomb of the Unknowns. Beyond the cemetery lies the Pentagon, home and headquarters for all American military operations. Whether here for business or pleasure, you’ll find plenty of places to relax or be entertained. Visitors can enjoy nearly every type of cuisine and entertainment served up at dozens of restaurants and clubs seven nights a week. If shopping is your thing, this is the right place. Shopping includes major retailers such as Macy’s and Nordstrom’s as well as hundreds of unique and interesting stores of all sizes. With over 1,100 acres of parkland and more than 100 miles of jogging, hiking and biking trails, you’ll find that Arlington is committed to proving just how green an urban county can be. 48 DC METRO August – September, 2014 Georgetown ich in history and culture, Georgetown is a charming and vibrant neighborhood, located in the Northwest quadrant of Washington, D.C. along the Potomac waterfront. Once a placid 18th century port, it is now a hip, action-packed town where you’re sure to find trendy restaurants, designer shops, ultra-cool bars, picturesque gardens, historic homes-turned museums, and a healthy dose of political intrigue. Georgetown offers high fashion stores, outdoor bars, and restaurants with ring-side views of local boat and crew races. Georgetown was founded in 1751, and retained its separate municipality until 1871, when its 10-mile square boundaries were eventually assimilated into the city of Washington, D.C. Georgetown grew into a thriving port, facilitating the trade of tobacco and other goods from colonial Maryland along the Potomac River and C&O canal. As Georgetown was founded during the reign of King George II of Great Britain, some speculate that the town was named after him. Another theory is that the town was named after its founders, George Gordon and George Beall. Georgetown is home to many historic landmarks including Dumbarton House, Tudor Place, and Old Stone House, the oldest original structure in Washington, D.C. On the west end of the neighborhood is the main campus of Georgetown University, founded as a Jesuit private university in 1789. The campus encompasses over 100 acres, accommodating student residences, athletic facilities and the medical school. Surrounded by parkland and green spaces that serve as buffers from development in adjacent neighborhoods, Georgetown is situated on bluffs that overlook the Potomac. As a result, there are some rather steep grades running north to south, and for that reason, there is no metro station in Georgetown! The primary commercial corridors of Georgetown include M Street and Wisconsin Avenue, offering high fashion stores, outdoor bars, and restaurants with ring-side views of local boat and crew races. Fairfax County rom their beloved Fairfax County homes at Mount Vernon and Gunston Hall, George Washington and George Mason led the patriots in the cause of freedom during the 18th century. In the 21st century, Fairfax County draws visitors from around the world – whether they have an interest in the Civil War, national monuments or even such modern pursuits as shopping or outdoor recreation. Fairfax County’s historical sites tell the wonderful story of the development and growth of our nation. George Washington’s Mount Vernon Estate & Gardens is the most visited historic home in America. Gunston Hall, the home of George Mason, paints a vivid picture through tours and exhibits, of how this founding father was instrumental in developing strategies that allowed our young nation to prosper. The history doesn’t stop at our founding father’s doorstep as multiple Civil War sites await your exploration such as Sully Historic site, St. Mary’s Church, Chantilly Battlefield, and multiple Civil War trails in and around Historic Herndon and Centreville. If you want a more futuristic journey while in Fairfax County, the National Air and Space Museum Steven F. Udvar Hazy Center is the place for you. Over 120 aircraft, 135 spacecraft, and many other historic artifacts are on display. There is also an IMAX Theater, flight simulators, and informational programs going on throughout the year to give visitors one of the most complete museum experiences found anywhere. With its close proximity to Washington, D.C. many visitors to Fairfax County are surprised to find out that over 30,000 acres of parkland have been set aside so that nature can still be enjoyed today as it has been since Fairfax County’s founding. Great Falls National Park greets visitors with cascading rapids and several 20 foot waterfalls, with a total 76 foot drop in elevation over a distance of less than a mile. Nature lovers can find seclusion amidst Northern Virginia’s urban environment by visiting prime wildlife sanctuaries such as Huntley Meadows Park, Mason Neck State Park and Wildlife Refuge, Burke Lake and Pohick Bay Regional Park. Fairfax County is even home to the only National Park dedicated solely to the performing arts. Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts allows concertgoers to experience the great outdoors while enjoying music from some of the most famous musical artists in the world. Fairfax County also offers a shopping experience to visitors that some claim is the best on the East Coast outside New York City. The county’s six regional malls (Tysons Corner, Tysons Galleria, Fair Oaks Mall, Springfield Mall, Dulles Town Center and Landmark Mall) plus its many dedicated shopping areas such as Reston Town Center, Fair Lakes and Fairfax Square, offer an array of shopping from Nordstrom’s, Bloomingdales and Macy’s to small specialty boutiques stores to large discounters like Old Navy, DSW Shoes, Target, and Walmart. Whether you are staying in Tysons, Springfield, Reston, Centreville, or Herndon you’ll find everything you need from exquisite dining, a superb shopping, entertainment and historical experience. August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 49 Neighborhoods National Harbor he area’s newest destination has popped-up on the Potomac, minutes from the Woodrow Wilson Bridge on Interstate 95. This spectacular urban-waterfront community offers incredible views of downtown Washington, DC and Old Town Alexandria. It is an exciting, sprawling community that includes fine restaurants, unparalleled shopping, pedestrian friendly plazas, three piers and harbors and an array of outdoor artwork which features the 70 ft long sculpture “The Awakening,” by J. Steward Johnson. Town Center includes familiar national retailers and many unique local boutiques. Restaurants range from white tablecloth restaurants to casual cafes, both acclaimed national restaurants as well as local and regional eateries, 2,000 SF of retail, dining, and entertainment space. 50 DC METRO August – September, 2014 You can set sail on lunch, dinner or sightseeing cruises and experience the beauty and splendor of the Potomac. During the summer, National Harbor’s Fleet Street comes to life at night with live music, dance and interactive entertainment. Visitors enjoy performances of jazz, blues and Top 40 music by national, regional and local entertainers every Friday evening all summer long. Check out all the unique and various activities during the year such as the Yacht Show, Food and Wine Festival, the Weekly American Marketplace and entertainment such as the “Ice” show. Easily accessible by auto, there is also water taxi service from Old Town Alexandria, Georgetown and Mount Vernon. www.nationalharbor.com D i n i n g Newseum – Penn Quarter Penn Quarter hether you’re a long time visitor or brand new to the sights of the city, there’s a new vibrant area of the city to explore. You’re in for a real treat and probably a surprise – when you visit the Penn Quarter downtown. Once down-trodden the neigh- borhood along 7th Street, N.W., extending from Chinatown to Pennsylvania Avenue not only has been revitalized but, in fact, is becoming the heartbeat of the city. The opening of the Verizon Center in 1997, which brought the Washington Wizards and Capitals to town from the suburbs, surged like an electric shock through the area. Suddenly, wherever you turn, there is something to see: a fascinating portal into the world of espionage at the International Spy Museum, the wonders of science revealed through fabulous interactive exhibits at the Mariam Koshland Science Museum, standing next to the life-like Barack and Michele Obama figures at Madame Tussunds, the first federal art collection at the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the newly reopened National Portrait Gallery and the Washington Area Law Enforcement Officers Memorial. And this just scratches the surface. Penn Quarter is at the center of a vibrant theater community that includes the Shakespeare Theater, the venerable Ford’s Theater, Warner Theater, National Theater, as well as the smaller but as exciting Wooly Mammoth Theater and Warehouse. Street transportation is plentiful, but the Chinatown-Gallery Place Metro stop is one of the main hubs in the region’s world class subway system. It has sparked a revived Chinatown, the explosive growth of myriad shops and restaurants in Gallery Place and the luxury condominiums seemingly sprouting up everywhere around Penn Quarter. The city has long been one of the restaurant capitals of the world, from the Spy Museum’s adjoining Shake Shack to critical acclaimed dining experiences like Zaytinya, Carmine’s District Chop House, Jaleo and Rosa Mexicana. In between are restaurants with some of the most sought-after tables in the city, funky kaiten sushi outposts, the terrific classics in Chinatown and the best steaks and seafood you can find. If it weren’t for the national monuments, the Capitol and other attractions down on the Mall, the bustling Penn Quarter would be reason enough to visit Washington. With DC Metro as your guide, we invite you to explore. August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 51 Historic Occoquan National Harbor In addition to a variety of great shops and restaurants at Union Station, popular boutiques, cafes, and bars dot Barracks Row (south of the Eastern Market metro stop) in this friendly neighborhood that was founded in the 19th century. Metro: Union Station, Eastern Market Nestled on the Occoquan River just minutes from I-95 in Prince William County, historic Occoquan is a charming town that was founded in 1758. The pedestrian-friendly streets offer an eclectic mix of art galleries, shops, restaurants, and businesses. Just over the Woodrow Wilson Bridge from Virginia, National Harbor is rapidly becoming a shopping and dining destination. Unique boutiques and art galleries line Waterfront St. in the heart of the area. Check out America! giving you the chance to purchase artifacts of American history in the making or Fossil with fashions and accessories for both men and women alike. A little more on the youthful side are the fashions of South Moon Under. There is even a Harley-Davidson store that caters to the passion for the brand. Easy in and easy to park. Clarendon Arlington’s Clarendon neighborhood has blossomed into a hub of activity over the last few years as restaurants, lounges, shops such as Pottery Barn, Williams-Sonoma, and Apple, boutiques, and luxury condo buildings have popped up in the booming neighborhood. It has become the place for young movers and shakers to live and play. Metro: Clarendon Eastern Market A beloved city institution that was nearly destroyed by a devastating fire in 2007, the renovated public market is in full swing on weekends, when vendors offer a variety of food, produce, meats, breads and pastries, arts, antiques, crafts, and imported goods for sale. Metro: Eastern Market Logan Circle/14th Street The reborn neighborhood has sprouted trendy restaurants, bars, and boutiques over the last few years, most of them concentrated on 14th Street between N and S Streets. The buzz-y neighborhood is populated with sophisticated locals. Old Town Alexandria A beautiful colonial town on the Potomac River, just south of DC, features more than 200 boutiques, shops, galleries, and award-winning restaurants, many in renovated 17th century buildings along King Street and on many side streets. Metro: King Street, with connections via the King St. Trolley and/or DASH bus service. Fair Oaks Mall Located in Fairfax at the intersection of Routes 50 and I-66, the centrally located mall is anchored by Macy’s and Lord & Taylor and features stores from Apple to Michael Kors to Williams-Sonoma. (703) 359-8300 www.shopfairoaksmall.com Georgetown A vibrant, historic neighborhood on the Potomac River teeming with an eclectic mix of restaurants, chain stores, such as JCrew, Urban Outfitters, and Club Monaco, small boutiques, and bars that line M Street and Wisconsin Avenue. This is one of the most popular destinations for young, hip urbanites in DC. Metro: Foggy Bottom August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 53 Shopping Potomac Mills Outlet Mall Reston Town Center 220 manufacturer outlets and discount stores offering brand and designer merchandise like Spiegel, Nordstrom, Polo, Nautica, Saks, Calvin Klein just to name a few. Just off 195 south of Woodbridge. 2700 Potomac Mills Circle Woodbridge, VA This busy outdoor mall in Reston combines the charm of an Italian piazza and a French boulevard. More than 50 stores and 30 restaurants, an open-air pavilion that features ice-skating in winter, and a movie theater make this a popular destination. 11900 Market St. Reston, VA (703) 689-4699 www.restontowncenter.com Premium Outlets® • military gifts for retirements & promotions • ships wheels • ships clocks • barometers • tide clocks • military flag cases • shadow boxes • military ball caps & tee shirts • decanters • glasses 1677 Crystal Square Arcade, Arlington, VA 22202 703.413.6289 www.shipshatch.com All Things Vera Bradley Discover Premium Outlet Shopping® at three convenient area locations. Shop Leesburg Corner (VA), Hagerstown and Queenstown (MD) Premium Outlets and find savings of 25% to 65% every day at stores including Burberry, Coach, Juicy Couture, Kate Spade New York, Lacoste, Polo Ralph Lauren, Saks Fifth Avenue Off 5th and much more. (Stores vary by center.) For complete information and to join the VIP Shopper Club, visit premiumoutlets.com Imperfections Antiques & Other Great Stuff Come to this warm and friendly shop chock full of antiques and “great stuff” all gathered by owner Nancy Deitchman to bring that special touch to your home. Nancy specializes in a wide variety of antique, vintage and collectible furniture with an eye to charm and quality at affordable prices. In addition to all kind of furniture, items include vintage chandeliers, bronzes, lamps, Staffordshire and Hummel figurines, along with rugs and original oil paintings, watercolors and lithographs. Paintings by listed artist Ron Van Sweringen and most recently, by impressionist Zakhar Sasim whose scenes of Washington D.C. and its surrounding landmarks are an exclusive highlight of the art collection. If you don’t find what you are looking for, just ask Nancy – she will be glad to go on the hunt for you – or make it! Monday-Tuesday by appointment; Wednesday-Friday 11 a.m.-5 p.m.; Saturday 11 a.m.-6 p.m.; Sunday 12-5 p.m. 1210 King St. (703) 837-1670 Collectibles, advertiques, furniture, clocks, lamps, quilts, depression and glassware , china, silver, copper, brass, prints, paintings, nutcrackers, books, records, pottery, bottles, dolls, jewelry, furniture in storage. Inventory sales. Tuesday – Saturday 10 a.m.-6 p.m.; Sunday 12-5 p.m. 1515 Mount Vernon Ave. (703) 519-3555 (703) 548-3354 Why Not? 125 Mill Street Occoquan, VA 703-491-0635 54 DC METRO August – September, 2014 Boasting more than 300 shops, Nordstrom, L.L. Bean, Bloomingdale’s, five fine dining restaurants, and a 16 screen movie theatre, Tysons Corner Center is the area’s largest mall and is adjacent to the Capital Beltway at Chain Bridge Road, McLean (703) 893-9400 www.shoptysons.com Alexandria Shopping Potomac West Interiors and Antique Gallery Ka Lei Pua Tysons Corner Center WHY NOT? has toys for all ages. If you’re shopping for newborns, older youngsters or someone who is just young at heart, you are certain to find the perfect gift. MondayThursday: 10:00 to 5:30; Friday-Saturday: 10:00 to 6:00; Sunday: 12:00 to 5:00. 200 King St., (703) 548-4420 Arts Afire Glass Gallery Arts Afire Glsss Gallery, featured in American Style Magazine and similar publications, offers contemporary American and alternative crafts. Craft art includes beads, jewelry, glass, pottery, fiber, turned wood, kaleidoscopes and furniture; decorative and functional objects. The Gallery features more than 400 award-winning, artisans. Some artists are local, but most are national and international in origin. Many show their work exclusively. Others provide work rarely found elsewhere. A helpful staff stands ready to assist with your selections. Prices are affordable and gift wrapping is complimentary. The gallery is easily accessible. A parking garage is located nearby, as is the King Street Metro Station. Daily 11 a.m.–6 p.m.; Sunday 12-5 p.m. 1117 King St. (703)838-9785 Imagine Artwear Featuring a collection of contemporary clothing, jewelry and crafts by American artists. One of a kind, limited edition and custom order artwear. Great gifts. Winner of Top 100 Retailer of American Craft Award. Regular hours, Monday- Saturday 10 a.m.-7 p.m., Sunday 11 a.m.-5 p.m. 1124 King St. (703) 548-1461 Potomac Craftsmen Fiber Gallery The gallery is located in Studio 18 of the Torpedo Factory Art Center in Old Town Alexandria on the waterfront. Washington DC’s first co-operative fiber gallery has 70 members some of whom are published, teach and have won awards in the fiber arts genre. New juried shows are installed monthly which include original works in jewelry, scarves, clothing, woven, knitted or crocheted items, as well as handmade paper, wall hangings, fiber sculptures and a variety of other innovative work. The gallery is open daily from 11 a.m-5 p.m.. Alexandria Art Nights are the second Thursday of the month with extended hours until 8 p.m. Free admission. 105 N. Union St., Studio 18 (703) 548-0935 www.potomaccraftsmengallery.com Torpedo Factory Art Center One of the world’s premier art centers – 165 artists in 82 studios, 2 workshops, and 6 galleries! Engage with artists at work in open studios with an opportunity to commission pieces and purchase the finest original paintings, photography, sculpture, ceramics, fiber art and more. Open daily 10am-6pm (Thursdays until 9pm). Free admission. 105 North Union Street (703) 838-4565 www.torpedofactory.org SuperStarTickets.com is the premiere source for all of the hottest events nationwide. Visit our website or download our app to find amazing tickets at low prices! For a limited time, save 10% with the code DCMETROMAG www.SuperStarTickets.com Katy Perry DC United Washington Redskins Washington Nationals Bruno & More! - Malcolm Nance, US Naval Intelligence, Torture & Escape Experience espionage and undercover secrets from the people who practiced them professionally. REAL SPIES. REAL STORIES. spymuseum.org TM 800 F St. NW Washington, DC 10101100101010100010001100110011110101101011001010101100101 GET $3 OFF GENERAL ADMISSION WITH THIS AD Available for purchase in-person only. Offer valid through 8/29/14. Cannot be combined with any other promotional offer. Code: DCMetro 010101000111011001010101000100011001100111101011010110010101101011010110	Hope Diamond
What is the more common name for the Moorland shrub known as ling?	DC Metro Magazine, Aug. 2014 - Sep. 2014 by John Parisi - issuu August â€“ September, 2014 Celebrating Our Most Famous Flag DCMetroMagazine.com @DCMetroMagazine SAVE $5 www.madametussauds.com/washington 1001 F Street NW, Washington, D.C 20004 • 1-866-823-9565 Metro: Red, Blue, Orange Line – Exit Metro Center – 11th and G Streets NW Red, Green, Yellow Line – Exit Gallery Place – 9th and G Streets NW Present this at the time of purchase and receive $5 Off an Adult Admission Ticket. Discount is not valid for advance ticket purchases and cannot be combined with any other offers. Valid up to 8 guests. The images shown depict wax figures created and owned by Madame Tussauds. All figures appear in wax. Madame Tussauds reserves the right to remove and/or change figures in the attraction. On occasion, Madame Tussauds may close for special events. Please call ahead for updates. exp 12/31/14 code V547 August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 3 In This Iss u e S ta f f F e at u r e s Publisher & Editor John Parisi Design & Layout Chris Mahon Events Editor Kathleen McDonough Alexandria Editor Kathleen McDonough Dining Editor Lisa Shapiro Contributing Writers Gabby Birkman Amy Trotter Houston Beth Kanter Kathleen Landrum Kathleen McDonough Account Executives Richard Mundy Rosalind Smith John Parisi Social Media Editor Erica Moody EDITORIAL AND WEBSITE INTERN JAMES MIESSLER CAP Media, Inc. PO Box 2356 Springfield, VA 22152 Issue 0603 All rights reserved. Reproduction of any material within the publication is strictly prohibited without the written consent of the publisher. Single copy $3.75. While every precaution is taken to ensure the accuracy of information herein, CAP Media, Inc. assumes no responsibility for losses incurred due to inaccurate information. CAP Media, Inc., 2356 Springfield, VA 22152 (703) 455-9223. Published 6 times per year. Events & Theater Sections Capital Wheel National Harbor Welcome to Washington, DC, One of the Most Popular Destinations in the World! W ith 16 million people flocking to DC annually, both visitors and locals alike know that this is a city steeped in history—and history in the making. This is the place to explore the best of our country’s historic landmarks, inspiring monuments and the many museums housing the artifacts that tell the story of a nation. But there’s even more to enjoy when you’re in DC. In addition to the area’s expected attractions and activities, in August and September visitors will be thrilled to find that the quintessential summer activities abound. Music in the fresh air is a staple of the season, with opportunities to enjoy just about every genre at outdoor venues all around the DC-Metro. And movies under the stars are another favorite summer tradition, with films offered “al fresco” in several neighborhoods. Even better, all film series and most concerts are FREE! 6 53 Shopping But these aren’t the only ways to embrace summer in the area. With the debut of the spectacular Capitol Wheel —offering incomparable views from 180 feet above the Potomac River—National Harbor has added a new regional icon to its expansive roster of world-class outdoor activities, many FREE of charge, that promise an unforgettable All-American experience. In addition to the Wheel, visitors can enjoy the 36-foot Americana-themed Carousel, a crab and beer fest, dragon boat races, fireworks and dancing fountain shows, even performances by the worldrenowned Cirque du Soleil under the striped big top. And be ready to get out your red, white and blue for a second time this summer in commemoration of the 200th anniversary of the War of 1812 and the penning of our national anthem, “The Star-Spangled Banner”. Cannonfire and fireworks will pepper the conclusion of bicentennial celebrations throughout the area, culminating in the 10-day Star-Spangled Spectacular in Baltimore that will feature tall ships, air shows by the U.S. Navy Blue Angels, live broadcast concert at the Inner Harbor and a fireworks and light show at Ft. McHenry that is predicted to be a record-setting, jaw-dropping spectacle! So break out the sunblock and flip flops, because there’s still plenty of summer to enjoy and unique ways to stay cool and be cool—inside, outside, day or night— in and around our nations’ capital. As you’re sure to discover, DC and its surrounding region is much, much more than just marble monuments and memorable museums. And DC Metro Magazine is pleased to be your guide to our dynamic city and its surrounding areas that offer nearly limitless opportunities to experience the best in history, culture, dining, shopping and unique scenic adventures. Our mission is to make sure you experience and enjoy all that DC has to offer! The Staff of DC Metro Magazine C ONTAC T For advertising or distribution (703) 455-9223 DCMetroMagazine.com August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 5 In & Around Wolf Trap Center for the Performing Arts IN& AROUND the Beltway Daily The Capital Wheel at National Harbor The newest addition to DC’s iconic skyline will have visitors feeling like they’re sitting on top of the world! Marvel at incomparable views of the White House and Capitol, Arlington Cemetery, the historic City of Alexandria and beyond as you soar 180 feet above the Potomac River from the comfort of closed, climate-controlled gondolas. There’s no better way to take in the Nations’ Capital and the beauty of its changing seasons than from the bird’s eye view offered by this exciting observation wheel, one of an elite group around the globe. Adult: $15; Senior/Military: $13.50; Child (11&under): $11.25. 10am-11pm. National Harbor, 165 Waterfront Street, National Harbor, MD 20745 www.nationalharbor.com Mondays in August Crystal Screen Summer Films This crowd-pleasing outdoor film festival presents “In Flight”, an offering of aviation-themed blockbuster movies under the stars. There’s no better place to meet friends and enjoy a leisurely and affordable night out with dinner and a movie, whether a take-out picnic on the grass or a traditional sit-down dinner at a nearby Crystal City restaurant. (Or stop by the Washington Wine Academy tent for $5 craft beer and wines; open from 7pm till movie start.) FREE! Movies shown at sundown, rain or shine. 1851 South Bell Street (across from the Crystal City Metro Station), Arlington, VA 22202 www.crystalcity.org 6 DC METRO August – September, 2014 Fridays in August Jazz in the Garden Now in its 14th year, The National Gallery of Art’s concert series features an array of jazz artists performing a range of styles every Friday evening in the Sculpture Garden. FREE! 5-8:30pm. The National Gallery of Art Sculpture Garden, 7th and Constitution NW, Washington, DC 20565 www. nga.gov/programs/jazz Fridays in August Summer Nights at the Air Force Memorial Grab a friend and spend a musical summer evening at the Air Force Memorial as part of the Air Force Band Summer Concert Series. The spectacular view of the capital skyline from across the Potomac River will be underscored by the new and classic big band repertoire presented by the Air Force Band and its ensembles. FREE! 8pm. Air Force Memorial, One Air Force Memorial Drive, Arlington, VA 22204 www.usafband.af.mil $10; 6&under: FREE; reduced prices through Sept. 14 and for groups. 10am-7pm. Revel Grove, 1821 Crownsville Road, Annapolis, MD 21401 www.rennfest.com Fridays in August and September Sundays in August and September Outdoor Concerts at Yards Park Movies on the Potomac Maryland Renaissance Festival Nothing says summer like an evening under the stars — and there’s no better way to enjoy the season than at National Harbor’s weekly outdoor movie series. Lawn chairs or blankets are recommended. Snacks and non-alcoholic drinks are permitted; no alcohol allowed. FREE! Movies start approximately 20 minutes after sunset and all movies are rated PG. National Harbor, 137 National Plaza, National Harbor, MD 20745. For show times and titles: www.nationalharbor.com Everyone’s “rockin’ on the riverfront” this summer! This popular riverfront destination, located near the Washington Navy Yard and Nationals Park, is a great place to unwind and listen to a variety of music, ranging from reggae to 80’s to R&B. Bring a picnic or purchase food and beverage at the Park. FREE! 6:30-8:30pm. The Yards Park, 355 Water Street SE, Washington, DC 20003 www.capitolriverfront.org Small town charm just a short drive from DC! Saturdays in August Fireworks and Fountain Show at Gaylord National Resort National Harbor hosts a fabulous summer fireworks show over the Potomac River that can be enjoyed throughout the Gaylord National Resort, whether from a window table at one of the resort restaurants or along the hotel’s waterfront. And don’t miss the resort’s amazing atrium water fountain that “dances” to music, with water that shoots 60-feet high! FREE! Fountain shows held nightly on the hour at 6, 7 and 8pm; fireworks at 9:30pm Saturdays in August. Gaylord National Resort, National Harbor, Maryland www.nationalharbor.com Old Town Winchester Weekends, Starting August 23 Maryland Renaissance Festival Hankering for turkey legs served by saucy wenches? This annual fun family event features all the merriment of the Renaissance era including food, music, games, jousting, shopping and lots more! Adult: $22; Senior (62+): $19; Child (7-15): Civil War Battlefields Marine Corp Sunset Review Parade Twilight Tattoo Delivering another spectacular mix of artistic circus arts and dramatic street entertainment, Cirque’s latest extravaganza comes to town and invites DC audiences to a mysterious island where beauty and courage await! Under The Grand Chapiteau (Big Top) at The Plateau at National Harbor, 300 Waterfront Street, National Harbor, MD 20745 www.cirquedusoleil.com A one-hour performance, the Sunset Parade features the music of “The Commandant’s Own”, the U.S. Marine Drum and Bugle Corps and precision drill by the Marine Corps Silent Drill Platoon. Spacious lawns provide ample room for guests to bring lawn chairs and blankets for informal viewing. FREE! 6:30-7:30pm. Iwo Jima /U.S. Marine Corp War Memorial, Marshall Drive, between Route 50 and Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, VA 22209 www.marines.mil Blending the precision and discipline of the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard) with the orchestral sounds of The U.S. Army Band, “Pershing’s Own”, the popular outdoor ceremonial Twilight Tattoo is an hour-long sunset military pageant that pays tribute to the sacrifices of those who served. Pre-ceremony pageantry begins at 6:45pm, Tattoo at 7pm. FREE! Grass seating is available – blankets or lawn chairs suggested. Performances located at Summerall Field (June) and Whipple Field (July) at Joint Base MyerHenderson Hall (adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery), 204 Lee Avenue, Fort Myer, Arlington, VA 22209 www.twilight.mdw.army.mil August 9 City of Alexandria Irish Festival Slainte mhath! (Good Health!) The music, food and culture of Ireland will be celebrated as Old Town hosts its annual Irish Festival. FREE! 11am7pm, rain or shine. Waterfront Park, 1 Prince Street (on the Potomac River between King and Prince Streets), Alexandria, VA 22314. www.Ballyshaners.org August 14 and September 11 Second Thursday in Old Town Old Town Alexandria’s the place to be on the second Thursday of the month for unique interactive art events. The waterfront area of lower King Street finds the arts bubbling up at the Torpedo Factory Art Center, with live performances, DIY activities, contests, art receptions and more. And with world-class dining available at Old Town’s acclaimed restaurants, Thursday becomes the new Saturday! FREE! 6-9pm. Torpedo Factory Art Center, 105 N. Union Street and restaurants throughout Alexandria, VA 22314 www.torpedofactory.org/events August 15 – 16 Chickasaw Festival The Chickasaw Nation of Oklahoma will celebrate its tribal heritage and history with two-days of food, hands-on activities and performances, including dancing, singing, storytelling and other cultural arts such as beading, woodwork, pottery, weaving and more. Come join in and get to know the Chickasaw people. FREE! National Museum of the American Indian, 4th Street & Independence Ave., SW Washington, DC 20024 www.nmai.si.edu August 15-24 Alexandria Restaurant Week With more than 50 participating restaurants, Alexandria, VA is a culinary hot spot this summer. This 10-day, two-weekend event entices diners to enjoy a tantalizing $35 prix fixe, three-course meal 8 DC METRO August – September, 2014 Chickasaw Festival or dinner for two. View Restaurant Week menus and make reservations online at: VisitAlexandriaVA.com August 16 Chesapeake Crab & Beer Fest Get crackin’ and experience a true regional summertime tradition at this all-you-care-to-taste extravaganza! Complete with tens of thousands of crabs, over 50 beers and wines, arts & crafts, live music, family fun and much more, all under huge tents that make the most of the beautiful summer breezes off the Potomac River. Advance and on-site ticket packages available. Two sessions: 11am-3pm and 5pm9pm. Waterfront and Piers at National Harbor, 137 National Plaza, National Harbor, MD 20745 www.mdcrabfest.com August 17-24 6th Annual DC Beer Week Craft beer fans rejoice! Each year since its inception this celebration of good beer in the National Capital Region—from conception to consumption and everything in between—has grown larger, now offering more than 180 separate events during the weeklong festival. Enjoy panel discussions, beer dinners, glassware giveaway happy hours, a beer dinner cruise on the Potomac River and more. At venues throughout DC, Virginia and Maryland. www.dcbeerweek.net. August 30 Library of Congress National Book Festival This national celebration of the joy of reading returns for it’s 14th year and promises to be better than ever, offering renowned writers, poets and illustrators in an expanded selection of genre pavilions. Meet and hear firsthand from favorite poets and authors, get books signed, have photos taken with storybook characters and much, much more! More than 100 authors will headline, including Sandra Day O’Connor, Elizabeth McCracken, Mona Simpson, and local chef Cathal Armstrong. This year the festival will hold evening hours for the first time with special events taking place between 6-10 p.m. FREE! Walter E. Washington Convention Center, 801 Mt. Vernon Place NW, Washington, DC 20001 www.loc.gov/bookfest August 24 Dragon Boat Regatta The 3rd Annual National Harbor Dragon Boat Regatta is a familyoriented event that celebrates Asian cultures, diversity, ethnicity, roots and history. Dragon boat racing is an exciting team competition and this event features the best local and premier dragon boat teams from along the east coast racing in multiple distances. FREE! First race: 8:30am, last race: 4pm. Spectators are welcome to watch the race from the waterfront plaza and piers. National Harbor, 137 National Plaza, National Harbor, MD 20745. www.nationalharbordragonboat. com August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 9 26th Annual DC Blues Festival Virginia Scottish Games Enjoy an afternoon of live blues by outstanding local and national acts, plus workshops and more - including children’s activities. FREE! 12-7:30pm. Carter Barron Amphitheater, 4850 Colorado Avenue (near the intersection 16th Street and Colorado Avenue), NW Washington, DC 20008 www.dcblues.org The Scottish Games is a unique annual festival that celebrates Alexandria, VA’s Scottish heritage, with the cornerstone of the event being the highland athletic competitions. Visitors will also enjoy piping & drumming, highland dancing, fiddling competitions as well as sheep-herding demonstrations, vendors & crafters, clan and society exhibits, children’s activities, live entertainment and plenty of Scottish food and drink. 9am-6pm. Saturday concert until 9pm. Adult: $20; Child (5-12): $5; 4&under: FREE. Dogs welcome! Great Meadow, 5089 Old Tavern Road, The Plains, VA 20198 www.vascottishgames.org August 31 Labor Day Capitol Concert Take a break from your labors and end the summer on a musical note with the National Symphony Orchestra at this annual concert on the US Capitol grounds. FREE! 8pm; gates open at 3pm. Please note: no alcohol consumption permitted. West Lawn of the US Capitol, East Capitol and 1st Streets, NE, Washington, DC 20051 www.kennedy-center.org August 30-31 Alexandria War of 1812 Bicentennial After nearly a year of special activities commemorating Alexandria’s involvement in the War of 1812, the bicentennial closes with a weekend of grand events in Old Town and along the Potomac River featuring interactive historical exhibits, educational programs, boat tours and other waterfront activities plus rematch challenges between local residents and the British Embassy to restore honor after Alexandria’s 1814 surrender to British troops. FREE! Multiple venues in Old Town; Waterfront Event: Aug 31, 12-5pm. at Waterfront Park, 1 Prince Street, Alexandria, VA 22314 www.alexandriava.gov September 13 Nation’s Football Classic The Nation’s Football Classic™ celebrates the passion and tradition of the college football experience of Historically Black Colleges and Universities, while highlighting the unity of African American culture. This year, local favorite Howard University’s Bison will be pitted against Morehouse College’s Maroon Tigers for what is sure to be an exciting afternoon of football. 3:30pm. See website for tickets and full schedule of related weekend educational and social activities. RFK Stadium, 2400 E. Capitol Street, SE, Washington, DC 20003 www.NationsFootballClassic.com September 13-14 12th Annual Alexandria King Street Arts Festival Six blocks of downtown Old Town are transformed into an outdoor gallery featuring over 200 of the nation’s top award-winning artists and showcases paintings, sculpture, photography, glass, jewelry and more. Besides outstanding art for viewing and purchase, visitors will find many interactive activities and artist demonstrations presented by the local arts community. FREE! Saturday 10am to 7pm; Sunday 10am to 5pm. King Street, from Washington Street east to Union Street, Alexandria, VA 22314 www.visitalexandriava.com 10 DC METRO August – September, 2014 September 14 36th Adams Morgan Day Festival Spend the day celebrating at Washington’s longestrunning neighborhood festival in one of the most culturally diverse and vibrant neighborhoods of the city. Enjoy live entertainment, international dance performances, arts and crafts and food from around the globe. Don’t miss the two large signature music stages and the best “Kid’s Fair” of any DC festival. This is one of DC’s most beloved events, attracting thousands of locals and visitors alike. FREE! 127pm. 18th Street NW, between Florida Avenue and Columbia Road, and Belmont Road, Washington, DC 20005 www.ammainstreet.org September 20 H Street Festival This annual event is quickly emerging as one of DC’s coolest, most eclectic neighborhood festivals. And with H Street’s most popular business and restaurants sponsoring the streetside food and drink stands, music and dance performances, as well as eating contests and so much more, attendees will get the chance to truly experience the uniqueness of this developing arts and entertainment district. FREE! 12-7pm. H Street between 8th and 14th Streets NE, Washington DC 20002 www.hstreet.org/events/festival PRESENT THIS COUPON TO RECEIVE DCM Gallery Place-Chinatown on 7th between E &F ME TRO Arlington Festival of the Arts pe O For a second year the fine arts come to Arlington’s Clarendon neighborhood. Enjoy a weekend of true visual inspiration, as over 100 artists showcase their works including glass, mixed media, paintings, jewelry, and pottery and providing all sorts of opportunities to appreciate – and purchase- art. FREE! 10am5pm. Located on North Highland Street, between Clarendon & Wilson Blvds., Arlington, VA www.artfestival.com/Festivals/Arlington_ Festival_of_the_Arts_Virginia n e Ev ry ay D September 20-21 Colonial Market and Fair at Mount Vernon With dozens of America’s finest artisans at work, visitors to Mount Vernon will be able to observe demonstrations of 18th-century craftwork and purchase traditional wares. This annual fair also features music, fire-eating, sword-swallowing, puppet and magic shows. During fair days, Potomac River sightseeing cruises are free-of-charge. 9am-5pm. Included in regular Estate admission: Adult: $17; Senior (62yrs+): $16; Youth (6-11): $8; 5&under, FREE. Mount Vernon Estate and Gardens, 3200 Mount Vernon Memorial Highway, Alexandria, VA 22309 www.mountvernon.org Discover the Real George Washington Discover the man and the ideas that founded a nation at Mount Vernon. Featuring beautiful gardens and grounds, interactive museum, specialty tours, distillery and gristmill, and more! 16 miles south of Washington, D.C. on the George Washington Parkway 703.780.2000 \| MountVernon.org August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 11 September 27 September 28 Capitol Hill’s Barracks Row welcomes the fall season with its signature annual event. Thousands will be on hand to enjoy, among other activities, the annual military chefs competition, tours of the home of the Commandants, sword fights and readings from the Folger Shakespeare Theatre, acrobatic performances from the Trapeze School of New York, and a kids area that includes a petting zoo. With a midway surrounded by the Barracks’ famous Restaurant Row, be prepared to find a patio table, order lunch and watch the scene unfold. FREE! 11am-5pm. On 8th Street, SE (below Pennsylvania Avenue), Washington, DC 20003 www.barracksrow.org This annual festival consistently makes DC’s “best of” lists by bringing together a wide range of artists and more than 25,000 Washingtonians in an environment that fosters intellectual curiosity and leads to engaging interactions, all while enjoying Turkish food and coffee, browsing and shopping at the Turkish Bazaar, watching mesmerizing stage performances and participating in crafts activities for children and adults alike. FREE! 11am-7pm. On Pennsylvania Avenue, between 12th and 14th Streets NW, in front of Freedom Plaza and two blocks from the White House, Washington DC 20004 www.turkishfestival.org Barracks Row Fall Fest Fiesta Musical The celebration of Hispanic Heritage Month continues with a family-friendly fiesta at the National Zoo. With animal demonstrations, Hispanic and Latino music, costumed dancers, traditional crafts for sale, and Latin American foods, this event offers something for everyone. FREE! 11am-5pm. National Zoo, 3001 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20008 www.nationalzoo.si.edu Turkish Festival DAR Constitution Hall 1776 D Street, NW Washington, DC 20006 (202) 628-4780 www.dar.org/conthall August 16 Pat Metheny Unity Group Bruce Hornsby 7:30pm Sing-A-Long Sound of Music 7:15pm August 24 Boston 8pm September 4 Gipsy Kings Ole’ Noys 8pm So proudly we hail. A  . Celebrate the 200th anniversary of our national anthem in its birthplace—Baltimore. Experience Fort! Flag! Fire! at Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine. Family-friendly activities include living history encampments, fife and drum concerts, flag-raising ceremonies, cannon-firing demonstrations and more! J    G F S-S S S 10–16, 2014 —————————————— B    B A LT I M O R E . O R G In & Around Dirty Dancing – The National Theater 1321 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20004 202-628-6161 www.thenationaldc.com August 26-September 14 Dirty Dancing The staged musical of the smash-hit film is an unprecedented live experience, exploding with heartpounding music, passionate romance, and sensational dancing. The show features the hit songs “Hungry Eyes,” “Hey Baby,” “Do You Love Me?,” and the heartstopping “(I’ve Had) The Time Of My Life.” SHAKESPEARE THEATRE COMPANY The Lansburgh Theatre: 450 7th Street NW Sidney Harman Hall: 610 F Street, NW Washington, DC 20004 202-547-1122 www.shakespearetheatre.org August 19-31 in the Sidney Harman Hall Free For All: The Winter’s Tale ARENA STAGE 1101 Sixth Street, SW Washington, DC 20024 202-488-3300 www.arenastage.org September 5-October 19 in the Kreeger Theater The Shoplifters Alma, a senior citizen shoplifter who’s been caught red-handed, enters a hilarious battle of wills in this biting, world-premiere comedy about the haves and have-nots. John Carroll Lynch (Fargo, The Drew Carey Show) makes his Arena debut as Otto, a seen-it-all security guard trying to maintain his integrity in a dishonorable world. FOLGER SHAKESPEARE LIBRARY 201 East Capitol Street, SE Washington, DC 20003 202-544-7077 www.folger.edu 14 DC METRO August – September, 2014 September 5-21 in the Elizabethan Theatre King Lear Shakespeare’s Globe in London presents renowned classical actor Joseph Marcell (and TV’s Geoffrey the English butler on the hit TV show The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air) in the title role of the Bard’s classic tragedy. KENNEDY CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS 2700 F Street, NW Washington, DC 20566 202-467-4600 www.kennedy-center.org Through August17 in the Opera House Disney’s The Lion King Winner of six Tonys including Best Musical, Disney’s The Lion King returns to DC! With direction and costumes by Julie Taymor, Elton John and Tim Rice’s score brings the African pridelands to life with “Circle of Life” and many more great songs. The Shakespeare Theatre Company’s “Free For All” is a much-loved Washington tradition, offering free performances to the general public for the past 23 years. STC will kick off its new theater season with this annual rite of summer’s end when the company re-mounts Shakespeare’s fanciful tale of jealousy and remorse, the dark romance The Winter’s Tale. Tickets available on the day of the show by visiting Sidney Harman Hall as well as through an online lottery system; visit website for details. Disney’s The Lion King – Kennedy Center SIGNATURE THEATRE Come To Unwind and Relax Now Open in Fairfax Shirlington Village at 4200 Campbell Avenue Arlington, VA 22206 703-820-9771 www.signature-theatre.org August 5-September 21 Sunday in the Park with George Signature launches its 25th Anniversary season with Stephen Sondheim’s Pulitzer Prize and Tony Award®-winning Sunday in the Park with George. A musical inspired by the painting “A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte” by Georges Seurat, this is a complex masterpiece that powerfully—and lyrically— succeeds in merging past and present into beautiful, poignant truths about life, love and the creation of art. THE STUDIO THEATRE 1501 14th Street, NW Washington, DC 22205 202-667-8436 www.studiotheatre.org OfferinG Belleville Massages: Swedish, Deep, Sports, Trigger Point, and Aromatherapy Abby and Zack traded the comforts of America for noble adventure abroad, moving to the trendy Parisian enclave Belleville for his prestigious post with Doctors Without Borders. Their lives seem perfect. But when Abby returns home early one afternoon, she uncovers a few seemingly inconsequential surprises. Chillingly precise and psychologically astute, this play anatomizes the consequences of deceptions small and large and the terrifying, profound unknowability of our closest relationships. 10875 Main St., Suite 111 Fairfax VA 22030 703.352.5100 [email protected] September 3-October 12 Claes Oldenburg, Flying Pizza – American Art Museum Arthur M. Sackler Gallery An American in London: Whistler and the Thames In the Sackler Gallery’s first international loan exhibition of art by Whistler, more than eighty works bring to vivid life the city, the Thames, and the people of James McNeill Whistler’s Victorian London. Living within sight of the river, Whistler recorded the changes wrought by industrialization: changing vistas, new landmarks, even the dense atmosphere of smog mingled with gaslight. Over the years his subject matter, techniques, and compositions evolved with his sites as he sought to convey the essence of the river—the lifeblood of the city—ebbing and flowing before his perceptive eyes and caught by his skillful brush. HILLWOOD ESTATE MUSEUM AND GARDEN 4155 Linnean Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 Tuesday-Saturday and select Sundays Adult: $15; Senior: $12; Student: $10; Child (ages 6 – 18): $5 www.hillwoodmuseum.org AMERICAN ART MUSEUM 8th and F Streets, NW Washington, DC 20004 FREE! www.americanart.si.edu Through August 31 FOLGER SHAKESPEARE LIBRARY 201 East Capitol Street, SE Washington, DC 20003 FREE! www.folger.edu Pop Art Prints Through October 26 In the 1950s and 1960s, the pop art movement challenged the assumed distinction between high art and popular culture with the works of artists like Jasper Johns, Roy Lichtenstein, Andy Warhol and others of their generation. An enthusiastic audience eagerly embraced pop art and these artists became celebrities and their work in demand. One reason they turned to prints was to satisfy this demand. They favored commercial techniques such as screenprinting and lithography with which they could produce bright colors and impersonal, flat surfaces. As editioned multiples, prints were more widely available and affordable than unique works of art, and pop art imagery was readily reproduced in the popular press. This exhibit presents a selection of thirty-seven prints from the Museum’s permanent collection that are rarely on public view. 2nd Floor South Discover the colorful world of heralds and their rivals, all competing to profit from the craze for coats of arms that seized England during the reign of Elizabeth I. An ambitious world was full of newly wealthy and successful families, eager to display their success and status. Genealogy in its modern form also took off: ancestral research was vital to a rich heraldic display, and new ways were established for setting out family trees graphically. Symbols of Honor: Heraldry and Family History in Shakespeare’s England FREER GALLERY of ART ARTHUR M. SACKLER GALLERY MUSEUMS of ASIAN ART Freer: Jefferson Drive at 12th Street, SW Sackler: 1050 Independence Avenue, SW Washington, DC 20013 FREE! www.asia.si.edu 16 DC METRO August – September, 2014 New! Cartier: Marjorie Merriweather Post’s Dazzling Gems One of Cartier’s most important and enduring clients, Marjorie Merriweather Post commissioned some of the most exquisite jewelry sets, fashionable accessories, and finely crafted jeweled frames of any American collector. Following their return from exhibition in France, jewelry and objects from Hillwood’s Cartier collection will offer a notable perspective on the important role that Cartier played in the life and style of this American icon. MOUNT VERNON ESTATE and GARDENS 3200 Mount Vernon Memorial Highway Mount Vernon, VA 22121 Adult (12-61): $17; Senior (62+): $16; Youth (6-11): $8; 5yrs and under: FREE www.mountvernon.org New! In the F.M. Kirby Foundation Gallery Gardens & Groves: George Washington’s Landscape at Mount Vernon Come explore Washington’s design for his estate, highlighting the first president’s interests and talents as a landscape designer. On view in The Donald W. Reynolds Museum & Education Center, this new exhibit showcases more than 40 objects, combining rarely-seen items from Mount Vernon’s collection with original Washington books and letter loaned from institutions across the country, and, as its centerpiece, a spectacular model of Mount Vernon’s landscape as Washington last saw it in 1799. NATIONAL BUILDING MUSEUM Come to Washington, DC and Get Away with Gray Line: Truly the Local Expert! 401 F Street NW Washington DC 20001 Adults: $8; Youths (3-17yrs), Students w/ID & Seniors (60+): $5 www.nbm.org New and Through September 1 Only! The BIG Maze Get lost at the Museum this summer in a neverbefore-seen large-scale maze! Soaring approximately 18 feet high and measuring 60 feet by 60 feet, the maple plywood structure will boast a series of twists and turns for visitors to weave through and explore. Inspired by ancient labyrinths, garden and hedge mazes of 17th and 18th-century Europe, and modern American corn mazes, this contemporary maze will be located in the West Court of the Museum’s historic Great Hall. In addition to viewing the maze from the ground floor, visitors will also be able to get an unexpected aerial perspective from the secondand third-floor balconies. NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY 8th and F Streets NW Washington, DC 20001 FREE! www.npg.si.edu Through September 7 American Cool Cool is an original American sensibility and remains a global obsession, becoming a password that connotes a balanced state of mind, a dynamic mode of performance, and a certain signature style. Cool has been embodied in jazz musicians such as Miles Davis and Billie Holiday, in actors such as Robert Mitchum, Faye Dunaway, and Johnny Depp, and in singers such as Elvis Presley, Patti Smith, and Jay-Z. American Cool is a photography and cultural exhibition featuring portraits of these iconic figures, each of whom has contributed an original artistic vision to American culture and who have been captured by a roll call of fine-art photographers including Henri CartierBresson, Annie Leibovitz, Richard Avedon, Herman Leonard and Diane Arbus. ! The Lincoln Experience NEW A comprehensive look at one of the most popular and influential Presidents of all time! Half-Day Tours Featuring the must-see sights of DC, including our new Lincoln Experience Tour! Full-Day Tours Comprehensive and convenient! Includes admission to the US Capitol. Day-Away Tours New and Improved Gettysburg and Monticello Tours. WWW.GRAYLINEDC.COM 202-289-1995 or 240-426-5381 August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 17 WASHINGTON NATIONALS Nationals Park 1500 South Capitol Street, SE Washington, DC 20003 Tickets: 888-632-NATS (6287) www.washington.nationals.mlb.com Home Schedule August: Friday, August 1 – 7:05pm vs. Philadelphia Phillies Saturday, August 2 – 7:05pm vs. Philadelphia Phillies Sunday, August 3 – 1:35pm vs. Philadelphia Phillies Tuesday, August 5 – 7:05pm vs. New York Mets Wednesday, August 6 – 7:05pm vs. New York Mets Thursday, August 7 –12:35pm vs. New York Mets Friday, August 15 – 7:05pm vs. Pittsburgh Pirates Saturday, August 16 – 7:05pm vs. Pittsburgh Pirates Sunday, August 17 – 5:05pm vs. Pittsburgh Pirates Monday, August 18 – 7:05pm vs. Arizona Diamond Backs Tuesday, August 19 – 7:05pm vs. Arizona Diamond Backs Wednesday, August 20 – 7:05pm vs. Arizona Diamond Backs Thursday, August 21 – 4:05pm vs. Arizona Diamond Backs Friday, August 22 – 7:05pm vs. San Francisco Giants Saturday, August 23 – 4:05pm vs. San Francisco Giants Sunday, August 24 – 1:35pm vs. San Francisco Giants September: Friday, September 5 – 7:05pm vs. Philadelphia Phillies Saturday, September 6 – 4:05pm vs. Philadelphia Phillies Sunday, September 7 – 1:35pm vs. Philadelphia Phillies Monday, September 8 – 7:05pm vs. Atlanta Braves Tuesday, September 9 – 7:05pm vs. Atlanta Braves Wednesday, September 10 – 4:05pm vs. Atlanta Braves Tuesday, September 23 – 7:05pm vs. New York Mets Wednesday, September 24 – 7:05pm vs. New York Mets Thursday, September 25 – 7:05pm vs. New York Mets Friday, September 26 – 1:05pm & 7:05pm vs. Miami Marlins Saturday, September 27 – 4:05pm vs. Miami Marlins Sunday, September 28 – 1:35pm vs. Miami Marlins MLS Soccer DC UNITED RFK Stadium 2400 East Capitol Street, SE Washington, DC 20003 Tickets: www.ticketmaster.com Home Schedule August: Sunday, August 17 – 8pm vs. Colorado Rapids Sunday, August 31 – 2:30pm vs. New York Red Bulls September: Saturday, September 27 – 3pm vs. Philadelphia Union WNBA Basketball WASHINGTON MYSTICS Verizon Center 601 F Street, NW Washington, DC 20004 Tickets: www.ticketmaster.com Home Schedule August: Tuesday, August 5 - 7pm vs. New York Liberty Wednesday, August 13– 11:30am vs. Chicago Sky Saturday, August 16 – 7pm vs. New York Liberty NFL Football WASHINGTON REDSKINS FedEx Field Landover, MD (Individual game tickets may be of limited availability or sold-out, but may possibly be obtained at www. Ticketmaster.com, or from other fans at the official NFL Ticket Exchange, www.ticketexchangebyticketmaster.com) www.redskins.com Home Schedule August (Preseason): Thursday, August 7 – 7:30pm vs. New England Patriots Monday, August 18 – 8pm vs. Cleveland Browns September Sunday, September 14 – 1pm vs. Jacksonville Jaguars Thursday, September 25 – 8:25pm vs. New York Giants 18 DC METRO August – September, 2014 NHL Hockey WASHINGTON CAPITALS Verizon Center 601 F Street, NW Washington, DC 20004 Tickets: www.ticketmaster.com Home Schedule September (Preseason): Sunday, September 21 – 5pm vs. Buffalo Sabres Friday, September 26 – 7pm vs. Boston Bruins Exploring outside of Washington Baltimor e , Maryland ashington, D.C. ranks as one of the best day tripping starting points in the country. In addition to being a city packed with its own collection of places to explore, Washington neighbors states with an unbelievable number of parks, historic homes, waterfalls, monuments, farms, beaches, lakes, archaeological excavations, mountains, Civil War battlefields, campgrounds, trails, horse stables, wineries, museums and even an amusement park or two. Along the way there are also worldclass inns, restaurants and performance venues as well as plenty of lesser known but equally as appealing greasy spoons, farm stands, coffeehouses, regional theaters and artisan cooperatives The diversity of the sites within driving distance from the city means most everyone can find something that will make them happy. Whether you prefer urban streets, cobblestone sidewalks, sandy beaches, dirt roads or historic pathways, the region surrounding the nationâ€™s capital holds many destinations where youâ€™ll want to leave your footprints over and over again. August â€“ September, 2014 Dc Metro 19 Destinations Celebrating the Most Famous Flag in America Am y T r o t t e r H o u s t o n Along with the bald eagle, Uncle Sam, apple pie, and to a lesser extent Captain America, few things define us as the United States more than the stars and stripes of the American flag. The Star-Spangled Banner bonds Americans like little else as a visual reminder of our nation. It is used to express emotion, be it pride or protest, and is planted on the moon. T his year, we celebrate the bicentennial of the most famous American flag, the original Star-Spangled Banner that flew over Fort McHenry during the War of 1812. Today this icon is housed in a low-lit gallery in the Smithsonian National Museum of American History (14th Street and Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC - americanhistory.si.edu). We celebrate not only this precious symbol of our then youthful country, but also how the sight of it waving defiantly over Fort McHenry “by dawn’s early light” inspired a young lawyer named Francis Scott Key to pen “The Defense of Fort M’Henry,” four stanzas that would become our national anthem. In 1931, The Star-Spangled Banner was declared the official national anthem by an act of Congress and signed by President Herbert Hoover. 20 DC METRO August – September, 2014 “It’s a wonderful song because it’s a living tradition,” says Burt Kummerow, President of the Maryland Historical Society. This is why the song can be interpreted by Jimi Hendrix at Woodstock and Renee Fleming at the Super Bowl. Though sometimes a forgotten conflict, The War of 1812 was instrumental in bonding our national spirit and cementing America as The United States. Visiting the places associated with the bicentennial is a special way to appreciate the history. Here are the not-to-miss places to visit in Baltimore, birthplace of the Star-Spangled Banner flag and our national anthem. Star Spangled Spectacular Main Events Saturday, September 13, 2014 1:00 p.m. – 4:00 p.m. Blue Angels Location: Over downtown Baltimore and Inner Harbor 8:00 p.m. – 10:00 p.m. Patriotic Concert Location: Pier Six Pavilion 9:00/9:30 p.m. (start) Fireworks Location: Fireworks will be seen over Fort McHenry and Baltimore Harbor Sunday, September 14, 2014 Fife and Drum at Fort McHenry Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine Star-shaped Fort McHenry (2400 East Fort Avenue - www.nps.gov/fomc) is the flagship for activities related to the bicentennial celebrations with the signature event: Fort! Flag! Fire! All through August, history plays out at the fort with tours of the original buildings, hoisting the flag over the ramparts, and firing the cannons. Daily programs led by enthusiastic park rangers include visitors unfurling a full-size replica of the Star-Spangled Banner. Living history programs take place Wednesday to Sunday with costumed re-enactors “on duty” to give talks on life in 1814, demonstrations, and more. The Fort McHenry Guard Fife and Drum Corps dress in War of 1812 uniforms and perform period specific music. Narrated boat tours run on the hour taking visitors out in the harbor to where Francis Scott Key first observed the enormous flag. Key was sent to negotiate the release of an American prisoner and watched the bombardment of the fort from a ship amid the British fleet. From this vantage point, he saw the “broad stripes and bright stars… so gallantry streaming.” Ranger Vince Vaise, Chief of Interpretation, best describes the Star-Spangled Banner as “32 by 40 feet of pure awesome.” Don’t miss the state-of-the art visitor’s center with interesting displays and an excellent film that tell the story of what happened 200 years ago. In early September, Key’s original manuscript will be on display at the fort for two weeks. Maryland Historical Society (MdHS) The In Full Glory: Maryland during the War of 1812 exhibition at the Maryland Historical Society (105 W. Monument Street - www.mdhs.org) contains fascinating artifacts, paintings and documents relating to the war and specifically to the Battle of Baltimore. The brand new exhibit BEARINGS of Baltimore, Circa 1815 is an interactive 3-D representation of the city 200 years ago painstakingly created by the University of Maryland Baltimore County’s Imaging Research Center. Simply touch the screen to zoom in on historically accurate city streets. Point to a “Hotspot” like Fort McHenry or The Shipyards to learn more about the place and flip through digital documents from the museum’s collections. The MdHS is a treasure trove of personal items and historic documents. It is home to Francis Scott Key’s original handwritten manuscript, a humble, creased page containing the lyrics inspired by the sight of the gigantic flag waving proudly over the ramparts of Fort McHenry. Interestingly, the handwriting gets more cramped toward the bottom of the page as Key was running out of space. Nearby is the original sheet music. The MdHS holds the receipt from the Indian Queen Hotel where Key stayed and recorded his thoughts. “He wrote this as a song, not as a poem,” says Kummerow, noting Key penned the lyrics specifically to be sung to the tune of To Anacreon in Heaven. A popular British song at the time; it is still the melody used today. The lyrics were handed out as broadsides and printed in local newspapers. It was first performed in public on October 19, 1814 at the Holliday Theatre in Baltimore. According to Kummerow, “by November it had gone viral.” Standing proudly in the museum is the sculpture of Lady Baltimore, which stood atop The Battle Monument (North Calvert Street between East Fayette and East Lexington Streets) for 190 years before being relocated to the museum. A concrete replica now stands in her place atop the monument. Don’t miss the Mendes Cohen display that includes the outlandish outfit he wore to Queen Victoria’s coronation with a hat that may have inspired Gilbert and Sullivan. Cohen, a veteran of the Battle of Baltimore, was an adventurer and a fascinating Baltimorean. Adjacent the 1812 exhibit, take a peek into the life 9:00 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. “By Dawn’s Early Light” Flag Raising at Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine (Featuring Governor O’Malley) Location: Fort McHenry National Monument and National Shrine of Elizabeth Patterson Bonaparte, sister-in-law of Napoleon. Headstrong Elizabeth seemed to court controversy and once wrote to her father, “nature never intended me for obscurity.” Learn more about her captivating life and penchant for elegant fashions. In 2013, the MdHS commissioned a replica StarSpangled Banner constructed using authentic fabric and hand stitching techniques. While the majority of hand-stitching was done by professional ‘stitchers’, over 2,000 people from around the world added a stitch or two during public sewing days. This flag has traveled to War of 1812 battlefields and been flown over Fort McHenry. Exhibits Around the Heart of the City “We are thrilled to officially host the bicentennial celebration of two of our nation’s most iconic symbols, the American flag and our national anthem,” said Maryland Governor Martin O’Malley in an email to DC Metro Magazine. “With interactive exhibits, shows and much more, visitors and Marylanders alike will have the chance to learn more about our nation’s journey and Baltimore’s central role in shaping our modern national identity.” Baltimore is going all out to celebrate the 200th anniversary of our national anthem and flag. Whether you visit now and partake in the plethora of events, or wait until the crowds have thinned out, the city offers an array of sights and sounds that bring the crucial events of 1814 to life. Begin at the Baltimore Visitor Center (401 Light Street – www.baltimore.org) where you can pick August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 21 Destinations The Star Spangled Banner, Original Manuscript Washington, DC in Flames On August 24, 1814, amateur American soldiers met well-trained British troops at the Battle of Bladensburg in Maryland. When the Americans fled, the road to Washington, DC was wide open and the British moved on to the capital. Under instructions from her husband, President James Madison, to flee the city, Dolley Madison made sure she took the large Gilbert Sullivan painting of General George Washington lest the iconic image be destroyed. Though the British entered Washington under a flag of truce, they were fired upon by the Americans. In retaliation, the British marched down Pennsylvania Avenue and set fire to public buildings, including the Capitol, Treasury, the Navy Yard and the White House, which lit up the night sky. Mrs. Madison fled to Dumbarton House (www.DumbartonHouse.org). Following the burning of Washington, residents of Baltimore united to defend against an impending British attack that would come two weeks later. up valuable information and view an exhibit on the Chesapeake Campaign. Nearby is the Maryland Science Center (601 Light Streetwww.mdsci.org) showcasing the new IMAX film Star-Spangled Banner: Anthem of Liberty dedicated to the War of 1812 from its beginning through the burning of Washington, DC and the bombardment of Fort McHenry. Visitors may purchase tickets only for the movie, if they wish. Discover city landmarks through the Baltimore National Heritage Area Trails & Tours (www. explorebaltimore.org), where numerous signs and markers tell the story of Baltimore’s varied history. Sports fans will want to stop in at the Babe Ruth Birthplace Museum (216 Emory Street – www. baberuthmuseum.org), where the permanent ’O’ Say Can You See: The Star-Spangled Banner in Sports exhibit tells the story of how the national anthem came to be played at sporting events. The short-film takes viewers back to the 1918 World Series when Babe was on the pitcher’s mound for the Red Sox and the national anthem was first played, forever linking the patriotic tune with the sporting world. Players and fans stand, salute the flag, and sing prior to the umpire crying “Play Ball!” It is perhaps the only thing that bonds Orioles and Yankees fans. Stroll through Fell’s Point Historic District for a taste of waterfront history and life. Enjoy a variety of restaurants, shops, and coffee places. Stop at the Fell’s Point Visitor Center (1724 Thames 22 DC METRO August – September, 2014 Street - www.fellspoint.us/fells-point-visitorcenter) for information on walking tours. Explore the Inner Harbor where you will find numerous marine creatures at the National Aquarium (501 E. Pratt Street - www.aqua.org). Observe the “Top of the World” from the Baltimore World Trade Center (401 E. Pratt Street - www.viewbaltimore. org) with great views over the city. The Maritime Museum (5 Pratt Street, Pier 3 and 5 - www. historicships.org) shares the stories of American naval power and showcases historic vessels. Tour the tall ship Pride of Baltimore II (www. pride2.org) and learn more about the history of Baltimore’s privateers – check the schedule and go for a sail! For a new perspective, head over to the American Visionary Art Museum (800 Key Highway – www.avam.org) and check out the free outdoor exhibit, A Very Visionary Star-Spangled Sidewalk. Here, each line of the national anthem has been interpreted over 520 feet of sidewalk. It is definitely worth seeing, as well as the old school bus that looks like a disco ball, which might be parked out front. While in the neighborhood wander through the Federal Hill Historic District (www.historicfederalhill.org), where there is a nice view of the harbor from atop the hill, and stop in at the Cross Street Market (1065 S. Charles Street www.bpmarkets.com). The Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African American History & Culture (830 E. Pratt Street – www.rflewismuseum.org) features an engaging exhibit, For Whom It Stands: The Flag and the American People, focusing on African American experiences with the flag. Visitors are drawn to many untold stories of how the flag was not always a symbol of unity. Among the many works is Gordon Parks’s immortal photograph American Gothic (1942) featuring Mrs. Ella Watson, a government cleaning woman holding a broom and mop. The visual re-interpretation of the flag is expressed through traditional and contemporary works. at The Hampstead Hill Festival on September 14 during Star Spangled Spectacular. The daylong festival includes multiple entertainers and a performance of 1814: The Rock Opera. It runs from 10:00 a.m. to 8:30 p.m. at the Patterson Park Pagoda (www.creativealliance. org/1814 - near E. Pratt Street and S. Patterson Park Avenue). Star-Spangled Banner Pass Tall Ships in Baltimore Harbor Next door is The Star-Spangled Banner Flag House (844 E. Pratt Street – www.flaghouse.org) dedicated to the history of Mary Pickersgill. An accomplished flag maker, she was commissioned in the summer of 1813 by Fort McHenry’s commander, Major George Armistead, to make a huge 32x40 foot flag that would become known as the Star-Spangled Banner. Among the people who helped Mary hand stitch the flag were her daughter Caroline, two nieces, and a 13-yearold African American indentured servant and apprentice named Grace Wisher. Created from 400 yards of fine English wool bunting, each of the 15 stripes is two feet wide and each of the 15 stars is two feet across. Incredibly, the project was completed in only six weeks. Take a docentled tour to learn more about Mary and her busy working class home. Following the Battle of Baltimore, Lieutenant Colonel George Armistead (he was promoted after the fight) took custody of the enormous StarSpangled Banner. Over the years, the Armistead family would pull the flag out of its canvas storage bag and show it to guests, and snippets were occasionally given away as mementos. The flag remained in the family until 1912, when it was donated to the Smithsonian in Washington, DC with instructions that it always be available for public viewing. Star Spangled Spectacular The most exciting time in Baltimore will be September 10-16 for the incredible Star Spangled Spectacular (www.starspangled200.com). See tall ships and naval vessels together in the Inner Harbor, and the Blue Angels Air Show will take place over the harbor. To add to the excitement, the Baltimore Orioles host the New York Yankees – look for everyone to be singing the national anthem together. There will be fireworks, a patriotic concert, food and lots of family-friendly events. On the morning of September 14, a replica Star-Spangled Banner will be hoisted over Fort McHenry exactly 200 years after the Battle of Baltimore, which will surely be an emotional moment. Governor O’Malley fronts the Irish rock band O’Malley’s March and composed The Battle of Baltimore for this bicentennial. The band will play Use this pass for access to Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine, the Maryland Historical Society, and The StarSpangled Banner Flag House. The seven-day pass is valid Sunday through Saturday, and note that some attractions are closed on Monday (baltimore.org/info/star-spangled-banner-pass). Where to Stay “Charm City” offers a variety of hotels including the stylish Hotel Monaco Baltimore (2 N. Charles Street - www.monaco-baltimore.com) housed in the former B&O Railroad Headquarters. A former tobacco factory is home to the elegant Inn at Henderson’s Wharf (1000 Fell Street www.hendersonswharf.com). Pets are welcome at the Admiral Fell Inn (888 S. Broadway admiralfell.com), a boutique hotel in historic Fell’s Point. Enjoy classic luxury at the Four Seasons Baltimore (200 International Drive - www. fourseasons.com/baltimore). Numerous chain hotels offer more economical accommodations. Where to Eat Many restaurants are running specials to coincide with the bicentennial festivities. Check the Visit Baltimore website (baltimore.org/star-spangleddeals) for more information. Near Fort McHenry sample the wares at Wine Market Bistro (921 E. Fort Avenue - winemarketbistro.com). Enjoy pizza with house made mozzarella and gelato at Verde (641 S. Montford Avenue - www.verdepizza.com). Try breakfast at the eclectic Blue Moon Café (1621 Aliceanne Street - www.bluemoonbaltimore. com). Seafood is a staple and Bertha’s Mussels (734 S. Broadway - www.berthas.com) is an institution, or enjoy crab cakes at Phillips Seafood (601 E. Pratt Street - www.phillipsseafood.com). How to Get There If you drive from Washington, DC, Interstate 95 North will take you right into Baltimore where there are multiple downtown parking garages. Another good option is the MARC or Amtrak trains from Union Station. Once in Baltimore you can take the free Charm City Circulator (www. charmcitycirculator.com), hybrid buses that run along four different routes seven days a week. The Banner Route runs between the Inner Harbor Washington, DC Events to celebrate the bicentennial August 23-24: Undaunted-The Battle of Bladensburg Commemoration and Monument Unveiling. This day-long festival includes a reenactment, music programs, historic trades village, children’s village, Food Truck Rally and fireworks (www.anacostiatrails.org). August 24: The 200th Anniversary of the Burning of Washington. Events will be held around the city and include a 5K run at the Historic Congressional Cemetery, White House Historical Association Commemoration, Georgetown Family Festival, Yards Park Beer Festival and National Museum of the United States Navy Commemoration (dcwarof1812.org). August 30-31: Alexandria, Virginia War of 1812 Commemorative Weekend will feature a yacht race, cricket match and tug of war (www.visitalexandriava.com). September 3-4: America Under Fire Symposium featuring scholars on the War of 1812, President and Mrs. Madison, and the United States Constitution. The proceedings will be published and available for purchase. Location: David M. Rubenstein National Center for White House History at Decatur House (1610 H Street, NW - www.whitehousehistory.org). and Fort McHenry. The Charm City Circulator Harbor Connector runs free water routes across the harbor from five locations in partnership with Baltimore Water Taxi. Use the NextBus app for bus times. Want to Learn More? In Full Glory Reflected: Discovering the War of 1812 in the Chesapeake (2012) by Ralph E. Eshelman and Burton K. Kummerow is both a historical account of the War of 1812 and a travel guide to historic sites along the Star-Spangled Banner Trail. What So Proudly We Hailed (2014) by Marc Leepson is a new biography of Francis Scott Key. Websites: Baltimore.org/national-anthem and www.starspangled200.com. August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 23 Incredible Waterfront Dining All Over DC Summertime in the nation’s capital can be brutal. When the temperatures climb, escape the heat at one of the many D.C. area waterfront restaurants to enjoy some delicious food and refreshing libations. Locals and visitors alike can enjoy outdoor dining, spectacular views, and prime peoplewatching, especially when the sun goes down. The waterfront is a prime spot to catch the sunset or enjoy the dazzling night sky. Diners can enjoy a cool breeze and the calming sound of the water, providing an escape from the city. Some of the best al fresco dining in the DC area is along the waterfront with remarkable views of the Potomac River with the beautiful backdrop of the national monuments. Here are some of the top restaurants with waterfront views. S ome of the best views of DC landmarks and the Potomac River are from The Washington Harbour (3000 K St., NW) along the Georgetown waterfront. In the summertime, happy hour along the Georgetown waterfront is a place to see and be seen. Sequoia’s three-tier outdoor terrace offers stunning views of the waterfront with the flotilla of boats and kayaks passing by along with panoramic views of the Kennedy Center, the Watergate, and the Key Bridge. If you prefer to stay out of the humidity, the rear facade of two-level restaurant is nearly all glass, allowing diners to enjoy the view of the river without suffering from the heat or the crowds. Sequoia offers modern American cuisine, a formidable wine list, and a renowned River Bar. Don’t miss out on the fresh oysters! Be aware, all of Sequoia’s reservations are for inside only, while dining on the patio is seated on a first come, first serve basis. Waterfront dining at Farmers Fishers Bakers 24 DC METRO August – September, 2014 Next door, offering fresh seafood, Tony and Joe’s, large 200-seat patio offers incredible views of the Kennedy Center, the Key Bridge and Roosevelt Island. Try one of their enormous sandwiches served with a mound of crispy golden fries, seasoned with Old Bay, and tangy coleslaw. Nick’s Riverside Grill (3050 K St., NW), which is often less crowded offers a more comfy atmosphere, with their spacious patio spilling onto Washington Harbour’s boardwalk with a prime view of the large fountain. Be sure to arrive early! A spot under one of their bright-blue umbrellas to watch the sun go down is a coveted seat. Also in Washington Harbour, Farmers Fishers Bakers, an upscale casual restaurant with an in-house bakery, sushi bar, full bar with 24 beer tap, and patio with water views. Like well-know sister restaurant, Founding Farmers, they also “support the American Family Farm” along with made-from-scratch food, delicious hand crafted drinks, and green practices all around. The Washington Harbour is a great option for waterfront dining; there is a something for everyone. Although not technically waterfront, Sea Catch Restaurant (1054 31st St., NW) offers visitors a charming patio overlooking the beautiful C&O Canal. Take advantage of their complimentary valet parking and their fresh seafood simply prepared in a casual, relaxed atmosphere. Also with views of the historic C&O Canal, Capella Hotel’s (1050 31st St., NW) The Grill Room and Rye Bar features a picturesque canal front patio. The Grill Room specializes in hand-cut artisanal meats and fresh seafood. The Rye Bar features rare Rye Whiskeys and craft cocktails. On the opposite side of the city, the historic Southwest Waterfront, along Washington, DC’s largest waterfront expanse, has been revitalized. The Wharf located at 7th and Water Streets, SW (1100 Maine Ave. SW), is one of the few surviving open air seafood markets on the east coast. In operation since 1805, it is the oldest continuously operating fish market in the United States. This place is like the red-light district of raw seafood. You’ll find everything from rare fish to Maryland Blue Crabs. Cantina Marina (600 Water St., SW), a place that you’d expect to find in Miami, a fun waterside bar with draft beers in plastic cups and Jimmy Buffett playing on the speakers. Dining at National Harbor It’s a place to go and have a margarita and watch the sun move over the water. Enjoy authentic Cajun dishes, such as, the gumbo, catfish, and po’ boys or try the Baja-California-style tacos. Their Crab balls, which are a cross between croquettes and crab cakes are a must have. Besides delicious seafood, you can enjoy mouth-watering barbecue at the Southwest Waterfront. King Ribs Bar-B-Q, a local institution of the community for over 40 years, Bufus Buchanan offers arguably the best BBQ ribs in the city. His amazing ribs, chicken and steaks have a loyal following among longtime residents, and his location along the waterfront also makes it a great spot to enjoy a summer evening. Stop by on Thursday evenings from 5-8 p.m. and enjoy live Jazz, or on Friday evening from 6-8 p.m. where the 7th Landing hosts a variety of live music. Nearby, the brand new and more upscale, located in the new Yards Park, Osteria Morini (301 Water St SE,) offers authentic Italian fare from the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Morini’s menu offers a wide array of smaller plates, cured meats, signature pastas, and simply grilled meats and spit roasts. Enjoy the views of the beautiful new modern Capitol Riverfront neighborhood while sipping a glass of wine from their list comprised of selections from the North Central regions of Italy. Just outside of DC, the National Harbor, rising from the banks of the Potomac River in Prince George’s County, MD, is a 350-acre mecca for shopping, dining, and more with five hotels (including the Gaylord National Resort and Convention Center), over 30 restaurants, shops, and fully functioning marina. There is no metro, but enjoy Water Taxi service to and from Old Town Alexandria, Mount Vernon, and Georgetown. What a fun way to travel! The National Harbor offers a wide array of restaurants ranging from elegant waterfront dining to family-friendly and casual eating establishments. At McLoone’s Pier House (141 National Plz), where counting down to sunset is cause for celebration. A very lively happy hour spot with live music daily starting at 7 p.m., you can watch the sun set over the flotilla of sails and masts, while sipping on your specialty cocktail and enjoying bowls of their peel-and-eat shrimp. Dine al fresco on their outdoor patio with a breathtaking view of the sunset. Menu highlights include while fresh salads or pasta, savory crab dip, fresh sushi, mouth-watering burger, or steak - you’ll have a hard time choosing! Known for its fresh seafood, McCormick and Schmick’s (145 National Plz), offers stunning views of the river and features more than 30 varieties of fresh fish and seafood delivered daily from local and international waters. Cool off inside at Bond 45 (149 Waterfront St.), a New York-born Italian steakhouse with its dim lighting and dark, clubby interior while enjoying a Prohibition cocktail served in an antique teacup. Or if you’re lucky, snag a table on their outdoor patio overlooking the water and enjoy picturesque sunset over the river while enjoying a fresh crab cake or dry-aged steak. Don’t miss their antipasto bar with house-made cheeses or desserts buffet. Enjoy upscale, modern and authentic Mexican cuisine at Rosa Mexicano (153 Waterfront St.) while enjoying a refreshing pomegranate margarita and guacamole, prepared tableside, on the outdoor patio overlooking the water. The National Harbor is a great place to spend the day. There are tons of shops, outlets, restaurants, and activities for all ages, even an entire store devoted to Peeps! In fact, the skyline of National Harbor has a dramatic new addition: The Capital Wheel, a 180-foot-tall, 42-car Ferris wheel that holds as many as 336 riders. Just outside of the District, the historic Old Town, Alexandria, Virginia offers striking views of the riverfront. Located on the historic Potomac River at the foot of King Street, The Chart House (1 Cameron St.), the area’s only waterfront dining location boasts panoramic views of the river, as well as, other DC landmarks. With nightly entertainment, enjoy a relaxing evening with while watching the sunset on the water. Situated on Daingerfield Island, adjacent to the Washington Marina, enjoy watching the boats set sail on the Potomac at Indigo Landing, (1 Marina Dr.) Their 100-seat outdoor deck and location along the water is the perfect setting for a night out. Find refuge from your long day of museum hopping in the bustling city and enjoy the tranquility of the naturalistic setting while viewing the monuments from your relaxing chair. Instead of waiting in line, you can enjoy the views of DC over your favorite cocktail, specialty drink, or a glass of fine wine from our international wine list. Also in Virginia, visit Madigan’s Waterfront (201 Mill St. Occoquan, VA), located right on the Occoquan River. Their expansive partially covered deck and tiki bar is especially attractive on summer evenings, where you can enjoy live entertainment, drinks and fresh seafood, and watch for Ospreys flying down the Occoquan River. August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 25 DC METRO August â€“ September, 2014 2014 Guide Virginia AIR FORCE MEMORIAL This memorial honors the millions of patriotic men and women who have served and 54,000 who have died while in the U.S. Air Force. Located off Columbia Pike near VA-244, the memorial overlooks the Pentagon and all of Washington, D.C. Features three stainless steel spires that soar skyward evoking flight and the flying spirit. Metro: Pentagon Metro Station (Blue/Yellow lines) Memorial is within walking distance One Air Force Memorial Drive Arlington, VA 22204 (703) 979-0674 Open: Daily. Admission: Free www.airforcememorial.org ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETERY Situated on 612 acres, the cemetery is a resting place of nearly a quarter-million military veterans and dignitaries. An eternal flame flickers at the grave of John F. Kennedy. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis and two of the couple’s children are also buried there. Also view the Changing of the Guard at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, attended 24 hours a day by members of the 3rd U.S. Infantry. Entrance at west-side of Memorial Bridge. Self-guided or paid shuttle tour available. Parking lot. Free Visitors Center - closes an hour after the Cemetery. Metro: Arlington Cemetery Station (Blue Line) Arlington National Cemetery 1 Memorial Dr. Arlington, VA 22211 Arlington, VA 22211, (877) 907-8585 Open: Daily, 8AM-7PM (5PM October- March). Admission: Free (Ticketed trolley tour is available; see price and special activities on website www.Arlingtoncemetery.mil Guarding the Tomb of the Unkown Soldier CARLYLE HOUSE A Georgian Palladian manor house built in 1753 by Scottish merchant and Alexandria city founder John Carlyle. Here, five royal governors and General Braddock met to discuss funding the French and Indian War. Metro: King Street Station (Take Trolley 11:30AM-10:15PM) 121 N. Fairfax St. Alexandria, VA 22314 (703) 549-2997 Open: Tues. – Sat., 10 a.m.-4 p.m.; Sun. Noon-4 p.m. (see website for special events and activities). Admission: Adults $5, Child (5-12) $3 www.carlylehouse.org August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 27 Museums & Attractions Air Force Memorial The World’s Largest Shakespeare Collection tours exhibits plays COLVIN RUN MILL 19th century water wheel and operating gristmill. Miller’s house has exhibits about historic Great Falls community life. Metro: NA (Parking lot available) 10017 Colvin Run Road Great Falls, VA 22066 (703) 759-2771 Open: 11AM-4PM (closed on Tuesdays - See website for tours, mill grinding, etc. and winter hours). Admission: Free www.fairfaxcounty.gov/parks/colvinrunmill DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration) MUSEUM AND VISITORS CENTER Since 2001, this interactive museum traces the impact of drugs on American society and the efforts of Federal law enforcement to educate the public and to combat this problem. Metro: Pentagon City (Blue/Yellow lines) 700 Army Navy Dr., Arlington, VA 22202 (202) 307-3463 Open: Tuesday – Friday: 10AM-4PM Admission: Free www.deamuseum.org FAIRFAX COUNTY VISITOR CENTER One block from the US Capitol 201 East Capitol Street, SE 202.544.7077 or www.folger.edu 28 DC METRO August – September, 2014 Stop by the Visitor Center in the Tysons Corner Center to get current information on where to stay, what to do, and how to get where you’re going in Fairfax County and the region from one of the service counselors. They are even giving out free gifts, maps and coupons for stopping by to say hello! Metro: NA (take Capital Beltway (I-495) near intersection of State Routes 7 and 123, parking available) Tysons Corner Center, Level 2 1961 Chain Bridge Road McLean, VA 22102 (703) 752-9500 Open: Monday – Saturday, 10AM-6PM; Sunday, 11AM-6PM (Closed Thanksgiving and Christmas) Admission: Free www.fxva.com GADSBY’S TAVERN MUSEUM The building was named for its 1796-1808 operator, Englishman John Gadsby. The Museum consists of two buildings, the 1785 Georgian tavern and the 1792 City Hotel that have been authentically restored to their 18th century appearance. George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and the Marquis de Lafayette all tipped a few here in Old Town Alexandria. Now it’s a museum with regular guided tours. Metro: King Street Station (Yellow/Blue lines). Take King Street Trolley 11:30AM-10:15PM or taxi 134 N. Royal St., Alexandria, VA 22314 (703) 746-4242 Open: April – Oct., Sun. and Mon. 1-5PM, Tues. – Sat. 10AM-5 PM; Nov. – March, Wed. – Sat. 11AM-4PM, Sun. 1-4PM. Admission: Adults $5, Child (5-12) $3 www.gadsbystavern.org GEORGE WASHINGTON MASONIC MEMORIAL Modeled after one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, Pharaoh’s Lighthouse in Alexandria, the Masonic Temple is visible from the Potomac and surrounding areas. The memorial displays a magnificent 17-ft. bronze statue of George Washington and an outstanding collection of Washington artifacts. Daily 9 a.m.-4 p.m. Metro: King Street Station (Blue/Yellow lines) Parking lot at memorial 101 Callahan Drive Alexandria, VA 22301 (703) 683-2007 Open: Daily, Apr. 1 – Sept. 30, Mon – Sat., 9AM-4PM, Sun. 12PM-4PM; Oct. 1 – Mar. 31, Mon. – Sat. 10AM-4PM, Sun. 12PM-4PM. Admission: $5.00 for those 13+ for the First and Second Floor exhibits. For Guided Tours, including tower and observation deck - $8.00. See website for tour times. www.gwmemorial.org GEORGE WASHINGTON’S DISTILLERY & GRISTMILL Costumed distillers demonstrate the distillation process in the two-story building, which also features a storage cellar, office, and two bedrooms where the site manager and assistant would have lived. On the second floor can be seen a History Channel video called “George Washington’s Liquid Gold” and a museum exhibit, “Spirits of Independence: George Washington and the Beginnings of the American Whiskey Industry,” which tells the story of whiskey at Mount Vernon and its history in America. George Washington’s Distillery & Gristmill is $4 for adults, $2 for children ages 6-11, and free for children 5 and under. When combined with admission to Mount Vernon, tickets are $2 for adults, $1.50 for children ages 6-11, and free for children 5 and under. Metro: Huntington Station (Yellow Line) - Located just three miles south of Mount Vernon. Open: Daily, March 31 – October 31, 10AM-5PM, open through October. Admission: $4 for adults, $2 for children ages 6-11, and free for children 5 and under. Special pricing when combined with admission to Mount Vernon. GEORGE WASHINGTON’S MOUNT VERNON ESTATE AND GARDEN The riverside estate of George Washington is an American landmark of the life of America’s first President, George Washington. It includes the Ford Orientation Center and Donald W. Reynolds museum and Education Center, new facilities with 25 galleries and theaters, and more than 700 artifacts, and interactive displays that introduce visitors to the real George Washington. The most famous dentures in the world are on permanent display, along with three life-size models of Washington created from a forensic investigation. An action adventure movie, video presentations produced by the History Channel, and an “immersive” Revolutionary War experience with falling snow, rumble seats, and fog all help tell Washington’s life story. The historic area features the restored Mansion, original outbuildings, the tomb where the Washington’s are buried, beautiful gardens, and heritage breed animals who work at a four acre farm site near the river. See website for Estate admission. Metro: Huntington Station (Yellow Line) Take taxi or bus 3200 Mount Vernon Memorial Highway Mount Vernon, VA 22309 (703) 780-2000 Open: Daily, Mar. 31 – Aug. 8AM-5PM; Mar., Sept., Oct. 9AM-5PM and Nov. through Feb. 9AM-4PM. Admission: Ages 0-5: Free; 6-11: $7; 12-61: $15; 62+: $14 (See website for group prices) www.mountvernon.org HISTORIC BLENHEIM & CIVIL WAR INTERPRETIVE CENTER George Washington Masonic Temple See Fairfax’s newest Civil War site, recently opened to the public, featuring 12 beautiful acres and the famous Blenheim House with more than 115 Union soldier inscriptions still left intact in the attic; some of the best preserved graffiti from the Civil War. A new 4,000-square-foot Civil War Interpretive Center includes an illustrated timeline of Fairfax’s role in the Civil War. Metro: N/A 3610 Old Lee Highway, Fairfax, VA 22030 (703) 591-0560 Open: 10am to 3pm, Tuesday through Saturday. Guided Tours at 1 pm Tuesday through Saturday. Closed Sundays, Mondays. FREE. www.visitfairfax.com LOUDOUN MUSEUM A featured site on the Virginia Civil War Trails, the museum offers exhibits, events, walking and driving tours, and educational programs. Metro: N/A Two hour metered parking on Loudoun Street - parking garage one half block from museum. 16 Loudoun Street SW, Leesburg, VA 20175 (703) 777-7427 Open: Fri. – Sat., 10AM-5PM and Sun. 1-5PM. Closed federal holidays. Admission: Adults -$3.00; Students/ Teachers/Seniors $1.00; Children under four Free. www.loudonmuseum.org THE LYCEUM: ALEXANDRIA’S HISTORY MUSEUM a German machine gunners’ position. Travel along the frozen TokTong pass in Korea amidst enemy troops, and disembark a helicopter into the landing zone atop Hill 881 South in Vietnam. Welcoming over 3 million visitors since its opening in 2006, the National Museum and Marine Corps Heritage Center includes Semper Fidelis Memorial Park and Chapel that sits amid natural woodlands and has landscaped pathways with impressive views of the Museum. Metro: N/A (Take I-95 to the Marine Corps Base Quantico exit #150) 18900 Jefferson Davis Highway, Triangle, VA 22172 1 (877) 635-1775 Open: Daily, 9AM-5PM. Closed December 25. Admission & Parking: Free. www.usmcmuseum.com Once used as a Civil War hospital, the Lyceum tells the story of Alexandria, once one of the busiest ports in America. Archaeological finds, old photography, maps, original artworks and a wide variety of historic artifacts provide the visitor with a picture of the City’s past. In 1985 The Lyceum became the History Museum for Alexandria, VA. Metro: King Street Station (Blue/Yellow lines) King Street Trolley from 11:30AM-10:15PM 201 S. Washington St., Alexandria, VA 22314 (703) 746-4994 Open: Mon. – Sat. 10AM-5PM and Sun. 1-5PM. Admission: $2.00/person www.alexandriahistory.org NATIONAL FIREARMS MUSEUM With world class historical and modern firearms spanning over six centuries, the National Firearms Museum displays the finest firearms collection in the country. Exhibits range from the best sporting guns and masterworks of firearms engraving to Presidential, Olympic, law enforcement, and military arms. Metro: N/A (Parking on site) NRA Headquarters Building 11250 Waples Mill Rd. Fairfax, VA 22030 (703) 267-1600 Open: Daily, 9:30AM-5PM. Closed major holidays. Admission: Free. www.NRAmuseum.com NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE MARINE CORPS Experience American history through the eyes of Marines. Interactive and immersive experiences allow guests to witness and feel the rigidity of boot camp and the force of drill instructors. To edge through a stand of trees at Belleau Wood and come up behind August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 29 Museums & Attractions Hirshorn Musuem RESTON MUSEUM Ongoing exhibits tell the unique story of the innovative, world-renowned, planned community of Reston. The museum also offers archives, walking tours, special events and a one-of-a-kind shop. Metro: N/A 1639 Washington Plaza Reston, VA 20190 (in the Lake Anne Historic District) (703) 709-7700 Open: Tues. – Fri., Sun. 12-5PM and Sat. 10AM-5PM Admission: Free www.restonmuseum.org SMITHSONIAN NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM STEVEN F. UDVARHAZY CENTER Combined with the National Air and Space Museum on the National Mall in DC, this is the largest and most prestigious air and space museum complex in the world. Visitors can view nearly the entire collection of air and spacecraft memorabilia the Smithsonian has to offer. An open space with 10-story arched trusses and with a network of walkways and displays on the floor. Visit the Boeing Aviation Hangar, the James S. McDowell Hanger with the newest addition of the Space Shuttle Discovery, The Museums on the Mall 30 DC METRO August – September, 2014 Donald D. Engen Observatory and the Airbus IMAX Theater. Among them will be such icons as the Space Shuttle Enterprise, a Lockheed SR71 Blackbird reconnaissance airplane, the Enola Gay and much more. Metro: NA (South of the main terminal at Washington Dulles International Airport, Chantilly) 14390 Air and Space Museum Parkway Chantilly, VA 20151 (703) 572-4118 Open: Daily, 10AM-6:30PM through September 3, 2012; then 10AM-5:30PM (Closed December 25 - see website for early event closures). Admission: Free www.airandspace.si.edu/museum/udvarhazy THEODORE ROOSEVELT ISLAND Accessible by wooden footbridge just off the George Washington Memorial Parkway, Theodore Roosevelt Island is an oasis of calm in the city. It is a 91-acre wilderness preserve that serves as a memorial to the nation’s 26th president, honoring his contributions to conservation of public lands for forests, national parks, wildlife and bird refuges, and monuments. Theodore Roosevelt Island has 2 1/2 miles of foot trails where you can observe a variety of flora and fauna. A 17-foot bronze statue of Roosevelt stands in the center of the island. Metro: Rosslyn Station (Blue/Orange Lines) The Island is located at GW Memorial Parkway, just north of the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Bridge. It’s accessible by car only from the northbound parkway.) Southbound traffic: Take Theodore Roosevelt Bridge to Constitution Ave. Take a right on 23rd St and cross the Memorial Bridge. Once on the bridge, return to the George Washington Parkway. Open: Daily, 6AM-10PM. Free (Limited parking) Admission: Free www.nps.gov/this Washington D.C. BASILICA of the NATIONAL SHRINE OF IMMACULATE CONCEPTION The largest U.S. Roman Catholic Church/Shrine containing the largest collection of contemporary Christian art in the U.S. This ByzantineRomanesque style church is one of the ten largest churches in the world with 70 chapels. Open: Tours are: Mon. – Fri. 9AM (every 15 min.) - 6PM (April - August). Mon – Friday 9AM (and every 15 min.) - 3:30 pm The ticket booth on Raoul Wallenberg Place (formerly 15th Street) is open at 8 AM Monday through Friday, with the exception of Federal holidays, from 8:00 AM until all tickets are distributed. www.moneyfactory.gov CORCORAN GALLERY OF ART The Corcoran Gallery of Art, America’s first dedicated art museum, was founded in 1869 by William Corcoran and stands as a major center of American art known internationally for its distinguished collection of historical and modern art as well as contemporary art, photography, European painting, sculpture, and decorative art. Metro: Farragut West Station or Farragut North Station (Orange/Blue/Red lines). 500 17th Street NW, Washington, DC 20006 (between E St. and New York Ave. one block from the White House) (202) 639-1700 or for tickets 1 (800) 745-3000 Open: Thurs., Fri., Sat., Sun., 10AM-5 PM; Wed., 10AM-9 PM. Closed Mondays and Tuesdays. Admission: Adults $10; Seniors (62+)/Students w/ valid ID $8; Children under 12 years of age are free; Members enjoy free admission year-round. www.corcoran.org CRIME MUSEUM This interactive and simulated situation museum in Penn Quarter dissects both the concept of crime and the dark side of the criminal mind. It explores the techniques used by law enforcement agencies to investigate and prosecute. Enter a crime scene to solve a case in a real crime scene lab. Drive in a police academy training pursuit. Check out an authentic electric chair, gas chamber and jail cell. The John Walsh “America’s Most Wanted” actual stage set is located in the museum. Metro: Gallery Place/Chinatown Station (Yellow/Green/Red lines) Exit Arena- Street parking and garages nearby 575 7th St., NW Washington, DC 20004 (202) 393-1099 Open: March 18th – August 24th Monday – Thursday 9:00 AM – 7:00 PM Last Entry at 6:00 PM Friday – Saturday 9:00 AM – 8:00 PM Last Entry at 7:00 PM Sunday 10:00 AM – 7:00 PM Last Entry at 6:00 PM August 25th – March 17th Sunday – Thursday Friday – Saturday 10:00 AM – 7:00 PM Last Entry at 6:00 PM 10:00 AM – 8:00 PM Last Entry at 7:00 PM Pricing: Adults ($21.95); Seniors, Military & Police ($19.95); Children over age 5 ($14.95). Last ticket sold an hour prior to close (check website for event closures). www.crimemuseum.org now through aug. 31, 2014 visit our glass case of emotion. #stayclassynewseum KIDS FREE! Metro: Brookland -CUA (Red line) 400 Michigan Ave. NE, Washington, DC 20017 (202) 526-8300 Open: Daily, April 1 – October 31, 7AM-7PM and November 1 – March 31, 7AM - 6PM www.nationalshrine.com JULY 1 - SEPT. 1, 2014 *Details at newseum.org BUREAU OF ENGRAVING AND PRINTING August 29, 2012 marks the 150th Anniversary of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. See millions of dollars printed during your tour of the BEP. The 40 minute tours are free but tickets are required during peak season (first Monday in March through the last Friday in August). There is an introductory film and gallery tour of the production process. Metro: Smithsonian Metro Station (Blue/Orange lines) 14th & C Sts, SW, Washington, DC (202) 874-2330 or 1 (866) 874-2330 Newseum newseum.org anchorman 2: the legenD continues opens nationwide Dec. 20, 2013 August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 31 Museums & Attractions INTERNATIONAL SPY MUSEUM Celebrating its tenth anniversary, this is the nation’s first public institution dedicated solely to espionage, shedding light on an all-but-invisible profession. The Museum maintains the largest collection of international espionage artifacts ever placed on display. Visitors are invited to test their espionage skills throughout the museum. Take on the role of a former spy experiencing memorizing specific details and see if you can keep your “cover.” Metro: Gallery Place Metro Station (Yellow/Red/Green lines) Exit Galleries - 9th and G Streets NW 800 F St., NW, Washington, DC 20004 (202) 393-7798, (866) 779-6873 Open: May through Sept. 2, 9AM-7PM; Sept. 3 – Nov. 21, 10AM-6PM. Closed Nov. 22, Dec. 25th (see website for seasonal holiday hours). For Admission: (Adult ages 12-64) $21.95; (Senior ages 65+, Military/Intelligence Community) $15.95; Child ages 5-11) $14.95; Children age 6 & under free. Parking: meters and lots. www.spymuseum.org KREEGER MUSEUM DUMBARTON HOUSE Visit this Federal period historic house museum, ca. 1800. The historic structure and collection of Federal-era decorative arts, paintings and furniture are preserved to educate the public about life in Washington, DC during the early years of the Republic. The life and times of Dumbarton House’s first resident, Joseph Nourse (1804-1813), are the interpretive focus; Nourse served as first Register of the U.S. Treasury through six U.S. presidencies and is known as “America’s First Civil Servant.” Dumbarton House is accredited by the American Association of Museums. The Dumbarton House is the headquarters for The Society of The Colonial Dames of America. Metro: Dupont Circle Station (Red Line - Exit Q St. N; walk six blocks or take D-2/D-6 bus) 2715 Q St., NW, Washington, DC 20007 (Georgetown) (202) 337-2288 Open: Tue – Sun 11am-3pm year-round (last museum entry 2:45 pm). Admission: Adults $5 www.DumbartonHouse.org FOLGER SHAKESPEARE THEATRE-LIBRARY This is the home of the world’s largest and finest collection of Shakespearean materials and Renaissance books, manuscripts and works of art. The Folger Shakespeare’s Library captures the Bard of Avon, his times, and his legacy through changing exhibitions and the permanent Shakespeare Gallery. The landmark building includes a replica of the Globe Theatre. It was a gift to the nation donated by Mr. and Mrs. Henry Clay Folger in 1932. Metro: Capitol South Station (Blue/Orange lines - 4 blocks) Union Station Station (Red lines - 6 blocks) 201 East Capitol Street, SE, Washington, DC 20003 (202) 544-4600 or Box Office for tickets (202) 544-7077 Open: Open Mon.-Sat., 10AM - 5PM, Sun. 12- 5 PM. Closed Oct. 1-12 (installation of exhibit) Nov. 22 and Dec. 25. Admission: Free. Group tours arranged by calling (202) 675-0395; www.folger.edu FORD’S THEATRE MUSEUM The newly renovated museum transports visitors to 19th-century Washington, tracing Lincoln’s presidency from his arrival to his assassination using environmental re-creations, videos and threedimensional figures and a remarkable collection of 32 DC METRO August – September, 2014 historic artifacts. The theatre is a working historical theatre, historical monument, world-class museum and educational center. Ford’s Theatre celebrates the legacy of our nation’s 16th President and explores the American experience through theatre and education. It is the best place to explore and celebrate Lincoln’s ideals, leadership principles; courage, integrity, tolerance, equality and creative expression. Metro: Metro Center Station (Red/Blue/Orange lines) – Exit G and 11th Streets (Street parking and garage parking). 511 10th St., NW, Washington, DC 20004 (202) 347-4833 Open Daily: Theatre 9AM-5PM. The box office will stay open until 8pm when there is an evening performance. Petersen House and Education Center 9AM-5:30 PM. Closed Nov. 22 and Dec. 25. Admission: Free; but you must have a ticket that may be reserved online (www. ticketmaster.com or (800) 982-2787 – processing fee $2.50/person) or at the Ford’s Theatre box office. www.fords.org FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT MEMORIAL 7.5 acre river-front park with waterfalls and a monumental bronze sculpture of the president seated in his wheelchair with his beloved Scottie, Fala. Site near the Jefferson Memorial and designed especially for wheelchairs. Metro: Smithsonian Metro Station (Orange/Blue lines) Ohio Drive Bordered by the Tidal Basin and the Potomac River S.E., Washington, D.C., (202) 426-6841 Open: Daily except Dec. 25. Admission: Free www.npr.gov/fdrm FREER GALLERY OF ART ARTHUR M. SACKLER GALLERY The galleries house a world-renowned collection of 6,000 Asian art objects. The artists are from China, Japan, Korea, South and Southeast Asia. Metro: Smithsonian Metro Station (Orange/Blue lines) FREER – Jefferson Drive at 12th St., SW Washington, DC 20013 SACKLER – 1050 Independence Ave., SW Washington, DC 20013 (202) 633-1000 Open: Daily 10 a.m.-5:30 p.m. (Closed on Dec. 25th) Admission: Free. Limited street parking. www.asia.si.edu The Kreeger Museum is a private, non-profit art museum located in the former residence of David and Carmen Kreeger. It showcases the Kreeger’s permanent collection of 19th and 20th century paintings and sculptures. Highlights include works by Monet, Van Gogh, Picasso, Renoir, Cezanne, Chagall, Rodin, Miro, Moore, Kandinsky and various local artists. Metro: Tenleytown – AU Station (Red Line) exit Wisconsin Ave for taxi or 45 minute walk. 2401 Foxhall Road, NW, Washington DC 20007 (202) 338-3552 Open: Tues-Fri reservations are required for a guided tour given at 10:30 a.m. or 1:30 p.m. Sat. 10 a.m.-4 p.m. Prices: Adults $10, Students w/ID, Seniors, Military $7, Children & members free www.kreegermuseum.org KOREAN WAR VETERANS MEMORIAL Built by the Korean War Veterans Memorial Advisory at a cost of $18 million in donated funds, this memorial, located on a 2.2 acre site adjacent to the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool, features a sculptured column of 19-foot soldiers arrayed for combat with the American flag as their symbolic objective. A 164foot mural wall is inscribed with the words, “Freedom is Not Free” and is etched with 2500 photographic images of nurses, chaplains, crew chiefs, mechanics, and other support personnel to symbolize the vast effort that sustained the military operation. Metro: Foggy Bottom Station or Smithsonian Station both (Blue/Orange lines) Daniel French Dr., Washington, D.C. South of the Reflecting Pool (202) 426-6841 Open: The memorial is now open 24 hours a day. Admission: Free www.nps.gov/kwvm LIBRARY OF CONGRESS The world’s largest library with Thomas Jefferson’s own collection and currently housing over 20 million books. Visit the three buildings that have scheduled tours and enjoy free exhibits, concerts and films. Explore the Jefferson Building, know for its impressive 19th century architechture. Don’t miss the Gutenberg Bible. Metro: Capitol South Metro (Blue/Orange lines) 10 First Street, SE, Washington, DC 20540 (202) 707-8000 Open: Mon. – Sat. 8AM-5:30 PM Admission: Free MARIAN KOSHLAND SCIENCE MUSEUM NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART Metro: Verizon Center Station (Green/Red/Yellow lines) Judiciary Square Station (Red line) 6th and E Sts., NW, Washington, DC (202) 334-1201 Open: Daily (except Tues.) 10AM-6PM (last ticket sold at 5PM) Closed: Tuesdays and Jan. 1, Nov.22 and Dec. 25. Admission: Adults $7; Seniors/Military/Students/Children $4 www.koshland-dc.org Metro: Judiciary Square Station (red line), Archives Station (Yellow/Green lines), and Smithsonian Station (blue/orange lines) 6th and Constitution Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20565 (202) 737-4215 Open: Mon.-Sat. 10 AM-5 PM.; Sun. 11AM.-6 PM. Closed Jan.1 and Dec. 25 Admission: Free - Limited Street Parking www.nga.gov The museum uses engaging interactive exhibits to bring to life the numerous reports conducted by the prestigious National Academies every year. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. NATIONAL MEMORIAL This newly dedicated memorial honors Dr. King’s legacy of national and international contributions to world peace through non-violent social change. As the first monument on the National Mall to honor a man of color – and only the fourth to honor a nonpresident - its location on the Tidal Basin creates a visual and historical continuity between the Lincoln and Jefferson Memorials and is designed to be an engaging visitor experience tied to other landscapes and monuments, not as a single object or memorial dominating the site. The composition of the memorial utilizes natural landscape elements - including water, stone, and trees - to powerfully convey four fundamental and recurring themes throughout Dr. King’s message: justice, democracy, hope and love. A 450-foot inscription wall features more than a dozen King quotes engraved into granite which serve as a lasting testament and reminder of Dr. King’s humanitarian vision. The memorial includes the “Mountain of Despair” and the “Stone of Hope,” and features a 30-foot sculpture of Dr. King. The beautifully designed multi-building museum houses the nation’s most complete permanent collection of American and European art as well as captivating special exhibits. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AFRICAN ART See how people from Africa transform religious beliefs and cultural ideals into various art forms. Daily 10 a.m.-5:30 p.m. Closed December 25th. Free. Limited street parking. Metro: Smithsonian (Orange/Blue lines) 950 Independence Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20560 (202) 633-4600 Africa.si.edu NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN This architectural masterpiece took seven years to build and cost over $219 million. The museum opened to the public in 2004 and has attracted millions of people interested in learning about the languages, culture, history and art of Native Americans. It is the first national museum in the country dedicated exclusively to Native Americans. The five-story, 250,000-square-foot curvilinear building is clad in a golden-colored Kasota limestone designed to evoke natural rock formations shaped by wind and water over thousands of years. Metro: L’Enfant Plaza (Blue/Orange/Green/Yellow lines) Exit Maryland Ave/Smithsonian Museum 4th & Independence Avenue SW Washington, DC 20560 (between the National Air & Space Museum and the U.S. Capitol Building. (202) 633-1000 Open: Daily 10AM–5:30PM; closed December 25. Free www.nmai.si.edu NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN HISTORY Explore major themes in American history and culture, from the War of Independence to the present day. This is the museum that houses Archie Bunker’s chair, Dorothy’s Ruby Slippers, Seinfeld’s “puffy shirt”, Abraham Lincoln’s top hat, Dizzy Gillespie’s angled trumpet and the First Ladies’ dress collection. Recent renovations added a new visitor’s center and a state-of-the-art display gallery for the original Star-Spangled Banner. Don’t miss “The Price of Freedom” exhibit. Metro: Federal Triangle (Blue and Orange Lines) or Smithsonian, 14th Street at Constitution Avenue Washington, DC, (202) 633-1000 Open: Daily 10 a.m.-5:30 p.m. (Closed Dec. 25) Free. www.americanhistory.si.edu Metro: Smithsonian and Foggy Bottom (Closest stations and then walk) Entrances to the Memorial site are located at Independence Avenue, SW, west of West Basin Drive; Independence Avenue, SW, at Daniel French Drive; Ohio Drive, SW, south of the Ericsson Statue; and Ohio Drive, SW, at West Basin Drive. Parking is extremely limited in the area, with public transportation suggested as the best way to reach the memorial. Open: Daily www.nps.gov/mlkm; www.mlkmemorial.org NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM The winner and still champion! That’s right – DC (not Paris or Rome) is home to “The World’s Most Visited Museum.” You’ll see why when you spend the day watching the history of aviation unfold starting with the Wright Brothers’ 1903 Flyer and Lindbergh’s Spirit of St. Louis through the advances into space and the Apollo 11 lunar command module (just to name a few). Also worthy of note is the Lockheed Martin IMAX Theater (admission), Flight Simulators (admission) and the Albert Einstein Planetarium (admission). Metro: L’Enfant Plaza Station (Blue/Green/Orange/Yellow lines). Very limited 2 hour meter street parking. 6th St. and Independence Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20560, (202) 357-2700, (202) 633-2214 Open: Mar. 17 – Sept. 3, 10AM-7:30 PM; Sept. 4 – Mar.16, 10AM-5PM. Closed December 25. See website for early closures. Admission: Free, www:nasm.si.edu August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 33 Museums & Attractions NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Everyone in the family is sure to find something amazing while exploring the largest, most comprehensive natural history collection in the world. Kids’ favorites include the Tyrannosaurus Rex skeleton in the dinosaur exhibit, the live interaction with over 65 species of arthropods at the Insect Zoo and the new live butterfly house. Moms won’t want to miss the National Gem Collection which houses the world-famous Hope Diamond. The national Fossil Hall is now closed for renovations until 2019 Metro: Smithsonian Station (Blue and Orange lines) 1000 Constitution Ave NW, Washington, DC 20004 (202) 633-1000 Open: 10AM-5:30PM (Open some holidays until 7:30PM - Check website. Closed Dec. 25) Free www.mnh.si.edu NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY The Smithsonian’s National Portrait Gallery tells the history of America through individuals who have shaped its culture. Through the visual arts, performing arts and new media, the Portrait Gallery portrays poets and presidents, visionaries and villains, actors and activists whose lives tell the American story. Metro: Gallery Place, Chinatown - Exit Galleries (Red, Yellow and Green lines) Eighth and F Streets, NW, Washington, DC 20001 (202) 633-1000 Open: Daily 11:30AM-7PM (Closed Dec. 25), Free www.npg.si.edu NATIONAL POSTAL MUSEUM The museum explores America’s postal history from colonial times to the present. Visitors learn how mail has been transported, emphasize the importance of letters, and spotlight the creation and wondrous diversity of postage stamps. The collection contains prestigious U. S. and international postal issues and specialized collections, archival postal documents and threedimensional objects that trace the evolution of the postal services. A Smithsonian Institution, the museum is located conveniently in the old Post Office building next to Union Station. METRO: Red Line to Union Station 2 Massachusetts Ave., NE, Washington, D.C. 20001 (202) 633-5555 OPEN: Seven days a week from 10 a.m. to 5:30 p.m., except December 25. Admission is free. www.postalmuseum.si.edu NATIONAL WORLD WAR II MEMORIAL Located poignantly between the Reflecting Pool and the Washington Monument this memorial is dedicated to the 16 million who served in World War II. Two 43-ft. arches to the north and south represent the Atlantic and Pacific Theaters. The 56 pillars represent the U.S. States, territories, and D.C. at the time of the war. Freedom Walk has a field of 4,000 sculptured gold starts, each representing the death of 100 Americans in the war (400,000). Dedicated on May 29, 2004. Metro: Smithsonian Metro, (Blue/Orange lines) 17th St. between Constitution Ave. and Independence Ave. NW, Washington, DC (800) 639-4992 Open: Daily - Free. www.wwiimemorial.com 34 DC METRO August – September, 2014 NEWSEUM The Newseum is a dazzling, high-tech roller coaster ride through 500 years of headline history, featuring dozens of galleries, theaters and interactive exhibits that bring you face to face with the greatest events of our time. Stand in the shadow of the Unabomber’s cabin, touch the Berlin Wall and hear never-told stories from the journalists and photographers who have stood on the front lines of history. Main galleries explore electronic news, photojournalism, new history and world news. Unique artifacts, powerful photography and moving images invite you to remember, relive and share moments that changed our lives. The Newseum, in partnership with Hewlett-Packard, just opened a 2,500-square-foot HP New Media Gallery which will give visitors a chance to step into a threedimensional social network. The gallery features five groundbreaking interactive experiences and two video presentations that illustrate the evolution and progression of global media. Metro: Archives/Navy of MemorialPenn Quarter (Yellow and Green Lines), Smithsonian (Blue and Orange Lines) or Gallery Place-Chinatown 555 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20001 (888) 639-7386 Open: Daily 9 AM – 5 PM (Closed on Thanksgiving, December 25, January 1) Admission: Adults (19 to 64) $22.95 +tax, Seniors (65 and up) $18.95 +tax, Youth (7 to 18) $13.95 +tax, Children 6 and younger free. www.newseum.org THE PHILLIPS COLLECTION The White House THE PRESIDENTS GALLERY BY MADAME TUSSAUDS WASHINGTON, D.C. Take a remarkable interactive, chronological journey through U.S. history. Featuring life-sized wax figures of all the U.S. Presidents from George Washington to Barack Obama, guests will explore the 44 presidencies. Some new interactive experiences include: crossing the Delaware River with George Washington, sitting with Franklin D. Roosevelt for a fireside chat, walking on the moon with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, braving the Underground Railway with Harriet Tubman and meeting the founder of the Girl Scouts – Juliette Gordon Low – as well as sports, pop and musical icons. The Phillips Collection, America’s first museum of modern art, opened in 1921 in the home of Duncan Phillips (1866-1966). The museum, internationally recognized for the incredible collection, includes nearly 3,000 works by American and European artists—among them, Degas, Cézanne, Gauguin, van Gogh, Bonnard, Matisse, Picasso, Braque, Klee, Homer, Whistler, Hopper, Stieglitz, O’Keeffe, Calder, Rothko, and many others. Discover for yourself this international treasure and one of Washington, DC’s best-loved museums. Some special exhibits offer audio tours. Limited street parking. Metro: Red Line – exit Metro Center – 11th and G Streets NW; Yellow Line exit Galleries at 9th and G Streets NW - walk 2 blocks 1001 F Street NW, Washington, DC 20004 (202) 942-7300 Open: Fall-Winter Hours: Sun-Mon, 10AM-6PM; TuesThurs, 12PM-6PM; Fri-Sat; 10AM-6PM (last tickets sold at 6 PM) Admission: Adult 13 and up $21.50, Child 4 to 12 $17.00, 3 and under free, tickets are cheaper online. www.madametussadsdc.com Metro: DuPont Circle (Red line) 1600 21st St., NW, Washington, DC 20009 (202) 387-2151 Open: Tues.-Sat. 10 AM -5 PM.; Thurs. open to 8:30 p.m.; Sun. 11 AM - to 6PM; Closed Federal Holidays. Price Info: 18 and under free admission. Admission: Ticketed exhibitions: Adults $12, Students and visitors 62 and over $10. Saturday and Sunday when no ticketed exhibition is on view, adults $10, students/visitors 62 and over $8. www.phillipscollection.org The Smithsonian American Art Museum captures the aspirations, character and imagination of the American people throughout three centuries. It is the home to one of the largest and most inclusive collections of American art in the world. American Art has the largest collection of New Deal art and the finest collections of contemporary craft, American impressionist paintings, and masterpieces from the Gilded Age. THE RENWICK GALLERY OF THE SMITHSONIAN AMERICAN ART MUSEUM Steps away from the White House, this museum will celebrate its 40th anniversary in November. The permanent collection of the Renwick Gallery, a branch of the American Art Museum, features contemporary American crafts in glass, ceramics, metal, wood, and fiber. Metro: Farragut North Station (Red line) & Farragut West Station (Blue/Orange lines) 1661 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20006 (Corner of 17th and Pennsylvania NW) (202) 633-7970 (recorded message) (202) 633-1000 Open: Daily - 10AM – 5:30PM. Closed December 25 Admission: Free www.americanart.si.edu/renwick SMITHSONIAN AMERICAN ART MUSEUM Metro: Gallery Place – Chinatown Station (Green/Red/Yellow lines) Exit Galleries 8th and F Streets NW, Washington, DC 20004 (202)633-7970/202-633-1000 Open: Daily 11:30AM - 7PM. Closed December 25 (check website for private event closings) Admission: Free www.americanart.si.edu SMITHSONIAN NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK The National Zoo is home to more than 2,000 animals of nearly 400 different species, including giant pandas, Asian elephants, tigers, lions, birds, reptiles and much more. The best known residents are the giant pandas, Tian Tian and Mei Xiang. The Zoo welcomes more than 2 million visitors a year, free of charge. Some popular highlights include seven lion cubs, born last fall; the Asia Trail exhibit, which includes red pandas, clouded UNITED STATES CAPITOL The United States Capitol is among the most architecturally impressive and symbolically important buildings in the world. It houses the meeting chambers of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Since its opening in 1793, the Capitol has been built, burnt, rebuilt, extended and restored. Today, it stands as a monument not only to its builders but also to the American people and their government. If you wish to tour The Capitol, you’ll need to plan ahead. Reservations are required. Passes may be booked in advance online at www. visitthecapitol.gov, through the offices of your Senators or Representatives, or through the Office of Visitor Services by calling (202) 226-8000. leopards, fishing cats and otters; the invertebrate house, with an 11:00 a.m. daily octopus feeding; and Amazonia, the 15,000 square-foot rain forest habitat with Amazon river fish and dozens of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. A 163-acre urban oasis, the Zoo is located in Rock Creek Park. There are 30 animal demonstrations that take place every day. For the first time at the Reptile Discovery Center (opens at 10AM daily) impressed tortoises will be exhibited. Metro: Woodley Park/Zoo/Adams Morgan Station (Red line) - 3 block walk or take L2/L3 bus. Or, Cleveland Park Station (Red Line) 3 block walk or take L1/L2 bus. If driving parking maximum $22 per day. 3001 Connecticut Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20008 (202) 633-4888 Open: Daily. Grounds: Apr. – Oct. 6AM-8PM.; Nov. – Mar. 6AM-6PM. Exhibit Buildings: 10AM. Closed December 25. Admission: Free www.nationalzoo.si.edu SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES Walk the halls of our highest court and attend lectures every hour on the half hour. Mon.-Fri. 9:30 a.m.-3:30 p.m. when court is not in session. Metro: Capitol South (Blue/Orange lines) 1 First St NE, Washington DC, 20543 (202) 479-3000 Open: Mon. – Fri. 9AM-4:30PM www.supremecourt.gov THE TEXTILE MUSEUM The museum is devoted to the handmade textile arts. It’s mission it to expand public knowledge and appreciation—locally, nationally, and internationally—of the artistic merits and cultural importance of the world’s textiles. METRO: Dupont Circle- Q Street (Red Line) exit 2320 S Street, NW, Washington, DC 20008 (202) 667-0441 Museum is closed and rescheduled to reopen late 2014 or early 2015. www.textilemuseum.org THOMAS JEFFERSON MEMORIAL Beneath the marble rotunda, the 19-foot statue of the third U.S. president is surrounded by passages from the Declaration of Independence and other famous Jefferson writings. Metro: Smithsonian Metro (Orange/Blue lines) 900 Ohio Dr, SW, Washington DC, 20242 (202) 426-6841 Open: Daily 8 AM-12AM Metro: Union Station Metro Station (Red line) or Capitol South Station (Blue/Orange lines) East Capitol St. at First St., Washington, DC 20515 (grounds) Closest parking garage Union Station Open: Mon. – Sat. 8:30 AM-4:30PM (first tour at 8:50AM last tour at 3:20PM). Closed Jan.1, Inauguration Day, Nov. 22, Dec.25. Admission: Free www.visitthecapitol.gov or www.aoc.gov UNITED STATES CAPITOL VISITOR CENTER The Visitor Center, the new main entrance to the U.S. Capitol, is located beneath the East Front plaza of the Capitol, at First and East Capitol Streets. Guided tours of the U.S. Capitol begin at the Orientation Theaters on the lower level. In this 580,000 square foot addition to the historic building you’ll learn about the history, architecture and art of the U.S. Capitol as well as our unique legislative process. Metro: Capitol South (Blue/Orange lines) East Capitol St. at First St., Room SVC-101 Washington, DC 20002 (East Plaza of the Capitol, between Constitution and Independence Avenues NE); (202) 226-8000 Open: Mon.-Sat. 8:30 AM-4:30PM (first tour at 8:50AM last tour at 3:20PM). Closed Jan.1, Inauguration Day, Nov. 22, Dec.25. Admission: Free Although admission is free passes are required for tours and visitors are required to go through a security screening. www.visitthecapitol.gov. UNITED STATES BOTANIC GARDEN The United States Botanic Garden, run by the Congress of the United States, is located on the U.S. Capitol Grounds campus near Garfield Circle. The building itself, which includes a large Lord & Burnham greenhouse, is divided into separate rooms, each one simulating a different habitat. The United States Botanic Garden traces its beginning to 1816, when the Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences proposed the creation of a botanic garden to collect, grow, and distribute plants of this and other countries that might contribute to the welfare of the American people. Metro: Federal Center SW Station (Blue/ Orange lines) Metro-buses: # 30, 32, 34, 35, and #36 stop at Independence & First Streets NE 100 Maryland Ave SW, Washington DC, 20001 (202) 225-8333, (202) 225-1116 (tours) Open: Daily Bartholdi Park - Dawn to Dusk; Conservatory 10AM-5PM; National Gardens 10AM-7PM May 28 - Sept. 3, then 10AM-5PM Admission: Free – Cell phone tours available www.usbg.gov VIETNAM VETERANS MEMORIAL The famous black granite wall, inscribed with the names of 58,209 American servicemen and women lost in Vietnam, serves as a venue for reconciliation between those opposed to this war and those that sacrificed their lives for it. The memorial consists of three distinct sections. “The Wall,” the three servicemen statue and flag pole, and the women in service to the Vietnam War statue. Metro: Foggy Bottom Station (Blue/Orange lines) or Smithsonian Station (Blue/Orange lines) Vietnam Veterans Memorial is located north of the Lincoln Memorial, near the intersection of 22nd St. and Constitution Ave. NW. (202) 426-6841, (202) 634-1568 Open: Daily - Park ranger available - 8AM-12AM Admission: Free www.nps.gov/vive WASHINGTON MONUMENT Towering higher than any building in DC, the Washington Monument exemplifies the simplistic elegance and enduring presence of our first president. The Monument is the most prominent structure in DC and built to honor President George Washington. Although a long restoration was recently completed, an August, 2011 earthquake created significant structural damage that has necessitated its temporary closing. Metro: Smithsonian Station (Blue/Orange lines) 2 15th St. NW, Washington DC, 20024 (15th and Constitution Aves NW) (202) 426-6841, (800) 967-2283 Open: 9am to 5pm, last tour begins at 4:45pm, summer hours (memorial day to labor day) 9am to 10pm, last tour begins at 9:45pm. www.nps.gov/wamo WHITE HOUSE/WHITE HOUSE VISITOR CENTER NOTE: As of press time, White House tours have been eliminated as the result of Sequester. If you want to tour the home of every U.S. president except George Washington, you must make a tour request (up to 6 months in advance) through your member of Congress (Senator or Representative). If planning in advance isn’t you, then at least visit the White House Visitors Center. Located at the South East corner of 15th and E Streets NW. The center includes exhibits on White House architecture and furnishings, first families and social and diplomacy events and a thirty-minute video. Advance reservation made through your member of Congress required. Metro: Farragut West, Federal Triangle or McPherson Square (all Blue/orange lines); Metro Center (Blue/Orange/Red lines) White House: 1600 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, 15th and 17th Sts. Washington, DC Visitor Center: Located just west of the corner of 15th and E Streets NW (202) 456-7041 – Recorded White House Line (202) 208-1631 – White House Visitor Center Open: WHITE HOUSE - BY APPOINTMENT ONLY through member of CONGRESS Tues. – Thurs. 7:30 AM-11AM; Fri. 7:30 AM-12PM; Sat. 7:30 AM-1PM. Closed: Jan. 1, Nov.22 and Dec. 25. Admission: Free White House VISITOR CENTER Daily 7:30AM-4:30 PM Closed: Jan. 1, Nov.22 and Dec. 25. Admission: Free www.nps.gov/whhow August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 35 Di n i n g The Price reflects the estimated price of a dinner for one with one drink and tip. Lunch usually costs 25% less. $$ = $30 and under Dining Guide Washington, D.C. 701 Penn Quarter \| American \| $$$ Located just steps away from the White House, 701 is a modern American restaurant with exquisite food framed by an elegant decor. Try their popular pre-theater prix-fixe menu for $32 per person before a show 5:30-6:45p.m or light fare in the lounge for those tight on time. 701 Pennsylvania Ave., NW (202) 393-0701 www.701restaurant.com Decanter at St. Regis Downtown \| French \| $$$ With the talents of Executive Chef Rondier, Alain Ducasse’s fresh and contemporary concept in the opulent St. Regis hotel, radiates casual elegance. The restaurant is ranked No. 6 on Washingtonian Magazine’s list of 100 Very Best Restaurants; it’s one of DC’s most romantic restaurants. The Macarons are a must try! 923 16th St., NW (202) 509-8000 www.Adour-WashingtonDC.com Bibiana Osteria Enoteca Downtown \| Italian \| $$$ Dubbed one of the “Best New Restaurants in America” by Esquire magazine in 2010 and one of the District’s hot spots, Bibiana offers authentic regional Italian cuisine in a chic modern backdrop. Executive Chef Nick Stefanelli offers a variety of well executed small plates, antipasti and regional specialties such as black spaghetti with Maryland Crab. 1100 New York Ave., NW (202) 216-9550 www.bibianadc.com 36 DC METRO August – September, 2014 D i n i n g Cuba Libre Fogo de Chao Taste the Old Havana with a menu inspired by the cuisines of various Latin regions and their expansive rum menu, with more than 75 premium varieties. Try one of their 15 mojitos, made with fresh sugar cane juice. Inside looks like a movie set with a streetscape of ornate carved wood replicated from vintage photographs. Meat lovers rejoice at this Brazilian Steakhouse where savory cuts of meat and old world traditions are celebrated. Enjoy the all-you-can-eat buffet and the ‘Passadores’ or meat waiters offering table side service of ‘rodizio’ such as, beef, pork, lamb, or chicken. It truly is a one-a-kind experience! Penn Quarter \| Cuban \| $$$ 801 Ninth St., NW (202) 408-1600 www.cubalibrerestaurant.com District Chophouse & Brewery Downtown \| American \| $$$ Located a block from the Verizon Center, the ChopHouse serves steakhouse classics and hand-cut chops, paired with handcrafted Ales brewed on site. Also fresh seafood and an extensive wine list, all in a unique turn of the century bank transformed into one of Washington’s hot spots. 509 7th St.,NW (202) 47-3434 www.chophouse.com Ella’s Wood-Fired Pizza Penn Quarter \| Pizza \| $$ Considered one of the best pizza places in the city, this is a popular restaurant features traditional, Neapolitan-style, thin crust pizza baked in a blistering-hot, wood-fired pizza oven. Enjoy happy hour seven days a week with $5 personal pizzas and $3.50 sangrias. 901 F St., NW (202) 638-3434 www.ellaspizza.com Penn Quarter \| Brazilian \| $$$ 1101 Pennsylvania Ave., NW (202) 347-4668 www.fogodechao.com Founding Farmers - DC Jaleo Penn Quarter \| Crystal City \| Arlington \| Spanish \| $$$ With three DC area locations to tempt you, Jaleo brings alive the spirit and flavors of Spain with a menu of tapas, or small plates, including savory paellas in a festive, yet casual atmosphere. Enjoy a glass of superb sangria or chose from a fine selection of Spanish wines. www.jaleo.com La Tasca Foggy Bottom \| American \| $$ Penn Quarter \| Alexandria Arlington \| Spanish \| $$ Founding Farmers offers a fresh Farm-to-Table American menu in a modern and eco-friendly setting. Dishes are made from scratch, inspired by the heartland with sustainably farmed products, with locally sourced items and in-season vegetables and fruits whenever possible. As the Greenest Restaurant in DC, Founding Farmers is a Certified Green Restaurant, a first for a Washington, DC, restaurant. Located in Chinatown, walking distance from the Verizon center, expect delicious tapas or small plates that are easy to sample and share, and the sangria is a must. Head out for the happy hour between 4-7 p.m. for discounted sangria and $3 selected dishes. Thursday nights the Sangria Pitchers are half price. Has five locations in the D.C./Baltimore area. 1924 Pennsylvania Ave., NW (202) 822-8783 www.WeAreFoundingFarmers.com 722 7th St., NW (202) 347-9190 www.latascausa.com Hard Rock Café Penn Quarter \| American \| $$ With locations all over the world, the Hard Rock in the nation’s capital is especially patriotic. The restaurant is very family friendly, affordable and has the best rock-n-roll memorabilia from stars such as Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson, and more! Always fun with great music. For the late night set, the restaurant has been hosting more and more live music. 999 E St., NW (202) 737-ROCK www.hardrock.com/washington Matchbox Penn Quarter \| Pizza \| $$ Known for its brick oven pizza and incredible mini-sliders, Matchbox offers American food in a modern setting. This restaurant includes a full bar, complete with a good beer and wine selection. Call ahead for reservations – it’s a popular place. Now with locations at 1901 14th St., NW and on Capitol Hill. 1901 145h St., NW (202) 289-4441 www.matchboxdc.com August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 37 Di n i n g 1 WASHINGTONIAN’S TOP 100 PREMIUM ENTRÉES. MOUTHWATERING STEAKS. EXCEPTIONAL SERVICE. Celebrated Chef Mike Cordero unveils Old Town’s newest steak destination N Spectacular Seafood Creole & Cajun Specialities EW 0777 808 KING STREET ALEXANDRIA, VA ! 3804 Mt. Vernon Ave. Alexandria 703-684-6010 Tempo Advert www.rtsrestaurant.net 10/27/04 3:19 PM Page 1 Reservations: 703 299 0777 808 KING ST. ALEXANDRIA, VA Simple Elegance, Exceptional Food “European & Californian cuisine consistently hits the high notes.” Joan Horwitt,Mid Atlantic Magazine One of Alexandria’s Best kept secrets... Nestled in the West End, this elegant but unpretentious neighborhood restaurant is where the locals dine. Ample free parking. Reservations are suggested. All major credit cards accepted. Fabulous Seafood Menu - Waterfront Dining Private Parties & Receptions - Experienced Event Planner Live Entertainment Friday & Saturday Nights 703.494.6373 4231 Duke Street • Alexandria, VA 703-370-7900 DC METRO August – September, 2014 www.madiganswaterfront.com Located on the Historic Occoquan River 201 Mill Street, Occoquan, Virginia 22125 Oya Restaurant & Lounge Zaytinya In a uberchic space, Oya offers an innovative menu of creative sushi, small plates and entrees that blends the best of Classic American with an Asian flair. Expect exceptional food for a modest price with its $38 3-course prix fixe dinner every night of the week. Even better, Oya offers a 3-course lunch for just $20 weekdays. Offering an innovative menu of mezze or ‘little dishes’, inspired by Turkish, Greek and Lebanese cuisines, in a sleek and modern setting. Under the direction of internationally renowned chef José Andrés, Zaytinya is a popular spot for happy hour, with its generous specials, creative cocktails and unique Mediterranean wines reflecting its rich regional diversity. Penn Quarter \| Eurasian \| $$ 777 9th St., NW (202) 393-1400 www.oyadc.com Oyamel Cocina Mexicana Penn Quarter \| Mexican \| $$ Part of internationally acclaimed Chef José Andrés’ ThinkFoodGroup, Oyamel is a vibrant fine dining Mexican restaurant offering innovative spins on ceviche, tacos, and moles. Sip a delicious $4 margarita at the bar Sunday through Friday from 4:30-6:30 p.m. or enjoy half-price wine. 401 7th St., NW (202) 628-1005 www.oyamel.com Rasika Penn Quarter \| Indian \| $$$ Rasika offers modern Indian cuisine exuberantly conceived and executed with precision and is considered one of the area’s best restaurants. The Palak Chaat is a must try! The dining room is opulent with plush fabrics, shimmering silk panels, stone floors and rich spice colors throughout. Now with a new location in West End, 1190 New Hampshire Ave., NW. 633 D St., NW (202) 637-1222 www.rasikarestaurant.com R.F.D. Penn Quarter \| American \| $ Beerlovers will revel in this brew heaven with hundreds upon hundreds to choose from, some even the most fanatic connoisseur may not have heard of. The menu is familiar bar fare. Did we mention they have beer? 810 7th St. NW (202) 289-2030 www.lovethebeer.com/rfd.html Rosa Mexicano Penn Quarter \| Mexican \| $$$ Offering high-end Mexican food, enjoy freshlymade guacamole mixed table-side and wash it all down with a refreshing margarita. Sip sangria, premium tequila or chose a glass from their expansive wine list while enjoying the festive, stylish and comfortable ambiance. 575 7th St. NW (202) 783-5522 www.rosamexicano.com Penn Quarter \| Mediterranean \| $$$ 701 9th St., NW (202)638-0800 www.zaytinya.com Georgetown 1789 Restaurant Georgetown \| American \| $$$$ Situated in an elegant two-story Federal townhouse, 1789 is the perfect spot to dine during the cold winter months with its festive holiday décor. In the main dining room, table #14 has the best view of the elegant historic fireplace. 1226 36th St., NW (202) 965-1789 www.1789restaurant.com Bangkok Joe’s Georgetown \| Asian Fusion \| $$ Located on the Georgetown Waterfront, Bangkok Joe’s has been rated the best spot for dumplings by Washingtonians. Enjoy authentic, yet modern Thai cuisine. They also offer a discounted Happy Hour menu 7 days a week from 5-7 p.m. 3000 K St., NW (202) 333-4422 www.bangkokjoes.com Cafe Milano Georgetown \| Italian \| $$$ Cafe Milano offers upscale Italian cuisine, topnotch service, and a place “to be seen” with any of the Hollywood celebs who frequent the area. Choose from their extensive wine list featuring vino from many Italian regions. J. Paul’s Georgetown \| American \| $$ One of D.C.’s most popular watering holes for the last 25 years, J. Paul’s offers classic American fare such as burgers, steaks, BBQ and seafood, such as fresh oysters. J.Paul’s also hosts brunch Saturday and Sunday. Don’t miss out on their complimentary signature soft pretzels! Drinks specials are also plentiful during their generous happy hour. 3218 M St., NW (202) 333-3450 www.j-pauls.capitalrestaurants.com Martin’s Tavern Georgetown \| American \| $$ Established in 1933, the renowned tavern is one of Washington D.C.’s most historic family-owned enterprises. For 75 years, Martin’s Tavern has been a must-visit corner stone in historic Georgetown for everyone from sitting Presidents and media icons, to city residents and worldly travelers. 1264 Wisconsin Ave., NW (202) 333-7370 www.martins-tavern.com Neyla Georgetown \| Mediterranean \| $$ The menu by Lebanese born Chef Housh melds all exotic Mediterranean cultures and offers a variety of mezza or small plates of vegetables, salads, grilled meats and fish set off by light, and subtly spiced sauces. Enjoy the intimate but relaxed atmosphere with friendly service. The Belly dancers offer unique entertainment on Saturday evenings. 3206 N St., NW (202) 333-6353 www.neyla.com Old Glory Georgetown \| Barbeque \| $ 3251 Prospects St., NW (202) 333-6183 www.cafemilano.net Old Glory captures the food, flavor and feel of America with good ol’ barbeque. Enjoy mouthwatering pulled pork, chicken, and ribs. Open 2-3 a.m. on weekend, perfect when out on the town. 3139 M St., NW (202) 337-3406 www.oldglorybbq.com Il Canale Georgetown \| Pizza \| $$ Georgetown \| Italian \| $$ Serving authentic Italian cuisine and the best thin crust gourmet pizza in DC, cooked in a wood-fired oven imported from Naples. This is where Italians go to eat Italian. Tucked away near the C&O Canal in the heart of Georgetown. 1063 31st St. NW (202) 337-4444 www.ilcanaledc.com Pizzeria Paradiso Celebrating its 21st anniversary, Pizzeria Paradiso offers hot Neapolitan pies made from a woodburning oven centered in the main dining room. Ask to sit downstairs during colder weather and warm up by the wonderfully cozy cellar complete with fireplace. Their impressive beer list includes more than a dozen on tap and more than 200 bottles. 3282 M St., NW (202) 337-1245 www.eatyourpizza.com August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 39 Di n i n g Sunday Brunch 10:30 am - 3:00 pm Monday - Thursday 11am - 10pm Friday - Saturday 11am - 11pm Sequoia Sunday Dinner 4pm - 10 pm Located inCenter Located in Lorton Town Lorton town Center 9020 Lorton Station Blvd Suite E Lorton, VA 22079 9020 Lorton Station Blvd Suite E 571.642.0605 Lorton, VA 22079 571-642-0605 Voted “Best Brunch in Northern Virginia” Sunday Brunch 10:30am - 3:00 pm Monday-Thursday 11am-10pm Friday-Saturday 11am-11pm Sunday Dinner 4pm - 10pm Georgetown \| Seafood \| $$$ New Wine Bar Enjoy a gorgeous sunset at Sequoia situated on the Enoteca waterfront overlooking the Potomac River. Enjoy fresh seafood while taking in the stunning riverfront Monday - Closed Tuesday view- Thursday through5pm the- 10pm large glass paneled walls. Friday - Saturday - 12am 3000 K St.,5pm NW Sunday 5pm - 10 pm (202) 944-4200 www.paneevino-ristorante.com www.arkrestaurants.com/sequoia_dc.html The Tombs Georgetown \| American \| $$ Unlike its fancy schmancy sibling, 1789, the Tombs, located in the basement beneath, is an outright college hang out. The menu offers reasonably priced bar and grill fare, such as burgers and fries; however their fried green tomato BLT sandwich is a favorite. It’s a cool place to people watch and meet some local youngins. 1226 36th St., NW (202) 337-6668 www.tombs.com Alexandria Asian Bistro Old Town\| Asian \| $$ Don’t let the modest exterior fool you. This PanAsian bistro offers freshly prepared dishes from Thailand, China, and Malaysia — all for a reasonable price. Sushi lovers will love their “Fire Roll”. 809 King Street (703) 836-1515 www.abristro.com Na m e d the Be One of st I t a l ian Menu si Wa s h n t h e ington Area The Best Mimosa Sunday Brunch in Northern VA Lunch Buffet Available Monday - Saturday Separate, Supervised Children’s Dining Room Fine Authentic Italian Dinner Served Nightly Live Entertainment 6124 Franconia Rd. Springfield, VA 703.922.6222 ParadisoRistorante.com Within minutes of Springfield and Alexandria Hotels Private Party Rooms and Full Catering for Corporate Meetings and All Special Events 40 DC METRO August – September, 2014 Bastille Old Town \| French \| $$$ Dine like an insider at this hidden gem in north Old Town. Transport to a rustic French village at this tucked away Gallic Bistro which offers seasonal authentic French cuisine but without the fine dining cost. Their 3-course $29 Sunday prix-fixe dinner is a steal! Bastille also has a terrific Sunday brunch. 1201 N. Royal Street (703) 519-3776 www.bastillerestaurant.com BRABO by Robert Wiedmaier/ Tasting Room Old Town \| Belgian/French \| $$$ Located inside the sophisticated Lorien hotel, just a few blocks from the King Street Metro, the award winning chef Robert Wiedmaier offers his mouthwatering Belgian-French fare in an elegant dining atmosphere. Stop in between 5-6:30 p.m. daily for steamed mussels and a glass of wine for just $15.00. 1600 King Street (703) 894-3440 www.braborestaurant.com Flat Iron Steak & Saloon Alexandria \| Steak \| $$ In the heart of historic Old Town, Alexandria, enjoy affordable, juicy steaks from local farms, and American fare. Locals rave about the Happy Hour, which ends at 8 pm. The atmosphere is lively and you can’t beat a menu of delicious appetizers for just $5. Try half price bottles of wine on Wednesdays or stop by on the weekend, Saturdays and Sundays for their very popular Steak & Eggs Brunch. 808 King St. (703) 922-6222 www.paradisoristorante.com Gadsby’s Tavern Old Town \| American \| $$ Established in 1770, Gadsby’s Tavern (and museum) is considered the finest Public House in America visited by our founding fathers. Enjoy the authentic American Revolution-era decor while sipping a beer like Thomas Jefferson, sitting where George Washington and John Adams sat. Also offers Sunday brunch: 11 a.m.-3 p.m. 138 N. Royal Street (703) 548-1288 www.gadsbystavernrestaurant.com La Bergerie Old Town \| French \| $$$ For more than twenty years, La Bergerie has offered guests classic French cuisine in a romantic and elegant ambiance. Diners revel in their signature light and fluffy soufflés, steak and frites, and exceptional wine list. For a more modest price point try their prix-fixe dinner menu. 218 N. Lee Street (703) 683-1007 www.labergerie.com Nina’s Dandy Old Town \| American \| $$$$ Enjoy a dinner cruise aboard the Nina’s Dandy with an unparalleled view of DC’s majestic monuments and beautiful Potomac River. With two climate controlled boats in the fleet, visitors can opt for a lunch or dinner cruise, as well as a champagne brunch each Sunday. Departs from the Old Town waterfront dock at Zero Prince Street. (703) 683-6076 www.dandydinnerboat.com Las Tapas Old Town \| Spanish \| $$ Offering the largest selection of authentic Spanish Tapas in the area with 76 appetizer varieties of lean grilled meats, fresh seafood and vegetables. Enjoy brunch every Saturday and Sunday 10 a.m.-3 p.m and their Flamenco dance performances every TuesdayThursday evenings; live Spanish bands Friday and Saturday nights. 710 King Street (703) 836-4000 www.lastapas.us August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 41 Di n i n g Paradiso – Alexandria/ Springfield Le Refuge Madigan’s Waterfront Celebrating almost 30 years, this charming and intimate French country restaurant offers traditional fare and excellent service. The prix-fixe daily specials are a steal. Enjoy house specialties such as Bouillabaisse, Salmon in crust, Rack of Lamb, Beef Wellington and Soft Shell Crabs with an extended French wine list. In the heart of historic Occoquan , Madigan’s offers formal dining on the waterfront under the stars. Enjoy casual waterfront dining on their topside deck or visit their tiki bar for a season cocktail. Known for it’s seafood and being very popular with the locals for a lively happy hour. Sip your cocktail on the deck, while watching for Ospreys flying down the Occoquan River. Old Town \| French \| $$$ 127 N. Washington Street (703) 548-4661 www.lerefugealexandria.com Occoquan \| Seafood \| $$ 201 Mill St. (703) 494-6373494-6373 www.madiganswaterfront.com Known for its great pizzas, made from an authentic wood burning brick oven. Their dough and sauce are made fresh daily inspired by old Sicilian family recipes dating back generations. In addition to classic Italian fare, Paradiso features an extraordinary Sunday Brunch. Enjoy their extensive banquet of breakfast and lunch dishes 10:00 am to 2:30 pm. Parents can enjoy a date night anytime with their Supervised Children’s Dining Area, a truly one of a kind concept. 6124 Franconia Rd. (703) 922-6222 www.paradisoristorante.com Taverna Cretekou Nationally Recognized • Festive Atmosphere Award-winning French and Basque cuisine La Bergerie is renowned for its charming atmosphere and Old World setting. Among the house specialties are lobster bisque, fresh foie gras, Dover sole, venison chops and dessert soufflés. Celebrating our 40th year! Zagat rated. Featured in DiRõNA since 1997. Extensive wine list that has won Wine Spectator’s Award of Excellence. Private rooms for any occasion. Business Casual Attire. Reservations Recommended. Validated Garage Parking. 703.683.1007 www.LaBergerie.com 218 North Lee Street, Old Town Alexandria Daily Lunch Buffet - 11:30am to 2:30pm \| Dinner - 5pm to 10pm Saturday - 12pm to 10:30pm \| Sunday Brunch - 11pm to 3pm Sunday Dinner - 5pm to 9:30pm 818 King Street, Old Town Alexandria, VA (p) 703.548.8688 (w) www.TavernaCretekou.com Providing memorable dining experiences for over 30 years. 42 DC METRO August – September, 2014 12/5/08 8:12:23 AM RT ’s Delray \| American \| $$ Don’t let the interior fool you. This family-friendly neighborhood restaurant has served up fresh seafood and Creole and Cajun specialties for more than 25 years. Try their famous Jack Daniels Shrimp, Spicy She-Crab Soup, Cajun Veal Oscar, and their popular Crawfish Etouffèe. 3804 Mount Vernon Ave. (703) 684-6010 www.rtsrestaurant.net The Wharf beers in a dining room made entirely in Italy while enjoying picturesque views of the Potomac River. Enjoy an excellent selection of baked goods, from hearty cinnamon buns to sun dried tomato bagels, as well as, Seattle’s Best branch coffee, using local roaster, The Daily Roast. Open daily. Located just 1 block from the Potomac riverfront, the Wharf has offered fresh traditional style seafood since 1971. Think meat and potatoes, but seafood. Enjoy whole Maine lobster, She Crab soup, local and soft shell crabs. 125 National Plaza (301) 839-1811 www.fiorellaspizzeriaecaffe.com 2300 Mt. Vernon Ave. (703) 739-9268 www.stelmoscoffeepub.com 119 King Street (703) 836-2836 www.wharfrestaurant.com St. Elmo’s Coffee Pub Old Town \| American \| $ Taverna Cretekou Old Town \| Greek \| $$ The inviting décor and authentic Greek menu with excellent wine offerings transports you to the Greek Isles. Enjoy at this welcoming, friendly, quiet neighborhood gem. Old Town \| American/Seafood \| $$$ National Harbor \| Italian \| $$$$ Tempo This Italian-themed steakhouse feels as historic as the Times Square original it was modeled after, but with gorgeous views of the Potomac River. Enjoy the plentiful antipasto bar with dozens of choices and their Prohibition style cocktails served in a tea cups. Dine at one of Alexandria’s best kept secrets featuring northern Italian and French cuisine specializing in fresh seafood. Are you a dessert lover? Then don’t miss one of the best pastry trays around. Cadillac Ranch 818 King Street (703)-548-8688 www.tavernacretekou.com West End Alexandria \| Italian \| $$ 4231 Duke Street (703) 370-7900 www.temporestaurant.com Warehouse Bar & Grill Old Town \| American/Seafood \| $$ Walking distance from the King Street metro, this quaint seafood and steak house offers quality fare at a great value. Their best dishes are Crab Cakes and their Cajun and Creole inspired dishes. Locals rave about their New Orleans style Sunday Brunch. 214 King Street (703) 683-6868 www.warehousebarandgrill.com 149 Waterfront St. (301) 839-1445 bond45.com National Harbor \| American \| $$ Step into this upscale saloon and transport to the wild west. Enjoy all American steaks, BBQ, and burgers. Stay for late night fun with cowboys who dare to ride the mechanical bull. 186 Fleet St. (301) 839-1100 www.cadillacranchgroup.com Fiorella National Harbor \| Italian \| $$ This New York pizzeria outpost offers more than 30 Roman style pizzas with house-made cheeses. Enjoy Italian specialty entrees, sexy wines and international Grace’s Mandarin National Harbor \| Asian Fusion \| $$$ East meets west with Grace’s eclectic menu of Pan Asian flavors that come together to arouse your taste buds. Enjoy an elegant yet casual atmosphere with views of the Potomac River from every table. Enjoy their Sushi bar, stylish cocktails, expansive selection of wines and large selection of sake. 188 Waterfront St. (301) 839-3788 www.gracesrestaurant.com McCormick and Schmick’s National Harbor \| Seafood\| $$$ Located on the scenic banks of the Potomac River, McCormick and Schmick’s features the freshest selection of seafood offered in the DC area. The “Fresh List” changes daily and exhibits catches from around the globe. 145 National Harbor (301) 567-6224 www.mccormickandschmicks.com Public House National Harbor \| American\| $$ Enjoy upscale American fare at this lively sports pub. With multiple big screen plasma televisions, you can be sure that you will have a view to watch the big game! Whether it is a DJ or Live Entertainment the late night atmosphere lets everyone enjoy their time away from work and the real world! 199 Fleet St. (240) 493-6120 www.publichousenationalharbar.com August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 43 Di n i n g Rosa Mexicano El Paso Mexican Restaurant PassionFish Enjoy upscale Mexican cuisine in a stylishly festive atmosphere with incredible water front views. Try the Pomegranate Margaritas or Guacamole en Molcajete, made tableside in a traditional lava-rock mortar. 153 Waterfront St. (301) 567-1005 www.rosamexicano.com Enjoy authentic Mexican fare made with the freshest ingredients in a lively atmosphere with bright colorful decor. The menu offers a variety of traditional dishes and flavors. El Paso operates five restaurants in the area, with their newest location at 9715 Fairfax Blvd in Fairfax, VA. Located in the bustling Reston Town Center, this family-friendly neighborhood favorite is dedicated to providing the finest quality, sustainable seafood available, all in a casual fine dining experience. National Harbor \| Mexican\| $$$ 6804 Commerce St. (703) 912-6166 www.elpasomexicanrestaurants.com Cafe Oggi Mon Ami Gabi McLean \| Italian \| $$ Celebrating 20 years, enjoy high quality light and contemporary Italian fare at this authentic trattoria at reasonable prices. Opt for one of their numerous daily specials and revel in their excellent friendly service by their Italian-speaking waiters. 6671 Old Dominion Dr. (703) 442-7360 www.cafeoggi.com Chef Geoff’s Tysons Corner-McLean \| DC \| Contemporary American \| $$$ Located on a cobblestone courtyard across from booming Tysons Corner shopping center, enjoy an upscale innovative American menu by Chef Geoff Tracy. Stop by for a terrific Sunday brunch and every Monday for half price wines. Enjoy the popular happy hour daily from 3-7 p.m. 8045 Leesburg Pike (571) 282-6003 www.chefgeoff.com Chima Brazilian Steakhouse Tysons Corner \| Brazilian \| $$$ An experience like no other! Enjoy their unique style of “Rodizio” service where Gauchos bring a rotation of a variety of beef, pork, chicken and fish directly to your table. The expansive salad bar offers over 30 items to accompany your meal. 8010 Towers Crescent Dr. (703) 639-3080 www.chimasteakhouse.com 44 DC METRO August – September, 2014 Reston \| French \| $$ Located in the bustling Reston Town Center, Mon Ami Gabi is a Classic French Bistro offering crepes, quiches, steaks and fresh seafood. French wines are served by the glass or the bottle from our rolling wine cart. 11950 Democracy Dr. (703) 707-0233 www.monamigabi.com Nostos Restaurant Vienna \| Greek/Mediterranean \| $$ The newest restaurant by the Pagonis family, who has served traditional Greek fare in the DC area for over twenty years, presents a fresh, modern take on Greek culinary culture. Stimulate your senses with a wide variety of “mezedes”, or small sharing-sized dishes, and fresh fish from the Mediterranean Sea. 8100 Boone Blvd. (703) 760-0690 nostosrestaurant.com Pane E Vino Lorton \| Italian \| $$ Enjoy authentic Southern Italian fare at this family-owned in an atmosphere reminiscent of a fine trattoria. Enjoy half price wine on Wednesday nights and a Sunday brunch buffet with many stations of made-to-order (10:30 a.m.-3 p.m.). Also visit the recently opened Wine Bar-Enoteca next door. 9020 Lorton Station Blvd. www.paneevino-ristorante.com Reston \| Seafood \| $$$ 11960 Democracy Dr. (703) 230-3474 www.passionfishreston.com Ruth’s Chris Steak House Fairfax \| American/Steak \| $$$$ This well-known steakhouse serves the finest USDA Prime beef available. Enjoy a hot, juicy and delicious steak in a warm, inviting atmosphere and Ruth’s Chris’ genuine hospitality. 4100 Monument Corner Dr. (703) 266-1004 www.ruthschris.com/Steak-House/ 3503/Fairfax Villa Mozart Fairfax \| Italian \| $$$ Italian born Chef-owner Andrea Pace offers seasonal Italian fare in a chic and comfortable setting without being pretentious. Take advantage of their $20 3-Course Prix Fixe Lunch (Monday to Friday) and $39 3-Course Prix Fixe Dinner (Monday to Thursday). 4009 Chain Bridge Rd. (703) 691-4747 www.villamozartrestaurant.com Neighborhoods Neighborhood Guide America’s Historic Main Streets Alexandria, Virginia hen a young George Washington surveyed the land that would later become his home town, he could not have imagined the fascinating future for which he was laying the foundation. Washington, of course, went on to become the beloved Father of our Country. His tiny hometown became Alexandria, Virginia, today a picturesque community with a rich and varied history located along the Potomac River just minutes from our nation’s Capitol – and one of America’s favorite historic destinations. From its early role as an 18th century seaport and home to America’s patriots, to its transition as a railroad center in the 19th century and its manufacturing days in the early 1900s, Alexandria has always been a center of commerce and innovation. Today it is home to high technology firms, national associations, retail and hospitality businesses, and the performing arts.But, it is the City’s historic ambiance and aura of historic significance combined with its urban sophistication that set Alexandria apart. Its Old Town district, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is filled with historic homes and commercial buildings that house trendy shops, galleries and restaurants. Set against this historic backdrop of Old Town, the City’s new Wireless Zone offers one the chance to catch up on emails, while enjoying a latte at an outdoor café. The Eisenhower Valley is home to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, offices, restaurants, entertainment, and a regional park. The West End is home to historic Fort Ward Civil War Museum, Landmark Mall, restaurants, several hotels, as well as Winkler Botanical Reserve. Alexandria is many things. To the dog lover, it is a destination that caters to man’s best friend. For those who love the arts, it is home to the famed Torpedo Factory Art Center, the Alexandria Symphony, and a season of Fall for the Arts events. For the lover of history, Alexandria honors its Scottish origins and multicultural heritage with parades and festivals throughout the year. August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 45 Neighborhoods George Washington’s Mount Vernon Estate Waterfront – Alexandria Alexandria Attractions 1 Ramsay House Visitor’s Center Follow the signs to Ramsay House, the home of William Ramsay, Scottish merchant and city founder. Here you will find detailed brochures of historic attractions, a walking tour map and guided tour information. Free. Hours: 9-5pm every day except Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Year’s Day 221 King Street, 703-746-4200 134 North Royal Street 703-746-4242 2 5 Christ Church Alexandria’s oldest church, “the Church Nigh Alexandria” was attended by George Washington and Robert E. Lee. Completed in 1773 this Colonial Georgian landmark is an active Episcopal parish today. Historic churchyard gravesites range from Yankee seamen in 1771 to Confederate prisoners-of-war. Charming gift shop. Open to the public. Donations accepted. Hours: 9-4 daily, 2-4:30 Sunday. Cameron and North Washington Streets, 703-549-1450 3 Gadsby’s Tavern Museum Gadsby’s Tavern Museum and the adjoining City Hotel (c. 1785 and 1792) provide the visitor with two outstanding examples of Colonial architecture. The 46 DC METRO August – September, 2014 Tavern was frequented by George Washington and was the site of the festive Birthnight Celebration. Today, Gadsby’s Tavern Restaurant offers authentic fare and the servers wear 18th-century attire. The original Tavern houses a museum of colonial furnishings. Open to the public. Admission. Hours: 10-5pm TuesdaySaturday, 1-5 Sunday & Monday. Last tour at 4:15. Carlyle House A lovely, imposing mansion built by John Carlyle in 1752. It was here that 5 royal governors were summoned by General Braddock to find a way to induce the colonists to pay for his campaign against the French and Indians. The Stamp Act which followed eventually provoked the American Revolution. Open to the public. Admission. Hours: 10-4 Tuesday through Saturday, noon-4pm Sundays. Last tour at 4 pm. 121 North Fairfax Street, 703-549-2997 6 Boyhood Home of Robert E. Lee Before the War of 1812, Light Horse Harry Lee brought his wife and their five children to live in this beautifully furnished house, built in 1795. Robert E. Lee spent his growing-up years as a student here, and although currently a private residence, commemorative plaques relate the fascinating history of this historic home and famous residents. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places. until 1918. Lloyd House served as barracks for WAVES, a rooming house, and a library. The building now house the Office of Historic Alexandria. Open Monday through Friday, Hours: 9:00am to 5:00pm. 7 607 Oronoco Street, 703-548-8454 The Lyceum Alexandria’s History Museum. Originally built in 1839 as a lecture hall and reading room, the building today offers exhibitions, regular concerts and lectures, and The Lyceum Museum Shop. Open Mon.-Sat., 10-5pm and Sun., 1-5pm, except Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Year’s. Donation Accepted. 201 S. Washington Street, 703-746-4994 9 Stabler-Leadbeater Apothecary Museum This apothecary shop was in operation from 1796 to 1933 and has a remarkable collection of herbal botanicals, hand blown glass, and medical equipment. Its manufacturing room is intact from the turn of the 19th century. Archival materials give a glimpse into history, with names of famous customers in documents. Admission. Wed.-Sat., 11-4, Sunday, 1-4. 105-107 South Fairfax Street, 703-746-3852 11 Lloyd House This gracious Georgian home was constructed in 1796 by John Wise, an early tavern keeper and tanner. In 1832, John Lloyd, a successful merchant bought the house and his family remained here 220 N. Washington Street. 703-746-4554 Lee-Fendall House Philip Fendall built this 1785 mansion where Light Horse Harry Lee wrote the farewell address from Alexandrians to George Washington when Washington left Mount Vernon to become the first president. There are guided tours daily. Admission. Hours: 10-4pm Tuesday through Saturday, 12-4 Sunday. Last tour 3:45. Closed Monday. (Occasional private parties on weekends) 614 Oronoco Street,. 703-548-1789 13 Torpedo Factory Art Center Once an actual torpedo factory, this jewel of Old Town Alexandria’s historic waterfront is now a premier art center attracting more than 500,000 visitors a year. Browse 6 public galleries and engage with more than 165 artists in open studios. Also home to The Art League School and the Alexandria Archaeology Museum. Free. Hours: 10am-6pm daily, Thursdays until 9pm. 105 North Union Street, 703-838-4565 14 Alexandria Black History Museum Alexandria Society for the Preservation of Black Heritage, the Museum documents the history of Alexandria’s African American community. The Center is housed in the Robert H. Robinson Library, which was built in 1940 as a segregated library for the black community. Open 10-4 Tues. through Saturday. Donations Accepted. 902 Wythe Street, 703-746-4356 15 Fort Ward Museum and Historic Site Fort Ward Museum houses a fine Civil War collection. Also to be enjoyed are a 45.2 acre historic park with restored bastion, picnic tables and an outdoor amphitheater. Free. Hours: 9-5pm Tuesday through Saturday, 12-5pm Sunday. 4301 West Braddock Road. 703-746-4848 16 George Washington Mason National Memorial Towering over the King Street Metro Station at Russell Rd., the Memorial provides a dazzling view of Alexandria, the Potomac River and surrounding areas. The top (330 feet high) can be reached by elevator. George Washington memorabilia on display. Daily 9-5pm. 703-683-2007 18 George Washington’s Mount Vernon Estate and Gardens George Washington’s Mount Vernon is America’s most popular historic estate. Visitors explore history first hand here, tour the Mansion and get to know the “real” George Washington. More than a dozen outbuildings are meticulously restored, including a major greenhouse, stables, slave quarters, and kitchen. The 500-acre estate also features museum exhibitions, active archeological digs, the Slave Memorial and Burial Ground, and new George Washington: Pioneer Farmer site. 703-780-2000, www.mountvernon.org 19 Freedom House Built around 1812 as a residence, this three story brick and adjoining buildings served as the offices of Franklin and Armfield Slave Market. From 1828 to 1861 more than 10,000 slaves were sold, over 3,750 of which were sent to work on cotton and sugar plantations throughout the South. Early in the Civil War the house was a military prison for black soldiers. By the end of the war it was a hospital serving black soldiers and contraband slaves who fled the South. Free. Hours: 9-5pm Monday-Friday. 1315 Duke Street, 703-836-2858 Founded in 1983 by the Parker-Gray Alumni Association and the August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 47 Best Neapolitan PIZZA In Washington Serving All Authentic Italian Cuisine 1063 31st St. NW 202.337.4444 Ilcanale.com 20 % off your entire check with this coupon, lunch and dinner Sunday through Thursday. Not valid with any other offer. Arlington rlington overlooks downtown D.C., with breathtaking views of monuments and memorials available from many locations. Besides having easy access to D.C. and walking distance to Georgetown, in the heart of Arlington lies the Arlington National Cemetery, final resting place of American war heroes and the Tomb of the Unknowns. Beyond the cemetery lies the Pentagon, home and headquarters for all American military operations. Whether here for business or pleasure, you’ll find plenty of places to relax or be entertained. Visitors can enjoy nearly every type of cuisine and entertainment served up at dozens of restaurants and clubs seven nights a week. If shopping is your thing, this is the right place. Shopping includes major retailers such as Macy’s and Nordstrom’s as well as hundreds of unique and interesting stores of all sizes. With over 1,100 acres of parkland and more than 100 miles of jogging, hiking and biking trails, you’ll find that Arlington is committed to proving just how green an urban county can be. 48 DC METRO August – September, 2014 Georgetown ich in history and culture, Georgetown is a charming and vibrant neighborhood, located in the Northwest quadrant of Washington, D.C. along the Potomac waterfront. Once a placid 18th century port, it is now a hip, action-packed town where you’re sure to find trendy restaurants, designer shops, ultra-cool bars, picturesque gardens, historic homes-turned museums, and a healthy dose of political intrigue. Georgetown offers high fashion stores, outdoor bars, and restaurants with ring-side views of local boat and crew races. Georgetown was founded in 1751, and retained its separate municipality until 1871, when its 10-mile square boundaries were eventually assimilated into the city of Washington, D.C. Georgetown grew into a thriving port, facilitating the trade of tobacco and other goods from colonial Maryland along the Potomac River and C&O canal. As Georgetown was founded during the reign of King George II of Great Britain, some speculate that the town was named after him. Another theory is that the town was named after its founders, George Gordon and George Beall. Georgetown is home to many historic landmarks including Dumbarton House, Tudor Place, and Old Stone House, the oldest original structure in Washington, D.C. On the west end of the neighborhood is the main campus of Georgetown University, founded as a Jesuit private university in 1789. The campus encompasses over 100 acres, accommodating student residences, athletic facilities and the medical school. Surrounded by parkland and green spaces that serve as buffers from development in adjacent neighborhoods, Georgetown is situated on bluffs that overlook the Potomac. As a result, there are some rather steep grades running north to south, and for that reason, there is no metro station in Georgetown! The primary commercial corridors of Georgetown include M Street and Wisconsin Avenue, offering high fashion stores, outdoor bars, and restaurants with ring-side views of local boat and crew races. Fairfax County rom their beloved Fairfax County homes at Mount Vernon and Gunston Hall, George Washington and George Mason led the patriots in the cause of freedom during the 18th century. In the 21st century, Fairfax County draws visitors from around the world – whether they have an interest in the Civil War, national monuments or even such modern pursuits as shopping or outdoor recreation. Fairfax County’s historical sites tell the wonderful story of the development and growth of our nation. George Washington’s Mount Vernon Estate & Gardens is the most visited historic home in America. Gunston Hall, the home of George Mason, paints a vivid picture through tours and exhibits, of how this founding father was instrumental in developing strategies that allowed our young nation to prosper. The history doesn’t stop at our founding father’s doorstep as multiple Civil War sites await your exploration such as Sully Historic site, St. Mary’s Church, Chantilly Battlefield, and multiple Civil War trails in and around Historic Herndon and Centreville. If you want a more futuristic journey while in Fairfax County, the National Air and Space Museum Steven F. Udvar Hazy Center is the place for you. Over 120 aircraft, 135 spacecraft, and many other historic artifacts are on display. There is also an IMAX Theater, flight simulators, and informational programs going on throughout the year to give visitors one of the most complete museum experiences found anywhere. With its close proximity to Washington, D.C. many visitors to Fairfax County are surprised to find out that over 30,000 acres of parkland have been set aside so that nature can still be enjoyed today as it has been since Fairfax County’s founding. Great Falls National Park greets visitors with cascading rapids and several 20 foot waterfalls, with a total 76 foot drop in elevation over a distance of less than a mile. Nature lovers can find seclusion amidst Northern Virginia’s urban environment by visiting prime wildlife sanctuaries such as Huntley Meadows Park, Mason Neck State Park and Wildlife Refuge, Burke Lake and Pohick Bay Regional Park. Fairfax County is even home to the only National Park dedicated solely to the performing arts. Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts allows concertgoers to experience the great outdoors while enjoying music from some of the most famous musical artists in the world. Fairfax County also offers a shopping experience to visitors that some claim is the best on the East Coast outside New York City. The county’s six regional malls (Tysons Corner, Tysons Galleria, Fair Oaks Mall, Springfield Mall, Dulles Town Center and Landmark Mall) plus its many dedicated shopping areas such as Reston Town Center, Fair Lakes and Fairfax Square, offer an array of shopping from Nordstrom’s, Bloomingdales and Macy’s to small specialty boutiques stores to large discounters like Old Navy, DSW Shoes, Target, and Walmart. Whether you are staying in Tysons, Springfield, Reston, Centreville, or Herndon you’ll find everything you need from exquisite dining, a superb shopping, entertainment and historical experience. August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 49 Neighborhoods National Harbor he area’s newest destination has popped-up on the Potomac, minutes from the Woodrow Wilson Bridge on Interstate 95. This spectacular urban-waterfront community offers incredible views of downtown Washington, DC and Old Town Alexandria. It is an exciting, sprawling community that includes fine restaurants, unparalleled shopping, pedestrian friendly plazas, three piers and harbors and an array of outdoor artwork which features the 70 ft long sculpture “The Awakening,” by J. Steward Johnson. Town Center includes familiar national retailers and many unique local boutiques. Restaurants range from white tablecloth restaurants to casual cafes, both acclaimed national restaurants as well as local and regional eateries, 2,000 SF of retail, dining, and entertainment space. 50 DC METRO August – September, 2014 You can set sail on lunch, dinner or sightseeing cruises and experience the beauty and splendor of the Potomac. During the summer, National Harbor’s Fleet Street comes to life at night with live music, dance and interactive entertainment. Visitors enjoy performances of jazz, blues and Top 40 music by national, regional and local entertainers every Friday evening all summer long. Check out all the unique and various activities during the year such as the Yacht Show, Food and Wine Festival, the Weekly American Marketplace and entertainment such as the “Ice” show. Easily accessible by auto, there is also water taxi service from Old Town Alexandria, Georgetown and Mount Vernon. www.nationalharbor.com D i n i n g Newseum – Penn Quarter Penn Quarter hether you’re a long time visitor or brand new to the sights of the city, there’s a new vibrant area of the city to explore. You’re in for a real treat and probably a surprise – when you visit the Penn Quarter downtown. Once down-trodden the neigh- borhood along 7th Street, N.W., extending from Chinatown to Pennsylvania Avenue not only has been revitalized but, in fact, is becoming the heartbeat of the city. The opening of the Verizon Center in 1997, which brought the Washington Wizards and Capitals to town from the suburbs, surged like an electric shock through the area. Suddenly, wherever you turn, there is something to see: a fascinating portal into the world of espionage at the International Spy Museum, the wonders of science revealed through fabulous interactive exhibits at the Mariam Koshland Science Museum, standing next to the life-like Barack and Michele Obama figures at Madame Tussunds, the first federal art collection at the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the newly reopened National Portrait Gallery and the Washington Area Law Enforcement Officers Memorial. And this just scratches the surface. Penn Quarter is at the center of a vibrant theater community that includes the Shakespeare Theater, the venerable Ford’s Theater, Warner Theater, National Theater, as well as the smaller but as exciting Wooly Mammoth Theater and Warehouse. Street transportation is plentiful, but the Chinatown-Gallery Place Metro stop is one of the main hubs in the region’s world class subway system. It has sparked a revived Chinatown, the explosive growth of myriad shops and restaurants in Gallery Place and the luxury condominiums seemingly sprouting up everywhere around Penn Quarter. The city has long been one of the restaurant capitals of the world, from the Spy Museum’s adjoining Shake Shack to critical acclaimed dining experiences like Zaytinya, Carmine’s District Chop House, Jaleo and Rosa Mexicana. In between are restaurants with some of the most sought-after tables in the city, funky kaiten sushi outposts, the terrific classics in Chinatown and the best steaks and seafood you can find. If it weren’t for the national monuments, the Capitol and other attractions down on the Mall, the bustling Penn Quarter would be reason enough to visit Washington. With DC Metro as your guide, we invite you to explore. August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 51 Historic Occoquan National Harbor In addition to a variety of great shops and restaurants at Union Station, popular boutiques, cafes, and bars dot Barracks Row (south of the Eastern Market metro stop) in this friendly neighborhood that was founded in the 19th century. Metro: Union Station, Eastern Market Nestled on the Occoquan River just minutes from I-95 in Prince William County, historic Occoquan is a charming town that was founded in 1758. The pedestrian-friendly streets offer an eclectic mix of art galleries, shops, restaurants, and businesses. Just over the Woodrow Wilson Bridge from Virginia, National Harbor is rapidly becoming a shopping and dining destination. Unique boutiques and art galleries line Waterfront St. in the heart of the area. Check out America! giving you the chance to purchase artifacts of American history in the making or Fossil with fashions and accessories for both men and women alike. A little more on the youthful side are the fashions of South Moon Under. There is even a Harley-Davidson store that caters to the passion for the brand. Easy in and easy to park. Clarendon Arlington’s Clarendon neighborhood has blossomed into a hub of activity over the last few years as restaurants, lounges, shops such as Pottery Barn, Williams-Sonoma, and Apple, boutiques, and luxury condo buildings have popped up in the booming neighborhood. It has become the place for young movers and shakers to live and play. Metro: Clarendon Eastern Market A beloved city institution that was nearly destroyed by a devastating fire in 2007, the renovated public market is in full swing on weekends, when vendors offer a variety of food, produce, meats, breads and pastries, arts, antiques, crafts, and imported goods for sale. Metro: Eastern Market Logan Circle/14th Street The reborn neighborhood has sprouted trendy restaurants, bars, and boutiques over the last few years, most of them concentrated on 14th Street between N and S Streets. The buzz-y neighborhood is populated with sophisticated locals. Old Town Alexandria A beautiful colonial town on the Potomac River, just south of DC, features more than 200 boutiques, shops, galleries, and award-winning restaurants, many in renovated 17th century buildings along King Street and on many side streets. Metro: King Street, with connections via the King St. Trolley and/or DASH bus service. Fair Oaks Mall Located in Fairfax at the intersection of Routes 50 and I-66, the centrally located mall is anchored by Macy’s and Lord & Taylor and features stores from Apple to Michael Kors to Williams-Sonoma. (703) 359-8300 www.shopfairoaksmall.com Georgetown A vibrant, historic neighborhood on the Potomac River teeming with an eclectic mix of restaurants, chain stores, such as JCrew, Urban Outfitters, and Club Monaco, small boutiques, and bars that line M Street and Wisconsin Avenue. This is one of the most popular destinations for young, hip urbanites in DC. Metro: Foggy Bottom August – September, 2014 Dc Metro 53 Shopping Potomac Mills Outlet Mall Reston Town Center 220 manufacturer outlets and discount stores offering brand and designer merchandise like Spiegel, Nordstrom, Polo, Nautica, Saks, Calvin Klein just to name a few. Just off 195 south of Woodbridge. 2700 Potomac Mills Circle Woodbridge, VA This busy outdoor mall in Reston combines the charm of an Italian piazza and a French boulevard. More than 50 stores and 30 restaurants, an open-air pavilion that features ice-skating in winter, and a movie theater make this a popular destination. 11900 Market St. Reston, VA (703) 689-4699 www.restontowncenter.com Premium Outlets® • military gifts for retirements & promotions • ships wheels • ships clocks • barometers • tide clocks • military flag cases • shadow boxes • military ball caps & tee shirts • decanters • glasses 1677 Crystal Square Arcade, Arlington, VA 22202 703.413.6289 www.shipshatch.com All Things Vera Bradley Discover Premium Outlet Shopping® at three convenient area locations. Shop Leesburg Corner (VA), Hagerstown and Queenstown (MD) Premium Outlets and find savings of 25% to 65% every day at stores including Burberry, Coach, Juicy Couture, Kate Spade New York, Lacoste, Polo Ralph Lauren, Saks Fifth Avenue Off 5th and much more. (Stores vary by center.) For complete information and to join the VIP Shopper Club, visit premiumoutlets.com Imperfections Antiques & Other Great Stuff Come to this warm and friendly shop chock full of antiques and “great stuff” all gathered by owner Nancy Deitchman to bring that special touch to your home. Nancy specializes in a wide variety of antique, vintage and collectible furniture with an eye to charm and quality at affordable prices. In addition to all kind of furniture, items include vintage chandeliers, bronzes, lamps, Staffordshire and Hummel figurines, along with rugs and original oil paintings, watercolors and lithographs. Paintings by listed artist Ron Van Sweringen and most recently, by impressionist Zakhar Sasim whose scenes of Washington D.C. and its surrounding landmarks are an exclusive highlight of the art collection. If you don’t find what you are looking for, just ask Nancy – she will be glad to go on the hunt for you – or make it! Monday-Tuesday by appointment; Wednesday-Friday 11 a.m.-5 p.m.; Saturday 11 a.m.-6 p.m.; Sunday 12-5 p.m. 1210 King St. (703) 837-1670 Collectibles, advertiques, furniture, clocks, lamps, quilts, depression and glassware , china, silver, copper, brass, prints, paintings, nutcrackers, books, records, pottery, bottles, dolls, jewelry, furniture in storage. Inventory sales. Tuesday – Saturday 10 a.m.-6 p.m.; Sunday 12-5 p.m. 1515 Mount Vernon Ave. (703) 519-3555 (703) 548-3354 Why Not? 125 Mill Street Occoquan, VA 703-491-0635 54 DC METRO August – September, 2014 Boasting more than 300 shops, Nordstrom, L.L. Bean, Bloomingdale’s, five fine dining restaurants, and a 16 screen movie theatre, Tysons Corner Center is the area’s largest mall and is adjacent to the Capital Beltway at Chain Bridge Road, McLean (703) 893-9400 www.shoptysons.com Alexandria Shopping Potomac West Interiors and Antique Gallery Ka Lei Pua Tysons Corner Center WHY NOT? has toys for all ages. If you’re shopping for newborns, older youngsters or someone who is just young at heart, you are certain to find the perfect gift. MondayThursday: 10:00 to 5:30; Friday-Saturday: 10:00 to 6:00; Sunday: 12:00 to 5:00. 200 King St., (703) 548-4420 Arts Afire Glass Gallery Arts Afire Glsss Gallery, featured in American Style Magazine and similar publications, offers contemporary American and alternative crafts. Craft art includes beads, jewelry, glass, pottery, fiber, turned wood, kaleidoscopes and furniture; decorative and functional objects. The Gallery features more than 400 award-winning, artisans. Some artists are local, but most are national and international in origin. Many show their work exclusively. Others provide work rarely found elsewhere. A helpful staff stands ready to assist with your selections. Prices are affordable and gift wrapping is complimentary. The gallery is easily accessible. A parking garage is located nearby, as is the King Street Metro Station. Daily 11 a.m.–6 p.m.; Sunday 12-5 p.m. 1117 King St. (703)838-9785 Imagine Artwear Featuring a collection of contemporary clothing, jewelry and crafts by American artists. One of a kind, limited edition and custom order artwear. Great gifts. Winner of Top 100 Retailer of American Craft Award. Regular hours, Monday- Saturday 10 a.m.-7 p.m., Sunday 11 a.m.-5 p.m. 1124 King St. (703) 548-1461 Potomac Craftsmen Fiber Gallery The gallery is located in Studio 18 of the Torpedo Factory Art Center in Old Town Alexandria on the waterfront. Washington DC’s first co-operative fiber gallery has 70 members some of whom are published, teach and have won awards in the fiber arts genre. New juried shows are installed monthly which include original works in jewelry, scarves, clothing, woven, knitted or crocheted items, as well as handmade paper, wall hangings, fiber sculptures and a variety of other innovative work. The gallery is open daily from 11 a.m-5 p.m.. Alexandria Art Nights are the second Thursday of the month with extended hours until 8 p.m. Free admission. 105 N. Union St., Studio 18 (703) 548-0935 www.potomaccraftsmengallery.com Torpedo Factory Art Center One of the world’s premier art centers – 165 artists in 82 studios, 2 workshops, and 6 galleries! Engage with artists at work in open studios with an opportunity to commission pieces and purchase the finest original paintings, photography, sculpture, ceramics, fiber art and more. Open daily 10am-6pm (Thursdays until 9pm). Free admission. 105 North Union Street (703) 838-4565 www.torpedofactory.org SuperStarTickets.com is the premiere source for all of the hottest events nationwide. Visit our website or download our app to find amazing tickets at low prices! For a limited time, save 10% with the code DCMETROMAG www.SuperStarTickets.com Katy Perry DC United Washington Redskins Washington Nationals Bruno & More! - Malcolm Nance, US Naval Intelligence, Torture & Escape Experience espionage and undercover secrets from the people who practiced them professionally. REAL SPIES. REAL STORIES. spymuseum.org TM 800 F St. NW Washington, DC 10101100101010100010001100110011110101101011001010101100101 GET $3 OFF GENERAL ADMISSION WITH THIS AD Available for purchase in-person only. Offer valid through 8/29/14. Cannot be combined with any other promotional offer. Code: DCMetro 010101000111011001010101000100011001100111101011010110010101101011010110	i don't know
Which New Zealand-born scientist is credited with being the first to 'split the atom'?	Famous Scientists -Biography Online About Famous Scientists Biographies of famous scientists throughout the ages. This list of scientists includes Aristotle, Leonardo Da Vinci, Galileo to modern day scientists, such as Einstein, Tesla and James Watson. Hippocrates (460 – 377 BC) – Hippocrates was a great doctor of ancient Greece. His pioneering techniques of health care, significantly improved survival rates and he has became the father of modern medicine. His Hippocratic oath is still sworn by medical practitioners today . Aristotle (384 – 322 BC) Greek scientist who made many researches in the natural sciences including botany, zoology, physics, astronomy, chemistry, and meteorology, geometry. His prolific output was a major impact on the study of science in the West. Euclid (c. 325 – 265 BC) Greek mathematician. Euclid is often referred to as the ‘father of modern geometry.’ His book ‘Elements‘ provided the basis of mathematics into the Twentieth Century. Archimedes (287 – 212 BC) Greek polymath Amongst other things Archimedes worked out Pi and developed the Archimedes screw for lifting up water from mines or wells. Leonardo Da Vinci (1452 – 1519) Italian artist and renaissance man. Da Vinci made many scientific discoveries and inventions. Da Vinci was so far ahead of his time, some of his contributions were not actually used. Nicholas Copernicus (1473- 1543) Polish scientist. A Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a heliocentric view of the universe. His book On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres (1543) was one of the major moments of the Scientific Revolution. 17th Century Scientists Francis Bacon (1561 – 1626) English philosopher, statesman and scientist. Bacon is considered the father of empiricism for his work and advocacy of scientific method and methodical scientific inquiry in investigating scientific phenomena. Galileo (1564 – 1642) Italian scientist. Created one of the first modern telescopes, Galileo revolutionised our understanding of the world supporting the work of Copernicus. His work Two New Sciences laid ground work for science of Kinetics and strength of materials. Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer. Kepler is best known for his laws of planetary motion. He formed a key figure in the 17th Century Scientific Revolution. 18th Century Scientists Antonie van Leeuwenhoe (1632 – 1723) Dutch scientist and trader. Leeuwenhoe is considered the father of micro-biology for his work in discovering single celled organisms, and also observing muscle fibres, blood flow and bacteria. He developed the microscope which helped his own discoveries. Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1726) English scientist. Newton made studies in mathematics, optics, physics, and astronomy. In his Principia Mathematica, published in 1687, he laid the foundations for classical mechanics, explaining the law of gravity and the Laws of Motion. John Harrison (1693 – 1776) English clockmaker and inventor of measuring longitude. James Watt (1736 – 1819) Scottish engineer. Watt improved the Newcomen steam engine creating an efficient steam engine, which was essential for the industrial revolution. Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (1743 – 1794) French Chemist and Nobleman. Considered the ‘Father of Chemistry’ Lavoisier discovered hydrogen and Oxygen, and showed the role of Oxygen in combustion. He also made the first comprehensive list of Table of elements. He was guillotined shortly after the French Revolution. Scientists 19th Century Charles Babage (1791 – 1871) – English inventor of the first mechanical computers. Babage is considered the ‘father of computers’ for his pioneering work on mechanical computers. Michael Faraday (1791 – 1867) – English scientist who contributed in fields of electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, electrolysis and electro-chemistry. Discovered Carbon and Chlorine. Edward Jenner (1749 – 1823) English pioneer of smallpox vaccine. Jenner’s breakthrough also enabled many other vaccines to be developed. Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) English scientist. Developed the theory of evolution against a backdrop of disbelief and scepticism. Collected evidence over 20 years, and published conclusions in On the Origin of Species (1859). Louis Pasteur (1822 – 1895) French biologist. Contributed greatly towards the advancement of medical sciences developing cures for rabies, anthrax and other infectious diseases. Also enabled process of pasteurisation to make milk safer to drink. Gregor Mendel (1822 – 1884) German scientist and Augustinian Friar. Mendel is considered the founder of modern genetics for his discoveries about plant breeding and rules of heredity. Joseph Lister (1827 – 1912) English surgeon. Lister pioneered the use of antiseptic (Carbolic acid) and antiseptic surgery which dramatically improved survival rates. James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) Scottish physicist. Maxwell made a significant contribution to understanding electro-magnetism. His research in electricity and kinetics, laid foundation for quantum physics. Emil Fischer (1838–1914) – German. Fischer was the outstanding chemist of the modern age. Synthesized many products to show their constituent parts. Won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1902 for his research into the chemical composition of purines and sugars. Scientists 20th Century Alfred Nobel (1833 – 1896) Swedish chemist, engineer, innovator, and armaments manufacturer. Nobel invented dynamite and held 350 other patents, including for a gas meter. Perhaps most famous for his legacy of Nobel awards. Dmitri Mendeleev (1834 – 1907) Russian Chemist. Formulated the Periodic Law and standardised Periodic Table of Elements which is still used today. Mendeleev wrote Principles of Chemistry (1868–1870) a classic textbook for many decades. Alexander Bell (1847 – 1922) – Scottish inventor of telephone and developments in understanding hearing. Sigmund Freud (1885 – 1939) Austrian physician – the leading figure in new science of psychoanalysis. Freud made extensive study of dreams and the sub-conscious to try and understand better human emotions. Marie Curie (1867 – 1934) Polish physicist and chemist. Discovered radiation and helped to apply it in the field of X ray. She won Nobel Prize in both Chemistry and Physics. Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955) German/ US. Revolutionised modern physics with his general theory of relativity. Won Nobel Prize in Physics (1921) for his discovery of the Photoelectric effect, which formed the basis of Quantum Theory. Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) Scottish biologist who discovered penicillin. Shared Nobel Prize in 1945 with Howard Florey and Enrst Boris Chain, who helped produce penicillin on a large scale. Otto Hahn (1879-1968) – German chemist who discovered nuclear fission (1939). Pioneering scientist in the field of radio-chemistry. Discovered radio-active elements and nuclear isomerism (1921). Awarded Nobel Prize for Chemistry (1944) Nikola Tesla (1856 –1943) Serbian/American – Worked on electro-magnetism and AC current. Credited with many patents from electricity to radio transmission. Sri Jagadish Chandra Bose (1858 – 1937) Bengali / Indian polymath. Bose took an interest in a wide range of sciences. He made contributions to plant physiology, microwave optics and radio waves. Max Plank (1858 – 1947) German theoretical physicist who contributed to the development of Quantum mechanics. Awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1918. Ernest Rutherford (1871 – 1937) New Zealand born British physicist / Chemist. Rutherford was awarded Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1908 for his work into radioactivity and disintegration of elements. In 1917, credited with being the first person to split the atom, discovering the proton. Niels Bohr (1885 – 1962) Danish physicist. Bohr developed a structure of the atom, recognising electrons revolving around a stable nucleus. His work was important for atomic structure and quantum physics. Awarded Nobel Prize for physics 1922. John Logie Baird (1888 – 1946) was a Scottish engineer and inventor, who demonstrated the first televised moving objects. Satyendra Nath Bose (1894 – 1974) Indian physicist who worked on quantum mechanics. Collaborated with A.Einstein to found Bose-Einstein statistics and Bose-Einstein condensate. Paul Dirac (1902-1984) English physicist – One of the early exponents of quantum physics and quantum electrodynamics. Dirac developed theories of the electron and the special theory of relativity. Rosalind Franklin (1920 – 1958) British Chemist who made significant contributions to understanding the structure of DNA and RNA, which led to the discovery of the DNA double helix. Franklin also worked on the chemistry of coal and viruses. James Watson (1928 – ) American molecular biologist, geneticist and zoologist, with Francis Crick discovered DNA. Was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962 21st Century Scientists Stephen Hawking (1942 – ) English theoretical physicist, cosmologist. Hawking has authored The Theory of Everything, and A Brief History of Time. Citation : Pettinger, Tejvan . “Famous Scientists” Oxford, UK – www.biographyonline.net . Last updated 12th Jan. 2015	Ernest Rutherford
Which American model's ten year old daughter has made her own modelling debut recently for Young Versace?	Essay on Rutherford - Scientist EssayDepot.com OPEN DOCUMENT Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson OM, FRS[1] (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937) was a New Zealand-born British chemist and physicist who became known as the father of nuclear physics.[2] In early work he discovered the concept of radioactive half-life, proved that radioactivity involved the transmutation of one chemical element to another, and also differentiated and named alpha and beta radiation. This work was done at McGill University in Canada. It is the basis for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry he was awarded in 1908 "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances".[3] Rutherford performed his most famous work after he had moved to the U.K. in 1907 and was already a Nobel laureate. In 1911, he postulated that atoms have their positive charge concentrated in a very small nucleus,[4] and thereby pioneered the Rutherford model of the atom, through his discovery and interpretation of Rutherford scattering in his gold foil experiment. He is widely credited with first "splitting the atom" in 1917 in a nuclear reaction between nitrogen and alpha particles, in which he also discovered (and named) the proton.[5] This led to the first experiment to split the nucleus in a fully controlled manner, performed by two students working under his direction, John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton, in 1932. After his death in 1937, he was honoured by being interred with the greatest scientists of the United Kingdom, near Sir Isaac Newton's tomb in Westminster Abbey. The chemical element rutherfordium (element 104) was named for him in 1997.	i don't know
What's another popular name for the wood anemone?	Anemones: Wood Anemones Anemones (continued) Wood Anemones Actually these anemones don't have bulbs, they have rhizomes. These rhizomes look sort of like long, thin brown or black carrots, which you plant sideways. However, they do the job, so don't worry. If you have a damp, shady spot in your garden that couldn't grow anything decent, Wood Anemones are the answer to your prayer. These are among the few spring flowers which actually prefer shade (or, at least, partial shade) to full sun. So, rejoice, and plant Wood Anemones! As with the Grecian Windflowers, Wood Anemones are also very long-blooming: they last for about 4 - 6 weeks, and they naturalize (come back year after year and multiply) very easily. Wood Anemones aren't as showy as Grecian Windflowers. Their colours are pastels, rather than jewel tones. In addition, Wood Anemones are not commercially available everywhere. However, considering that they are another "Plant and Forget" candidate, they are well worth searching for.	Windflower
In which part of Europe was Rugby League football banned between 1940 and 1944?	Anemone (National Gardening Association) Photo by kniphofia Anemones , also known as windflowers, are a diverse group, with various species blooming in spring and fall. Some have fibrous roots and are found in the perennials section of nurseries and garden centers. Others grow from tubers that are sold and planted in the fall along with spring-flowering bulbs like tulips. About This Plant Spring blooming anemones are low growing plants that are good choices for woodland and rock gardens. While most of them grow from creeping rhizomes, Grecian windflower (Anemone blanda) and poppy anemone (A. coronaria) grow from tubers. Plant these early bloomers in the fall; Grecian windflowers are hardy in zones 4-7, while poppy anemones thrive in zones 6-9 and are also popular for forcing. Tall growing fall anemones add color to borders and woodland gardens from late summer to late fall in shades of pink and white. These Asian natives bear large, cup-shaped blossoms on graceful stems that sway above clumps of dark green, maple-like leaves. All anemones are poisonous if ingested. Special Features Wood anemone (Anemone nemorosa) This species will often naturalize in the shade of deciduous trees, where its deep green leaves provide a backdrop to its pure white, single, star-shaped flowers in early spring. Pink and blue cultivars are also available. Growing 6-8 inches tall, it prefers rich, moist but well-drained, acid soil; roots will rot if the soil is too soggy. Wood anemone goes dormant in early summer as the trees leaf out. Sometimes it's offered in the fall as a dormant rhizome. Hardy in zones 3-9. Snowdrop anemone (Anemone sylvestris) Another spring bloomer that naturalizes well, this species has fragrant, single, slightly nodding, 1-2 inch wide flowers on 12-18 inch plants. It prefers the same growing conditions as the wood anemone. Hardy in zones 4-9. Grapeleaf Anemone (Anemone tomentosa 'Robustissima') Growing about 3 feet tall, this anemone will spread but is not invasive. The hardiest of the fall bloomers, it will grow in zones 3-9. The flowers are silvery pink and come into bloom in early fall, carrying on for several weeks. Hybrid or Japanese anemone (Amemone x hybrida) This Asian native bears large, single or double, cup-shaped blossoms whose satiny petals surround a contrasting green and gold central button. Commonly available cultivars include the elegant, single-flowered, white variety ' Honorine Jobert ', and semi-double, pink ' Queen Charlotte '. Its flowers are borne on 3-4 foot tall stems in mid fall. Hardy in zones 5-9. Chinese anemone (Anemone hupehensis) Similar to the hybrid anemones, but more compact, these are 2-3 feet tall in bloom. Popular cultivars include deep rose-pink, semi-double ' Prince Henry ' and ' September Charm ' with single, rose-pink flowers in late summer to early fall. Hardy in zones 4-9. Site Selection Spring blooming anemones do best in part shade. Fall bloomers thrive in full sun to part shade. All appreciate soil that is moist, but well-drained- never soggy and on the acid side. Planting Instructions Container grown plants can be set out throughout the growing season, but spring is preferred for fall bloomers. Divide the spring bloomers in midsummer or early fall. Space wood anemones 10 inches apart, snowdrop anemones 12-24 inches apart and fall bloomers 18 inches apart. Prepare the garden bed by using a garden fork or tiller to loosen the soil to a depth of 12 to 15 inches, then mix in a 2- to 4-inch layer of compost. Dig a hole twice the diameter of the pot the plant is in. Carefully remove the plant from its container and place it in the hole so the top of the root ball is level with the soil surface. Carefully fill in around the root ball and firm the soil gently. Water thoroughly. Care Divide or move plants in the garden only in the spring. Fall anemones may be slow to establish, but once they are settled in they have a tendency to spread, as do the spring bloomers. Deadheading won't prolong bloom, but will make plants look neater. Other Plant Care Guides in Poppies	i don't know
Who hosted this year's Golden Globes award ceremony for the third year in a row?	Tina Fey and Amy Poehler's best Golden Globes moments - NY Daily News Golden Globes 2015: Tina Fey and Amy Poehler's best award show moments Tina Fey and Amy Poehler's best Golden Globes moments Comedy duo Tina Fey and Amy Poehler are hosting the Golden Globes this Sunday for the third year in a row. (Paul Drinkwater/ASSOCIATED PRESS) Friday, January 9, 2015, 6:00 AM Tina Fey and Amy Poehler go together like Leonardo DiCaprio and supermodels. The dynamic comedy duo are back hosting the Golden Globes for the third year in a row Sunday live on NBC. But while the ceremony will be a celebration of TV, movies and red carpet fashion, all eyes -- and ears -- will be on two of TV's most hysterically funny actresses who have been best friends since "Saturday Night Live." The best and worst Golden Globes dresses of all time Whether they're mocking former hosts like Ricky Gervais claiming he's "no longer in show business," or dissing fellow A-Listers like Taylor Swift and George Clooney, here are some of the unfiltered dream team's best Golden Globes moments: Fey didn't spare a minute to diss "Wolf of Wall Street" award winner DiCaprio when she introduced the 2014 Golden Globes by saying, "And now, like a supermodel's vagina, let's all give a warm welcome to Leonardo DiCaprio." Poehler referred to Tom Hanks as an "American treasure" before purposely mispronouncing his name "Tam Honks" when congratulating all of the actors, including Lupita Nyong'o, who were nominated last year. They said Alfonso Cuaron's "Gravity" was "the story of how George Clooney would rather float away into space and die than spend one more minute with a woman his own age." The pair called Matt Damon -- who was nominated for Best Actor for playing Liberace's (Michael Douglas) young lover in "Behind the Candelabra" -- a "garbage person" next to fellow nominees like Al Pacino. In 2013, Fey took a dig at Taylor Swift onstage , telling her, "You stay away from Michael J. Fox's son!" -- suggesting Swift should stop dating so much. The 'Parks & Recreation' star shares a smooch with Bono after winning a Golden Globe for Best Comedic Television Actress last year. (NBC)	Ricky Gervais
What was the name of the government payment that was replaced in 1975 by 'Child Benefit'?	Golden Globes Archives - Geeks of Doom Tweet If you were watching the Golden Globe Awards on Sunday night, then you likely caught actress Meryl Streep‘s acceptance speech for the Cecil B. DeMille Award, an honorary award given by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association to a performer for their “outstanding contributions to the world of entertainment.” The 67-year-old, three-time Oscar-winning actress used her time on stage to address concerns about Donald J. Trump without actually naming the U.S. President-Elect. Streep, who’s voiced was strained from “screaming and lamentation this weekend,” she said, referring to the memorial she attended for actresses Carrie Fisher and Debbie Reynolds, made her first allusion to Trump and his incoming regime after thanking the Hollywood Foreign Press Association: “You [HFPA] and all of us in this room really belong to the most vilified segments in American society right now. Think about it: Hollywood, foreigners and the press.” Watch the full acceptance speech here below. Tweet The 2017 Golden Globe nominations were announced this morning, and as expected there were plenty of surprises and a few snubs. La La Land took home seven nominations, including Best Picture (Motion Picture Musical or Comedy) Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Song. Among the biggest surprises is Ryan Reynolds for his performance in Deadpool, and Sing Street. There were a few snubs as well, which included Natalie Portman in Jackie and Denzel Washington in Fences, as well as Finding Dory not getting a nom for Best Animated feature (although Disney did get two other films in). Check out the full list of nominations here below. Tweet The 73rd Annual Golden Globes ceremony broadcast live tonight from Beverly Hills, CA, has come to a close, so it’s time to take a look at the winners of the evening. In film, The Revenant took home the most Globes, with wins for Best Director (Alejandro González Iñárritu), Best Actor Drama (Leonardo DiCaprio), and Best Picture Drama. Steve Jobs snagged two — — Best Actress Drama for Kate Winslet and Best Screenplay for Aaron Sorken, as did Ridley Scott’s The Martian, a fantastic film that won for Best Picture Comedy (even though it’s so not a comedy), with its lead star, Matt Damon, grabbing the Best Actor Comedy award. In television, Mr. Robot and Mozart in the Jungle took the lead with two Globes each. Check out the full list of 2016 Golden Globe winners here below. Tweet Sure it has been fun to see Tina Fey and Amy Poehler cut loose during the Golden Globes, but after a three-year run, this year’s awards ceremony was to be their last as hosts. They’re a pretty tough act to follow, but the two actually came after Ricky Gervais, who had his own three-year stint at hosting the awards show with his own brand of humor. So how could anyone follow those three up? Well, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA) seems to have solved that problem as they have gone back to Gervais, and confirmed that he will be returning to host the Golden Globes in 2016. More on the story below. Tweet The 72nd annual Golden Globe Awards ceremony aired live on Sunday night, January 11, 2015, from Beverly Hills, CA, where we saw Richard Linklater’s Boyhood dominate the film drama category and Michael Keaton and his latest film Birdman top the comedy film area, while in TV, Showtime’s The Affair, FX’s Fargo, and Amazon’s Transparent took home multiple Globes. (Check out the full list of 2015 Golden Globe winners here .) The ceremony, hosted by Tina Fey and Amy Poehler for their third and final time, had a lot of great moments – some funny, some poignant, some noteworthy. There was the hilarious opening by the hosts, another classic Benedict Cumberbatch photobomb, a lot of George Clooney love, and much more, including several references to the recent threats on the entertainment community from North Korea and the murders at the Charlie Hebdo offices in France. See below for some highlights from the 2015 Golden Globe Awards ceremony.	i don't know
London transport changed the name of tube station 'Gillespie Road' in the 1930's to what?	London Underground History - Cut and Cover Disused Stations Renamed Stations Over the years, for various reasons, stations have taken on different names to the ones that are displayed on today's Underground map. This page attempts to list these stations and their past and present identities. Underground stations have changed names for various reasons over the years. Sometimes, the original surface location itself has gradually become known by a different name. With other stations, the surface location may have changed enough not to reflect the station's original name (e.g. Dover Street was renamed Green Park when the original surface access to the station changed to a different street when escalators were installed). Some stations also changed names when two original stations were merged into one, something that was relatively common in the early days when the lines were run by different competitive companies where their stations were very close to each other - but bore different names. For most stations, the earlier identities have been completely erased and the only way to discover their old names are through historical documents such as old maps. Other stations leave evidence that can prove puzzling to the modern traveler, such as Arsenal, where the original Gillespie Road name can clearly be seen fired into the tile pattern on the platforms. The list that follows lists all the stations that you'll find on today's Tube Map that have existed under different guises over the years. I'm hoping that this list is pretty much comprehensive. Present name	Arsenal F.C.
Which international association of environmental pressure groups was founded in North America by David Brower?	The Art of the Underground: 150 Years of Re-designing London The Art of the Underground: 150 Years of Re-designing London Oliver Green Download this lecture The London Underground today is one of the world’s largest and busiest urban metros. Exactly 150 years ago, on 9 January 1863, when the inaugural train left Paddington for Farringdon with invited guests, the Metropolitan Railway was hailed as an amazing pioneer. A public service began on the following day and the Daily News announced dramatically that ‘for the first time in the history of the world, men can ride in pleasant carriages, and with considerable comfort, lower down than gas pipes and water pipes…lower than the graveyards’. The Victorian steam underground, less than four miles long with just six stations, has developed into a modern electric system covering more than 250 route miles and serving 270 stations. Last year there were over one billion passenger journeys on the Tube, more than the total for the entire UK national rail network, and the numbers keep growing. Londoners have always grumbled about it, but they could not do without it. The Underground keeps London going. This talk looks at how this has happened and why the Underground is now the city’s greatest asset, underpinning everything else. Our Tube has shaped the capital and its development over 150 years, and rail transport will be the key to London’s future. Research Fellow, the London Transport Museum. Oliver Green's two most recent books are Underground: How the Tube Shaped London (2012, Allen Lane) and The Tube: Station to Station on the London Underground (2012, Shire Books). Read More The Art of the Underground: 150 Years of Re-designing London Oliver Green THE ART OF THE UNDERGROUND: 150 YEARS OF RE-DESIGNING LONDON OLIVER GREEN It is great to be back at the Museum of London for this talk on a very auspicious occasion – the Underground’s birthday, strictly speaking not the Tube, as you will know. We call it ‘the Tube’ now, but the Tube has only been around technically since 1890. However, it is nice to go right back to the origins. Exactly at one o’clock 150 years ago, on the ninth of January, that very first train pulled out of Paddington towards Farringdon, just over the way. The interesting thing, and this is a sort of repeating pattern I think about railways probably and the Underground in general, is that this was the train carrying all the special guests. Although, even at that time, it would not really have taken all that long – not more than half an hour – to cover the three and a half miles up to the edge of the City at Farringdon, but because it was a special occasion, everyone was made to get out at every station to look at the wonderful new surroundings. It took them about two hours, and then they would have spent most of the early afternoon and evening having a massive lunch. I mean, it is a very City-style thing, is it not? It was only the next day that the general populace got to travel. But they were all queuing up for that and what I am going to talk about now is what I call, “The Art of the Underground”. That is not just art in the sense of the posters and everything else that we all love from the Underground, but it is a much broader art of the Underground, which has been going on now for 150 years. It is partly about the way you create the infrastructure of a city and the way it specifically relates to London, and the particularly interesting way in which that has happened in London over 150 years, some of which has been down to engineering and some, down to finding the money, which has been a problem all the way along. Some of it has been artistic, in the broadest sense, in that I think the architecture has been, at different periods, amazing. There have been ups and downs of the Underground, but the nice thing is that we are actually on an up now, and that it is a good time to be talking about the history of the Underground because, only a few years ago, there were all sorts of problems and difficulties, and I am glad I did not have to take part in writing a 150 years celebratory book then, when the future of the Underground began to look a bit dicey. I am not going to go into all the detail but it is to give you a feel for the way the Underground has affected London dramatically over the last 150 years, and I am surprised that it is not acknowledged more than it is. I expect all of you are great fans of London generally – I hope you are. I am very passionate about the city, and its entire history of course is very well shown in the Museum above, which is where I started my museum career. The Underground has become the sinews of the city. Frank Pick, who was the great Underground Managing Director in the 1920s, and who set the scene for the particularly high quality design style of the Underground, always referred to London’s transport system and the Underground in particular, as “the framework of the town”. What he meant was that London transport was, he believed, an art. It was “the art of creating a city for the future”, and that is exactly what the Underground has done. In all the dozens of books about the history of London, which I am sure you are all familiar with and which seem to come out with increasing regularity at the moment, I do not think that it has ever quite been recognised, that the Underground Railway is more important to London’s development in the last 150 years than anything else, and I think it is going to be the thing that holds London together for the future. So let us look back and see how it came about. Another thing that fascinates me about the Underground, as you will be familiar with, is that you can go round it and see parts of the Underground that are almost like an archaeological cross-section through modern London because there are still parts of the Underground that look virtually as they did 150 years ago. You can recognise other bits – it forms a mosaic which supports the city and that is not just the centre of this city but it has also created the suburbs. So, in many ways, it is the essential glue and fibre that holds London together and there is no place better to start that than Baker Street. In Baker Street station today, one of the Circle Line platforms is still unchanged from 150 years ago. One of the wonderful things about it is that even the original Victorian infrastructure was fantastically well-built because it is exactly as it is now, and people are always saying, “Well, of course, the problem with the London Underground is it is the oldest and it is just too old.” It is not too old! I mean the infrastructure still works very well indeed, and the northern part of the Circle Line is still, as an infrastructure, it has never crumbled, it has never collapsed, and it has never had to be majorly repaired. It still works, and we have always been good at doing that. And, again, to contrast the then, now and the future, this is the other end of the original line, at Farringdon, which you will all know. It is only a few minutes’ walk from where we are now. That picture at the top left there shows the station at the late-1860s, by which time the first connection with the Metropolitan had already been built, which is now known as the Thames Link service. So that is the view looking towards the City, with the Metropolitan behind the signal-box, and a train which has probably come round on what is now the Thames Link Cross-London Line, or possibly it has come across from Moorgate because almost as soon as it had been built, the Underground was being extended. It will become a new transport hub for Central London, but it has still got elements going right back to the 1860s. St Paul’s, of course, was always the centre of the City. The City was where the Metropolitan Railway wanted to get to – it was where everyone wanted to get to in the Victorian period because it was already the business centre of London. And there, beyond it, glimmering there that is the Shard, as it is going up, which again, as you will know, that is part of London’s future. The Shard is currently the tallest building in Europe, and that will be better linked in with the City and the other side of the river through new rail developments. Well, as you will know, the original Metropolitan Railway was not built by tube tunnelling, although everyone does now tend to say it is all part. It is not, strictly speaking. It was built by cut-and-cover construction, and there you see, top left, the scene at King’s Cross. You can see King’s Cross Station in the middle background there, in about 1861, when they have just started construction of the Metropolitan. St Pancras is not there of course because it was built a bit later, deliberately overshadowing King’s Cross next door. But even cut-and-cover construction was causing quite a lot of disruption. They had to close roads where it was being built. But, when you think that the whole of that original section of the Metropolitan Railway, three and a half miles built in three years, that is pretty good-going actually, and the disruption that we see in all the construction photographs and images is no greater really than construction would be nowadays, so I think it was a fantastic achievement. There, you see King’s Cross Metropolitan Station taking shape. It was made a bit loftier than it actually was once the trains started running. Even then, you can see in the construction, top right, and it is the sort of thing that Frank Pick looked back on in horror, the advertising merchants had been at work with fly-posters, all over the station, even before it was finished. Once it opened, it did not originally have posters. That comes much later. It is always shown, in those early lithograph illustrations, as having immensely gentile Victorian middle-class passengers, but, again, one of the great things about the Metropolitan is, right from the start, everybody went on the Metropolitan, and they had the cheap workmen’s tickets as well which were just coming in on some lines. That is one of the original trains, which, for the first two years, they used broad-gauge Great Western Trains, which linked up at Paddington. There you can see one coming in. And that, bottom right, is Paddington. The other Paddington Station on the Circle Line bit, [Prade] Street, as it was originally known, which still has its original roof. So that is an example of where you can go back and see the original right now. Well, the Metropolitan and the District gradually moved together to build the Circle Line, and this is another of these repeating things. Amazing though it was that they built the Metropolitan Railway so quickly in the 1860s, and then they started on a second underground, the Metropolitan District Railway, which was built along the new embankment, the idea was that these two separate companies would join their lines up to create the Circle Line, and, as is the way with big infrastructure projects, it does not always go quite smoothly. It was very expensive to do. The chairmen of the two companies did not get on, and it was 21 years before they actually completed the Circle Line. So, we got very early into that rhythm whereby big projects actually end up taking much longer than you think, costing much more than you think, and not always getting the political support that you want. That is the view of London and its various railways, but with the Underground part, shaded in red there, as they were up to about 1890. You can see that London is already covered in railways. Railways are having a big impact. But there is nothing right in the centre, within the Circle Line. The next big step is to go deeper, and this is the beginning of the Tube. The first Tube line, what is now part of the Northern Line, was the City & South London Railway. Again, they wanted to get to the City. It was built at deep level from Stockwell up to the City, and opened in 1890, and it was built using the then newly developed technology of using shield tunnelling. It was the way all the tubes were constructed originally. You had this circular protection, with a cutting edge behind where that guy is standing there, and men would dig out the clay, and London clay is very good for easy tunnelling, shovel it back, it would be taken back, and then another bunch of guys would create the tube by bolting together these curved segments of cast iron. Now, it is done in the same way, but with machines and with concrete lining gradually burrowing your way through. And of course, put all these rings together and you have got a tube, hence the name, and by the time the third tube had opened, which was the Central London Railway, known as the Tuppenny Tube in those days because of flat fare, you had a tube railway going right under Central London for the first time. This is the middle bit of the Central Line, which of course serves both the City, the business end, and the leisure end, if you like, of the West End, so it serves shops and the great department stores that were just opening along Oxford Street, and it runs the whole length of Oxford Street. It had to be advertised because, although it was a great technical construction, people had to be persuaded to use the Tube. It was a bit frightening at that time, and it must have seemed like science fiction really, to be going down in electric lifts and then whizzed under London at high speed by electricity. Electricity is the key to all this because you could not have built the Tube still using the old technology of steam because the steam simply could not escape. So, everything that took place at the beginning of the 20th Century was really driven by this magical new system of electricity and it very quickly became more than simply a rather basic engineering. The original Tube at Stockwell Station was pretty bleak, and actually this was very experimental at that stage. It has got wooden platforms and has little locomotives to pull the trains and they are not very powerful. The power station was not big enough and they could not generate enough power, although everyone was very excited about it. They actually charged people to go and see the power station, it was that exciting! Among those who visited was H.G. Wells, who was overwhelmed by the new electrical facilities – Wells actually wrote a special, rather gruesome, story called “The Lord of the Dynamos” having been to see the new Tube’s power units. But actually, the power was still a bit low, and they had to put in a new generator because the electricity was only just enough to power a couple of trains. The lighting was gas. The original lifts on the City & South London were actually water-driven, by hydraulic power. The next stage, the Central London, which is a much grander affair, actually promoted itself much better, but they still clearly felt that they had to give you a tour. It is like those old Rupert Bear annuals where you get a picture showing you what you have to do as you go through things, such as arriving at the station, going in, buying your ticket, going over to the man, giving him the ticket, you go through, somebody takes you down in the lift and then someone shepherds you onto the train, and then, finally, you get to your destination. But they were very anxious to persuade everyone that this was perfectly safe, it was quick, it was easy and it was cheap. Advertising standards did not come into it in those days, but you can see what they were getting at. And the next stage, just a few years later, were the next three tubes that were opened by an American-based or American-created company, the Underground Electric Railways of London, which becomes the basis of the whole thing, and their stations, on their three lines, were all much the same. This was really “Chicago comes to London”, and this changed the nature of the underground railway dramatically. It was a company chaired by a fraudster called Charles Tyson Yerkes, who came from Chicago, where he had made a lot of money electrifying and creating the elevated railways in Chicago, and a lot of this was driven by American technology. Yerkes was also a very good salesman and he persuaded people in London that, if they helped finance his new company, he could pay for these three new lines and everyone would make money out of it. Of course, it never happened like that, but even today, people seem to think that actually, if private money goes into building underground lines, or even railway lines, they will make a profit. They never do, it just does not work like that, but people never seem to learn from history, do they? But what Yerkes did create for London was this wonderful new system, and it was highly engineering, a lot of American technology, all driven from this enormous new power station at Chelsea, Lots Road, which has only just stopped providing all the power for the whole of the London Underground System for 100 years. And the station designs were all very modern for the time. They are all on load-bearing steel frames, which again is a bit of Chicago technology. It is the basis of skyscraper construction and they were designed that way so that they could take the weight of the lift motors and lots of storeys above if necessary. Then they were decorated and clothed in the most fashionable style, which was of course was Art Nouveau at the time. Leslie Green was the original designer of these stations, and that is his original sketch of Oxford Circus, top left, that watercolour. These are the features that you can still see at some of his surviving stations. Top right is Mornington Crescent; bottom right Elephant & Castle; bottom left, what was originally called Gillespie Road – that was the only case on the entire Underground where a football company managed to persuade London Underground to change the name of the station! When Arsenal were a top club in the ‘30s, they persuaded them to change the name, and it has been called Arsenal ever since. The other ones do not count of course. West Ham is in West Ham, it has nothing to do with the football club. The Underground Electric Railways had also bought out the old District, electrified that, and they gradually began to pull together the basis of the modern Underground and in some cases, you can see the old and new together to this day. Gloucester Road Station, which you see top right, after it had just been completed for the District Railway, the 1860s, and there is the same station today, on the right-hand side – that is the District part of Gloucester Road – and on the left, you can see Leslie Green’s addition for the Piccadilly Line, which of course is right below the District at Gloucester Road. The same happened at South Kensington fairly early on, and this is when Frank Pick comes into the picture as Publicity Officer for the Underground Electric Railways. Pick commissioned new lettering from Edward Johnston, and he got Edward Johnston to also combine his lettering, with the original symbol of the Underground, which became the iconic blue bar and red circle. They are often reconstructed now as they originally were, but that is Temple Station, top left, with the old-style Underground roundel. Out in the suburbs, the Metropolitan line, which was not part of the same organisation at this stage, was slightly doing its own thing but gradually improving its system, and it built a new country line, which was just like an overground railway really. The bit of the Metropolitan had extended way out to Harrow and beyond, by this stage, but it built a new branch line from Harrow to Uxbridge. They had not quite caught up with the new technology. When it opened, in 1904, they had to use steam trains for the first six months because their new electric system was not quite ready, but it was after a while, and both on the Metropolitan and on the District, which had been electrified by the Americans, you got, from the beginning of the 20th Century, very American style trains as well. They look like the trains that you see in cowboy films with a clear storey roof, except they are electric. All the undergrounds in 1908 agreed that they ought to get their marketing act together because all of them were suffering from the same problem. They had invested in building the new lines, they had invested in electrification, and they were not getting enough passengers. So, Frank Pick and colleagues devised the first free underground map. It gave the notion of an entire networked system. By the First World War, the Underground were feeling so pleased with themselves because they recovered through all this from potential bankruptcy at the time that Yerkes left them this system. Yerkes had died, incidentally, in 1905, just before all the new tubes opened. The man who was appointed in charge was Albert Stanley, who was English-born but American-trained. He came to London on the advice of the American people who were involved in setting up the Underground group to turnaround this problem because they were worried that the whole thing was going to go belly-up when it opened. They just were going to go bankrupt. Stanley was interesting because he actually invested in the Underground then. He managed to get the money from other means and negotiate mergers. He was a very strategic character. He eventually became Lord Ashfield and was to become the first Chairman of London Transport in the ‘30s. His right-hand man was Frank Pick, who at this stage was still doing the publicity but making a fantastic job of it and promoting the Underground in a way that the old-fashioned railways just had never quite done. So it was an interesting combination of forward thinking, American technology, and almost American style marketing techniques, and by 1915, this is just a sample of one of the publications that Pick organises, the children’s alphabet, which is full of these lovely little poems and things of the Underground such as, “U is the Underground, pride of the nation, triumph of science and civilisation”, and they clearly believed that at the time. By the ‘20s, although the Metropolitan was still staying independent of the Underground Electric Railways, both of them were expanding out into the suburbs and they were really pioneering suburbia. In the Metropolitan’s case, of course they came up with this snappy title, Metro-Land. They launched Metro-Land actually during the First World War, which does not seem like the best time to do it you would not think, but by the ‘20s, it really took off. Metro-Land was initially a sort of promotion supposedly to encourage people just to come out and walk and go out for the day, and of course rambling was very popular in the ‘20s, but what they were really after was getting a captive market of season ticket holders who would actually live in Metro-Land in the new property developments. Of course, London’s outer areas really took off in the ‘20s. The house building was at a fantastic rate, the sort of thing that, sadly, we just cannot manage today, but London was expanding, and it was served directly by the Underground. The Underground was key to London developing in this way and spreading out over a large area, in a quite different way to cities like Paris, which are still actually quite tightly-knit, and the Metro in Paris, if you look at the maps, it does not actually go much beyond the traditional limits of Paris – it goes to all of the gates, the old gates of the city. But London was quite different; it was integral to London’s creation as Greater London, the suburban city, in the 1920s. Meanwhile, they were also at work creating new things under the centre. The line which had opened in 1890, the original City & South London, needed upgrading fairly quickly. It was completely inadequate. So, as part of the development in the ‘20s, they not only extended out into the suburbs overground, but they rebuilt half of what was already there underground. The publicity for the Underground was fantastic in the 1920s. Although it was not deceptive, London really was improving and they achieved a great deal, but he managed to make the engineering, which was behind all this, an exciting thing, and London became this dramatic city, driven by the new technology, beautifully engineered, and artistically advertised. The trains as well were fantastic designs, miles in advance of anything on the mainline railways, which, at the time, were nearly all still traditional Victorian-style slam-door trains, with steam locomotives, most of them, and the Underground had got pneumatically-driven doors and it seemed like the future. It must have felt like that at the time. Out in the suburbs, they were creating a new lifestyle. I love this picture. It is a typical scene of suburbia in the late-20s, presumably on a Saturday. There you have, in the middle – everyone, in those days, used to work Saturday mornings, at least, but they all came home from the office to go off into their suburban dream homes. There we have two guys in the middle, one of whom has already changed into his cricket whites, on the left. They are carrying their cricket bag. The guy on the right is still in his office clothes and bowler hat, but they are obviously off to play cricket on Saturday afternoon. Over on the right-hand side there, you can see mummy has brought junior along and she is carrying him to come and meet daddy off the train, and other people are going to take the buses – and there is the 142, which I think still runs from Edgware – going off into the outer suburbs. The Underground had created this mixed transport system. Albert Stanley had bought up the London General Omnibus Company and so they were beginning to integrate the services, so the buses fed the Tubes, and the whole thing was creating a new life in the suburbs for a lot of people. Then Pick started looking more at not just the publicity but also the physical infrastructure. He was passionate about this looking fantastic, and he and Charles Holden, the architect, created this wonderful partnership, starting with the extension of the Northern Line the other way. They built the line out to Edgware and then they built the line down south to Morden. They reconstructed it all in the middle, so they created this wonderful spinal tube, which was not known as the Northern Line at the time, and I am never quite sure why not. It was called the Northern Line from 1937. This was the beginning of the Underground, in a very obvious way, affecting the look of the whole city, which was exactly what Frank Pick wanted to do. Holden came up with a whole new architecture for transport and for the Underground in particular in London, which was unlike anything anyone had ever done before anywhere else. Pick wanted something which was not quite like what Leslie Green had done before the First World War for those original Tube stations, which did look distinctive, but they had their disadvantages. They were not, as Pick saw it, really fit for purpose. The colour, that ruby red colour, was okay during the daytime, but at night, it began to just look black. By the ‘20s, when new technology was helping them, floodlighting had come in, and these stations on the Northern Line, running down from Clapham to Morden, are all designed on the same principle: a folding screen, and they are lit above there through daylight during the daytime; you plonk the Underground roundel in the middle, the thing is backlit as well at night, and, outside, they placed the floodlights underneath. So the whole station was white. It was all along what was essentially an Edwardian and Victorian red-brick street, but the stations shone out like little gems day and night and advertised the Tube fantastically, and as Pick wanted it to be, they were a sort of welcoming beam in the night really as well. So there we have the new architect. He said to his friends in the Designers’ Industry Association, “We want to represent the DIA gone mad, and I have got Holden along to see that we go mad in good company!” And they did, and they created the most fantastic new architecture for London. Having done that, Holden was given a much bigger job, right in the centre of London, because the next project, there are two prestige projects for the Underground by the end of the ‘20s, one of which is to rebuild and enlarge Piccadilly Circus, which is metaphorically and literally at the heart of London. Holden transformed, what could have been just an engineer’s hole in the ground underneath the original Piccadilly Circus, into this wonderfully inviting new centre of London, which, even if you did not go on the Tube, down the new escalators to below, even if you just walked round what Holden called “the ambulatory”, round the outside, you had shop windows round there and it was created to look like the posh shopping streets above. This was Regent Street reproduced on the Underground and you could cross and avoid the weather and the traffic, even if you did not go on the Tube and, on the way, you could look at the showcase of Swan & Edgar’s upstairs, which had just been rebuilt itself. That is a postcard from about 1930, showing the wonders of the new Piccadilly Circus Station, which you can still see today. There is a moving map, which you may have seen at Piccadilly Circus, within that rotunda that shows you the time in Montevideo and all sorts of odd things like that. Originally, the escalators in the middle had a huge mural over them, which were of a world map, and also a series of things, paintings of other parts of London and the things you could get to on the Underground. The map had everything homing in from around the world on London, the centre of the universe, the centre of the British Empire and everyone came. It seemed like the next wonder of the world! The people who were particularly impressed were the Russians. They sent a delegation of engineers over to see this new station because they were planning to build a metro for Moscow, and the engineers were so impressed, particularly by the escalators, which they had never seen in the Soviet Union – they only had elevators. They reported back to their boss who was managing, on Stalin’s behalf, the development of the Moscow Metro, and it was Khrushchev, who later became in charge himself. Khrushchev then persuaded Stalin that what they had to have for Moscow was what London had got: this fantastic underground transport system which used the latest things – it used escalators going down in the middle, instead of lifts, which they were used to – and it was built in the most aristocratic, posh part of town. What he wanted to do, and which they achieved in many ways, was to do the same thing, but on a grander scale, so that “We Communists can do it just as well as those Capitalists in London”! The Russians actually got the London Underground to do a report for them, and Pick supervised this. He sent engineers over to look at the problems. The Moscow Metro, although it is bigger of course and it is grander in many ways than the London one, but it is based on what we had done in London, and the consultancy report that was done by London Underground for the Russians was the beginning of what later became London Transport International, and it was where the British, and the Underground in particular, advised other people on how to build their metros. At the end of the’30s, Frank Pick received the only public decoration he ever got, the Order of Lenin, which he got from the Russians – sad but true! He ought to be much better known. What Pick also commissioned from Holden, at much the same time as Piccadilly, was a new headquarters for the Underground. It was a growing company. It needed a new headquarters for its administrative staff, and they decided to build it on the property that they already owned, which was St James’ Park Station. So, Holden came up with this brilliant plan to straddle an existing underground station, at St James’ Park, on a very difficult triangular site, and he created what has always been known as 55 Broadway, still the Underground Headquarters today. At the time, essentially it was first skyscraper in London. There were no tall buildings in London then, and the LCC building regulations were very strict about that. This, when it opened in 1929, was the tallest building in Westminster. In fact, it was so tall that the top floor, the LCC would not let the staff use it for some years, until they changed the regulations. But essentially, Holden came up with this combination of almost American style design, so it is stepped up to the tower at the top, and it also has a walkway through it at the bottom, which invites you into the Underground station. It has been slightly amended over the years so now you have to go round the foyer. It was a very artistic building, which was modern but also, in some ways, quite traditional – it was built on a steel frame, but it has got Portland stone cladding. Holden, who was very keen, like Pick, on using artist designers, had sculptures put on the outside of it, which were a little controversial at the time. The upper sculptures were a bit wasted because they were too high and you could not see them without binoculars. It was the first example of a public sculpture by Henry Moore, which was also up there. But the ones that created all the trouble were the two that you could see from the street really well, and still can, by Jacob Epstein, which were figures representing night and day. Epstein, even though he had been designing sculptures for over twenty years, was still a bit of a controversial figure, and there was a huge fuss about these sculptures when they were unveiled. The popular press, “The Sun” of the day, said that they were obscene, disgusting, and primitive and people threw paint over them. It was a huge fuss and Frank Pick actually offered to resign but eventually decided against it. Nowadays, nobody gives them a second look, which is sad because they are rather nice. Holden was designing the new stations for the Piccadilly line, which are often reckoned to be his best. This partnership of the Managing Director of the Underground, Frank Pick, and his architect created, what I think, are probably the best bits of commercial architecture in London, from the 1930s, and they are all listed buildings today and most of them have been very nicely restored. It must have been extraordinary at the time to have something like that flying saucer at Southgate, descending into the middle of what was then still a sort of village just outside London. But the Underground was very proud of these, not surprisingly, and actually some of the posters did advertise the stations rather than the destinations. Here you are…”Come and see the latest in railway architecture”, which it was. And some of those feature; again, you can still go and see them. That wonderful art deco light there is at Bounds Green. That is Arnos Green, bottom right, and Southgate, top right. The thing that, again from the early ‘30s, has become the most revered symbol of London’s Underground and transport system is the famous Harry Beck map, which is slightly odd in a way. Although it is, in a sense, of this artistic design of the city and the way it is represented and it is now held up as a classic of graphic design, which it is, but the interesting thing about it was it was not actually commissioned by the Underground, as is now well-known. Harry Beck came up with this idea of changing the geographical map into what is technically a diagram – it is not a map at all. And because it was getting more and more difficult to put the whole thing, this enormous system, on one little folding pocket map, he shrunk the outer areas and enlarged the centre, and colour-coded the whole thing. Everything is on a vertical, diagonal or horizontal. The Underground were a bit worried when he kept badgering them to try this out, and they agreed in the end, and the reaction was just amazing from the public. They put a little timid notice on it saying “This is a new design for our map – we would welcome your comments”, and people thought it was amazing, and of course they have stuck with it ever since. There were attempts to change the map, even though it is very well-designed, to incorporate more and more extensions. However, you may recall, a couple of years ago, that they decided, in order to get more things in, that they would take the river off, and all hell broke loose! The Mayor had to say the next map will have the river back, which it did. So there is a map out there which came out at that time, it will be a classic of the future – the Underground map without the Thames! And the whole look, the corporate design of the Underground, is seen, by the ‘30s, all over London, and it is reflected in the graphic design, in the posters, the use of the symbol, the use of the lettering, and the very distinctive, and yet actually not boring, architecture. Holden used to call these stations “brick boxes with concrete lids”, but that makes them sound dull. They are not dull. They are fantastic bits of modern architecture, which also have a respect for English tradition. They are European modernism plus the arts and crafts, moulded together. These are the escalators, one of the few sets of escalators where the original uplighters, designed by Holden, survive. That is St John’s Wood. They have them at Southgate as well, and the only other one at the exhibition exits at Earl’s Court, which have now been closed, and so that is presumably going to go. The Underground kept expanding in the ‘30s, and at that time, they were using Treasury guarantees against the money. They were allowed to in the ‘20s. They had still been a private company, but effectively, they were beginning to be subsidised by the State because the Treasury gave them financial guarantees, and the Government were happy to do that because they did not have to pay extra money but it was a way of, without actually subsidising the Underground, getting the new work done, and it had the advantage of it created jobs – it was a time of unemployment. It also helped to stimulate the wider economy because they needed steel and everything else to do it. So you almost got a virtuous circle with the extension of the Underground, and I find it interesting that we are now back to that exact situation, where the current Government are, not surprisingly, getting very keen on infrastructure projects again, and we have been there before. This is what happened in the 1920s and I do not quite understand why it does not happen again in the same sort of way of financing it. You do not necessarily have to do it by the Government underwriting the whole lot and it costing a lot of money. The Underground, and then London Transport proceeded, at astonishing pace, to create this new extended infrastructure for London. Part of the project, the New Works Programme in the ‘30s, was to extend both the Bakerloo and the Northern Line. The Northern Line eventually came to the surface and joined up with one of the old steam railways at East Finchley, and they created a wonderful station, which is still at East Finchley, with this art deco archer, speeding the trains to Central London. That is Erika Monier’s design, which is still there, and I think it has even been adopted as a symbol of that part of North London now. But, unfortunately, the War broke out and the New Works Programme was not completed and, of course, the Underground turned to other uses which had never been intended, like people sheltering on the Tube during the Blitz. Highgate Station had just been completed at the time that War broke out, and it was used for a while just for shelterers, before it was even opened. Up on the surface, if you go to Highgate today, you can see above the Tube Station is the remains of what would have been Highgate high-level station, where there would have been connections to an electrified version of the old steam line, which went one way back to Finsbury Park and the other way up to Alexandra Palace, and sadly that never happened. It is an example of what has happened since the War, particularly in the ‘50s. London Transport had gone through this wonderful period of expansion and development in the ‘30s. Frank Pick left the company in the early part of the War and he died during the War. Lord Ashfield, the former Albert Stanley, only just survived the War himself – he died just at the point when the new Labour Government, after the War, nationalised the whole of the railway system, and, unfortunately, they included London Transport in that. London Transport was swallowed up in this new monolith called the British Transport Commission and, from then onwards, there was no plan for transport really at all in this country, and there never has been ever since, not only in London but on the mainline railways. The Underground just about managed to complete some of the things that they had started before the War such as Bethnal Green Station, which has just been refurbished and which had been used throughout the War as a shelter, and it was one of the last examples of some of those wonderful decorative features, like that fantastic roundel clock there. Gants Hill is thought to be almost a nod back to what the Moscow Metro had done in the ‘30s, which in turn had come from London. The station has this great hall in the middle, and the platforms run either side. It is much smaller than the way they do it in Moscow, I have to say, and the Moscow ones are double-ended stations, which was not really necessary for Gants Hill and was never installed. It is still quite an impressive station and has since been improved. Further out, you can see when the Tube trains finally got as far as Loughton, just after the War, but beyond there, for a while, and right up into the ‘50s, there were still steam trains running on these former branch lines, and the very last bit, out from Epping to Ongar, was only electrified in the mid-‘50s, and then it was closed at the end of the 1990s. You can go back there now and it has just been revitalised as a heritage railway actually, no longer part of the London Underground. Everything slowed down in the ‘50s. To be fair, the country had other priorities than London’s transport at the time, and so the resources, which of course were in an age of austerity, tended to go into other things, like housing and the new National Health Service. The Underground spent virtually no money on capital projects throughout the ‘50s. Finally, right at the end, at the beginning of the ‘60s, they did what they had always planned to do back in the ‘30s, which was to electrify the Metropolitan Line all the way out to Amersham. There were still steam trains on the outer bits of the Met right through the ‘50s, and then, finally, they were replaced in 1961 by new electric trains. Those trains, as you may know if you use that line, have only just been replaced again by these new fully air-conditioned trains, the S Stock, on the Metropolitan Line. So those modern trains, as they were in the early ‘60s, have just gone and been replaced. We are gradually now getting back to doing something new, but London Underground, like a lot of organisations in this country I think, got into rather an odd cycle after the Second World War, whereby new plans would be drawn up but then, characteristically, it would take at least twenty years for the Government to agree to fund it and for the thing to actually be built. That is what has happened ever since the War. In the late ‘40s, they planned a new Tube line across Central London. It opened, twenty years later, as the Victoria Line. It took a lot of persuading of Government to actually go for that, and they just did not see an essential need to invest at that time and to be fair, I suppose London’s population was not growing as fast – in fact it was declining a bit in the ‘50s, and so there was not the current problem of intense overcrowding. But the Victoria Line was the first automatic, computer-controlled underground railway in the world – but this was the last time that the London Underground was ahead of the game internationally. Although London Transport were using the best of their technology at the time, and it was an ingenious system and it was the beginning of automatic ticket control and everything else, they had to build it to a very tight budget. With the Victoria Line, the tiles started falling off the walls virtually as soon as it opened. It just was not built to the standards that London Underground had been proud of before the War, and that was partly because they had not got the money to spend. The engineering was good, but the actual carrying out of the job was not. Even now, in design terms, it is very characteristic of the ‘60s, but it looks a bit bleak really, and it is only relieved by some of the last remnants of architectural design in those little tile panels at each station, which are rather nice but the rest of the station is sort of grey and a bit grim. But then we get into this cycle again. It is another ten years before the next line is started, which is the Jubilee Line, but of course, as you will know, the Jubilee Line was only a really short stub end bit and most of it was actually just renaming an old line, which was the Bakerloo Line, and when the original bit opened in 1979, they did not get all the way through to Docklands, which was part of the original plan, and it took another twenty years for that to be built. Having said that, this was when London was beginning to come up again, and the Underground, having reached this real low point, probably in the ‘80s, and the worst possible thing, which you will remember, was the King’s Cross fire in 1987, a terrible disaster, but it was a disaster waiting to happen because the Underground had just not had the resources and the money to do the running repairs and to replace equipment. It was caused, largely, by an old escalator – if you remember, somebody had dropped a cigarette on it, and we still had only just banned smoking on the Underground at that point, which, looking back seems amazing really. It is hard to believe now that it was ever allowed, but it was. Ever since that fire, what London Underground had to do, and they had to get the money for it as well, was to create what the Managing Director in the ‘90s, Denis Tunnicliffe, used to call “a properly fit metro”. That is what they created with the new Jubilee Line. And so, suddenly, we are back to that quality design of everything which was applied to the Jubilee Line Extension in the ‘90s, and, meanwhile, the rest of the system is being cleaned up, upgraded, and it has got new safety systems. Although people sometimes say, to my amazement, “Why is the Underground so dirty?” it is not dirty – it is pin-clean these days! If you remember what it was like in the ’80s, when there was rubbish everywhere, there was graffiti everywhere, it felt threatening, it is not like that at all anymore. The problem now is it is just a bit too overcrowded but that is the latest problem that we have all got to deal with. I have not had time to mention people really at all. What we really need, I think, for London, or what perhaps we are getting back to now, is there ought to be a plan for the future. The problem that we have had in this country and it is both on the Underground and on the mainline railways ever since the Second World War, is that there has not been a plan. We have never had a transport plan, and we really need that, and that is why I think this talk now about infrastructure needs to come back. The trouble is that politicians, inevitably, do not think beyond the next election, and that is something we have suffered from ever since 1945. When Gordon Brown was Prime Minister, he had had an involvement in a sense with the Underground before because, when he was Chancellor, it was under his watch that Labour, surprisingly, came up with this disastrous private/public partnership scheme, which all went belly-up in the end. Lord Adonis was Transport Minister for a while and both men oversaw the launch event for Cross-Rail, which of course is now underway and is the biggest infrastructure in Europe. These guys are all part of the decision-making process, but they move on, and of course, fortunately, the private/public partnership has now been buried and everyone has forgotten about it, but it cost a fortune to do that, mainly in lawyers’ fees, even before anything new was started. We are now, ironically, back in a situation where Boris, as Mayor, has actually, in effect, re-nationalised the London Underground because it is all controlled centrally. It is not split up into this ridiculous system of having contractors doing some bits, which did not work out cheaper or better, and we now have an integrated system again. Boris, to his credit, and Ken before him, both of them pushed very hard to get the money for new investment, both in the Underground and on what effectively is the next underground, the Cross-Rail scheme, which people are busy virtually under our feet digging away at now. I do find it quite exciting that this is all happening now, and relieved that it is going forward, but slightly worried as to whether each of the new things will actually happen, and when it will happen, and whether I will still be alive to see it. But I think the vision of Frank Pick, that the transport system can actually help to create and stimulate the town, is happening again now, and London just in the last fifteen years has been transformed by all sorts of projects, but many of them linked to the transport system, which are really re-designing, and that is why I called it “The Art of the Underground”. We are re-designing the public realm in London, and the transport system is an essential part of that, and it is all, as Frank Pick said of London transport, it is an artwork, and I think it is going to be something that we will all feel very proud of. But we are always a bit uncertain, are we not? I mean, it is like the Olympics: we all thought, we were not going to be able to manage it, and actually, it was fantastic, and the transport system was very central to that. So, design and planning is all coming back into the public realm now, and it is going to be good! So, I will leave you with that, and I hope that, in five years’ time, I can come back and tell you about Cross-Rail and that we will all be travelling across London on that. Thank you very much.	i don't know
The Pleasure Garden, The Lodger and Blackmail are among the films of which British director?	Hitchcock: why people are still talking about silent movies \| British Council Hitchcock: why people are still talking about silent movies Still from Alfred Hitchcock's directorial debut, 'The Pleasure Garden' © British Film Institute. In the biggest restoration project they have ever undertaken, the British Film Institute, a partner of the British Council, has restored nine of Alfred Hitchcock’s early silent movies. Made between 1925 and 1929, the films are among the greatest achievements of British silent film. Todd Hitchcock of the American Film Institute Silver Theatre explains their lasting appeal. For an art form that some might say is dead, silent films have sure enjoyed a long, lively, and lucrative afterlife. The Oscar-winning ‘The Artist’, a bittersweet homage to the silent film era, is only the most recent comeback of this unique interdisciplinary medium — the marriage of moving pictures and expressive music. Artists like Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton are still internationally recognized icons in popular culture, with their silent films and comedic wizardry enjoyed by audiences and discovered by new ones decade after decade. As it did for many silent era stars, the coming of sound (“the talkies”) inhibited these performers’ well-honed talents and performance style. But some proved adept working in both silent and sound, with Alfred Hitchcock being among the foremost. Still an up-and-comer during the 1920s, having only recently been promoted through the ranks to director, Hitchcock’s silent pictures are fascinating both for their clear relationship to his later work—especially on thrillers like ‘Blackmail’ and ‘The Lodger’ — but also for their anomalies, including a number of adaptations of stage dramas and comedies that aren’t typically identified with Hitchcock’s work. But in these too he proved a dab hand, lending his wicked wit to liven up the narratives of the stage-bound originals, and often experimenting with camera and editing techniques in their filmic realization. In this, he was greatly influenced by international films he’d seen at the London Film Society screenings, including those by Germany’s F.W. Murnau (‘Nosferatu’, ‘The Last Laugh’, ‘Faust’) and the Soviet Union’s Sergei Eisenstein (‘Battleship Potemkin’). Drawing on the work of these innovative filmmakers, Hitchcock pushed the boundaries of what was then being attempted technically and aesthetically by British filmmakers, by attempting more daring camera movement and surprising placement; designing more complex process photography and skillful use of models (for Hitchcock, a constant well into the sound era); and applying faster, more rhythmic editing. In restoring the nine surviving Hitchcock silent features (a tenth, ‘The Mountain Eagle’, is missing and presumed lost), the British Film Institute has provided audiences with the opportunity to discover and enjoy the least-known films created by the world’s most famous filmmaker. Sparkling new 35mm film prints, many including footage missing from previously available copies, have been created. Hitchcock’s directorial debut, 1925’s ‘The Pleasure Garden’, benefited the most from the BFI’s world-wide scouring of film archives, locating and restoring some 20 minutes of previously missing footage. With Hitchcock’s eventual move to Hollywood in 1939 still more than a decade away, the films from this era can also be seen as his most “British.” Sights on display here include the rugged coast of the Isle of Man, and a fishing village governed by age-old tradition (‘The Manxman’); a quintessential English boys’ public school (‘Downhill’); a London boarding house in a neighborhood terrorized by a Jack the Ripper-like killer (‘The Lodger: A Tale of the London Fog’); and the bravura chase sequence between London bobbies and their criminal quarry that culminates atop the British Museum’s roof (‘Blackmail’). “The silent pictures were the purest form of cinema,” Hitchcock asserted, on more than one occasion. Viewers in Washington DC will be able to see—and hear—for themselves this summer, when the films will be screened at the US National Gallery of Art and the American Film Institute Silver Theatre, with live musical accompaniment.	Alfred Hitchcock
What award was won by a Lhaso Apso in 2012 ?	The Complete Alfred Hitchcock - Harvard Film Archive July 11 - September 28, 2013 The Complete Alfred Hitchcock Where the critic Robin Wood once felt it necessary to pose the rhetorical question, “Why should we take Hitchcock seriously?,” the complete retrospective before us, including its new restorations of nine of Hitchcock’s extant silent features, begs a different question: When did Hitchcock become Hitchcock? It would take time for the director’s formal and moral fixations to cohere as the compound effect known all too simply as “suspense,” but there is no mistaking the master’s touch in the persistent ambiguities of The Lodger, theobsessive reiterations of the circle motif in The Ring, the menacing voyeur crowding the edges of Champagne, or the spiraling delineation of guilt in the silent Blackmail. Even within the seemingly inhospitable confines of a comedy of manners (Easy Virtue) or melodramatic fall (Downhill), the young Hitchcock experimented with different styles of point-of-view and disclosure, ever attentive to the audience in relation to the characters. The director learned Expressionism during an early apprenticeship at Berlin’s UFA Studio and Soviet-style montage from London Film Society screenings, quickly absorbing both styles into his own deeply intuitive grasp of entertainment as moral reckoning. Already in the silent films we see the interpolations of subjective and objective viewpoints, the rupture of fantasy in authentic settings, the condensation of whole characterizations into discrete details, and the genius for soliciting the audience’s complicity. From the very first, a Hitchcock film lays special claims to our role as viewer. So fully did Hitchcock match his preoccupations to a distinctly cinematic language that they now seem like basic conditions of narrative film. Whenever a critic theorizes Hollywood’s construction of the “gaze,” you can be sure that Hitchcock is not far behind. The “Hitchcocko-Hawksians” at Cahiers du Cinéma fashioned auteurism from close study of his films, even as his signature cameo appearances give the impression of a preemptive gag on their directorial obsessions. Gus Van Sant’s shot-for-shot remake of Psycho is only the most literal reflection of the director’s haunting afterlife in the post-classical imagination. Even Hitchcock’s self-mythologizing, his image of himself as a showman, seems quintessentially modern, a brilliant piece of conceptual art before there were such a thing. Hitchcock’s influence cuts across Hollywood and the avant-garde, academia and the art world; more than thirty years after his death, his life and work remains the subject of endless speculation and interpretation. For undergraduate film students, close analysis of a Hitchcock sequence has long been a rite of passage, the equivalent of memorizing your Shakespeare. There is simply no getting around him. Not that we would ever desire such a shortcut. In the same way that Hitchcock’s mature masterpieces always reward another look, so the lesser works invariably offer a fresh vantage from which to consider his passionate artistry. Hitchcock was the rare filmmaker to successfully traverse several distinct eras of film history: from silent to sound, Gainsborough Studios to Hollywood independent, Technicolor to television. “Summing it up,” the director told François Truffaut, “One might say that the screen rectangle must be charged with emotion.” So it was, and so it is still. – Max Goldberg, writer and frequent contributor to CinemaScope The Hitchcock 9 – the restored silent film collection – is a joint venture of the BFI, Rialto Pictures/Studiocanal, and Park Circus/ITV. Film notes by Max Goldberg, Haden Guest, David Pendleton and Jason Michelitch Thursday July 11 at 7pm Vertigo Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With James Stewart, Kim Novak, Barbara Bel Geddes US 1958, 35mm, color, 120 min Hitchcock’s grand enigma was recently enshrined as the greatest film of all time in the British Film Institute’s respected survey, infamously displacing Citizen Kane for the first time in fifty years. A tantalizing spiral into the abyss, the film follows Scottie Ferguson, an ex-police detective in forced retirement after his last case ended in a tragic death, as he is enlisted as a private investigator to keep an eye on an old friend’s wife. Following Madeline, he is drawn into a sprawling riddle of love and death, from which he may never emerge. This is Hitchcock’s most profound and troubling exploration of his persistent themes: doppelgängers and duality, obsession, women trapped by deceit and the inexorable destructiveness of male desire. A cinematic landmark, Vertigo retains its power as a perplexing and harrowing nightmare. Live Piano Accompaniment by Martin Marks Friday July 12 at 7pm The Lodger Part of the Hitchcock 9 restored silent film collection - full description here . Friday July 12 at 9pm Frenzy Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Jon Finch, Barry Foster, Barbara Leigh-Hunt US 1972, 35mm, color, 116 min The London of Frenzy is seamy, barren and inescapably misogynistic – hardly the nostalgic treatment one might expect of Hitchcock’s first feature set in England since Stage Fright. The film’s plot hearkens all the way back to The Lodger – a man stands wrongly accused for a brutal series of sex crimes – only here the innocent man is coldly unlikeable and the potential for violence seemingly limitless. Hitchcock reveals the true identity of the necktie killer early in the film, the better to situate his crimes in a full range of abject appetites. Controversial for its prolonged murder-rape sequence, Frenzy’s disturbing quality finally rests with its relentlessly macabre humor. The colorful cast of supporting roles includes a police inspector and his wife spinning out various murder plots over dinner – a cinch for Hitchcock and his lifelong co-scenarist Alma. Live Piano Accompaniment by Martin Marks Saturday July 13 at 7pm Blackmail Part of the Hitchcock 9 restored silent film collection - full description here . Saturday July 13 at 9pm To Catch a Thief Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Cary Grant, Grace Kelly, Jessie Royce Landis US 1955, 35mm, color, 106 min Like many of his mid-Fifties' films, To Catch a Thief finds Hitchcock working primarily to entertain his audiences, in preparation for the more challenging work to come. Hitchcock concocted the perfect caprice by bringing together two of the most alluring of his preferred actors: Grace Kelly and Cary Grant. The film’s tale of using a (reformed) thief to catch a thief takes a back seat, for the most part, to the romantic sparring between the stars, and indeed, the juxtaposition of these two plot elements may owe something to Lubitsch, whom Hitchcock acknowledged as “a man of pure Cinema.” An affectionate valentine to the good life, To Catch a Thief pays homage to Hitchcock's sybaritic pleasures with glittering champagne parties, bucolic picnics and a celebratory embrace of Monte Carlo's luxurious pleasure garden. Sunday July 14 at 4:30pm Foreign Correspondent Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Joel McCrea, Laraine Day, Herbert Marshall US 1940, 35mm, b/w, 119 min Deemed a “masterpiece of propaganda” by Josef Goebbels, Hitchcock’s second American film smuggles its interventionist message under cover of a snappy espionage plot. Joel McCrea’s beat reporter is sent to Europe to scoop the impending war, but once there the guileless American finds danger hiding in plain sight: a debonair Peace Party diplomat conspires for war, an assassin poses as a newspaper photographer, and foretelling the open sightlines of North by Northwest’s crop duster sequence, William Cameron Menzies' brilliantly designed windmill spinning against the wind points the way to subterfuge. Ben Hecht dashed off the prescient closing speech imploring American action amidst rumors of an impending bombing campaign; as it happened, the Blitz began less than a month after Foreign Correspondent’spremiere. Sunday July 14 at 7pm The Wrong Man Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Henry Fonda, Vera Miles, Anthony Quayle US 1957, 35mm, b/w, 105 min An austere black and white fable dating from the period of Hitchcock’s Technicolor epics, The Wrong Man is the crowning expression of the director’s interest in documentary realism and one of his most overtly religious films. Hitchcock’s favored motif of the cathartic return to a scene of trauma figured into the production itself, with a film employing actual locations and real-life participants to dramatize the true story of a New York musician falsely accused of robbery and his wife’s subsequent mental breakdown. Hitchcock’s characteristic preoccupations with madness, policemen, doppelgangers, money and the transference of guilt are all precisely delineated without the usual leavening of comedy and adventure. Instead, the director patiently interlaces subjective and objective camerawork to draw us into Manny Balestrero’s waking nightmare. A police procedural narrated from the prisoner’s view, in which even the most routine mechanisms of the law seem ominous, The Wrong Man’s saving grace cannot dispel its cruel revelations of fate. Live Piano Accompaniment by Stephen Horne Monday July 15 at 7pm The Ring Part of the Hitchcock 9 restored silent film collection - full description here . Friday July 19 at 9pm Rope Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With James Stewart, John Dall, Farley Granger US 1948, 35mm, color, 80 min From his innovative silent visuals, pioneering experiments with dialogue and sound effects, and brilliant narrative use of models and optical effects, Hitchcock’s constant formal experimentation became intrinsic to his work. For his first color picture, he produced an audacious technical high-wire act: a film story told in real time with no evident cuts, shot on a series of 10-minute reels which were seamlessly edited together to create an illusion of one 80-minute-long take. Adapted from a play by Patrick Hamilton and loosely based on the real-life Leopold and Loeb case, Rope features a sadistic detective game as two young homosexuals commit a murder and then dare their Nietszche-spouting headmaster who inspired their experiment in amorality to discover their crime. Live Piano Accompaniment by Robert Humphreville Saturday July 20 at 7pm The Pleasure Garden Part of the Hitchcock 9 restored silent film collection - full description here . Sunday July 21 at 7pm Blackmail Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Anny Ondra, Sara Allgood, John Longden UK 1929, 35mm, b/w, 85 min British International Pictures only asked Hitchcock to remake enough portions of Blackmail with dialogue to make for a passable “part-talkie,” but the ever ambitious director made preparations on the sly to avail himself of the new medium’s creative possibilities. In spite of the restrictive nature of the early sound technology, Hitchcock staged a remarkable series of expressionistic effects. The theme of “guilty woman,” in particular, is reinforced by subjective sound—most famously when a breakfast conversation is smudged out except for the increasingly insistent word “knife.” Idle chatter about the homicide clarifies Hitchcock’s pleasure in revealing our workaday fascination with murder. Joan Barry read the lines for a pantomiming Anny Ondra, the Czech actress whose English film career stalled with the coming of sound. Followed by Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Sara Allgood, Edward Chapman, Sidney Morgan UK 1929, 35mm, b/w, 99 min Hitchcock’s first sound film after Blackmail closely adheres to Sean O’Casey’s hit play about an Irish family’s wildly changing fortunes during the Troubles. The director would later deride Juno and the Paycock as a “photograph of a stage play,” but his camera comes alive in the presence of the family’s wayward son, Johnny, a young man who lost an arm for the same cause he now informs against. Aural hallucinations of gunfire attach to Johnny's point-of-view, a sharp break from the otherwise theatrical conception of character. O’Casey made a lasting impression on Hitchcock, serving as the model for a disheveled doomsayer in The Birds. Live Piano Accompaniment by Robert Humphreville Monday July 22 at 7pm The Farmer's Wife Part of the Hitchcock 9 restored silent film collection - full description here . Live Piano Accompaniment by Robert Humphreville Thursday July 25 at 7pm Easy Virtue Part of the Hitchcock 9 restored silent film collection - full description here . Friday July 26 at 9:15pm Psycho Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Anthony Perkins, Vera Miles, John Gavin US 1960, 35mm, b/w, 109 min Phoenix, $40,000, car lot, traffic cop, Bates Motel, taxidermy, keyhole, shower, knife: every cinephile has committed these details to memory, with the composite whole long since contaminating the broader cultural imagination. Filmed in thirty days using Hitchcock’s television crew (along with indelible contributions from composer Bernard Herrmann and title designer Saul Bass), the densely pathological film, arguably Hitchcock’s most complete manipulation of point-of-view, has provided endless fodder for film theorists. With its profit-sharing contracts, incendiary content and shocking narrative reversals, Psycho slammed the door on Hollywood’s classical studio era. The shower scene gave rise to entire film genres, but Hitchcock’s original remains the gold standard for film’s visceral effect. Of the film’s many interpretations, perhaps none remains as unsettling as the director’s own: “To me it’s a fun picture.” Live Piano Accompaniment by Robert Humphreville Saturday July 27 at 7pm The Manxman Part of the Hitchcock 9 restored silent film collection - full description here . Sunday July 28 at 4pm Topaz Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With John Forsythe, Frederick Stafford, Dany Robin US 1969, 35mm, color, 127 min One of Hitchcock’s only overtly political films, Topaz is a densely-layered spy story set during the Cuban Missile Crisis, inspired in part by the director’s admiration for John F. Kennedy. Taken from the best-selling novel by Leon Uris and based on an allegedly true account of a communist spy being discovered within General Charles de Gaulle’s entourage, the film also served as Hitchcock’s opportunity to create a “realistic” counterpoint to the James Bond films, which in his mind had plagiarized and ruined his trademark brand of romantic suspense. Featuring a huge cast without any stars and relying largely on dialogue to forward its complex plot, Topaz engages with reality on a level unseen in Hitchcock’s other films, even incorporating actual footage of Fidel Castro and Che Guevara. Sunday July 28 at 7pm The Man Who Knew Too Much Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Peter Lorre, Leslie Banks, Edna Best UK 1934, 35mm, b/w, 75 min The first of six thrillers that Hitchcock would direct for Gaumont-British and his first international success, the original Man Who Knew Too Much rushes headlong to its street battle finale inspired by the Siege of Sidney Street. A carefree family vacation comes unwound when a debonair friend is shot on the ballroom floor. The dying man entrusts Leslie Banks’ husband with the details of an assassination plot, but before Banks can unburden himself of the time-sensitive information he learns that his daughter’s life depends on his silence. The action swings deliriously from a Swiss chateau to the famous climax at Royal Albert Hall, a marvelously assured orchestration of moral dilemmas and perceptual jolts. In his first role after fleeing Nazi Germany, Peter Lorre fleshes out the continental Hitchcock villain with volatile charisma and a punkish shock of white hair. Followed by Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Edmund Gwenn, Jill Esmond, John Longden UK 1931, 35mm, b/w, 77 min As with John Galsworthy’s original play, The Skin Game pits the genteel Hillcrists against the industrialist upstart Hornblower in a bitter land feud. Hitchcock’s simultaneously dispassionate and incisive dramatization lays bare the self-consuming nature of the class rivalry, with a central auction sequence placing the audience in the midst of the two families’ furious jockeying for power. Long derided as a merely serviceable adaptation hampered by the limitations of early sound, Hitchcock’s Skin Game nevertheless evinces interest for shifting the focus of the play from class warfare to character assassination – an intimate crime that would take many different forms across the director's entire oeuvre. Live Piano Accompaniment Thursday August 1 at 7pm Champagne Part of the Hitchcock 9 restored silent film collection - full description here . Friday August 2 at 9:15pm The Trouble with Harry Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Edmund Gwenn, John Forsythe, Mildred Natwick US 1955, 35mm, color, 99 min In the midst of his dark Fifties’ masterworks Hitchcock found a moment of oddly whimsical and bucolic repose in his second comedy, an affectionate valentine to the small town America that had so captured his imagination earlier on in Shadow of a Doubt. A disastrous failure at the box office, John Michael Hayes’ adaptation of an eponymous play about village folk strangely unperturbed by the appearance of a corpse they each try calmly but unsuccessfully to get rid of, The Trouble With Harry has since been recognized as one of Hitchcock's most surrealist films. Hitchcock's only film set in New England, The Trouble With Harry made dramatic use of its Vermont location and autumnal season, with the fall foliage gorgeously showcased in radiant Technicolor that can be fully appreciated in the splendid and rare vintage print from the Harvard Film Archive collection. Print courtesy Universal Studios. Live Piano Accompaniment Saturday August 3 at 7pm Downhill Part of the Hitchcock 9 restored silent film collection - full description here . Sunday August 4 at 7pm The Secret Agent Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Madeleine Carroll, John Gielgud, Peter Lorre UK 1936, 35mm, b/w, 83 min Musing over the disappointing box office of Secret Agent, a film he otherwise liked, Hitchcock told Truffaut,“There was too much irony, too many twists of fate.” Those same qualities make it one of the most enduringly complex features of his Gaumont-British years, a film that Raymond Durgnant saw as anticipating the “eerie and unwelcome alloy of freedom and guilt” found in the auteur’s best films. Based on Somerset Maugham’s Ashenden stories, the film serves as a veritable compendium of Hitchcockian motifs: from a fake funeral to a falsified marriage, a spy ring operating out of a chocolate factory to a murder observed through a telescope, a seemingly telepathic dog to an expired organist. Two English agents played by John Gielgud and a curly-haired Peter Lorre track their target by a telltale missing button, but in this case the irresistible Hitchcockian premise proves gravely misleading. Madeleine Carroll is the phony wife whose eagerness to play detective curdles just as quickly as the plot’s farcical tone. Followed by Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Henry Kendall, Joan Barry, Percy Marmont UK 1931, 35mm, b/w, 83 min Fed up with the evening commute and steak-and-kidney pie, Henry Kendall complains to his wife that he wants more from life. Rich and Strange may be relatively free of conventional suspense, but Hitchcock gives the characters plenty of reason to watch what they wish for: an exotic cruise instigates a prolonged crisis of faith. Initially a box office disappointment, the film’s steely-eyed study of a relationship under pressure now seems to directly anticipate later triumphs like The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956) and Marnie. Hitchcock deftly interweaves his protagonists’ blinkered emotions and cultural values in crafting the cautionary tale about the moral danger of pursuing life in fantasy—a peculiar message to find delivered in a film entertainment, to be sure, but one close to the heart of Hitchcock’s knotted art. Monday August 5 at 7pm The Paradine Case Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Gregory Peck, Ann Todd, Charles Laughton US 1947, 35mm, b/w, 129 min Hitchcock’s last film for producer David O. Selznick is a courtroom drama about a society woman on trial for murdering her husband. The director’s interest clearly lies in the love triangle linking the defendant, her attorney and his wife, but the film takes advantage of the ensemble nature of the story to provide a panoply of fascinating character studies, including a distasteful judge and his long-suffering wife. Shooting entirely on a soundstage, Hitchcock focuses on the faces of his cast as canvasses on which to juxtapose light and dark, emphasizing the characters’ moral complexities in a reminder of the influence that German Expressionist cinema had on the young filmmaker. Print courtesy Disney. Friday August 9 at 9:30pm Stage Fright Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Jane Wyman, Marlene Dietrich, Michael Wilding US 1950, 35mm, b/w, 113 min A man wrongly accused of murder flees the law with the help of a credulous ingénue. But not so fast: Stage Fright proves that not even the standard Hitchcock plot is safe in a Hitchcock film. Dismissed at the time of its release as the director’s third consecutive failed experiment following Rope and Under Capricorn, Stage Fright now seems one of his most intriguingly self-conscious creations. The film’s theatrical setting allows the director unusual leeway in pursuing one of his consummate themes: role-playing. Characters engage in actorly duplicity without realizing their own blinders; even Marlene Dietrich’s resplendently cynical diva is eventually caught unaware. Anticipating the deeply embedded ironies of his richest work, Stage Fright realizes the power of Hitchcock’s technique by revealing its capacity to mislead. Print courtesy Warner Brothers. Sunday August 11 at 7pm Sabotage Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Sylvia Sidney, Oscar Homolka, John Loder UK 1936, 35mm, b/w, 76 min Beginning with a citywide blackout that empties a busy cinema, Hitchcock’s hard-edged adaptation of Conrad’s The Secret Agent never strays far from London’s maddening crowds. The city’s normally innocent diversions are shot through with dire suspense during a celebrated and once controversial sequence of a young boy lolling through the streets unaware of the explosive contents of the package he’s ferrying for Oskar Homolka’s cinema operator and saboteur. Contrasting this masterful manipulation of documentary realism, Sabotage’s second spasm of violence unfolds in the privacy of the family home. Not for the last time in Hitchcock’s oeuvre, the spy thriller ultimately gives way to an altogether more unnerving picture of a marriage disfigured by false premises. Followed by Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Léon M. Lion, Anne Grey, John Stuart UK 1932, 35mm, b/w, 64 min Hitchcock’s final assignment for tiny British International Pictures came freighted with mystery clichés of stolen necklaces, creaky houses, and disappearing corpses. Palpably impatient with his source material, Hitchcock takes every opportunity to color outside the lines, often to rather surreal effect. The film opens with the camera insistently pushing into the titular London address, immediately establishing the rule of style over explication. Expressionist shadows lengthen to the point of self-parody, though listless tracking shots suggest a characteristic undercurrent of disorientation. An intricately edited race to the finish complete with model ships and trains epitomizes the innocent phase of Hitchcockian illusion – velocity without the vertigo. Print courtesy British Film Institute. Thursday August 15 at 7pm Rebecca Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Joan Fontaine, Laurence Olivier, Judith Anderson US 1940, 35mm, b/w, 130 min Hitchcock's debut American film and his first working under his troubled and conflict ridden contract for the ambitious and mercenary independent producer David O. Selznick was a faithful yet subversive adaptation of Daphne du Maurier's best-selling, now beloved, Gothic fable of unrequited, obsessive love. In the inspired casting of coltish Joan Fontaine as Rebecca’s unnamed heroine, Hitchcock found a perfect foil to the indelible, imposing caricature of dark menace played by Judith Anderson's jealous, twisted Mrs. Danvers and the even more imposing character of Manderley, the overwrought labyrinthine mansion brought to life by the restlessly gliding camera. A deeply influential film, Rebecca inspired the wave of dark Gothic romances with haunted mansions – and uncanny portraits – that remained popular in Hollywood throughout the Forties. Print courtesy Disney. Friday August 16 at at 7pm Notorious Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Cary Grant, Ingrid Bergman, Claude Rains US 1946, 35mm, b/w, 101 min Proclaimed by Truffaut to be “the very quintessence of Hitchcock,” Notorious stands as one of the director’s unquestioned masterpieces and one of his most brazen explorations of sexual power and insecurity. Ingrid Bergman plays Alicia, the daughter of a convicted Nazi spy who, in the wake of her father’s conviction, falls into a life of drunken cynicism and loose morals. Enter Cary Grant as Devlin, an American secret agent who appeals to her patriotism and recruits her for a mysterious mission in South America. While waiting in Rio de Janeiro for the details of the mission, the pair fall in love, only to be crushed by the true nature of her assignment: to infiltrate a Nazi spy ring by seducing one of its members, Alexander Sebastian. Torn between duty and passion, and poisoned by pride, Devlin alternately woos and spurns Alicia, who takes ever-increasing risks to discover Sebastian’s dark secret. Scripted by the legendary Ben Hecht, the definitive romantic thriller features some of Hitchcock’s most masterful filmmaking. Print courtesy Disney. Saturday August 17 at 9pm Rear Window Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With James Stewart, Grace Kelly, Wendell Corey US 1954, 35mm, color, 112 min Hitchcock's masterpiece is a thrilling and profound meditation on scopophilia and the cinematic imagination that invites the viewer to share the perspective of a crippled photojournalist, played with cranky avuncularity by Jimmy Stewart, whose forced convalescence in a wheelchair allows him to obsessively spy on his Greenwich Village neighbors. Even more perverse than Stewart's stubborn rejection of Grace Kelly's eager advances is Hitchcock's careful restriction of the camera to the titular apartment window, resulting in the film's dramatically suspenseful play between on and off screen space. Among Hitchcock's most beloved late works, Rear Window has been justly canonized as one of the great meta-cinematic films of the studio era. Print courtesy Universal. Sunday August 18 at 7pm The Lady Vanishes Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Margaret Lockwood, Michael Redgrave, Dame May Whitty UK 1938, 35mm, b/w, 96 min One of Hitchcock’s last and most popular British films before departing for Hollywood permanently, The Lady Vanishes is also one of his lightest, most delectably witty creations. Containing both a critique and a celebration of British insularity and classism, Sidney Gilliat and Frank Launder’s disarmingly charming script embroils a band of strangers into a political espionage plot within the microcosmic confines of a moving train. Its mirrored layers of imagination, deception and camouflage craftily conspire to unify a brisk comedy of manners with a political thriller – Hitchcock’s perfect ode to the UK with suggestive shadows of the darker Hollywood productions to come. Print courtesy Park Circus/ITV. Followed by Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Jessie Matthews, Edmund Gwenn, Fay Compton UK 1934, 35mm, b/w, 81 min Originally intended by the producers to be a vehicle for Jessie Matthews, a famous star of the British stage and screen, Waltzes From Vienna was dismissed by Hitchcock as one of his lesser efforts. Undertaken when his career was ebbing after the success of The Lodger and Blackmail, Hitchcock did admit that his biopic of Josef Strauss, Jr. – focused on his composition of “The Blue Danube” – allowed him “opportunities for working out ideas in the relation of film and music.” Lacking both the director’s approval and his distinctively suspenseful storyline, this period piece has long been ignored. Seen today, it is a charming example of Hitchcock’s flair for comedy. Print courtesy the British Film Institute. Thursday August 22 at 7pm Marnie Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Tippi Hedren, Sean Connery, Diane Baker US 1964, 35mm, color, 110 min A feverish and bittersweet fable about compulsion, repression and the perils of Pygmalion love, Marnie remains among Hitchcock's least understood major works. The film's astonishing opening shot of a mysterious woman and her "alligator purse" reveals Marnie's breathtaking formal rigor and the elaborate design shaped by Hitchcock's precisely poetic command of color, camera movement, theatrical artificiality and geometric form. A novice fashion model famously discovered in a television commercial by Hitchcock, Tippi Hedren embodies Marnie's dark paradox, oscillating between destructive cynicism and wide-eyed, traumatized vulnerability. Once a source of ardent controversy among Hitchcockians and detractors confused by the film's willful melodramatic excesses, Marnie is an offbeat and touchingly sincere expression of the strong Romantic tendency running throughout Hitchcock's rich late period. Print courtesy Universal Studios. Friday August 23 at 7pm Dial M for Murder Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Ray Milland, Grace Kelly, Robert Cummings US 1954, 35mm, color, 105 min Hitchcock defined newcomer Grace Kelly's coolly urbane screen persona in her role as the unknowing victim of her jealous husband's devilish and seemingly perfect plan to have her murdered. Often dismissed as one of Hitchcock's minor films, Dial M for Murder is indeed more stylistically understated and subtle than his other Fifties’ films. Yet, seen in the context of the larger oeuvre, Dial M for Murder pushes to a further extreme Hitchcock's vision of the meticulously designed and plotted murder as a dark metaphor for cinema, with the camera's deadly gaze transforming the beautiful star into potential victim and each object in the frame into a potential weapon. Hitchcock's close adaptation of the eponymous play maintained the taut stageboundness of the original while adding a literal a new dimension through the use of the then still novel 3-D process, the director's first and only foray into the shortly popular format. Dial M for Murder will be shown here in the rarely screened 2-D version, released simultaneously for theaters not equipped for 3-D. Print courtesy Warner Brothers. Saturday August 24 at 7pm The 39 Steps Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Robert Donat, Madeleine Carroll, Lucie Mannheim UK 1935, 35mm, b/w, 81 min Freely adapted from John Buchanan’s spy novel, The 39 Steps set the standard for many Hitchcock chase pictures to follow: a charming and smugly self-satisfied man wrongly accused of a crime, his radiant and initially unwilling blonde accompaniment, a MacGuffin to bait the action, a rapidly evolving scenario, magnetic details, and the sneaking suspicion that the whole thing has more to do with sex than espionage. Robert Donat’s troubles begin after he brings a woman spy to his flat on a presumed one-night stand. Her dying words sets him off to the Scottish Highlands—beautifully photographed by Bernard Knowles—in search of a top spy with the telltale missing finger. The wrong man ends up handcuffed to Madeleine Carroll, a screwball turn that offers a fine preliminary sketch of Hitchcockian sexuality (“much teasing, much dissatisfaction, much tussling for dominance,” in the words of Raymond Durgnat). Saturday August 24 at 9pm I Confess Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Montgomery Clift, Anne Baxter, Karl Malden US 1953, 35mm, b/w, 95 min The motif of Catholic guilt which many have read as an overriding theme of Hitchcock's oeuvre takes literal form in this lesser known thriller about a priest trapped by his vow of silence and a dark secret from his past life. A young Montgomery Clift quivers with Method angst as the frightened priest forced to challenge his own convictions and duties by an ethical and existential double-bind of the kind so important to the logical absurdity at the heart of Hitchcock's cinema. Shot largely on location in Quebec, I Confess renders the city's chilly baroque grandeur dynamically cinematic, transformed into a menacing labyrinth of dark alleys and accusatory street arrows seen in the film's ingenious opening sequence. Print courtesy Warner Brothers. Sunday August 25 at 7pm Jamaica Inn Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Charles Laughton, Maureen O’Hara, Robert Newton UK 1939, 35mm, b/w, 99 min The last of Hitchcock’s British pictures, Jamaica Inn was produced by star Charles Laughton through his own company – leading Hitchcock into battle with Laughton’s business partner, the director and German expatriate Erich Pommer, whose meddling oversight infuriated Hitchcock. Siding with Pommer, Laughton brought his own micro-managing to the set, such as instructing Hitchcock on what camera angles to use. Despite the strained production, the film features a thrilling game of cat-and-mouse as disguised lawman Robert Newton attempts to put an end to a gang of thieves who instigate shipwrecks, then loot the wrecks and kill the survivors. This was the first time Hitchcock adapted a Daphne du Maurier story, a source he would return to twice more for Rebecca and The Birds. Print courtesy the British Film Institute. Followed by Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Derrick de Marney, Nova Pilbeam, Percy Marmont UK 1937, 35mm, b/w, 80 min Foregrounding the romantic elements of Hitchcock’s “double chase” plots, Young and Innocent is as much screwball comedy as thriller. A constable’s daughter takes her chances with a wrongly accused man on the run, and the pair encounters all walks of life in their search for an exculpatory raincoat and a chance at unmasking the real murderer by his telltale twitch. Hitchcock’s denouement – a single dolly shot travelling nearly 150 feet from a wide view of a ballroom to a tight close-up of the killer’s eyes – is both an astonishing technical feat and a characteristically complex meditation on spectatorship: our triumph at the disclosure of the man’s identity comes tempered by the killer’s anxiety and the camera’s aggression. The American release of the film excised the birthday party centerpiece, in many ways the most purely Hitchcockian sequence in the film, but nevertheless proved instrumental in convincing David O. Selznick to bring Hitchcock to Hollywood. Print courtesy Park Circus/ITV. Monday August 26 at 7pm Lifeboat Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Tallulah Bankhead, William Bendix, Walter Slezak US 1944, 35mm, b/w, 96 min Hitchcock's long fascination with entrapment and containment inspired his contribution to the Hollywood war effort, a rousing and cynically sharp-edged anti-adventure of survivors of a sunk cruise ship stranded in the eponymous lifeboat with a mysterious survivor of the Nazi vessel that attacked them. First appearing in an incongruous mink coat with a 16mm camera in hand, Broadway legend Tallulah Bankhead found her strongest screen role as a haughty uppercrust journalist who offers a bridge between the spirited heroines of Hitchcock's brisk British films and the troubled, psychologically complicated women of his long American phase. Although based on an original idea by Hitchcock, Lifeboat included the first writing for the screen by John Steinbeck, hired by the director to write a treatment after Ernest Hemingway declined. Hitchcock in turn reworked and reinvented Steinbeck's structure and characters, resulting in a morally complex conversion narrative that dumbfounded and outraged outspoken critics who contributed to the film's box office failure. Print courtesy 20th Century Fox. Preceded by Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With the Moliére Players UK 1944, 35mm, b/w, 31 min. French with English subtitles One of two short propaganda films Hitchcock made late in World War II to be shown in newly liberated France to highlight the contribution of the French Resistance, Aventure Malgache grew under Hitchcock’s direction from a simple celebration of heroism to a complex tale of collaboration and deception in the then-French colony of Madagascar during the Vichy regime. Hitchcock courted controversy by incorporating the political fights he observed amongst his French consultants into the story, and the film was held back from distribution for fear of promoting the idea of a divided resistance. The director toyed with re-shooting it as a Paramount feature in the 1950s, but this lost gem remained virtually unseen until unearthed and released on video in the 1990s. Print courtesy Milestone Films. Thursday August 29 at 7pm North by Northwest Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Cary Grant, Eva Marie Saint, James Mason US 1959, 35mm, color, 136 min North by Northwest was Hitchcock’s self-conscious attempt at outdoing his previous chase films, “the Hitchcock picture to end all Hitchcock pictures” in the words of screenwriter Ernest Lehman. It is also one of his most pointedly American films, surveying the country’s monumental landscapes and gleaming surfaces, not least that of the Madison Avenue man. Mistaken as a nonexistent spy with the suggestive middle initial “O,” the man is quintessential Cary Grant. Certainly one of Hitchcock’s most beautifully constructed entertainments, North by Northwest splits the difference between mass entertainment and pop art. At the center of it all is the crop duster sequence, itself a monument of film history and perhaps Hitchcock’s single most audaciously conceived montage. “The fact is,” Hitchcock told Truffaut when pressed on the existential dimensions of the scene, “I practice absurdity quite religiously!” Print courtesy Warner Brothers. Friday August 30 at 9pm Saboteur Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Priscilla Lane, Robert Cummings, Otto Kruger US 1942, 35mm, b/w, 108 min Conceived as an American variation on The 39 Steps, Saboteur’s double chase plotgave Hitchcock license to exploit the monumental scale of his adopted homeland. Robert Cummings stars as a factory worker ensnared in a wartime espionage plot that carries him from the California desert to the Statue of Liberty. That the worst of the saboteurs shield themselves behind a veneer of wealth and respectability surely owes something to radical novelist Dorothy Parker’s acerbic screenwriting, though Hitchcock himself showed a subversive streak in wanting to cast cowboy star Harry Carey as the villainous rancher eventually played by Otto Kruger. Art director Robert Boyle helped Hitchcock achieve the mélange of larger than life set pieces, setting the stage for their subsequent collaborations on North by Northwest, The Birds, and Marnie. Produced at a vulnerable moment in the director’s American career, Saboteur was the box office success the director needed to secure that rarest Hollywood commodity: creative control. Print courtesy Universal Studios. Preceded by Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With John Blythe, the Moliére Players UK 1944, 35mm, b/w, 26 min. French with English subtitles Despite the dramatically tight budget of Hitchcock's second propaganda short in support of the French Resistance, the director nevertheless managed to secure the talents of camerman Günther Krampf, who had worked with F.W. Murnau, and composer Benjamin Frankel, a regular collaborator of Noel Coward’s. Fittingly, the cast was drawn primarily from the Moliére Players, a group of French actors exiled to London due to the war. Bon Voyage depicts a tale of escape and survival behind enemy lines from two very different points of view, and unlike Aventure Malagache it was widely distributed throughout liberated France and Belgium. Print courtesy Milestone Films. Sunday September 1 at 7pm Murder! Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Herbert Marshall, Nora Baring, Phyllis Konstam UK 1930, 35mm, b/w, 108 min Taking a page from Hamlet (“The play’s the thing”), Hitchcock used Murder! to explore his interest in melodrama bleeding into reality and vice versa. Herbert Marshall stars as a respected actor serving on the jury when a young actress is brought to trial for killing another woman in her same company. Failing to persuade his fellow jurors of the girl’s innocence, Marshall stages his own investigation. Hitchcock would later disparage the film’s trappings as a whodunit, though the theatrical element brokers a sophisticated analysis of role-playing that encompasses gender and class. Ever willing to go to great technical lengths to achieve a subtle effect, Hitchcock employed a full orchestra to play the prelude from Tristan und Isolde just beyond the set where Marshall contemplates the murder case in a stream-of-conscious voiceover. The innovative approach to film sound expands the subjective tissue of Hitchcock’s filmmaking, but it’s finally the silent and still shocking death of the villain that stays in mind. Friday September 6 at 7pm Mr. and Mrs. Smith Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Carole Lombard, Robert Montgomery, Gene Raymond US 1941, 35mm, b/w, 90 min On loan to RKO early in his Hollywood career, Hitchcock tried his hand at a “comedy of remarriage” starring Carol Lombard and Robert Montgomery as a quarrelsome Park Avenue couple who discover that, because of a bureaucratic mix-up, they are not legally married. Hitchcock would later claim that he didn’t understand the screwball characters, but he seems right at home with the genre’s reliance on duplicity, role-playing, and violent turns of phrase (“Someday when your back is turned I’ll stab you!”). Indeed, the director tips his hand as the Master of Suspense throughout the film, perhaps never more than when an indignant Lombard holds back Montgomery’s head for a worrisome shave. Print courtesy Warner Brothers. Friday September 6 at 9pm The Birds Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Rod Taylor, Tippi Hedren, Jessica Tandy US 1963, 35mm, color, 120 min “The antagonists were birds, you know,” set designer Robert Boyle told Cahiers du Cinéma. “It wasn’t a distant country that’s trying to do us in, it wasn’t a murderer or a rapist. It was something... strange.” A magnificent technological achievement involving complex matte work and an innovative electronic soundtrack, The Birds is also one of Hitchcock’s most intensely personal and mysterious films. The director admitted to Truffaut that he experienced an unusual degree of “emotional turmoil” on the set, much of which he invested in Tippi Hedren’s anxiety-ridden performance. Alternatively read in terms of nuclear threat, repressed desires, and the audience’s own complacency, the birds finally stand for forces beyond our control. As much as any of the more expressly modernist films released in 1963, Hitchcock’s masterpieceis precisely about the failure to find meaning—the director’s last word to those critics who would fault his films for being implausible. Print courtesy Universal. Saturday September 7 at 9:30pm Family Plot Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Karen Black, Bruce Dern, Barbara Harris US 1976, 35mm, color, 120 min Although his career was revived a bit by the excellence of the brutal Frenzy, Hitchcock remained chastened by the failures of his work of the late 1960s, and he approached warily the making of what would become his last project. In the end, Family Plot marks a marvelous return to the comedies of his British and postwar periods. The film centers on a couple of petty crooks – a fake psychic and a con man – who find themselves in over their heads when they run afoul of more serious-minded criminals. The relaxed eccentricity of Family Plot shows Hitchcock adapting to the New Hollywood of the 1970s, and the film’s bemused attitude towards the scheming of its characters makes it a fitting coda to a career spent examining human foibles. Sunday September 8 at 4:30pm Under Capricorn Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Ingrid Bergman, Joseph Cotton, Michael Wilding US 1949, 35mm, color, 116 min Conceived as a star vehicle for Ingrid Bergman, this Gothic romance remains little-seen and underappreciated, perhaps because of its hothouse period setting, despite the esteem in which it is held by numerous critics. Bergman plays the alcoholic spouse of a successful Australian businessman who is nonetheless a social outcast. The arrival of an Irish acquaintance brings out the tortured past that links husband and wife. Hitchcock’s experiment with long takes in Rope pays off here, as the film incorporates several brilliant lengthy shots, climaxing with one built around a tour-de-force monologue by Bergman. Under Capricorn in fact constitutes one of Hitchcock's most moving, and most sensual, portrayals of the power of love and the struggle for fulfillment. Print courtesy the British Film Institute. Monday September 9 at 7pm The Man Who Knew Too Much Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With James Stewart, Doris Day, Brenda de Banzie US 1956, 35mm, color, 119 min Far fewer shots are fired in the remake of The Man Who Knew Too Much, but there’s nothing nearly so harrowing in the earlier version as the scene in which James Stewart’s manifestly anxious husband sedates his wife before explaining that their son has been kidnapped. A prime example of Hitchcock’s tendency to invest his ostensibly lightweight entertainments with rich characterizations and location detail, the second Man Who Knew Too Much turns on a portrait of marriage every bit as devastating as the one found in Rossellini’s Voyage to Italy (1955). The famous Royal Albert Hall sequence is an object lesson of the director’s mastery of point-of-view, though it’s only one piece of this subtly structured puzzle of character and predestination that a euphoric André Bazin claimed as embodying Hitchcock’s art “near the top of its perfection.” Print courtesy Universal. Saturday September 14 at 9:30pm Spellbound Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Ingrid Bergman, Gregory Peck, Michael Chekhov US 1945, 35mm, b/w, 116 min The tremendous popularization of Freudian psychoanalysis in postwar American cinema and popular culture informs Hitchcock's witty and sophisticated romantic thriller about a bookish analyst falling for a mysterious amnesiac analysand who is either himself a brilliant therapist or a traumatized patient with murderous tendencies. Inspired by David O. Selznick's own "cure" through psychoanalysis, Spellbound was Hitchcock's second picture under contract with the mercurial and tyrannical producer who struggled to impose ideas that Hitchcock, working closely with screenwriter Ben Hecht, was largely able to deflect and subvert. Sadly, Hitchcock was unable to prevent Selznick from damaging one of the film's centerpieces – an extended and now lost dream sequence designed by Salvador Dalí which Selznick considered excessive and ordered recut by William Cameron Menzies. Miklos Rozsa's moody score is often credited as the first use of a theremin in a Hollywood film. Friday September 20 at 9:30pm Strangers on a Train Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Farley Granger, Ruth Roman, Robert Walker US 1951, 35mm, b/w, 100 min Strangers on a Train’s apparently schematic construction (“mapped out like a diagram,” per Truffaut) belies its deeply insinuating treatment of guilt—a firing shot for Hitchcock’s golden 50s. Dressed to kill in a lobster-adorned tie specially designed by the director, Robert Walker gives an impressively chaotic performance as Bruno, the rogue who proposes a coolly logical murder scheme to tennis star and rising politician Guy Haines: Bruno will kill Guy’s disagreeable wife in exchange for Guy dispatching Bruno’s father. Hitchcock’s incessant doublings and crossings suggest irrepressible forces coinciding with Bruno’s vicarious plan. Guy narrowly triumphs over his fear of exposure, but the precise cuts linking these perfect strangers implies a deeper line of culpability, one that leads directly to the audience’s own stakes in the game. Raymond Chandler was hired to adapt Patricia Highsmith’s novel but proved indifferent to Hitchcock’s visual style of narration; cinematographer Robert Burks, by contrast, became one of the director’s most trusted collaborators.Print courtesy Warner Brothers. Sunday September 22 at 4:30pm Torn Curtain Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Paul Newman, Julie Andrews, Lila Kedrova US 1966, 35mm, color, 128 min Torn Curtain finds Hitchcock returning to the spy thriller at the height of the Cold War. Eschewing the gadgetry and sexual innuendo of the James Bond films, Hitchcock instead crafts a lean, tense portrayal of the quest to rescue the formula for an anti-missile system from behind the Iron Curtain. At the same time, in true Hitchcockian fashion, this quest also serves as a test for the relationship between an American spy and his wife. While the film has never achieved classic status, several of its sequences remain striking examples of the master’s ability to construct heart-stopping set pieces, perhaps most famously in the ambivalent depiction, in real time, of a brutal murder committed out of expedience by the film’s hero. Friday September 27 at 9:30pm Suspicion Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Cary Grant, Joan Fontaine, Sir Cedric Hardwicke US 1941, 35mm, b/w, 102 min One of Hitchcock’s most caustic portraits of a disintegrating marriage, Suspicion is also perhaps his purest exercise in suspense. Joan Fontaine plays the smitten wife who gradually comes to believe the worst of her charlatan husband, otherwise known as Cary Grant. Even a glass of milk becomes an object of dread in this poisonous atmosphere, an eerie and oddly beautiful revelation of terror that the surrealists might have envied. After turning down the screwball lead of Mr. and Mrs. Smith for fear of being typecast, Grant here tenders a performance in which the very qualities that made him the consummate romantic lead are cause for alarm. Hitchcock disavowed the ending’s sudden reversal, but subsequent critics have latched on to the film’s inconsistencies as being suggestive of the deeper ways in which the auteur’s work was at odds with itself. Saturday September 28 at 9:30pm Shadow of a Doubt Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Teresa Wright, Joseph Cotton, MacDonald Carey US 1943, 35mm, b/w, 108 min Arguably the earliest masterpiece among Hitchcock’s Hollywood films, Shadow of a Doubt engagingly states one of the great themes of his oeuvre: the idea that evil is not something foreign and distant, but close and familiar. This theme emerges naturally from the story of young Charlie and her love for her charming uncle, also named Charlie, who also happens to be a serial killer. Bored by her humdrum existence in all-American Santa Rosa, California, Charlie is thrilled when her uncle shows up; she understands him so well that she becomes the only one to notice he is not what he seems. The contributions of playwright Thornton Wilder – author of Our Town – further intensified the small-town ambiance so crucial to Hitchcock. Throughout his career, the director would count Shadow of a Doubt his own favorite. Harvard Film Archive is a division of Fine Arts Library of the Harvard College Library . Copyright © 2017 President and Fellows of Harvard College.	i don't know
In chemistry, what term is used to describe a chemical reaction when heat is absorbed from the surroundings?	Exothermic and Endothermic Processes About Watch and Favorite Watch Watching this resources will notify you when proposed changes or new versions are created so you can keep track of improvements that have been made. Favorite Favoriting this resource allows you to save it in the “My Resources” tab of your account. There, you can easily access this resource later when you’re ready to customize it or assign it to your students. Exothermic and Endothermic Processes Endothermic reactions absorb energy from the environment, while exothermic reactions release energy to the environment. Learning Objective Distinguish between endothermic and exothermic reactions Key Points All chemical reactions involve the transfer of energy . Endothermic processes require an input of energy to proceed and are signified by a positive change in enthalpy . Exothermic processes release energy upon completion, and are signified by a negative change in enthalpy. Terms Register for FREE to remove ads and unlock more features! Learn more Full Text All chemical processes are accompanied by energy changes. When a reaction proceeds, it either releases energy to, or absorbs energy from, its surroundings . In thermodynamics , these two types of reactions are classified as exothermic or endothermic, respectively. An easy way to remember the difference between these two reaction types is by their prefixes: endo- means to draw in, and exo- means to give off. We will explore these concepts in more detail after introducing the concept of enthalpy. Enthalpy Enthalpy (signified as H) is a measure of the total energy of a system and often expresses and simplifies energy transfer between systems. Since the total enthalpy of a system cannot be measured directly, we most often refer to the change in enthalpy for a particular chemical reaction. At constant pressure , the change in enthalpy is equal to the heat given off, or the heat absorbed, in a given chemical reaction: $\Delta H=q_{rxn}$ Due to this relation, the change in enthalpy, $\Delta H$ , is often referred to as the "heat of reaction." Exothermic Reactions Exothermic reactions are reactions or processes that release energy, usually in the form of heat or light. In an exothermic reaction, energy is released because the total energy of the products is less than the total energy of the reactants . For this reason, the change in enthalpy, $\Delta H$ , for an exothermic reaction will always be negative. In the presence of water, a strong acid will dissociate quickly and release heat, so it is an exothermic reaction. In an exothermic reaction, the total energy of the products is less than the total energy of the reactants. Therefore, the change in enthalpy is negative, and heat is released to the surroundings. Endothermic Reactions Endothermic reactions are reactions that require external energy, usually in the form of heat, for the reaction to proceed. Since endothermic reactions draw in heat from their surroundings, they tend to cause their environments to cool down. They are also generally non-spontaneous, since endothermic reactions yield products that are higher in energy than the reactants. As such, the change in enthalpy for an endothermic reaction is always positive. In order to melt the ice cube, heat is required, so the process is endothermic.	Endothermic process
Which insect is the host of the parasitic organism that causes sleeping sickness?	Solving Problems with Calorimetry About Watch and Favorite Watch Watching this resources will notify you when proposed changes or new versions are created so you can keep track of improvements that have been made. Favorite Favoriting this resource allows you to save it in the “My Resources” tab of your account. There, you can easily access this resource later when you’re ready to customize it or assign it to your students. Solving Problems with Calorimetry Calorimetry is used to measure the amount of heat produced or consumed in a chemical reaction. Learning Objective Explain a bomb calorimeter is used to measure heat evolved in a combustion reaction Key Points Calorimetry is used to measure amounts of heat transferred to or from a substance. A calorimeter is a device used to measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process. This means that the amount of heat produced or consumed in the reaction equals the amount of heat absorbed or lost by the solution. Terms Register for FREE to remove ads and unlock more features! Learn more Full Text Calorimeters are designed to minimize energy exchange between the system being studied and its surroundings. They range from simple coffee cup calorimeters used by introductory chemistry students to sophisticated bomb calorimeters used to determine the energy content of food. Calorimetry is used to measure amounts of heat transferred to or from a substance. To do so, the heat is exchanged with a calibrated object (calorimeter). The change in temperature of the measuring part of the calorimeter is converted into the amount of heat (since the previous calibration was used to establish its heat capacity ). The measurement of heat transfer using this approach requires the definition of a system (the substance or substances undergoing the chemical or physical change) and its surroundings (the other components of the measurement apparatus that serve to either provide heat to the system or absorb heat from the system). Knowledge of the heat capacity of the surroundings, and careful measurements of the masses of the system and surroundings and their temperatures before and after the process allows one to calculate the heat transferred as described in this section. A calorimeter is a device used to measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process. For example, when an exothermic reaction occurs in solution in a calorimeter, the heat produced by the reaction is absorbed by the solution, which increases its temperature. When an endothermic reaction occurs, the heat required is absorbed from the thermal energy of the solution, which decreases its temperature. The temperature change, along with the specific heat and mass of the solution, can then be used to calculate the amount of heat involved in either case. Coffee-Cup Calorimeters General chemistry students often use simple calorimeters constructed from polystyrene cups. These easy-to-use “coffee cup” calorimeters allow more heat exchange with their surroundings, and therefore produce less accurate energy values. Structure of the Constant Volume (or "Bomb") Calorimeter This is the picture of a typical setup of bomb calorimeter. A different type of calorimeter that operates at constant volume, colloquially known as a bomb calorimeter, is used to measure the energy produced by reactions that yield large amounts of heat and gaseous products, such as combustion reactions. (The term “bomb” comes from the observation that these reactions can be vigorous enough to resemble explosions that would damage other calorimeters.) This type of calorimeter consists of a robust steel container (the “bomb”) that contains the reactants and is itself submerged in water. The sample is placed in the bomb, which is then filled with oxygen at high pressure . A small electrical spark is used to ignite the sample. The energy produced by the reaction is trapped in the steel bomb and the surrounding water. The temperature increase is measured and, along with the known heat capacity of the calorimeter, is used to calculate the energy produced by the reaction. Bomb calorimeters require calibration to determine the heat capacity of the calorimeter and ensure accurate results. The calibration is accomplished using a reaction with a known q, such as a measured quantity of benzoic acid ignited by a spark from a nickel fuse wire that is weighed before and after the reaction. The temperature change produced by the known reaction is used to determine the heat capacity of the calorimeter. The calibration is generally performed each time before the calorimeter is used to gather research data. Example: Identifying a Metal by Measuring Specific Heat A 59.7 g piece of metal that had been submerged in boiling water was quickly transferred into 60.0 mL of water initially at 22.0 °C. The final temperature is 28.5 °C. Use these data to determine the specific heat of the metal. Use this result to identify the metal. Solution Assuming perfect heat transfer, the heat given off by metal is the negative of the heat taken in by water, or: $q_{\text{metal}}=-q_{\text{water}}$ In expanded form, this is: $c_{\text{metal}} \times m_{\text{metal}} \times \left( T_{\text{f,metal}}-T_{\text{i,metal}} \right) = c_{\text{water}} \times m_{\text{water}} \times \left( T_{\text{f,water}}-T_{\text{i,water}} \right)$ Noting that since the metal was submerged in boiling water, its initial temperature was 100.0 °C; and that for water, 60.0 mL = 60.0 g; we have: $\left( c_{\text{metal}} \right)\left( 59.7\text{ g} \right)\left( 28.5^{\text{o}} \text{C} - 100.0^{\text{o}} \text{C} \right) = \left( 4.18 \text{ J/g}^{\text{o}} \text{C} \right) \left( 60.0\text{ g} \right)\left( 28.5^{\text{o}} \text{C} - 22.0^{\text{o}} \text{C} \right)$ Solving this: $c_{\text{metal}} = \dfrac{- \left( 4.184 \text{ J/g}^{\text{o}} \text{C} \right) \left( 60.0\text{ g} \right)\left( 6.5^{\text{o}} \text{C} \right)}{\left( 59.7\text{ g} \right)\left( -71.5^{\text{o}} \text{C} \right)} = 0.38 \text{ J/g}^{\text{o}} \text{C} $ Our experimental specific heat is closest to the value for copper (0.39 J/g °C), so we identify the metal as copper.	i don't know
Which British composer was working on an operetta called The Emerald Isle at the time of his death in 1900?	GERMAN, E.: Violin and Piano Works - Souvenir / Pastorale / Song Without Words / Bolero (A. Long, Buckle) Works for Violin and Piano Born in the small market-town of Whitchurch in Shropshire, Edward German was baptised German Edward Jones—the G being pronounced hard, probably in a Shropshire anglicization of the Welsh saint’s name, Garmon. His mother, an amateur singer with a pleasing voice, fostered the young German’s musical talent, which developed through piano lessons from Herr Muller—a local teacher who enjoyed a tipple—and, later, organ lessons from his Welsh father, who played at the local Congregational Chapel. The violin had attracted German at a very early stage. As a schoolboy, he enjoyed playing the violin in chamber groups with other local players. He was, though, largely self-taught as a string player, which is probably why—despite obvious aptitude for the violin—he auditioned as a pianist when he applied for entry to the Royal Academy of Music in London. On his arrival at the Academy in the autumn of 1880, German was steered towards organ as a principal instrument. Soon, though, the violin took precedence. Recognised among the Academy’s most talented players, he appeared as a concerto soloist in several Academy orchestral concerts and went on to win the prestigious Tubbs Bow Prize. At the Academy—where, after a few years, he rearranged his name to avoid confusion with another Edward Jones, German was to become more and more drawn toward composition. No doubt it was his composition professor, Ebenezer Prout (whose tutorials he shared with Henry Wood), who steered his early ambitions that resulted in production of both an operetta (The Two Poets—later renamed The Rival Poets) and a symphony in E minor during German’s Academy years. Having been appointed a sub-professor of violin in 1884, he eventually left in 1887. For a time German worked as a freelance violinist in London, deputising sometimes at the Savoy Theatre, playing for the celebrated Gilbert and Sullivan productions, and as a teacher at Wimbledon School. Then, in 1888, Edward German’s life changed. Recommended by Alberto Randegger, he was offered and accepted an appointment as musical director for Richard Mansfield’s season at The Globe Theatre. The elaborate score he provided for Richard III, the following year, brought the young composer fame almost overnight. Encouraged, German approached the great Henry Irving who was planning a new production of Henry VIII for 1892. He was engaged to write the music and its success confirmed his position as a leading composer for the London stage. The Three Dances written for Henry VIII became immensely popular. They explore a distinctive mock ‘olde-English’ idiom with which German came to be particularly associated. Although the music he wrote for plays goes well beyond this style, there is no doubt that something in this manner became expected of him—and he seems to have been happy to oblige. Theatrical success soon encouraged concert performances of German’s music. In 1890 August Manns invited German to conduct a revised version of his symphony at the Crystal Palace. Manns also programmed the Richard III Overture, and German showed his appreciation by dedicating his 1892 Gipsy Suite to the veteran conductor. In 1891, too, Henschel programmed a new Marche Solonnelle at one of his symphony concerts. Commissions for orchestral works followed throughout the 1890s: a second symphony in 1893 (the Norwich Symphony), two symphonic suites (the Leeds Suite in 1895 and The Seasons in 1899), the 1897 symphonic poem Hamlet, and In Commemoration (a Royal Philharmonic Society commission commemorating Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee). He continued writing for Shakespeare productions (Romeo and Juliet in 1895, As You Like It in 1896, Much Ado About Nothing in 1898) as well as for plays by contemporary dramatists, including Henry Arthur Jones (The Tempter in 1894) and Anthony Hope (English Nell in 1900). He also produced songs, piano, and instrumental music, mostly in a lighter vein. Orchestral music, however, remained German’s main focus. Interestingly, although popular at the large regional musical festivals, he never wrote a choral work for any of them—a rare escape for a British composer of the period. Jettisoning teaching and regular conducting work at an early stage, he was unusual among British composers in building a successful career as a composer of music for orchestra. With the new century German’s musical attentions turned to the lyric stage. In 1901 he completed The Emerald Isle, the operetta left unfinished by Sullivan on his death in 1900, abandoning work on a new violin concerto, commissioned for the 1901 Leeds Music Festival, to do so. His work on the The Emerald Isle was so successful that a new career in operetta opened up for him. Merrie England (1902) was created specifically as a vehicle for the ‘olde English’ style. So, too, was the later Tom Jones (1907). These works, as well as the lesser-known A Princess of Kensington (1903), earned German an undisputed position as Sullivan’s heir in the field, although Fallen Fairies (1909), his traumatic collaboration with the ageing W. S. Gilbert, was no more than a succès d’estime. German produced a couple of orchestral rhapsodies during the Edwardian decade, the March Rhapsody (1902) and the Welsh Rhapsody (1904), but after the difficulties and disappointments of Fallen Fairies his output diminished sharply. The Coronation March and Hymn composed for the coronation of King George the Fifth in 1911 was little more than a re-working of material from his Henry VIII music. The years following the First World War did see the appearance of two accomplished orchestral works: the 1919 Theme and Six Diversions and The Willow Song, composed for the centenary of the Royal Academy of Music in 1922, but thereafter the flow dried up almost completely. Nevertheless German continued to conduct his own music until the late 1920s, when poor health and failing eyesight forced his retirement. Knighted in 1928, an Honorary Freeman of the Worshipful Company of Musicians and recipient of the Royal Philharmonic Society’s Gold Medal, he lived to become a highly respected doyen of British music. A constant champion of the composer’s right to proper financial reward, he was an early supporter of the Performing Rights Society German wrote about a dozen works specifically for violin and piano, most of them during his time at the Royal Academy and the years immediately following. Not all were published but several that were also appeared in versions for piano with other solo instruments. For example the Intermezzo, Song without Words, Saltarelle and Bourrée included here were also published in woodwind versions, raising questions, of course, as to which came first and thus exactly how many are specific violin compositions. Almost all the works are in single-movement form and relatively short. (The surviving sketches for the abandoned Leeds concerto only tantalise with their glimpses of an extended symphonic violin work.) Titles are mostly generic—Cradle Song, Album Leaf, Song Without Words—of the sort that adorned countless short instrumental pieces of the period. Today we would describe many of these as salon pieces, unpretentious, melodious miniatures in a lighter vein intended primarily to charm and beguile the listener. Generally this was the manner German embraced in his instrumental works, but sometimes, too, he extended the musical and emotional range of the music beyond the conventional boundaries. The haunting Souvenir beautifully demonstrates this. Souvenir was published in 1896, by when German had developed a maturity and assurance of style evident, too, in the elegant Song Without Words of 1898. The latter was also issued in a slightly different version for clarinet, dedicated to the virtuoso Manuel Gomez, and from the surviving manuscript it is clear this pre-dates the violin arrangement. The manuscript of the Saltarelle, too, makes it clear the violin version was completed before the version for flute (or piccolo), even though the latter was the first to be published. One of a number of movements written by German in the saltarello//tarantella manner, it was dedicated to the violinist Prosper Sainton. The composer’s chamber music coach at the Academy, Sainton, had lent his treasured Guarnerius for his student’s showcase performances with the Academy orchestra. The Intermezzo of 1894 was also issued in a version for flute. Here it is the nature of the writing that suggests the music was probably conceived for violin in the first instance. A Pastoral and Bourrée for oboe and piano was published in 1891 and issued for violin the following year. The neo-classical Bourrée also appeared separately for violin and piano as performed here. It has not proved possible to date its publication but this is probably the original version—it is more likely a movement would be added for a later re-issue than one would be taken away. One of German’s most impressive orchestral scores, the music for Romeo and Juliet, was written for Forbes Robertson’s 1895 production at London’s Lyceum Theatre. The music as a whole has a wonderful Romantic sweep and dramatic force that clearly reveals German’s potential as an operatic composer. The Pastorale and the Pavane recorded here are German’s own arrangements of two of the entr’actes. The first, which utilises music written to accompany the Capulet’s reception, is clearly indebted to the composer’s popular ‘olde English’ style. The second, suggestive (in Brian Rees’s words) of ‘soft foot-falls in the night’, was always considered by Vaughan Williams to be the composer’s most perfect piece of writing. Also arranged by German from an orchestral movement, the Berceuse, in its original form, provided an entr’acte during Beerbohm Tree’s production of The Tempter at London’s Haymarket Theatre, for which the composer provided an elaborate, suitably melodramatic score. This gentle movement—one of German’s personal favourites—provided an oasis of serenity amid much high-voltage dramatics. (Interestingly, the published edition makes no mention of the theatrical origins of the Berceuse.) These transcriptions of theatre scores are just a few of many German made for violin and piano of his lighter orchestral works. This was a best-selling format, often issued by publishers alongside piano solo, piano duet and military band transcriptions. The arrangements of the enormously popular Henry VIII and Nell Gwyn dances, for example, sold in huge quantities—and a rummage through the music stocks of second-hand book shops are still likely to turn up copies. German had come to the Royal Academy of Music as an instrumentalist. His interest in composition growing, it is not surprising some of his earliest creations should be works he could perform himself. The ‘Fortnightlies’, regular Students’ Chamber Concerts, provided a platform and it was at one of these that, on the evening of Saturday 21 October 1882, Mr German Jones appeared, violin in hand, to perform his new Nocturne. This was the first time the young composer’s music had been programmed for public performance. The work was never published but fortunately the manuscript still exists, making this one of German’s earliest surviving compositions. A year later, on the afternoon of Friday 26 October 1883, German unveiled two more new violin works, Chanson d’Amour and Bolero in E minor. The first, dated October 1882, was another work destined to remain unpublished. The Bolero, however, fared rather better. German’s violin teacher, Alfred Burnett, was impressed with it and arranged for its publication. He also encouraged German to orchestrate the accompaniment. This done, German played the solo part again the following July, this time on the stage of St James’s Hall with the Academy orchestra. Other early violin and piano duos that remained unpublished include Cradle Song, Album Leaf and The Sprite’s Dance—the latter two dated November 1883. German recalled performing both 1883 works at student ‘Fortnightlies’, although no record to give any more information has come to light. A quaint descriptive programme for the engaging Sprite’s Dance appears on the title-page of the autograph manuscript: One day a venturesome little Sprite entered a Giant’s Castle, and while prying about, the Giant went out and locked the door. The Sprite then commenced his revels, when in the midst of enjoying them the lock was turned, the Giant’s step heard, and the Sprite had gone. Edward German’s compositions for violin and piano are exquisitely crafted miniatures. Several recorded here had not been performed for well over a century. None are widely known. Heard again now, they reveal an interesting and rewarding facet of a fascinating composer whose music, in his day, earned both broad popularity and the high regard of leading musicians. (He was one of the few whom the ageing Elgar could bring himself to praise.) The years following German’s death in 1936 were not kind to his reputation as interest in his music declined dramatically, as it did in so much British music of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Merrie England and Tom Jones continued to be performed, albeit mostly by amateurs and, in time, less and less often; a few songs and lighter orchestral works, such as the Three Dances from Henry VIII and the Nell Gwyn Dances, never fell completely out of the repertoire, but most of what he wrote lay virtually forgotten. Now the tide is turning. Renewed appreciation of British music in the Romantic tradition is embracing German. His music is being heard again in concert halls and on radio, and numerous recordings have been issued in recent years. Its vitality, charismatic charm and distinctive style are appealing to new listeners, pleased to discover the genius of one of the great English melodists and an outstanding British composer. David Russell Hulme	Arthur Sullivan
Louis IV and Louis V were Kings of France in which century?	Madison Savoyards - About Us Gilbert & Sullivan Gilbert and Sullivan by John W. Barker Now, as is so often the case with a pair of collaborators (e.g., opera composers and their librettists), each one had a distinct career of his own, both before and after the period of collaboration (if not also during). Yet, as with few other great collaborations, the totality was more than merely a sum of its two parts. As much as we may respect what each did separately, it was only in working together that each did his most memorable work. That special aptness of their matched talents has made them seem all but joined at the hip for eternity as Gilbertandsullivan or G & S. Yet, their separate as well as their joint activities require consideration if we are to appreciate their legacy. Gilbert before Sullivan: From my earliest childhood the ridiculous has thrust itself into every action of my life. I have been haunted through my whole existence by the absurd. --- William Gilbert (father of W.S.), Memoirs of a Cynic William Schwenck Gilbert was born in 1836. He was one of four children, and the only son of a naval officer, William Gilbert (1804-1890); and, indeed, matters maritime seem to have been in the future dramatists blood from the start-he claimed (on no firm evidence) as one of his paternal ancestors Sir Humphrey Gilbert, one of Elizabeth Is great sea captains, and founder of the early English colony in Newfoundland (1583). The baby was given the second name of Schwenck after his godmother, a name by which his family often addressed him. William Gilbert Senior had inherited a substantial fortune and retired at age twenty-five to pursue a range of interests including social issues and abnormal psychology as well as theater and opera. He produced a large number of books though, curiously, he did not begin actual publication until his son had begun to achieve some literary attention in his own late twenties. The elder Gilbert wrote widely, including several multi-volume novels. (To several of his books his talented son contributed original illustrations.) His style was turgid and his expression burdened with fiercely held opinions and prejudices, including a fervent hatred of Roman Catholicism. He had a fierce temper and eccentric ways-which are, in fact, accurately portrayed in one episode of Topsy-Turvy. His parents turbulent marriage and eventual separation had made for a very unhappy domestic environment. The young William Schwenck Gilbert seemed fated to be gathering material for his stage plots from infancy. His parents brought him on numerous travels: at age two he was along for a journey to Naples where a pair of local con-men tricked his nursemaid into giving the lad into their care; thus abducted, he was held for ransom (twenty-five pounds, a good sum for the day). Absent-minded nursemaids and mishandled babies would turn up in several of the operettas to come. After some early schooling in France, he was sent in his teens to study in the Great Ealing School, trainer of many an eminent Victorian. It was in this period that he began writing plays for student use. Going on to Kings College, London, he published verses in the school magazine. The raging of the Crimean War prompted him to study for examinations that would lead to a military commission, but the sudden end of that war terminated that direction. As an alternative to professional military service, Gilbert did serve for upwards of twenty years in militia units, eventually of the Gordon or Royal Aberdeenshire Highlanders-which allowed him to sport about in kilts, perfect his proficiency at the Highland reel, and obtain a reputation as a great wit and jokester. Such military experience produced a curious dichotomy in him: on the one hand a keen awareness of the posturings of military life and authority, while on the other a delight in the swagger of military display. Meanwhile, having finished his B.A. at Kings, he took instead a clerkship in a government office, where he suffered for four unhappy years. From this he escaped into legal studies at the Inner Temple in London and in the middle 1860s he became a barrister-at-law, or practicing trial attorney. His new calling was a promising one, and gave him a knowledge of both the wonders and absurdity of the law upon which he would draw repeatedly in his theatrical writing and in his practical business dealings. He felt himself handicapped by nervousness and inadequacy as an advocate, however, and he did not prosper in the four years he was officially involved in this work. To fill in dull stretches and to augment his still-meager income, Gilbert almost immediately plunged into literary activity, producing verses and more plays. The creation of the humorous journal, Fun, drew him into the writing of comic articles, illustrated by his own drawings-for which he had shown talent equal to his literary skills. He became a regular contributor, perfecting his skills at witty and satirical writing. He even made a unique venture into political satire in a wickedly nasty verse piece pillorying the French Emperor Napoleon III- Napoleon the Little, as he called him-for hypocrisy and deviousness. Entitled The Lie of a Lifetime; or, The Modern Augustus, it was accompanied by his own savage caricature drawings. Gilbert extended his work to such other publications as Punch (with which, though, he developed a life-long feud for its early scorn for him), while also writing theatrical criticism for The Illustrated Times and even serving (1870) as a war-correspondent for The Observer. Meanwhile, the first of his plays to receive London production was staged at the end of 1866: entitled Dulcamara, or The Little Duck and the Great Quack, it was a riotous parody of the plot of Donizettis opera, Lelisir damore, and initiated Gilberts lifelong propensity for spoofing the operatic repertoire of his day. In August of 1867 Gilbert signaled the gradual improvement in his condition by taking a wife. He had known Lucy Agnes Turner-daughter of an officer who had served in India-as a family neighbor for some years. He was then thirty-one, she only twenty, but her knowing and sympathetic and good-humored temperament was to make her a supportive partner for a long, warm (though childless) married life. (She never showed jealousy for his admiring but harmless cultivation of female friends or associates, and he remained enduringly affectionate with her.) He called her Kitten and then Kits, resulting in the nickname Kitty by which she came to be known in their circle. They settled into a series of rented households in Kensington, as Gilbert achieved growing recognition. A collection of his short stories (some of them later expanded into plays) was published in 1869. The same year saw the launching of what became one of his most successful sidelines: comic verses illustrated by his own amusing drawings. As a child he had been known by the nickname of Bab (for Baby), and he used this signature for the drawings. These Bab Ballads attracted increasing attention, and so he made a series of collections of them for publication. The first set, The Bab Ballads, was issued in 1869, and was followed four years later by More Bab Ballads. He made a new selection taken from both the earlier collections, and prepared new illustrations, published in 1876 as Fifty Bab Ballads; and then, in 1898, he revised some of these verses anew, with yet new illustrations, mingling them with selected lyrics from the operettas, as the anthology Songs of a Savoyard. In various forms, the Bab Ballads were the first vehicle of Gilberts success and a continuing dimension of his popularity. Along the way, however, Gilbert was establishing himself as a new force in Londons theatrical world. His initial ventures were in the form of burlesques-free-wheeling parodies of existing plays or operas, their texts written in verse. One of these was a dramatization (1870) of Tennysons poem The Princess, about a university for ladies, a subject to which he would return later. In another, La Vivandière (1868), Gilbert transferred the witty style of the Bab Ballads to scenes spoofing English chauvinism and insularity. And in 1870 Gilbert was at work on another parody, an adaptation of a French comedy to be called The Palace of Truth, when a composer named Frederic Clay, who was writing music for some of Gilberts plays, introduced him to one of Clays own friends, a budding young musician who had been contributing music to one of the same theaters they all served-a certain Arthur S. Sullivan. Puzzled over a technical question of musical theory he had to discuss in his new play, Gilbert on the spot asked Sullivans advice, phrasing the question with probably deliberate obscurity. The befuddled Sullivan was not sure how to answer and begged off. The encounter had not been a propitious one and when, a little later, Sullivan was asked to write music for an operetta text Gilbert was writing, he declined. Indeed, such was the good work that Gilbert was doing with Clay, it was only a failure of projects to materialize that prevented a Gilbertandclay pairing from heading off the Gilbertandsullivan of the future. With his next important play, the romantic comedy Pygmalion and Galatea (1871), Gilbert began to make serious profits. A burst of writing and productions in 1871 included a dramatization of Dickenss Great Expectations. But during the course of the year Gilberts path again intersected with that of Sullivan. The manager of the Gaiety Theatre, John Hollingshead, for whom both men had done work, got them together for a two-act piece to be part of a multiple bill. Gilbert wrote a farcical operetta text called Thespis, or The Gods Grown Old. Thespis was, in Greek tradition, actually the first dramatic poet; in this piece, he leads his dramatic troupe up the slopes of Mt. Olympus for a picnic. There they encounter the ageing gods and goddesses, and it is arranged that the two groups will exchange places and functions. But the arrangement works out badly, and the two chastened groups return to their original places. While there are hints of Offenbach in the spoofing of mythology, the text is full of anticipations of the mature Gilbertian wit. First presented on December 23, 1871, the show was a failure and, as a consequence, though Gilberts libretto survives, Sullivans music was lost or deliberately dismantled. What little we know of it is in a few identifiable recyclings Sullivan later made from it. Once again, the two men went their separate ways with no sense yet of future possibilities together. On Gilberts way, the next great success was a comedy about fairies, The Wicked World, produced at the beginning of 1873. Such was its potential that Gilbert himself then participated in creating a parody of it (The Happy Land), a few months later. The original play, however, brought Gilbert back into the world of the law: when a critic denounced the play for immorality and indecency, Gilbert took him to court; the resulting trial became an exercise in hilarity in which the play was declared innocent but the critic was exonerated and Gilbert had to pay court costs. And early in 1874 Gilbert had his first serious failure: Charity, a problem prose-play which attempted, in superficially comic terms, to expose Victorian moral hypocrisy by dealing with a woman who has had an extramarital affair and spends the rest of her life redeeming her sin in self-sacrificing charitable works. Gilberts softer side was in evidence over the next two years. One play of 1874, Sweethearts, was a prose comedy of datably Victorian sentimentality. Late in the following year, he returned to verse drama with Broken Hearts, a bittersweet fantasy about four broken-hearted ladies whose life of isolation on a desert island is disrupted by the arrival of a handsome young man. It was a play that Gilbert long cherished, describing it late in his life as more of the real me...than in anything I have written. For us in hindsight, however, more typical was a comic play, partly political satire, titled Topsyturvydom, first performed in March 1874. It portrayed a quasi-utopia where everything was the reverse or inversion of the normal: not only did its title contribute a label that was to cling to Gilberts world of imagination ever thereafter, but its ideas were to be re-used later. As those plays came into being, Gilbert was working on one of his other innumerable stage ideas-like so many of them, originating in his humorous pieces for the journal Fun. Back in April 1868 he had published a single-page skit, in two columns, with his own illustrations. It was entitled Trial by Jury: An Operetta, and it sketched out in verse a comic vision of a trial for breach of promise (a mans failure to marry the girl to whom he had become formally engaged). This was one more of Gilberts transformations of his experience with British courts into humorous spoofing of the law and the legal profession: it ends with the impatient Judge resolving the contest by marrying the comely plaintiff himself. The skit stuck in Gilberts mind and late in 1873 he arranged with the theatrical manager and composer, Carl Rosa, to expand it into a substantial one-act piece. Rosa was to write the music, and looked forward to featuring his wife as the plaintiff, all for a season of English opera Rosa planned to present at the Drury Lane Theatre. Unfortunately for that plan, Mme. Rosa died suddenly and the whole project was dropped. Gilbert was determined, however, to salvage his new libretto. He seems to have had no immediate ideas about finding a composer to take up Rosas task. Finally, in January 1875, Gilbert took it to a young theater manager named Richard DOyly Carte (1844-1901), who was eager to find short pieces to include in composite bills. Carte was enthusiastic about the text and had an immediate suggestion for the composer to put it to music: Arthur Sullivan. Sullivan before Gilbert: In a characteristically trenchant essay-on The True-Born Englishman-Daniel Defoe observed that: ...speaking of Englishmen ab Origine, we are really all Foreigners ourselves. The paradox of Arthur Sullivan is that while he appears on the roll of national worthies as a typical Englishman (or, at least, as a typical English composer) he was, ab origine, all foreigner. He had no English blood in his veins. --- Percy Young The paternal family name was, until the seventeenth century, OSullivan, deriving from a line of Irish gentry. From its less prosperous branches came Thomas Sullivan (1785-1838) who joined the British Army, serving during the Peninsular Wars and then in the detachment that guarded the fallen Napoleon on St. Helena, retiring with the rank of sergeant. One of his sons, also named Thomas (1805-1867), was trained as a musician. While an instructor at the Royal Military College at Sandhurst, in 1838 he married Mary (or Maria) Clementina Coghlan (1811-1882), a young teacher at a ladies seminary: though apparently with a Jewish element in her family background, she was primarily of Italian extraction, and a devout Catholic. Seeking better income, Thomas moved to London, where he took a job as clarinettist in a theater orchestra. As children came, the family eked out a precarious living until 1845, when he returned to Sandhurst as the bandmaster, building a reputation for wide playing and teaching competence (strings, woodwind, brass), he was able in 1857 to win a prestigious post on the faculty of the Military School of Music. His excellent musicianship, together with the diversity of his resources, provided an extraordinary opportunity for his son to become thoroughly acquainted with instruments and instrumental writing from an early age. The second of Thomass sons, Arthur Seymour Sullivan, was born on May 13, 1842. (In mature years, he discovered that the initials of all three names resulted in an unflattering anagram, and so he dropped Seymour from his usage, retaining only the first and last.) Despite the boys extended immersion in music from infancy, the father planned a safe career for him, placing him in a boarding school. But young Arthur was determined upon a life in music and overcame the initial opposition of his father-who worried about the risks and frustrations of most musical careers. Recognizing that his need for firm and comprehensive musical education could best be obtained through Anglican choral training, and blessed with a lovely singing voice, Sullivan and friendly sponsors aimed for the top. In 1852, barely ten, Arthur was admitted to the choir of the Chapel Royal, which served the court at St. Jamess Palace in London. In that setting, the boy became a protégé of the eminent Sir George Smart, Composer to the Chapel Royal, who saw to his proper training and even personally conducted (in 1855) an anthem the boy had composed. In the course of his service, young Sullivan sang in ceremonies at court and at the new Crystal Palace, experiencing the rituals of the Victorian Establishment at their heart, while earning recognition in such circles from adolescence. Sullivans early potential for composition was recognized and encouraged. In 1855 he even assembled a manuscript collection of his own best pieces (vocal and instrumental). He also absorbed the latest in musical experience that London had to offer, at a time when Germanic influence was at its peak-especially with the leadership of the Philharmonic Societys conductor, William Sterndale Bennett (1816-1875). Bennett himself had been a protégé of Mendelssohn, who had become enormously popular in England. The great Leipzig master had died in 1847, and a program eventually had gotten under way to create in his memory a scholarship that would allow British students to take training in Leipzig. Given financial circumstances, it was not possible to sustain the study arrangements in Leipzig at first, but a scholarship could initially be settled for Londons Royal Academy of Music. In 1856, at age fourteen, Arthur Sullivan won the competition for the first such Mendelssohn Scholarship. For two years, he studied piano with Bennett and composition with John Goss. Along the way, he finished out his service with the Chapel Royal. In 1857 his father took up his post at the Royal Military School and the family returned to London. In the autumn of 1857, Arthur had his first experience organizing and conducting a little pit orchestra to serve a short-lived dramatic society in which Arthurs older brother, Fred, was involved. And, in July 1858, an Overture in D minor he had composed in his RAM studies was performed in a public concert there. Funding now made possible an extension of the Mendelssohn Scholarship to Leipzig itself, with Sullivan as the first beneficiary. Sullivan accordingly took up residence there in September 1858, with the expectation of a years residence. (At the time of his admission, other new student arrivals included the Norwegian Edvard Grieg and the American Dudley Buck.) He worked so hard and made such a profound impression that he was granted extension for two more years, until April 1861. In this leading musical capital, Sullivan was put in direct contact with the leading musicians and musical currents of the day (e.g., the radical Liszt, the young Brahms), though he was drawn essentially to the conservative Mendelssohnian traditions of the Leipzig Conservatory, with a further inclination to the music of Schumann. He studied with many of the outstanding musicians on its faculty, including the Mendelssohn disciple Julius Reitz, the great pedagogue Karl Reinecke, and the pianist Ignaz Moscheles. Sullivan produced some student compositions-among them a string quartet, and an Overture based on Thomas Moores Lalla Rookh. But he took an important step forward with a set of orchestral and vocal pieces designed as incidental music for Shakespeares The Tempest, which was first performed in a Leipzig concert in early April 1861, to both public and critical approval. Returned to London that spring, and still only nineteen, Sullivan secured a modest livelihood as organist at St. Michaels Church on Chester Square, and from that base began building powerful and important contacts. One of these was the prominent critic, Henry Chorley. Another was the self-trained musical powerhouse, then Secretary of the Crystal Palace, George Grove (1820-1900), who became a lifelong friend. It was Grove who arranged that Sullivans music for The Tempest should be performed at the Crystal Palace on April 5, 1862. This was the great day of my life! Sullivan later recalled. The audience was enthusiastic, and the critics went wild. Suddenly, Sullivan was rocketed to national attention-barely at age twenty, acclaimed by commentators, senior colleagues, and promoters as the new hope of English music. He dabbled with a few short-lived teaching positions, as his Tempest music began making the rounds and he was commissioned to write a Wedding March for the marriage of the Prince of Wales (future Edward VII) and Princess Alexandra in 1863. With the support of conductor-promoter Michael Costa, Sullivan took on another job as organist at Covent Garden, which allowed him to hear some of the leading singers of his day, as well as to study the scores of important operas. Meanwhile, his friendship with Henry Chorley yielded some texts to set. A projected opera, The Sapphire Necklace, proved abortive and survives only in fragments. Another stage work to a Chorley text, the masque Kenilworth (after Scotts novel), proved a great disappointment when performed in 1864. Just weeks before that, a ballet, Lîle enchantée, composed for Costas season at Covent Garden, was likewise received indifferently. But a journey to Ireland moved him profoundly and inspired his most ambitious orchestral venture to date-a full four-movement Symphony, in E major (which only later he openly titled The Irish). There was limited interest in performing it at first, until the influential backing of singer Jenny Lind and others secured its performance on March 10, 1866. A cordial reception renewed the sense of Sullivans place as the English composer to watch. A concert overture commissioned for the Norwich Festival that autumn became the channel for the deep grief brought by his fathers death that September, and so the new work, the Overture in C, was premiered the following month with the added title of In memoriam. And at the end of that November, again at the Crystal Palace, another demonstration of Sullivans command of serious classical forms was given with the debut of his Cello Concerto in D. Another concert overture, entitled Marmion after Scott was first played in June 1867. At that time, Sullivan was able to switch his base-income job as organist from St. Michaels to St, Peters, Cranley Gardens. But Sullivan was beginning to savor travel. In 1865 he had visited Paris where he met Dickens and was cordially received by the ageing Rossini. A year later, he traveled with Grove to the Isle of Wight to meet Tennyson, with whom he discussed the idea of collaboration on a song-cycle, The Window-eventually published in 1871, but without the illustrations by Sullivans friend, the artist John Millais, as planned. In 1867, however, Sullivan and Grove undertook their most exciting travel venture together: after a stop in Paris, their visit to Vienna allowed the Schubert-crazed Grove to turn up the long-neglected and previously unknown scores for that composers Fourth and Sixth Symphonies and the Rosamunde Incidental Music. The trip was concluded with a nostalgic if less-than-triumphant return to Leipzig, and a stop at Dresden to be disappointed by Wagners Rienzi. But it was in the previous year that Sullivan moved into a realm that, without his recognizing it yet, would hold his true destiny: the musical stage. The London theatrical world had its background of light opera and various lyric entertainments, but the recent arrival of the exciting operettas of Offenbach had created new stimulation, to which London entrepreneurs were not slow to respond. One of these, a member of Sullivans widening social circles, was Francis C. Burnand (1836-1917), a humorist for the magazine Punch (of which he would later become editor) and an experienced writer for the theater (soon to become a bitter competitor to Gilbert). A local dramatic society had planned to give a private performance of Offenbachs little one-act piece, Les deux aveugles (The Two Blind Men) and needed a second work to fill out the program. Burnand was invited to prepare an adaptation of a twenty-year-old farce by one J. Maddison Morton titled Cox and Box, about a room rented simultaneously to two different lodgers. Sullivan was, accordingly, invited to set the songs. This was first presented in a sponsors home on May 26, 1866. It was first given in a public theater a year later. That triumviretta in one act, as it was pretentiously dubbed, was a way from G & S, but it already showed Sullivans capacity to learn from Offenbach and experiment with comic-theatrical style (complete with operatic spoofing). A success of the moment, it prompted a commission from the promoter and composer Thomas German Reed to Burnand and Sullivan of their two-act comedy about English tourists and Spanish smugglers, The Contrabandista, or The Law of the Ladrones. Its opening in December 1867, however, proved unsuccessful. To be sure, German Reed did revive the Burnand/Sullivan Cox and Box-ironically, at the same time as running an operetta by Gilbert for which German Reed wrote the music himself. But no further commissions were offered the pair. For better or worse, an extended partnership of Burnandandsullivan, one that would have precluded Gilbertandsullivan, was not to be. Sullivan was aware that such theatrical ventures could be lucrative if properly managed, but he saw them still as but a distraction from his serious calling. In that pursuit, he produced a range of compositions in his late twenties. There were a number of small piano and chamber pieces, a number of short choral pieces, and a good many of his growing output of songs. There were two major choral works, his pretentious oratorio The Prodigal Son for the Worcester Festival (1869) and his cantata On Shore and Sea (1871); his only new orchestral piece was his Overtura di Ballo in E major (1870), still a popular concert work. In this context, important changes were afoot. By now in his mid-twenties, Sullivan was a handsome and charming young fellow, despite his very short stature, and was well-established as an energetic ladies man, In 1867 he was caught up in a romantic crisis. John Scott Russell, one of Groves friends and a cordial supporter of Sullivan, had three daughters. While one of them was being successfully courted by Sullivans composer-friend Frederic Clay, another, named Rachel, became the focus of Sullivans attentions, even as Sullivan seems also to have flirted with a third. Sullivans attentions were well-received and apparently progressed to a considerable degree of intimacy with at least one, if not both. But Sullivans prospects (unlike those of the independently wealthy Clay) were deemed insufficient to allow for marriage, and Rachels mother make parental opposition quite clear, and the emotional ties soon withered. Ironically, it was the very same Fred Clay who brought about the first formal meeting of Sullivan with Gilbert, in late 1870-although they were by then well aware of each other and may have had passing encounters. It was their joint employer, Thomas German Reed, who offered Sullivan the chance to set a libretto by Gilbert. If that opportunity was passed over, it merely forestalled what was-dare we say inevitably?-to come. To be sure, Gilbert was momentarily drawn in a different theatrical direction. In 1871 a producer in Manchester who had mounted a staging of Shakespeares The Tempest in 1864, using Sullivans incidental score, now commissioned the composer to write music for a new production of The Merchant of Venice, thereby adding another impressive stage score to Sullivans credit. It was Sullivans friendship with John Hollingshead that first brought the composer to work with Gilbert. Hollingshead was manager of the Gaiety Theatre, which specialized in burlesque (meaning at that time light musical-theater extravaganza of a broad and simplistically entertaining nature, though not yet the bawdy degeneration later known in the USA). His opening production, in 1868, was a burlesque of Meyerbeers opera Robert le Diable, with a libretto by Gilbert entitled Robert the Devil, or the Nun, the Dun, and the Son of a Gun. Sullivan is known to have attended its opening night. Perhaps as a favor to Hollingshead, Sullivan agreed to write the music for Gilberts comedy, Thespis, or The Gods Grown Old. (Sullivans brother Fred was a member of the cast, playing Apollo.) Its failure after its opening in December 1871 must have been taken easily in stride by Sullivan, who dismantled the score and re-used some parts of it in his later operettas. Far more typical of Sullivans activity in 1871, however, was the composition of the most famous of his many hymns, Onward Christian Soldiers. On a larger scale-and as an extension of his close contacts with, and favor from, the royal family-was his Festival Te Deum, a work of expansive scoring, composed to celebrate the recovery of the Prince of Wales from an illness and, by a rare privilege of its kind, dedicated to Queen Victoria herself. It was premiered in May 1872 at the Crystal Palace by some 2,000 performers. In its wake came Sullivans next oratorio, The Light of the World, a stiff setting of Bible texts, first performed at the Birmingham Festival in August 1873. He had a brush with Hollingsheads Gaiety Theatre again at the end of 1874, if in more respectable terms: by providing his latest Shakespearean incidental score for a production of The Merry Wives of Windsor, as revised by the poet Swinburne. A darling of society, coddled by elite patrons, while expanding his skills as conductor, Sullivan was establishing himself at the apex of Englands musical world. By this time, too, Sullivan had developed his cultivated tastes for high living-good food and drink, elegant society, card-playing, and (with growing obsessiveness) gambling. (It should also be noted that by 1872 Sullivan suffered from kidney stone, placing him recurrently in pain for the remainder of his days.) Handsome and long a ladies man, he had never pursued any matrimonial ideas since the unhappy business with the Russell family, and was to remain unmarried to the end of his days. But he was typical of many Victorian gentlemen in pursuing a discretely covert but astoundingly voracious sexual life under the cover of propriety. From his diaries, we know that he had many intimate relationships, several of which led to clandestine abortions. Indeed, he even used a system of coding, not only to disguise the identity of his lady-friends with cryptic initials, but even to document the number of his orgasms and the quality of his frolics-the best of which he would label, in misspelled German, as a Himmelische Nacht. Most of these ties were apparently with lower-class women quite outside his social circles. But there was one exception, who became his intimate partner and mistress for the last quarter-century of his life. This was Mary Frances Ronalds (1839-1916), known as Fanny. Born in Boston as Mary Frances Carter, she was one of the many female American adventuresses who descended upon England in the latter half of the nineteenth century to achieve social status-though in her case not matrimonial advancement. At age twenty she had married one Peter Lorillard Ronalds, a New York socialite. She bore him three children before they separated, but never divorced. Having close ties to the family of the wealthy Leonard Jerome-whose daughter, Jennie, was to marry Lord Randolph Churchill and become the mother of Winston-she moved with them in 1867 to Paris, where she was taken up in the court circles of the Empress Eugénie. Here she seems to have been introduced to Sullivan in 1868, during one of his visits to Paris. With the fall of Napoleon III in 1871, her opportunities there collapsed and she settled next with two of her children in London. There she flourished, becoming one of the numerous friends of the skirt-chasing Prince of Wales, and distinguishing herself in offering musical entertainments and elegant soirées. In her early thirties, and three years older than Sullivan, she was still a handsome woman, with a strong personality, and some talent-though not formally trained, she was an excellent and much-admired singer. At exactly what point she and Sullivan became romantically involved is not clear, given the outward discretion they were required to retain, for the benefit of his family and society in general. (She was still married; and even were she divorced, that status would have precluded their marriage; which, given Sullivans temperament, he probably would not have wanted anyway.) Despite their closeness, Sullivan did not give up his liaisons with other women, which were extensive, and which often provoked bitter fights between Fanny and Sullivan. (She was apparently the one among his women, however, whom he identified in his diary codes as L.W.-presumably meaning Little Woman.) And such was the strength of his appetite that, during at least one of their visits together to Paris, Sullivan supplemented their intimacy by visits to local brothels. On the other hand, their times together could have their constraints: on one of their visits to the Continent she was accompanied by members of her family, and their lodgings allowed so little privacy that they went out into the shrubbery to make love. Certainly he was the love of her life, and she was ultimately his true companion, in a relationship that deepened in the loneliness after the deaths of his brother Fred (1877) and his mother (1882). Sullivan became close to Fannys parents and children, eventually finding in them a surrogate family to replace his own lost one. Along the way, too, Fanny became particularly identified with the most famous of his many songs, The Lost Chord, which he composed in 1877-inspired, it was said, either by the illness or death of his brother. Mrs. Ronalds became its most famous interpreter, often with Sullivan himself accompanying her, singing it both in private and in public, to great admiration. (Not, however, as a new piece in 1885, as Topsy-Turvy would have it.) When Sullivan died, it was expected that he would leave her a considerable bequest of money: instead, his will assigned to her the autograph manuscript of that song, along with any others of his scores she would like. When she died 1916, the manuscript of The Lost Chord was buried with Fanny Ronalds, at her request. But it is at this point that the careers of both Gilbert and Sullivan were to be set in a new direction. The agent of this rerouting was Richard DOyly Carte (1844-1901), who really became the third partner in the collaboration that became G & S. Sometime musician and composer, he had moved to managing. It was he, in fact, who contracted Offenbach himself to write and present that composers only English operetta, Whittington, in 1874. In that same year, he was hired as manager of a company that the actress Selina Dolaro had organized to present Offenbach at the Royalty Theatre, especially his La Périchole, with herself as the star. Along the way, Carte engaged an assistant: a young actress (then twenty-three) born Helen Couper-Black, but using the stage name of Helen Lenoir. Astute beyond her years, she was to become a vital partner in nurturing his nurturing of the G & S collaboration and his other enterprises. The perceived need for some short items to enrich Dolaros programs was in Cartes mind when, in the middle of January 1875, Gilbert dropped by a rehearsal and was prompted by Carte to show his libretto for Trial by Jury. Carte was delighted. He had recalled Thespis and was one of the few observers who sensed that Sullivan was the best possible musical partner to Gilberts writing. Accordingly, Carte urged Gilbert to contact the composer. It was not until early March that Gilbert made his way through a snowy morning to Sullivans lodgings and introduced his text. Sullivan later recalled the scene: ...He read it through, as it seemed to me, in a perturbed sort of way, with a gradual crescendo of indignation, in the manner of a man considerably disappointed with what he had written. As soon as he had come to the last word he closed up the manuscript violently, apparently unconscious of the fact that he had achieved his purpose so far as I was concerned, in as much as I was screaming with laughter the whole time. The music was written, and the rehearsals completed, within the space of three weeks time. The Collaboration: You are an adept in your profession, and I am an adept in mine. If we meet, it must be as master and master-not as master and servant. -- Gilbert, Letter to Sullivan (March 19, 1889) When Fred Clay introduced Gilbert and Sullivan to each other in late 1870, the playwright was thirty-four and the composer was twenty-eight. Nearly five years later, when Trial by Jury was first created, both were (lest we forget) still relatively young men by most standards, but already each was a hard-working leader in his field. Gilbert was the dominant figure of the London theater world, as both prolific writer and innovative director: his authoritarian and even belligerent style in dealing with his casts concealed considerable sensitivity and even a degree of personal insecurity. Sullivan had become the commanding talent in English music, from whom great things were expected, while he was discovering the intoxications of high society and the joys of high living. Each had the greatest prospects for individual careers. For each, their second collaboration was entered into with the same sense of ephemeral connection as the first. It was, indeed, the perception of Richard DOyly Carte that these two were made for each other which turned this new venture into a definitive beginning. Trial by Jury is not a full operetta, even as a one-act piece. Subtitled A Dramatic Cantata (or, more precisely, it was headed A Novel and Entirely Original Dramatic Cantata, perhaps to stress that it was not a direct parody of anything). That is to say, it is a through-composed piece, an exclusively musical score, without spoken dialogue between numbers. Gilberts deliciously pungent legal humor and sense of the ridiculous was matched perfectly by Sullivans straight-forward lyrical style spiced with spoofing of the musical idioms of such idols as Handel, Bellini, and Verdi. It was given as an afterpiece to Offenbachs La Périchole in the 1875 production. It featured Selina Dolaro herself as the Plaintiff, with Sullivans older brother Fred-by now an accomplished comic actor, but with only two more years to live-dazzling as the Learned Judge. Gilbert, whose skills Sullivan had come to respect greatly, was stage director, while Sullivan himself (whom Carte considered the greater box-office draw of the two) conducted. The work was an instant success with audiences who were now bored by Offenbach but delighted by this new theatrical brew; indeed, the dawning of G & S led to the almost total obliteration of Offenbach in London theaters. Nevertheless, the two collaborators each had their own fish to fry. Respectively in 1875 and 1876 Gilbert brought out two new operettas with music by other composers, the second of them, Princess Toto, with Fred Clay in the latest of their collaborations. Other plays of that period included Danl Druce (1876) based partly on George Eliots Silas Marner, and the martial farce Engaged (1877). For his part, Sullivan was represented on the stage again in June 1875 by a one-act piece called The Zoo, with a libretto by B. Rowe. That was the pen-name for Benjamin Charles Stephenson, theatrical scribbler of the day, frequent collaborator with Sullivans friend Alfred Cellier. A through-composed piece without spoken dialogue, it has a clumsy text about awkward characters working out their fates at the London Zoological Gardens; there are some good musical moments, but the piece does not wear well and makes one appreciate Gilberts cleverness the more. (Ironically, just as Sullivans ventures into comic opera were developing, he began receiving what would be a stream of honors. In 1876 he was given an honorary doctorate from Cambridge University; two years later, the same from Oxford; in between, he was made a Chevalier of Frances Légion dHonneur.) If he was not able to move dramatically to consolidate the G & S collaboration, Carte steered his way through the distractions the two had with the idea of capitalizing in some way upon the initial success-not the least motive being his goal of becoming an independent impresario. Through 1875 there were extended offerings of Trial by Jury, and even some discussion of reviving Thespis, of which nothing came. Carte also talked of the two doing another comic opera between them. Realizing the resources he would require, he marshaled supporters and in early 1877 he created the Comedy Opera Company, aimed broadly at creating a native English tradition of light opera, but immediately focused on producing new works by Gilbert and Sullivan. A theater (the Opéra Comique) was engaged and the two collaborators were formally contracted to create a new operetta. There was much dickering over defining the subject-matter, and deciding what parts of the resulting libretto would or would not be set. The two creators settled into patterns of argument and personality clashes, requiring Cartes mediation, that would become recurrent in the years ahead. (Not for nothing was the impresario called Oily Carte by his professional associates.) Among his distractions (including reaction to his brothers death, new family responsibilities, and his own weakening health), Sullivan had to compose his latest incidental score, for a production of the play Henry VIII attributed to Shakespeare, for production that summer. In creating the new operetta, the collaborators also began to form the functioning company that would become their medium in the years ahead. Among the singers brought into the cast were George Grossmith (1847-1912), a comedian and song-writer who would create the G&S patter songs, and the two baritones, Rutland Barrington (1847-1912) and Richard Temple (1847-1922). The new work was based upon a story Gilbert had written a year earlier, involving a love-philtre-the kind of magical charm or spell that Gilbert liked all too well as a mechanism in his plots. The result was called The Sorcerer, the collaborators first full two-act creation (and its only one without a subtitle), with musical numbers amid spoken dialogue. On the opening night, November 17, 1877, Sullivan conducted while Gilbert, who had directed the production, nervously walked the streets, unable to face the show in person-a practice he followed in future first nights as well. The work was a genuine hit with both public and critics, and augured well for the collaborations future. The piece would, in fact, be heavily revised in a revival later, in 1884, but it set the pattern for future G & S operettas. Carte now knew he had a solid money-making prospect in his two collaborators. Caught amid quarrels in the theatrical world that seriously undermined his own position, Gilbert was eager to cast in his fortunes with Sullivan. The latter was notably more hesitant now about serious composition, and glad to have new work to distract from his grief over his brothers death. As the run of The Sorcerer continued into the winter, followed by filler productions, Gilbert began sketching a new libretto with a nautical theme, based on elements in several of his Bab Ballads, but also refining a satire of the current First Lord of the Admiralty into what became the character of Sir Joseph Porter. Gilbert interrupted his work to prepare another of his plays, The Neer-do-Weel. But in a trip to Portsmouth harbor he also researched details of ship design for inclusion in his set design, while Sullivan, now badly afflicted by his kidney complaint, struggled to write his music, and Carte fought with his backers to keep his budget afloat. The new operetta, titled HMS Pinafore, or The Lass that Loved a Sailor, went into rehearsal, with another future regular added to the cast, the young soprano Jessie Bond (1853-1942). The composer and conductor Alfred Cellier (and a sometime Gilbert collaborator), was brought in to assist his old friend Sullivan. Cellier was given the task of actually writing the Overture, setting another pattern for the future. (Also joining the team as house manager was one Richard Barker, to become another long-term regular.) The reception of the new work was enthusiastic upon its opening May 25, 1878, and audiences were swollen as Sullivan used his connections to have local bands play selections from the score in their summer concerts. Soon Pinafore-mania swept England-allowing Carte to organize two companies to tour the country with it-and spread to American audiences as well. The collaborators now found themselves rich men. Gilbert celebrated by commissioning a yacht to be built for him; he also pursued a new theatrical venture of his own, producing his verse-play Gretchen, based on Goethes Faust, in March 1879, which proved a flop. For his part, Sullivan went on losing huge sums at gambling; but began to take in earnest the urgings from some quarters that he should return to serious composing. It took some pressure from Carte and Gilbert to bring him around to plan a new operetta. Meanwhile, Carte was battling with his backers, who had taken the Comedy Opera Company away from him, had organized a rival Pinafore production, and were challenging his very rights to the operetta in England. Moreover, unauthorized and baldly pirated productions of Pinafore in the USA were depriving the collaborators of any profits from its popularity there. As a result, Carte negotiated a set of deals in America that would allow Sullivan some lucrative conducting engagements there, while the two collaborators were committed to completing their new operetta and supervising its premiere production in New York. In early November, therefore, Gilbert and Sullivan, together with Alfred Cellier, arrived in New York, where they joined Fred Clay (who was supervising a production of his collaboration with Gilbert, Princess Toto). Sullivan still faced a daunting job in finishing the music, and required the help of Cellier and Clay with assembling the Overture and completing the orchestration. The new operetta was, of course, The Pirates of Penzance-appropriate to a work charted through the shark-infested waters of theatrical piracy. The collaborators not only had to worry about cashing in directly on their American successes, but they also had to attend to English legalities. In order to secure a proper copyright back home, it was arranged that a token premiere would be offered there on December 30, 1879, in a tiny theater in the Devon town of Paignton, where a piano-accompanied performance was given by a touring company in the area, with no sets (or Overture) and minimal costumes; with regular Richard Temple as Pirate King there. But then, the following evening, December 31, 1879, the official world premiere production was given in New York, in Gilberts staging, with Sullivan (though wretchedly ill) conducting, and such regulars as Jessie Bond augmented by an important regular-to-be, newcomer Rosina Brandram. Pirates was a smash-hit, and the collaborators saw to the launching of American touring companies. Returning to England in March 1879, they plunged into mounting the new operetta in London, with their veteran stars re-assembled, to great public acclaim. But new progress was overshadowed by internal tensions among the trio. Backed by Sullivan, Gilbert was making veiled threats to abandon Carte and find a new manager of their own unless Carte greatly reduced his share of the profits. These tensions were resolved for the moment and planning turned to a new operetta, with the intention of having a second American premiere. Gilbert began sketching a new text, while Sullivan busied himself with a return to serious composition, writing his latest oratorio, The Martyr of Antioch, whose premiere he conducted in October 1880 at the Leeds Festival, of which he had now been made the permanent conductor. The oratorio proved to be one of Sullivans staples in intermittent revivals (in one of which, in 1898, it was actually staged, to Sullivans dismay.) Work on the new operetta by both partners was dragging, so that fulfilling the contract for a premiere in America in November 1880 became impossible. Over the winter, however, the venture took shape. Starting with the premise of one of his Bab Ballads about two rival curates, Gilbert evolved a major piece of literary satire, spoofing opposing factions of the aesthetic school of poets and the artificialities of faddish artistic taste. The two opposing characters, Bunthorne and Grosvenor, were supposedly modeled on Oscar Wilde and Algernon Swinburne, respectively, though in fact a variety of contemporaneous examples were drawn upon. The title was Patience, or Bunthornes Bride. Gilberts dazzling wit was particularly well-matched by Sullivans rousing music, and the constellation of cast regulars was augmented by another new arrival-the soprano Leonora Braham (1853-1931)-ultimately problematical for her recurrent alcoholism, but whose talent, acting skills, and charm allowed her to become the creator of the majority of the G & S soprano lead roles thereafter. The opening night, on April 23, 1881, was a brilliant one, with Oscar Wilde himself in attendance to savor his growing notoriety. That summer, while Gilbert reveled in his new yacht, Sullivan was taken on a princely cruise by his royal friend, the Duke of Edinburgh. Among their stops was one at Kiel where the Prussian crown prince-the twenty-two-year-old grandson of Queen Victoria and the future Kaiser Wilhelm II of World War I infamy-greeted the composer by singing Sir Joseph Porters patter-song from Pinafore. Sullivan was, meanwhile, determined anew not to do another collaboration with Gilbert. This alarmed Carte, who, like Gilbert, saw a continuing output by the team as a secure prospect for future prosperity. Carte, moreover, was now committed to a bold new project: a bigger and better theater, a house all of his own, devoted to his permanent companys activities, and with G & S operettas as their mainstay. The project had been set in motion in 1880, and progressed through the following year. The site was off the Strand, above the Thames Embankment, near the location of the old Savoy Palace: accordingly, after some shifts in choices, Carte decided to call it the Savoy Theatre. While retaining the lease on the Opéra Comique, where Richard Barker was to continue as manager, Carte decided to open the new house by transferring Patience to it from the old one, in the midst of its continuing initial run. This was accomplished on October 10, 1881, when Sullivan personally directed the performance that inaugurated the Savoy Theatre. Before the performance itself, Carte arranged a demonstration of the theaters innovative feature, complete electrification of the lighting-the first such lighting system of any of Londons theaters. (Another of Cartes innovations was to persuade his ticket-hungry public to line up in neat queues at the box office instead of mobbing it in unruly disorder-a discipline that soon became a generally accepted trait of English behavior.) The Savoy was now the holy-of-holies for the burgeoning G & S cult, even as various touring or licensed companies under Cartes supervision presented the operettas around England and the U.S.A. Indeed, the collaborators had always spoken of their works as operas (not operettas), and these works have come to be known generally as the Savoy operas, while adherents of the G & S literature have thus become known as Savoyards. To be sure, Carte did not see his empire ending here. His next project was a Savoy Hotel, adjacent to the Theatre, as a vast business investment; to be followed by a full-scale National Opera house-reflecting his sympathy with Sullivans ambitions in that idiom. For now, however, the goal was the next product of the collaborators, who had been bound by a promise for another new work. Its starting-point was another of Gilberts Bab Ballads, called The Fairy Curate. But the writer soon saw its expansion as an opportunity to spoof British governmental institutions, as he had already done so wittily with the British navy (Pinafore) and the British army (Patience). Going through a series of sketches and title changes, it emerged as Iolanthe, or The Peer and the Peri. Its period of genesis was spiced by a cruise Sullivan took that spring to Egypt and then through Italy and Paris, followed by visit in August to a spa in Germany with Fanny Ronalds. In between these he was stunned by the death of his beloved mother-a blow that his relationship (still periodically tumultuous) with Fanny could not fully soften. Nevertheless, the project matured to fulfillment for the first premiere to be mounted at the new house, November 25, 1882. (It was also the first of the operettas for which Sullivan personally composed the Overture.) Sullivan had by now undergone a series of financial setbacks that made him reconsider his desire to end the collaboration and return to serious composition: plainly, the operetta business was his guaranteed hope for recovered prosperity. For their part, Gilbert and Carte had no doubts about the logical course. On February 8, 1883, the three signed a five-year contract by which each was entitled to one-third of the net profits, after expenses. But Gilbert hardly required much inducement to move on speedily to the next product. This time, and for the only time, he turned to a pre-existing literary work for his material, and, also uniquely, to a play of his own, which happened to be an adaptation of that literary work. This was his 1870 play, The Princess, based on Tennysons poem of the same title. As the new text emerged, each of the two collaborators experienced landmarks in their lives. Gilbert undertook construction of an elaborate new home. For Sullivan that May came the award of his knighthood. That only he should receive this, and not Gilbert with him, was partly a snub of the latter, perhaps disfavored at court for his satirical jibes. Yet only forty-one, Sullivan was, of course, a darling of the court. But the award was almost certainly intended not just to honor his achievements to date but also to direct his future course to a higher level. And, indeed, commentators of the moment saw this as a further reminder of what was expected of him. Wrote one: Some things that Mr. Arthur Sullivan may do, Sir Arthur Sullivan ought not to do-clearly pointing to more serious activity instead of the pedestrian productivity with Gilbert. Ready for rehearsal by late autumn, the new operetta was now titled Princess Ida, or Castle Adamant-with the further unique feature for the collaborators of a three-act format, in place of the usual two. One problem arose from an adventurous casting decision. Feeling that their principal soprano, Leonora Braham, was not up to the dramatic requirements of the title character, the collaborators decided to engage for it the American singer, Lillian Russell, then singing in London. But her casual attitude towards attending rehearsals outraged the strict Gilbert and she had to be dismissed; Braham was awarded the role in Russells place, confirming her monopoly on G & S soprano leads. The role of the bizarrely grouchy King Gama (often perceived as Gilberts secret self-portrait) was tailor-made for Grossmith. The premiere, on January 5, 1884, was a great success, but cost Sullivans health dearly. In a state of exhaustion and in great pain, he was not thought able to conduct the opening performance, as was his wont. By drugs and will-power, he managed to assume the podium after all, but following the curtain calls he collapsed. The dramatic lapse in health frightened Sullivan, and prompted the latest crisis in the collaboration. Convinced he should devote what life he had left to him to his serious obligation, the composer informed Carte in late January that he would write no further Savoy pieces. During March and April, a round of communications and meetings among the three partners thrashed this out: Sullivan relented to the extent of saying that he would no longer compose the kind of pieces they had been doing, which was understandably taken by Gilbert as a reflection on the quality of his work. Recognizing that their contract bound them after all to carry on, Sullivan explicitly balked at Gilberts latest idea for a new plot, involving the magic lozenge and a story of characters falling in love against their wills, through the intrusion of a charm-a scheme not only reminiscent of The Sorcerer (and, as such, dangerously repetitious) but reflective of Gilberts delight in the other-worldly and the topsy-turvy. Sullivan wanted more honest dramatic situations, and he was fearful of being trapped into customary formulas of composition. Gilbert deplored what seemed to be an impasse in their working together, and even suggested that Sullivan take a year off to write an opera under other auspices. Sullivan relented to the extent of acknowledging their respective independence in their separate spheres of libretto and score, and admitted willingness to go on, once Gilbert had agreed to discard his proposed lozenge plot and to try something else. That something else proved to be The Mikado, or The Town of Titipu. One report has it that Gilberts initial inspiration was sparked when a Japanese sword he had hanging on the wall of his study fell down. Beyond that, however, things Japanese were utterly in fashion at the time, especially among artists and aesthetes. (It is not true that Gilbert was further inspired by going with his wife to the Japanese village exhibition in the Knightsbridge region of London: it opened, in fact, only in early in 1885, but it did serve to stimulate further public interest into the resulting G & S confection that was to run concurrently with it.) Out of Gilberts dramatic imagination came a plot-richly improbable, despite Sullivans warnings-that could outwardly exploit that fashionable setting, with all its exotic trappings and allusions. Behind its transparent mask, of course, altogether British social mores and governmental institutions might then be satirized. By late May Gilbert had sent a sketch of the new plot to Sullivan, who expressed approval. The collaboration was back on track again, after all. Each of the two had some activities of their own to pursue. And, with the run of Princess Ida winding down prematurely at the Savoy, the partnership crafted a new autumn season with new productions of The Sorcerer (in revised form) and Trial by Jury. Their success demonstrated the publics readiness to accept the earlier operettas as old friends when revived. Over the winter, however, the new operetta took shape. Pulling back from the expanded roster used in Ida, Gilbert reverted to the smaller and tightly controlled group of familiar character types, played by the Savoy team at its peak: George Grossmith (Ko-Ko) and Rutland Barrington (Pooh-Bah) as the two comedians; soprano Leonora Braham (Yum-Yum) and tenor Durward Lely (Nanki-Poo) as the romantic couple; Rosina Brandram (Katisha) as the imposing contralto; and Richard Temple (Mikado) as the bass authority-figure. Sensitive to theatrical refinements, Gilbert had some participants of the Knightsbridge exhibition come to rehearsals to coach his performers in Japanese manners, while a former British attaché to the British Embassy in Japan gave advice on handling the fans. Sometimes, inspiration was provided by the character of the performers themselves: the fact that the singers for the three schoolgirls-Leonora Braham, Jesse Bond, and Sybil Grey-were all of the same short stature prompted Gilbert to treat them as a closely-linked trio as much as possible. And when, concerned about running time as well as quality, Gilbert proposed to cut the Mikados big solo number in Act II (My object all sublime), the cast made such a strong remonstrance en masse that the authoritarian Gilbert uncharacteristically relented. If Gilbert, ever the tyrannical director, fussed over every detail down to the last minute, Sullivan was driven to new depths of exhaustion, amid his usual social whirls and commitments to conduct Brahms and Beethoven Symphonies with the London Philharmonic even as he was completing the score and conducting rehearsals. Grossmith was more than ever the bundle of nerves before the curtain and there were fears he might upset the show. Quite the contrary: the premiere on March 14, 1885 was a sensation, with many numbers encored (Three little maids three times!). As the Savoy run settled in the house was packed, and touring companies were soon organized to take the new piece on the road. To the road also took two of the partners. Sullivan took ship in June 1885 for a journey that would take him across the U.S.A. with the eventual goal of visiting his nephews and nieces, children of his deceased brother Fred, who now lived in California. After a stop in New York, the trip took him through Chicago, Denver, Salt Lake City (playing the organ at its Mormon Tabernacle), San Francisco, Los Angeles, Yosemite, and then Chicago again before reaching New York in early September. There he met Carte, who himself had come over in an elaborate scheme to fend off competition in presenting The Mikado in America. The scheme was only partly successful, but Sullivan conducted a special performance in New York on September 24, and attended another in Philadelphia on October 5. The tour had netted the partners a less clear profit than expected, and for Carte it had a sad price: only thirty-two, his wife Blanche died on August 21, while he was running his New York production. Gilbert had been on a tour to Egypt during the autumn. When all three partners returned to London, Gilbert already had ideas for the next operetta, which Carte made clear he expected to materialize. But there were spats between him and Gilbert over recurrent issues of control over management decisions, with discussions of putting off a new operetta in favor of some revivals. Carte established the principle that revivals could be turned to as guaranteed money-raisers after the collaborators had finished their commitments to new operettas. As the new year began, Sullivan for his part was overwhelmed with other work that pre-empted new Savoy composition. He had agreed to compose a new cantata after Longfellows The Golden Legend for the Leeds Festival, while also accepting a commission to set a Tennyson poem for an exhibition opening; along the way attending races and squiring the aged Franz Liszt around on the latters final visit to London. Working through the summer Sullivan finally finished his cantata but then faced preparations for its performance. Accordingly, the partners were obliged to put off the next operetta for a year. (In the interim, when the New York touring troupe returned to London, Carte was able to send it off for a months run in June in Berlin-where its success initiated a continuing German interest in G & S.) The first performance of The Golden Legend at Leeds on October 16, 1886. was enthusiastically received: Sir Arthur was plainly now fulfilling his duties. Performances in London during the remaining months of the year further restored his standing as a commanding figure in English music, while this work continued to receive regular performances in years ahead as one of his most respected serious works. In the midst of all this, however, Gilbert was ready for him with the beginnings of the next operetta. For all his concern about improbability and the magical, Sullivan chose not to oppose the most far-fetched of Gilberts ideas-a spoof of Victorian melodrama, in fact, originally of vampire stories; with extremes of topsy-turvy reversals, a mad-lady parody (Jessie Bonds new opportunity), family curses (borne by the sometime-villainous Barrington), a platoon of ghosts (led by the sepulchral Temple), and a fickle heroine hooked on etiquette (Braham in her last soprano lead); and all under the provocative title of Ruddygore, or The Witches Curse. (The word ruddy being considered a vulgar equivalent of the even more coarse bloody, Gilbert was soon persuaded to change the title to Ruddigore, as we now know it.) Curiously, Sullivan responded to this gloriously wacky libretto with his most advanced score to date, music full of fun, but also unusual beauty and great dramatic power. After the phenomenal success of The Mikado, the London public was breathless with anticipation, and that much the more disappointed when the new operetta, premiered on January 22, 1887, did not seem to them to match the wit and vivacity of the previous one. Amid the acclamations, unaccustomed hisses were heard from the audience. Critical reactions were likewise mixed, with praise for the music but complaints about almost everything else. Some drastic doctoring was applied for the first run which, despite all the misgivings ran a respectable 288 performances (as compared, however, with Mikados 672.) And the touring company that had brought Mikado to the U.S.A. went back with Ruddigore, if without quite its previous success. Against the impression that the work was a total disaster, Gilbert himself quipped, I could do with more such failures! But it was to be the one operetta of the canon that Gilbert was never able to revive later on, and it still circulates in a corrupt revision of the 1920s, rather than as in the first run. Sullivan devoted much of 1887 to a busy round of travel (especially to Germany, where he found his operetta gems highly popular), composing (including an Ode for Queen Victorias jubilee), and conducting (both his own and others music). His health again became recurrently precarious, and he moved to withdraw from his conducting commitments with the Philharmonic. A new operetta production was being considered, but in the interim the three partners mounted a revival of Pinafore at the Savoy. For the new operetta, Gilbert had wanted again to use the lozenge plot, to which Sullivan again objected. But by the autumn Gilbert had a new idea, sparked by spotting an advertisement for the Tower Furnishing Company. The thought of a setting at the Tower of London generated a flood of ideas-some of them borrowed, to be sure, from plot aspects of the popular English opera Maritana (1845) by Vincent Wallace (1812-1865), as well as from his own operetta, Ages Ago. Gilbert at first decided to fit these together under the title of The Tower Warder. While he was sketching this, he was confronted by a scheme proposed by Carte, who had become alarmed by the success of a rival companys production (of Dorothy with libretto by Sullivans one-time collaborator, B. C. Stephenson, and music by Alfred Cellier). This proposal was that the partnership make a fresh start by building a new theater (suitable for the kind of opera to which Sullivan aspired), by letting out the Savoy, and by disbanding the present Savoy performing company. Gilbert was appalled. Despite his autocratic manners and imperious directing style, he had become close to the performers and realized that what Carte and Sullivan were leaning towards would be disastrous: ...We have the best theatre, the best company, the best composer, & (though I say it), the best librettist in England working together-we are as world-known & as much an institution as Westminster abbey-& to scatter this splendid organization because Dorothy has run 500 nights is, to my thinking, to give up a gold mine. The scheme was thus headed off by Gilbert and, as new work continued, the company mounted its next revival, of Pirates, followed in due course by one of Mikado. In April, meanwhile, the development that had been in the making for some time was fulfilled: Carte and his trusty Helen Lenoir were married, with Sullivan standing as best man. Over the summer, the creation of the new operetta, eventually to be given the final title of The Yeomen of the Guard, or The Merryman and his Maid, went on apace. Perhaps sensitive to Sullivans desire to achieve a higher level of achievement, Gilbert contrived a more than usual subtle plot, with bittersweet comedy, beginning with a spinning-song (instead of the usual crowd scene) and a tragic ending for the patter-song comedian, Jack Point, and the unusually dark counter-comic figure of Wilfred Shadbolt. To convey the sixteenth-century time-period, Gilberts words took on a pseudo-archaic quality that could have become stilted but instead lifted the piece to a more serious tone than what conveyed the usual G & S nonsense. There was more work for the chorus, to whom Sullivan gave some particularly fine music, adding to the more elevated quality. And, with the Tower of London itself as not just a backdrop but as a veritable silent protagonist, the piece acquired a notably patriotic tone. Indeed, though no one seems willing to admit it, Yeomen of the Guard is the closest thing anyone has ever produced that could be called the English national opera. The rehearsals were marked by an unusual volume of changes, cuts, and adjustments. And the cast reflected transition in the company: Grossmith was back to create his last G & S character (Point), Jessie Bond was given enlarged prominence (Phoebe), while other veterans included Brandram (Carruthers) and Temple (Meryll). But there were such newcomers as lead soprano Geraldine Ulmar (Rose), Courtice Pounds (Fairfax), and W. H. Denny (Shadbolt). For another rare time, Sullivan composed the Overture himself, worthy of the remarkably high quality of the score in general. At its opening on October 3, 1888, the public was highly enthusiastic, while many of the critics recognized the operetta as something different from its predecessors. Between them, Gilbert and Sullivan considered it their best stage collaboration. Whether they could remain on that high a level, however, was still to be seen. By late 1888 the partners each had new fish to fry. Carte was now proceeding with the construction of both the Savoy Mansions Hotel and a new and larger theater. Gilberts disgust with the latter plan was overshadowed by the fact that he was himself building a theater of his own, the Garrick, which was to be both an investment and a vehicle for manipulating theatrical productions. Gilbert was clearly the dominant personality of Londons theater world, more now as a director and producer than as a playwright. But he still brought forth some new plays of his own from time to time: one, Brantinghame Hall, was a failure (November 1888), but he continued to do further writing for the benefit of favorite performers. For his part, Sullivan juggled various commitments and composed his latest set of incidental pieces, and his last Shakespeare score, for a revival of Macbeth at the years end. Amid Sullivans latest visit to the Continent, he and Gilbert exchanged thoughts on where they would go next. Sullivan was more determined than ever to write a grand opera, but Gilbert pointed out that he (Gilbert) was not suited for such work (in which the composer would have to dominate), that Yeoman was as serious as they could be, and that they were doing just fine together. Each understood that Sullivans commitment to a stage work with the music as the priority left them at an impasse. Gilbert was even gracious enough to suggest a possible alternative collaborator as librettist for Sullivans operatic writing, the American-born Julian Russell Sturgis (1848-1904). But ill-feelings continued to fester, with Carte attempting to mediate. Gradually they came to the conclusion that there was a joint possibility: Sullivan could pursue a grand-opera project with someone else, and Carte now promised him a production of it at his New Theatre; but, before that, and on those terms, he and Gilbert could also produce another comic opera. And Sullivan himself in May 1889 suggested that Gilbert take up some ideas he had broached in the past about a subject connected with Venice and Venetian life. That suggestion was finally accepted and the impasse now seemed to dissolve. By late spring 1889 the partnership was fully back in operation. To be sure, Sullivan had some conducting responsibilities to fulfill. And in late July he met with Julian Sturgis who already had worked out a scenario for what would become the long-projected grand opera, based on Scotts Ivanhoe. But major energies were gradually focused upon the new operetta, The Gondoliers, or The King of Barataria. Despite all the earlier arguments about style and substance, Sullivan allowed Gilbert to revive his stock characters and rework stock situations, including the old gimmick of baby-substitutions and mixed identities resolved at the end. But the plot was cleverly laced with delicious variations of the old satirical spirit, and Sullivan responded to it all with one of his richest and most inventive comic scores-some of its gems contrived only through close interaction between the two, an interaction in which Gilbert bent over backwards to accommodate Sullivans wishes. The cast was the original Savoy troupe in its final maturity, with Ulmar, Bond, Brandram, Pounds, Barrington, and Denny among the leads-though Grossmith was notably replaced in the lead comic role. After intense preparations and adjustments, it was ready for its debut performance, on December 7, 1889. The Savoy Theatre was packed, and both audience and critics were delirious. Sullivan wrote in his diary: Gilbert and I got a tremendous ovation-we never had such an enthusiastic house and such a brilliant first night. On the next day the two collaborators exchanged congratulations: I must again thank you for the magnificent work you have put into the piece, Gilbert wrote to Sullivan, adding prophetically, It gives one a chance of shining right through the twentieth century with a reflected light. Sullivan responded: Dont talk of reflected light. In such a perfect book as The Gondoliers you shine with an individual brilliancy which no other writer can hope to attain. Though it could not have been certain at the moment, it was to be their last episode of triumph as a pair, their last burst of collegial satisfaction. There would be, to be sure, two more operettas produced by their joint efforts, but, if not technically, certainly in spirit, their collaboration was now to end. Separate Paths: I have no desire to rake up old grievances, or to enter into a fresh discussion as to who was right and who wrong. So far as I am concerned, the past is no more thought of, and I am quite ready to let bygones be bygones, and to meet you at all times in the most friendly spirit, provided that the disagreeable events of the past eighteen months are never alluded to, or at least never discussed. I say this in good faith, and I hope you will meet me in the same spirit. -- Sullivan to Gilbert, October 4, 1891 ...It is perhaps unnecessary to assure you that all feeling of bitterness has long since passed from, my mind, but there remains a dull leaden feeling that I have been treated with inexplicable unfairness by an old and valued friend with whom I have been en rapport for many years, and with whose distinguished name I had had the good fortune to find my own indissolubly associated in a series of works which are known and valued wherever the English language is spoken. This is the present state of my mind as regards our relations towards each other, and if you can suggest any reasonable means whereby this cloud can be removed, it will give me infinite pleasure to adopt it. -- Gilbert to Sullivan, October 5, 1891 ...Let us meet and shake hands... We can dispel the clouds hanging over us by sending up a counter-irritant in the form of a cloud of [cigar] smoke. -- Sullivan to Gilbert, October 6, 1891 ...I think that if three such noble wrecks as Gilbert, DOyly & myself were to appear on the stage at the same time, it would create something more than a sensation... It wasnt my intention to come to the first night of [the revival of] Patience, but if it would really please Gilbert to have me there & go on with him, I will come-not to conduct, of course, but to take the call with him (and DOyly too) if there should be one. Let us bury the hatchet, & smoke the pipe of peace. I have no doubt we can get both from the property room, and if the result is to relieve G. of some that awful gout, I shall be well pleased. -- Sullivan to Helen Carte, November 2, 1900 Carte and Sullivan prepared the American touring company of The Gondoliers, Carte and his wife going off with it, while Sullivan returned to his Continental haunts of Paris and Monte Carlo. Gilbert and his wife set off on a tour to India. During their absence, Gilberts father died at the end of December 1889. (His mother had died the previous year but, because of his stubborn estrangement from her, he had taken no outward notice of it.) In India, Gilbert was intrigued to find that some of the partners operettas were being played there-though, he noted with frustration, without authorization controlled or royalties paid. Money was very much on Gilberts mind, too, when he and the Cartes returned to London in early spring. Gilbert had long scrutinized the partnerships finances with an eagle eye, determined to protect every farthing of his share of the profits. This attitude had created repeated bickering with Carte, who had found Gilberts explosive personality far less congenial than Sullivans more suave, refined, and easy-going manner. By this time, too, Carte was pursuing elaborate speculative ventures with his own money, but on a scale that made Gilbert suspect that some of the partnerships funds were being improperly diverted. Another source of disagreement had been the contractual question of what particular Savoy expenses were properly to be covered before the calculation of net profits from income. Gilbert now became upset over the high costs of the Gondoliers production, while, among expenses Carte had incurred for maintenance of the Savoy Theatre was some new carpeting for its lobbies and staircases. Matters came to a head on April 21, 1890, in an ugly confrontation between Gilbert and the Cartes. Gilbert accused Carte of financial impropriety and slipped into a rage of insults and denunciations, prompting uncharacteristically angry response from the usually mild Carte. According to Helen Cartes account of the episode, Gilbert threatened to withdraw from the creative partnership, and Carte was willing to agree, prompting Gilbert to renew old charges that Carte had not really done his share in the creative partnership, adding the nasty charge that Carte was now kicking down the ladder by which [you] have risen. Gilbert immediately tried to enlist Sullivan on his side, demanding cooperation in redrafting the partnerships contract. Though he expressed agreement on some points, Sullivan was hardly willing to take a firm stand against Carte, to whom he was too much beholden for the operatic project ahead. Through May a series of letters were exchanged among Gilbert, Sullivan, and Helen Carte, in the course of which Gilbert officially withdrew from participation in the Savoy partnership and initiated the first steps of legal action against the Cartes that soon culminated in a court case over the partnerships finances. The newspapers quickly picked up the scent and announced to the world that the famous collaboration was ended. Desperate to escape from this tumult, and fighting off attempts by both Gilbert and Carte to take a clearly partisan stance, Sullivan was anxious to get on with the composition of the long-delayed grand opera, Ivanhoe. As the legal action stretched on into the autumn, Gilbert actually tried to make some amends, and had prolonged discussion with Helen Carte in efforts to clear up details about the finances. (In the midst of this, Gilbert took up residence in what was to be his final home, the mansion called Grims Dyke, on which he would lavish prolonged refurbishing.) But the wounds were deep on all sides, and no true reconciliation seemed possible as Carte and Sullivan went their operatic way, while Gilbert was having difficulties getting a new collaborator, François (Frank) Cellier, to complete work on a new operetta that would mark Gilberts own new direction. Ivanhoe was finally completed, and given its premiere on January 31, 1891, at Cartes new theater, now called The Royal English Opera House. It was intended to be a landmark event in English cultural life, and so it seemed at the time. Members of the royal family attended, and Queen Victoria was assured that it had indeed been on her advice that Sullivan had undertaken this work, so worthy of his true talents. The audience was enthusiastic, the critics very positive, and a substantial run of 160 performances was inaugurated-though not sufficient to recoup the enormous expenses. Sullivan himself pronounced it the most important work I have ever written-not only from its magnitude, but also from the strength of the musical work I have put into it. And, indeed, there are fine things in the score, along with much that is uneven or inconsistent in its efforts to combine ballad-opera with elements of Verdi and Wagner. Among the many operatic treatments of Scotts famous novel made during the nineteenth century, this was one of the few actually committed to embrace much of its narrative complexity, instead of just portions of the story. Sturgiss libretto matches the pseudo-archaic language style Gilbert devised for Yeomen of the Guard, but without his sparkle. Sullivan revised it for a revival in 1895, and it made some intermittent re-appearances in the years ahead, but it has sunk into obscurity on its own defects, as well as by comparison with the Gilbert collaborations. Still nourishing his resentments, Gilbert declined Sullivans invitation to attend the Ivanhoe premiere, and crept in to see it only in February. His operetta collaboration with F. Cellier went through more floundering, and Gilbert tried to bypass it by planning a different one, with no less than George Grossmith as his partner, though still with poor progress. Carte found he had to work renewed performances of Ivanhoe into a mixed repertoire to keep his new theater going. The effort was to prove inadequate and in the following year Carte gave up and sold his new opera house. (It became the Palace Theatre, a music hall, and is still in use-currently run by Andrew Lloyd Webber.) Meanwhile, The Gondoliers ran healthily at the Savoy, and on March 6, 1891, the entire company went out to Windsor Castle to present a command performance for Queen Victoria. (It might seem strange that Her Majesty would have wanted to see a show so filled with spoofing of constitutional monarchy; but she was a devoted admirer of Sullivan, and it is recorded that, definitely, she was amused.) Practical considerations would obviously be involved; but the fact that it was Gondoliers and not Ivanhoe that the Queen wanted to see, was a message of sorts. Sullivan himself-who was off to Monte Carlo with the Prince of Wales at the time-faced anew the realities of income needed to support his lavish way of life, recognizing what Gilbert had long understood: that their fortunes depended upon their Savoy collaborations and nothing else. Accordingly, after an exchange of conciliatory communications, some of which are quoted above, the two met on October 12, 1891, talked comfortably for two hours, and effectively agreed that they might again collaborate. The question of timing was tricky, as both had new commitments of their own. Sullivan had now contracted with Carte to compose an operetta for the Savoy Theatre and company, but this time with the well-established playwright Sydney Grundy as his librettist, in place of Gilbert. Over the winter, too, Sullivan ground out a new incidental score, to serve a verse-play, The Foresters, that an American promoter had commissioned for a production (March 1892) in New York. Gilbert was finally on track with his operetta The Mountebanks, collaborator F. Cellier being replaced by Alfred Cellier. The sudden death of the latter delayed the opening to January 4, 1892, but the run was substantial. There was still more trouble over the collaboration with Grossmith, Haste to the Wedding, which opened in July and had only a brief run. Sullivan completed his collaboration with Grundy, Haddon Hall, which, as an operetta (with spoken dialogue), received its premiere (September 24, 1892) at the Savoy Theatre rather than the new opera house. The cast included a number of the Savoy veterans (Brandram, Pounds, Barrington, Denny; Bonds declined). Billed as an original English light opera, it was meant to show that Savoy opera was a genre which did not have to depend upon Gilberts involvement. It was enthusiastically received by the public and critics (including George Bernard Shaw), and after over 200 performances in London Carte added it to his touring repertoire. Musically, it is far more coherent and of more even quality than Ivanhoe, and would not be unworthy of revival today. But, again, the libretto proved to be the problem: Grundy set the piece in the seventeenth century, and his ye-olde-Englishe style was no less stilted than Sturgiss had been. It was, after all, the absence of Gilberts sparkle that helped this Sullivan-without-Gilbert work slip into neglect while those of the two collaborators have survived. Resuming the collaboration, as projected, was still not an easy matter. Sullivan-who turned fifty in the middle of 1892-was heavily distracted by his duties as conductor of the Leeds Festival. And then the new contract for the partnership, which Gilbert thought he had worked out with Carte, threatened to come apart. In the autumn, Gilbert discovered that, while he was to have his one-third of the profits, the actual management of the company and its finances would be exclusively in the hands of Carte and Sullivan. After another unhappy round of letters exchanged, an understanding was finally negotiated by late November through Helen Carte, with supplemental assurances given Gilbert as to his voice in casting and production issues. At last work could begin on a new G & S collaboration. Gilbert worked out the scenario and the two discussed it to mutual satisfaction when he visited Sullivan in late January at a villa the latter had rented on the French Riviera. The two met again in late May, in Sullivans first visit to Gilbert at Grims Dyke. The new operettas gestation ran through much of 1893, with the premiere at the Savoy taking place on October 7. Delighted to have the collaboration renewed, the audience gave it an enthusiastic reception: the two men took a curtain call together, shaking hands, and then joined Carte for a post-performance supper at the Savoy Hotel. The production ran for a total of 245 performances, with touring productions sent out thereafter, and so it seemed a genuine success at the time. For all the good omens, however, the results demonstrated that something had gone out of the collaboration since the carpet affair after all. For Gilbert, Utopia Limited, or The Flowers of Progress, was a chance to indulge in rich satire of constitutional monarchy and on British social and institutional attitudes as transplanted into an underdeveloped culture. With an exotic setting and almost ruinously lavish décor, he could indulge in spectacle beyond previous degrees. His cast, too, was unusually large: it included a few steadfast veterans (Brandram, Barrington; Bond and Grossmith were present only in the audience). But it was not the old team of former days, and so Gilbert experimented, generally avoiding most of the old stock characters and involved a broader kind of comedy. For Sullivan, there were some fine opportunities, in both solo and choral numbers; but some of the best moments came when he was free of Gilberts unusually complex verses and could write orchestrally for the dance episodes. The collaborators were no longer fully in sync; they even had to resort to bringing back a character from Pinafore, music and all. It is a mistake to write off this operetta entirely, for it still can be made to work nicely. But it was not one of the collaborations that Gilbert revived for the later DOyly Carte Opera Company, and it has become one of the two G & S ugly ducklings. Given the seeming success, however, Gilbert was ready to go forward and collaborate yet again. But Sullivan was not at all disposed to do so, intermittently making himself unavailable. In particular, Sullivan refused to cooperate if the cast would include a leading soprano over whom they had disagreed-the American Nancy McIntosh, a problematical protégée whom Gilbert was determined to foster. With material for more stage works, Gilbert tried vainly to arrange a different collaboration, with the all-purpose musician George (or Georg) Henschel, but he finally settled on the young Osmond Carr as composer for his operetta His Excellency, which opened October 27, 1894, its cast including some old Savoy veterans (Bond, Grossmith, Barrington, Temple). Meanwhile, with the Cartes experiencing reverses at the Savoy itself, Sullivan pitched in to help by persuading a figure from his past, Francis C. Burnand, with whom he had collaborated on The Contrabandista (1867), to agree to overhaul and drastically revise it for Cartes use. This revision, retitled The Chieftain, opened on December 12, 1984, with its own gleaning of veteran Savoyards (Brandram, Pounds, plus an Utopia newcomer, Walter Passmore). Still busy, Sullivan wrote another incidental score, for the play King Arthur by J. R. Comyns Carr, which opened on January 12, 1895, in a production by Henry Irving, starring Ellen Terry. Meanwhile, Gilbert was working on a new idea he had, a plot involving a legal fiction by which a man who was alive could be considered technically dead-just the kind of paradox that the ex-barrister always relished. With it he was meshing that other idea that he had entertained in the past, a plot about a theatrical troupe (cf. Thespis). These were to develop eventually into The Grand Duke, or The Statutory Duel, incorporating also a kind of Offenbachian spoofing of the small German principality. Gilberts negotiations to use this scheme in a different partnership dissolved and, with the dispute over the controversial singer resolved, Sullivan studied the new scenario and professed thorough satisfaction. Thus was the way cleared for the old triumvirate to plan yet another operetta. Immediate realization was not possible: Sullivan was busy with another Leeds Festival, and then would have to see to the German production of the revised Ivanhoe in Berlin. So Carte organized a revival at the Savoy of The Mikado. Bond, Brandram, and Barrington appeared in their original parts (along with newer Savoyards like Passmore and Florence Perry); Gilbert directed the rehearsals and Sullivan conducted on the opening night (November 6, 1895). It was like old times. Over the winter the development of The Grand Duke was resumed, amid recurrent hassles over casting decisions. But a good cast was assembled: Passmore in the title role (a kind of degraded King Gama) was Grossmiths true successor, while Barrington was still a riotous second comedian, and Brandram created one last G & S contralto character; as leading sopranos, Florence Perry played against a newcomer, the Hungarian Ilka von Palmay; and another novice, C. H. Workman, was to become a Savoy star thereafter. But splendid team performers were not enough. Gilberts plot was quite complex, and his verses more crabbed than usual, with absurdities unredeemed by any sympathetic characters or warmth of feelings. There are some clever and even attractive moments, and the piece can be entertaining still in a good production; but it no longer has the old G & S verve and wit. Sullivan apparently realized it was another ugly duckling, for, after taking first night bows (March 7, 1896), Sullivan fled to Monte Carlo, disavowing responsibility in comments to a friend. With quickly diminishing public response, The Grand Duke was closed down by Carte after 123 performances. Ready for the setback, he put The Mikado back on the boards. When it passed the landmark of its 1,000th cumulative performance, a celebration was deferred because Gilbert and Sullivan were each off on foreign travels. (In the course of his, Sullivan is supposed to have made an unsuccessful proposal of marriage to a young lady of his circle, one Violet Beddington.) So it was only on October 31, 1896, on the occasion of the 1,037th performance, that a lavishly gala event was held. A large souvenir book was given everyone in the audience. Bond and Brandram yet remained of the original cast, with Florence Perry and Passmore demonstrating the talents of the newer Savoyard generation. Sullivan himself conducted. Though DOyly Carte himself was prevented from attending by ill health, at the end Gilbert and Sullivan took curtain calls. Whether or not anyone there fully understood it, this was the partners last hurrah. Neither of the two had any immediate interest in any kind of renewed collaboration. Sullivan was, in fact, caught up in preparations for the celebration of the Queens Diamond Jubilee. One contribution commissioned logically from him, in view of his long experience with the idiom, was a hymn (O King of Kings, whose reign of old) that would be sung in every church of the British Empire that June. As a more substantial contribution, however, he was to write a score for a patriotic and celebratory ballet, called Victoria and Merrie England. (As part of this, Sullivan recycled some music from his early ballet of 1864, Lîle enchantée.) This new work was first danced on May 25, 1897, before a royalty-studded audience, Sullivan conducting and receiving renewed acclaim from the audience and the royal family. In the spirit of the day, the ballet then enjoyed a six-month performance run. By this time, in need of renewed success at the Savoy, Carte revived The Yeomen of the Guard, which opened on May 5, Sullivan conducting.. The two collaborators were much involved, nurturing a cast that included Brandram and Temple from the original cast, and, among the newcomers, Henry Lytton (Shadbolt), who had previously sung in the touring companies and was now to begin a distinguished career as a London Savoyard. When Jubilee duties were ended, and after a royal reception at Windsor in July, Sullivan went off the next month to attend the Bayreuth Festival, where he registered mixed but extensively negative reactions to a heavy diet of Wagner. Gilbert indicated willingness to attempt a new operetta with Sullivan, but met with discouragement. Shifting to a new play, The Fortune Hunter, Gilbert was blocked from a London production and had it mounted instead in Birmingham that September. When the Cartes made their next return to the G & S storehouse, with a revival of The Gondoliers, Sullivan was abroad and Gilbert declined to take a bow alone, without his partner, on the opening night (March 22, 1898). But Sullivan himself was caught up now in his next stage work-so busily that he eventually had to decline Rudyard Kiplings invitation to do a musical setting of his new poem, Recessional. Contracted by Carte as the next Savoy production, but without Sullivan, the new piece was The Beauty Stone, done in collaboration with J. Comyns Carr and the distinguished Victorian dramatist Arthur Wing Pinero. Described as a romantic musical drama, it was a sprawling affair with a huge cast, on a plot full of magic spells and chivalric heroism. Totally un-Gilbertian in its absence of humor or satire, it drew only mediocre and inconsistent music from Sullivan, who found the two librettists far more difficult to work with artistically than Gilbert. First performed on May 28, 1898, with a cast including valued Savoy veterans (Brandram, Passmore, Lytton), it was received poorly and seemed a sign of Sullivans decline as Englands great musical hope. The Cartes replaced the unfortunate flop with more G & S revivals: first The Gondoliers (July), then a double-bill of Trial by Jury and The Sorcerer (September), all supervised by Gilbert. Sullivan was still keen to do more stage work, but as he went through some negotiations for possible collaborators he made it plain that Gilbert would not be one of them. This became clear to Gilbert, who imagined other slights. Thus, when there was a celebration at the Savoy of the twenty-first anniversary of The Sorcerers debut (on November 17), with Sullivan conducting, their joint curtain calls were made stiffly, the two not speaking to each other. It was to be not only their last public appearance together, but their last meeting. In September 1898, meanwhile, Sullivan fulfilled his conducting work at the Leeds Festival for what would be the last time. Always encouraging to younger composers and musicians, Sullivan was to distinguish his final season by including in the program, and conducting, the first performance of another Jubilee spinoff, the patriotic-dramatic cantata Caractacus, an early work of the young Edward Elgar (1857-1934), the composer who was to succeed and overshadow Sullivan as the great hope of English serious music. When the festival concluded, Sullivan was saluted with outpourings of affection from the Festival performers. The official end of his conducting appointment came, however, in late December, amid painful and unedifying tensions with a hostile Festival Committee, which prompted his resignation-at a time when his health would have made it difficult for him to continue anyway. The Cartes had been suffering financial losses and transferred their Savoy Theatre to a publicly subscribed company named the Savoy Theatre and Operas, Ltd.-the two Cartes among its directors. Anxious to renew their fortunes, they no longer looked to Gilbert for librettos, but hoped to tie Sullivan as a house composer. The latter resisted being shackled, and, amid some tensions between the two sides, agreed to compose a new stage piece under flexible terms and, only if that were successful, something more beyond. He professed himself weary of writing comic operas, but was willing to go forward with a new collaborator to whom he had already committed himself. This was the recently retired army officer and emerging playwright Basil Hood (1864-1917), who had been sketching an exotic piece at first called Hassan but eventually re-titled The Rose of Persia, or The Story-Teller and the Slave. Despite distractions-participation (with Fanny Ronalds) in charitable events and activities related to the Boer War-Sullivan finished the score and plunged into rehearsals. The cast was another honor-role of Savoy veterans, including Bond, Brandram, Passmore, and Lytton; Sullivan himself conducted. He and the Cartes had hoped that Gilbert would attend, but the latter continued to cultivate grievances and went only to a later performance. With Basil Hood, it seemed as if Sullivan had at last found a new collaborator who could match Gilbert in carrying on the Savoy opera tradition. Despite the artificiality of plot and setting, Hood managed to create both situations and verbal play that echoed (perhaps at times explicitly imitated) and came close to equaling Gilberts verbal cleverness. Sullivan found the libretto a comfortable challenge, and responded with tuneful pseudo-orientalisms and well-crafted music close to his earlier standards. Recognizing that he had something good now, Sullivan set to work with Hood on ideas for a new stage work, to be called The Emerald Isle, or The Caves of Carrig-Cleena, a romantic piece set in Ireland. As the libretto took shape, Sullivan worked on the score through 1900. Along the way, he was commissioned to compose a grandiose setting of the Anglican Te Deum, intended to celebrate expected victory in the Boer War. He managed to finish the latter in good order. It was to be his last completed major work, and he was never to hear it; the planned operetta with Hood was left to be finished by other hands. Illness and hardship were piling up on the composer. (Plagued by his kidney problems, he was recurrently in great pain and in his later stages had recourse to morphine to relieve it.) In May 1900 he was crushed by news of the death of his old friend, Sir George Grove, just at the time of his annual remembrance of his beloved brothers death. At the end of July, two more old friends died-one of them the former Duke of Edinburgh-adding to his gloominess. In between, in June, he went to Berlin to conduct a command performance of The Mikado, and in the course of the visit he had a cordial interview with the Kaiser: the press reports of his indiscreet remarks causing much embarrassment. Gilbert, too, was experiencing a phase of ill health (especially his growingly severe gout), even as he was rehearsing the revivals of two of his plays. Nevertheless, he had responded to Helen Cartes recurrent calls to preside over revivals of his operettas. In June 1899, as filler before The Rose of Persia went on, he supervised Pinafore. Veterans Brandram, Passmore, and Temple graced the cast; but rehearsals were poisoned by irritations with the meddlesome subordinate, Richard Barker. Following the run of The Rose, Gilbert directed the revival of The Pirates of Penzance. Gilbert had wanted Sullivan to take a joint curtain call with him on its opening night (June 30, 1900); but the composer felt he had been snubbed by Gilbert at the Sorcerer curtain call the previous September, and had then been cut dead in the street by Gilbert thereafter. Then, since the new Hood-Sullivan operetta would not be ready on time, Helen Carte had Gilbert direct a revival of Patience. Looking ahead to its opening night, she proposed that Gilbert, Sullivan, and her husband take a curtain call together for old times sake. Gilbert readily agreed, and by mail Sullivan was likewise agreeable. Since all three were ill, it was suggested that they be wheeled out in bath-chairs. Sullivan thought this would be amusing, but a chill he had caught had led to bronchitis with deepening complications, so he had to beg off. When the revival opened, Gilbert and Carte (leaning on canes rather than in vehicles) took bows without him. Sullivan was trying to work on, as his health worsened after he returned to London from Tunbridge Wells. Himself in enfeebled condition and about to leave on renewed travel, Gilbert was unable to visit him, but wrote a cordial message, not realizing how grave the situation had become. Sullivans condition suddenly deteriorated and he expired of heart failure early on the morning of November 22, 1900. He was fifty-eight years old. Preparations were made for his burial, according to his instructions, in a family grave plot, but these were pre-empted by the flood of national reaction, in public obsequies on November 27. The Queen ordered a funeral service for him at the Chapel Royal of Londons St. Jamess Palace (where Sullivan had served as a choirboy), and then a fuller service was held in St. Pauls Cathedral, following which the composer was buried in that churchs grand crypt. Sullivans death was no longer the blow to English music that it might once have been expected to be. But it was devastating for those who had been close to him. Gilbert deeply regretted that, because of his travels, he had not been able to attend the memorials. His own health was not good, and his absence in Egypt caused him to miss another sad landmark. On April 3, 1901, Richard DOyly Carte died, at age fifty-six, at the end of prolonged illness. As an even more potent symbol of a passing era, Queen Victoria herself had died on the previous January 22. Helen Carte now assumed responsibility for carrying on the Savoy traditions. Her husband had already arranged that Edward German should complete The Emerald Isle, the operetta that Sullivan had left unfinished. He had written seventeen out of the twenty-eight musical numbers: German composed the remaining ones and carried out the orchestration. Its premiere on April 27, 1901, had such Savoy veterans as Brandram, Lytton, and Passmore in the cast, with François Cellier conducting. An engaging if somewhat easily dated work, it has some fine touches in Sullivans sections, but it inevitably suffers from its divided authorship. Nevertheless, like its predecessor, it was cordially received and ran for 205 performance, then being put on tour. Amid commemorative and retrospective concerts of Sullivans music all this time, one last premiere remained: his grandiose if windy Te Deum. It was finally performed, some nineteen months after his death, in St. Pauls Cathedral itself, its sounds rolling over the composers grave in the crypt below. Helen Carte realized that the Savoy could only survive securely by tapping the G & S repertoire now irrevocably completed. Gilbert was therefore brought in to prepare the revival of Iolanthe, the latest in what would turn into a series of rethinking the operettas staging for the Savoy. But in the spring of 1903 the old performing team had to be dissolved, and the Savoy Theatre & Operas Ltd. trimmed down its scope, requiring Gilbert to renegotiate his profitable leasing of performing rights to the operettas. Helen Carte (who had now remarried as Mrs. Stanley Boulter) continued to manage the Savoy Theatre itself as well as the enduring Repertory Company touring troupe. Gilbert devoted his attention to other tasks. He even did a little acting in some of his revivals. He participated in the creation of a statue of Sullivan erected as a memorial in the Thames Embankment Gardens just below the Savoy, selecting its inscription, an apt quotation from Yeomen. And he returned to writing plays with The Fairys Dilemma, billed as a domestic pantomime. It opened in May 1904 and closed in July under heavy criticism as old-fashioned. Gilbert was enjoying life as the country squire (though troubled by an arthritic leg), but revivals of several of his plays stimulated thoughts of his own return to the London scene, and some new attempts at writing. In mid-1905 he proposed to Helen Carte that he reclaim his performing rights and assume the management of a London theater so as to stage a series of operetta revivals, but this was rejected. In May 1906 he relished appearing on stage himself, in the non-singing (and often unidentified) role of the Court Associate in a benefit performance of Trial by Jury at the Drury Lane Theatre: the remarkable cast including such regulars as Pounds and Barrington, with Brandram in the chorus, and a distinguished jury that included the likes of Francis Burnand and Arthur Conan Doyle. At the end of 1906 Helen Carte proposed a revival of Yeomen of the Guard with Gilbert directing. The production came off in late December, provoking a strong revival of public interest in the G & S operettas when they had seemed to be in eclipse. But there was endless haggling over the casting, which greatly dissatisfied Gilbert (not without some reason) and resulted in renewed tensions between him and Helen. Nevertheless they tensely agreed to the next revival, of The Gondoliers, the next month. Disputes over casting and rehearsal schedules brought more bitter exchanges, as Gilbert fought for what he understood as the integrity of his work, and for the retention of as many as possible of the old Savoyard singers. (Gilbert became convinced, too, that Helens new husband was meddling in the decision-making, to ill effect.) Her intention next to put on The Mikado was thwarted by the Lord Chamberlains concern that it would offend a visiting Japanese prince. Instead, Patience was mounted in April 1907, followed by Iolanthe again in June. An honor long-deferred finally caught up with Gilbert that summer. Sullivans old friend, the Prince of Wales, was now King Edward VII and, appropriate to the revival of public attention to the G & S operettas, he awarded Gilbert a knighthood. This was conferred on July 15, 1907, and Gilbert enjoyed a flood of congratulation and admiration. He returned to action when Helen Carte was finally able to remount The Mikado after all, in April 1908. To his delight, he was able to sign on three old Savoy veterans, Workman, Lytton, and Barrington. This time disagreements and squabbles arose over Gilberts insistence of expunging from this work, and from others, the interpolations and ad-libs that performers had been introducing over the past years-though a few of them he decided to allow after all. The same three veterans were employed in the next revival, of HMS Pinafore in July. Gilbert was, however, little involved (and contented with that) in revivals of Iolanthe (October) and The Pirates of Penzance (November), with thoroughly able casts Gilbert could now trust. For some time, Gilbert had been working on a libretto for an operetta based on a play he had produced back in 1873. He first retained the original title of The Wicked World, and in 1905 he had sent a copy of the scenario to the French composer André Messager; but the latter was uninterested. He reworked the piece, eventually making the original title a subtitle and replacing it with Fallen Fairies. An attempt to have Edward Elgar take up the musical assignment was unsuccessful, but he was finally able to win the agreement of Edward German (who by now had done two operettas with Basil Hood, among others). They entered formal discussion of the project in January 1909, while Gilbert was deeply involved in the revival of The Gondoliers. There was some consideration of turning to Ruddigore, but this was put off vaguely for the future because of production difficulties and expense. Helen Carte projected, as a final revival in this series, The Yeomen of the Guard; her assumption that Gilbert need not supervise this one directly was firmly argued down by him. It opened that March, with a cast including the hoary veterans Temple and Barrington, and also the rising newcomer Leo Sheffield. This was to be the last one of the revivals that Gilbert directed. Weighed down by ill health, Helen Carte decided to give up managing the Savoy Theatre while retaining the touring company. In negotiating new performing rights with her, Gilbert was able to arrange a deal that would allow him to organize a company at the Savoy to produce his new operetta with German, and another beyond he was thinking about, plus revivals of both G & S operettas and ones for which Gilbert had had other collaborators. This settled, and while Gilbert was playing with a new toy, his latest automobile (a Rolls-Royce), preparation advanced with Fallen Fairies, which opened at the Savoy on December 16, 1909. The work was not very well received, and there were quarrels over the inadequacy of the soprano lead, Nancy McIntosh, the American singer whom Gilbert had adopted as the chief of his protégées and long had tried to force into his productions. Partly due to her problems, the production foundered and when the run collapsed after less than seven weeks the auspices for the other productions and revivals went with it. Returned to Grims Dyke, Gilbert made a small stab at beginning his memoirs and then abandoned the idea. About this time, the Gilbert household was invaded by a burglar who was captured, trussed up, and grilled by Sir William about the arts of burglary, only later to be conveyed, exhausted, to the police station in the masters Cadillac. Gilberts primary activity in 1910 was another extended cruise, this one going as far as Constantinople. On one of his recurrent visits to the Bow Street Magistrates Court the former barrister became fascinated by the case and person of a criminal condemned to death. This experience, furthered by visits to prison cells and personnel led him to write a one-act play called The Hooligan, about the final hours of a condemned man who ends up dying of heart failure. For the ex-barrister this was an understandable exercise, but for the master of satiric wit and topsy-turvy burlesque it was an astonishing revelation-a grim piece of moralizing realism that makes one wonder about serious instincts in himself that Gilbert had suppressed or avoided. The success of this curious miniature after its introduction in February 1911 provoked Gilbert to write another short play, Trying a Dramatist, intended for students. He also thought he might have an opportunity, with the impresario Henry Mapleson, to revive Ruddigore after all, but nothing came of that. Through the spring Gilbert busied himself enjoying the pleasures of his country world of Grims Dyke. One of these was an artificial lake he had had created on his estate. An avid swimmer, he delighted in plunging into it, even in extreme conditions, and he had been warned about going in when the water was too cold. On May 29, 1911, after making some rounds and taking lunch at a local club, he returned to Grims Dyke where he had agreed to give a swimming lesson to one of his young-lady guests. She foundered in the water and Gilbert jumped in to rescue her, but in the process of bringing her out he had a heart attack. He was pulled ashore but all efforts to revive him had failed. The last member of the great triumvirate was dead at seventy-four. At the inquest, the coroner delivered his epitaph: ...Sir William died in endeavouring to save a young lady in distress. It was a very honourable end to a great and distinguished career. As a final irony, his wish to be buried in a local church cemetery could be allowed only when his body was cremated so that his interment would not take up undue parish space. Just as Sullivans death was followed shortly by that of his sov-ereign, Queen Victoria, with almost equal symbolism, Gilberts death was preceded by that of her successor, Edward VII in the spring of 1910. And, following Gilbert, others of the G & S era soon passed from the scene. To be sure, his beloved Kitty, Lady Gilbert, lived on at Grims Dyke until her death on December 12, 1936, at age eighty-nine. But, among the pioneer Savoyards, Rosina Brandram had died in February 1907, while George Gros-smith died in March 1912. Helen Lenoir Carte Boulter died on May 5, 1913, at age sixty-one. François Cellier died on January 5, 1914, at age sixty-four. Fanny Ronalds died on July 28, 1916, age seventy-six. World War I, which was to shatter the world the collaborators had known, was already under way by then. By her will, Helen Carte bequeathed her interests in the Savoy Theatre and in the Savoy Hotel, as well as the touring company, to her stepson, Rupert DOyly Carte (1876-1948). He ran the company in tours and revived a London company in 1915. Holding the copyrights to the G & S operettas, the DOyly Carte Opera Company became both the beneficiary and the citadel of their continuing popularity, which Ruperts devoted efforts-regular seasons, tours, recordings-helped foster. In 1929 the company renewed its identification with the Savoy Theatre, by then rebuilt. On Ruperts death, his daughter, Bridget DOyly Carte continued to manage the company, beyond the economically damaging expiration of its exclusive copyright controls in 1961, until its dissolution in 1982, after government subsidies failed. Bridget died in 1985. Thanks in part to her bequests, a reconstituted company was put into operation (1988), which has struggled on since. It was able to return to the Savoy in 1989, but the following year that theater was devastated by fire. It has since been restored handsomely, and is now in general use. Grims Dyke is now an elegant hotel. Working Ingredients: It is absolutely essential to the success of this piece that it should be played with the most perfect earnestness and gravity throughout. There should be no exaggeration in costume, makeup, or demeanour; and the characters, one and all, should appear to believe, throughout, in the perfect sincerity of their words and actions. Directly the actors show that they are conscious of the absurdity of their utterances the piece begins to drag. ---William S. Gilbert, Authors Note to his play Engaged It is a familiar truism that William S. Gilbert and Arthur S. Sullivan were very different people, in many ways personally incompatible. For all their exchanged expressions of friendship and esteem, they never came to address themselves by their first names, but always by the typically British curtness of Sullivan and Gilbert. (They were hardly more close in dealing with the Cartes, as well.) For one thing, the two belonged to different social circles. Though Sullivan had come up from a much lower background than had Gilbert, Sullivan had become a darling of high society with close connections all the way to the court, and he acquired early a taste for high living and lavish spending (notably often disastrous gambling). Gilberts theatrical world was by no means held in the same social esteem, though his rise to wealth through his work gave him a very substantial economic status. His way of life was, nevertheless, distinctly haute bourgeois, and his domestic life was exemplary, in a devoted marriage despite lack of children-a sharp contrast with Sullivans reckless sexual appetite and hedonistic promiscuity. Above all, there were stark differences in temperament and personality. Both were sensitive men, to be sure, but in different ways. Sullivan was a man of close personal relationships and great social refinement. Gilbert-perhaps the more to compensate for a deep strain of insecurity-could be prickly, brusque, and bellicose, holding grudges over supposed slights, dogged and even brutal in defense of what he considered his rights and interests (and regularly ready to go to court over them), and prone to volcanic verbal eruptions, though in his personal relationships actually a gentle and deeply caring person in his own ways. For all that, it would be a mistake to think of them as aloof or remote from each other. They did socialize to some extent, regu-larly exchanging dinner parties (with Fanny Ronalds as Sullivans accepted counterpart to Kitty Gilbert). Above all, they had deep respect for each other as professionals in their spheres. To be sure, they had their irritations with each other, and Sullivan could at times be driven to distraction by Gilberts overbearing manners. It must be remembered, too, that at the time Sullivan was seen as the more prestigious of the two collaborators, and it is only in our time that, with Sullivans wider musical reputation at a low ebb, it would seem that Gilberts enduring verbal artistry has made him seem the dominant figure, with Sullivans music as simple decoration. But, between themselves, they recognized each other as equals, and as true partners in the actual work of creating their operettas. Sullivan might not have admitted it, but at least Gilbert was probably aware that they brought out the best in each other. Certainly they complemented each other: If at moments Gilberts verses were too fussy or astringent, Sullivan could make them more warm and human; while Gilberts wit could carry music that reflects Sullivans propensity for the sentimental, unctuous, or academic. The unique perfection of their collaboration is certainly suggested by the fact that, for all DOyly Cartes hopes for creating a broad literature of English light opera, among all the Savoy operas he generated, by various collaborators (Gilbert without Sullivan, Sullivan without Gilbert, others with others), only the G & S ones were works of enduring success and vitality. Their secret was partly the consistent give-and-take of their normal working methods. As an idea for an operetta was agreed upon, Gilbert would prepare a detailed scenario for Sullivans approval. That secured, the two would work out the sequence and contents of the musical numbers to be included. Gilbert would prepare the lyrics for these numbers, and as Sullivan required adjustments or as musical considerations prompted, Gilbert would make necessary revisions. While Sullivan was composing the music, Gilbert would then write the dialogue that surrounded the numbers. Revisions would be made-changes in text, cuts, shufflings of material-on through the rehearsal period and even after the opening night, into the production run. Meanwhile, the text planned for the opening night would have to be submitted in advance to the Lord Chamberlain for review before performance license would be granted. (Those texts often differ in details from what was eventually settled as the definitive versions, eventually with retrospective review in later years by Gilbert.) As seen, many of the plots grew out of ideas Gilbert had first tried in one or more of his Bab Ballads, or sometimes from stories or plays of his. It was through one of the latter, a parody of Tennyson, that evolved the only one of the operettas to be based on an independent literary work. Gilberts ideas and plots reflected a lot of what was fashionable in Victorian theater. The element of absurdity has long been present in British humor: one has only to think of The Goon Show, Beyond the Fringe, and Monty Python in our time. Absurdity was a point in its own right for Gilbert, but his ability to clothe it in satiric wit and clever verbiage elevated it beyond the merely zany and made it delightfully welcome. Stereotypes were an inevitable component of comedy, and G & S is rich in them. They can be too simplistically registered for burlesquing, as in Anna Russells monologue, How to Write Your Own Gilbert and Sullivan Opera (which, when you look closely, is really little more than a parody of HMS Pinafore). After The Sorcerer, Sullivan resisted Gilberts infatuation with magical gimmicks that motivated the plot outside of human behavior; but he was content with recurrent use of such hoary devices as identity confusions and mixed-up babies. Of course, it might be remembered that Gilbert was often ready to parody plot devices already common in theater of the day, especially in opera, and these touches would have had for their audiences a humorous effect that is somewhat diluted now. Certainly the sets of characters that the collaborators cultivated regularly contained stock types that are readily recognizable. The Mikado in particular offers a typical roster of them, and it is worth reviewing the patterns they represent through the G & S canon. A starting point is a romantic couple of some kind or another, but almost invariably a soprano and tenor (what else?); though in The Gondoliers there are two pairs of them (conveniently, a soprano-mezzo-tenor-baritone quartet). They may be in love from the start or fall in love along the way. The latter is the case with Yum-Yum, who is fairly typical also of the artlessly docile beloved. (Many of these were the roles that Leonora Braham created.) Docility can extend to fickleness (as with Patience, who shifts between Bunthorne and Grosvenor; or Rose Maybud in Ruddigore); though Elsie Maynard in Yeomen of the Guard starts out paired with the patter-comedian but ends up with the tenor hero. There are even cases of sopranos less then bubble-headed and having some personality (Princess Ida) and even showing some spunk (Josephine in Pinafore, or Mabel in The Pirates of Penzance). Even Yum-Yum has some moments of initiative. (Though Elsie Griffin set a certain standard in the Braham roles for some years, the DOyly Carte casts have not been strong on vocally satisfying lead sopranos.) The tenor leads, in the manner of their tribe, are not likely to be very bright either-though it might be said that Colonel Fairfax in Yeoman has a certain strength to him, and takes the soprano away from the hapless comedian. But there is at least one case of the reverse (Richard Dauntless in Ruddigore): the tenor is a romantic suitor, but loses out to the patter/comedian. And in Grosvenor (Patience) we have the tenor as an effective caricature (of Swinburne). The leading company tenors over the decades have been Derek Oldham, Leonard Osborn, and Thomas Round Among lesser female characters (friends, confidantes, etc.) there are often mezzo roles that step beyond incidental importance and become serious personalities, whether silly or reasonably sympathetic. These were the roles that Jessie Bond created, moving from the modest Edith in Pirates and Lady Angela in Patience to such levels as Melissa in Princess Ida and Pitti-Sing in Mikado; though her finest opportunities came as three suffering ladies, Iolanthe herself, Mad Margaret in Ruddigore, and Phoebe in Yeomen, while in Gondoliers she became Tessa, one of the two female romantic leads. Sadly, the DOyly Carte Company has had in its rosters over the years few exponents of these roles who stood out as Bond did. But the juiciest female character-type in G & S is surely the love-starved contralto. Katisha is only the supreme example of the type, which is present in virtually every operetta: Lady Sangazure (Sorcerer), Little Buttercup (Pinafore), Ruth (Pirates), Lady Jane (Patience), the Fairy Queen (Iolanthe), Dame Carruthers (Yeomen), Lady Sophy (Utopia Limited), and the Baroness von Krakenfeldt (The Grand Duke). It might be said that Ruddigore has two of them, if you include Mad Margaret, but Dame Hannah is the proper example there. Variants display the hunger for power, not love (Lady Blanche in Ida), or a frank glorying in power (the Duchess of Plaza-Toro in Gondoliers). In many cases the contralto gets the patter/comedian at the end, as with Katisha and Ko-Ko, though sometimes she gets a baritone (Buttercup, Carruthers; and, by implication, Ruth) or a bass (Ruddigore). Though sometimes grotesque (with their ageing cruelly emphasized), these characters could often reveal a tenderly vulnerable side that can make them unexpectedly sympathetic: Katishas extremes are the perfect case in point. Three of these roles (Ruth, Lady Jane, Fairy Queen) were memorably created by Alice Barnett, but the rest were first sung by Rosina Brandram, the loyal and dependable Savoyard who became fully identified with the type. In subsequent years, the leading exponents of that type for the company were Bertha Lewis, and Ann Drummond-Grant, plus, on a less exalted level, Ella Halman. Among the male characters, surely the most typical G & S type is the one described by Anna Russell as the funny little man who sings the patter-songs, and normally in baritone range. The type was first intended for the composers brother, Fred Sullivan, who was the Learned Judge in Trial by Jury. But thereafter this kind of role was virtually built around the professional comedian and singer George Grossmith, who created, with the exception of two (Major-General Stanley in Pirates, the Duke of Plaza-Toro in Gondoliers), all the others (John Wellington Wells in Sorcerer; Sir Joseph Porter in Pinafore; Bunthorne in Patience; the Lord Chancellor in Iolanthe; King Gama in Ida; Ko-Ko in Mikado; Sir Ruthven Murgatroyd in Ruddigore; Jack Point in Yeomen). Almost invariably, this character-type is the particular focus of the operettas humor and absurdity; though there might be an intent to caricature an actual personality, as with Sir Joseph in Pinafore, certainly Bunthorne in Patience (as a spoof of Wilde), and even (as a self-caricature of Gilbert) King Gama in Ida; or, with Oak-apple/Ruthven Murgatroyd in Ruddigore, the modified type is a frustrated romantic who actually wins the girl at the end. And, in a late case (Jack Point in Yeomen), this character is a hapless looser who expires at the final curtain in a kind of tragicomic touch. Of course, this character is not always the only one who sings patter, but it is his particular characteristic. After Grossmith, these roles became identified in DOyly Carte assignments successively with Henry Lytton, Martyn Green, Peter Pratt, and John Reed; George Baker became famous for them in recordings but never sang with the DOyly Carte Company itself. Note, how-ever, that this character type seems to disappear in the last two operettas, or is dissolved into more diverse types in their casts. Lower-voice males vary in character qualities. Baritones are often mildly comic figures in their own right (Dr. Daly and Sir Marmaduke Poindextre in Sorcerer; Captain Corcoran in Pinafore; the Police Sergeant in Pirates; Colonel Calverley in Patience; Earl Mountararat and Private Willis in Iolanthe; King Hildebrand in Ida; Sir Despard Murgatroyd in Ruddigore; Sergeant Meryll in Yeomen). But they can assume a truly commanding status in the extravagantly pompous Pooh-Bah, even melting into the ardent Giuseppe into the quartet of lovers, then as King Paramount in Utopia and as Ludwig in The Grand Duke, effectively replacing the patter-comedian as the dominant figure; though Tarara (Utopia) and Grand Duke Rudolph, both created by Walter Passmore also should be noted. (Strephon in Iolanthe might fall into this category, since he was first sung by Temple, though he is actually a light-baritone romantic lead.) Almost all of these roles were created either by Richard Temple or Rutland Barrington-the two singers longest identified with the work of Gilbert and Sullivan. Their roles were passed on to such stalwart Savoyards as Leo Sheffield, Sydney Granville, Richard Watson, Leslie Rands, Alan Styler, and Kenneth Sandford. Sometimes overlapping the preceding vocal category was that of bass or bass-baritone, sometimes reserved for particularly bi-zarre (or bizarrely authoritarian) types (Dick Deadeye in Pinafore; the Pirate King in Pirates; the Mikado; Sir Roderic Murgatroyd in Ruddigore; Wilfred Shadbolt in Yeomen; the Grand Inquisitor, Don Alhambra del Bolero, in Gondoliers). Most of these parts were originated by Richard Temple. His most important heirs in the company have been Darrell Fancourt and Donald Adams. It is easy, of course, to exaggerate the prominence of stock characters and stereotypes in G & S. Such are features of a great deal of theatrical literature, going back to the Roman comedy (and its predecessor, Greek New Comedy), which influence the shaping of comic theater from the Renaissance to our times (and not excluding TV sitcoms). In their G & S manifestations, these characteristics are given life through Gilberts verbal wit, plus added assistance from Sullivans musical emphases. The key to performing G & S is revealed in the quotation from Gilbert given at the head of this section. What is interesting is that this was delivered in relation to one of Gilberts plays rather than to any of the operettas-which only demonstrates that those operettas were stylistically of a piece with the broader context of Victorian stage farce, burlesque, and satire. The essence of all such comedy is that the characters on stage must be seen always to take what is going on with full seriousness. That the G & S operettas are virtually the only survivors of that idiom speaks to the quality of the collaboration, creating works both of a time and timeless. Part of their success resulted from the traditions of performance established by Gilbert himself, not only as writer, but as stage director. Gilbert was notorious as a martinet in dealing with his cast, and his insistence upon having his way could even lead to physical violence early in his career. But if Gilbert was used to driving his players hard, he got to know them well-especially as the Savoy troupe developed-allowing him to utilize their talents skillfully while being their advocate in tensions with the management. Gilbert was, too, a pioneer in the practice of constructing miniature models of his sets before each production, so that he could master every detail of movement and stage effect. His last stage manager, J. M. Gordon, was no less a despot than Gilbert himself, and supervised the DOyly Carte operetta productions for decades, insisting that not the slightest detail of Gilberts stagings be changed. Nevertheless, the success of the operettas for over a century of DOyly Carte Opera Company productions was based on more than slavish imitation; it was also a matter of stylistic spirit, and it was this legacy that was Gilberts final gift. Insufficiently appreciated nowadays is Sullivans musical contribution to the operettas success. He, too, settled into stereotypes, but he handled them as brilliantly as Gilbert did his. He was by instinct a fine melodist, and this shows in all his compositions. He had a strong feeling for dance rhythms and characteristics, and that shows in separate orchestral segments as well as in vocal numbers. But his melodic writing for the operettas found him at his best, above all, for the simple reason that he had the exceptional words of Gilbert to set. It was Sullivans practice, as he addressed one of Gilberts lyrics, to speak the lines over and over again to himself, getting their rhythms set in his mind with all their shapes and potential inflections, and out of that exercise to develop the melodies to go with them. Nor did he hesitate to go back to Gilbert and ask for modifications in the words when they required improved inspiration. As a result, Sullivan could invariably cloak Gilberts words in just the right musical dress. The overall layout of the G & S operettas naturally followed a kind of generic pattern-one that can be traced back to the German Singspiel (or play with musical numbers) and that still survives in most Broadway musicals. A framing is provided by an overture (normally just a medley of the shows best tunes), at one end, and, at the end of each act, providing dramatic climax, is a finale, often with several subdivisions, and sometimes of near operatic substance. Within such framing came the individual numbers, interspersed in the spoken (acted) dialogue. Gilberts verses dictated some aspects of musical forms, though the two worked out a great deal jointly. The solo numbers-especially those of romantic, reflective, or narrative function-are in the style of ballads, usually in two stanzas, and sometimes with a folk or music-hall tone. Taking cues from operatic models, often with direct parody in mind, ensembles could be more highly structured. Sullivans background in church music gave him the basis for using the chorus with sometimes remarkable power, as in Yeomen of the Guard. At least at one point, in Hail poetry! from The Pirates of Penzance, he has the chorus stop everything with a mo-ment of unaccompanied singing whose ecstatic beauty is meant to be funny at one level, but must be appreciated as undeniably powerful. And in Utopia Limited, he gives the chorus an a cap-pella section, Eagle high, that is a veritable Anglican anthem. Sullivans command of counterpoint allowed him a recurrent device of simultaneously musical and dramatic effect: individual soloists or choral groups would each deliver a distinct tune in turn, then put them all together in a wonderfully telling combination. A prime example of this is the trio, I am so proud in Mikado. Another familiar example is the scene in Act II of Pirates pitting the timid Policemen against Mabel and her girls; but there are splendid examples of this in many of the operettas, notably twice in Yeomen. A refinement of this technique is demonstrated in two instances of ensembles in which a basic melodic pattern is followed, out of which and then back into which individual singers step in turn. This kind of thing was first tried in the duet Welcome joy in Act I of The Sorcerer, but it reached its most marvelous perfection in the quartet In a contemplative fashion in Act II of The Gondoliers. (Benjamin Britten imitated this technique unashamedly in one ensemble in his Albert Herring.) The collaborators love for parody was regularly conveyed in Sullivans music, with Italian opera as a particular target, as noted. Also mentioned was Sullivans clever spoofing of Handels Baroque recitative style or florid display idiom. In Mikado, too, we note his subtle musical quotations, as from Bach. His sense of parody could be quite creative, as in the echo of Schubert in the ballad, Sighing softly to the river, in Act II of Pirates, directly imitating Schuberts partsongs for male voices. Indeed, Sullivan even quotes directly the theme of Schuberts song Der Wanderer in the choral entry of the family ghosts in Act II of Ruddigore. Also creative was Sullivans delight in pseudo-archaic touches, most notably the madrigals that he so frequently inserted into many of the operettas (with Gilberts collaboration). The ancestor is the glee-like partsong for the sailors, A British tar is a soaring soul in Act I of Pinafore. The prime example, Brightly dawns our wedding day in Mikado, has already been commented upon in the Glossary above. There is a veritably sublime one (Strange adventure) in Act II of Yeomen, a particularly grand one (involving chorus and orchestra as well as soloists) in Act II of Ruddigore (When the buds are blossoming). In this line also is the veritably Mozartean quintet, Try we lifelong in Act I of Gondoliers, while the same works Act II contains another quintet, I am a courtier grave and serious which is cast in one of Sullivans favorite old-fashioned dance idioms, the gavotte. Sullivans scores have often been criticized for their seemingly bland and banal orchestral scorings-prompting recurrent efforts at improvement, both within the DOyly Carte (e.g., Geoffrey Toyes 1920 overhauling of Ruddigore) and beyond (the hideous perversion of the instrumentation for Joseph Papps popular 1980 production of Pirates). But, in fairness, Sullivan was obliged to work with a fairly standard pit orchestra of his day, expanded very slightly along the way under his pressure. Within its confines, however, he managed to achieve quite a lot, with excellent use of individual instrumental solos or obbligatos, and sometimes with veritably Wagnerian power (for all his limits) in the ghostly music for Ruddigore, for examples. Indeed, close attention to Sullivans instrumentation throughout the operettas will often yield surprising points meriting admiration. One of Sullivans recourses to contemporaneous practice was with regard to the Overtures for his operettas (two of which, Trial and Utopia, have none). Just as with those heard in Broadway shows today, they were expected to be pleasing potpourris of main tunes in the work to follow. Following Rossinis waggish advice that the composer should write the overture only at the last minute, on the night before the opening, Sullivan usually did just that. There remains debate about some specifics, but it seems that he personally composed only some of them, usually identified as those for Patience, Iolanthe, Princess Ida, Yeomen, Gondoliers, and The Grand Duke. Certainly in other cases Sullivan deemed the task not worth his time (if he had any), and so he would sketch out to some extent the tunes to be used and leave it to one of the assistants with whom he regularly worked to assemble the final confection and orchestrate it. Thus, the Overtures to Pinafore and Pirates are credited to Alfred Cellier, and Hamilton Clarke apparently prepared that for Mikado; while that for Sorcerer is ascribed to either (or both) of these two men. With some help from assistants and copyists, however, the scoring for the actual numbers of each operetta was done by Sullivan himself. When all analyses and expositions are over, however, it is the results that matter. That the G & S operettas can go on delighting their audiences , for more than a century, is proof of the genius of their creators, two collaborators who were as perfectly matched as any combination in all of music. At the moment, we worry about the fashion changes in taste. It was not so long ago, when this writer was young, that performances-professional or amateur-of these operettas (above all, of the big three: Pinafore, Pirates, Mikado) were everywhere, in commercial theaters, in amateur playhouses, in church basements, in school auditoriums. Nowadays, the blitz of mass culture and the breakdowns in cultural education have given us a generation or two of audiences who either have never had any encounter with Gilbert and Sullivan, and are terrified at the thought of anything old or the least bit operatic. All it takes, of course, is an honest production, and a G & S operetta will win over its house. It would be a tragedy if we were to let go of these priceless treasures of English-language lyric theater. To do so would be to lose a part of our humanity itself. John W. Barker	i don't know
"Which poem by Rupert Brooke begins with the line ""If I should die, think only this of me ...""?"	The Soldier - Poems \| Academy of American Poets Academy of American Poets The Academy of American Poets is the largest membership-based nonprofit organization fostering an appreciation for contemporary poetry and supporting American poets. For over three generations, the Academy has connected millions of people to great poetry through programs such as National Poetry Month, the largest literary celebration in the world; Poets.org, the Academy’s popular website; American Poets, a biannual literary journal; and an annual series of poetry readings and special events. Since its founding, the Academy has awarded more money to poets than any other organization. browse poems & poets sign up to receive a new poem-a-day in your inbox sign up poem About this Poem Rupert Brooke is often considered a "Georgian" poet, referring to the 20th century British movement named in honor of King George V. A soldier during World War I, Brooke died of dysentery and blood poisoning aboard a troop ship. Winston Churchill used the occasion of Brooke's death, as well as his posthumous collection 1914 and Other Poems, to reinforce a recruitment drive. Rupert Brooke , 1887 - 1915 If I should die, think only this of me: That there's some corner of a foreign field That is for ever England. There shall be In that rich earth a richer dust concealed; A dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware, Gave, once, her flowers to love, her ways to roam, A body of England's, breathing English air, Washed by the rivers, blest by suns of home. And think, this heart, all evil shed away, A pulse in the eternal mind, no less Gives somewhere back the thoughts by England given; Her sights and sounds; dreams happy as her day; And laughter, learnt of friends; and gentleness, In hearts at peace, under an English heaven. This poem is in the public domain. This poem is in the public domain. Rupert Brooke English poet Rupert Brooke wrote in an anti-Victorian style, using rustic themes and subjects such as friendship and love, and his poems reflected the mood in England during the years leading up to World War I.	Compilation of Final Fantasy VII
Millefiori is a technique used to produce coulorful decorative patterns in which material?	Rupert Brooke - Rupert Brooke Poems - Poem Hunter Rupert Brooke - Rupert Brooke Poems - Poem Hunter Do you like this poet? Rupert Brooke Poems 1914 V: The Soldier If I should die, think only this of ... 1914 I: Peace Now, God be thanked Who has watched us with His... 1914 Iv: The Dead These hearts were woven of human joys and ... Beauty And Beauty When Beauty and Beauty meet All naked, ... All poems of Rupert Brooke » Search in the poems of Rupert Brooke: A man of great physical beauty by reputation, Rupert Brooke was born in Rugby, Warwickshire where he attended the local school. He then gained entry into King's College, Cambridge (1905-11) where he became a Fellow in 1912. He travelled extensively and wrote many travel letters for the 'Westminster Gazette', London (1912-13). At the start of the First World War in 1914, he was assigned to the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. He saw action at Antwerp which inspired the writing of five passionately patriotic sonnets, the last of them being The Soldier. He was at the height of his fame when he died during the war aged twenty-seven. He had been on his way to serve in the Dardanelles when he died ... more » Click here to add this poet to your My Favorite Poets.	i don't know
What is the name of the eastern part of the Sahara Desert, lying between the Nile and the Red Sea in north-eastern Sudan?	Nubian Desert \| Article about Nubian Desert by The Free Dictionary Nubian Desert \| Article about Nubian Desert by The Free Dictionary http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Nubian+Desert Also found in: Dictionary , Thesaurus , Wikipedia . Nubian Desert, eastern region of the Sahara Desert, c.157,000 sq mi (407,000 sq km), NE Republic of Sudan, NE Africa, between the Nile and the Red Sea. The arid region, largely a sandstone plateau, has numerous wadis flowing toward (but never reaching) the Nile, whose great bends are entrenched in the western part of the region. Nubian Desert a desert in Africa, lying chiefly in the Sudan between the Nile River and the Red Sea. The Etbai Range separates the desert from the Red Sea. The surface is a plateau descending in steps from east to west from 1,000 m to 350 m. On the plateau are inselbergs rising to 1,240 m in the west. The ancient rocks of the Nubian-Arabian Shield and Nubian sandstones are exposed in the east and covered by sand in the west. The plateau is dissected by a dense network of dry riverbeds. The annual precipitation is about 25 mm, and the sparse vegetation consists primarily of xerophytic grasses and prickly shrubs and semishrubs. There is livestock herding. A railroad and a highway cross the desert, connecting the cities of Wadi Haifa and Abu Hamed on the Nile River. Nubian Desert a desert in the NE Sudan, between the Nile valley and the Red Sea: mainly a sandstone plateau	Nubian Desert
Popular among East Europeans, which beetroot soup can be served either hot or cold?	Nubian Desert \| desert, Sudan \| Britannica.com Nubian Desert Namib Nubian Desert, Arabic As-ṣaḥrāʾ An-nūbīya, desert in northeastern Sudan . It is separated from the Libyan Desert by the Nile River valley to the west, while to the north is Egypt; eastward, the Red Sea; and southward, the Nile again. Unlike the Libyan Desert, the Nubian Desert is rocky and rugged, though there are some dunes, and toward the Red Sea the desert, rising in gentle slopes to the west, culminates in precipitous uplands of the Red Sea Hills (Jabal Erba 7,273 feet [2,217 m]) to the east. It is essentially a sandstone plateau interspersed with many wadis (seasonal rivers) that die out before reaching the Nile. The rainfall averages less than 5 inches (125 mm) a year. Learn More in these related articles: Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback. MEDIA FOR: You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email. Try again later. Edit Mode Submit Tips For Editing We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind. Encyclopædia Britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience. You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered. Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources. At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are the best.) Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. Unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions. Submit Thank You for Your Contribution! Our editors will review what you've submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we'll add it to the article. Please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed. Uh Oh There was a problem with your submission. Please try again later. Close Date Published: July 20, 1998 URL: https://www.britannica.com/place/Nubian-Desert Access Date: January 19, 2017 Share	i don't know
What is the alternative title of the WH Auden poem which begins 'Stop all the clocks ....'?	W. H. Auden: Poems “Funeral Blues (Stop All the Clocks)” Summary and Analysis \| GradeSaver Buy Study Guide The poet calls for the clocks to be stopped, the telephone to be cut off, and the dog and pianos silenced. The coffin will be brought out to the mourners with a muffled drum and under the moan of airplanes that spell out the message, “He Is Dead.” Doves are to be decked with bows around their necks, and the traffic policemen are to wear black cotton gloves. The poet thinks of the deceased as “my North, my South, my East and West,” his work and his rest, his noon and his midnight, his talk and his song. He incorrectly thought their love would last forever. The stars, moon, sun, ocean, and forests, the poet writes, should be sent away; they are no longer needed, and “nothing now can ever come to any good.” Analysis “Funeral Blues” has an interesting composition history. It originally appeared as a song in a play Auden cowrote with Christopher Isherwood called The Ascent of F6. In this form the last two stanzas were not included, and three others followed instead. The characters in the play were specifically invoked, and the play was an ironic statement on how “great men” are lionized after their deaths. The poem was then included in Auden’s poetry collection of 1936 (sometimes under the book title Look, Stranger!, which Auden hated). The poem was titled “Funeral Blues” by 1937, when it was published in Collected Poems. Here it had been rewritten as a cabaret song to fit with the kind of burlesque reviews popular in Berlin, and it was intended for Hedli Anderson in a piece by Benjamin Britten. It is also sometimes referred to as “Funeral Blues (Stop All the Clocks)” due to its famous first line. It is perhaps most famous for its delivery by a character in the English comedy/drama Four Weddings and a Funeral, in which a character mourns his dead lover. The poem in the format readers usually see it today is a dirge, or a lament for the dead. Its tone is much more somber than early iterations, and the themes more universal, although it speaks of an individual. It has four stanzas of four lines each with lines in varying numbers of syllables but containing about four beats each. Auden plays with the form a bit in the poem, and critics debate whether or not this was a manifestation of his tendency to do just that—whether he was simply playing around or intended a larger point. As with many of his poems, there is a mingling of the high and the low. This is in the style of a classical elegy, though it features informal language and objects of everyday life such as a telephone. This mingling, writes one scholar, “is a powerful modernist move, one which suggests that only by embracing the modern world can art come to terms with the complexities of human experience.” The poem appears from the perspective of a man (seemingly the poet himself) deeply mourning the loss of a lover who has died. He begins by calling for silence from the everyday objects of life—the telephone and the clocks—and the pianos, drums, and animals nearby. He doesn’t just want quiet, however; he wants his loss writ large. He wants the life of his lover—seemingly a normal, average man—to be proclaimed to the world as noble and valuable. He wants airplanes to write the message “He Is Dead” in the sky, crepe bows around doves, and traffic policemen wearing black gloves. What seems unbearable to him is the thought that this man’s passing from life to death will be unmarked by anyone other than the poet. In the third stanza the poet reminisces about how much the man who died meant to him. It is a beautifully evocative section that illustrates the bond between the two; note the theme of completeness in the language, which covers all four primary compass directions and all seven days of the week. Similarly, “noon” and “midnight” together cover, by synecdoche (parts standing for the whole), all hours of the day. The stanza, at the same time, reveals the tragedy of human life, which is that everyone must die and that almost everyone will experience being severed from a loved one; love does not, after all, last forever in this world. In the fourth stanza the poet’s anguish rings out even more fervently. Here he demands that Nature heed his grief, calling her to extinguish the stars and the moon and the sun and get rid of the ocean. He wants the world to reflect the emptiness within him. Human memorials to the dead will not be sufficient. There is no hope at the end of the poem; the reader is left with the very real and very bitter sense of the man’s grief, since no end can be achieved without the poet’s lover.	Funeral Blues
Brigadier Lethridge-Stewart belonged to which military organisation in the Dr Who series?	Funeral Blues – FREE Primary KS2 teaching resource - Scholastic To prepare poetry for performance; To group/classify words according to spelling patterns. Shared learning and teaching Before reading List different types/styles of poetry. Talk about preferences. Explain that the poem is an elegy – a song of lament, sorrow or mourning after death – written by the poet after the death of a person he had loved very much. Taking into consideration the sensitivities of the class, ask the children to think how a person might feel, or what they might do, if someone close to them died. Sharing the text Scan the text for clues that indicate it is a poem (layout: four-line verses, capital letters at the beginning of each line, poet’s name at the end). Read the poem to the class, encouraging them to follow the text. Responding Gather responses. Encourage the children to support their reactions with quotes from the text. How does the poet express his feelings? How does it make them feel? Highlight the strong rhythm and AA BB rhyme structure. Point out the repeated use of ‘My’ in verse 3. Point out the poetic techniques used: the figurative language to recreate visual images, including the metaphor of the deceased being points of a compass; the imagery; the use of synonyms for disposing of the stars, moon and sun, ocean and woods (‘pack up’, ‘dismantle’, ‘pour away’, ‘sweep up’). Look out for all the references to sound – eg, clocks, telephone, drum; moaning aeroplane. Discuss the despair the poet feels as expressed in the final line. Identify any elements that suggest this is not a contemporary poem (crêpe bows; traffic policemen in black cotton gloves). Group and independent activities Invite a group to prepare to read the poem to the class, sharing the lines and verses out between them for best effect. Scan the text and list phrases particularly associated with the senses – sight, hearing and even taste (aeroplanes scribbling on the sky, ‘muffled drum’, ‘juicy bone’). Find and name the different punctuation marks used to clarify meaning in the poem. Explain how the punctuation indicates how the poem should be read. Re-read the poem aloud with this in mind. Use the activity sheet to explore phonemes and their different graphemes. Ideas for writing Ask a group to plan and write a letter of condolence to the poet, acknowledging and empathising with his loss but trying to help him find positive images to focus on that might help him overcome his despair. Use a response partner to edit and redraft the letter. Draft a contrasting poem to express the joy and delight of a parent at the birth of a new baby, based on the structure of Auden’s ‘Funeral Blues’. Think about figurative language, including metaphors, synonyms and imagery. What sounds might the new parent want to hear? What images might they want to see? Encourage re-drafting. Plenary Ask the class to respond to the group performance of the poem. Share some of the drafts of joyful poems and encourage the audience to give positive ideas and comments to the authors. Let the children share the poems they chose for the activity sheet activity. Invite the children to add other rhyming words to the lists.	i don't know
Which U.S. state is abbreviated to NE ?	List of U.S. state abbreviations \| Familypedia \| Fandom powered by Wikia List of U.S. state abbreviations 217,385pages on Share This is a list of U.S. state abbreviations. Abbreviations and codes for the states and possessions of the United States are used for postal addresses, data processing, general abbreviations, and other purposes. Also included in this list are abbreviations for three independent nations related to the United States through the Compact of Free Association . Contents Edit As early as October 1874, the United States Post Office recognized common abbreviations for states and territories. However, abbreviations were accepted only because of their popularity; the Post Office preferred all names spelled out in full to avoid confusion. [1] The traditional abbreviations for U.S. states and territories, widely used in mailing addresses prior to the introduction of two-letter U.S. postal abbreviations, are still commonly used for other purposes (such as legal citation ), and are still recognized (though discouraged) by the Postal Service. [2] The modern two-letter abbreviated codes for the states and territories originated during the Post Office's introduction of ZIP codes in 1963. The purpose was to make room for the ZIP codes in the address, rather than to standardize state abbreviations per se. [1] Since 1963, only one state abbreviation has been changed. Originally Nebraska was shortened to "NB," but this was changed to "NE" in November 1969 to avoid confusion with New Brunswick in Canada. [1] The postal abbreviations, consisting of only two letters, are complicated by the fact that there are eight states whose names begin with M, and another eight whose names begin with N. Some of the resulting abbreviations, instituted to avoid duplication, are not intuitive and can be confusing. [3] Prior to 1987, when the U.S. Secretary of Commerce approved the two-letter codes for use in government documents, [4] the United States Government Printing Office (GPO) suggested their own set of abbreviations, with some states being left unabbreviated. Today, the GPO supports United States Postal Service standard. [5] List (Obsolete code) Changed to MP in 1988 to match ISO 3166-1 and FIPS Alpha Code. Current use of traditional abbreviations Edit The Associated Press Stylebook , the usage guide for most United States newspapers, counsels the use of abbreviations for most state names, when appended to a city name (for example, "Santa Ana, Calif."). AP suggests spelling out "Alaska," "Hawaii," and all state names with five or fewer letters; and, unlike the old GPO recommendations, AP suggests spelling out the names of all non-state territories, with the exception of the District of Columbia (D.C.). Legal citation manuals, such as The Bluebook and The ALWD Citation Manual , typically use these "traditional abbreviations" as well. Postal abbreviations Edit The United States Postal Service has established a set of uppercase abbreviations to help process mail with optical character recognition and other automated equipment. [9] There are also official USPS abbreviations for other parts of the address, such as street designators (street, avenue, road, etc.). These postal abbreviations are distinguished from traditional abbreviations such as Calif., Fla., or Tex. The Associated Press Stylebook states that in contexts other than mailing addresses, the traditional state abbreviations should be used. [10] However, the Chicago Manual of Style now recommends use of the uppercase two-letter abbreviations, with the traditional forms as an option. [11] The postal abbreviation is the same as ISO 3166-2 subdivision code for all fifty states. These codes do not overlap with the thirteen Canadian subnational postal abbreviations . The code for Nebraska changed from NB to NE in November 1969 to avoid a conflict with New Brunswick. [1] Other abbreviations and codes Edit The Federal Information Processing Standard establishes numeric and alphabetic state codes for each state and for many outlying areas. The FIPS numeric code is marked 'FIPS' on the table above. The FIPS alphabetic state code is the same as the USPS code except for U.S. Minor Outlying Islands which have a FIPS code (UM) but no USPS code, and the U.S. Military Mail locations which have USPS codes (AA, AE, AP) but no FIPS code. The U.S. Coast Guard uses a set of 2-letter prefixes for vessel numbers, [12] marked (USCG) on the large table above. The other 39 states and the District of Columbia have the same USPS and USCG abbreviations. USCG prefixes have also been established for five outlying territories, all of which are listed above, though they differ from the USPS code only in the case of the Mariana Islands. The small table below shows the 11 states that are different plus the Mariana Islands. Mis-matches between USPS and USCG codes USPS	Nebraska
Which Dr Who actor starred with Ken Stott in the 1994 BBC Scotland drama 'Takin' Over the Asylum ?	What is the abbreviation for Nebraska? We've got 3 shorthands for Nebraska » What is the abbreviation for Nebraska? Looking for the shorthand of Nebraska? This page is about the various possible meanings of the acronym, abbreviation, shorthand or slang term: Nebraska. Filter by: Couldn't find the full form or full meaning of Nebraska? Maybe you were looking for one of these abbreviations: Discuss these Nebraska abbreviations with the community: Know what is Nebraska ? Got another good explanation for Nebraska ? Don't keep it to yourself! Add it HERE! Still can't find the acronym definition you were looking for? Use our Power Search technology to look for more unique definitions from across the web! Search the web	i don't know
In Which We Serve, This Happy Breed and Brief Encounter are early films by which director?	DVD Savant Blu-ray Review: David Lean directs Noël Coward David Lean directs Noël Coward In Which We Serve, This Happy Breed, Blithe Spirit, Brief Encounter Blu-ray Criterion 604-606; 76 1942-1945 / B&W, Color / 1:37 flat full frame / 114, 111, 96, 86 min / Street Date March 27, 2012 / 99.95 Starring: Noël Coward, Michael Wilding, James Donald, Bernard Miles, John Mills, Celia Johnson, Kay Walsh, Richard Attenborough; Robert Newton, Celia Johnson, John Mills, Kay Walsh, Stanley Holloway; Rex Harrison, Constance Cummings, Kay Hammond, Margaret Rutherford, Joyce Carey; Celia Johnson, Trevor Howard, Stanley Holloway, Joyce Carey. Cinematography Noël Coward, Muir Matheson, Clifton Parker; Richard Addinsell. Written by Noël Coward & David Lean Reviewed by Glenn Erickson The English rightfully think dearly of David Lean, as the BFI National Archive spent a fortune restoring the director's first ten films several years ago. The first four titles have just appeared on Criterion's Blu-ray set David Lean directs Noël Coward. The famous performer, playwright and composer co-directed the first film and provided the stories for all four. As recounted in the excellent extras in the four-disc set, Coward enabled the development of an exceedingly talented partnership that would be known as The Cineguild: director-writer David Lean, cinematographer-writer Ronald Neame and writer-co-producer-production manager Anthony Havelock-Allan. Coward would chastise his "little darlings" when he didn't like their work, but he supported them fully. These four wartime films launched the careers of several major actors and are still considered the top British films of their day. In Which We Serve began as Noël Coward's show, as he starred, produced and wrote the original script, basing his story on Lord Mountbatten's exploits in the Royal Navy. According to historian Barry Day, "The Darlings" brought Coward's overlong script to length by reformatting various subplots as flashbacks. Survivors of a sunken destroyer cling helplessly to a life raft while German planes strafe them; several remember events back home that illustrate the excitement and tragedy of the wartime experience. As a wartime morale-raiser Coward's film cannot be bettered. The civilians back home (lovely Celia Johnson and Kay Walsh) fret and suffer German bombing raids. Captain Kinross (Coward), Seaman Shorty Blake (John Mills) and C.P.O. Hardy (Bernard Miles) bob on the ocean covered in fuel oil, as ripple dissolves flash back to their memories of life on shore. The drama is honest and powerful. It's obvious that wartime English audiences were transfixed -- unlike our experience, the Nazi threat was on their doorstep. Coward does lay on his pro-Navy recruitment messages rather thickly. Although the sailors complain, comments about the excellent food proliferate, even the playwright's favorite drink of "hot cocoa". The feeling of authenticity is more than a matter of excellent sets (an entire section of the ship was replicated on a soundstage). Many of the sailors and soldiers seen in the show are real troops, volunteering during leave. Among the excellent cast are Michael Wilding as a smiling officer, a young James Donald as the ship's doctor and future director Michael Anderson as a Marine. In Which We Serve was a big break for the very young Richard Attenborough, who debuts as a cowardly sailor. Attenborough already has his tortured misfit act down pat. This Happy Breed is an ambitious adaptation of a Noël Coward play, a between-the-wars extension of his earlier success Cavalcade. The episodic story records the fortunes of the lower middle-class Gibbons family. They move into a row house at the close of WW1, and at the finale, takes their leave just as WW2 is beginning. We watch as their children grow up during times of labor unrest and political radicalism; each episode ends in a heavy fade to black. Frank Gibbons (Robert Newton, looking positively sober) is happy to find Bob Mitchell, an old army buddy (Stanley Holloway) living next door. They go on periodic benders, much to the dismay of Frank's reserved wife Ethel (Celia Johnson). A sister and an Aunt live on the premises and fight like cats and dogs, but the kids Queenie, Vi and Reg (Kay Walsh, Eileen Erskine & John Blythe) get along well. Vi marries and promptly tames an outspoken political radical. Reg eventually marries, which brings about a humorous scene where Frank dodges his duty to tell him about sex. Queenie is bitterly dissatisfied with her "common" surroundings and becomes determined to break free. She loves Bob's son Billy (John Mills) but rejects him because he's a sailor, and she wants something better. When she does run away, Frank and Ethel are heartbroken. David Lean had co-directed In Which We Serve in conjunction with Noël Coward, but here he and his Cineguild cohorts fashion their own kind of show. With the luxury of Technicolor they make the tired old house into a character all its own. We notice the patterns left on the wallpaper when furniture is moved. The camera peeks through doorways and slips out the garden doors to the family's bit of green yard. The film has some particulars in common with Minnelli's Meet Me In St. Louis -- it manages a representation of a major fair and builds an entire scene around the social havoc that occurs when the family hires cars to take them to their son's wedding. Robert Newton and Celia Johnson make a fine couple. Although accounts in the extras reveal that the actor fell off the wagon at least once during production, this is a different Newton from the boozy, entertaining ham we know from his "Long John Silver" years. The actor matches Celia Johnson for sensitivity, and many scenes are honestly affecting. Kay Walsh comes into her own here. Noël Coward is said to have been very class conscious, but Queenie Gibbons' big flaw is her desire to escape her surroundings. As bad as her decisions are, the message is more 'stay in your place' than 'seize the day'. The war film was a storyboard-and-montage effort, but This Happy Breed shows Lean (and his Cineguild partners) mastering a show that builds on flow and long takes. Like memories, it seems to be constructed of little fluid moments in time, the isolated instances that stay rooted in the memory as other events fade around them. Long a favorite of American Anglophiles, Blithe Spirit retains more of the feeling of its source, a popular Noël Coward comedy. The other three films stress Coward's affinity for human subjects, whereas Spirit harks back to his brittle, sophisticated stage work. His leading characters are smart moderns that dish out clever reparteé and do their best to maintain a reserve no matter what outrageous things occur. A story that begins as a rather contemptible party game develops into a full-scale film blanc fantasy. Smug, urbane author Charles Condomine (Rex Harrison) bickers with his second wife Ruth (Constance Cummings) before a dinner party. As a lazy way of collecting research for his next book Charles has invited the local eccentric Madame Arcati (Margaret Rutherford), who claims to converse with the spirit world. Arcati's hilariously eventful séance seems a failure until the guests have gone home. Rex quietly asked to speak to his deceased first wife Elvira (Kay Hammond) -- and his request has been answered. Visible and audible only to Charles, the greenish phantom Elvira gets her ex- husband into deep trouble with Ruth, who is convinced that he's simply misbehaving to annoy her. Another fine achievement in Technicolor lensing -- camera-wise viewers will wonder how the greenish Elvira was lit without her green key light spilling onto other parts of the set -- Blithe Spirit will entertain depending on how much one enjoys veddy proper British comedies of manners. The famous Coward wit is often at its peak, but his jokes also take pot shots at easy targets, such as a quick throwaway put-down of the movies en toto. The part of Blithe Spirit everybody enjoys is the energetic, wonderfully daffy Margaret Rutherford. She could always be counted on to enliven a movie but Spirit puts her front and center for an entire reel at least. In contrast to the rather unlikeable, self-absorbed leading players, Madame Arcati is an adorable hoot. The serious Brief Encounter belongs with a small group of postwar movies where the romantic element is bittersweet, if not outright despairing. Unlike It Always Rains on Sunday, this is less of a genre or noir piece than a slice-of life tale about an unfulfilled housewife who falls in love with a doctor she meets in a railway station. It's the payoff role for Celia Johnson and also made a star of Trevor Howard. Suburban Laura Jesson (Celia Johnson) and Dr. Alec Harvey (Trevor Howard) meet at a railway Tea Room and spend a string of Thursday afternoons together. He's married as well; guilt gnaws at Laura even as she admits that she looks forward to their meetings. They both realize that to run off together would hurt a lot of people and most likely ruin their lives as well. But neither has the will to call it off. This time the Cineguild partners expanded greatly on Noël Coward's original play. A man of more than a few affairs, David Lean takes pains to portray incipient adultery as misery for the unhappy people that consider it. Soap operas about wandering spouses typically take place in glamorous settings and the people involved get a chance to enjoy "the thrill of romance" before the inevitable problems settle in. Laura imagines such things only as a pipe dream. She and Alec feel guilty and ashamed every step of the way, and Laura in particular sees no possibility of pursuing the relationship. Both are rapidly approaching middle age and are desperate for each other. Yet there's just too much social pressure and inner resistance preventing them from breaking free. Frequently listed among the most romantic films ever made, Brief Encounter is really about romance frustrated. The intimate love story closely follows the emotions of the Celia Johnson character. David Lean saves his expressionistic touches for subjective moments. The room darkens around the downcast Laura, and the camera tilts as she briefly loses control of her emotions. Lean emphasizes the intensity of her feelings when a view of Laura in an armchair suddenly invades a shot of the lovers in a train station tunnel. But most of the show takes place in mundane surroundings. Both Laura and Alec interact with people that give them no doubt that, should their secret become known, they will become social outcasts. Brief Encounter fell out of favor for a number of years; I've read critiques that call the characters weaklings unworthy of romance and incapable of making decisions for themselves. That attitude forgets that there will always be people that hesitate for good reasons. Plenty of souls need to square themselves with the social order and try their best to honor their promises and vows. Once again, the Cineguild partners made a Noël Coward story cinematic with a fractured time structure, this time imposing a pattern similar to the murder noir Double Indemnity . The feature-length flashbacks in both films are covered by the voiceover thoughts of the leading character. Instead of a hardboiled narrative, Laura's inner voice communicates her frantic emotions, disappointment and shame. Interestingly, the dialogue gives Laura the sensible dialogue. The unfaithful doctor must deliver a lot of "I love you" matinee drivel, which sounds as if it belongs in the matinees the pair attends on their chaste afternoons. Yet the film's emotional honesty is unimpaired. The time shift pivots around an innocuous, half-heard scene in a grim railway Tea Room, which ends up being repeated at the film's end. Only then do we discover how important, and tragic, the small scene is. Brief Encounter captures the dreadful weight of petty, seemingly insignificant moments, that can suddenly be weighted with awful importance and remembered for a lifetime. Criterion's deluxe DVD Blu-ray sets of David Lean directs Noël Coward rank high among their releases for 2012. None of these pictures has fared particularly well in previous video incarnations, but the BFI restoration plus Criterion's digital cleanup yields spectacular results. The two B&W shows never looked better and the Technicolor pair is stunning. Previous TV presentations of This Happy Breed were a grainy mess of dull color. Only now can we fully judge the clever lighting schemes that create Blithe Spirit's fantasy scenes with a minimum of optical effects. Anyone in doubt about the improvement should see the clips on some of the older documentaries and TV shows included with the set. The contrast is remarkable. Criterion's extras begin with video essays by the entertaining Noël Coward biographer Barry Day. His speeches are unbroken strings of interesting facts and relevant comments. I only caught one questionable statement, when he says that an underwater shot of Noël Coward from In Which We Serve was re-purposed from an earlier Coward picture. Brief Encounter carries a commentary by Bruce Eder. A variety of featurettes and found documentaries cover the four films from all sides, often abetted by interviews with surviving crew people. Docus new and old cover the four titles individually. A 1992 TV show concentrates on the life of Noël Coward, while a 1971 piece lets David Lean explain his own career. Richard Attenborough and Coward are also heard in a 1969 conversation at the National Film Theater. The charming cameraman-director-writer Ronald Neame appears in a pleasant interview and original trailers are included for each picture. Finally, an insert booklet contains fine essays by Ian Christie, Terrence Rafferty, Farran Smith Nehme, Geoffrey O'Brien and Kevin Brownlow. On a scale of Excellent, Good, Fair, and Poor, David Lean directs Noël Coward Blu-ray rates:	David Lean
Which American composer was working on the music for a film called The Goldwyn Follies at the time of his death in 1937 ?	David Lean Directs Noël Coward · Dvd Review David Lean Directs Noël Coward · DVD Review · The A.V. Club Share Tweet Before David Lean became a director, he was an editor, and it’s fair to say that the man behind The Bridge On The River Kwai and Lawrence Of Arabia owes his most memorable images in part to his sense of rhythm. Lean knew how long to hold a shot, and what to cut to for maximum impact. That knack for parceling out information came in handy when Lean was assigned to help renowned playwright and musician Noël Coward direct his first (and only) theatrical feature film, 1942’s In Which We Serve. Based loosely on the sinking of the HMS Kelly, In Which We Serve is an ambitious piece, meant to rouse patriotic sentiment during World War II by reflecting on the lives and sacrifice of a handful of British seamen in the years leading up to the loss of their ship. Coward’s original script ran so long that it would’ve taken a TV miniseries to cover it all, so Lean suggested that Coward watch Citizen Kane, to see how to make the story more cinematic via flashbacks and montage. Then Lean helped Coward realize that vision, earning a “co-director” credit for a film that combines Coward’s pitch-perfect, class-spanning dialogue with compositions that place such formidable actors as John Mills, Richard Attenborough, and Coward himself in the middle of home-front melodrama and high-seas thrills. In Which We Serve is still a little too scattered—and programmatic, given its intent—but it’s well-acted and always lively, as Lean keeps jumping back and forth between upstanding pre-war families and grubby sailors bobbing in an ink-black ocean. Coward and Lean continued their collaboration for three more films over the next three years, though after the international success of In Which We Serve, Coward wisely ceded more creative control to Lean. For 1944’s This Happy Breed, Lean and his Cineguild collaborators Ronald Neame and Anthony Havelock-Allan adapted a Coward stage play that had been written before the war. Like Coward’s earlier hit Cavalcade, This Happy Breed spans decades in the lives of one British family. Unlike Cavalcade, This Happy Breed deals with the working class, whom Coward depicts as salty but reliable—willing to talk openly about “wind” and “spots,” but also possessed of the understanding that “there are worse things than being ordinary and respectable.” Though nearly all of This Happy Breed takes place in one house, Lean and company keep the film from feeling too stagey by zipping from event to event, and moving the camera around Robert Newton and Celia Johnson as they grow older, and as their kids peel off to start their own families. The couple celebrates the little joys and mourns the big losses with the same resolve, while Lean and his cast tap the well of emotion behind the characters’ steeliness. This Happy Breed was shot in Technicolor, though Lean fought to desaturate the process’ usual bright hues. He embraced the technology more fully on Cineguild’s 1945 adaptation of Coward’s smash West End and Broadway hit Blithe Spirit, which stars an impossibly slender Rex Harrison as a wealthy novelist whose late first wife Kay Hammond returns as a ghost, complicating his life with second wife Constance Cummings. Between the rich colors of Harrison’s country estate and the pale green of Hammond’s skin, Blithe Spirit is practically a demo reel for Technicolor’s hyper-reality. It’s less of a demo for Lean. Coward himself often claimed not to understand why this trifling supernatural comedy was so popular, but he knew well enough not to mess too much with success, and so he urged Lean to keep the movie version fairly faithful. Blithe Spirit is even more constrained than This Happy Breed, and because so much of its appeal is in Coward’s fast-paced, witty repartee, Lean mostly stays out of the actors’ way. The result is a movie that’s fitfully funny, but also dry and static. Lean and his Cineguild crew did much better later that same year with Brief Encounter, an expanded version of Coward’s 1936 one-act play Still Life. Made while World War II was winding down, Brief Encounter leaves aside the “hooray for us” cheerleading of Coward and Lean’s first two collaborations, along with the frivolous escapism of Blithe Spirit. Instead, Lean and company take what amounts to a case of mild domestic dissatisfaction—conveyed via a story about housewife Celia Johnson contemplating an affair with handsome doctor Trevor Howard—and elevates it to high romantic tragedy, complete with shamelessly sentimental music and deep, noir-ish shadow. Brief Encounter employs a flashback structure, adding a voiceover from Johnson, who explains in her head why Howard captured her heart and made her suburban life seem so suddenly unfulfilling; and Lean matches the narration with a more open and expressive visual style than he’d used on any of his first three films. The movie has a cruel sense of time (and possibilities) slipping away, as the clockwork precision of the British railway system brings these would-be lovers together and then pulls them apart. And throughout, Lean gets across the heroine’s mix of giddy joy and crippling guilt, juxtaposing one against the other, as any good editor would. Key features: Criterion’s David Lean Directs Noël Coward box set adds a half-hour retrospective featurette and an hourlong audio interview on In Which We Serve; a Coward-focused episode of The Southbank Show on Blithe Spirit; a scholar commentary track, a 20-minute featurette, and an hourlong documentary about Lean on Brief Encounter; and bonus interviews with Coward experts and Lean collaborators on each disc. In Which We Serve: B+; This Happy Breed: A-; Blithe Spirit: B-; Brief Encounter: A	i don't know
Sir Ronald Ross became the first Briton to win the Nobel Prize for medicine for his research into which disease?	Sir Ronald Ross building opens at Liverpool University - BBC News BBC News Sir Ronald Ross building opens at Liverpool University 9 October 2012 Read more about sharing. Close share panel A £23m research facility named after a Nobel Prize-winning scientist has been opened at the University of Liverpool. How is malaria spread? Malaria is caused by an infection of the red blood cells with a tiny parasite called a protozoa It is a vector-borne disease, which means it is spread by another organism - the Anopheles mosquito When it bites an infected person the mosquito sucks up blood containing the parasite, which is then passed on to its next victim Latest estimates suggest there are about 250 million cases each year, resulting in more than one million deaths How to spot the signs of malaria The Sir Ronald Ross building is the first phase of a £70m investment at the Institute of Infection and Global Health. Sir Ronald was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1902 for discovering that malaria is spread by mosquitoes. Two hundred scientists will study infectious diseases and other global health issues at the centre. Sir Ronald, who discovered the malarial parasite living in the gastrointestinal tract of the Anopheles mosquito in the 19th Century, recruited teams to eliminate the larvae from stagnant pools and marshes. He was a lecturer at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine when he became the first Briton to win a Nobel Prize. The following year he was appointed to the Sir Alfred Jones Chair of Tropical Medicine at the University of Liverpool, and became Professor of Tropical Medicine at the university. The building was opened by his grandson David Ross, who said it was "wonderful to see my grandfather's legacy recognised in this way". The university's vice-chancellor, Prof Sir Howard Newby, said the facility's labs would bring together "the brightest minds from medicine, biomedicine, veterinary health, and biological sciences".	Malaria
Which vitamin is produced by the body when it is exposed to sunlight?	Robert Koch \| German bacteriologist \| Britannica.com German bacteriologist Alternative Title: Robert Heinrich Hermann Koch Robert Koch Hans Bethe Robert Koch, in full Robert Heinrich Hermann Koch (born Dec. 11, 1843, Clausthal, Hannover [now Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Ger.]—died May 27, 1910, Baden-Baden , Ger.), German physician and one of the founders of bacteriology. He discovered the anthrax disease cycle (1876) and the bacteria responsible for tuberculosis (1882) and cholera (1883). For his discoveries in regard to tuberculosis, he received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1905. Robert Koch. Photos.com/Thinkstock Early training Koch attended the University of Göttingen , where he studied medicine , graduating in 1866. He then became a physician in various provincial towns. After serving briefly as a field surgeon during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, he became district surgeon in Wollstein, where he built a small laboratory. Equipped with a microscope, a microtome (an instrument for cutting thin slices of tissue), and a homemade incubator, he began his study of algae, switching later to pathogenic (disease-causing) organisms. Anthrax research One of Koch’s teachers at Göttingen had been the anatomist and histologist Friedrich Gustav Jacob Henle , who in 1840 had published the theory that infectious diseases are caused by living microscopic organisms. In 1850 the French parasitologist Casimir Joseph Davaine was among the first to observe organisms in the blood of diseased animals. In 1863 he reported the transmission of anthrax by the inoculation of healthy sheep with the blood of animals dying of the disease and the finding of microscopic rod-shaped bodies in the blood of both groups of sheep. Inspired by the work of the French microbiologist Louis Pasteur , Davaine showed that it was highly probable that, because the sheep did not become diseased in the absence of these rodlike bodies, anthrax was due to the presence of such organisms in the blood. The natural history of the disease was, nevertheless, far from complete. It was at that point that Koch began. He cultivated the anthrax organisms in suitable media on microscope slides, demonstrated their growth into long filaments, and discovered the formation within them of oval, translucent bodies—dormant spores. Koch found that the dried spores could remain viable for years, even under exposed conditions. The finding explained the recurrence of the disease in pastures long unused for grazing, for the dormant spores could, under the right conditions, develop into the rod-shaped bacteria (bacilli) that cause anthrax. The anthrax life cycle, which Koch had discovered, was announced and illustrated at Breslau in 1876, on the invitation of Ferdinand Cohn , an eminent botanist. Julius Cohnheim , a famous pathologist, was deeply impressed by Koch’s presentation. “It leaves nothing more to be proved,” he said. I regard it as the greatest discovery ever made with bacteria and I believe that this is not the last time that this young Robert Koch will surprise and shame us by the brilliance of his investigations. Britannica Stories Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent Cohn, whose discovery of spores had been published in 1875, was also very much impressed and generously helped to prepare the engraving for Koch’s epochal paper, which he also published. One of Cohn’s pupils, Joseph Schroeter, found that chromogenic (colour-forming) bacteria would grow on such solid substrates as potato, coagulated egg white, meat, and bread and that those colonies were capable of forming new colonies of the same colour, consisting of organisms of the same type. That was the starting point of Koch’s pure-culture techniques, which he worked out a few years later. That a disease organism might be cultured outside the body was a concept introduced by Louis Pasteur, but the pure-culture techniques for doing so were perfected by Koch, whose precise and ingenious experiments demonstrated the complete life cycle of an important organism. The anthrax work afforded for the first time convincing proof of the definite causal relation of a particular microorganism to a particular disease. Contributions to general bacteriology and pathology Human Health: Fact or Fiction? In 1877 Koch published an important paper on the investigation, preservation, and photographing of bacteria. His work was illustrated by superb photomicrographs. In his paper he described his method of preparing thin layers of bacteria on glass slides and fixing them by gentle heat. Koch also invented the apparatus and the procedure for the very useful hanging-drop technique, whereby microorganisms could be cultured in a drop of nutrient solution on the underside of a glass slide. Robert Koch. © The Nobel Foundation, Stockholm In 1878 Koch summarized his experiments on the etiology of wound infection. By inoculating animals with material from various sources, he produced six types of infection, each caused by a specific microorganism. He then transferred these infections by inoculation through several kinds of animals, reproducing the original six types. In that study, he observed differences in pathogenicity for different species of hosts and demonstrated that the animal body is an excellent apparatus for the cultivation of bacteria. Britannica Lists & Quizzes Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies Koch, now recognized as a scientific investigator of the first rank, obtained a position in Berlin in the Imperial Health Office, where he set up a laboratory in bacteriology. With his collaborators, he devised new research methods to isolate pathogenic bacteria. Koch determined guidelines to prove that a disease is caused by a specific organism. These four basic criteria , called Koch’s postulates, are: A specific microorganism is always associated with a given disease. The microorganism can be isolated from the diseased animal and grown in pure culture in the laboratory. The cultured microbe will cause disease when transferred to a healthy animal. The same type of microorganism can be isolated from the newly infected animal. Studies of tuberculosis and cholera Koch concentrated his efforts on the study of tuberculosis, with the aim of isolating its cause. Although it was suspected that tuberculosis was caused by an infectious agent, the organism had not yet been isolated and identified. By modifying the method of staining, Koch discovered the tubercle bacillus and established its presence in the tissues of animals and humans suffering from the disease. A fresh difficulty arose when for some time it proved impossible to grow the organism in pure culture. But eventually Koch succeeded in isolating the organism in a succession of media and induced tuberculosis in animals by inoculating them with it. Its etiologic role was thereby established. On March 24, 1882, Koch announced before the Physiological Society of Berlin that he had isolated and grown the tubercle bacillus , which he believed to be the cause of all forms of tuberculosis. Meanwhile, Koch’s work was interrupted by an outbreak of cholera in Egypt and the danger of its transmission to Europe. As a member of a German government commission, Koch went to Egypt to investigate the disease. Although he soon had reason to suspect a particular comma-shaped bacterium (vibrio) as the cause of cholera, the epidemic ended before he was able to confirm his hypothesis . Nevertheless, he raised awareness of amebic dysentery and differentiated two varieties of Egyptian conjunctivitis . Proceeding to India , where cholera is endemic , he completed his task, identifying both the organism responsible for the disease and its transmission via drinking water, food, and clothing. Connect with Britannica Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest Resuming his studies of tuberculosis, Koch investigated the effect an injection of dead bacilli had on a person who subsequently received a dose of living bacteria and concluded that he may have discovered a cure for the disease. In his studies he used as the active agent a sterile liquid produced from cultures of the bacillus. However, the liquid, which he named tuberculin (1890), proved disappointing, and sometimes dangerous, as a curative agent. Consequently, its importance as a means of detecting a present or past tubercular state was not immediately recognized (see tuberculin test ). Additional work on tuberculosis came later, but, after the seeming debacle of tuberculin, Koch was also occupied with a great variety of investigations into diseases of humans and animals—studies of leprosy , bubonic plague , livestock diseases, and malaria . In 1901 Koch reported work done on the pathogenicity of the human tubercle bacillus in domestic animals. He believed that infection of human beings by bovine tuberculosis is so rare that it is not necessary to take any measures against it. That conclusion was rejected by commissions of inquiry in Europe and America but extensive and important work was stimulated by Koch. As a result, successful measures of prophylaxis were devised. Historical assessment Not an eloquent speaker, Koch was nevertheless by example, demonstration, and precept one of the most effective of teachers, and his numerous pupils—from the entire Western world and Asia—were the creators of the new era of bacteriology. His work on trypanosomes was of direct use to the eminent German bacteriologist Paul Ehrlich; that is only one example of Koch’s instigation of epochal work both within and beyond his own immediate sphere. His discoveries and his technical innovations were matched by his fundamental concepts of the etiology of disease. Long before his death, his place in the history of science was universally recognized.	i don't know
Na is the chemical substance for which element used in the manufacture of soap?	How soap is made - material, manufacture, making, used, processing, components, procedure, steps Soap Background Soap is a combination of animal fat or plant oil and caustic soda. When dissolved in water, it breaks dirt away from surfaces. Through the ages soap has been used to cleanse, to cure skin sores, to dye hair, and as a salve or skin ointment. But today we generally use soap as a cleanser or perfume. The exact origins of soap are unknown, though Roman sources claim it dates back to at least 600 B.C. , when Phoenicians prepared it from goat's tallow and wood ash. Soap was also made by the Celts, ancient inhabitants of Britain. Soap was used widely throughout the Roman empire, primarily as a medicine. Mention of soap as a cleanser does not appear until the second century A.D. By the eighth century, soap was common in France, Italy, and Spain, but it was rarely used in the rest of Europe until as late as the 17th century. Manufacture of soap began in England around the end of the 12th century. Soap-makers had to pay a heavy tax on all the soap they produced. The tax collector locked the lids on soap boiling pans every night to prevent illegal soap manufacture after hours. Because of the high tax, soap was a luxury item, and it did not come into common use in England until after the tax was repealed in 1853. In the 19th century, soap was affordable and popular throughout Europe. Early soap manufacturers simply boiled a solution of wood ash and animal fat. A foam substance formed at the top of the pot. When cooled, it hardened into soap. Around 1790, French soapmaker Nicolas Leblanc developed a method of extracting caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) from common table salt (sodium chloride), replacing the wood ash element of soap. The French chemist Eugene-Michel Chevreul put the soap-forming process (called in English saponification) into concrete chemical terms in 1823. In saponification, the animal fat, which is chemically neutral, splits into fatty acids, which react with alkali carbonates to form soap, leaving glycerin as a byproduct. Soap was made with industrial processes by the end of the 19th century, though people in rural areas, such as the pioneers in the western United States, continued to make soap at home. Raw Materials Soap requires two major raw materials: fat and alkali. The alkali most commonly used today is sodium hydroxide. Potassium hydroxide can also be used. Potassium-based soap creates a more water-soluble product than sodium-based soap, and so it is called "soft soap." Soft soap, alone or in combination with sodium-based soap, is commonly used in shaving products. Animal fat in the past was obtained directly from a slaughterhouse. Modern soapmakers use fat that has been processed into fatty acids. This eliminates many impurities, and it produces as a byproduct water instead of glycerin. Many vegetable fats, including olive oil, palm kernel oil, and coconut oil, are also used in soap making. Additives are used to enhance the color, texture, and scent of soap. Fragrances and perfumes are added to the soap mixture to The above illustrations show the kettle process of making soap. cover the odor of dirt and to leave behind a fresh-smelling scent. Abrasives to enhance the texture of soap include talc, silica, and marble pumice (volcanic ash). Soap made without dye is a dull grey or brown color, but modern manufacturers color soap to make it more enticing to the consumer. The Manufacturing Process The kettle method of making soap is still used today by small soap manufacturing companies. This process takes from four to eleven days to complete, and the quality of each batch is inconsistent due to the variety of oils used. Around 1940, engineers and scientists developed a more efficient manufacturing process, called the continuous process. This procedure is employed by large soap manufacturing companies all around the world today. Exactly as the name states, in the continuous process soap is produced continuously, rather than one batch at a time. Technicians have more control of the production in the continuous process, and the steps are much quicker than in the kettle method—it takes only about six hours to complete a batch of soap. The Kettle Process Boiling 1 Fats and alkali are melted in a kettle, which is a steel tank that can stand three stories high and hold several thousand pounds of material. Steam coils within the kettle heat the batch and bring it to a boil. After boiling, the mass thickens as the fat reacts with the alkali, producing soap and glycerin. Salting 2 The soap and glycerin must now be separated. The mixture is treated with salt, causing the soap to rise to the top and the glycerin to settle to the bottom. The glycerin is extracted from the bottom of the kettle. Strong change 3 To remove the small amounts of fat that have not saponified, a strong caustic solution is added to the kettle. This step in the process is called "strong change." The mass is brought to a boil again, and the last of the fat turns to soap. The batch may be given another salt treatment at this time, or the manufacturer may proceed to the next step. Pitching 4 The next step is called "pitching." The soap in the kettle is boiled again with added water. The mass eventually separates into two layers. The top layer is called "neat soap," which is about 70% soap and 30% water. The lower layer, called "nigre," contains most of the impurities in the soap such as dirt and salt, as well as most of the water. The neat soap is taken off the top. The soap is then cooled. The finishing process is the Developed around 1940 and used by today's major soap-making companies, the above illustrations show the continuous process of making soap. same as for soap made by the continuous process. The Continuous Process Splitting 1 The first step of the continuous process splits natural fat into fatty acids and glycerin. The equipment used is a vertical stainless steel column with the diameter of a barrel called a hydrolizer. It may be as tall as 80 feet (24 m). Pumps and meters attached to the column allow precise measurements and control of the process. Molten fat is pumped into one end of the column, while at the other end water at high temperature (266°F [130°C]) and pressure is introduced. This splits the fat into its two components. The fatty acid and glycerin are pumped out continuously as more fat and water enter. The fatty acids are then distilled for purification. Mixing 2 The purified fatty acids are next mixed with a precise amount of alkali to form soap. Other ingredients such as abrasives and fragrance are also mixed in. The hot liquid soap may be then whipped to incorporate air. Cooling and finishing 3 The soap may be poured into molds and allowed to harden into a large slab. It may also be cooled in a special freezer. The slab is cut into smaller pieces of bar size, which are then stamped and wrapped. The entire continuous process, from splitting to finishing, can be accomplished in several hours. Milling 4 Most toiletry soap undergoes additional processing called milling. The milled bar lathers up better and has a finer consistency than non-milled soap. The cooled soap is fed through several sets of heavy rollers (mills), which crush and knead it. Perfumes can best be incorporated at this time because their volatile oils do not evaporate in the cold mixture. After the soap emerges from the mills, it is pressed into a smooth cylinder and extruded. The extruded soap is cut into bar size, stamped and wrapped. Byproducts Glycerin is a very useful byproduct of soap manufacture. It is used to make hand lotion, drugs, and nitroglycerin, the main component of explosives such as dynamite. Where To Learn More	Sodium
Peter Parker was the secret identity of which super-hero of TV and big-screen?	Chemical risks in detergents production Chemical risks in detergents production What kind of splashes in detergents production? The origins of cleanliness date back to prehistoric times. Since water is essential for life, the earliest people lived near water and knew something about its cleansing properties. Detergents were developed in response to a shortage of animal and vegetable fats and oils during World War I and II. In addition, a substance that was resistant to hard water was needed to make cleaning more effective. At that time petroleum was found to be a plentiful source for the manufacture of detergents. Today, detergents are mainly made from a variety of petrochemicals and/or oleochemicals (derivated from fats and oils). According to recent trend, liquid cleansing products are outpacing the powder cleaning products. Detergents can be found for example in: Laundry detergents: they are formulated to meet a variety of soil and stail removal, bleaching, fabric softening and conditioning. Dishwashing products: this includes detergents for hands and machine dishwashing as well as some specialty products. Household cleaning: they are used to clean painted, plastic, metal, porcelain, glass and other surfaces. Because no single product can provide optimum performance on all surfaces and soils, a broad range of products has been formulated to clean efficiently and easily. Amongst the different manufacturers companies, we can find: Solvay, Henkel, Procter & Gamble, Unilever Chemical Risk A detergent (or surfactant) is a chemical compound which has surfactant properties that make it capable to remove soils. It also often contains anti-microbial agents. Chemicals used The first step of manufacturing these detergents is the selection of raw materials. Raw materials are chosen according to the many criteria, including their human and environmental safety, cost, compatibility with other ingredients, and the form and performance characteristics of the finished products. Amongst these different ingredients you can find: Sodium hypochlorite helping whiten, brighten and remove stains. Alkalis (ammonium, sodium hydroxide). Alkalinity is useful in removing acidity, fatty and oil soils. Acids (nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, sulphonic acid) to neutralize or adjust alkalinity of other ingredients and because some specialty cleaners need extra acidity to remove mineral build up. Colouring agent (pigments or dyes). Solvents (ethanol, isopropanol, propylene glycol) to prevent separation or deterioration of ingredients in liquid products and dissolve organic soils.	i don't know
Robert Bruce Banner was the secret identity of which super-hero of TV and big-screen?	Hulk (House of M) - Marvel Universe Wiki: The definitive online source for Marvel super hero bios. Hulk (House of M) U.S.A., with criminal record, previously pardoned Place of Birth Currently unemployed; former nuclear physicist Known Relatives Brian (father, deceased), Rebecca (mother, deceased), Morris Walters (uncle), Elaine Banner Walters (aunt, deceased), Jennifer Walters (cousin), others Group Affiliation 128 lbs. (Banner), 1,150 lbs. (Hulk) Eyes Brown (Banner), Green (Hulk) Powers The Hulk possesses the capacity for superhuman strength ranging beyond the limits of virtually any other known humanoid being. His strength increases in direct proportion to his anger. The gamma radiation that mutated the Hulk's body fortified his cellular structure and added, from some as yet unknown (presumably extradimensional) source, several hundred pounds of bone, muscle, and other tissue to his body. As Banner, he possesses the normal human strength of a man of his age, height, and slight build who engages in no regular exercise. Launch Connections Robert Bruce Banner was the son of Dr. Brian Banner, an atomic physicist, and his wife, Rebecca. Brian became convinced that his work in radiation had altered his own genes, resulting in what he saw as a hated mutant offspring. Brian Banner drove himself insane with these fears and murdered Rebecca while trying to kill Bruce. Brian was shot by police before he could harm his son. Bruce graduated high school and studied nuclear physics in Navapo, New Mexico, at Desert State University. With mutants exploding onto the worldwide scene, and the belief that radiation might be the cause of this epidemic, Bruce was invited to work for the United States Defense Department at the nuclear research facility at Desert Base, New Mexico. Bruce's main goal was to create a way for the United States to manufacture its own super-army. Banner went to work immediately, but met with little success. With General "Thunderbolt" Ross constantly breathing down his neck for results, Bruce took some shortcuts in his research. These shortcuts ended with disastrous consequences. During the preparation for one of his new Gamma Radiation tests, Bruce was dosed with a lethal amount of Gamma rays. These rays, however, did not kill him. Instead, Bruce was transformed into a huge monster. He rampaged across Desert Base and destroyed it completely. Believing the attack to be mutant in nature, Ross ignored his superiors' orders and pursued the monster that would become known as the Hulk with the remaining men of Desert Base for close to a month. As the Hulk, Bruce eventually destroyed Ross' army in San Diego, CA. Following the battle, the Hulk fled into the ocean. Bruce awoke days later in Australia in the care of Aboriginal people who had taken him in. Bruce vaguely remembered his time as the Hulk. At one point, Magneto himself, assuming the Hulk to be a mutant, visited Banner and offered him a chance to join him in his fight against the humans. Banner declined and asked to be left alone. Magneto reluctantly agreed. Banner is happy to remain out of the public eye and fears what would happen if the Hulk was ever released onto the world again.	Hulk
In the Bible what was the name of the land situated east of Eden that Cain chose to flee to after murdering his brother Abel?	Bruce Banner (Earth-91119) \| Marvel Database \| Fandom powered by Wikia Axe, Helmet, Shield, Rifles, Tommy Gun Notes This Hulk is more childish and stupid than in the mainstream continuity and indeed his other incarnations. He also seems to only go by "The Hulk" instead of Bruce.	i don't know
Which item, of particular use to London tourists, was designed in 1931 by a man named Harry Beck?	Mapping London Mapping London posted by Ollie There’s a tube strike on today, with many tube stations expected to be closed. The inner city and central London are likely to be hardest hit, with stations closed in most in Zone 1 and all inside the Circle Line’s loop. Usefully, TfL recently published this map, which shows the central part of the Tube network (zones 1 & 2) with numbers between stations indicating the amount of time it takes to walk that section along the street network, at an average pace. There are some large numbers in places, many due to the obstruction of the River Thames and the fact that the map is not particularly geographically correct, but in general it shows small numbers between most stations. Inevitably, with a tube strike, the bus network will be overloaded and slow, and the roads will be completely clogged with people deciding to drive – so don’t think the taxi or Uber networks will be as useful as they might normally be. So, maybe walking is the way. (One curiosity of the map is that it does assume use of the Greenwich and Woolwich foot tunnels, but not the Rotherhithe Tunnel – despite appearances, it does allow pedestrians and has a pavement – however the omission is perhaps understandable as it is a very unpleasant route to take, particularly as the Victorian-era staircases have remained closed after damage in the Second World War, meaning the pedestrians have to stay beside the traffic in the tunnel for a long period.) You can see the full map and download a printable PDF here, or find out more about walking options in central London. Map © Transport for... »» posted by Ollie From British Gas comes this lovely map of a walking trail in central London, that highlights many of the streets and locations that are still lit by gas lamps in London – it may come as a surprise to many people, but there are many gas lamps still in the oldest parts of London, lit by a gas supply rather than electricity. British Gas may just be one of many UK fuel companies these days, but it retains a historic duty – a small but dedicated team at the company are in charge of maintaining and repairing the gas lamps. Londonist created a fascinating short video showing the team at work, last year. From the company themselves: There are 1,500 gas lamps left in London which British Gas’ team of five lamplighters look after. These historic lamps stretch from Richmond Bridge in the west to Bromley-by-Bow in the east. The oldest lamps are in Westminster Abbey and the newest lights up a popular retail store in Covent Garden. Many of the lamps survive from the Victorian era. The earliest lamplighters lit each lamp by hand at dusk every night and extinguished them at dawn. The role of the lamplighter has evolved since then and now they can be found making their way around London on scooters. When tending to the lamps the mechanisms have to be wound up and checked, the glass polished and the mantles replaced. They may also require repairs if damaged by a lorry or building work around them. Iain Bell leads the team of lamplighters at British Gas. He says: “People love historical dramas which may be a reason why more and more people across the world have taken an interest in what we do. There are... »» posted by Ollie Tower Hamlets council, one of the 32 London borough councils, has produced this simple pictorial map as part of a consultation for “Tower Hamlets 2031”, setting the “local plan” for urban realm policy for the next 15 years. The map appears on various advertising panels throughout the borough at the moment, and also appears on their website. It is purely an illustrative graphic of the present day Tower Hamlets, with the consultation documents themselves containing many much more detailed (but less pretty) maps of current and planned designations. We really like the map being simple and attractive, it showcasing the many famous buildings in Tower Hamlets, both old (Tower of London, Chrisp Street Clock Tower) and new (East London Mosque, Canary Wharf) as well as highlighting the three city farms and other larger green spaces in the borough. It also shows the extensive canal network, basins and docks that are a key part of the borough’s fabric and the focus of its regeneration work. If every borough had a map like this then it would show just how interesting (almost) every borough in London is, rather than the traditional focus on the tourist hot-spots in Westminster, Camden and the... »» posted by Ollie Welcome to the Mapping London Christmas List 2016! Not long now until Christmas Day – if you are having a last minute present crisis, our list includes direct links, so you can browse, order, sit back and relax in the knowledge that the present selections for your London map geek friends (or yourself!) are all sorted. Books London: The Information Capital – The ground-breaking book on data, graphics and maps about London, by Mapping London co-editor Dr James Cheshire, has been recently published in a softback edition and is currently available for the bargain price of just £10.49. See our review or get it on Amazon. Curiocity: In Pursuit of London – This huge, whimsical and alternatively focused compendium of London was published earlier this year. See our review or get it on Amazon. Where the Animals Go: Tracking Wildlife with Technology in 50 Maps and Graphics – The second book by James is newly out. Find out, in a series of stories, maps and graphics how animals migrate and move through the world. Yes, there is a London map in it! Guess which creature it features? Get the book on Amazon. The London County Council Bomb Damage Maps: 1939-1945 – We’re highlighting this one as it’s been a consistent best-seller with readers of Mapping London since it was released just over a year ago. A weighty tome reproducing the detailed, carefully coloured maps of districts of London, showing the damage wrought by the Blitz of London and other attacks during the Second World War. The maps were painstakingly drawn for the London County Council, shortly after the war’s end. See our review or get it on Amazon. The Great British Colouring Map: A Colouring Journey Around Britain... »» posted by Ollie Here’s a rather nice map combining the famously colourful and diagrammatic tube map with Christmas tree lights, to create an infographic, “The London Christmas Map”, showing the Christmassy events happening in London. You can see a full version of the map, including a key and listings for each event and how far it is from the nearest tube station, here on the Marbles website (the map was commissioned by them). Ironically the map doesn’t include the locations of the best London Christmas lights – for those, visit Regent Street, Oxford Street and Carnaby Street. I’m sure Old Bond Street’s are also impressive! This is a really nice, clear artistic map which brings me into mind some of the decorative tube maps produced by Max Roberts, particularly his Art Nouveau one. I like particularly the ends of the lines, where the cables unravel to reveal the “plug” at the end of the line. There is also a good balance of lines and adornments, the latter giving the map a suitably Christmassy flavour. Spotted on Reddit. The author is... »» posted by Ollie This is one of seven London neighborhood maps, each drawn by different artists from the University of the Arts London and recently released by the Walk with Me project. This map, of Dalston and Stoke Newington in north-east London, was drawn by Martina Paukova. We like the distinctive shade of blue used for the map itself, with some blocks shaded in a darker blue, speckled grey, pink or yellow to provide contrast. Parks appear in purple, with very rounded corners, to contrast with the angular street network. Various animals, people and large houses are colourfully scattered throughout the map. Cats playing with balls, round blue trees, smiling post-boxes and other whimsical adornments and interest to the map. A small amount of road and park labels adds utility to the map without distracting from the visual impact. You can buy a print of the artwork on the Walk with Me website. Via LakesClaire, Stanfords and... »» posted by Ollie Tubermap is an extremely easy and quick way to find the fastest route between any two stations the TfL tube/train networks in London (London Underground, London Overground, DLR, London Tram, TfL Rail and Cable Car). Just click your start and end station, and the fastest route is instantly shown, along with transfer stations and the contactless price. Tubermap uses a modified form of the classic “Tube map” network diagram – just different enough to stand apart from TfL’s own version, but incorporating the famous 45-degree bends, Zone 1 area exaggeration and straight lines out in the suburbs: It’s a great example of a clean map and easy-to-use website hiding a complex routing system. It’s entirely powered by Javascript, with the calculations being done locally by your browser. By clicking Options you can adjust the map to show a heat-map background of times to every station from your currently selected one, and you can even miss out Zone 1 and see how the network, routing and timings change: Tubermap is brand new and in active development, with a mobile-friendly version having recently gone live – and lots of other things in the pipeline. One to keep an eye on. Try it... »» posted by Ollie Mapping London’s co-founder and “Editor at Large” Dr James Cheshire co-produced “London: The Information Capital” with Oliver Uberti in 2014. We mentioned the book on its initial release. The book has this month has now been published in a softback edition by Penguin, with some minor corrections applied. If you missed out on the book the first time, this is therefore an ideal opportunity to pick it up (e.g. here on Amazon) at a new, low price. The book, containing over 100 data maps and graphics, visualises London, its people and its data. The book runs to nearly 200 pages and every map style is different – many techniques have been employed, each aiming to best show its dataset in an original and eye-catching way. Some of my favourites are: Islington has Issues. This graphic (above, also see full online version) uses glyphs to represent each borough as a face, with the mouth, eyes, eyebrows, perspiration and general “glow” varying according to four measures of well-being. The graphic is also a map – the glyphs are arranged in three concentric circles, the innermost being an average and the middle and outer rings representing inner and outer London respectively. The boroughs are arranged approximately relative to each other in geographical space. This technique has been used in hexagonal and square forms before and I think it’s an effective way of simplifying borough boundaries (which are largely unfamiliar to most people) while preserving borough separations to show a changing picture across the capital. A single futher glyph represents the rest of the UK, showing that Londoners are generally unhappier than most. Top Crimes. The Met Police release the approximate locations and category of all crime reports in London. Crunching this data can derive information showing the... »» posted by Ollie London: A World of Eating is a little map from Herb Lester – prolific producers of quirky pocket London maps with bespoke cartography (we recently featured their Punk London map). The map, which showcases some of London’s many interesting eateries featuring food from other countries, is sold out on their own website, but copies are available from Place in Print for just £4. We like the simple green-toned map, with bright coloured buttons showing the food hotspots. As you might expect, Covent Garden and Soho form London’s biggest cluster, though King’s Cross, Brixton and Borough are three of the other areas with multiple must-visit locations – there’s over 100 in all. Like food maps? See the “Related posts” links for more great London food maps. Competition! To celebrate London’s fantastically varied cuisine, we have a competition! You can win three pairs of tickets to the BBC Good Food Show taking place at London’s Olympia exhibition hall, from 11-13 November. The tickets are good for visiting the show on Friday 11 or Sunday 13 (so not Saturday 12). We will pick three winners randomly and will post you the tickets. To be in with a chance of winning, you need to (1) be following MapLondon on Twitter, and (2) retweet our competition tweet (or this one). We’ll three winners at random and direct message you to let you know and find out where to post them to! Competition closes at 2pm on Tuesday. Good luck! Terms and conditions: This competition is only open to UK residents. The prizes are three sets of two complimentary passes to the show, for use on Friday or Sunday. The tickets do not have a cash value. There is no cash alternative. Winners will be contacted by a Twitter direct... »» posted by Ollie London’s street network appears on a new cycling jacket – when you shine a light at it! Showerspass, a Portland (Oregon)-based company, has unveiled two new versions of their Elite cycling jacket – “Hi-Vis” and “Torch” versions (each of these are available in Women’s and Men’s cuts). Both of the designs contain MapReflect, which is a rather brilliant idea for using a map design as a reflective panel. The map is a stitched together pattern featuring the street networks for various different cities, including part of London – specifically Whitechapel, Wapping and Rotherhithe in east London, as well as part of the River Thames’s most famous wiggle. You can see the London section in a couple of places – as well as on the main part of the jacket (see bottom photo), it appears on a sleeve: The Hi-Vis jackets are predominately neon green and have the map section in their side panels and underside of the sleeve in two versions – Silver Reflective, where the road/pathlines are black and the spaces between the roads is reflective, and Black Reflective, where the road network itself is reflective, on a black background. The Torch jackets have the colours reversed, so the main body of the jacket is reflective, with the street/path network overlaid in Black. These are pretty intense when you shine a light straight on! More about MapReflect on the Showerspass blog. Showerspass approached me a while ago about obtaining the map graphic, which I put together for them. It’s OpenStreetMap data (© OpenStreetMap contributors) for a number of city centres, woven together. The cities chosen include London and Portland, as well as other cities known for a strong urban cycling culture and a regular high density of streets in their... »» posted by Ollie Just in time for Hallowe’en comes Grim London, a spooky and atmospheric map of central London. Navigate around the bleak, faded map of the city you thought you knew, then type in a postcode (try WC1E 6BT) or a borough name. This loads a number of Maltese crosses for the local area – clicking on these reveals the grim history of that place. This is really well themed data map by creative agency Impero, great to see this new and impressive piece of cartography, with a suitably restrained colour palette and a Rustic fonts, faded tube roundels, and occasional missing sections of streets, add to the cognitive dissonance of the map, while WebGL fog swirls across the browser. Click the lamp and find out the scary stories local to your neighborhood. Visit the map... »» posted by Ollie The Great British Colouring Map taps into a sudden enthusiasm for adult colouring-in books, by taking Ordnance Survey maps of many classic British places, stripping out all the colour, shading, labels and above-ground contours, and inviting the reader to use their colouring pencils to shade and tone it as they please. The book, published by Laurence King in close association with the Ordnance Survey themselves, is big, and printed on suitably rough-textured art paper that is ideal for pencils. We’ve chosen to review it here on Mapping London because the centre-fold of the book, which folds out into four pages (over a metre wide – that’s going to keep you busy colouring for a while!) features central London, with the unmistakeable wiggles of the River Thames: The book cover also shows the Thames’ most famous meander. The book’s maps range from the classic Landranger “pink cover” 1:50000 maps, the more recent Explorer 1:25000 range, and also some directly derived from the vector OS Open Map Local, shown at an approximate 1:10000 scale. Outside of London, a mixture of both urban and rural landscapes are presented for your colouring pleasure, from the Norfolk Broads to Mount Snowdon. Even Milton Keynes gets an inclusion, for all of you that have always wanted to colour in its hundreds of roundabouts. You can buy the Great British Colouring Map on Amazon and at all good bookstores, with a sticker price of £19.95. Thanks to the Ordnance Survey for sending a review... »» posted by Ollie Curiocity is a weighty tome, written by Henry Eliot and Matt Lloyd-Rose and published recently by Particular Books. The book follows on from a short, alphabetically organised series of pocket maps, some of which that we featured (C) a few years ago (D). This is a book which certainly delivers on its back-cover promise to “see London differently”. The work is eclectic, stretching to 452 pages long and bound attractively in a rough fabric cover. The title and front-page font being in the font “Johnston” famously seen on all signs on the London Underground. The title itself contains two footnotes, and the indices include sections by year, people, place, day of year, day of month and day of week, time of day, fonts and even a puzzle. With this level of detail, before even considering the main body of text, you know you are in for a treat. The book is loosely structured in chapters from A to Z, or Atlas to Zones, but when that goes via Hagiolatry, Mint and Wyrd, then that gives some indication of the quirky nature of the topics written about, and that this is not a “conventional” London guide – more a compendium of miscellany than a discourse on history or geography, although it includes plenty of both of those too. There are footnotes galore – many pages have several, allowing the more specialist-interest reader to get the extra detail they desire. The book includes a numerous artistic maps, commissioned specially, and produced by a number of artists, and it is just four of our personal favourites, from within the book, that we feature and review here: 1. The Thames Archipelago (top) Mapping the more significant islands that are on the River Thames as it flows through London... »» posted by Ollie Time Out London, the venerable London free magazine, have spotted that everyone in London loves maps, and so have launched a regular London Mapped feature in their City Life section & blog. This week’s map is rather interesting and not one I’ve seen before. It shows ONS 2015 data on net migration between each of London’s boroughs and the rest of the UK – so it includes cross-borough moves within London (which typically radiate outwards from Zone 1 to 6 as people age) but doesn’t include international migration (which tends to come straight in to Zones 2 to 3). Instead, it looks at the migration that happens when Londoners form families and need a bigger space than they can afford in their local borough or pensioners that yearn for the seaside or a quieter part of London (e.g. the east and south-west boroughs) or somewhere else in the UK, balanced against a steady, but often temporary, move to the universities and graduate opportunities in the capital. The key statistic is an overall outflow (domestically) seen in London’s population. London in general is increasing in population, but this is mainly due to a combination of births and inwards international migration (and in particular, the high birth rate of international immigrants.) By removing these particular population sources and flows, London suffers just under a 1% population decrease from 2014 to 2015 – a lesser reported statistic in between the headlines that London’s total population has recently hit an all-time high. We like the simple, blocky style, which approximately retains the shape of the 32 boroughs (+ the City of London), so is a hybrid of a pure squares approach and a regular geographic data map. Bravely, the creator omits the River Thames, and also leaves out... »» posted by Ollie This map shows the cross-borough London commuting flows in a different way to the conventional approach of drawing lines between the start and end of each commute (as shown here. It’s a large map of London boroughs, which each borough itself containing a small map of London. The intensity of the colour in each of these mini-maps shows the size of the flow from the origin borough (on the big map) to the destination borough (in the small map). Once you get your head around it, it’s a powerful and simple way to show a complex dataset. The simple grey, white and red colours reduce the clutter of the map (although personally I would have added a River Thames link through the main map and mini maps, for clarity) and, as long as you are familiar with London’s boroughs and their approximate location relative to each other, studying the map allows some interesting results to appear that would otherwise be hidden if just using lines. For example, in the affluent boroughs to the south west, most commute flow seems to either remain within the borough itself, or to the centre of London. In the poorer north east boroughs, the pattern is different with a strong additional commute flow to intermediate boroughs, as well as the local and central-London flows. This is likely caused by the different location and nature of jobs performed by residents in these respective borough groups. This technique of nested maps to show flows was developed at the giCentre at City University London. The map was created by Robert Radburn and he explains in detail its creation, along with an interactive allowing the display of different types of commutes, in this blog post. Via a... »» posted by Ollie Tube Heartbeat visualises one of Transport for London’s most interesting and detailed open dataset, RODS. This has data on the approximate weekday volume of passengers between each pair of stations on the network, and entering/exiting the stations, at 15-minute intervals. Mapping this, as Tube Heartbeat does, shows a distinctive pulse, or heartbeat, as commuters surge in and out. There are locally interesting patterns too – a late night “palpitation” as the theatres close, early afternoon flutters as school kids get the tube home in suburbia, and double-morning rush hour peaks in parts of east London, perhaps showing the traditional blue-collar 8am start and the white-collar 9am start. Click “Pause”, and then click on any station, or line between the stations, to see an interactive graph showing these ebbs and flows. You can also compare with an older RODS from 2012, to see where the commuter populations are rising (or otherwise). Tube Heartbeat is a commission for HERE Maps and uses the HERE JavaScript API to show the tube data, and the HERE Map Tile API for the pleasing background mapping. The HERE JavaScript API is optimised for showing data like this, resulting in fluid animation and navigation that should work well both on desktop and smartphone. Try Tube Heartbeat or see further information about the project at... »» posted by Ollie Here’s a great new mural that’s has just been unveiled in Clapham, where it appears on the side of a wall. The Clapham Cultural Map was drawn by Jenni Sparks (we featured her map of London a few years ago and was commissioned by This is Clapham, the Business Improvement District corporation for the area. The map follows Jenni’s signature style of black-and-white building outlines set isometrically, with places of interest appearing coloured in. Clapham’s famous common adds a large splash of green to the map, drawing the eye in. The blue plaque also add historical interest: Here is a pic of the map in situ: You can see more pics of the map on the artist’s portfolio page. Via Twitter. Top two photos by Jenni Sparks, bottom photo by Cllr Wellbelove on Twitter. The work is copyright Jenni... »» posted by Ollie The tube map is a useful base for data maps of London, because most people (north of the river, at least) tend to think of the city’s layout in terms of the tube map – generally, you know what your nearest tube station is. We’ve used the idea before to show maps of life expectancy, jobs and local languages, but TotallyMoney have taken the idea for one of London’s most discussed metrics – the cost of property in the capital. There’s been a few property price/tube mashup maps that have crossed the Mapping London desk over the years, but we particularly like this one because rather than using the official map (which TfL get upset about, and can be hard to work with), or a geographic map (which is less recognisable, if more representative) it uses a hybrid, custom-created map which is recognisable enough as the tube map but has a design which works well in showing the data. We particularly like the ribbon-like, always-important River Thames which flows organically through the map. The creators have also been careful to make clear what they are showing – it is the average price per square foot of properties for sales within half a kilometre of each of the tube stations, based on data from Zoopla on 1 May 2016. In some cases this may only be a small number of properties (and Heathrow is removed altogether as there are obviously no sales there!) but the variations as you travel along tube lines are relatively smooth, suggesting the measure is accurate and useful. Values range from £300 around Dagenham, in the east, to Knightsbridge, in central/west London – the latter being handy for Halfords but a property would set you back £2000 per square foot. A... »» posted by Ollie Here’s some arty maps of localities in London which have a distinctly culinary theme. “Edible Clapham” drawn by Lis Watkins and commissioned by Incredible Edible Lambeth – more a series of colourful, detailed drawings linked together by a walking route, it nonetheless is the map needed for a foodie tour of this trendy neighborhood: “Tootopia”, drawn by Lauren Radley and commisssioned for the Tootopia festival in Tooting, a vibrant map of the eateries and other food delights of the area: “Baking Tube Map”, drawn by Matt Brown of Londonist magazine – it’s another take on the tube map, with an impressive 300+ stations renamed as food puns. King’s Cross St Pancakes anyone? Found on the... »» posted by James London boasts over 300 different spoken languages – more than any other city in the world. The capital’s lingua franca, of course, remains English: 78% of Londoners cited it as their ‘main’ language in the 2011 Census. The other 22% speak in different tongues, including Urdu, Somali and Tagalog. This map from London: The Information Capital celebrates the city’s linguistic diversity by mapping how you’d say ‘hello’ in the most frequently spoken languages aside from English. Each ‘hello’ has been scaled to show the percentage of people in each area who use it. Bengali is now the third most spoken language in the capital, behind Polish. So next time you are heading east of the City, give salaam a try, or hola south of the river. You might just get a labas or olá in... »» posted by Ollie Alexander Brett has created this interactive map of London using the D3 visualisation framework and its “Force Layout” view. This places the data points (London ward centroids) at their geographic origin, and then applies a series of competing forces, as if the points are connected by a mesh of springs, to subtly adjust the locations based on the data value. Alex has seeded the map with a number of socioeconomic datasets from the London Datastore. You can set two variables – one, a list of categorical measures, controls the colours, and the other, a list of qualitative measures, controls the area sizes. You then sit back and let the code do its magic, as the map warps and the circles grow and shift into their new data values. The technique is both clever and simple at the same time – it’s a neat bit of D3.js programming, and the results are easy to interpret and navigate. It reminds me of the After the Flood cartograms, although it’s more geographically accurate. I’ve tried a similar technique for my London Election map although I’ve not allowed my circles to ebb and flow based on the data, so my data can overlap or leave empty spaces. The code is open source so it should be straightforward for the community to adopt and enhance it. I would love to see the London Datastore use this as a “default” visualisation of their ward and borough level datasets. While a map with regular geographical features certainly has its place, sometimes stripping nearly everything away can be just as clear and informative. Above – crime rate for each London ward, based on crimes per resident population, 2014/15, Met Police area only. Each borough is coloured different. Westminster in the centre stands... »» posted by Ollie Network Rail, who own most of London’s “heavy rail” track, have created this graphic showing where in London they are improving the rail network (short answer: most of it). The graphic is part of an interactive that you can view here. It’s slightly buggy and a few years out of date (e.g. no Lea Bridge station, Overground expansion or Reading Crossrail extension) and has some spelling mistakes (Bushey Park?) but does still contain most of the recent and current work going on. The map is presented in isometric form – there are relatively few examples of this type of map for London – and includes a number of landmarks (although one has a topological error – can you spot it?) We like the 3D “orange army” rail workers wielding mallets, holding maps and pointing at things around the worksites. There is no key but I think orange lines are ones being upgraded or built, with blue ones being the existing network. Crossrail is the orange dotted line running right across the map, free of the blue lines (existing track) for most of its length. The map perhaps looks particularly odd because it’s an network map of London that doesn’t include any tube (or DLR) lines, except in the few cases where they run on National Rail track (e.g. District line near Richmond). As such, it looks surprisingly odd and unfamiliar. In London, we’re so familiar with seeing the tube map that it’s actually quite difficult to navigate another network map that doesn’t include it. At least the River Thames is there as a navigational backup. So while the data on the map is far from perfect, the map style is nice and provides a fresh way of looking at the capital. This type of... »» posted by Ollie Following on from their Brutalist London Map, Blue Crow Media have moved back a few decades and produced this new map of Art Deco London. The map is presented in an attractive slip and folds out to A2. It’s printed on silver paper, which gives the roads and rivers a lovely, sparkly sheen to them. As well as the silver background, the colours used (black, with white station symbols and dark green parks) gives the map a rather unique feel. The map reveals the locations of London’s key Art Deco (1920s-40s) buildings, in red. Art Deco buildings come both the imposing and the delicate. Former examples include Senate House, the chunky building that is the University of London library (and allegedly was going to be the UK HQ for the Germans if they had won the Battle of Britain), and the London Underground HQ at 55 Broadway, which sits above St James’ Park station. More delicate buildings include the gorgeous former Daily Express building on Fleet Street (which has this amazing staircase), and the equally curvy Florin Court in Charterhouse. Oxo Tower is there. Famously, the chimney had windows shaped as “O”, “X”, and “O”, to get around strict advertising regulations of the time. Plus Battersea Power Station also gets a mention, even if it is (temporarily) without its iconic towers. The reverse of the map includes a complete list of the buildings that are highlighted on the map, including the designer, build year and listing status. We really like the silvery background paper which makes the map stand out and gives it a bit of style. The guide is ideal for an art-deco tour of London and will almost certainly reveal interesting buildings you haven’t spotted before, even if you know London well... »» posted by Ollie I’ve seen maps of food locations in London before, but not one actually made of food. Food 4 Thought, created by artist Ali Zaidi a few years ago, for “Multiwalks”, a mobile tours platform, has a distinctly organic feel to it. Lower Marsh, a street full of eateries near Waterloo station, is mapped in detail with food items. The nearby street structure is also mapped out in a similar way, with building areas made out of lentils, a nearby public park made out of green peas, and the trains in Waterloo Station itself represented with long lines of red kidney beans. The effect is rather delicious! Some more information about the project is here. The graphic accompanied a mobile app walking tour that is sadly no longer available to... »» posted by Ollie These attractive hand-drawn maps have been produced for a pocket guide “London’s Canals & Rivers” published by the Canal & River Trust by illustrator and cartographer Bek Cruddace. They show the navigable waterways around London, including the Thames and Lea Rivers and the Regent’s and Grand Union canals. The maps are designed for walkers and cyclists using the towpaths beside the canals. The locations of the locks are marked, as are tube and railway stations, allowing a one-way walk to be planned. Insets show key sections where a specific route is needed: I really like the strong but not garish colours, the subtle textures applied to the parks and urban areas, the hand-drawn tube roundels, and the attractive fonts. The rounded corners of the water features and parks also act to smooth and soften the graphic. It all comes together to create a both attractive and useful map. Visit more of Bek’s creations, or her Etsy shop – with some more London cartographical artwork coming... »» posted by Ollie The tube map is almost certainly London’s most widely produced and collected map, with many millions of the pocket version being issued for free every year by TfL from London’s 270+ tube stations. But how about having one that’s made of steel? Well, now you can thanks to Suck UK, who have produced an officially licensed, photographically etched version of the famous tube map for central London, on a credit card-sized sheet of highly polished stainless steel. The product is very thin – about half the width of a credit card, but, being steel, is of course very strong. It fits very nicely in your wallet, and as a bonus acts as a signal barrier, stopping your contactless cards from accidentally being used or suffering “card clash” at barriers. In order for this to work, they need to be lined up with it, and right beside it. One additional “extra” is that the reverse side is completely blank and, being highly polished, acts as a good mirror. The map itself is a variant of the TfL Version M black and white map. The normal line colours are replaced with patterns of dots and dashes. The map includes a small key at the bottom left. Purists will spot that the map doesn’t quite perfectly match the current one – it doesn’t show the extended Circle line going out west to Paddington, or the Overground lines (except for around Canonbury) – but then, they aren’t really tube lines anyway. It also does only show Zone 1 – essentially, the complicated section within central London for which such a map is actually very useful. Buy it for £6.50 including P&P from Suck UK on Amazon. It’s also available from the Transport Museum shop in Covent Garden. Thanks... »» posted by Ollie This is one of the many data visualisation and design postcards that Stefanie Posavec and Georgia Lupi sent each other of the course of a year. It’s a personal map of Stefanie’s London history – where she lived, studied and worked, her main commute and other routes. Everyone living in London will build up a map like this – in their head. Stefanie drew hers. Stefanie is giving a talk about the Dear Data project that she and Georgia created, at the St Bride Foundation on Fleet Street on 26 April. See here for more information about the talk. Copyright Stefanie Posavec. Many thanks to the St Bride’s Foundation for inviting me to the... »» posted by Ollie The Shard, London’s tallest building, has a viewing platform at the top, the The View from the Shard. To access the platform, you use two lifts, the first from the 1st to the 33rd floor and then a second lift from the 33rd to 68th floor. The viewing galleries are then on the 69th floor (inside) and 72nd floor (outside), above which the Shard continues to taper to the 87th floor. Transferring between the two lifts, visitors walk over a large map that covers the floor and walls of the sky lobby there. The Shard themselves describe the map as a “graffiti word map” but I would consider it a nicely designed typographic map, that is, a word-based respresentation of the capital. The location of the Shard itself is shown as a discrete red dot, the rest of the map being made of of main roads, the River Thames, and two hundred sentences, that “flow” through rather nicely through the gaps between the mapped roads. The map is arranged around a corner, and carries on up on the walls too, so forming a rather unconventional way of looking at London’s layout – rather like the viewpoint itself. Each sentence is a description of a well known local feature of the area, without naming the feature itself, so providing teasers for visitors waiting for the next lift. For example, “Where houses line up like a slices in a toast rack”, corresponds to the Toast Rack area of Wandsworth – I must confess I’d not heard of this one before! The River Thames itself remains on the floor part of the map and so provides the focal feature for the visitors to walk along to get to the next lift. The corner of the route corresponds... »» posted by Ollie As an update to our previous feature on a replica map set of the John Rocque eighteenth century map of London, we feature the Locating London’s Past project. At the heart of the website is a high-resolution scanned version of the aforementioned historic map, allowing anyone to see this 260 270-year-old snapshot of (central) London in wonderful detail, including the individual alleyways and yards (with names clearly visible) linking the medieval street network. The project has “orthorectified” the old map, lining it up with the modern “Google Map” which is also available from a drop down on the website for a direct comparison. Interested researchers can add pins to the map referencing various historic records, such as plague deaths and Old Bailey proceedings, via the Data tab. 1740s London looks distinctly different – it’s much smaller, of course, and while the familiar street pattern is familiar in many places, there are some big changes too. One of the most striking differences is the lack of the Embankment road (for example, in the snapshot below). Instead, streets and yards just lead straight down to the edge of the River Thames, often ending at a flight of stairs down to the water itself. Most of these have disappeared now, the building of the Embankment and modern bridges across the Thames having put paid to that, although some are still intact, including a rather spectacular set accessible just east of Tower Bridge – the Horsleydown Old Stairs, which appear on the map too. University College London was still 80 years off being founded when this map was produced, and the area is shown simply as some small garden plots off Tottenham Court Road and the “Road to Highgate”. Spellings have changed – back then it was “High... »» posted by Ollie Here’s an attractive map commissioned by The Watch Gallery to highlight some of the key places in London, in the development of timekeeping. From the Old Observatory at Greenwich, to Big Ben, there are many horologically significant places featured here, including some recent location such as the Swiss clock installed in Borough Market to commemorate the Swiss pavilion for the Olympic Games in 2012. The map is appropriately called Winding Streets. It’s nice to see a dedicated map like this, rather than a common (but lazy) way of mapping a particular topic by sticking pins on the default render of Google Maps. A particularly nice touch is the treatment of the parks in a watercolour style, and little features drawn in with a pen stroke, such as Westminster Bridge and fish in the River Thames. Not too much to overwhelm and distract, just the right amount to add character to a map that is telling a story. See a zoomable version of the map here. Thanks to The Watch Gallery for the... »» posted by Ollie The latest pocket guide and fold-out map from boutique urban cartographers Herb Lester is “Punk London“, celebrating 40 years since the punk movement of the 1970s, by mapping key locations in central London where it happened. Mike Haddad is the carrtographer/designer. As with all Herb Lester maps it’s a proper, custom made and litho-printed map, with an eye-catching pink, grey and white colour palette. Researcher Paul Gorman has done his leg-work and identified 111 locations across the city, marked with black pins, so the accompanying A6 pocket guide runs to 28 pages, with the enclosed map folding out to A3: “Malcolm McLaren and Vivienne Westwood’s Sex shop at 430 Kings Road; the Hampstead flat shared by Johnny Rotten and Sid Vicious; Saint Martin’s School Of Art, where the Sex Pistols made their debut performance; Pathway Studios in Canonbury, where The Damned recorded New Rose, the first UK punk release; The Clash’s Camden Town rehearsal space and many more locations associated with all the movement’s key figures.” It’s priced at a bargain £6 from the Herb Lester shop. Thanks to the heads-up from the Herb Lester team. Photos from their... »» posted by Ollie Argotopolis is a map of London slang, created by Adam Dant (cartographer) and Jonathon Green (lexicographer). At first glance it looks like an ornate tree, look more closely and you’ll realise it is indeed a map, with Farringdon Road acting as the trunk of an “Old Oak” (aka the “Big Smoke”, aka London) – and with leaves clustering around branches of the trunk. Each group of leaves outlines the slang associated with a particular profession that is traditionally clustered around the corresponding geographical location. For example, at Bank, represented by a little Royal Exchange building subtitled “Lucre” and sitting on a branch that splits four ways, the leaves surrounding the building read “Gelt” and “Sponds”, amongst others. The northern tip of Bishopsgate, i.e. Shoreditch, has “Hipsters” around the Tea Building – aka “Amazeballs” or “Humblebrag”. Recently, Londoners have become astomoned to giving nicknames to the various crazy tall towers sprouting in the City, and there is a branch for that, with the Gherkin sprouting leaves with the names of other skyscrapers, planned or built – namely the Cheesegrater, Walkie Talkie and the Can of Ham, to name but three. It’s really rather fascinating to study, especially once you spot all the detail hidden in the “branches”. Being a hand-drawn piece of artistic cartography, created by the careful hand of Adam Dant, the colours are appropriately arboreal and the piece is very pleasing to the eye. A hand-tinted limited edition print of the map is available at TAG Fine Arts. Spotted on Spitalfields Life. The map is the copyright of its creators – scanned by TAG Fine... »» posted by Ollie Crossrail is a massive new railway that is due to open towards the end of the decade. It’s underground in central London, so largely unseen – but Londoners will be familiar with the many, surprisingly large building sites across the route, as the stations and other infrastructure get built. We’ve featured Crossrail’s official construction map in a previous post, when it was showing the progress of the various TBMs (tunnel boring machines) drilling through London; but with the tunnels themselves now burrowed, it’s received a welcome update – if you zoom right in, you can now see the shape and extent of the underground stations. And they are HUGE, with some of the central London ones having different tube stations at each end. For example, the Liverpool Street Crossrail Station’s western entrance is actually at Moorgate, the next tube station along: Tottenham Court Road Crossrail Station is a particularly complex set of tunnelling, as it has to link with both the Central and Northern lines already there, while the new lines themselves are some way to the south of both of them. There’s also some short links for integrating with a future Crossrail 2 line, and the map includes the huge new ticket hall which has already opened – with passages to Crossrail blocked with blue walls until opening day in late 2018. Ironically, no part of the new station is actually on Tottenham Court Road, which runs away to the north from Oxford Street: Entrance to the new ticket hall, approximately where the “pond” is in the map above: Bond Street Crossrail Station also lies to the south of the existing tube station, so includes a link snaking north to it, as well as some additional mysterious tunnels even further north – possibly... »» posted by Ollie So London’s myriad of suburban commuter rail services, many of which are south of the River Thames and so act as the equivalent of the largely north-of-the-river tube network, may in the future come under the control of Transport for London, the main transit authority for the city. It makes a lot of sense – TfL’s Overground network has already reinvigorated many old and unloved commuter rail lines in the last few years. It has however added a lot of orange to the tube map and if more lines come under TfL’s command (albeit continuing to be operated by private companies and with the track continuing to be owned by Network Rail) then the tube map is going to turn into a real mess. The London Connections map which includes the commuter rail, already is hard to read with its wiggles and dashes, and that’s without turning it orange. Step forward architect and transit cartographer Jug Cerovic who has mapped many metro networks around the world, and has come up with a lovely map of the London system that manages to combine the tube and commuter rail networks into a single map that is clear and pleasant to read, unlike the official ones. The INAT London Metro Map is a lesson in simplifying and making attractive a complex topological map. A key decision decision shows the commuter rail in varied pastel colours – much better than the visually noisy dashed lines on the official map, or an orange apocalypse. The map abounds with other visual pleasantries, such as zone indicators shown beside each station, rather than as arbitrarily shaped and ugly blobs of grey. Key walking links are shown with walking symbols – fancy that! – and stations with multiple lines are shown generally... »» posted by Ollie Lumiere London is a festival of light and art taking place every evening until this Sunday. From 6:30-10pm, nearly 30 temporary artworks in central London will come alive with lights. From a holographic elephant to neon sausage-dogs and a strange organic-looking structure suspended over London’s principal crossroads (Oxford Circus), it’s a great excuse to brave the cold weather – for tourists it’s extra to see in London’s traditionally quiet January, while for locals it’s an opportunity to get out to the city to see something impressive and free, to stave off the post-Christmas low. Most of the pieces are around the Regent Street, Piccadilly Circus and Trafalgar Square area, all of which are closed to regular traffic in the evening to provide more space for the crowds. Further away from the main zone, King’s Cross Central (the space going northwards from the gap between King’s Cross and St Pancras) has a line of lit artworks, while Westminster Abbey, to the west, is also precision-lit with a mosaic of colours. The organisers have released a couple of maps, one for the general central London area (below) and one for King’s Cross (extract above). In addition, TfL have released a special tube line walking-distance map (bottom) for the Lumiere areas. Tube stations are likely to be unusually busy, and bus routes suspended – the purpose of the last map is to emphasise that it’s really not that far walking between the tube stations in the vicinity. It’s great to see these proper maps being produced for the event (paper copies of the first two are available at some of the installations). They are attractive to look at and informative about what’s happening. All three are supplied as vector PDFs so they are nice and sharp at... »» posted by Ollie The Valuation Office Agency publish some interesting open data sets from time-to-time. One that caught my eye recently was a breakdown of counts of residential buildings in each small area (LSOA, around 700 houses) by the decade that they were built in. The data is not perfect for mapping – pre-1900 is grouped together into a single category, and within each area there can be groups of houses from multiple decades, but mapping the data is worthwile as it show a distinct pattern. I’ve chosen to map the modal decade, that is, the one within which the most number of houses in each area were built. Where another decade comes a close second, I’ve shown the “runner up” colour in vertical stripes. For many areas, this works well, however there are other places which have a rich distribution of house ages, where the modal decade is not actually that useful. So yes – if I’ve mapped your house “wrong”, that is why! There will be a large cluster of differently-aged houses nearby which will be the cause. In London’s case, the large size of the pre-1900 city (dark grey) is apparent, with it dominating Zones 1-4, with only limited infill occuring within this area since. A notable exception is the Docklands area – residential building either side of the Thames in east London has gradually displaced industry through the twentieth century and new developments (shown as orange and red) continue to appear in this region all the time. London’s “Metroland” to the north-west (blue) can be clearly seen, with the building of the Metropolitan line along here clearly inducing a huge housebuilding program alongside it (helped in no small part by the railway company owning some of the land). Zones 5-6 also appear as concentric rings of newer housing, until a post-WW2 halt, caused by the imposition of London’s Green Belt, suddenly stops London spreading outwards. Satellite communities well out from the city, and infill (yellow, orange and red), has been the main activity ever since, with recent construction surge in the very centre of London caused by the recent fashion to live (where possible/affordable!) back in the centre (the deepest red colours). This last pattern is repeated in almost every city thoughout and England/Wales, for which the live map extends. Find out more about this map and the related maps I also produced for the CDRC, on my blog, or view the map for yourself. The map is on the CDRC Maps platform, part of the new Consumer Data Research Centre. Contains Ordnance Survey and Valuation Office Agency data, released under the terms of the Open Government... »» posted by Ollie SmellyMaps reveals the “olfactory footprint of London” – the streets which are dominated by traffic fumes, the animal smells emanating out from London Zoo, and the influence of parks and greenspaces on London’s scent experience. Streets are measured for four smell groupings based on tags from Flickr photos calibrated from a smell taxonomy: emissions (coloured red on the map), nature (green), food (blue) and animals (yellow), the map colouring each road by the most dominant of the four. Clicking on the segment reveals the measurements. The results are attractively presented on a background map. SmellyMaps is an output from Bell Labs’ Daniele Quercia, based partly on many urban walks and surveys by RCA student Kate McLean, which created the smell taxonomy from which the Flickr and other social media data was categorised, creating the final map. I wonder how big the smell footprint from the Lush cosmetic shops extends? See the interactive map here. From a presentation by... »» posted by Ollie To celebrate one year since the release of London: The Information Capital by Mapping London co-editor James Cheshire and graphic designer Oliver Uberti, and the book recently winning the BCS Award, the authors have released a number of new excepts from the book. Here we feature “What Lies Beneath”, a map of the tunnelled sections of the forthcoming (2018+) Crossrail line that snakes right through central London. During the archaeological surveys that took place prior to excavating the tunnels, a wide variety of historic artefacts were found, some of which are celebrated in this graphic in the book, along with a map of the route itself and a cross-section of key buildings the line will pass by. From plague skeletons to woolly mammoths, The cartography of the map is very pleasing to the eye, it combines the characteristic “sketch style”, with both the artefacts and the rail and river lines appearing as “pencil strokes”, but forming proper geographic map accurately showing the route. You can, by the way, see how Crossrail will mesh with the existing TfL routes in London on this interactive map (the line line is in purple on this latter map). You can buy the book on Amazon. See also our previous feature on the official Crossrail tunnel map. Sketches by Oliver Uberti with data from... »» posted by Ollie Every year, for the last few years, Mapping London editors Oliver and James have been invited to create and submit an artwork for 10×10 London, a charity art auction organised by Article 25, the architectural development charity (originally called Architects for Aid). Being neither artists or architects, it is very flattering that we have been invited to contribute to this good cause. We create our submissions as “data driven” art, using geographical data, GIS and other software to produce the work, along with a large-format plotter and canvas paper, and a skilled canvas mounter (Miles) in the department drawing office. This year’s 10×10 project is themed “Drawing the River” and each participant is assigned a square alongside the River Thames in central London, to interpret in their own way and product an artwork from. Our square was near Lambeth Bridge, so we decided to utilise the Environment Agency’s huge and newly opened archive of LIDAR-derived digital elevation models (DEMs), which have just been released with an open data licence allowing for easy access and reuse. We downloaded the DTM (the DEM which includes buildings) of the area, which has the terrain heights at 50cm resolution (horizontal) and 0.1cm (vertical) and then used multidirectional hillshading to draw out the building structures and shapes. The image was then vectorised and a filter was used to reduce the speckle and noise and further draw out the relief, with a gradient finally added to emphasise the contrast of the River Thames and adjoining land. We were particularly pleased by some of the features that were brought out using the combination of these techniques, such as the large trees in Archbishop’s Park – the graphic here is from EA data and has had no manual intervention: By way of... »» posted by Ollie Mapping London stumbled upon this lovely cartographic art-piece of London, created by illustrator Josie Shenoy, at her stall at the South Bank Christmas Market (almost underneath the southern end of the Hungerford Bridge that goes across to Charing Cross, near Foyles’s South Bank outpost). It’s called River Thames and is available as a print and in a number of other formats (e.g. notebooks and cards) from the stall as well as online. We really like the combination of landmarks, placenames and flora/fauna. A cartographic trick (variable scaling – like on the tube map) is used to include mentions of all boroughs, including the outermost (hello Havering), while retaining the famous wiggles of the Thames, and the most iconic landmarks in the centre of the capital. There is also another design, of London secrets – it includes the lost rivers that follow under our feet, abandoned and closed tube stations, and other hidden London miscellany. This second design is not on the website yet so you’ll need to go to the stall itself to see it! This is the first in a series of articles featuring great maps that would make good Christmas gifts. Tis the season! Spotted on a walk along the South... »» posted by Ollie For fans all all things concrete comes this map of London’s most famous Brutalist buildings. Created by Blue Crow Media (see also their craft beer and cycling maps, it is the first in a new series of map-based guides to London architecture, focusing on the modern 1950s/60s “raw” concrete-heavy designs by Le Corbusier and others of the post-war architectural phase. The map is presented attractively in a blue band which keeps it nicely folded. The font used for the map title and building captions is the classic Helvetica font, used most famously on the New York Subway signs, crops up in all kinds of modern design institutions and is entirely appropriate here. On the reverse of the map, once unfolded, there is a short section on each of the structures featured on the map, with a photo, address, designer, build date and listing info. Blue Crow Media have created a soothing, subdued background map of concrete greys, browns and pale blues, using OpenStreetMap data. They have eschewed road names, featuring instead tube and railway stations, denoted (perhaps controversially) by roundels, as the chief geographic landmarking for the map, along with park names. It’s a bold idea but works well here with the partially translucent red for the Brutalist building outlines standing out strongly. If the Barbican Estate is one of your favourite London places, then this is the map to get to further explore these striking, if divisive, buildings. Buy the map from the Blue Crow Media shop Thanks to Blue Crow Media for the review... »» posted by Ollie Today, the London Transport Museum unveils a new permanent gallery in its space in Covent Garden, called “London by Design“. The gallery includes a number of maps which have not been exhibited before, including this lovely map of the “Baker Street & Waterloo Railway (of which the Bakerloo Line‘s name is a portmanteau) which first started running in 1906, between Baker Street and Waterloo. The map is a geographical one with the tube network added on to it (Beck’s non-geographic diagrams were still 25 years away) and it was likely intended to show just how useful the new link was, allowing access between north and south central London without having to go east to Farringdon or west to Kensington (operated presumably by rival train companies). I like the cartography of this map – or, at least, of the underlying map by “Johnson, Riddle, Couchman & Co Ltd of Southwark. The colours are nice and simple – yellow urban areas, red key buildings, black stations and blue water features. London’s geography seems surprisingly familiar, 100+ years later. The parks and urban areas have generally not changed name. The railway networks themselves are perhaps what has changed significantly. I never knew for instance that Angel was once a terminus station. Bricklayers Arms station is one that has vanished completely off the network maps. Lots Road, the old power station that powered the tube network, appears on the map at the bottom. Of interest is how the Bakerloo route then added on top in a translucent manner, showing how closely it follows the road network above it, suggesting that it is the obvious alternative to a walk along Portland Place, Regent Street and Haymarket. The original cartographers (not the Bakerloo ones!) have taken care to place their... »» posted by Ollie This “line” map of Camden’s cultural locations – museums, galleries and music venues – has been produced by Camden Council and appears alongside a “Legible London” map of the borough and surrounding areas. I like the concept of simplifying a normal 2D right down to a straight line (although the actual route itself does involve a number of turns that the map doesn’t hint at) to simplify and filter London’s dense network of attractions and places of interest into a straightforward narrative. Segment walking time indicators and tube stations help to break the line up into easy sections. The idea is simple and compelling, it is perhaps all you need to spend a day in London as a tourist (with the regular map to look at as a useful backup or for more detail). Each of the cultural locations are represented as a circle, the colour of the circle and inner symbol showing the location type. The use of straight lines and circles is reminiscent of a tube map, with the “stations” along the line (and branches off it) being the cultural attractions. The idea could easily be extended to cover over popular London tourist/cultural areas, such as along the South Bank/Bankside or through Strand/Fleet Street/the City. I spotted the map in the Wellcome Collection, one of the museums included along the line. It’s available from the front desk, as a sheet from a tear-off pad. The map is produced by the London Borough of Camden Creative Services/Arts and Tourism... »» posted by Ollie Londoners: The Board Game is a concept for a London-focused Risk-style game, currently being crowdfunded on Kickstarter by “Stef and Ollie” (no relation!) We like this because the game is focused around a map of London. The definition of London for the game unusually uses the M25 “ring” as the border, which means Watford and Staines get included. It is also necessarily simplified, splitting London into six sectors radiating around the centre. There are also some topological quirks, but to complain about these would be missing the point – this is all about fitting London into a Risk-style conquest! We really like the bright colours used in the map – they correspond loosely to the tube lines dominant in each area (which is why, for example, the northern sector is black). It is also good to see the inclusion of the River Thames and the M25 as the key contextual features. As well as the main game, which involves missions for your character, such as buying up the football stadiums or the City, the area cards that will come with the board can make a mini “top trumps” style game. Trade cards on factors such as house prices and “coolness”. The team have already hit their funding target but are accepting overfunding – you can contribute in the next few days to secure your copy, your name on the board or other perks. If all goes well then it should be out in January next year. Crowdfunding page with more details on the project. Thanks to Stefan for letting us know about the... »» posted by Ollie Is this London’s first 3D map? The vivid and historic map of London in 1842, coloured by district, has one unusual feature – it’s embossed. The photos here (taken of the copy in The Map House dealership in Knightsbridge) are from the framed copy that hangs in The Map House and the directional lighting from above picks out the relief of the buildings. This must therefore make it one of London’s earliest “3D” maps, and the embossed effect, even if it is uniformly applied to each building and so does not correspond to the actual heights or height differences, helps emphasise that, even in the mid-nineteenth century, London was already a very large place. It was a particularly interesting stage in London’s development. UCL had just appeared, then much smaller and simply called “London University” (N.B. misnamed on the map, as it had actually changed its name to University College, London, a few years earlier). The railways were just arriving, the railway companies punching through the surburbs to as close to the centre as they could, and building great terminii stations. London Bridge, Paddington and Fenchurch Street had made it, but King’s Cross and St Pancras hadn’t and the area where they now are is shown as a simple set of residential streets. The original was folded up into panelled sheets but it is displayed here in its folded out, and framed, glory. The changes of colour for each district make the map a surprisingly lively affair considering its age – the bright colours might not be for everyone but it’s certainly a piece that draws the eye. The map is out of copyright and various editions appear online – but be aware that these are simply lithographic creations – they may reproduce the... »» posted by Ollie London has a lot of history, of course, and a lot of blue plaques have been erected by English Heritage over the years to mark the locations of its famous people and deeds from times past. Local history societies and borough councils have also added their own plaques, of various colours, so that some parts of London (for example, Bloomsbury with its academic tradition) is a rich source of blue plaques, some rows of houses having several plaques along their length, occasionally even beside neighbouring doorways. Open Plaques is gradually assembling a user-contributed database of plaques from across London, the UK and indeed the world, and there are numerous other projects and books on the subject. One of these, The London Blue Plaque Guide, written by Nick Rennison, is now in its fourth edition, as it attempts to keep up to date both with new plaques being added, but also existing ones disappearing and sometimes even relocating. If you are on a plaque-spotting trip to a London neighbourhood, or simply want to know about the plaques are nearest to you (and exactly where they are) then the London Blue Plaque Guide, coming in at over 300 pages, is an appropriately authoritative guide. The plaques are presented in alphabetical order based on the surname of the person featured, each plaque gets roughly a quarter of a page (there are nearly 1000 in London), detailing the name, inscription on the plaque, and – in almost all cases except for the very obscure – a paragraph serving as a concise obituary of the person concerned. This provides the context and detail behind the plaques, which themselves are typically a maximum of 10 words. The equivalents in other countries, such as the National Historic Landmark signs in the... »» posted by Ollie Currency and Cartography is an solo exhibition by artist Justine Smith, available to view in the gallery space at The Map House in Knightsbridge, a specialist map dealer (and treasure trove crammed with thousands of other maps, globes, illustrations and other prints – be warned you will get lost browsing in this small but perfectly formed shop) until 10 October. Justine has combined banknotes from countries around the world, cutting them to match the shapes of national borders and then assembling maps of countries, continents and indeed the whole world. As well as the currency theme, Justine has produced, in collaboration with The Map House especially for this exhibition, the print that we are featuring here: the “Whittington Map”, which is a historic map of central London, gilded with 23.5 carat gold leaf along the complex City street network, and the main roads leading to the Square Mile. The streets on this map therefore really are “paved with gold”, as the phrase from the tale of Dick Whittington and his cat goes. The gleaming Whittington Map are available from the Map House in a limited edition of 30 prints, along with a number of the currency/cutout style maps mentioned above. The Map House has so many treasures that we feel a need to feature more maps from them here! If you do visit, as well as looking at the Currency and Cartography exhibits (in the gallery at the back), don’t miss the many globes at the front space, and the lovely old clockwork devices for showing how the relative positions of the Earth, Sun and Moon change – with candles and devices for focusing them into a sun-equivalent beam. And map drawers full of maps – as far as the eye can see. Finally,... »» posted by Ollie Artist Gareth J Wood, aka Fuller, unveiled this striking black-and-white map-based artwork over London, yesterday. The work was started way back in 2005, and after a four-year pause, Fuller came back and completed the piece, which is well over a metre wide. The work, which can be seen alongside similar works for Bristol and Purbeck, is hanging at the Clock Tower, which is apartment 5.01 of St Pancras Chambers Apartments – this is the apartment famously on AirB&B and includes the huge clock tower overlooking St Pancras station. The views of King’s Cross (see below), and the intriguing metal steps zigzagging from the room displaying the art, into the ceiling, create a setting that is another great reason to visit. Fuller has picked towers to unveil his work before, including the Shot Tower in Bristol. With works like this, it’s the detail – and the implied commentary, that make it so interesting, and invite a long, careful look. I particularly liked the dog sitting in the middle of the Isle of Dogs, and Paddington Bear standing by the eponymous station – or is it a panda representing the zoo? Lines of cycles stretch along certain roads, suggesting a cycle superhighway future, constrasting with a line of traffic camera symbols stretching along the South Circular. A quadcopter drone sneaks by Canary Wharf, along with pigeons, possibly escaped from a giant birdcage representing 1 Canada Square. London’s “30 mile high street” cuts a line right across the canvas. Fans of the Docklands Light Railway will be familiar of the fairly-exciting section of track just north of Canary Wharf, and here it is shown as we know it to be – an exciting rollercoaster of exciting twists and turns. The Olympics is represented symbolically over a temple,... »» posted by Ollie [Updated – Thanks to this blog post, this map is now officially on the TfL website – read on!] The Transport for London (TfL) tube map, with its straight lines, 45-degree rounded corners and simple, clear cartography, is a design classic. The map dispenses with other features such as parks, roads and urban extents – because you don’t need those if you are getting from A to B on the tube network. Similarly, real-life wiggles and curves on the network are straightened – they’re not important, because they don’t affect your journey. It also means the complex central section can be shown at a larger scale than the rest of the network, while still connected to it. The London Rail & Tube services map extends the concept to show all London railways in the same way, the increased complexity making it a bit harder to read, but still adhering to the same design principles. But did you know that TfL produce another version of the map – one where roads, parks and neighbourhoods are included? One which shows the real-life wiggles of the network, and where distances between links can be directly compared, and journey lengths estimated? (Chalfont & Latimer to Chesham is actually a journey of several kilometres, but looks shorter than a 200m one-stop journey in central London, on the regular map.) It’s the TfL London Connections map and it’s not made generally available to the public, however this Freedom of Information request reveals its existence. While I can understand TfL’s reluctance to crowd the public narrative with multiple, different looking maps of its network, it’s a shame that this one is accordingly given a relatively low profile, as it’s really rather nice, combining a level of geographical utility (with the major... »» We highlight the best maps of London. People, places, data, things. Twitter: @MapLondon The Editors	Tube map
Famous for its military marches, in which English county is the town of Wooton Bassett?	The machine as psychotherapist: impersonal communication with a machine \| BJPsych Advances The machine as psychotherapist: impersonal communication with a machine Digby Tantam PDF Abstract Machines will replace therapists and counsellors. This was the confident prediction made a decade ago. In this article, I discuss the inherent limitations of machines as conversationalists that have prevented the prediction from coming true. Machines can, however, be exploited to assist therapy and I consider the following digital tools: test administration; managing procedural, symptom-relieving cognitive–behavioural therapies; providing virtual environments for immersive behavioural therapies and for e-learning; and assisting training through automated discourse analysis and the use of cognitive maps. In one of his first films, THX-1138, George Lucas adapts and extends a film he made as a student at the University of South California in which electronic devices are used to control society and, in particular, to prevent people falling in love. One of the devices used is a machine counsellor that troubled citizens can access from public booths, like telephone booths, dotted throughout the city. The machine counsellor was clearly inspired by the well-known computer program ELIZA, developed by Joseph Weizenbaum ( Weizenbaum, 1966 ). ELIZA, named after Eliza Doolittle in Shaw’s Pygmalion, was designed to support a conversation with a human user. Weizenbaum chose the paradigm of a conversation with a non-directive therapist to minimise the amount of factual data that he had to put into the computer’s memory. Instead, it relied on a simple means of parsing sentences, extracting key phrases and then placing them in phrase structures stored in its memory. From the beginning Weizenbaum considered ELIZA to be a parody of a therapist, but its performance was superficially convincing and it led some people to hail the imminent replacement of psychotherapists by computers. ELIZA can be accessed at many sites on the internet, for example http://www-ai.ijs.si/eliza/eliza.html . Here is a brief interchange that I had with the program: ELIZA: Hello. I am ELIZA. How can I help you? Digby: Can I help you? ELIZA: Do you want to be able to help i? ELIZA is based on the person-centred counselling technique of repeating with appropriate grammatical modification the last few words of what the client has just said. So, Client:I feel so sad Digby: You are feeling sad? Client: Yes. My life is in ruins Digby: You feel your life is in ruins? and so on. In THX-1138, the hero tells the booth that the city is ‘coming apart at the seams’, and the booth dutifully rephrases this as ‘You feel the city is coming apart at the seams?’ even when the audience can see the flames engulfing the neighbourhood. ELIZA uses ‘natural language processing’ (i.e. the user and the program interact in ordinary English), and this can be emulated in quite short programs, called chatterbots or chatbots, which learn simple vocabulary and conversational rules. At present chatbots require text in and text out communication, although the most recent version of the Artificial Intelligence Foundations’ prizewinning A.L.I.C.E. (Artificial Linguistic Computer Entity) can be trained to recognise a particular voice, and will produce spoken responses rather than text. With advances in natural language processing, it is likely that the training period will become shorter and shorter until it becomes imperceptible. One common critique of such programs, and indeed of computer interaction in general, is that they are not ‘embodied’ (for a discussion see Tantam, 2006b ). It is worth noting here that computer programs for recognising emotions in faces are being actively developed in many laboratories, as are programs for emulating emotions in computer-generated animation. A simple form of empathy emulation has already undergone a trial ( Brave et al, 2005 ). The use of avatars, virtual bodies, in chat rooms has become standard and avatars nowadays may crudely emulate emotions and produce slightly caricatured non-verbal expressions. Development of the latter is proving easier than the former, but considerable progress has been made on both, driven partly by the resources of the film industry. A.L.I.C.E. herself has a computer-animated face which follows the mouse pointer with suitable eye movements, in itself giving a surprising degree of apparent interaction. George, the instantiation of Jabberwacky, which has won the most recent Loebner prizes, also has a computer generated ‘face’ that mimics facial expressions. Computer technology has made less progress in the recognition of facial expression although face recognition itself is well-advanced. It remains unclear whether people will ever respond in quite the same way to something that they see as an animation as to someone that seems to have a real body, that bleeds and suffers. Early proponents of chatbots thought that they would make counselling and psychotherapy redundant. However, Weizenbaum’s experience with ELIZA led him to argue against this assumption ( Weizenbaum, 1976 ). He, like many psychotherapists, believed that a computer would always fail the Turing test (Box 1 ⇓ ), that it could so convincingly imitate a human being in its responses to any text input that it would be taken to be a human being. Reasons for failing the Turing test include an inability to be truly generative in response and an inability to have an adequate theory of mind ( Saygin et al, 2000 ). Whether or not computers or other devices will always fail the Turing test for these or other reasons is a matter of prejudice rather than science. However, it is pretty clear that they are nowhere near passing the test at the moment. Box 1 The Turing machine and Turing test Alan Turing, marathon runner, government scientist, mathematician and a member of the famous Enigma code-breaking team, was a member of the Manchester team that developed one of the first digital computers. Two manifestations of his extraordinary ability are the Turing machine and the Turing test. The universal Turing machine is a mathematical description of the minimum requirements of an imaginary machine that could emulate any computer. One important corollary of the Turing machine is that computers will carry on trying to solve a problem indefinitely or until they find a solution. Computers cannot conclude that a problem is not soluble (not ‘computable’, to use the mathematical term). Some 15 years after imagining the Turing machine, Turing turned his attention to what differentiates a human from a machine. He considered and rejected many of the then current tests of humanity, and proposed his own. He said we have to imagine that we are communicating with either a computer or a person, but that we do not know which. Our only means of communication is by typewritten sheet or, as we would say now, by text message or email. Would we know whether we were communicating with a person or a computer? My summary of the ELIZA dialogue suggests that we would know very quickly, even with the best modern computer and chatbot program. I doubt that anyone imagined a computer passing Turing’s test when it was published, but many science fiction books and films now seem less sure. What computers can do is tirelessly manage rule-bound procedures and, apart from usually obvious malfunction, reliably. They have an established place in psychotherapy in the administration and scoring of tests and in delivering psychotherapy procedures. The machine as tester The internet is becoming the most popular means of presenting tests. Creating forms is easy (there are numerous freeware and commercial programs for doing this), they can be accessed via web pages, completed at one’s own computer, submitted securely using the same methods as secure banking and other commercial transactions, and stored in one of the common server-side databases, such as MySQL or Access, from which they can be downloaded into statistical analysis programs, printed or plotted as graphs. Performance on computer-administered tests is very similar to that on paper-based tests ( Epstein & Klinkenberg, 2001 ). However, ease of application and analysis is not psychotherapists’ main concern about testing. They are more worried about the validity of testing when it comes to the human issues that psychotherapy addresses. When the tester is human, test interpretation can go beyond simple test scores and take account of the interaction between the tester and the tested. This is not possible on an automated test ( Butcher et al, 2004 ). Nevertheless, in direct comparisons, computer-administered test results are similar to those of tests administered by a human being ( Epstein & Klinkenberg, 2001 ) and are as acceptable ( Mead & Drasgow, 1993 ). Can internet-based tests add anything useful for the psychotherapist? Computers have made possible the analysis of complex tests that are more psychotherapy friendly but are prohibitively time-consuming to rate by hand. These include the repertory grid. The ease with which tests can be converted into internet forms has also made tests selected, administered and rated by users widely available. Arguably few of these have any psychotherapeutic significance although some, such as the Myers–Briggs personality indicator ( http://www.myersbriggs.org ), have proven validity even when self-administered, and may serve to interest some internet surfers in psychological matters and psychotherapy. Expert systems, capitalising on the speed and memory of computers, have been slow to penetrate psychotherapy, but are gradually being adopted for treatment selection (e.g. http://www.systematictreatmentselection.com ) and for tracking patient progress during therapy. Computer adaptation is the main advantage of computer-based testing. Computer-adaptive tests are interactive. Item selection can be based on previous item scores and an algorithm, only the most discriminating questions need be asked and only enough need be asked to achieve a predetermined level of accuracy ( Wainer, 2000 ). In a study of 744 participants in depression treatment trials ( Gardner et al, 2004 ), a computer-adapted version of the 21-item Beck Depression Inventory showed both high efficiency (asking an average of only 5.6 items) and high accuracy in identifying major depressive episodes and measuring depression severity, making it a useful instrument for clinical practice. Response to computer-administered tests can be by means of a keyboard, a touch-sensitive screen or mouse clicks on radio buttons. Since computer-adaptive tests are always likely to be shorter than their extended paper-based versions, it is likely that they will replace paper-and-pencil tests even in face-to-face situations, and they are ideally suited for use over the telephone. Tests can be administered on any computer with a suitable operating system and many are suitable for hand-held computers or personal digital assistants (PDAs). It seems likely that computer-adapted tests will gradually replace other testing methods because of their savings in time. However, many psychologists remain sceptical although recognising that computers enable fast testing and early feedback of test scores to patients, which can accelerate the early stages of therapy ( Butcher et al, 2004 ). Repeat testing has been used as a means of tracking client progress, of predicting outcome, of detecting increased risk of unwanted events such as premature termination of therapy and of auditing professional performance. Owing to its ability to automate both testing and the analysis and feedback of tests, the computer lends itself particularly to such continual monitoring. One such application, the Outcome Questionnaire Analyst, is routinely used by a US managed-care company, PacifiCare Behavioral Health, and embedded into an outcome monitoring and management procedure called Algorithms for Effective Reporting and Treatment (ALERT). Provider groups with exceptional outcomes as reported by ALERT are given bonuses ( Percevic et al, 2004 ). Feedback to individual therapists from computer analyses of pre- and post-session questionnaires completed by their clients can improve client adherence and therefore outcome, presumably as a result of altered therapist behaviour ( Whipple et al, 2003 ). Monitoring of this kind has become a regular feature in other industries and evaluations suggest that it is accepted provided that it is considered fair ( Alder & Ambrose, 2005 ). There are other properties of computers that will probably influence test administration and development in the future. These include the ability to construct virtual environments, which carries with it the possibility that instead of answering test questions, individuals being tested could model aspects of their lives by creating environments or maps that simulate their experience of the world. Anonymity and testing One unexpected finding is that computer-based tests are answered more honestly when potentially shameful material is being elicited, including alcohol ( Lucas et al, 1977 ) or drug use, sexual activity, failure to take medication ( Millstein & Irwin, 1983 ), history of sexual abuse ( Bagley & Genuis, 1991 ) and the frequency of suicidal thoughts ( Greist et al, 1973 ). This may be related to the disembodiment of the medium that I have already discussed. More about having machine therapy So far, the evidence suggests that the technology is not mature enough to allow therapy to be emulated by computer. Few empirical studies of existing computer-administered psychotherapy have been carried out. In one rare study, individuals reporting stress symptoms were randomly allocated to a student acting as a therapist or a student assisting the client to use a computer to follow the Therapeutic Learning Program ( Gould, 1989 ). Improvement in the computer-using group was of the same order as that in the student-therapist group at the end of therapy, but it did not persist at 6 months ( Jacobs et al, 2001 ), suggesting that there were, in fact, substantive differences between the computer and the therapist. Cognitive–behavioural and other procedural therapies The therapy that I have been considering here is of the exploratory kind that leads to personal change or to the re-evaluation of meaning or purpose in life. We have seen that more focused tasks, for example, test administration, can be carried out successfully by a computer loaded with the appropriate software. Psychotherapy aimed at the relief of distress falls into this category, since it follows well-tried procedures that work for most people, irrespective of their personal circumstances. At least some of these procedures can be reduced to algorithms, making them suitable for computer administration. So, can psychotherapy aimed at symptom relief be delivered by computer? There is considerable evidence that it can. Cavanagh & Shapiro (2004) performed a meta-analysis of five computer-based treatments for anxiety or depression and found a sizeable effect compared with waiting-list controls. In a detailed analysis of one of the studies included in this meta-analysis, comparing computer-based treatment with standard care, McCrone et al(2004) concluded that there was an 81% chance that computer-based treatment would be cost-effective. Following its review of computerised cognitive–behavioural therapy (CCBT) the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (now the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence) concluded that ‘research suggests that CCBT may be useful for treating anxiety and depression. But at the moment this evidence on how and where CCBT should be delivered is not strong enough for the Institute to recommend introducing CCBT into general use in the NHS’ ( National Institute for Clinical Excellence, 2002 ). However, a further review is being conducted and the treatment may be yet recommended. NICE will undoubtedly be considering the assessment report from the School of Health and Related Research at the University of Sheffield ( Kaltenthaler et al, 2005 ). This concludes that ‘There is RCT evidence to support the effectiveness of Beating the Blues and FearFighter’ (p. iv). Well-being Broadly speaking, health interventions can be considered to be directed towards prevention, towards the reduction of symptoms and disability, or towards increasing positive health or well-being. The positive psychology movement has recently grown from research that suggests that the factors conducive to the relief of symptoms are not necessarily those that improve well-being. In essence, depression, anxiety, pain and certain kinds of disability reduce well-being, but the absence of these symptoms does not confer it. The creation of well-being is more related to social relationships, to spirituality and to engagement in life. Positive psychologists have begun to develop web-based methods to help people identify reasons why they do not experience well-being and to recommend things they can do to increase it. Some might argue that these are the latest recruits to the very large body of self-improvement sites on the internet, and it remains to be seen whether positive psychologists, or psychotherapists, do have more to say than spiritual leaders, churches, nutritionists, mediators, family counsellors, clinical and counselling psychologists and others who are already well-represented. Virtual reality: psychotherapy by immersion Immersive virtual environments offer new possibilities for therapy, for example by providing realistic but not actual exposure. This was first exploited in treating fear of flying, where it was but a step on from the flight simulators that were already in use. Virtual environments for psychotherapy are now being developed for conditions such as back pain ( Buhrman et al, 2004 ), fear and avoidance related to speaking in public ( Botella et al, 2004 ), increasing the impact of psychosocial care in breast cancer ( Owen et al, 2004 ), drug misuse ( Copeland & Martin, 2004 ), schizophrenia, autism, post-traumatic stress disorder ( Wiederhold & Wiederhold, 2004 ), eating disorders ( Castelnuovo, et al, 2004 ) (see example at http://www.vepsy.com/2vrtsession.asf ) and male sexual dysfunction ( Optale et al, 2004 ). Virtual reality environments seem particularly suited to exposure therapy ( Emmelkamp et al, 2002 ), but they have also been used to provide training, for example social skills training for people with Asperger syndrome ( Parsons & Mitchell, 2002 ). Virtual reality sites created for many of these purposes suffer from comparison with the graphical rendering of commercial games that young people now take for granted and it seems likely that virtual reality therapy will have to be developed to the same commercial standards. One example of how this can be done is provided by a virtual reality therapy environment for veterans with combat-induced post-traumatic stress disorder ( Rizzo et al, 2005 ). The graphics in this program were imported from Full Spectrum Warrior, a commercial game based on a combat tactical simulation whose development was sponsored by the US Department of the Army. The machine as coach Lifestyle coaching is developing rapidly, and is attracting more and more counsellors and psychotherapists. The aim is not to reduce mental ill health, but to improve function above average levels. By extension from sport, where coaching has usually meant increasing physical skills, coaching is used by executives, the main client population, to increase their business, managerial and personnel skills. Inevitably coaching has spread into ‘stress management’ and therefore into self-help for anxiety, depression and substance misuse. The French publishers of Psychologies magazine, in conjunction with the mobile phone company Orange, has developed a French-language SMS (text messaging) coaching in which subscribers receive a ‘personalised’ message each working day for a month (20 messages in all). Two programmes are currently offered, for better communication and for self-assertiveness. An example of a self-assertiveness message for a woman is ‘Ce midi au restaurant, osez refuser cette table qui ne vous plait pas’ (‘Dining out this lunch-time, be daring and don’t take the table the waiter indicates if you don’t like it’). Although such self-improvement programmes are a long way from psychotherapy, one could imagine that a much more personalised prompt could be a useful adjunct to a cognitive–behavioural therapy programme, and text messaging may be one area in which e-therapy will develop the most rapidly, given the widespread use and availability of the technology. The machine as psychotherapy trainer Psychotherapy training generally involves four components: theoretical learning, training in mental health, supervised practice and a personal therapy or equivalent. I will consider each in turn. E-learning: surely that’s dead and buried? Electronic approaches to theoretical learning (e-learning) have been rapidly expanding in the past decade, but the ambitions of their protagonists have proved over-optimistic. Considerable investment was made in websites that would replace physical colleges and even universities. The demise of expensive learning collaborations such as the government-sponsored UK eUniversity (UKeU), which was wound up after it attracted only 900 students after set-up costs of £62 million ( Anonymous, 2006 ), and Fathom, a partnership between several prestigious universities and the British Library, have created a backlash against the feasibility of e-learning (for information about the history of Fathom and free access to the archived materials go to http://www.fathom.com ). These projects probably failed because they made unnecessarily large initial outlays on web technology and web design, and not because, as might be thought, not enough people have access to the internet. In May 2005 statistics published by Internet World Statistics indicated that 35.5% of the 730 991 138 people in Europe had access to the internet, 46.9% in the European Union and 58.7% in the UK. Thus the UK was the fourth ‘most internet-connected’ country in the European Union, after Sweden, Denmark and The Netherlands, and the sixth in the world ( http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats4.htm , accessed 30.5.05). However, it is not access alone that limits the internet’s use for e-learning. There is also the perceived value of e-learning compared with face-to-face learning. In a survey carried out by the University of Cologne on behalf of the European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training, 80% of the 18 000 European Union citizens interviewed thought that life-long learning was important, but only just over a half were confident in using a computer (65% of male and 52% of female respondents). Thirty-one per cent of respondents had taken part in some form of education or training during the preceding year, but only 17% had even thought of taking a course at a school, university, or college, and only 12% would consider distance learning. Even fewer would consider using the internet for collaborative learning ( Chisholm et al, 2004 ). This is a reflection of a general phenomenon in internet development. New ideas and new programs are quickly taken up by a minority of ‘early adopters’, but then take much longer to be accepted by the majority of internet users. People who do try e-learning often express satisfaction with it ( Chisholm et al, 2004 ). It offers a much richer educational environment than most classroom situations. Lectures can, of course, be delivered by computers, and lectures recorded at one site can be broadcast by satellite to many linked educational centres with suitable receiving facilities or, as bandwidth has increased, broadcast over the internet. However, e-learning environments do not need to be so restricted. Text can be provided with hyperlinks in which words or phrases can be linked to definitions, further material or exercises. Images, video clips, audio clips and hyperlinks to the enormous store of web information can also be provided. Educational philosophy and e-learning E-learning materials are rarely nowadays just plonked onto the net. They are embedded in ‘virtual learning environments’ (VLEs). These provide additional facilities such as student tracking, virtual whiteboards (which enable users to write or draw with their mouse or other pointing device on a screen area visible to other users), the setting and marking of assessments, and dedicated chatrooms and discussion groups. Most UK universities have a site license for a virtual learning environment, most often either Blackboard, in which Microsoft has a stake, or webCT. There are many other virtual learning environments, often the left-overs of some single-user application, but few have been developed to high commercial standards. One of the strengths of the internet is the provision of freeware, and there are also many ‘open source’ (i.e. free) virtual learning environments. A comparison of one of these, Moodle, with Blackboard found that students were more satisfied with the open source program ( Bos et al, 2005 ). This is consistent with my own experience. My colleagues and I have created a virtual learning environment specifically for delivering psychotherapy training (SEPTIMUS: see http://www.psychotherapytraining.net ). We have found that the flexibility it provides (it is written using Dreamweaver and incorporates templates and open source hypertext preprocessor (PHP) add-ons) superior to either Blackboard or webCT. E-learning materials are available from a limited number of universities worldwide, from collaborations such as those that created SEPTIMUS and as short training packages. An example of the latter is rCalipso, developed by a team representing a group of US psychoanalytic organisations ( Williams et al, 2001 ). rCalypso focuses on the teaching of therapeutic techniques (of cognitive–behavioural therapy) rather than on the underlying theory of psychotherapy, which is the topic of SEPTIMUS. As before in this article, we seem to be arriving at the conclusion that computer-based methods are an alternative to traditional teaching, but are neither clearly superior nor inferior – at least while the computer is being used to emulate the classroom. And, as before, we are at the point where we are confronted with both the risks and the advantages of computer-based learning, which are a direct consequence of the technology. Is e-learning effective? Early meta-analyses of e-learning v. traditional learning indicate a considerable advantage of the former over the latter, but when like-for-like methods are compared (i.e. the same courses delivered by the same teachers in either e-learning or traditional formats), the differences disappear ( Broudo et al, 1997 ). However, e-learning is no less effective than traditional learning and, for students who are distant from training centres or who have family or other commitments that prevent them from attending, it may be the only available kind of learning. E-learning also has the advantage that there is a permanent record of teachers’ comments and interventions so that learners can refer back to these, if they wish. Disembodiment, again Computers, as we have seen, do not support the embodiment, the presence, that classrooms do. I have already considered the implications of this for self-revelation ( Tantam, 2006b ). Although at the moment the main medium continues to be text, increasing bandwidth is making video-conferencing more feasible. (Even text messaging is increasingly being extended by video, graphics and voice-internet telephony, as is evident from the growing complexity of one of the original free messaging programs, MSN Messenger, recently relaunched as Windows Live Messenger.) Video-conferencing allows a limited kind of embodiment and the look can re-enter the repertoire of e-learning gestures – but it will be a look from which much can easily be concealed. Even with videoconferencing, the presence or absence of a student is likely to remain more obvious in a real than in a virtual classroom. Absence or lack of participation can, as all psychotherapists know, conceal disengagement, emotional turmoil, anger or incipient failure. Yet for such an important sign it is easy to overlook. Most teachers who use virtual learning environments find that maintaining the materials (pruning broken hyperlinks, finding fresh ones, and updating questions, assessments and other materials) is much harder to do, even though less time-consuming, than writing the materials in the first place. Maintaining activity and surveillance of discussion forums is also harder once the initial excitement and enthusiasm has worn off. The very fact that the activity is flexible and can be fitted in anywhere increases the chance of it always being at the bottom of the priority list. Finally, knowing that one’s responses in forums or chatrooms are archived and can be retrieved puts extra pressure on those who provide teaching or therapy online. Asynchronous communication and self-directed learning Discussion forums, like correspondence chess, offer the possibility of interacting with others at a time, place and pace of one’s choosing, but they also provide some of the communicative pressure of an internet chat (when they are used in real time (synchronously)), or they can be a bit more like an exchange of emails, with a time lag between the posting and the reply (hence, asynchronous communication). This produces a different quality of discussion than the chatroom. Replies can be more considered, hyperlinks can be added to messages, and images or documents attached. There is time for reflection. In my experience, the discussion forum is the most visited page in an educational site. It is an opportunity for students to comment on what they are being taught and to share their ideas. The learner’s control over the learning Vygotsky, in his day a critic and rival of Piaget and still hailed as one of the greats in developmental psychology, proposed that children learn through socialisation and not, as Piaget suggested, by the elaboration of mental structures. Teachers influenced by Vygotsky emphasise collaborative learning in which students are encouraged to learn from each other, and this approach is particularly applicable to discussion forums. Vygotsky argued that individuals learn by extending the boundary of what they know, their ‘zone of proximal development’, and not by acquiring new blocks of knowledge. Each student will have a different zone of proximal development, and so one of the aims of collaborative teaching is to give the learner (the term often preferred over student, as androgogy is often preferred over paedogogy) greater control over their own learning – and over their learning environment – so as to maximise their exposure to learning opportunities that are proper to this zone. The discussion forum does give learners a degree of control over the medium of their learning, but this can be increased by allowing students to create their own learning materials. Two key technologies for this are the wiki, which I considered in the first article in this series ( Tantam, 2006a ), and concept mapping. Concept mapping If we were to map the concepts in this article the connections between the word ‘web’ and other common words would be unusual and unusually frequent. If we were to display this graphically, one way would be to show the word ‘web’ in the centre of the screen and around it a cluster of short links to other words, for example embodiment, disinhibition, growing, accessibility and so on. This map could be compared with other maps to demonstrate that the centrality of the word ‘web’, its links and the closeness of its links are all idiosyncratic to the discourse used in this and perhaps a few other deviant texts (such as computing magazines). Our implicit use of such maps is one means of identifying what kind of discourse we are dealing with. So some readers who have scanned this article might have seen many instances of the word ‘web’, noticed how it often came up in connection with many of the ideas presented here and concluded that the article is not for them, but for ‘nerds’. The familiar London underground map created by Harry Beck in 1931 is an example of a schematic in which it is the connections between tube stations that is displayed, not their geography. A concept map, a term coined by Joseph Novak, is a schematic also based on connections, but conceptual ones. Its origins lie in Vygotsky via the assimilation theory of David Ausubel, who stressed the importance of extending new learning out from what is already known, and the constructivist teaching approach based on similar ideas. A concept map presents words or propositions and the connections between them. Connections might represent ordinality, for example in the map shown in Fig. 1 ⇓ , or associations (Fig. 2 ⇓ ).	i don't know
Which former London prison, established in the 12th century by The Bishop of Winchester, gave its name to a generic term for imprisonment?	Full text of "Survey of London" See other formats A LONDON BRIDGE (FROM VISSCHER'S VIEW OF LONDON, 1616) "'"'"■"'"" LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL SURVEY OF LONDON ISSUED BY THE JOINT PUBLISHING COMMITTEE REPRESENTING THE LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL AND THE LONDON SURVEY COMMITTEE UNDER THE GENERAL EDITORSHIP OF SIR HOWARD ROBERTS (/or the Council) WALTER H. GODFREY (for the Survey Committee) VOLUME XXII BANKSIDE (THE PARISHES OF ST. SAVIOUR AND CHRISTCHURCH SOUTHWARK) 506899 •= "aO PUBLISHED BY THE LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL THE COUNTY HALL, LONDON, S.E.i 1950 '\ PREVIOUS VOLUMES OF "THE SURVEY OF LONDON " I. PARISH OF BROMLEY-BY-BOW. {Out of print.) II. PARISH OF CHELSEA. PART I. {Out of print.) III. PARISH OF ST. GILES-IN-THE-FIELDS. PART I (LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS). 2\S. IV. PARISH OF CHELSEA. PART II. zu. V. PARISH OF ST. GILES-IN-THE-FIELDS. PART II. 2U. VI. 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PART III (TRAFALGAR SQUARE AND NEIGHBOURHOOD). 21s. XXI. PARISH OF ST. PANCRAS. PART III (TOTTENHAM COURT ROAD AND NEIGHBOURHOOD). 50/. DA (ol5 BANKSIDE (THE PARISHES OF ST. SAVIOUR AND CHRISTCHURCH, SOUTHWARK), BEING THE TWENTY- SECOND VOLUME OF THE SURVEY OF LONDON — I w JOINT PUBLISHING COMMITTEE REPRESENTING THE LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL AND THE LONDON SURVEY COMMITTEE Chairman J. H. MacDONNELL Vke-Chairman WALTER H. GODFREY Members appointed by the Council MRS. I. M. BOLTON W. R. HORNBY STEER J. H. MacDONNELL DAVID A. WILKIE Members appointed by the London Survey Committee J. W. BLOE WALTER H. GODFREY EDWARD YATES IV MEMBERS OF THE LONDON SURVEY COMMITTEE President The Rt. Hon. LORD NORMAN, P.C, D.S.O. The Society of Antiquaries OF London. The Royal Institute of British Architects. The Incorporated Associa- tion of Architects and Surveyors. The Architectural Associ- ation. The Athenaeum. Miss Helen Barlow. L. A. Bayman. Bedford College for Women. R. A. Bell. 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Cecil Farthing, F.S.A. H. W. FiNCHAM, F.S.A. Active Members Thomas F. Ford, F.R.I.B.A. Philip S. Hudson, A.R.I.B.A. W. McB. Marcham. A. R. Martin, F.S.A. E. C. Nisbet. Guy Parsloe, B.A. Hugh Phillips. Francis W. Reader. Major T. F. Reddaway, M.A., F.S.A. John Summerson, F.S.A., A.R.I.B.A. T. O. Thirtle, A.R.I.B.A. A. R. Wagner, M.A., F.S.A. (Richmond Herald). R. E. Mortimer Wheeler, M.C., CLE., D.Lit., Litt.D., F.B.A., F.S.A. Walter H. Godfrey, F.S.A., ¥ .^.l.^.K., Editor for the Committee. W. F. Grimes, M.A., F.S.A., Hon. Treasurer of the Committee. Edward Yates, F.S.A., Hon. Secretary of the Committee. VI CONTENTS PAGE i FRONTISPIECE GENERAL TITLE PAGE ---------- PREVIOUS VOLUMES OF "THE SURVEY OF LONDON" - - SPECIAL TITLE PAGE ---------- MEMBERS OF THE JOINT PUBLISHING COMMITTEE - - MEMBERS OF THE SURVEY COMMITTEE ----- DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES -------- ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT --------- xvi HERALDIC ILLUSTRATIONS ---------- xviii INDEX MAP PREFACE ______-------- xix 11 iii iv V ix THE SURVEY OF BANKSIDE Introduction — — - Chapter I. Chapter 2. Chapter 3- Chapter 4- Chapter 5- Chapter 6. Chapter 7- Chapter 8. Chapter 9- Chapter lO. Chapter 1 1. Chapter 12. Chapter 13- Chapter 14. Borough High Street -------- 9 Newcomen Street ---------31 St. Thomas Street ---------34 Guy's Hospital ----------36 Montague Close ---------43 Winchester House and Park _ _ - - _ - 4^ BaNKSIDE ----------- ^1 The Bankside Playhouses and Bear Gardens - - - 66 The Anchor Brewery --------78 Stoney Street ----------81 Park Street ----------82 Union Street ----------84 Red Cross Gardens, Red Cross Way - - - - - 87 Southwark Bridge and Nos. 1-15 Southwark Bridge Road (Anchor Terrace) Vll Chapter 15. Chapter 16. Chapter 17. Chapter 18. Chapter 19. Chapter 20. Chapter 21. Chapter 22. Chapter 23. Chapter 24. Chapter 25. Chapter 26. Appendix References Index — SouTHWARK Street - - - - Sumner Street ----- Zoar Street and Zoar Street Chapel PAGE 90 91 93 Paris Garden Manor __-----_ 94 Christ Church --------- loi Upper Ground and Boddy's Bridge _____ 108 HoPTON Street (formerly Green Walk) - - - - 1 1 1 Blackfriars Bridge and Blackfriars Road - - - - 115 Stamford Street - - - — - - — - — 122 Nos. 72-80 Colombo Street - - - - — - -125 DoLBEN Street (formerly George Street) - - - - 127 Nelson Square - - - — — — - - - -129 -------------133 _____________ 136 -------------140 viu DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES' Frontispiece. London Bridge and part of Borough High Street in 1 6 16 _ _ _ _ From Visscher's view of London, re- produced by the London Topo- KEY PLAN graphical Society. PLATE 1 . Plan of Southwark, circa 1 6 1 8 - - - From a plan in the Record Office of the City Corporation. 2. Part of Rocque's map, 1761 _ _ _ From the Council's collection. 3. "A Plott of the Counter Prison, the Kings Armes Tavern and other buildings," 1686 From a plan made by William Capell, in the Record Office of the City Corporation. 4. Formation of the southern approach to new London Bridge, July, 1830 - _ _ From a lithograph in the Council's collection. 5. The tomb of John Gower, Southwark Cathe- dral _______ Photograph in the possession of the National Buildings Record. 6. The memorial to William Emerson, South- wark Cathedral _____ Photograph by F. Hyde. 7. The tomb of Lancelot Andrewes, Southwark Cathedral ______ Photograph in the possession of the National Buildings Record. 8. Plan of Borough High Street, circa 1542 - From a plan in the Public Record Office. 9. (a) Extract from Horwood's Map, 18 19; (b) Plan of Borough High Street area based on 1875 Ordnance Survey 10. Plan of the College Almshouse estate, 18 14 From a survey by George Gwilt, in the possession of the Corporation of Wardens of St. Saviour. 11. {a) The market in Borough High Street, circa 1750 ______ From R. Bradley's Riches of a Hop Garden, in the Guildhall Library. (J?) The Borough Market House, 18 10 - From a sketch in the Council's collection. 12. (a) Fishmonger Alley, looking towards Red Cross Street ______ From a sepia watercolour drawing by Buckler, in the Guildhall Library. {b) No. 4 Green Dragon Court. Shop front Photograph by Edward Yates, F.S.A. • Unless otherwise stated the photographs are the copyright of the London County Council. ix PLATE 13. (a) "View of the town-hall, St. Margaret's Hill", prior to 1793 - _ _ _ _ From Wilkinson's LoWwa 7//a5/r«/«. {b) The town hall, St. Margaret's Hill, circa 1850 — - — - — - — From a watercolour drawing by T. H. Shepherd, in the Council's collection. 14. (a) The Canterbury Pilgrims setting out from the Tabard Inn _ _ _ _ From Urry's edition of Chaucer's works, published in 1721. (b) The Tabard Inn, «rf<« 1850 — — — From a watercolour drawing by T. H. Shepherd, in the Council's collec- tion. 15. (a) King's Head public house. Borough High Street. Bust of King Henry VIII, 1943 _______ Photograph. (J)) The inner yard of the King's Head pub- lic house, Borough High Street, 1880 - Photograph by the Society for Photo- graphing Relics of old London. 16. The George Inn, interior of saloon bar, 1947 Photograph, copyright London News Agency. 17. The George Inn, 1880 - - - - Photograph by the Society for Photo- graphing Relics of Old London. 18. The George Inn, north and south elevations Measured drawings by F. A. Evans. 19. The George Inn. Staircase and external de- tails _______ Measured drawings by F. A. Evans. 20. {a) Theinnyardof the old White Hart, 1882 From an etching by Percy Thomas, in the Council's collection. (b) Back of the Queen's Head Inn, 1888 - From a watercolour drawing by Appleton, in the Council's col- lection. 21. (a) The Grapes public-house, No. 2 St. Thomas Street, 1943 _ _ _ _ Photograph. (J?) No. 83 Borough High Street, 1948 - Sketch of staircase by F. A. Evans. 22. No. 91 Borough High Street. Details of staircase _______ Measured drawing by R. G. Absolon. 23. No. 91 Borough High Street. Details of niche cupboard on first floor _ _ — Measured drawing by R. G. Absolon. 24. (rt) Nos. 38—52 Borough High Street, 1943 Photograph. (b) Calvert's Buildings, No. 50 Borough High Street, 1908 _ _ — - _ Photograph. 25. No. 52 Borough High Street. Mantelpiece on first floor ______ Measured drawing by F. A. Evans. 26. {a) The King's Arms public-house, New- comen Street, 1828 - _ _ _ _ From a sepia watercolour drawing by Buckler, in the Council's collec- tion. (J?) Coat of arms on the King's Arms public- house, Newcomen Street — _ — _ Photograph. X PLATE 27. Guy's Hospital ------ Ground plan. 28. Guy's statue in the hospital courtyard - Photograph. 29. Guy's Hospital. Central block of front court- yard — ___ — — — Photograph. 30. Guy's Hospital. Entrance gates from St. Thomas Street, 1934 - _ - - Photograph. 3 I . Portrait of Thomas Guy from the court room of the hospital ------ Photograph. 32. (a) Guy's Hospital. North-west wing of front courtyard — — _ _ _ Photograph. (J?) Guy's Hospital. West quadrangle of the inner courtyard looking west, 1 948 — — Photograph. 33. {a) Guy's Hospital. Thomas Guy's chest - Photograph. (b) Guy's Hospital. The court room (for- merly the Martha Ward), 1948 - - Photograph. 34. Guy's Hospital. Elevation to St. Thomas Street, section through central block and elevation of west wing — — _ — Measured drawings by Evelyn Prior. 35. Guy's Hospital. Interior of chapel - - Photograph by F. Hyde. 36. Guy's Hospital. Details of chapel — — Measured drawings by Evelyn Prior. 37. Guy's Hospital. Monument in chapel — Photograph. 38. {a) The Feathers, Winchester Yard, 1890- From a watercolour drawing by Appleton, in the Council's collec- tion. {b) Old houses in Clink Street, 1888 - - From a watercolour drawing by Appleton, in the Council's collec- tion. 39. Entrance to Montague Close, "Gateway of St. Mary's Priory, Southwark", 181 1 - From Wilkinson's Londina Illustrata. 40. {a) Montague Close. "A North-west View of the House of William Parker, Lord Monteagle", 1825 ----- 'From.V^WVXnsons Londina Illustrata. (b) Old houses adjoining Saint Saviour's Dock, 1827 — — — — — — From a sepia watercolour draw- ing by Buckler, in the Guildhall Library. 41. "North View of Queen Elizabeth's Free Grammar School, St. Saviour's, South- wark", 1815- - - - - - ¥vom \N\\yi\nsons, Londina Illustrata. 42. (<i) The Governors' Court Room, St. Saviour's Grammar School, 1826 — — From a watercolour drawing by G. Yates, in the Guildhall Library. {b) The schoolroom, St. Saviour's Grammar School, 1826 ------ From a watercolour drawing by G. Yates, in the Guildhall Library. 43. Partof Hollar's View of London, 1647, show- 44. ing Winchester House and Bankside - From the reproduction issued by the London Topographical Society. xi PLATE 45. (a) South view of the palace of the Bishops of Winchester ------ (F) The remains of Winchester Palace, Clink Street, circa 1 800 - - - - - 46. Winchester Palace after the fire of 1 8 14 - 47. Remainsof Winchester House. Details, 1943 48. Remains of Winchester House. Plans, 1943 49. The Bishop of Winchester's House, (a) Top of doorway on the south side of the great hall; (b) Elevations of doorway on the south side of the great hall. 1884 - - From an engraving in Wilkinson's Londina Illustrata, 1 8 1 2. From a sepia watercolour in the possession of the Corporation of Wardens. From an etching by J. Le Rous, in Beauties of Britain, 1828. Measured drawings by F. H. Healey. Measured drawings by F. H. Healey. From drawings by F. T. Dollman, in the Guildhall Library. 50. The Bishop of Winchester's House. Per- spective view of great hall looking west - From a drawing by F. T. Dollman, in the Guildhall Library. 51. {a) Remains of Winchester House, 1943. Eastern face of the upper portion of the rose window on fourth floor of warehouse ; (J?) Part of old rubble wall in warehouse wall after the demolition of the arch over Stoney Street ------ Photographs. 52. The Bishop of Winchester's House. Rose window —— — — — — — From a drawing by F. T. Dollman, in the Guildhall Library. ^•i. The Bishop of Winchester's House. Details. 1884 - - - - - - - From measured drawings by F. T. Dollman, in the Guildhall Library. 54. {a) Old houses on Bankside, 1827 - - From a sepia watercolour drawing by Buckler, in the Guildhall Library. (F) Nos. 50—52 Bankside, 1940 - — - Photograph. ^^. (a) The Anchor public-house. No. i Bank- side, 1948; (F) No. 49 Bankside, The Cardinal's Cap, 1946 - - - - Photographs. 56. Honduras Wharf, No. 74 Bankside. (a) Doorway; (J>) Staircase - - - Photographs. 57. (a) Old houses in Maid Lane (now Park Street), area 1820- - - - - (i) Old houses in Castle Street - - - From a watercolour drawing by G. Shepherd, in the Council's collection. From a sepia watercolour drawing by Buckler, in the Guildhall Library. xu PLATE 58. Colour mill built out of the remains of Skel- ton's meeting house, on the south side of Maid Lane (now Park Street), 1 8 1 2 - 59. Plan of Bankside, showing the Bishop of Winchester's property and the sites of the Elizabethan playhouses, inns, etc. - - 60. (a) House of John Perkins, previously of Henry Thrale, in Park Street, just prior to its demolition in 1833 _ _ _ _ (l>) Nos. 22-26 Park Street, 1946 - - 6 1 . Plan of the Anchor Brewhouse situate in Park Street, Southwark, 1792 - - - - 62. (a) No. 18 Union Street, 1890 - From watercolour drawings by G. Shepherd, in the Council's collec- tion. Based on the Ordnance Survey. From a drawing in the Guildhall Library. Photograph. From the original map by G. Gwilt, junr., in the possession of Messrs. Barclay Perkins. From a watercolour drawing by Appleton, in the Council's collec- tion.. (i) Anchor Terrace, Nos. 1-15 Southwark Bridge Road, 1946 ----- Photograph. 63. (a) Nos. 59 and 61 Union Street. Doors to room on first floor; (i) Nos. 59 and 61 Union Street. Malting shed at rear, 1949 Photographs. 64. (a) Zoar Street, 1912- - - - - Photograph. (l>) The schoolroom under the Zoar Street meeting house ------ From an engraving published by Wilkinson in 1822. 65. "A Mapp of the Mannor or Lordship of Old Paris Garden Surveyed 1627" - - From the original plan in the posses- sion of the trustees of Christ Church Parochial School. 66. Parish of Christchurch, Surrey, surveyed by H.Gardner, 1821 - - - - — From a map published by Wilkinson in 1 82 1, in the Council's collection. 67. (a) Christ Church exterior, April, 1941; (^) Christ Church watch house, 1932 - - Photographs. 68. (a) Christ Church. Old pulpit - - - From a drawing belonging to Mar- shall's Charity. (b) Christ Church interior, 1825 - - From a watercolour drawing by G. Yates belonging to Marshall's Charity. Measured drawings (part reconstruc- tion) by F. A. Evans. Measured drawing (part reconstruc- tion) by F. A. Evans. xiii 69. Christ Church. West and east elevations — 70. Christ Church. South elevation - - - PLATE 71. Christ Church. Section with inset drawings of the church after bomb damage - - 72. Colombo Street (formerly Collingwood Street), 1906 ------ Measured drawing (part reconstruc- tion) by F. A. Evans. Watercolour drawing by E. A. Phip- son, from the Council's collection. 73. (a) Hopton's Almshouses, area 1850- - From a watercolour drawing by T. H. Shepherd, in the Council's collec- tion. (b) Hopton's Almshouses, 1934 — - - Photograph. 74. Hopton's Almshouses. Ground plan - - Drawn by R. G. Absolon. 75. Hopton's Almshouses. Elevations - - Drawings by R. G. Absolon. 76. Hopton's Almshouses. Details of the Trustees' Committee Room _ - - Measured drawings by F. H. Healey. 77. Hopton's Almshouses. Living room - - Sketch by R. G. Absolon. 78. (a) No. 61 Hopton Street, 1949- - - Photograph by F. Hyde. (b) No. 61 Hopton Street. Elevations and plans --_ — __— Measured drawings. 79. (a) Nos. 12-14 Boddy's Bridge, Upper Ground, 1947; {b) No. 26 Upper Ground, 1947 _--__-- Photographs. 80. {a) Falcon Glassworks near Bankside (Green & Pellatts), 1827- - - - - From a watercolour drawing by Buckler, in the Guildhall Library. {b) Queen's Arms Court, Upper Ground, 1825 --_--__ From a watercolour drawing by G. Yates, in the Council's collec- tion. 81. {a) The British Plate Glass Warehouse (with the Surrey Institution and Christchurch in the background), circa 1 800 - - - From an aquatint in the Council's collection. {b) Surrey Institution, 1 809 - - - From an aquatint in Ackermann's Microcosm of London, 82. No. 7 Blackfriars Road, 1947 - - - Photograph. 83. No. 74 Blackfriars Road. Elevation - - Measured drawing by R. G. Absolon. 84. {a) Nos. 75-78 Blackfriars Road, 1947; (b) Nos. 134-139 Blackfriars Road, 1946 Photographs. 85. (a) Surrey Chapel Exterior, 1798 — — From an engraving by Wilkinson, in the Council's collection. {b) Surrey Chapel Interior, 18 12 - - From an aquatint published by Acker- mann, in the Council's collection. 86. The sign of the Dog and Pot, No. 1 96 Black- friars Road, 1908 - - - - - Photograph. 87. {a) No. 174A Blackfriars Road. Entrance. 1946 ------- Photograph. {b) No. 187 Blackfriars Road. Entrance. 1 949 _-__-__ Measured drawing by F. H. Healey. xiv PLATE 88. Nos. 48, 38 and 30 Stamford Street. Eleva- Measured drawings by R. G.Absolon. tions — — — — — --- 89. {a) Unitarian Chapel, Stamford Street, 1949 Photograph by F. Hyde. (J)) No. 1 8 Stamford Street, 1 904 - - Photograph. 90. Nelson Square. Elevations of north, east and south sides ------ Measured drawings by P. G. Vincent. 91. Balcony railings in Nelson Square - - Measured drawings by F. A. Evans. 92. {a) Nelson Square, east side, 1940; {b) Nos. 2-9 Dolben Street, 1946- - _ - Photographs. XV ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT PAGE 1. Roman hypocaust flue found west of Red Cross Street in 1806. From a draw- ing by George Gwilt in the Council's collection ______ j 2. Roman pottery jug found on the site of Barclay Perkins' brewery in 1786. From a drawing by George Gwilt in the Council's collection _ _ _ j 3. Street post in the Clink Liberty. Sketch by F. A. Evans ----- 6 4. Tallis's View of the east side of Borough High Street from St. Thomas Street to Newcomen Street in four sections —--- — — - 12 5. Strip elevation of the east side of Borough High Street in 1948 in four sections. Drawn by R. G. Absolon - -------___ i^ 6. No. 33 Borough High Street. Staircase. Sketch by F. A. Evans - - - 14 7. The sign of the Hare. Sketch by M. H. Leefe ______ jg 8. The George Inn. Sections and ground and first-floor plans. Measured drawings by F. A. Evans ---__- — -____ jy 9. The George Inn. Staircase and elevation. Measured drawings by F. A. Evans 18 10. The George Inn. Panelling. Measured drawings by F. A. Evans - - - 19 1 1 . Plan of the George Inn, 1 874. From a deed in the possession of British Railways 20 12. No. 83 Borough High Street. Staircase, 1948. Drawn by F. A. Evans - - 21 13. No. 91 Borough High Street. Plans and elevations. Measured drawings by R. G. Absolon ------------- 22 14. The Grapes public-house, Kentish Buildings, 1947. Sketch by R. G. Absolon 25 15. Tallis's View of Nos. 237-246 (now 40—56) and the Town Hall on the west side of Borough High Street — — — — — — -- — - 26 16. West side of Borough High Street, 1947. Sketch by F. A. Evans - - - 27 17. Backs of houses on the west side of Borough High Street, 1947. Sketch by F. A. Evans ------------- 28 18. No. 52 Borough High Street. Detail of panelled room on second floor. Meas- ured drawings by F. A. Evans __ — — -- — __ 29 19. Newcomen Street looking east, 1947. Sketch by F. A. Evans - - - 31 20. Plate fixed to houses belonging to Mrs. Newcomen's Charity - - - - 33 2 1 . Plan of the original block of Guy's Hospital. From a deed in the possession of the hospital ------------- 36 22. Font in the chapel of Guy's Hospital. Measured drawing by Evelyn Prior - 39 23. Stone alcove from old London Bridge now in a courtyard of Guy's Hospital. Measured drawing by Evelyn Prior — — — -_ — — _^.2 24. Reconstructed plan of Winchester Palace as it was in 1649. Line drawing - 50 25. Remains of Winchester Palace. Cross-sections and plan. Measured drawings by F. H. Healey -___-__----- ^3 xvi PAGE 26. Archway over Stoney Street, 1942. Sketched by F. H. Healey - - - 54 27. The Clink. From an inset drawing on a manuscript in the Bodleian Library - 56 28. Token of Anthony Craven, the Castle, Bank End ------ 60 29. Ferryman's seat, Bankside. Sketch by F. A. Evans ------ 60 30. Nos. 50—52 Bankside. Measured drawing by R. G. Absolon - - - - 61 31. Cardinal Cap Alley, 1947. Sketch by F. A. Evans ------ 62 32. Token of Melchisedeck Fritter, the Cardinal's Hat, Bankside - - - - 63 33. No. 50 Bankside. Details of doorway. Measured drawing by R. G. Absolon - 63 34. No. 74 Bankside. Plan and sections of staircase. Measured drawings by P. G. Vincent -------------- 64 35. No. 74 Bankside. Detail of staircase ---------65 36. Part of the " Agas" map view showing the bull and bear baiting rings - - 68 37. Wall tablet on No. 7 Park Street --------- 83 38. Nos. 59 and 61 Union Street. Shop front. Measured drawings by R. G. Absolon -------------- 85 39. Stone monument on the wall of Red Cross Gardens ------ 87 40. Anchor Terrace, Southwark Bridge Road. Fanlight ------ 88 41. Three plans of Christ Church. 1757, i 873, and 1890 ----- 104 42. Christ Church. Plan. 1947. Measured drawing by F. A. Evans - - - 105 43. No. 26 Upper Ground. Details of doorway. Measured drawing by P. G. Vincent --------------109 44. Staircase detail at Hopton's Almshouses - - - - - - - -113 45. No. 83 Blackfriars Road. Lamp standard - - - - - - - -ii7 46. No. 88 Blackfriars Road. Fireplace - - - - - - - - -n? 47. No. 81 Blackfriars Road, entrance hall. Section and ceiling plan. Measured drawing by R. G. Absolon - - - - - - - - - -118 48. No. 32 Stamford Street. Lamp standard - - - - - - - -122 49. Nos. 36-48 Stamford Street. Elevations. Drawn by R. G. Absolon - - 123 50. No. 78 Colombo Street. Staircase detail - - - - - - - -125 51. Nos. 72-80 Colombo Street. Elevation and plans - - - - - - 126 52. No. 5 Dolben Street. Shop front. Measured drawing by R. G. Absolon - - 127 ^2- No. 20 Nelson Square. Fanlight ---------128 54. Nelson Square. Plan based on Ordnance Survey - - - - - -129 55. No. 43 Nelson Square. Elevation showing ground floor and balcony above. Drawn by A. J. North - - - -^- - - - - - -130 56. Nos. 31-35 Nelson Square (east side). Elevation. Measured drawing by A. J. North --------------130 57. Nos. 17 and 56 Nelson Square. Doors. Measured drawings by R. G. Absolon 131 58. Old pump originally in Nelson Square. Sketch by F. A. Evans - - - 132 xvii HERALDIC ILLUSTRATIONS ALLEN (or ALLEYN), EDWARD ANGELL, WILLIAM - - - AUSTIN, WILLIAM - - - BERMONDSEY ABBEY- - - BROWKER, HUGH _ _ - CAREY, HENRY, BARON HUNSDON - - - - - CHAUCER, GEOFFREY - - GARDINER, STEPHEN, BISHOP OF WINCHESTER - - - GUY'S HOSPITAL - - - - MARSHALL, JOHN - _ _ ROCHESTER, SEE OF - - - ST. MARY OVERY PRIORY SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM - - WINCHESTER, SEE OF - - WOOD, SIR FRANCIS LINDLEY WYKEHAM, WILLIAM OF Argent a chevron between three cinqfoih gules. (P- 69) Or., three fusils in f ess azure., over all a bend gules. (P- 98) Argent on a fess between two chevrons sable three crosses or. (p. 1 1 1) Party -per pale gules and azure a lion passant gardant or supporting a pastoral staff of the last infiling a mitre or all within a border argent charged with 8 B's sable, (p. 4) Barry of eight or and sable seven martlets., two, two, two and one, or. (p. 98) Argent, on a bend sable, three roses of the first, a crescent on a crescent for difference, (p. 97) Party per pale argent and gules a bend counter charged, (p. 21) Azure on a cross or between four griffins^ heads erased argent a cinquef oil gules, (p. 47) Sable on a chevron or between three leopards' heads argent each crowned with an eastern crown or, three fleurs de lys azure, (p. 37) Argent a chevron cotised sable between three stags' heads cabossed gules, (p. loi) Argent on a saltier gules an escallop or. (p. 48) Argent a cross of fusils in the dexter chief a cinquefoil gules, (p. 6) Or on a bend sable a spear of the first the point steeled proper, (p. 75) Gules two keys addorsed in bend the upper argent, the lower or, a sword in bend sinister argent inter- posed between them. (p. 45) Three naked savages ambulant in fess proper, in the dexter hand of each a shield argent charged with a cross gules, in the sinister a club resting on the shoulder, also proper on a canton ermine three lozenges conjoined in fess sable, (p. 129) Argent, two chevrons sable between three roses gules. (p. 46) XVIU /n, m<^mr^.<i^MBi i &■; Refniiuced fivm llil OrJmince Sui-cey Map, luM the sunaim of the ContnUer of H.M. Stationery' Office (Parish boundaries and builJings of which a iletaiUd description is given are shovin in red) PREFACE THE average sightseer in London is apt to avoid Southwark, thinking of it as a gloomy and crowded area of wharves and factories. The railway and commercial development of the nineteenth century has indeed obscured the old street pattern and there are practically no open spaces except where bombs have cleared them during the war; yet for those who have the patience to seek them out, Southwark has many survivals of its long and interesting history. Seventeenth and eighteenth century houses remain wedged between high modern factory buildings and, particularly in the neigh- bourhood of Bankside and Borough High Street, narrow alleys and streets retain the lines and the names given them in the seventeenth century when Southwark was in its hey-day. Perhaps the most astonishing survivals are the remains of Winchester Palace, which are now built into the walls of the flour warehouses of Clink Street. Long and careful research into the records of this property in the possession of the Church Commissioners has enabled the ground plan of the palace to be reconstructed, for the old landmarks and boundaries have never been obliterated even in three centuries of commercial occupation. The most interesting part of the volume to many people will be the chapters which deal with Bankside and its literary and dramatic associations. This ground has been so thoroughly worked over in the past that no sensational discoveries could be expected, but several new facts have come to light, while the 1618 map mentioned below settles finally the vexed question of the site of the Globe Playhouse. Many private householders and firms of Southwark too numerous to acknowledge individually have given the Council's officers access to their premises and their records so that this survey might be complete. Special thanks are due to Mr. Bentley, Clerk to the Corporation of the Wardens of St. Saviour's, who has so kindly provided facilities for research among the wonderful series of records belonging to the Wardens, and to Mr. Jones, of the City Records Office, who drew attention to a number of freshly discovered records of Southwark in the City Comptroller's office when the book was almost ready for the press. The map of Southwark in 1 6 1 8 (Plate I), reproduced by permission of the City Corporation, throws new light on the early topography of the area. The story of its origin from the City Records is given in the Appendix. Among other persons and institutions who have given assistance, mention must also be made of Barclay Perkins & Co., Ltd., Dulwich College, the Church Commissioners, the Guildhall Library, Guy's Hospital, the John Marshall Trustees, St. Thomas's Hospital, South- wark Borough Council and Reference Library, the Trustees of Hopton's Charity, and the Unitarian Chapel, Stamford Street, while the resources xix of the Public Record Office, the British Museum, and Somerset House have been freely drawn upon. The historical part of the volume and its general editorship are the work of Miss Ida Darlington, M.A. (Lond.), an assistant in my department. The architectural descriptions, together with the drawings and diagrams, have been prepared under the direction of the Architect to the Council, who desires that his appreciation shall be recorded of the work done by Mr. J. H. Farrar, A.R.C.A., Mr. F. R. Buggey, and other assistants in his department. HOWARD ROBERTS, Clerk of the London County Council. The County Hall, Westminster Bridge, S.E.i. 1949. XX PLATE I MAP ()!• SOUTHWARK (1618) ,.^ -J PART OF ROCQUK'S MAP, 1761 PLATE 3 yfy^.r^>"-w ' >o oo CO H <^ Pi < O < H o or. H Z D u X o ■w^^ INTRODUCTION (i) General History of the Southwark Manors and Liberties Southwark, the south "wark" or fort of the City of London, has had a long and complicated history. There was a settlement there in Roman times though it appears to have been confined to the district immediately adjoining the river crossing or bridge. The volume on Roman London issued by the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments describes it as an "unfortified settlement of fairly prosperous houses" occupying rather less than i 5 acres. ^ Remains of tessellated pavements have been found in Borough High Street (1830), in ir^ '^</f^y^i/SA ^'"g'^^^^^ ^^^'^ (1879-80), on the %^~'^/s^^^ south side of St. Saviour's Church and i ^? \ "" -^'^ in Southwark Street (1820), and other M.'-^-^' i. c^'j smaller finds have been made from time to time. Recent excavations in King's Head Yard, Borough High Street, have been largely unproductive. The Fictoria County History of Surrey suggests that Southwark was a place of importance in the Anglo-Saxon period. It was burnt by William the Conqueror in 1066 and the entry in Domesday Book gives evidence that the conflict of divers jurisdictions and ownerships typical of Southwark history up to the end of the 19th century had already begun in 1086 — "The Bishop himself has in Sudwerche one minster (monas- terium) and one tide-way (aque fluctum) King Edward held it on the day he died. He who had the Church held it of the king. From the dues of the stream (de exitu aquae), where ships used to come alongside (applicabant), the King had two parts, earl Godwin the third. But the men of the Hundred, both French and English, testify that the Bishop of Bayeux commenced a suit concerning these tolls with Randulf the Sheriff; but he, understanding that the suit was not being justly conducted to the King's advantage, withdrew from the suit. But the Bishop at first gave the church and the tidal stream (fluc- tum) to Adelold, then to Ralph in exchange for a house. The Sheriff also denies that he had ever received the King's precept or seal concerning this thing. The men of Southwark testify that in the time of King Hypocaust flue found near Red Cross Street Roman vessel from Park Street BANKSIDE Edward no one took toll on the 'strande' or in the water street (vico aquae) except the King: and if anyone committing a trespass there should be questioned, he made fine to the King. If, however, he should escape unquestioned to the jurisdiction of him who had sac and soc, he (the lord) was to have the fine from the accused. . . . What the King has in Southwark is valued at i6 pounds."^ During the 1 3th century a number of ecclesiastical dignitaries acquired or built town houses or inns in Southwark, mostly in or near what is now Borough High Street, probably because it was easily accessible to West- minster by water and to the City by the bridge. The area was, however, low- lying and marshy and it was not until the end of the i6th century that any extensive effort was made to drain and develop it. In the Middle Ages most of the land west of Borough High Street and the group of buildings round St. Mary Overy Priory and the Bishop of Winchester's House, consisted of pasture and meadow land interspersed with many small streams and planted with willow trees. An earth wall surrounded the manor of Paris Garden and there were several water mills along the river bank (see p. 95). Southwark, because it was a comparatively undeveloped area near to the City and yet outside the close organisation of its civic life, tended from early times to be a place of refuge for the dispossessed and outcast; for fugitives from justice or from persecution at home or abroad; for masterless men and unlicensed artisans and traders. Rebels and reformers, from Wat Tyler in 13 81 to the Chartists in 1848, found it a convenient meeting place. Both the King and the City authorities made frequent attempts to ensure that law and order were maintained there, but their efforts met with only limited success. In 1405, the bailiffs of Southwark were ordered to make proclamation forbidding any man "to make unlawful assemblies within the town and suburbs of Suthewerk, to go armed girt with a sword or arrayed with other unusual harness . . . lords, great men, knights and esquires of good estate . . . excepted. "^ It is noteworthy that in 1528 Richard Fox, Bishop of Winchester, in a letter to Wolsey, refuted accusations of mis- demeanours within his diocese with the remark "except at Southwark . . . there is as little known crime as within any diocese in the realm."* Many refugees from Flanders and Holland settled in Southwark in the 1 6th and 17th centuries, and perhaps partly on this account, it became one of the strongholds of non-conformity in London. Of the early meeting houses, those of the Independents in Deadman's Place (later Park Street) (see p. 93) and of the Baptists in Zoar Street are most notable. Fishing is frequently referred to as a local occupation in records relating to Southwark as late as the i 8th century, while brewing and the hop trade have continued as the main trading interests of the area up to the present day. In the 17th century glasshouses were established in the neighbourhood of Bankside, mainly by foreigners, and in the i8th century several iron foundries were set up there. The Phoenix Gas Works on the site of the new Bankside Power Station was one of the earliest to be established in this country and continued to operate for over a century. 2 LONDON BRIDGE (ii) London Bridge London Bridge may be said to be the raison d'etre for Southwark, though it is conceivable that a ford across the river and perhaps a small settle- ment on the south side preceded the bridge. Dio Cassius, the Roman his- torian, writing long after the event, refers to a bridge at or near the site of London at the time of the invasion of Britain by Aulus Plautius in a.d. 43. Even if this statement is not strictly accurate it is fairly conclusive evidence that there was a bridge during the Roman occupation, a conclusion which is supported by the discovery of the remains of stout oaken piles with iron shoes in the river bed near the site of the mediaeval bridge in close proximitv to a large quantity of coins, pottery, and other objects of Roman date. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle contains a number of references to the bridge in the loth century, when it formed a formidable obstacle to the Danes in their attacks on London. The nursery rhyme "London Bridge is broken down" had its origin in a Norse Saga of this period. In the I ith and I2th centuries the bridge was several times damaged by fire, flood or frost and in 11 69 Peter, the Bridge Master, chaplain of St. Mary Colechurch, carried out a complete rebuilding of the bridge in elmwood. A few years later he started to build a new bridge in stone. The whole work of construction, a formidable and novel enterprise at that period, took more than thirty years, and the stone bridge, when completed, lasted for over six centuries. For an account of its long and chequered career reference should be made to the monograph by Gordon Home.^ A good view of the old bridge with the houses on either side and the gateway at the Southwark end is given on the part of Visscher's view of London reproduced as the frontispiece to this volume. In 1756 the Common Council of the City of London obtained power by Act of Parliament to purchase and remove all the houses on or near the bridge. A temporary wooden structure was erected while the repairs and alterations to the old bridge were carried out. All the houses had been removed by 1762. New London Bridge was built from the designs of John Rennie, who drew the general plan, and of his son Sir John Rennie, who made the working drawings. The first pile was driven in 1824 and the bridge was opened in I 83 I. It stands 180 feet west of the old bridge and the consequent alteration of the approaches made great changes in Southwark (see p. 9).^ The narrow arches and wide starlings of the old bridge had made its passage by boat a dangerous and difficult feat. The wider arches of the new bridge enabled far more shipping to pass upstream, and also greatly increased the scour of the river, making it essential for the embankments to be strengthened. Two remnants of the old bridge remain in Southwark, the coat ot arms from the southern gateway, now on a modern building in Newcomen Street (Plate 26 b), and a stone alcove, dating from the alterations in the I 8th century, in the courtyard of Guy's Hospital (p. 42). 3 BANKSIDE Bermondsey Abbey (iii) The Manors of Southwark Southwark in mediaeval times comprised 3 manors, the Gildable, the Great Liberty, and the manor of Bermondsey Abbey, of which the Bishop of Winchester's Hberty and the manor of Paris Garden were offshoots. (i) The Gildable Manor was a small district at the southern end of London Bridge, with its southern extremity the point at which Stoney Street and Borough High Street join. It was probably in origin the king's fee in Southwark.2 It appears to have become merged in the Borough of Southwark which was granted to the City of London for an annual farm of ;^io in the time of Edward III and confirmed in 1406 by Henry IV.'' (2) The Great Liberty Manor lay to the east of Borough High Street and extended southwards as far as Tabard Street and the Old Kent Road. It lay mainly in the parishes of St. Olave and St. George, which are outside the scope of this volume, but it included the portion of the east side of Borough High Street which is now within the Metropolitan Borough of Southwark, i.e. the section between St. Thomas' Street and Newcomen Street (see Chapters 1-3). It is probable that this manor was granted to the Archbishop of Canterbury in the I2th century.^ In 1349, the king confirmed a grant for life made by the late Archbishop, John Stratford, to his chamberlain, William atte Fen, of the bailiwick and custody of the archiepiscopal liberty of South- wark, with power to seize, levy fines, issues and amercements, waif and stray, extreats and chattels of felons and fugitives, and to execute writs and other mandates of the king.' In 1538, the liberty was surrendered to the king by Thomas Cranmer.* It remained in the hands of the crown until 1550 when, in addition to other property, "the manor and borough of Southwark, with all their rights, members, and appurtenances . . . late parcel of the posses- sions of the Archbishop of Canterbury" were granted to the City of London by a charter of Edward VI. ^ (3) The Abbey of St. Saviour's, Bermondsey, founded in 1082, held the manor of Bermondsey granted by William Rufus, and a hide of land in Southwark granted by Henry I. Part of the land in Southwark appears to have been granted to the Bishop of Winchester in the I2th century, for, in 1 189-90, the Pipe Roll records the payment oi {J) out of the revenues of the bishopric to the monks of Bermondsey for the service of land at Southwark.^ This land became known as the Bishop of Winchester's Liberty or the Clink Liberty. The remainder of the hide of land lay mainly in the parish of St. George, though part was in St. Margaret's parish. In 1550, Edward VI, by the charter mentioned above, granted to the City of London "all that our lordship and manor of Southwark . . . late pertaining to the late monastery of Bermondsey . . . and all messuages, houses, buildings, barns, stables, dove-houses, ponds . . . orchards, gardens . . . meadows . . . commons, waste- street, . . . services, court-leet, view of frank-pledge, waifs, estrays, free warren and all other rights ... in Southwark."^ In addition to this property, the Abbey of Bermondsey held a hide of THE BOROUGH land called Withiflete, which afterwards became the manor of Paris Garden (see Chapter 1 8). Domesday Book does not mention Southwark as a borough, but places it within the hundred of Brixton. If, however. Professor Maitland was correct in identifying the "Suthringa" of the document he terms the Burghal Hidage of circa a.d. 900 with Southwark, it must have had burghal status before the Conquest. It was certainly referred to as a borough in the Pipe Roll for 1 130— I, and burghal payments were made throughout the reign of Henry II through the sheriff.^ In 1251 Henry III directed the Sheriff of Surrey to make inquisition by jurors trom within and without Southwark, as to the customs of their town. The jurors reported a list of tolls worth £10 2. year which were included in the sheriff's farm of the county and stated that tolls were demisable by the king to any farmer who paid ;^io a year to the sheriff.^" Thereafter the bailiwick was farmed out to various bailiffs. In 1326 Edward II issued a proclamation that whereas "malefactors after their offences flee to Suthwerk and elsewhere . . . out of the city, because the ministers of the city cannot attach them there, the king wills that in cases where any evil-doers in the city fleeing to Suthwerk shall be freshly pursued, the bailiffs of the franchise shall be . . . intendent to the capture of the evil-doers."^ In the following year, Edward III granted the town of Southwark to the City of London for the accustomed farm, in order that such malefactors might more readily be brought to justice. In practice this meant little more than allowing the City to appoint the bailiff" instead of the king doing so. It is clear from confirmation and extensions of this grant in 1406 and 1444 that the City had no judicial rights within the manors owned by the Archbishop of Canterbury and Bermondsey Abbey. Even after the grant of the Great Liberty Manor and the King's Manor to the City in 1550, the mayor and corporation, though they held courts in the borough and appointed an alderman of Bridge Ward "Without, to have rule over it, did not have complete authority in Southwark. It still came under the county organisation for some matters, and the Surrey justices held sessions concurrently with the city officials, in the Town Hall on St. Margaret's Hill, throughout the i8th and 19th centuries. In his evidence given before a Royal Commission in i 854 George Corner, then prothonotary of the Borough Court, stated that the City's interference in the civic life of Southwark had become purely formal. The City held three Courts Leet for the manors at which the constables were sworn in and also "quarter sessions every quarter, at which nothing is done because they have no alderman to sit to hear cases, therefore there are no commitments for trial at the quarter sessions. The grand jury are summoned, but merely to be discharged. "^^ The Recorder of the City of London stills holds yearly Courts Leet for the King's Manor, the Great Liberty Manor and the Gildable Manor, usually at the Polytechnic, Courage's Brewery and the Borough Market Office respectively. Juries are empanelled and paid, and the Recorder's speech is reported in the press, but no business is done. The Court Leet of the Clink Liberty was discontinued circa 1850. BANKSIDE Se. Mary Overy In Southwark, as in other areas, the duty of lighting, paving and watching the streets devolved up to the i8th century on individual house- holders, under the general supervision of the vestry or manorial court. The arrangement can never have been very satisfactory in St. Saviour's Parish with its several overlapping authorities, and in 1786 an Act^^ was passed "for paving, cleansing, lighting, and watching the Streets, Lanes, and other publick Passages . . . within the Manor of Southwark^ otherwise called The Clink.'' The commission established under this and subsequent Acts continued in existence until 1856. The appearance and method of paving of Clink Street, Horse Shoe Alley, Rose Alley and others in the neighbourhood have altered little since that period. In 1 8 1 2 the Clink Paving Com- missioners ordered sixty cast-iron street posts to be made by Messrs. Bishop & Co., and in 18 13 they also bought a number of posts made from guns.^^ Many of the former, with the inscription "Clink 18 12," and a few of the latter still survive. It may be noted here that the site of Guy's Hospital and the premises to the west of it in St. Thomas' Street, though originally in the parishes of St. Olave and St. Thomas, were made part of the Borough of Southwark by the Local Government Act of 1899, though the remainder of St. Olave's parish, and of the parish of St. Thomas which had been united with it in 1896, were incorporated in the Borough of Bermondsey. (iv) The Parishes and Churches According to tradition it was St. Swithin, Bishop of Winchester from 852-862 A.D., who first established a religious house in Southwark. Domesday Book states that Odo, Bishop of Bayeux and Earl of Kent, held one "monasterium" in "Sudwerche" which had been held by the king in the time of Edward the Confessor. It was not, however, until 1 106 that the order of Regular or Austin Canons was established at St. Mary's, Southwark, otherwise known as St. Mary Overy or Over the Water. The founders or refounders at this date were William Pont de L'Arche and William Dauncey, though William Giffard, Bishop of Winchester, who first built Winchester House on Bankside, is said to have been responsible for the building of the nave of the church.'^ Peter des Roches, Bishop of W^inchester, early in the 1 3th century, built a small church of St. Mary Magdalene against the wall of the priory church to serve the needs of laymen living in the immediate neighbourhood, but the church of St. Margaret, which stood on the site of the later Town Hall in Borough High Street, was the parish church for most of the northern part of Southwark throughout the Middle Ages (see p. 10). St. Margaret's was granted to the priory by Henry I. By the Act of Parliament of 32 Henry VIII the parishes of St. Margaret and St. Mary Magdalene were united and the ST. SAVIOUR'S CHURCH priory church of St. Mary Overy became the parish church under the new name of St. Saviour's. Bv the same Act it was provided that the parishioners should "yearly elect six or four able persons, dwelling within the precinct of the said parish, to be churchwardens."^'* They were to be "a perpetual and able body in the law by the names of wardens of the parish church of St. Saviour in Southwark" and were "to have and enjoy" all the lands and other possessions of the respective parishes, and also those of the Perpetual Guild or Fraternity of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary of the church of St. Margaret. The illuminated charter of incorporation of the Wardens is preserved in the church, as are the very fine series of parish records which have been freely drawn on in the compilation of this volume. The Wardens are still responsible for the administration of the parish endowments and charities. They have, since the passing of the London Government Act of 1899, been elected bv the Council of the Metropolitan Borough of Southwark. Their duties in connection with the church were transferred to the Rector's Warden and People's Warden by the same act.^^ Christ Church was made a separate parish in 1670, but again the normal parish organisation did not develop. The church was built and main- tained by the trustees appointed under the will of John Marshall, and they have retained control of the endowments and the right of presentation to the living. An account of the church is given on pp. 101-107. A detailed survey of the church of St. Saviour's has not been included in this volume, partly because it would make the book too bulky and partly because a number of books have been written on it, whereas the topography and architecture of the rest of the district have been much less adequately dealt with.* The church is, however, so intimately connected with the develop- ment of the parish that a brief account of its history is included here. Several of its monuments to famous parishioners are also illustrated (see Plates 5-7). The greater part of the I2th century church was destroyed by fire early in the 13th centurv, but the rebuilding was at once put in hand and was con- tinued throughout the century. Peter des Roches is said to have been respon- sible for the choir, the Lady Chapel and part of the nave. The church was again damaged by fire in the time of Richard IL In 1424 the existing seven bells were re-hung in the tower and an eighth was added. In the i 5th cen- tury, also. Cardinal Beaufort repaired the east and south sides of the south transept. The roof of the nave fell in 1469 and was rebuilt in wood, together with that of the north transept, under Prior Burton." Circa 1520 the reredos was erected by Richard Fox, Bishop of Winchester, and a large window was made in the gable above it. » See inter alia. The history and antiquities of the parish of St. Saviour's, Southaark, by M. Concanen and A. Morgan, 1795; The history anJ antiquities of the parochial church of St. Saviour, Southaark, by the Rev. J. Nightingale, 1818; The history and antiquities of the collegiate church of St. Saviour's, South^vark, by the Rev. W. Thompson, 1904; South~u;ark Cathedral, by George Worley, 1905; V. C. H. Surrey, IF, 191 2, and the East London volume of the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments, 1930. '' One of the wood bosses still preserved in the church has a rebus of Prior Burton, three burrs on a tun. BANKSIDE After the dissolution of the priory, the church and rectory were leased by Henry VIII to the parishioners at an annual rent of ;r50, and the lease was renewed from time to time until 1614 when the buildings were purchased from James I by 19 "bargainers" or trustees for ;^8oo.^* In January 1555, the north-east corner of the Lady Chapel was turned into a spiritual court for the trial of certain preachers and heretics. The court was presided over by Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, and Edmund Bonner, Bishop of London. The stained glass in the windows of the Lady Chapel commemorates seven Protestant martyrs, six of whom were tried there, and all of whom were subsequently burnt at the stake.^^ It may be noted that the chapel was used as a spiritual or consistory court until comparatively recent times. In August 1559, the Wardens decided to let out "the old chappell be hynd the chanesell" for the benefit of St. Saviour's School. The first tenant was John Wyat, a baker, who later assigned his rights to John Peycoke of the same trade. In 1576, following complaints about the condition of the chapel, the Wardens made a formal inspection and found swine and horse dung there "with other odyous fylthynes." John Peycoke was forced to surrender his lease, but obtained a new one in 1579. In 1602 Henry Willson was granted a lease "of the Bakehouse parcell of the churche" and five years later he agreed to the removal by the Wardens of the tomb of a "certain Oade" to another part of the church.^ Willson's lease was not renewed when it ran out and the chapel was again used for church purposes.'^® Perhaps the Wardens were affected by the revival of church ritual and seemliness which took place at this time and which has become identified with Archbishop Laud. In or about 1 6 1 5 galleries were set up in the north and south transepts and in 1 6 1 8 a screen and gallery were erected in place of the old rood loft between the nave and the choir. Minor alterations were made to the interior of the church in the i8th century but by the beginning of the 19th century the fabric was so greatly decayed that a proposal was made for the destruction of the entire building except the tower. Fortunately less drastic measures were adopted and George Gwilt was entrusted with the restoration of the clerestory and triforium in 1 82 i . During the course of this work the church of St. Mary Magdalene was demolished. The two transepts were restored by Robert Wallace in 1 830 but the nave was allowed to decay beyond repair and it was taken down in 1838 and replaced by what has been described as "a mean and flimsy" structure.^^ In the meantime the London Bridge Committee proposed to destroy the Lady Chapel in order to widen the road but the chapel was saved by the protests of the parishioners headed by Dr. Sumner, Bishop of Winchester. In 1877 St. Saviour's, Southwark, with other South London parishes, was transferred from the diocese of Winchester to that of Rochester. An extensive restoration of the fabric was undertaken under the direction of Sir Arthur Blomfield and the present nave was erected in 1890-97. In the latter year the church became a pro-Cathedral. In 1905 it was formally constituted the cathedral of the newly formed diocese of Southwark.^^ PLATE 4 PLATE 5 SOUTHWARK CATHEDRAL. TOMB OF JOHN GOWER PLATE 6 SOUTHWARK CATHEDRAL TOMB OF WILLIAM EMERSON PLATE 7 SOUTHWARK CATHEDRAL. TOMB OF LANCELOT ANDREWES CHAPTER I BOROUGH HIGH STREET Borough High Street is one of the oldest roads in the London area and from the earliest times of which we have any knowledge it has been well supplied with inns for the convenience of travellers. A number of these were used in the i8th and 19th centuries as depots for carrier wagons and for passenger coaches to and from Kent, Surrey, Sussex and Hampshire.^' Some of the old inn yards still remain, but only one of the old inn buildings (the George) survives, and that in a mutilated state. In 1676 a fire swept the northern end of the street, obliterating the houses on both sides of the way so that a special court had to be set up to settle disputes as to the ownership of the various plots.'' ^^ A few of the houses erected after the fire still survive, though in a much altered state. The street follows its original alignment except at the northern end, where in 1824-31 the new London Bridge was built about 180 feet to the west of the old, and the line of the road altered and widened to form the new approach. As at this point the borough boundary runs along the east side of Borough High Street, the site of the old street, north of St. Saviour's Church, now lies within the Metropolitan Borough of Bermondsey and is outside the scope of this volume. Pepper Alley, formerly on the west side of the street, and Whitehorse Court, Chequer Alley, Boars Head Court and Swan Alley, etc., on the east side, are also excluded. The other big changes which have taken place in the neighbourhood of Borough High Street have been the result of the building of London Bridge Station in 1 843-4 (partly rebuilt in 1 847 and subsequently enlarged) and the formation of the Charing Cross Railway line between London Bridge, Waterloo and Charing Cross in 1862-3, crossing Borough High Street just south of St. Saviour's. The line cut right across the ground and buildings of St. Thomas's Hospital and the hospital was, therefore, forced to move from the site which it had occupied for over 600 years. Borough High Street in 1542 The plan oi circa 1542 now in the Public Record Office and repro- duced on Plate 8 gives some idea of the lay-out and appearance of the street in the Tudor period, though the buildings are for the most part repre- sented only by conventional symbols. The pillory is shown in the middle of the road a little north of the King's Head. It remained there until 1620 when, by order of the Court of Aldermen, it was taken down and stored in the Bridgehouse.'' 2" Beside the pillory was a well which in 1 540 the masters of the * The fire is said to have begun "att one Mr. Welsh, an oilman, neer St. Margaret Hill, betwixt the George and Talbot Innes".'' > A pillory was afterwards set up at St. Margaret's Hill, and remained there until late in the i8th century. The Morning Chronicle and London Advertiser for ist June, 1780, reports the case of an "unfortunate wretch who lost his life in the pillory at St. Margaret's Hill, Southwark" in .'Vpril of that year. BANKSIDE Bridge House were ordered to mend because it stood too low and was "dawn- gerous for chylders.'"^^ St. Margaret's Church is shown on the island site in the middle of the road now occupied by Old Town Hall Chambers. Two or three houses are shown to the east of it and an archway to the west is labelled "ye court house." The church itself was shortly afterwards converted into a court or sessions house. From the manor records it appears that the sides of the triangle on which the church stood were formed by two kennels or sewers which met at a point beyond a well.^^ A third well is shown on the plan in the middle of the street opposite the Horse's (later the Nag's) Head. St. Margaret's Church We know that St. Margaret's Church was in existence at the begin- ning of the 1 2th century, but there is little information to be found concerning it until the 15th century." In 1449 the Guild or Fraternity of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary was established in the church by Royal Letters Patent.'' This guild was the forerunner of the Corporation of Wardens of St. Saviour's Parish. In 1536 the church wardens obtained authority by Act of Parliaments^ to buy an acre of land for a new churchyard, the old one being "in the mydell off the kynges high way" and so full that recently they had been compelled to bury "ffower deade boddyes ... in one Sepulchre" to the "Right perillous daungyer and pestyferous infeccon off the ayre." At the Reformation when St. Mary Overy became the church for the old St. Margaret's parish, St. Margaret's Church and its precincts were sold to John Pope,2 who promptly disposed of them to William Emerson.^^ In 1555 William Emerson and others were said to have built nine tenements there, presumably on part of the old churchyard.^^ Early in Elizabeth's reign Humphrey Emerson granted part of the property, described as the Court House or Sessions Hall and the chamber above to William Danby,^^ who in 1583 sold it to Sir Rowland Hayward and other aldermen of the City of London.2^ It was described as being 40 foot long by 43 foot wide and having a chamber above on the south side. The sale reserved the rights of the Justices to use the building for Gaol Deliveries and Sessions of the Peace, and for the Marshalsea Court to be held there on Tuesdays. The old church (or court house) was burnt down in the fire of 1676 and for several years nothing was done about rebuilding." In 1682 the Court of Aldermen appointed a commission to consider the petition of the inhabi- tants that the Court House and Compter should be rebuilt.^" The new Court or Sessions House was completed in 1685 and a statue of the King, made at * In 1450 the church was used by Bishop Waynflete for his meeting with Jack Cade. Cade was promised consideration of his grievances and a general pardon for his rebellion, a promise which was not kept.^^ • A dispute arose at this time between the wardens of St. Saviour's and the Court of Aldermen as to the ownership of the site of the Court House and St. Margaret's Hill, but the wardens lost their case.'" 10 THE COUNTER a cost of ;^50 by the Bridgehouse mason, was set up on the front (Plate i 2^)-^'^ A plan of the new sessions house and counter with the King's Arms Tavern and other messuages was made for the City by William Capell in 1686 and is reproduced on Plate 3. The Sessions House was replaced by a Town Hall (Plate 13^) in 1793 and the statue was removed to Three Crowns Court. By the middle of the 19th century the jurisdiction of the Court of Aldermen in Southwark had been reduced to a formality and the Town Hall had fallen into decay ."^' The building was therefore taken down and the materials sold." The Counter or Compter Stow, writing in 1598, states that St. Margaret's Church was turned into a court house and that part of it became the Counter Prison or Compter.^^ In 1608, however, the Court of Aldermen ordered^" that one of Emerson's houses should be turned into "a Compter for receipt and keeping of prisoners within the sayd borough." In 1649 Samuel Cartwright, citizen and stationer of London, bought^^ the Counter (then described as a messuage 36 feet wide on the N. side) and the adjoining houses for CSl S- ^1' '^^is property was destroyed in the fire of 1676 and a new prison was built in 1685. The Borough Compter remained in existence until in December 1855 the Grand Committee of the Bridge House Estates ordered that it should be taken down "and the materials disposed of.'"^* In the following year Mr. Alderman Humphrey was granted a lease of the site. Counter Court behind the Old Town Hall Chambers preserves in its name the memory of the old Borough prison. The Borough Market The market place is shown on the plan of 1 542 to the south of St. Margaret's Church and Southwark Fair seems originally to have been held there, but within a few years and, probably as a result of the building of houses by William Emerson on St. Margaret's Hill, the market was moved into Borough High Street. In 1561 it was ordered in the manor court of Southwark "that no Collyer from hensforthe shall sett their cartes in the streate vppon the market daye . . . for the cause is that yf ther shoolde be affraye made ther it is not possyble for no man to come & helpe, the cartes ther doo stande so thicke, that is betwene the Pyllory & Sainte Margretes Hill.'"^^ The Court Leet of Southwark, in 1691, ordered^that the "Market shall be kept on the West side of the Channel of the Higlt Street within this Borough begining at the Bridge Foot & ending at Compter Lane within Three Foot of the said Channel upon Pain that every one Standing out of that Verge shall pay vjs. viijd."^^ The engraving reproduced on Plate i la depicts the market circa 1750. Though the picture is not topographically accurate it gives a vivid impression of the chaotic conditions created by the market in such a narrow " The present town hall of the Metropolitan Borough of Southwark in Walwortli Road was the vestry hall of the parish of St. Mary, Newington. II BANKSIDE thoroughfare. The market continued to be held in the street until 1755. ^^ that year the Mayor and Commonalty of the City of London, in whom the market rights had been vested by Edward VI, petitioned for its abolition because of "the great increase of coaches, carts and other carriages passing" through the street. The market was abolished by the Act of 28 Geo. II R-HIU. t-SON \ ,2 '\oD^r3W - - lera l lJ?' »3 BLACKET . . 78 f» ?9 II I^KiflHi 1 , DODS DARIUS DDDD SfilDDDD MMM mmm POLE tc UATLA&D Linen I>ra]>ers rcion Tallii's Elevations of the East side of Borough High Street, circa 1840 12 BOROUGH HIGH STREET cap. 9 and in the same session the churchwardens and parishioners of St. Saviour's obtained the right to open a new market on ground called the Triangle to the S.W. of the church where it still remains.^" Of recent years much of Borough High Street has been rebuilt, and much was destroyed by enemy action during the war, but many houses still retain features dating from the late 17th or i8th centuries. Taking first the east and then the west side and working from north to south an attempt has been made in the following pages to describe what remains and to give a J> n 2S 51 )S 55 57 53 <1 15 15 tr 49 il 5J iS ST " 59 61 65 65 67 65 n rj 7S TI r9 SI 6i 45 OT 09 es er 69 91 95 9S 97 99 105 105 10' 109 III 115 115 117 U9 '" 'Jl I" li5 -127 129 151 1)5 155 157 151 HI US H5 l^f \|4J Elevations of the East side of Borough High Street, 1948 13 BANKSIDE brief history of individual buildings where anything of interest is known. Changes in the street frontage during the past lOO years can be seen by comparing the modern elevations with the elevations drawn by Tallis circa 1840, reproduced on pp. 12 and 26. All the houses were renumbered in 1 8 70, so that the odd numbers are on the east side and the even on the west instead of running consecu- tively. Easi Side. No. 31 {formerly 47) This is a four- storey house in red brick with a string course at the third- floor level. The shop front is modern and the interior is of no architectural interest. No. 3 1 is now in the occupation of Messrs. Kleyser & Co., watch- makers, but for nearly a hundred years previously it was occupied by John Wells and his descendants, butchers.^i At the close of the 1 8th century the shop was a linen draper's.^* Nos. 33 and ^s (for- merly 48 and 49) The building at the rear of these premises has a fine staircase of a bold character with heavily moulded solid strings, square newel posts and pendants, three-inch spiral-turned balusters and moulded handrail. The stair- case, a sketch of which is reproduced here, extends through all floors, the walls up to the second floor being panelled to dado height. The rooms are panelled and have a moulded wood cornice. On the first floor is a wood mantelpiece of Adam character. No. 33 has been tenanted by Messrs. Wild, Neame & Co., hop factors, and their predeces- sors, Messrs. Collard & Neame, since 1877. The previous occupiers were John Clutton and his descendants, solicitors. John Clutton was the godfather of John Clutton founder of the well-known H 33 Borough High Street BOROUGH INNS firm of surveyors of that name.'^ The elder John Glutton was for many years treasurer of St. Saviour's Grammar School. No. 35 is now occupied by Miss E. Skinner, nurses' outfitter, and Mathew Arnold, hosier, and for the last century and a half it seems to have been tenanted alternately by hosiers and hop merchants. No. 45. The King's Head {formerly 54) Practically the whole of the buildings in King's Head Yard and the houses on either side of it were destroyed by enemy action in 1940. The King's Head was known as the Pope's Head prior to the Reformation and it is marked on the 1542 map. At the beginning of Elizabeth's reign it was the property of Thomas Cure, the founder of Cure's College (see p. 83), and in 1 588 passed to the family of Humbles. It was in the possession of Humble Ward, Baron Ward, in 1647.^' The King's Head was burnt down in the Borough fire of 1676. Part of the building erected after the fire survived until 1885. A view of it is given on Plate 15 together with a photo- graph of the bust of Henry VIII, its sign. The court of the Surrey and Kent Sewer Commission met there in 1699. Roman remains were found on the site of the inn in 1879-81 which indicated that an inhabited building had stood there during the Roman occupation. ^ The inn was the property of St. Thomas's Hospital in the i8th century and was leased to Henry Thrale and afterwards to Barclay Perkins and Co. Ltd.'* No. ^T, {formerly 58) This house has a staircase of the open newel type with heavy balusters. The premises are now occupied by Louis F. Petyt, hop factor, and William B. Gibson Ltd., ophthalmic opticians. From 1778 until 1840 various firms of indigo blue manufacturers were the occupants. No. 61 {formerly 62). The White Hart The White Hart was the badge of Richard II and the sign of this inn probably dated from his time. In 1450 the inn was the headquarters of Jack Cade, a fact which is recalled by Shakespeare in Henry VI, fart II. The inn was owned by Humphrey Collet in 1555^^ and it was still in the possession of his family when it was burnt down in 1676. In 1720 Strj-pe described the new building as "one of the best Inns in Southzcark."^^ The White Hart has been immortalised by Dickens in Pickzcick Papers as the place in which Sam Weller is first introduced to the reader. A view of the inn just prior to its demolition in i88g is reproduced on Plate 20d. No. 65 {formerly 64) No. 65 has a staircase similar to that in No. K^'}^. Messrs. Winkley & Son, printers, now occupy this house, but for over 80 years, from 1850-1933, it was a tailor's. The earliest known occupant, John Slade (1773), was a grocer. No. 71 {formerly 67) The house built after the fire in 1676 by Nicholas Hare, grocer, was demolished in 1928, but the carved stone panel from the west front, a sketch of which is reproduced on the next page, still survives. The house is described by the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments in the volume on East London. There is a monument to William Hare, grocer, who died in 1698, and his family, in the cathedral. 15 BANKSIDE No. 77 (formerly jo), the George Inn Of the 1 7th century inn, built round a courtyard, only the south side now remains. This is of three storeys and attic with wood dormers in a tiled roof, the walls being partly of brick and partly timber-framed. The western half has two ranges of galleries at the first and second floors, the lower one being supported on cantilever beams, and the upper one and roof with weather-boarded parapet, on wooden Doric columns which divide each gallery into six bays. Both galleries have a wood balustrade of turned balusters with moulded handrail. The wall behind the galleries is partly of brick and partly timber with pegged posts and flush face. It has f(^<», iii(i f^A-ii4 f,/-^i'f-/f-»'^.''' '^'^--'^ u«-.^^- ^^ windows overlooking the galleries, and openings at the eastern end giving access to the staircase. On the ground floor there is a range of windows on either side of the entrance. The eastern half is mainly of limewashed brickwork with brick string- courses below and above the first floor windows, and a wide eaves sofiit. The ground floor has two entrance doors and a range of windows over which is a continuous entablature with horizontally grooved architrave and a slightly projecting plain frieze. The cornice has a cyma bead and fillet with mutules, and sunk roundels beneath. Of the first floor windows, two have double-hung sashes, flush frames and glazing bars and the remaining four are casement type with mullions and transomes, two having shallow segmental arched heads. The six windows on the second floor have casements mostly with flush frames and with glazing bars; their heads are almost level with the eaves. The rear of the building facing south is of brick and has a large projecting chimney stack with tiled weatherings to its diminishing stages. 16 PLATE 8 /;^r ^- / I ill "Mi- o D O 'V' o D' PLATE 9 ~^r .y^/' '-'yJ ^^ /' ^ ■1-1 r~- c H 9 O T ^ .• o ■•= -s ^ ^ o O <^ ^ Di u 5 O -^p « ^ I ON H W H - ^ m^f o D Cl O o 1 pq s ^ ^ PLATE lo 'DO < H o u X. PLATE II ^1 o H W ;^ o D O o pq 'IT- '^^^■'', If:! >dSL. o H < X o D O o pq PLATE 12 H D O o /^ O ' K w w o 0< o PLATE 13 TOWN 11A[,I. (a) Before 1793 {h) Circa 1850 PLATE 14 THK TABARD IXN Qi) THE CANTERBURY PIIX^RIMS (i>) INN YARD, ciica 1850 PLATE 15 KING'S HEAD INN (a) BUST OF HENRY VHI (/?) INN YARD, 1880 THE GEORGE ' ? ' I I I \| i GR-OUND F-LOOC_ PLiN r T r ^.ur itCTlON TMR.OUCH MAIN .tNTC&NCL \|ll l \|\| \| llll iLCTION TH COUCH i T A I B.C Ai L ijo r»«T Tie George, 77 Borough High Street 17 BANKSIDE Some of the windows on this side are suggestive of an earlier period than the front part. The staircase is centrally placed within the building. It has solid strings and the balusters are similar in pattern to those in the balustrade of the galleries. The westernmost room on the ground floor has a fireplace with seg- mental wood-faced lintel, stone-faced jambs and projecting iron fire basket. &T1ON itCTlON . r d F 1 E.6 T P I OOIL 4 I A I a.C Ait PLAN MAIM E. N T CA N C £. DOoa_ GA I I. [ R.V I I I M ^ iCill 'OL Ot'ILi T^f George r w GALL t B.I' 18 THE GEORGE On the first floor the room to the east of the staircase is panelled in pine with moulded framing, cornice and dado rail. The mantelpiece of grey figured marble has moulded jambs and a shaped and moulded lintel with fluted keystone. In the south-west corner is an angle cupboard with shaped shelves, the door of which is formed to match the panelling in the room. The George is marked on the 1 542 plan, and there is little doubt that the sign, originally Saint George, dates back to the mediaeval period. In the reign of Edward VI it was held by Humfrey Collet, M.P. for Southwark in 1511-12 and 1536. By his will, dated 4th October, I 558,^^ he left his mansion and inn called the George in the tenure of Nicholas Marten, to his son laiT tLtVAtlON SOUTM tLtVATlQN i "1 ] CE:::::-::;::;-::r" I 1 1 1 I M m 1 1 Wt5r tLtVlTlON NOH-IH LlLVATIOn Thomas, together with his other property on the east side of the High Street. William Grubb is shown as the tenant in the Token Books for 1596— 1621, and his widow, Elizabeth, in 1622—24. In 1626 Henry Blundell or Blunden appears. He was still the tenant in 1634/5 when the inn was included in a return of new buildings made to St. Saviour's Wardens. It is there described as "2 seu'all buildinges part Timber and parte brick worth 6 li per ."Vnnum" built on "old foundacons aboute 12 yeares past." The landlords were then stated to be Mr. Sawyer and Mr. Thomas Stone. In 1668 Nicholas Andrewes, who had acquired a long lease of the George from John Sawyer, granted a sub-lease of it to Thomas Underwood at a rent of ^^i 50 a year. Underwood's widow, Mary, married Mark Weyland, and he was the tenant when in 1670 part of the inn and all the barns and stables were burnt down by a "sad and violent fire" said to have begun in some tow and hops in a shed in the inn yard.^* As some compensation for his expense in rebuilding, Weyland was granted a 40 years' extension of his lease. Six years later the George was destroyed by the fire which consumed most of Borough High Street. Weyland rebuilt the inn probably on the old plan.^' It is the southern part of this building which still survives. In 1692, John Sayer, son of John Sayer or Sawyer, the previous owner, sold'* the George and "three little roomes with appurtenances leased to William Peck, Grocer, lying at or neare the gateway" of the inn, to John Sweetapple of Lombard Street, who in the same year sold" it to Daniel Wight, distiller, for j^i,6oo. Daniel's grand daughter, Valentina, married Philip Aynscombe, Elizabeth Grubb occupied one of the small tenements adjoining the inn from 1627 until her death in 1641/2.^" 19 BANKSIDE and the George (then in the tenure of William Golding) and some houses on the west side of the street near Counter Alley, were granted to Thomas Aynscombe, father of Philip, in trust for her.^ By an Act of 30 George II, this property was vested in trustees and it ultimately passed to Lillie Smith Aynscombe, son-in-law of Philip, and his daughters, Valentina, Mary and Charlotte Anne. ^ In 1 849 it was sold by their heirs to the Governors of Guy's Hospital.^'^ The inn was then in the tenure of Frances Scholefield, widow ofWesterman Scholefield. An old advertising card dating from circa 1830 states that coaches set out from the George Inni ^asp/T^i^ M/GM jToacT ooa.o "Maidstone, Mailing and Wrotham, four times a day. Folkestone, Hythe and Ashford, 6 every morning; Mon., Wed., and Sat. evening. Tenterden, Cranbrook and Staplehurst, Sun., Tues., and Thurs. mor. Wateringbury, Teston and Mereworth, daily. Brenchley, Matfield Green, and Peckham, Tue., Wed., and Sat. afternoon. Deal, Dover, Margate, Ramsgate, and Canter- bury, twice a day. Rochester, Chatham, and Gravesend, four times a day. Orpington, St. Mary Cray, Chiselhurst, and Eltham, Mon., Wed., Sat. afternoon. Hastings, Boxhill, Battle, Robertsbridge, Lam- berhurst. Tun bridge, Sevenoaks, Worthing, Horsham, Dorking, Brighton, Cuckfield and Reigate, daily."" The George was also the depot for a number of goods wagons to the south-east of England. In the middle of the 19th century, the Great Eastern Railway Company opened an office in rooms on the north side of the inn yard. In 1855 a report on the condition of the premises^ shows that Messrs. Beeman and Hotchkins,hop merchants, and the Great Northern Railway Company occupied most of the buildings on the north side of the yard, Messrs. Evans and Company, hop merchants, had rooms at the east end of the south side, and the George Inn proper was at the west end of the south side. Most of the east end of the yard was occupied by stabling. In 1874 the President and Governors of Guy's Hospital, having walled off the eastern portion of the yard for incorporation in the hospital premises, sold the remainder to the Great Northern Railway Company. The plan attached to this sale is reproduced here. It shows the original extent of the inn. The buildings on the north side were pulled down by the railway company, but 20 THE TABARD fortunately those on the south side were preserved and are the sole surviving example of a' galleried inn in London. In 1937 the London and North Eastern Railway Company made a deed of gift of the old inn building to the National Trust. The ground remains the property of the railway (now incor- porated in British Railways). No. 81 (formerly 72) The staircase above the first floor level is of mid-i8th century date and has solid moulded strings, turned balusters, ball-capped square newels and plain handrail. On the first floor is a pine- panelled room with wood cornice. The earliest known tenant (1748) was Malachi Blake, druggist, who subsequently moved to No. 119. No. 83 (formerly 73) A sketch of the staircase in this house is reproduced on Plate 21 1?. It is similar to that in No. 81, but has spiral-turned balusters. On the second floor is a fireplace with a wood bolection moulded architrave and cast-iron grate with fluted surround. No. 83 is now in the occupation of Rawlings, a firm of machine rulers. It had previously been in the tenure of various types of traders including Edward Coronel, cigar manufacturer, who was in occupation for 39 years (1870-1909). No. 85. The Tabard The old Tabard Inn was pulled down in 1875, though a modern building bears the name. The Tabard was probably one of the earliest inns in this street of inns, for there is mention of it in 1306 when the Abbot of Hyde had lodgings adjoining. It is certainly the most famous of the Borough inns as the meeting place of Chaucer's Canterbury pilgrims Southwark in 1376 and 1379, was then host of the Tabard — "A semely man oure hooste was withalle For to han been a marschal in an halle; Boeld of his speche, and wys, and wel y taught. And of manhod hym lakkede right naught."' Chaucer's inn was probably pulled down in 1629, for in 1635 the "Talbut" is said to be "a newe building of brick" erected on an old foundation about six years previously by William Garford, the landlord. After two rebuildings in the 17th century it is extremely unlikely that any of the mediaeval building survived. The view of Chaucer's pilgrims setting out from the Tabard in Urry's Chaucer of 1721 (Plate 14^2) may have been based on an earlier drawing, though it is difficult to reconcile with what we know of the Borough of the 14th century. The history of the inn has been very fully related in Rendle and Norman's The inns of old Southwark, to which the reader is referred for further particulars. A drawing of the inn by T. H. Shepherd made a few years before its demolition is reproduced on Plate 14;^. 21 =r,!-i.l,J.I=iJ 83 Borough High Street Henry Bailley, M.P. for Chaucer BANKSIDE 91 BOROUGH HIGH-STREET T il I [ [mil: 5CALE OF FEET TH1R.D FLOOR. F12DKIT ELtVATlOKl II.OOF JM"1- SECOND FLOOH FIRST FLOOR- SECTION 22 BOROUGH HIGH STREET No. 91 {formerly 77) These premises comprise four storeys with a single room and staircase on each floor, the ground floor being a shop. There is a small addition at the rear. The building is of brick with rubbed brick dressings and moulded brick string course at second floor level, a moulded brick cornice at third floor level and a tiled roof behind a parapet. The first floor room has painted pine panelling to the full height with ovolo moulded framing, fielded panels, moulded chair rail and wood dentilled cornice. In the window recesses are panelled box seats and panelled folding shutters. The door has three panels and is surrounded by an enriched architrave. A section of the panelling on the east wall is hinged and conceals a wood semicircular half-domed cupboard with three shaped shelves, carved spandrils, and a carved and gilded cornice at the springing of the half dome, with ornamental keyblock. The dome has painted male and female figures in a pastoral setting (Plate 23). The second floor room has painted pine panelling similar to that on the first floor but with plain panels and moulded cornice. The door is of two panels with plain moulded architrave. Next the fireplace a portion of the panelling is hinged and forms the door to a square cupboard. There are panelled folding shutters to the windows and panelled box seats in the recesses beneath the windows. The fireplace has a marble surround with shaped lintel and fluted keystone and a hob grate of simple pattern. The third floor panelling is also of painted pine with bolection mould- ings suggestive of an earlier date than that on the floors below. It does not fully extend round all sides of the room, part being plain square-framing. The windows have seats in the recesses and panelled shutters. There is a cupboard behind the panelling next the fireplace. The staircase, of the open well type, occupies the rear of the building. The upper flights are contemporary with the main fabric. They have a moulded handrail and between the first and second floors there are three types of balusters to a step. The newels are in the form of fluted Doric columns and there are cut strings and carved step ends to the first and second floors and solid strings to the remaining flight (Plate 22). No. gi was from 1907 to 1934 in the occupation of Robert John Herbert, hosier, but it has had very varied uses in the past. In the middle ot the 1 8th century it was known as the Bell and Bear Inn and it was subsequently occupied by a toyman, a tallow chandler, an oilman and as "oyster rooms." Nos. 93 and 95 {formerly 78 and 79) These premises now form one building. The i8th century character of the facade of the upper storeys has been retained and is of red brick with plain brick string courses above and below the second floor windows and a slate mansard roof with dormer windows behind the parapet. The ground floor front is of later date. Both houses have for over fifty years been in the occupation of Messrs. A. C. Horsley, hop merchants. No. 93 was a cheesemonger's during the second half of the i8th century. No. 95 23 BANKSIDE is shown on Tallis's view (p. 12) as in the occupation of Anderton & Lee, confectioners, but in 1768-73? the tenant was Joseph Coates, hop factor. Nos. 97 and 99 {formerly 80 and 8 i) These buildings, both of mid- 1 8th century date, have recently been demolished to first floor level. No. 97 had a stucco front with a balustraded parapet above the cornice. No. 99 was of red brick with string courses between floors. The first floor front room was panelled with simple ovolo moulded framing and wood dentilled cornice. In the corner next the fireplace was a semicircular headed cupboard with moulded jambs and fluted keystone, shaped shelves and panelled doors. Part of the well staircase remains. It has spiral-turned balusters and moulded handrail and string. Both these houses have been occupied by hop merchants from the i8th century to the 20th with the exception of short periods when they have been used by other tradesmen. No. 105, The Queen s Head Not even the name remains to recall the memory of the Queen's Head Inn which occupied the site of No. 105 until 1886. A drawing of it made in 1888 is reproduced on Plate 20b. The Queen's Head was, in the i 5th century, the property of the Poynings family, one of whom, Robert Poynings, was sword bearer to Jack Cade. It was originally known as the Cross Keys or Crowned Keys and was probably renamed in compliment to Queen Elizabeth.^' John Harvard inherited a lease of the Queen's Head Inn from his mother Katharine who died in 1635^' just before her son sailed for America. She was a much married lady. Her first husband, Robert Harvard, butcher, had a house on the east side of Borough High Street near London Bridge (the site is now in Bermondsey). Robert died in the autumn of 1625^ and she married John Elletson, lessee of the Queen's Head, in the following January.^ EUetson died a year later,' and, soon after, Katherine married her third husband, Richard Yearwood, a neighbour.''^ The freehold of the inn belonged to Hugh Browker* and afterwards to Gregory Franklin from whom it passed to his cousin Margaret, wife of Gilbert Kinder. It was sold to John Applebee, ovmer of a brewery in Deadman's Place (see p. 79), in 1669.^" Franklyn bequeathed^^ his tene- ments behind the inn for charitable uses, half to the Sadlers' Company and half as an endowment for St. Saviour's Grammar School (p. 91). Nos. 1 1 3 and I 1 5 (formerly 8 8 and 8 9) These buildings have been badly damaged by enemy action, but have the remains of a mid-i8th century staircase above first floor level. A fireplace on the second floor has a bolection moulded surround. These two houses, which are tenanted by S. Garth Wicking & Co. as a music warehouse, have been occupied together for the last two centuries. No. 12 1, The Grapes and Kentish Buildings Kentish Buildings is a narrow court opening into Borough High Street between Nos. 121 and 123. On its northern side it still retains the red brick fronts of several i8th century houses. They are of three storeys, with steep tiled roofs, eaves, plain brick strings, and flush framed sash windows to the two upper floors. The ground floor has been reconstructed to form part of the Grapes public-house in Borough High Street. 24 IT, ATI", 1 6 y. ■ri V. PLATE 17 GEORGE INN, 1880 PLATE 1 8 lOfLTH tLtVATION 5 O U T H t L L V A T I O M TiMiliMi! T ■■ -^ GEORGE INN. ELEVATIONS PLATE 19 COMPOSITE StCTlON a 1 3 -C 5TAIR.CAS6. PLAN FIR-ST FLOOR- "•» H < i i i i i i [ I 1 r I f I r GEORGE INN ELtVATlON GR.OUND F-LOOR. PLAN H r- :rrr c «:i. L t > 3r FIR.5T FLOOPL PLAN pi.atp: 20 '^J^ {<,) OLD Will 11, llAUr INN YARD, 1882 (/;) BACK Ol' gUl'.l'.N'.s Ill'.Al) INN, 1H88 PLATE 2 1 H W W H o o D O O PQ oo 6 < O H H CO o ;^ W Oh 0^ <^ O PLATE 22 H P Z >o o O 1^ -J OJ o < ]fcc^^scss!31tl&^^ p-v ^- 2 :5 lU Q & O H -J >/, Q G >i- PLATE 23 SECTION . -.-v/ikXS^BdTKTK ^^>i:^>-^Tiw>^ ^■■..<<V,^* !StifiiVi»-..rrtooa 7f^?^ lur. JvI^'iTk...:. i...Ki...i>.. DETAIL OF CORNICE ELEVATION DOO^ TO CUP° PLAN SECTION 9i BOROUGH HIGH STREET SOUTHW\RK DETAILS OF NICHE CUPBOARD FIRST FLOOR li 9 6 3 I liil iil iil i il _L I I I I fEET . /n KEY PLAN THE GRAPES The narrow entry to the yard is spanned by a four-storey i8th century building with wide sash windows at the back. The front has been cemented and altered out of character. Until the beginning of the 19th century Kentish Buildings* was known as Christopher Alley. It occupies the site of the inn yard of the Christopher, an inn marked on the plan of 1542, The Grapes and probably so named after the patron saint of travellers, Saint Christopher. The first mention ot the Grapes occurs in 1842. Nos. 127 and 129 {Jormerly 96 and 97). Remains of the Spur Inn In the flank walls of the covered way between Nos. 127 and 129 are some remains of the half-timbered work of the Spur Inn. The Spur is shown next to the Horse's Head on the plan of 1542. In 1560 it was in the possession of William Emerson,^^ a well-known Southwark worthy of his time (see p. 32). It was * The new name does not seem to have come into official use until about 1806, but it may have derived from a Thomas Kentish, carpenter, who according to a deed in the Minet Library obtained a grant of a messuage north of the Spur Inn in 1684. 25 BANKSIDE sold in 1604 by Emme Enierson,^^ widow of his son, Humphrey, to Hugh Browker* "one of the Prothonotaryes of his Majestyes Courte of Common Plees" who devised it in 1608 to his son, Hugh.^' The Spur is one of the "fayre Innes for receipt of travellers" mentioned by Stow.^^ It was partly burnt in 1667,^' but in 1720'^ is described as "pretty well resorted unto by IVaggons." It ceased to be an inn in 1848.1' No. 127 is shown on Tallis as occupied by Pole & Maylard, "linnen drapers." This firm, founded by George Pole, carried on business there from 1814 until 1865. Nos. 137 and 139 {formerly 102) Although the front of these premises has been much altered, the original tile roof and dormers remain. On the first floor there are portions of an old elliptical staircase and a small wood mantelpiece. These premises are now used as the Nag's Head Inn and booking ofEces. In 1 542 the inn south of the Spur is marked as the "Horse hede." This name was in use till the end of the century but in the return of new buildings made in 1634-5 it has been corrupted to Nag's Head, the version which has been in use ever since. At that time there were a number of tenements in the inn yard. Strype^^ describes the buildings as "old and sorry" and they have all been rebuilt since that date, though some earlier work may have been used in the rebuilding.^' fVest Side No. 22 (formerly 14) and No. 4 Green Dragon Court The part of these premises fronting Borough High Street dates from the re-alignment of the frontage in the early 1 9th century. It is of brick with stucco dressings. The western portion probably dates from the late 1 7th century though the actual front to Green Dragon Court is of later date. The chief feature of interest was the elaborately carved shopfront and doorway. It consisted of two bow windows, one large and one small on each side of the doorway, which was flanked by carved Corinthian pilasters and had a pedi- ment above containing a cartouche with the date " 1663." Hosierv "arehouse 337 3J8 iPl.wE a\|\|o[\| y.oy iiaiiQ Tallis. Elevation of West side of Borough High Street The door and its surround were brought from Holland by the tenant of the premises, and were set up in Green Dragon Court in 1919 by Messrs. Cooksey and Partners, architects and surveyors, who made the rest of the * He was a relation by marriage. Humphrey Emerson had married Joan Browker as his first wife.^ 26 BOROUGH HIGH STREET ground floor frontage to correspond, and fitted part of the interior with panelling from other premises. The upper part of the house was recon- ditioned in 1922. The shopfront and doorway were removed in 1948, and have been placed in store by the City of London Corporation, who own the premises. Nos. 38-52 (formerly 248-241) These houses form a terrace which dates from the early part of the 1 8th century. Except for three which have been refaced with stucco the houses are of red brick with a plain brick string course at second floor level. The windows have double-hung sashes with flush or semi-flush frames. All have ground floor shops of later date (Plate 24). The interiors of the houses have been much altered but some inter- esting features remain. The first floor front room of No. 40 has fielded panelling in pine with panelled shutters to the windows, but on the north wall part of the panelling has been replaced by a modern fireplace and ply- wood. Next the fireplace is a semicircular niche cupboard with shaped shelves and a half-dome with painted shell and head ornament. The cupboard has an eight-panelled door with moulded surround. The staircase of this house above first floor level has spiral-turned balusters and a moulded handrail and strings. ^ A-^i-^/ /■/ Wat side of Borough High Street 27 BANKSIDE No. 48 has a panelled room on the first floor, and it too retains part of its original open newel staircase with turned balusters and square handrail. The first floor front room of No. 52 has mid- 1 8 th century panelling and wood cornice and a wood and composition mantelpiece with half-round reeded Corinthian pilasters and enriched frieze and cornice, white marble slips and an elaborate cast-iron grate probably later in date than the sur- round. The two front rooms on the second floor have bolection moulded Backs of houses in Borough High Street panelling and wood cornices. Above the ground floor the original staircase with spiral turned balusters remains. At the rear of Nos. 50 and 52 is a 17th century timber-framed and plastered two-storey building known as Calvert's Buildings (Plate 2^F). It has a twin-gabled roof and the upper storey overhangs on the south side. Inside the building are some of the original oak beams. The tenants of these houses can be traced in the directories and the rate books back to 1748, but the houses are probably older. A large proportion of the occupiers have been connected with the hop trade. Calvert's Buildings takes its name from Felix Calvert, brewer, who occupied No. 52 (formerly 241) from 1786 to 1794. It may be noted that premises known as Calvert's Buildings on the south side of Southwark Street also take their name from this firm of brewers. St. Margaret's Court (^formerly Fishmongers' Alley) This small court turns out of Borough High Street between Nos. 62 and 64. In the time of Henry VIII this alley and the surrounding property belonged to the Fishmongers' Company who sold it to various tenants in 28 liF^ Tnlni : 1—— 1 L : L --L_ J ir^ 1 1 " : 1 J=±: H\| i"-^i 1 1 i U i 1 - ijLL , 1.- ^ lid ETX^ i 2 O 29 BANKSIDE 1554-5. The name Fishmongers' Alley survived until circa 1835, when it was changed to St. Margaret's Court. No. 66 {formerly 234) This house is now united with Nos. 68 and 70. It dates from the early part of the i8th century. The windows have red brick dressings and retain their flush frames. The staircase is of heavy construction with turned balusters, square newels and moulded string, and moulded and chamfered handrail. The first floor front room has panelling of a simple design, with wood cornice, and it contains an alcove cupboard. Nos. 66 and 68 have been in the tenure of the firm of Edward Strauss & Co., hop mer- chants since 1893 and the previous occupants, W. H. & H. Le May, were in the same trade. 30 CHAPTER 2 NEWCOMEN STREET Newcomen Street forms the southern boundary of St. Saviour's parish on the east side of Borough High Street. The street still retains its narrow 1 8th century contours and kerbside posts. Like many of the streets and alleys of Southwark it developed from an inn yard, the yard of the Axe, later the Axe and Bottle. The Axe is not shown on the map of 1542 (Plate 8) but it is men- tioned in the Court Leet minutes of the manor of Southwark in 1560. The first extant Token Book {circa i SI S) contains the entry "Alle thes ffow- loynge w'in the Axe" and a list of fifteen names beginning with that of Humffry Water (2 tokens), andending with that of John Payne (8 tokens). In the 1 7th century, the whole of Axe Yard, now Newcomen Street, came into the hands of two charities, John Marshall's and Mrs. New- comen's and, with some minor ex- ceptions, have remained in their possession until the present day. John Marshall's Charity John Marshall, gentleman, the founder of Christ Church (see p. 1 01), lived in Axe Yard during the last few years ol his life. His wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Tay- lor, Doctor of Physic, died before him,^^ leaving no children, and at Marshall's death in 1 63 i , the bulk of his property, including his moiety of Axe Yard, passed to trustees for various charities. In his will he desired his trustees to "finish and perfect the building and furnishing of the house in Axe-yard, wherein he then dwelt" and to see that "the pumps, jacks, cisterns and bedsteads, then in and belonging to the said house" should go with it as heirlooms. The house was to be let to the lecturer of St. Saviour's for twenty-one years, if he so desired, and the rent applied towards providing a residence for the minister of the new church (Christ Church).^^ Marshall's property in Axe Yard comprised the sites of Nos. 6—23 and 46-61 (formerly 2—9, 14—24, 46—56 and 61-65) Newcomen Street, all of which still remain in the hands of the trustees of his charity. Newcomen Stret 31 BANKSIDE Mrs. Newcomen's Charity During the reign of Elizabeth, part of Axe Yard was the property of the Emerson family. William Emerson, senior, died in 1575. His monu- ment in Southwark Cathedral (Plate 6) has the succinct epitaph, "he lived and died an honest man." His son, Thomas (d. 1595), founded one of the parish charities and gave his name to Emerson Street. Thomas's son, Henry, sold his property in Axe Yard to William Richardson,^^ who lived there with his wife, Grace, until his death in 1630. In a list of owners and lessees of divided tenements in Axe Yard, dated January, 1636/7, Mrs. Grace Richard- son is stated to be "cheife Landlady of . . . 23 poore tenem's" and John White, and other feoffees of John Marshall . . . Landlordes of aboute 24 tenem's more."^^ Mrs. Newcomen, widow of Jonathan Newcomen, mercer, died in 1675, and was buried in St. Saviour's. By her will, dated I2th December, 1664, she left her property in the parish of St. Saviour's upon trust for "the clothing of poor boys and girls with a suit of linen and woollen once a year, whereof two-thirds . . . [were to] be out of the Borough side, and the other third . . . out of the Clink Liberty . . . and for . . . teaching them to read and write and cast accounts, and for . . . putting forth boys apprentice at 5/ a piece, at their age of 14 years." Her property consisted of three messuages in Borough High Street valued at ;^24 a year, a messuage near Axe Yard in the tenure of Sarah Marson, rented at ^'j a year, the house called the Bottle then divided into three tenements, rented at ;/^io a year, and a tenement in Axe Yard in the tenure of George Jennings, rented at ^'] a year. The bequest was subject to the condition that the rents and profits thereof should be paid to her nephew, Thomas Lant, and to his eldest son (if he had one) for their lives, but should subsequently be vested in the parish.^^ Sir Edward Bromfield was appointed guardian to Thomas Lant and his name is associated with Lant's in several leases of the property. A rebuilding lease of the Axe and Bottle was granted to George Bannister in 1677,^^ from which it appears that the old building lay on either side of the entrance to the yard, the second storey being over the gateway. The other houses in the Newcomen gift were rebuilt in the i68o's in brick, William Gray, carpenter, and Joseph Arthur, of Bermondsey, being respon- sible for the erection of most of them. An order in the Vestry Minutes in 1704 for the rebuilding one storey higher of "the house blowne downe by the late Storme in Ax and Bottle Yard" suggests that the buildings were very flimsy. In 1736, another speculative builder in the person of William Sone, carpenter, came along. He obtained a lease^^ from the Wardens of all the Newcomen property in Axe and Bottle Yard for seventy-one years, on con- dition that he covenanted to build within ten years "a Street consisting of Twenty good brick Houses" expending at least ;{^ioo on each house, the street to be 26 feet wide and "well and sufficiently paved." Sone did not keep to his bargain, for, in 1 746, the Vestry Minutes state that he had built only fifteen houses on which he had expended ;^i,200 and that he had allowed 32 IM.ATl- -4 oo O C3S 1-1 o D C U o •y: I O PLATE 25 a: O O H o o H H H o D O O C-l ■^ 6 :2; PLATE 26 'A b 'A H 30 00 :^. PLATE 27 GUY'S HOSPITAL PLAN, circa 1900 PLATE 28 GUY'S HOSPITAL. STATUE OF THOMAS GUY PLATE 29 C;UY'S HOSPITAL. CLNTRAl. BLOCK, 1948 PLATE 30 OS H W w X H CO o X H H O [-IH W h < o w < H <; H O D NEWCOMEN STREET fO JA'Cf/EJ the other houses demised to him to fall into "great decay" or to tumble down altogether. In spite of this, Sone applied for a new lease from the wardens in 1759, giving as a reason that he wished to make a continuation of Axe and Bottle Yard through to Snow's Fields. He obtained a lease of all the Marshall ground in the yard in that year, together with 3^ acres of ground in St. George's Fields on condition that he laid out [jl^ooo in repairs and buildings.^^ No. 65 was among the houses rebuilt at this date and into it was incorporated the royal coat of arms in stone removed from the gate- way at the southern end of London Bridge. The arms probably dated from i 728 when a new gateway was built to replace the one des- troyed by fire in 1725.®'' The arms are those used by George II during the early years ot his reign, though the inscription has been altered to "George III." They were re- erected on No. 65, the King's Arms, when it was rebuilt. A modern stone panel with the wording "King's Arms, i 890" has been added. A view of the old house and a photograph of the coat of arms are repro- duced on Plate 26. Some time before 1750, the house at the entrance to Axe and Bottle Yard was renamed the Sun and this fact, together with the greater importance of the road after it was made a thorough- fare to Snow's Fields, and the presence of the royal arms on No. dc^, probably account for its new name of King Street, which was adopted in 1774.^'^ It was renamed Newcomen Street in 1879.^^ Nos. 66-69 (formerly 4-1) on the south side of the street are New- comen property and bear the Mrs. Newcomen mark. No. 67 has a Royal Insurance fire mark. They were built circa 1830. (No. 69, formerly i, was described as a "newly erected brick built messuage" in 1831.) They are three-storey buildings in yellow stock brickwork and have early 19th century shop fronts. They have been in use for commercial purposes ever since they were built. Nos. 67 and 68 were for many years in the mid- 19th century in the occupation of George Mansell as a printing works. Apart from Nos. 65-69, the houses at the Southwark end of the south side of the street have been demolished as a result of enemy action, though the shells of Nos. 46-48 (built in the late i 8 th century) survived until 1948. They were of two storeys in yellow stock brickwork and had a mansard roof with dormer windows behind the front parapet. A brick string course continued across the front above the first floor windows. No. 48 had a good staircase of contemporary date with solid strings, moulded handrail and spiral-turned balusters. None of the old houses on the north side of the street is left. The office of the John Marshall Trustees, standing on the site of John Marshall's house, was built in 1853. CHAPTER 3 ST. THOMAS STREET St. Thomas Street on the east side of Borough High Street takes its name from St. Thomas's Hospital, which for over six centuries occupied ground on the north side of the way. The street is not shown on the earliest plan of the area circa 1542 (Plate 8) but it was probably in use soon after, for in the reign of Edward VI the chapel of the hospital was made the parish church of the newly created small parish of St. Thomas's. Most of St. Thomas's parish was included in the Metropolitan Borough of Bermondsey under the Act of 1899, but the southern side of St. Thomas Street west of Guy's Hospital, and the greater part of the hospital was incorporated with Southwark and is, therefore, within the scope of this volume. St. Thomas's Churchyard lay opposite the church on the south side of St. Thomas Street. It was approached by a narrow lane, the street front- age being occupied by houses. The churchyard was for many years used as a private garden to houses in St. Thomas Street,^^ and it now forms part of the grounds of Guy's Hospital. Eight houses, to the east of the way to the churchyard, were leased to Guy's in 1756,^^ and part of the ground was utilised for the west wing of the hospital. Guy's obtained a lease of a further portion of the frontage in 1862, and in 1922 purchased the frontage as far as Borough High Street with the exception of The Grapes, extending backward as far as the north side of King's Head Yard.^ Nos. 2-14 {formerly 11-18) This terrace of four-storey brick houses was built for St. Thomas's Hospital by a contractor, Mr. Johnson, in 1 8 1 9, at a cost of about ;/^7,ooo.^* The houses are plain in design, but there is a moulded stone cornice between the second and third floors and at first floor level the window sills are carried through to form a string course. The windows on the ground floor have segmental heads set in shallow arched recesses. The upper windows have flat gauged arches and there are dwarf iron balconies of a plain diagonal pattern on the first floor. The Grapes (No. 2), which forms part of the terrace, was originally two houses. A cornice and plain frieze supported on flat Doric pilasters have been inserted across both frontages below the first floor windows with a shop front and bar entrances on the ground floor (Plate 21 a). The residents in these houses and, indeed, most of the houses in St. Thomas Street, have mainly been persons connected with the two great hospitals there. The most notable are: — No. 2 (formerly 17 and 18), Sir Samuel Wilks, baronet and physician, occupied the former No. 17 in 1854-60. He studied at Guy's and held several appointments there including those of physician, curator of the museum and lecturer on pathology. He edited the hospital reports from 1854 to 1865 and was joint author with G. T. Bettany of the standard history of the hospital. He occupied No. 14 (formerly No. 11) from 1861 to 1869. He died at Hampstead in 1911.^ No. 12, i82i-23(.?), Charles Aston Key,surgeon. Hewasbornin Southwark and became a pupil at G uy's in 1 8 1 4 and married the niece of Astley Cooper in 1 8 1 8 . He became demonstrator 34 ST. THOMAS STREET of anatomy at St. Thomas's and later full surgeon at Guy's. He was one of the first surgeons in London to use ether as an anaesthetic and his success in operations gained him a great reputation. His son was Sir Astley Cooper Key, the admiral. (.')i83i-33, John Flint South, surgeon. He was son of a Southwark druggist, and Sir James South, the astronomer, was his half brother. In 1 8 14 he was apprenticed to Henry Cline, the younger, at St. Thomas's Hospital. He became lecturer on anatomy there, and later, surgeon. He was the author of several works on surgery. 1834/5-1845, John Hilton, surgeon. He entered Guy's Hospital as a student in 1824, and rose to be professor of human anatomy and surgery there in 1860—2. His dissections of the human body were reproduced in wax and kept in the anatomical museum. 1 880-1 884, Frederick Henry Horatio Akbar Mahomed, physician. He was the son of the keeper of a turkish bath. He studied at various hospitals, including Guy's and became medical registrar at the latter. In 1881 he was elected assistant physician to Guy's. He died in 1884 at his house in Manchester Square. John Keats is stated to have lodged over the shop of a tallow chandler named Markham in St. Thomas Street in 181 5, when he was a student at Guy's Hospital.* Unfortunately no rate books for St. Thomas's parish have been found for the early part of the 19th century and it has not been possible to establish the position of this shop. 35 CHAPTER 4 GUY'S HOSPITAL In 1 72 I Thomas Guy, who had for many years been a governor and benefactor of St. Thomas's Hospital, applied to the governors for a lease of several plots of ground described as being within the "close of the hospital" for the purpose of erecting a hospital for incurables.^'' The ground, which lay on the south side of St. Thomas Street next to the newly-made way or road to the Maze Pond, had for many years been let out in small plots and had a number of houses standing on it.^^ The leases of these plots had been bought by Guy from the tenants, William Gabb, Samuel Warburton and others, and in 1722 the governors granted him a lease of the ground for 1,000 years at a rent of ;r30 a year. The inset plan taken from the lease shows the extent of the ground and the original hospital building. The main gate of the hospital was in Maze Pond but an entrance to St. Thomas Street was made across the land in lease to Thomas Barry, part of a warehouse being pulled down to clear a passage.^* Lane designed the building. THE WAY I 1^^^\|^mT^^^^^^^^^e__p^ Thomas Guy died in 1724, leaving^^ the residue of his estate, after the payment of certain legacies, to trustees. Sir Gregory Page, Charles Joye, William Clayton, Thomas Hollis, John Kenrick, John Lade, Dr. Richard Mead, Moses Raper and John Sprint. The trustees were instructed "to finish 36 GUY'S HOSPITAL and fit up the two new squares of building in Southwark, . . . some time since begun, and intended for an Hospital for reception of . . . four hundred poor PERSONS or upwards, LABOURING UNDER ANY DISTEMPERS, INFIRMITIES, OR DISORDERS, THOUGHT CAPABLE OF RELIEF BY PHYSICK OR SURGERY; but who, by reason of the small hopes there may be of their cure, or the length of time which for that purpose may be required . . . are, or may be adjudged or called Incurable, and as such not proper Objects to be received into or continued in the present Hospital of Saint Thomas." He also suggested that lunatics not exceeding twenty in number might be admitted to the hospital, but he included a provision that the trustees might at their own discretion admit ordinary sick persons not deemed to be incurable. The governors were, therefore, acting within their powers in allowing the new institution to develop into a general hospital similar to St. Thomas's. The hospital was opened in 1725 and by an Act of Parliament passed in that year the governors were incorporated. Sir Gregory Page became the first President, Dr. John Oldfield and Dr. James Jurin were appointed physicians, and Francis Crofts and Andrew Cooper surgeons.^^ John Hanson, the porter of the back gate of St. Thomas's Hospital, was made the first steward of Guy's.^'* By 1738 the General Court of the hospital considered that additional buildings were necessary. A lease of the ground between the north front of the hospital and St. Thomas Street was acquired from St. Thomas's Hos- pital, and the east wing, designed by James Steer, the hospital surveyor, was erected on part of it, the rest being laid out as a courtyard. ;^5,ooo worth of South Sea stock was sold to pay for this improvement, of which ^^3,167 was paid to James Porter, the contractor for the actual building work.^^ The new block contained a committee room and a chapel. The work was practically completed by October, 1739, when the statue of Thomas Guy, which had been set up in the inner courtyard in 1734,^0 was moved to its present position.^^ More ground on the north-west side of the hospital was acquired from St. Thomas's in 1756 but no further extensions were made until 1774 when the west wing, designed by Richard Jupp, was begun.^^ The Maze Pond estate, south of the hospital, was bought in i 806'^ and other ground in the neighbourhood in 18 16 and 1833. In 1829 William Hunt, one of the governors, bequeathed /,"i 80,000 to the hospital for the fitting up of additional accommodation to hold at least 100 beds. Temporary wards, constructed out of old warehouses, were opened in 1830, but it was not until twenty years later that the small houses between Maze Pond and Newcomen Street were cleared away and Hunt's House was erected from the designs of Rhode Hawkins. The centre and south wing were finished in 1853 and the north wing in 1871.'^ The two large houses, Nos. 24 and 26 St. Thomas Street, adjacent to the N.W. wing, were built in 1863 on ground previously occupied by the beadle's house. Guy's Hospital 37 BANKSIDE Architectural Description The plan of the original building, which still remains as the core of the hospital, is rectangular, with two internal courts divided by a cross wing which has an open arcaded ground storey of semicircular stone arches. This arcade extended around the remaining sides of both courts, but these portions were filled in about 1780, and semicircular headed windows were inserted. The building is of London stock brickwork, with red brick dressings to segmental-arched windows, and comprises three storeys and dormers. The roof generally has been altered by the construction of an overhanging slate mansard with large dormer windows and stone modillioned eaves cornice, but the western half retains on three sides the old tiled roof behind a parapet. Several old lead rainwater heads and pipes still remain. The main entrance is on the north front and was remodelled about the time of the erection of the west wing to form a broad central projecting feature of five bays in Portland stone. The ground storey, which has v-jointed rustications, has three semicircular-arched openings with wrought-iron gates and fanlights of radiating bars and acanthus leaves and anthemion ornament, and is flanked by arched windows in recesses. It is approached by a flight of six granite steps with rounded ends extending across the width of the three openings at ground level. The second and third storeys have five bays with four attached Ionic columns and two flanking Ionic pilasters supporting an entablature and a central pediment. Set in niches in the end bays at first floor level are sculptured figures of Aesculapius and Hygieia, both by John Bacon. Beneath the three central second floor windows are sculptured panels of cherubs, and in the tympanum sculptured figures, the whole symbolising the arts of healing. On either side of the entrance the rusticated ground storey, with a base- ment, is continued across the front for four bays on either side, in advance of the original building, and is surmounted by a balustraded parapet. Above are later additions in the form of iron balconies supported on cast-iron Ionic columns. The glass-roofed operating theatre, built in 1867 above the centre block, has since been removed. The east wing, which was similar in design to the existing west wing, was almost completely destroyed during the late war. In this wing were the Superintendent's House with its contemporary mahogany staircase, the Governors' Court Room decorated in the style of William Kent, and the Governors' Committee Room with the original Chippendale and Hepplewhite chairs belonging to William Hunt. These chairs are now in the present Court Room, formerly the Martha Ward, in the central block. Most of the pictures of governors, surgeons and others connected with the hospital, which were formerly in the Governors' Court Room, have also been moved to the new Court Room. Among them is the portrait of Thomas Guy painted by Vanderbank in 1706 (Plate 31). The west wing, designed by Richard Jupp, was erected in 1774—80. The centre part, facing the courtyard, projects slightly and the ground floor is faced in stone and rusticated; the remainder of the ground storey is plain. 38 GUY'S HOSPITAL CHAPEL At first floor window level is a deep plain stone band containing turned stone balusters beneath the five windows of the centre projection. The upper part is of yellow stock brickwork with a moulded stucco cornice below the parapet, and a central pediment with stone cornice moulds and brick tympanum containing a clock. The ground floor openings have semicircular-arched heads and are set in arched recesses with plain keystones. The first and second floor windows of the centre portion have stone architrave surrounds, those on the first floor having pedimented heads alternately pointed and segmental. The hospital chapel, in the centre block of the west wing, is approached from the courtyard through a narrow vestibule. The chapel is square on plan and six bays in length; the sanctuary, with a single row of stalls on either side, occupies the westernmost bay and the vestibule the eastern- most. The vestibule, which is completely screened oft" from the chapel, has a plaster vaulted ceiling and contains the stairs to the gallery. On three sides of the chapel there is a plain wood-fronted gallery supported on wood Ionic columns and extending over the vestibule. The chapel walls have arched panel treatment in plaster and are divided at the east and west ends by wood Ionic columns similar to those supporting the gallery. Over the body of the chapel is a flat plaster ceiling ornamented in the centre with a circular fan motif, and framed by plaster-groined semi-vaults springing from the columns at gallery level. The gallery has a plaster-groined ceiling. The altarpiece, of polished oak, has three painted panels, the centre one, which is pedi- mented, depicting the Crucifixion and those on each side the figures of St. Luke and St. Barnabas. Above are three stained glass memorial windows to William Hunt, who died in 1829. On the walls below the north and south galleries are a series of mosaic panels of Scriptural figures interspaced by oak memorial panels commemor- ating men and women who have died in the service of the hospital since 1867. The font is of white marble. At the back of the chapel, in the centre of the east end and set in a semicircular arched surround of green marble, is a white marble monument to Guy by John Bacon.* It was erected in 1779 and represents the founder * John Bacon and Joseph Wilton were both asked to prepare models for the njonument, but Bacon's was preferred. He received j^i.ooo for the completed work. Wilton was paid £1 1 los. for his model.** Font 39 BANKSIDE inviting a stricken figure to the hospital which is shown in low relief in the background. Above in white marble is a shield bearing the arms of the hospital with the motto "Dare Quam Accipere" on a scroll. The base has two circular panels with figures in relief and bears the inscription — Underneath are depofited the Remains of THOMAS GUY, Citizen of London, Member of Parliament, and the fole Founder of this Hofpital in his life time. It is peculiar to this beneficent Man to have perfevered during a long courfe of profperous induftry, in pouring forth to the wants of Others, all that He had earned by labour, or withheld from felf-indulgence. Warm with Philanthropy, and exalted by Charity his Mind expanded to thofe noble affections which grow but too rarely from the most elevated purfuits. After adminiftring with extenfive Bounty to the claims of Confanguinity, He eftablifhed this Afylum for that ftage of Languor and Difeafe to which the Charities of Others had not reached. He provided a Retreat for hopelefs Infanity, and rivalled the endowments of Kings. He died the 27th of December, 1724, in the 80th Year of his Age. The monument is enclosed within a semicircular iron railing with delicate cast ornament. In the chapel are also a number of memorials to various benefactors and members of the hospital staff. Beneath the chapel is a crypt with groined brick vaults supported on massive brick piers. Guy's remains now rest in a plain stone coffin-shaped tomb bearing the inscription — The Remains of THOMAS GUY, Efqr. Founder of this Hofpital who died the 27th Deer., 1724 Aged 80 Removed from the Vault under St. Thomas's Church to this place 4th September, 1780. 40 PLATE 31 GUY'S HOSIMIAI.. PORlRAir OK IHOMAS (iTY G> PLATE 32 GUY'S HOSPITAL (a) NORTH-WEST WING OF FRONT COURTYARD, 1943 li>) INNER COURTYARD. WEST QUADRANGLE, 1948 PI-ATI' 2:^ GUY'S HOSPITAL 00 THOMAS C;UY'S CHEST (i) COURT ROOM, 1948 PLATE 34 U . \ i J l^-7;i 1 n n I El ffl _ m t^ .11 . -^ii- n-r-]. — P-P ELEVATION TO ST ,^? &Z3S2EH te!" GROVND FLOOR SECTION THROVGH CENTRAL BLOtT-; In'' io ao GUY'S HOSPITAL 1^1 HP'' L m R m D — ~ ^:::ra::iJiB;h _ ^ "Sin _ii MzzP- a MAS S STREET ,y^ „ j^ ^L" r - S- - °-°L""" [1 im "1 mm E) E FIRST FLOOR ft.^fi.JEL_:: H a ffl ELEVATION OF WEST WING PLATE 3S GUY'S HOSPITAL CHAPEL, 1949 PLATE 36 DETAILS OF CHAPEL 1 1 ■ 'a CROSS SFCTIOiM CRYPT GALLERY r^-^-Vr- fL=F =i m ,_> f =::::= { -);-d».=i==^;== r GROVND FLOOR » 3 O 20 }0 40 90 (■IJY'S IIOSITIAI. CllAl'l.J. PLATE 37 GUY'S HOSPITAL. MONUMENT IN CHAPEL GUY'S HOSPITAL The following inscriptions occur on other table tombs in the vault — The Body of CHARLES lOYE, ESQR. Treasurer of St. THOMAS'S & GUY'S Hofpital; who died the 20th Deer., 1737. Aged 67 years; To be remov'd into GUY'S Chapel when built, & lay'd as near as may be to the Body of the Founder By order of a Court of Committees, of GUY'S Hospitaly dated the 7th lanry., 1737/8- The Remains of WILLIAM HUNT, Esqr. OF PETERSHAM, Surrey. Died 23rd September, 1829 Aged 79 Years. SIR ASTLEY PASTON COOPER BARt. G.C.H. Died 1 2 th Feby. 1841. AGED 73 YEARS (This insciption is on a brass plate attached to the tomb.) The main courtyard to the hospital is entered from St. Thomas Street by a fine 1 8th century gateway with double wrought-iron gates to the carriage- way and single side gates for foot traffic, each with an overthrow ot scrolled ironwork; the arched centre one, which is of later date, is crowned with the arms of the hospital. The gateway is flanked by two massive rusticated Portland stone piers each with a semicircular headed niche and surmounted by a pulvinated frieze and cornice and ball terminal. Plain wrought-iron railings with ornamental panels at intervals extend along the remainder of this side of the courtyard. The statue of Guy by Peter Scheemakers, in the main courtyard, is a standing figure in bronze, representing him in a livery gown. On the front 41 BANKSIDE of the stone pedestal, which is of later date, is a bronze cartouche bearing the inscription "Thomas Guy Sole Founder of this Hospital in his lifetime A.D. MDCCXXI." The sides have bronze panels in relief representing the Good Samaritan and Christ Healing the Sick. On the fourth side is a bronze cartouche with the arms of the hospital. The statue is enclosed within stout wrought-iron railings of mid-i8th century date. Within the eastern internal court is a round-hooded Portland stone alcove from old London Bridge. It was taken down in 1831, brought to the Hospital in 1861, and re-erected in its present position in 1926. ELEVATION PLAN Stone alcove from London Bridge 42 CHAPTER 5 MONTAGUE CLOSE Montague Close covers the site of the cloisters and conventual buildings of St. Mary's Priory. The records of the priory have all disappeared and as its property, apart from the church, passed into private hands imme- diately after the dissolution, little written information is available about the original disposition of the buildings. The whole area is now covered with warehouses and wharves, but some parts of the old fabric, including the east and north side of the cloister and the refectory, were still standing in 1795-^^ A view of the gateway into the close in 1811 is reproduced on Plate 39. The history of the priory cannot be given in full, but it is interesting to note that St. Thomas's Hospital had its origin there in the 12th century (it was refounded on the east side of Borough High Street as a separate institution by Peter des Roches in 1215)^ and that John Gower, the poet, ended his days as a guest of the prior .''^ His tomb with his effigy is still preserved in the church (Plate 5). Within a year or two of the dissolution, complaints were made in the manor court of Southwark that Sir Anthony Browne had opened a public bowling green in the close and was allowing gambling there.'^^ The site of the priory with its houses, gardens and orchards was formally granted to Sir Anthony Browne, in 1544/5.'^* Browne, although he was a staunch Roman Catholic, became possessed of much monastic property and remained a close friend of Henry VIII. His eldest son, Anthony, was created Viscount Montague after the marriage of Queen Mary with Philip of Spain.'^ It seems probable that Lord Montague lived in what had previously been the house of the prior of St. Mary Overy and utilised the other buildings for stabling, etc.* He died in 1593, leaving to his wife, Magdalen, his mansion house of "St. Mary Overies," for her life, with reversion to his grandson Anthony.'^ Lady Montague continued to reside in the close after her husband's death. In 1599 she came under suspicion as a recusant and her house m Southwark was searched, but neither gunpowder nor weapons were found.''^ Tradition has it that the Gunpowder Plot was discovered by the delivery of an anonymous letter to Lord Monteagle in Montague Close, but the story appears to have arisen from a confusion between the names of Monteagle and Montague. Viscount Montague was committed to the Tower on 15th November, 1605, but was released in the following August on payment of ;^200. There is no evidence of his being concerned in the plot, though he wrote to his father-in-law, the Earl of Dorset, that "the bluddy executioner of that woefull tragedie," Guy Fawkes, had been his servant for four months, and had waited at his table about the time of his marriage (1591).^^ In 1625, Viscount Montague and William, Lord Petre, a trustee, * Montague House lay right against the church. In 1593 the vestry ordered "that a new dore should be made in o'' churche wall entringc into my L. Mountacutes howse in place of the old dore stopped vp."' 43 BANKSIDE sold''^ Montague House and all his messuages, wharves and ground "in the close of St. Mary Overies between the middle gate of the close and the outer gate next unto Southwark" to Robert Bromfield and Thomas Overman. Bromfield had had a lease of a wharf there since i6oi^^ and as soon as he got possession of the close he proceeded to build there, putting up in place of "meane Cottages and habitacons for the poorer sort of people that crouded themselves there togeather" houses "fit for men of better ability."^" These are probably the houses shown in the engraving reproduced on Plate 40^7 In 1692/3 Montague House became the subject of a Chancery suit between Elizabeth Cressett, widow of Thomas Overman, and others.^^ From the description there given it appears that the "capitall messuage," that is Montague House, was then used for a pothouse. The property included a great hall with a staircase in the N.E. corner, and cellars below it, a counting house, "the fratree house conteining in length ninety foote and in breadth twenty and seaven foot and a half," the "fratree yard," a shed for soap making, "a colour house" and "a killnehouse of old building" abutting on the church wall. The vestry minutes record that a fire broke out there some years later causing great damage to the church and William Overman's encroachments were ordered to be removed.^^ In 1775 there were sixty messuages and four wharves in the close,^^ most of them let from year to year and becoming ruinous. Many of these, including the eight almshouses erected by Mrs. Alice Shaw Overman in 1771, were taken down in 1830 in connection with the formation of the approach to new London Bridge. * Lord Petre was the only survivor of the trustees appointed by an act passed in 1624 for settling Lord Montague's estates. 44 CHAPTER 6 WINCHESTER HOUSE AND PARK Early in the I2th century the Abbey of Bermondsey granted to the Bishop of Winchester and his successors a stretch of land in Southwark extending from the precincts of St. Mary's Church on the east to the Manor of Paris Garden (the end of Bankside) on the west, for a payment of eight pounds a year. This land, over which the Bishops exercised manorial juris- diction, became known as the Bishop of Winchester's (or later the Clink) Liberty. Plots of ground along Bankside seem to have been alienated at a very early date, so that the bishops can be exonerated from the ownership of the Stews, though they came within their jurisdiction. In the 13th century the Bishop's land is referred to as "Southwark Marsh" and the greater part of it remained open meadow until well after the Reformation. A good description of the manor in the late mediaeval period is contained in a lease from Bishop Waynflete in 1457^'^ of "all the episcopal pastures belonging to the Bishop's manor in Suthwark and commonly called the Wylys, and the second herbage or crop of the episcopal meadows on the west side of the said pastures, above the street called Parysgardynwalle between the feast of the Translation of St. Thomas [7th July] and that of the Annunciation [25th March] which has been customarily mown for the use of the bishop's household, with the profits of the fisheries and the loppings of trees, which are now let to Robert Marche at an annual rent of /,7 6s. 8d. and 4 episcopal gardens with a house called le Netherhows and a low chamber beneath a granary, of which gardens one was lately in the tenure of Thomas Straunstone at an annual rent of 26/ 8d., the second is held by Thomas Gardiner at an annual rent of 3/—, and lies on the south side of the street called Maydenlane, the third is held by Philip Powers at an annual rent of 4/—. Also a void plot of ground on the bank of the Thames on the N. of the manor at the W. end of the way called le Wharf, in length 60 ft. and in width 40 ft.; to hold for the term of 99 years . . . and whensoever the said Bishop and his successor, with their family, shall sojourn in the manor, they shall have free pasturage for 4 beasts and 26 two-year-old sheep." In the Tudor period the open ground became known as the Bishop of Winchester's Park. Its full extent is shown on the 161 8 map (Plate i). It was gradually let out in plots and built over during the i6th, 17th and i8th centuries. In a report on the Park Estate made in 1856—57 it was stated to occupy "an area of about 58 acres" and to be "closely covered with houses of which on the whole estate there are upwards of 1800 — also one Chapel and one Church besides a large number of Manufactories and Warehouses and some schools. . . . The Grove and its vicinity situate towards the centre of the Estate is the principal centre of the Ironfoundry trade in London. "^^ Some portions of the estate were sold during the 1 9th century, but the greater part is still the property of the Church Commissioners. Details of its develop- ment are given in subsequent chapters. 45 of Wtnc hater BANKSIDE Wykeham Winchester House or Palace Camden^* states that Winchester House was built by William Gifford, who was Bishop of Winchester from 1107 to 1 129. It is unlikely that any 12th century work now remains, but portions of the 14th century great hall are incorporated in the warehouses on the south side of Clink Street; and, because the palace was not pulled down when it was vacated by the bishops, but was divided and adapted and rebuilt piecemeal, its main plan is discernible in the present disposition of the warehouses round Winchester Yard. The earliest reference to Winchester House in use is in the life of St. Thomas a Becket by William FitzStephen, which gives an account of Archbishop Thomas on his last visit to London going in procession to the abbey church of St. Mary in Southwark and receiving hospitality in the house of the Bishop of Winchester, before proceeding to Canterbury, where he met his death. In 1 1 74 an agreement was made between the bishop and the prior and canons of St. Mary Overy Priory, by which the canons were allowed full use of the quay or dock on the river between the priory and Winchester House, and the bishop was allowed free access to his residence by road from London Bridge.^^ There are various references to the bishop's house in Southwark in chronicles and official records of the 1 3th century. Citizens of London came to see Bishop Peter des Roches there in 1232 during the struggle against Hubert de Burgh f^ Simon de Montfort was lodged there during the vacancy in the See after Peter's death in 1238,^® and in 1250 there is an order for the repair of the bishop's wharfs (then on the site of the northern end of Stoney Street, but later moved to the east end of Clink Street). Most of the holders of the See of Winchester from the beginning of the 14th century until 1550 held high offices of state — eight of them were Chancellors — and their London residence became a place of importance. In 1 34 1 the Great Chamber there was the scene of the ceremonial presentation of the Great Seal to the new Chancellor, Sir Robert Pawing, by King Edward III in the presence of Queen Isabella and the magnates of the realm.^ The enlargement of the hall and the building of the great rose window in the east end of it appears, from architectural evidence, to date from the middle of the 14th century, possibly during the episcopacy of William of Wykeham (1367 to 1398). Henry Yevele, a master craftsman of this period of architecture, was the bishop's guest at Winchester Palace, Southwark, on a number of occasions in 139-1.^^ He began work on the rebuilding of Westminster Hall in 1394, and in default of any definite evidence to the contrary it is feasible that he was also responsible for the design of the great hall of Winchester Palace. Unfortunately it has not been possible to confirm this suggestion or to find any proof of the date at which this rebuilding was carried out. Fabyan relates that in 1406 on the occasion of the wedding of the sister of the Duke of Milan with Edmund, Earl of Kent, in the church of St. Mary Overy, a "sumptuous and pompeous feaste" was held in "the 46 WINCHESTER HOUSE Bishop of Winchesters palais" and that in 1424 the wedding feast of James, King of Scotland, and Joan, daughter of the Earl of Somerset, and niece of Cardinal Beaufort, was held there.^^ Apparently the house fell into disrepair temp. Henry VIII for in 1528 Richard Fox, the then bishop, wrote to the Lord Treasurer asking to be excused the non-payment of a debt because he had "been at great charge in repairing his ruinous houses in Southwark."^ It is doubtful if Wolsey who only held the See from 1529 to 1530 ever lived at the house. It is, however, fairly certain that Stephen Gardiner made alterations there, for there are drawings extant, made in 1884 by Francis Dollman (Plate 49) of a doorway which was formerly cut in the south wall of the Great Hall with Gardiner's arms impaled with those of the See of Winchester in the spandrils. Bishop Gardiner was deprived of his See in 1551 and imprisoned in the Tower because of his opposition to doctrinal changes. Winchester House was granted to the Marquess of Northampton in 1552^ and he is said to have built a gallery there.^^ Gardiner was restored to his bishopric and his house on Mary's accession." In 1559 Henry Machyn relates that the "bysshope of Wynchastur[s] plasse . . . was rychely hangyd with ryche cloth of arras wrought with gold and sylver and sylke" for the reception of John, Duke of Finland,^^ but from then onwards there are few references to the house in the records. This may be due in part to the fact that the Elizabethan bishops of Winchester were not such outstanding personalities as their predecessors. One of the last big cere- monial events to take place at Winchester House was the marriage feast of Lord Hay and Lucy, the daughter of the 9th Earl of Northumberland in 1617.^'' In 1620 Philip Henslowe dined there with the master of the Rolls.^" There is an interesting account in Wren's Parentalia, of Dr. Matthew Wren having a private interview in 1623 with the Bishops of Durham, St. David's and Winchester in the great gallery of Winchester House, "a Place where I knew his Lordship scarce came once in a Year,"^^ to discuss the religious opinions of the future King Charles I. The saintly Lancelot Andrewes, who seems to have been the last bishop to use Winchester House, died there in 1626.^^ His tomb in Southwark Cathedral is illustrated on Plate 7.* Part of the property had been let to tenants some years previously. In 16 14 fifteen names are entered in the Token Book under the heading "Winchester house," with a total of sixty-six tokens. Among them is John Leech "Gierke of ye glasshouse." The break-up of the house was now imminent. In November, 1642, the House of Lords agreed that it should be turned into a prison and Thomas Davenish was appointed keeper. Sir Kenelm Digby, Sir Francis Williamson and Sir William Brockman were among the prisoners.^"* In 1643 Joseph Zin Zan asked to be allowed the use of the stable and yard at Winchester House * John Aubrey says: "He dyed at Winchester house, in Southwark, and lies buried in a chapell at St. Mary Overies, where his executors Salmon, M.D., and Mr. John Saint-lowe, merchant of London, have erected (but I beleeve according to his lordship's will, els they would not have layed out 1000/;) a sumptuose monument for him."'^ 47 Gardiner BANKSIDE See of Rochester for a riding school. In 1649 the Trustees for the sale of episcopal lands sold the whole property to Thomas Walker of Camberwell, gentleman, for ;^4,38o 8s. 3d.^^ under the description of the "manner of Southwarke . . , called . . . Winchester libertie alias the Clinke libertie . . . and the late Bishopp of Winchester his Pallace . . . conteyning . . . three acres and an halfe . . . wharfes and wharfage . . . att . . . St. mary Overyes Docke ... all that messuage . . . heretofore in the tenure ... of Robert Davison the elder . . . and . . . buildinges Gardens and yardes . . . betweene part of . . . Winchester howse and the kitchen Garden Wall of the said mannor howse on the East and the tenementes landes and garden late Robert Bran- dons on the West . . . and all those nyne messuages Cottages or tene- mentes . . . and all that Garden . . . anciently called the Pond Garden alias Pikeyarde and nowe commonly called the Clinke Garden [leased in 1632 to Robert Davison] . . . and all that . . . plott of ground ... in the Clinke Streete . . . extendlnge from the nyne tenementes abovesaid on the East to the Cage there on the West now built vpon and devided into seuerall small tenementes [leased in 1637] . . . And all that great Garden . . . called Deadmans place wherevpon divers . . . edifices are erected . . . together with a gatehouse . . . bounded Eastwardes vpon the high Streete leading from Stewes Banke towardes the Burrough of Southwarke Westward vpon a tenement . . . called the vine (see Plate 59) and a garden late belonging to one Gerrard and Southwardes vpon a tenement . . . for- merly in the tenure ... of Richard Warren . . . w<^'^ last mencioned premisses are nowe devided into seuerall tenementes [leased in 1633 to Sir Thomas Bilson] . . . And all that . . . Brewhouse . . . called the James and all those seaven tenementes . . . And alsoe one Garden . . . called millwardes Garden lyeing ... on the South side of . . . mayden lane together with a howse in the said Garden nowe or late in the tenure . . . of widdowe mowle conteyning in length from East to West ten perches and an halfe . . . and in breadth att the East ende fortie fower foote and att the West ende Sixtie six foote . . . bounding North vpon the Thames and South and West vpon the Cawsey leadinge from the Stewes Bancke towardes the Clinke gate . . . and all those other fower tenementes built by William Shale [and now divided into 1 7] on the Bancke by the Thames side next the East ende of the Brewhouse . . . and all that Orchard . . . bounded North vpon mayden lane [all leased to Leonard Bilson in 1638] . . . And all that Capital! messuage . . . called Rochester house . . . bounded on the North by a Common Sewer deviding itt from Winchester Pallace on the East by . . . fowle lane on the South by a lane leading from fowle lane to Deadmans place and reaching West to a gateway leading from Winchester howse to the Parke being now devided into thirtie seaven seuerall tenementes" [all leased by the Bishop of Rochester to John Jeyes in 1604/5].* * In common with a number of other prelates the Bishop of Rochester had his London house on the south bank of the Thames in the mediaeval period. As shown on the plan on p. 50 it stood just south of the great garden of Winchester House. 48 IM.AI'I'', ^K oo oo OG H W H CO /^ u 'A w en D O X Q O ^i -^ o OS 00 Q H W u en H PLATE 39 r.'T* t unJir ai X^mi .• dif fanrh i» J,'J.r>i,-i,f. ' -UHK SIlAW-OviTJLMAn* ,Wlfi, «.r. ./ ^««- nU-^tanJ Aw Mf^.U ENTRANCE TO MONTAGUE CLOSE, 1811 PLATE 40 (./) MONTAGUE CLOSE li>) SAINT SAVIOLTR'S DOCK, 1827 PLATE 41 .\OK I'M \ IKW OF (^1 I.K.V i:iJ7,.\JSETIJ,srKi;i-: (;iUM>J\H S(M()<>L.SrSA\l()rK's.S()l run AHK. // l\|-..(ll.. . tin, Sm..1uri , will, liii\|»i (n'nu uf llirSILVKK MKmi (•T>nilrd lwlllr(tJ-J»",<y7<'.V,/(,fil /rMl.r ...llir. .1 #!• •rrt.ii); 1^ ST. SAVIOUR'S GRAMMAR SCHOOL, 1815 PLATE 42 ST. SAVIOUR'S (.RAMMAR SCHOOL, iS;6 Qi) GOVERNORS' COTRI' ROOM (^) SCHOOI, ROOM PLATE 43 PART ()!• HOLLAR'S VIEW OF LONDON, 1647 PLATE 44 'J^ .^^i^ <i«e. T H A .\1 PART Ol' HOLLAR'S \\\\\ OI- LONDON, 164: PLATE 45 WINCHESTER HOUSE, circa 1800 {a) SOUTH VIEW {b) FACING CLINK STREET WINCHESTER HOUSE Thomas Walker had obviously bought the property as a speculation. He proceeded at once to lay out Stoney Street to link Deadman's Place and Church Street with Clink Street and to cut up the garden on either side into building plots. He did not pull down any of the buildings but divided them up into separate tenements. At the Restoration the Bishop of Winchester regained possession of Winchester House and Liberty, but the process of disintegration had gone too far to be arrested and in 1662 the Bishop obtained a private Act of Parliaments^ to enable him "to lease out the tenements now built upon the scite of his mansion house in . . . Southwark." The leases have been preserved among the records of the Church Commissioners, and as they were renewed to successive tenants in almost the same words and for the same rents down to the early years of the 19th century, when plans were made of the holdings, it has been possible, by working backward through the leasebooks, to plot out the plan of the palace as it was when it was last used by the Bishop of Winchester. The plan is given on the next page, and it should be looked at in conjunction with Hollar's view of the area dating from 1646 (Plates 43—44) and with the drawings of the remains of the hall and adjacent buildings on Plates 45—53 and p. §2- The palace consisted of the great hall and a range of domestic build- ings to the west of it along the south side of Clink Street, a gallery running from west to east on the south side of the hall with stairs at either end, and another gallery on the south side of the great courtyard, the two being con- nected by a range of buildings on the east side of the courtyard. East of these again were the privy garden, tennis court and bowling alley bounded by St. Saviour's Dock. By the i 7th century there was a fringe of small tene- ments along the edge of the dock. The stables and stable yards and a brew- house lay to the south of the galleries while on the west was the great garden, the kitchen garden and the pike or pond garden, known sometimes as the Clink Garden because the notorious Clink prison was situated under the buildings at its northern end. The palace was bounded on the west by the common sewer. A brewhouse, the James, and a number of other tenements were in existence on the river bank north of Clink Street, but there was free access to the water stairs which were opposite the west end of the great hall. The great hall was the most prominent feature of the palace. It was approximately 80 feet long, 36 feet wide and 42 feet high, and had an under- croft or cellar beneath it. It had two doorways on the south side communi- cating with the ranges of buildings south of the hall. Traces of the more westerly doorway still remain. The west wall contained the rose window, parts of which still exist (Plate 5 1 «). A group of three doorways below the window gave access to the kitchen offices. There seems always to have been an entrance under these buildings from Clink Street to the garden. This was utilised by Thomas Walker to make a through way to Stoney Street. The archway remained in existence until 1943. The building next to the archway on the east was used as a water or pump house. The water was pumped from 49 BANKSIDE the river through wooden pipes for use in the kitchens and palace buildings generally. It is not possible in the space available to give particulars of the records from which the description and plan of the palace have been made, or to give an account of its gradual transformation into a district of ware- houses; but the fortuitous preservation of the rose window needs some / .' House \ O^ ^v \ -t-. \ j- •■>,^ SV •5: v-;c .-%> ^ Z-?^ S: s° WINCHESTER HOUSE explanation, and the history of the hall building, from the time when it ceased to be used as part of the palace, is therefore given in some detail.^^ At some time between 1649 and 1660 vertical and horizontal par- titions were put into the hall. In January, 1 660/1, the Bishop of Winchester let the western end to John Odell, glazier, under the description of a messuage "now in the occupation of Joan Savage and John Stanbrooke containeing eight Roomes and a Sellar." It was re-leased to him in 1663 at a rent of 20 shillings and i capon a year. The next portion eastward, said to be "late of John Luntley," was let to William Ligburne, carpenter, in 1665, and it contained "one Cellar, one large roome over . . . two chambers over . . . two chambers over . . . and two garretts." The rent was 20 shillings and 2 capons. The next portion eastward was let, in 1665, to Sir James Austin and others, the trustees of a parish charity for binding four poor children out as apprentices. The premises were divided into three tenements, the rent being 20 shillings a year. The fourth and most easterly part of the hall was let in 1 664 to Richard Holman and again consisted of a cellar and eight rooms over it, two to a floor. Each of these four portions was approximately 20 feet from west to east, i.e. the total length of the hall was about 80 feet. The kitchen with the water or pump house lying to the west of the hall was let to Thomas Helme, gentleman, in 1661. All five bits of property continued to be let to separate tenants under the same descriptions for the next 100 years, but by the end of the i 8th century the building west of the hall and the two westerly sections ot the hall had, together with some of the riverside property on the North side of Clink Street, come into the hands of Messrs. Lingard and Sadler (later Messrs. Wardale), mustard makers. On the Sunday evening of 28th August, I 8 14, a fire broke out at their premises. It was near low water and the fire floats could not be brought up to play on the flames for several hours; Messrs. Wardale's premises were consumed and much damage was done to the neighbouring flour and grain warehouses.'^" One efl^ect of the fire was to reveal the remains of the original walls of the hall and the adjacent buildings. John Carter, George Gwilt and I. Le Rous were among those who sketched and measured these relics and several of their drawings are reproduced here. The sketch by Le Rous shows the remains of the building west of the hall, and the west wall of the hall itself. In spite of the severe destruction wrought by the fire the leaseholders still pursued the old policy of using any existing work they could instead of drastically rebuilding. The rose window and the arches beneath it, and some of the old foundations of the south wall of the hall and adjoining buildings were built into the new warehouses. Architectural Description The plans and elevations given on p. 53 show the portions of old walling and the old door and window openings which were in existence in the warehouse buildings in 1943. In 1 94 1 incendiary bombs fell on the flour warehouse at the south- west corner of the junction of Clink Street and Stoney Street (marked 5 on 51 BANKSIDE the plan on p. ^2 ^"d completely gutted it. The premises were inspected at that time. A considerable area of the old stone walls was still in existence along the line indicated by dotted lines on the plan but there were no signs of worked ashlar. The upper floors of the building were carried over Stoney Street on an arch which was of early 1 9th century brickwork, but above the archway on the south face was a patch of original coursed rubble walling, presumably contemporary with the remains of the old palace. Whether it was an area of original untouched wall, or whether it had been rebuilt with old stones it would be difficult to say. It seems strange that so small a portion of stone wall should have been retained and extra expense entailed by costly underpinning whilst the later brick arch was inserted. The archway and the walls of warehouse 5 were demolished in 1943 as they were dangerous. The stone walls which still remain between Warehouses i and 2 on the key plan and on the south sides of both vary to some extent in thickness, but on the average they are 3 feet 6 inches thick and are faced on both sides with Ragstone or Reigate stone with a rough punched surface, except in some places where the facing has been renewed with brick. These stone walls continue up to the level of the third storey of Warehouse 2. Warehouse i has a basement, in the west wall of which can be seen six vault springers still in situ and traces of what could be door jambs and/or a small stone pier, proving that formerly there must have been basement rooms beneath the ground floor of Warehouse 2, as indeed we know from written evidence there were. In the south wall of the basement of Warehouse i there is a recess, probably a doorway, leading to Warehouse 3, where traces of the jambs are to be found. This recess is continued on the floor above, where it is spanned by a flat-pointed arch in two rims of worked ashlar. There is a corresponding recess in the north wall of Warehouse 3, which has a flat pointed arch of similar rise and span. On the west wall of Warehouse i, at ground floor level, there are traces of jambs of openings leading towards Warehouse 2. The only item of interest on the ground floor of Warehouse 2, apart from the old walling, is the upper part of a buttress in the south-east corner, with a splayed finish. On the first floor of Warehouse 2 are visible three flat-pointed ashlar arches on worked jambs, the northern one of which spans a recess with ashlar lined reveals. The arches formed an entrance from this building to the great hall on the east. There is a short length of moulded ashlar, probably a jamb to a door or window, on the south side (originally the outside) of the south wall of this warehouse. In the south wall of the first floor of warehouse i there are remains of several voussoirs or arch stones of a flat-pointed arch spanning a recess. The moulds thereon have a section current in the 14th century. The arch stones are carried on the remains of moulded stone caps and attached shafts which are also characteristic of 14th-century work. The recess leads towards ware- house 3 and corresponds with a pointed arched doorway spanned by a stone arch constructed of three moulded rims springing from moulded jambs and 52 WINCHESTER HOUSE SECTION AT A ^P" ill ..'Mi 31 __^-IIE Tr-ace o^ J'iorxe Jami)^ SECTION AT B Meciu2£A^aL IVaZls Modern Work- SECTION AT C /. r KEMAINS OF WINCHESTEI^ PALACE CLlN}^S"m£ET SOUTHWAKK. q/c^U. or ftet -f ^VI!'!'.^^',WJ^^^^/'^y,V/V,i'W^7^^ ^x^^}}^^x^^A>}X'X'^^^w'^^^^}mf^n Tod of o/i^ K^aiL -. 3CZIE r?rr: 5 gf^'"' nitwiHmin}fni/fn/nirJwif>i>i»f>i SECTION AT D 53 BANKSIDE capitals. This is the outer face of the doorway. In the west jamb is still to be seen the wrought-iron rider upon which the old door was hung. Eastward of the door in Warehouse 3 are the remains of an old external angle of the building constructed of ashlar quoins and having a "bowtel" mould worked on the edge. There is little to be seen of the original building at second-floor level except in Warehouse 2 where there are traces of a pointed arch rising about a yard above the floor on the southern face of the south wall. On the third and fourth floors in the wall between Warehouses i and 2 are remains of the rose window of the Great Hall of the palace. In 1 943 Mr. Sidney Toy, of the Surrey Archaeological Society, obtained per- mission to remove the brickwork with which the window had been blocked on both sides. His account of the window, printed in the Surrey Archaeological Collections^ is as follows : "The rose window . . . was found to be in a dilapidated condition, blackened and cracked by fire and lacking many pieces of its tracery; like the other remaining dressings of the hall it is of Reigate stone. In some places the stonework was sound but in others in a very friable condition, particularly about the central boss. The central part of the window must have been in a very decayed and delicate state when the window was bricked in more than a hundred years ago, for the boss was found supported on cross brickwork joining the two infilling walls and many pieces of the shafts radiating from it were missing. The central portion of the window is hexagonal with ribs radiating from a solid boss, carved with leaf ornament; a circular iron band, still in position, being carried round on the springing line of the cusps. The outer portion consists of a geometrical pattern of cusped triangles, formed by the intersection of straight ribs. The outer edges of the tracery are rounded ofi-" and the segments near the circumference are filled in solid. The enclosing outer ring on the hall side is richly moulded, with a keel roll in the middle, 54 Archzoay over Stoney Street THE CLINK but that of the exposed face on the west is decorated with hollow chamfers only; the labels on both sides have been destroyed." The brickwork has been replaced in the window but Mr. Toy's drawings of the window and other parts of the building and the photographs taken by his colleague, Mr. Sexton, have been reproduced to illustrate his article and they form a valuable record of what he saw. The only other remains of early work are traces of the raking back of the original gable in the east wall of Warehouse 2 at third-floor level. Little of the old work is now visible from the outside of the ware- houses; it remains hidden from view until it shall be again revealed by a new catastrophe or by some drastic rebuilding of the area. The Clink It is one of the paradoxes of the English language that the name of a small and obscure prison of the Bishops of Winchester in Southwark, the Clink, should have become a synonym for all prisons and should also for several centuries have given its name to the "Liberty" over which the bishop exercised jurisdiction. Probably the Clink owed its notoriety to its extreme unpleasantness. In 1632 it was described as lying under the mansion house of the bishop.^^ Though this does not necessarily mean that it was entirely below the ground, it was probably below high-water level. It lay between the river on the north and the common sewer on the west and was in one corner of the bishop's pond or pike garden (later known as the Clink Garden) and it must have been at best uncomfortably damp. Its approximate position just south of Clink Street, to the west of what is now Stoney Street is marked on the plan of the palace and on the map on Plate i. The cucking stool and cage stood nearby in Clink Street.^^ Taylor, the water-poet, had his tongue in his cheek when he wrote of "the Clinke where handsome lodgings be." The Bishops of Winchester probably had a prison for offenders within the liberty from an early period. In the 15th century Cardinal Henry Beaufort (Bishop of Winchester, 1404-47) left /"400 to be distributed among the prisoners in both compters of London, in Newgate, Ludgate, Fleet, Marshalsea and the King's Bench and "in confinement within my manor of Southwark," but the first reference that has been found to the Clink by nameif"" is in a list of alms distributed to poor people "at the Clynke" at the funeral of Henry VII, on 28th April, 1509. It is mentioned in the First Eclogue of Alexander Barclay,^^- written circa 15 14 — "Though thou be giltlesse, yet shalt thou be conuict, Fare well, thy good all shall be from thee lickt, Or some backe reckening concerning thine office Of all thy riches shall pill thee with a trice Then art thou clapped in the Flete or Clinke, Then nought must thou say, whatsoeuer thou thinke." » In February, 1497/8, the Bishop of Winchester made a grant to Richard Webster of the Pike Garden^" in which no mention is made of the Clink though later grants give Clink Garden as an alternative name to Pike Garden. It seems probable, therefore, that the name came into use at the beginning of the i6th century. ss BANKSIDE Stow speaks of it as having been a prison "for such as should brabble, frey or breake the Peace on the banke, or in the Brothell houses." It was also used for victims of the religious persecutions of Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth. In 1555 John Rogers and William Hooper were sent there after their trial before Bishop Gardiner, and when darkness fell were taken by the sheriffs "with bils and weapons . . . out of the Clink, and . . . thorow the Bishops house and so thorow S. Mary Overies Church-yard, and so into Southwark and over the Bridge on procession to Newgate. "^"^ They were both burned at the stake for heresy. Various references to persons confined there for matters of religion are to be found in the State Papers of Elizabeth's time. In a manuscript in the Bodleian Library dated 1580 is a satirical verse about "fidling knaves" confined in "there auncient howse . . . called y^ Clynke," and a drawing, reproduced on this page, of a prison with a sign of a fiddle hanging on it. There is no definite evidence that this refers to the Bishop of Winchester's prison, but if it does not it is the first known use of the word "clink" as a general synonym for prison. Incidentally it is also an early example of the use of "fiddling" for swindling. Robert Davison, who held a lease of the adjoining property is described as "keeper of the Clincke" in 1624.1°* In 1628 the Cordwainers' Company let to John Pidgeon a messuage described as "thentofore used for the Gaol or Prison called the Clinck some- time in the tenure of Mathew Hancock, afterwards of Thomas Mason and late of Marcus Stone ... in Horseshoe Alley." This house can be traced in the Token Books back to 161 7, but it is not referred to as a prison. The description is repeated in subsequent deeds, but no reference has been found to it elsewhere. It was perhaps used for a time as an annexe to the main prison.* It is probable that the Clink fell into disuse after the sale of Win- chester House and grounds in 1649.'' John Strype described it in 1720 as "of late years of little or no account" and in 1761 it was said to be "a very dismal hole, where debtors are sometimes confined, but little used."^''® * The Cordwainers still own Horse Shoe Alley and the property on either side. The alley is closed to traffic every Ash Wednesday as an assertion of their ancient rights. ^ A grant of the Pike Garden to Robert Cruys in 1661 referring to a similar grant of 1641 speaks of "the late Mansion house of the late Bishopp . . . , under which the Prison called the Clinke then was.""'^ 56 iM.Ari', 46 in D C H a: u y. PLATE 47 lil 1 / / m\ ((! > 1 \ ■ '■ "> 1 1 I 1 1 1 III f \^ ,- . s. PLATE 48 il PLATE 49 ^T?rBii:;; ^^''^\Lip^^^ WINCHESTER HOUSE (.0 TOP OF DOORWAY ON SOUTH SIDE OF HALL ll>) ELEVATIONS OF DOORWAY ON SOUTH SIDE OF HALL PLATE 50 M" THE &\l£.HO>* or NVI H C H C^-TejU. -Ei ^ VA. V-A-CE. £> O U "TH N^ A. F^ V;, . p£K..»'t.crivE. ViFMtf M- \:,w.«-»^ HA. 1 b^-' ' -.3 ■.'-„',-; ■^-^.^'^^ '- .. ttu^ Wi;Aiw ^ Vj^>)vi WINCHESTER HOUSE. PERSPECTIVE VIEW OV GREAT H.\r,I, I.OOKIXC; WEST PLATE o WINXHESTER HOUSE 00 PART OF ROSE WINDOW, 1943 (i) REMAINS OF RUBBLE WALLING OF THE ARCHWAY OVER STONEY STREET, 194J PT,ATF 52 WINCHESTER HOUSE. ROSE WINDOW IX WEST GABLE OF GREAT HALL PI.ATF, 5:^ I U'.7 Hrtt- 'C oe6c<<.t^Ti UN or -TxcM WILL ^u»» i^ 1- 1 E — —L WINCHESTER HOUSE DETAILS, 1884 CHAPTER 7 BANKSIDE Next to Borough High Street, the road along the river wall of which Bankside forms a part is perhaps the oldest in the area. There has been little change in its position relative to the river through the centuries, in contrast to the Strand on the north bank which once bordered the river but is now widely separated from it by reclaimed land. Bankside was notorious before the Reformation as the place where the licensed brothels or "stews" of London were kept. Stow^^ tells us that these houses, which were usually approached by boat across the river, "had signes on their frontes, towardes the Thames, not hanged out, but painted on the walles, as a Beares heade, the Crosse Keyes, the Gunne, the Castle, the Crane, the Cardinals Hatte, the Bell, the Swanne, etc." The position of some of these is marked on the map on Plate 59. The derivation of the term "stew" is interesting. It probably comes from the word formerly current both in this country and in Scandinavia for a stove or heated room. On the other hand the same word was used in the mediaeval period for a fish pond, and there were a number offish ponds in the "Pike Gardens" along Bankside so that the term "stews bank" often applied to this region may have had a double entendre. An unsuccessful attempt was made to abolish the stews in 1506 and they were finally put down in 1546 when Bankside was "pro- claymed by sounde of Trumpet, no more to be priuiledged, and vsed as a com- mon Bordell, but the inhabitantes of the same to keepe good and honest rule.""^^ There were three pike gardens along Bankside in the i6th century. These were the pike garden of Winchester House, the King's (or Queen's) Pike Garden, which lay a little to the west of the site of Emerson Street, and the Great Pike Garden, the approximate site of which is marked by the little court originally called Pike Gardens and now White Hind Alley. The King's Pike Garden had formed part of the estate of the priory of the nuns of Stratford at Bow. When it was surveyed during the Common- wealth period it contained four fishponds and two or three small houses and gardens. It remained the property of the Crown until 1831 when it was divided and sold to Thomas Evans, cooper, of Great Guildford Street, Southwark, and John Lewis of Euston Square. Pond Yard, which ran through the centre of the property (see the map on Plate 59), was closed in 1904. The Great Pike Garden dates back at least to the middle of the 14th century, for in 136 1/2 it was sold under the description of a garden and ponds at "le stewes" to John Trig, citizen and fishmonger, of London. In the 15th century it was in the ownership of Christopher Banaster and his son, John, and became known as Banaster's Garden. In 1499 it contained three acres, four cottages, a gatehouse, and seventeen ponds, etc. Early in Elizabeth's reign it was purchased by John Gybon or Gibbons and it remained in the possession of his family until it was sold to Philip Henslowe in 1615. * For a full account of the stews and the regulations concerning them see the article by P. Norman in The Antiquarian Magazine for August, 1882. 57 BANKSIDE An account of the bear gardens and theatres on Bankside in the Tudor and Stuart periods is given in the next chapter which also contains much information about the topographical development of the district. Although the Bishops of Winchester had alienated most of the land along Bankside before the period when the records begin, they retained possession of a piece of ground at the river end of Bear Gardens frequently referred to in the account of the Bear Gardens (on pp. 66-71) and of a triangle of ground at the western end of the Clink Liberty abutting north on the river and adjoining on Holland Street (formerly Gravel Lane, i.e. the boundary of Paris Garden Manor) to the west and on Fletcher Lane (formerly Love Lane) on the east. Both these plots are marked on the plan on Plate 59. In the 15th century the Knights Hospitallers tried to incorporate the land next to Gravel Lane in the Manor of Paris Garden but the bishop vindicated his right to it in a suit at common law against Robert Bottell, the prior temp. Henry VL^"^ Subsequently most of the bishop's land at the west end of Bank- side was leased to the "Parson and Churchwardens" of St. Martin Orgar, London, a lease which was renewed in 1541.^^^ By 1 66 1, when Winchester House and Park were being leased out, much of the St. Martin Orgar land was built on, though part of it was still described as "a great Orchard and Garden. "i^" At that date Mouldstrand Dock and twenty-two messuages near it were leased to James Shaw, citizen and merchant tailor, and the rest of it, with the exception of the Falcon, was granted to Thomas Walker, the man who had bought Winchester House and built on it. In 1674 we find William Angell, lord of the manor of Paris Garden, making an unsuccessful claim to the Falcon Inn which adjoined his property.^ Subsequently the bishop leased the Falcon to John Hayward, citizen and haberdasher of London, and his son Henry, who is described as a "carpenter. "112 Xhey rebuilt the Falcon Inn circa 1690 and also the house adjoining, which, together with Falcon Wharf, was stated in 1708 to be in the tenure of the Company of the Mine Adventurers of England."^ In the later part of the century this property was occupied by Gilbert Handasyde and Thomas Prickett, ironfounders.^^ The premises of the London Hydraulic Power Company now cover the site. No confirmation has been found in the records for the statement on the wall plaque there that Sir Christopher Wren frequented the house and watched from thence the rebuilding of St. Paul's Cathedral. There is a water-colour drawing in the Guildhall Collection which is stated to represent Wren's house near the Falcon Inn on Bankside. It probably represents the house next the Falcon built by John Hayward. Clarks Alley, to the east of Falcon Wharf, was closed at the end of the 1 8th century. A tablet on the wall bears the inscription — This ancient Way called Clarks Alley leading from Willow Street to the River Thames, being a free Passage and landing Place was closed by order of the Commissioners of the Clink Pavements. 1796. 58 BANKSIDE The wharf and dock called Mouldstrand appear to have been in use in the Middle Ages. There is a reference to Philip Henslowe leasing property there to John Serieant, a waterman, in 1608^^ and later in the 17th century it was in lease to James Shaw and his daughter Alice Shaw Overman. ^^^ In 1784 when Mouldstrand was in the tenure of John Cater, the dock had been "for some time past filled up."^^^ Queen's Wharf now occupies the site. The eastern part of the bishop's land south of Bankside (or Willow Street) was occupied by a large glasshouse belonging to Stephen Hall, glass- maker, in the i8th century.^^^ The ground was subsequently used for over a century by the Phoenix Gas Company (incorporated in 1824) and its suc- cessor the South Metropolitan Gas Company. This property, together with Queen's Wharf on the riverside, was bought by the City Electric Light Company in 1938. The new Bankside Power Station is to be erected on the site. The Peacock Brewery is shown south of the glassworks on Rocque's map of 1 76 1. Most of the remainder of the bishop's triangle of land south of Bankside was in lease to Sir John Cullum and his sons. Sir John and Sir Thomas Gery Cullum throughout the i8th century.^^^ The greater part of the land abutting on Bankside is now given over to wharves, warehouses and factories, but some of the old narrow alleys. Rose Alley, Bear Gardens, Cardinal's Cap Alley, etc., still exist. The view on Plate 54^ gives some idea of the appearance of Bankside at the beginning of last century. A description and brief account of the few pre-1800 buildings which have survived is given below. The Anchor, No. i Bankside The Anchor has a late 18th-century front in brown brick. It is of two storeys and an attic and has a tiled roof with a dormer window behind the parapet. The main front has a three-light wood shop window with pilasters at the sides and hinged shutters. Above, on the first floor, is a shallow over- hanging bay with double-hung sashes and glazing bars. On the flank (in Park Street) the windows have segmental heads, plain reveals and double- hung sashes with glazing bars; those on the ground floor have wood shutters. There is also a shop window of similar type to that on the main front. The bar has plain dado panelling and a mantelpiece of late i 8th cen- tury date. The back parlour has plain matchboarding of similar date with some later alterations. In the first floor front room is an elliptical arched recess with panelled pilasters ornamented with sprays of corn. The panelling is mid-i8th century but has been altered and added to in later years. The mantelpiece is plain and encloses an early i gth-century grate. The house was damaged by enemy action during the last war but has since been repaired. It is often stated that the Anchor Tavern dates from the 17th century though both historical and architectural evidence point to a date during the last quarter of the i8th century. The ground on which the tavern stands has a long and tangled history and as it throws many interesting sidelights on the development of the neighbourhood it is given in some detail. 59 BANKSIDE ,-^ .-MALIFE •; • ! ■•y^. Ml, On the ground at the junction of Bankside and Park Street (formerly known as Bank End) there stood in the 15th and i6th centuries an inn called "the Castell upon the Hope" with a wharf, houses and four cottages. In 1479 they were in the possession of John Eierby, citizen and fishmonger of London, who died in 1500 leaving them to his wife, Elizabeth, with the proviso that after her death they were to be sold and the proceeds devoted to "deedes of almes and werkes of charite."''* The Castle was one of the Stewhouses of Bankside and in 1506 John Sandes, the occupier, was presented by the constables at the Court Leet of the Bishop of Winchester for keeping his house open on feast days and for allowing women to board there contrary to the regulations.^^* In 1 559 Alexander Amcottes sold^^" to Vincent Amcottes, citizen and fishmonger of London, his messuage called "the Castell on the hoope" with a wharf and houses and four cottages adjoining on the east and "Cellers, SoUers, Gardeyns, Pondes, hedges and dyches" abutting on the land formerly of William Owghtred, knight, "late apperteynyng to the Churche of Saynt margarettes" on the south and "extendeth in length from the kynges highewaye of olde tyme called the millwaye towardes the Easte unto the landes . . . sometyme of Sir Myles of Stapylton and Thomas Paterling and late belongyng to the churche of Saynte Margarettes . . . towardes the Weste." Vincent Amcottes divided the property. The southern portion he sold in 1 580 to Richard Spier. 1^1 In the 17th century it was the subject of many lawsuits but in 1 707^^2 it was in the possession of Spier's great grandson who stated that two messuages and a dyehouse had been built thereon. It was bought by Ralph Thrale in 1739 ^""^ subsequently a watchhouse was built on part of it and the rest was used to widen Park Street.^^^ The northern portion was sold by Vincent Amcottes in 1562 to John Cheyne^^* whose son and heir, Henry, on 30th January, 1582/3, transferred it to John Drew under the description of "all those two messuages . . . called the gonne and the castle with twoe gardeins thereunto adjoyn- inge . . . and . . .all those twoe tenementes on theast side next adjoynynge to . . . the Castell and all the gardein plattes and voyd groundes on the backsides of the same . . . and ... all the wharfe which is betwene the foresaid messuages . . . and the River . . . and . . . the stayers and landinge place . . . sometyme in the tenure ... of John Smythe carpenter . . . and all those three messuages . . . with gardens . . . sometyme in the severall tenures of William Clement Taillor, John Roo Chaundeler and Peter Hardinge, Blacksmythe.''^^* The last three houses had then been divided into six. John Drew died in 1595. By his will'-* he left 40s. to his tenants on Bankside to "make merry withall." His son John, who inherited the property, then known as Drew's Rents, got himself heavily in debt (perhaps by too much merry making) and had to sell'^^ his inheritance to James James, apothecary, to whom his son, another John, was apprenticed. There were then fourteen tenements in the rents. James James died in 1689'^^ and the property was sold by his legatee, James Coysh, to Walter Gibbons'^^ who in 1725 sold it to Edmund Halsey. In 1764 Henry Thrale, who had obtained a lease of the premises from Halsey's executors, bought the freehold. '^^ Among the records of Barclay Perkins and Co., Ltd., is a note made just prior to this purchase stating that Mr. Edward Dodson had lived at the alehouse at the corner called the sign of the Castle for the previous seven or eight years. The premises were in a tumbledown state and in 1770 the ground was 60 Tie Ferryman's Seat BANKSIDE let on building lease to William Allen who undertook to spend j^i,ooo within the next five years in building "good and substantial" messuages or warehouses on the site. By 1787 when Robert Barclay and John Perkins bought the Anchor Brewery, Joseph Bickerton was the tenant of the dwelling house, warehouses, stables and wharf erected at Bank End by Allen. The Anchor Tavern was therefore erected in 1770-75 by William Allen, though the first mention of it by its present name which has been found is in a list of recognisances for 1822. The Ferryman s Seat Inserted in a modern building at the corner of Bear Gardens and Bankside is an old stone seat said to have been taken from an earlier building and to have been made for the convenience of watermen. Cardinal's Wharf, No. 49 and Nos. 50—52 Bankside No. 49 Bankside is a three-storey early 18th-century building with a stucco front of later date and double steep pitched tiled roof with central valley. The front windows have moulded architraves and double-hung sashes with glazing bars, those on the ground and first floor having in addition a frieze flanked by two consoles supporting a cornice. The doorway is similar in design to these windows and has a simple fanlight (Plate ^^b). The staircase is of pine with solid moulded string, square balusters and square newels. The ground floor front room is panelled and has a deep moulded wood cornice. On the first floor, the front room has scAtt cfBte: -t—r I I I I I I I I FEET Nos. 50, 51 and 52 Bankside 61 BANKSIDE a plaster cornice and an early i gth-century mantelpiece in stone. The front room on the second floor is panelled and the mantelpiece has a stone bolection moulding. Nos. 50, 51 and 52 Bankside, on the west side of Cardinal's Cap Alley, are of brick with red brick dressings. They are two-storey houses with attics, the dormers being in a slate mansard roof behind a cemented parapet below which is a moulded brick string course. Until recently there was a lead rain-water head on the front bearing a crown and inscribed "B.H.S. 1712." A wood entablature at first floor level extends across the front of all three houses and over the alley, breaking forward over the three doorways to form cano- pies supported on carved brackets with lions' heads and acanthus leaf- age (Plate 54^). The entrance door- ways have wood casings with pan- elled pilasters and fanlights of a geometrical design in metal. The front, above the ground floor, ap- pears to have been rebuilt. Inter- nally, some of the rooms retain their panelling but no features of special interest remain. The houses are derelict and in poor condition. The name Cardinal's Hat (or Cap), for a house on the site of the present No. 49, Bankside, and for the narrow alley which runs down beside it, dates from at least the time of Elizabeth and perhaps earlier. The suggestion that it was named in compliment to Cardinal Beaufort is attractive but untenable, for Beaufort died in 1447, and the original Cardinal's Hat was not built till many years later. The site was described in 1470 as "a void piece of ground."" It is possible that it was named after Cardinal Wolsey who was Bishop of Winchester from 1 529-30, though no buildings are mentioned in a sale of the site from John Merston, fishmonger, to Thomas Tailloure, fishmonger, in 1533.^^* Stow^' lists the Cardinal's Hat as one of the Stewhouses but he may possibly have been mistaken, including it only because it was one of the more prominent inns on Bankside in his day. It is shown in the Token Book for 1593 as in the occupation of John Raven and as one of a group of houses which in the book for 1588 is described as "Mr. Broker's Rentes." Hugh Browker, later a It was sold by William Hille of March, Cambs., to John Merston and others as "a void plot of ground by le Stewesside" adjoining on the land of the prioress of Stratford (later the King's Pike Garden) on the east and on Maiden Lane on the south.'^' 62 Cardinal^! Cap Alley BANKSIDE the owner of the Manor of Paris Garden, was in possession of ground there in 1579* and it seems likely that he was responsible for the formation of Cardinal's Cap Alley if not for the building of the original house. Thomas Mansfield was the tenant of the inn when Edward Alleyn dined there with the "vestrye men" of St. Saviour's parish in December, 1617.^" A few years later John Taylor, the water poet, makes reference to having supper with "the Players" at the Cardinal's Hat on Bankside.^"^ 1 Melchisedeck Fritter, brewer, who tenanted the house ic.it 01 lllllllllllM No. ^o BanksiJe from 1627'"* to 1674,1** issued a halfpenny token. '' He was assessed for seven hearths in the hearth tax rolls." The freehold was sold by Thomas Browker to Thomas Hudson in 1667.1^^ The latter died in 1688 leaving his "messuages on Bankside" to his sister, Mary Greene, with reversion to his great nieces, Mary and Sarah Bruce.^^* It was at about this date that the oldest part of the present house was built. During the 1 8th century it was bought by the Sells family who both owned and occupied it until 1830.^ In 1841 Edward Sells of Grove Lane, Camberwell, bequeathed his freehold messuage and yard and stables, being No. 49 Bankside, then in the tenure of George Holditch, merchant, to his son Vincent Sells. '" The house is now the property of Major Malcolm Munthe, the son of Dr. AJxel Munthe, author of The Story of San Michele and other works. It had previously been occupied by Anna Lee, the actress. Nos. 50, 51 and 52, Bankside were also in the ownership of Edward Sells at the time of his death in 1 84 1. They were purchased in 1937 by the City Electric Light Company and are now the property of the Electricity Board. No. 74 {Honduras Wharf) This is a pleasant early 18th- century brick house built at right angles to the street. It has three storeys, the third added lately in place of an attic. The entrance door on the west front has a wood casing, over which is a cornice supported by two large and one smaller carved scrolled brackets with carved ornament between them. The staircase is of oak and has cut strings with carved brackets, In 1580 the jurors of the Surrey and Kent Sewer Commission presented Hughe Browker "to make uppe and amende iij poles of his wharfe ... on the bancke syde."'^' 63 BANKSIDE 1 f SECTION AB SECTION CD 1, stiir l ii.rfiii\| l i.>lii J= B _r PLAN No. 1^ Bankside spiral-turned balusters (two to a step) and newels in the form of fluted columns. The walls of the hall and staircase have simple moulded panelling. Some of the rooms on the ground and first floors retain their original panel- ling and moulded cornices, and some chimney-pieces retain the bolection moulded panels above the fireplaces. The north end of the premises above first-floor level has been rebuilt following damage by enemy action. The house known as Honduras Wharf stands on part of the ground leased to John Cullum, draper, by the Bishop of Winchester in 1670. It remained in the hands of the Cullum family until 64 PLATE 54 (a) OI,]) HOUSl'.S, HANKSlDi:, 1827 (/;) Nos. 50-5;, BANKSIDl'., 1940 K' PLATE 55 ON PL, < < Q < D d Q oo O u o PLATE 56 PLATE 57 (a) OLD HOUSES IN MAID LANE, circa 1820 (/>) CASTLE STREET PLATE 58 WORKSHOP, FORMERLY SKiaTON'S MEETING HOUSE, MAID LANE, 1812 PLATE 59 PLAN OF BANKSIDE (BASED ON THE 1875 ORDNANCE SURVEY) The Bishop of Winchesier s property is indicated h\ single hatchings parish property hy cross hatch Scale or /itf too PLATE 60 V.]'.) JAk M M Ji^ B. M M M Li i£J 111 1 1 1 1 II ■ 1 ■ 1 rr r^ rfiiM ill A J!-i_Q PARK STREET {a) HOUSE OF HENRY THRAEE, circa 1H33 {b) Nos. 22-26, 1946 PLATK 6 1 » 3 ■? - : , — ~ >,■• t^ ♦_> 2: y. y. < PLATE 62 {a) No. 18, UNION STREET, 1890 lb') Nos. 1-15, SOUTHWARK BRIDGE ROAD, 1946 PLATE 62 ^^^j ^ ^ J ^ ' ^-^ ^.•^;-",'v..,. ^r^^^^^' -- '-'^^' Nos. 59-61, UNION STREET, 1949 {a) ROOM ON FIRST 1-T.OOR {h) MALTING SHLl) AT REAR PLATE 64 ZOAR STREET {a) [.OOKING WEST, 1912 lb) INTERIOR OF SCHOOL BANKSIDE 1778 when Elizabeth Chitty, of Witham, in Essex, obtained a lease of it. Ten years later the lease was renewed to John Bond. In 1 871, Daniel Sutton, who had had a lease of the property from the bishop in 1850, bought the freehold.' His successors sold it to the present owners, Messrs. Wakeley Bros.^* The name Honduras Wharf dates back to the late i8th century, when the house and wharf were in the tenure of Thomas Woodward, who was trading in mahogany with Honduras. The occupants of the premises so far as they have been ascertained were: 1773-85, George Wyatt, carpenter and builder; 1786-96, Thomas Woodward & Co., mahogany merchants; 1796-1802/4, Wm. Clarke & Co., tire and nail warehouse; 1802/4-1-816, John Pritchard, tire and nail manufactory; 1817-20, Joseph Bury, mahogany, timber and deal merchant; 1817—28, Jas. Dowson & Co., mahogany merchants; 1833-59, W. Ward, "manufactor of Roman cement. Plaster of Paris, and Importer and Shipper of all kinds of Fire Bricks, Tiles, etc., and coal merchant"; 1856-59, Edward White & Co., timber merchants; 1857-79, John Newton & Co., firebrick merchants; 1876 to date, Wakeley Bros., brick and tile merchants.^^ No. 79 (Falcon Drawing Dock) The Falcon Drawing Dock and the premises on the east side, No. 79 Banlcside, are on the site of part of the Falcon Inn. They were leased to Messrs. Newton & Sons, firebrick merchants, the present own- ers, in 1833—4 by Messrs. Handasyde & Prickett, who had a lease from the Bishop of Winchester. No. 79, the office, was rebuilt in 1840 though it retains two patches of early 18th-century walling. The door and windows facing the dock on what now forms the main front, and those at the north end, are treated with classical mouldings. They date from the No. 74 Bankside rebuilding. (>s CHAPTER 8 THE BANKSIDE PLAYHOUSES AND BEAR GARDENS The situation of the various Bear Gardens and playhouses in South- wark has been worked out by C. L. Kingsford in his article "Paris Garden and the Bear-baiting" in Archaeologia, Vol. 70, by W. W. Braines in The Site of the Globe Playhouse, and by E. K. Chambers in The Elizabethan Stage, but for the sake of completeness, and because one or two pieces of new evidence have emerged in the course of the preparation of this volume, a short account of the Bear Gardens and of the Playhouses is included here. I. The Bear Gardens and the Hope Theatre The first specific reference that has been found to bear-baiting on Bankside is in an order of Henry VIII dated 13th April, 1546, to the Mayor and Sheriffs of London, to proclaim the abolition of the Stews on Bankside and of bear-baiting "in that row or in any place on that side London bridge."* Notwithstanding this proclamation Thomas Fluddie, Yeoman of His Majesty's Bears, was granted a licence in September, 1546, to "make pastime" with the king's bears "at the accustomed place at London, called the Stewes."* The Stews were roughly coincident with the thoroughfare known as Bankside, but they did not extend into Paris Garden Manor. The records quoted below show that from 1550 onward the Bear Gardens were in the liberty of the Clink, i.e. near the site of the Stews, and it is difficult to account for the fact that literary allusions to bear-baiting nearly always link it with Paris Garden. Robert Crowley in 1550 speaks — "Of Bearbaytynge. What follye is thys, to kepe wyth daunger, A greate mastyfe dogge and a foule ouglye beare ; Atid to thys onelye ende, to se them two fyght, Wyth terrible tearynge, a full ouglye syght. And yet me thynke those men be mooste foles of all, Whose store of money is but verye smale. And yet euerye Sondaye they will surelye spende One penye or two, the bearwardes lyuyng to mende. At Paryse Garden eche Sundaye, a man shall not fayle To fynde two or three hundredes, for the bearwardes vaile."^^^ In a preface to a sermon preached by John Bradford before Edward VI Thomas Sampson refers to God's judgment on "certayne Gentlemen upon the Sabboth day, going in a whirry to Paris garden to the Beare bayting" who were drowned,^" and from 1559 onwards references become fairly frequent. An extensive search of the records has revealed no evidence of bear- baiting taking place within Paris Garden Manor, but it is possible that bears were baited in the gaming establishment run by William Baseley at the manor house of Paris Garden (see p. 96) though no written evidence of this has been found. It is likely that the association of "Paris Garden" with the Bear Gardens is a simple transference of name through its use in colloquial speech. 66 PLAYHOUSES AND BEAR GARDENS Men had grown accustomed to crossing the river to Paris Garden Stairs to take their pleasure in Paris Garden. Later they used the same route but turned east instead of west, and they probably continued to speak of "going to Paris Garden."" In support ot this theory it may be noted that in the Token Books for the years i6 13-18 the heading "Paris Garden" is inserted before the name of "Mr. Jacob of the beare garden" and "Mr. Edward Allen," in the part of the books relating to the area between Rose Alley and Mosses Alley, i.e. near the site of the alley now known as Bear Gardens. This pro- vides an explanation for the references in the Dulwich College manuscripts to Edward Alleyn and Philip Henslowe at Paris Garden, and is probably the result of the linking ot the name Paris Garden with bear-baiting in popular parlance. In the year 1620 a dispute arose between the Crown and the Bishop of Winchester as to the ownership of the ground in the neighbourhood of the Bear Gardens. The evidence^'^ runs into many pages and is frequently contradictory, but it clearly shows that the bear-baiting rings had been moved several times and that the "Bear Gardens" had by that date become a generic term covering the sheds and kennels in which the bears, bulls and dogs were kept, as well as the actual rings and the adjoining houses, most of which were occupied by persons having some connection with the Bear Gardens. Apart from one statement about baiting near Mason's Stairs'' which cannot be confirmed from other sources, all the witnesses agreed that the Bear Gardens were either on part of the Bishop of Winchester's land leased in 1540 to William Payne and formerly known as the Barge, Bell and Cock, or on the King's land leased in 1552 to Henry Polsted and formerly known as the Unicorn and the Rose (see Plate 59). The deeds of the Polsted property have been traced back to the 14th century^^ but the first reference to a Bear * Such a transference of name is not unusual. In recent years the Arsenal Station at High- bury, has acquired its name because crowds use it on their way to see football played by a team which was originally associated with Woolwich Arsenal. Mr. Kingsford makes the alternative suggestion that the confusion may have arisen because Sir Richard Longe "Master of the game of bears" to Henry VIII, was also steward of the Manor of Paris Garden when it was in the hands of the Crown after 1536.1" ^ John Taylor, aged 77, deposed: "that he remembreth that the game of bearebayting hath been kept in fower severall places (vizt) at Mason Steares on the bankside, neere Maidlane by the Corner of the Pykegarden, and at the beare garden wch was parcell of the possession of William Payne and the place where they are now kept." Mason's Stairs are still in existence opposite the end of White Hind Alley (see Plate 59). There is no reference to a Bear Garden in the deeds relating to the Great Pike Garden and the land in the neighbourhood, unless the "howse called a Beare howse" said to be "late in the Tenure of . . . Gilbert Rockett thelder" and mentioned in the litigation over this property in 1604 can be so construed.^" It is most probable, however, that a "beer" house, not a "bear" house, is meant. <^ The Polsted property comprised the possessions of the priory of the nuns of Stratford at Bow on Bankside, including the Unicorn and the King's Pike Garden and the tenement called the Rose. The latter had been sold by William Spence to Henry Polsted in 1537 under the description of "all that his Tenement and gardens sometyme called The Rose, set and being vpon the Stewes banke . . . That is to saye bitwene the Tenement and garden of Raff Symonds [known as the little Rose, the ground on which the Rose Theatre later stood] . . . of the East parte, and the tenement called the Barge and the garden late belonging to [the] priores of Stratford on the West parte, and dothe extende from the water of Thamys ayenst the Northe vnto Mayden lane on the South parte."'" 67 BANKSIDE Garden occurs in the lease of 1552 which included "a capital curtilage called le Beare yarde with le Berehouse and a garden" held by John Allen at a rent of ;^8 a year.^^ As noted above the first literary allusion to bear-baiting on Bankside occurs in 1550 and the inference is that it had been recently intro- duced at that time. It seems certain that either William Payne, who died in 1 575,"6 or his son John, built a bear-baiting ring on the land leased from the Bishop of Winchester and that both this ring and the older one farther south were in use for a time. Stow, describing Bankside in 1598, says: "there be the two Beare-gardens, the old and new places wherein be kept Beares, Bulles, and other beastes, to be bayted. As also Mastiues in seuerall kenels are there nourished to bait them. These Beares . . . are . . . bayted in plottes of grounde, scaffolded about for the beholders to stand safe."^^ A conventionalised view of two rings (one marked "The bolle bayting" and the other "The Bearebayting") and of the dogs ready to leap from their kennels can be seen in the part of the Agas map [date c. 1560] reproduced here, but it is possible that the more easterly of these represents an unrecorded ring on the site of the Rose Theatre. In 1583 "the old and underpropped scaffolds round about the beare garden . . . overcharged with people fell suddenlie downe, whereby to the number of eight persons men and women were slaine, and manie other sore hurt and brused."^^ Morgan Pope, goldsmith, obtained an exemplification of the grant of the mastership of the Game of Bears in 1585,"^ and in 1586 he was paying tithes for the Bear Garden. ^^ Thomas Burnaby bought a lease of the Bear Garden on the Bishop of Winchester's property in 1 590 and promptly let it to Richard Reve for a yearly rent of /^i20 under the description of,^** "All that Tenemente whearein one John Napton deceased did latelie inhabyte 68 PLAYHOUSES AND BEAR GARDENS ... on the Banke syde . . . Togeather w'^ the Beare garden and the Scaffoldes houses game and dogges and all other thinges thereunto apper- teyninge . . . excepting such fees as shal be . . . payable to the maister of the said game."* The schedule of stock included three bulls, nine bears, a horse and an ape. In 1592 Edward Alleyn, who later founded Dulwich College and who was already a well-known actor, married Joan Woodward, stepdaughter of Philip Henslowe, manager of the Rose Playhouse,^'' and the two men began a profitable business connection. In 1594 Alleyn bought Burnaby's interest in the Bear Garden for ;{^200,^^^ and in 1596 Henslowe acquired a lease of part of the Polsted property. Henslowe and Alleyn tried to get the office of Master of the Royal Game of Bulls and Bears on the death of Ralph Bowes in 1598, but had to be content with the deputyship under John Dorrington. They were, however, more successful in 1604 when they obtained a grant from James I of the "Office of Cheefe Master, Overseer and Ruler of our beares. Bulls and mastiffe dogges. "^^^ Having thus consolidated their position Alleyn and Henslowe started to develop their property. In 1606 they contracted with Peter Streete, carpenter, for £6^, to pull down "so much of the tymber or carpenters worke of the foreside of the messuage . . . called the beare garden, next the river of Thames ... as conteyneth in lengthe from outside to outside fyftye and sixe foote . . . and in bredth from outside to outside sixeteene foote" . . . and to rebuild the same with "good new sufficient and sounde tymber of oke.""^ From the detailed specification it appears that it was the entrance gate and outbuildings of the Bear Garden which were rebuilt at this time,i^'^ but in 1613 the baiting place itself was demolished and Gilbert Katherens, carpenter, undertook for the sum of (,'^60 to build^^ "one other game place or plaiehouse fitt and convenient in all thinges bothe for players to plaie in and for the game of Beares and bulls to be bayted in the same, and also a fitt and convenient tyre house and a stage to be carryed or taken awaie and to stand uppon tressels" the whole to be "of suche large compasse, fi^orme, widenes and height as the plaie housse called the Swan in the libertie of Parris garden." The new theatre, the Hope, was slightly more substantial than the Rose, as part of it was of brick, the brickwork being put in by a sub-contractor, John Browne, bricklayer, at a cost of /^8o.'^^ The contract with Katherens was made in August and it is probable that Henslowe seized the opportunity given him by the destruction of the Globe Playhouse by fire on 29th June, 1613, to establish another playhouse on Bankside. Philip Henslowe and Jacob Meade, waterman, raised a company of players under the leadership of * A man called Wistow is stated in the evidence given in 1620 to have succeeded Payne as deputy master of the "Game of Beares." We know that Robert Wystowe held a "beare ycrde" from Alice Polsted, widow of Henry Polsted, in 1559;^^" but in a manuscript list of deeds belonging to Edward Alleyn concerning the Bear Garden there is also mention of a ratification from Joan Payne to "Wistoe" and of "Wistoes sale to Napton of Paynes lease."'" It would seem, therefore, that Wistow was a tenant of both Bear Gardens and that the Bear Garden of which Thomas Burnaby was lessee, and which had previously been in the tenure of John Napton, was on the ground leased by the Bishop of Winchester to William Payne, i.e., the Barge, Bell and Cock. 69 Alleyn BANKSIDE Nathan Field, and in 1614 they acted Ben Jonson's Bartholomew Fair at the Hope. In the time of Elizabeth bear-baiting had been a sport for Sunday afternoons, but the Sunday performances were stopped early in the reign of James I. After the building of the Hope it was used for bear and bull-baiting on Mondays, and for plays during the rest of the week. Plays began at 3 p.m., and the players seem to have been paid by receiving a share of the takings.^^^ Among the witnesses called during the dispute of 1620 was John Browne (aged 29), who was presumably the bricklayer employed on the Hope. He stated that "there was a sinke or open gutter for the use . . . of the beare garden on the West side of the old beare garden running south- ward which is now stopped vpp and that the old dogg Kennells were more westward beyond the same and that the now new playhouse is in part built vppon the said sinke and where the old dogg Kennell stood." He also stated that Henslowe started to lay the foundation of the playhouse on part of the old Bear Garden but that on Edward Alleyn's persuasion he moved it south- ward a few feet so that it should be wholly on the king's land.^^ It would appear, therefore, that the Hope stood just south of the Bishop of Win- chester's ground on the site marked on the plan on Plate 59.) It was pulled down during the Civil War. A pothouse and glasshouse had been built on the site by 1671 when John Squibb, the then owner of the Polsted property, leased this portion of it to William Lillingston and others. ^^^ More glasshouses, i.e. glass-blowing workshops, were erected there by John Bowles at the end of the 1 7th century. In 1776 a smith's shop and foundry had replaced the glasshouses. The site is now occupied by the premises of Beck & Pollitzer. In 1662 James Davies, who had held the office of "Master of . . . [the] Games of Beares, Bulls, etc.," under Charles I petitioned that it might be restored to him, and stated that he and his father had laid out ;^2,ooo in rebuilding the Bear Gardens on Bankside.^^^ They were successful in their application and there are a number of allusions to bear-baiting on Bankside in the diaries of Evelyn and Pepys. The last reference that has been found is in an advertisement published in The Loyal Protestant for 1682. The Bear Gardens of Charles II's reign were south of Henslowe's. The site is marked on the map of Morden and Lea (1682) and on the map Later less time was given to plays. A manuscript continuation of Stow's Annales^ contains this account of the theatre "The Hope on the Bankside in Southwarke, commonly called the Beare Garden, a playhouse for stage-playes on Mondayes, Wednesdayes, Fridayes, and Saterdayesj and for the Baiting of the Beares on Tuesdayes and Thursdayes, the stage being made to take up and downe when they please. It was built in the year 1610 and now pulled downe to make tennements by Thomas Walker, a petticoate maker in Cannon Streete, on Tuesday, the 25 day of March, 1656. Seven of Mr. Godfries beares, by the command of Thomas Pride, then hie Sheriefe of Surry, were then shot to death, on Saterday, the 9 day of February, 1655, by a Company of Souldiers."^^* Bear- baiting had been suppressed by the House of Commons in 1642. > The bishop's land is shown on the plan as it was when it was sold by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners in 1866 but there is no reason to think that it had varied in extent since the i6th century. 70 PLAYHOUSES AND BEAR GARDENS in the 1755 edition of Strype's Stow. It seems probable that the small square into which the narrow alley now known as Bear Gardens opens, about twenty yards north of Maid Lane, marks approximately the site of the last bear- baiting ring. 2. The Rose Playhouse The property between the site of Southwark Bridge Road and the narrow thoroughfare known as Rose Alley was granted in 1552 to the parish of St. Mildred, Bread Street by Thomasyn Symonds "widowe of Rauf Symondes, late citizene and fysshemonger of London." It was then known as the Little Rose to distinguish it from the messuage known as the Rose which adjoined it on the west. Philip Henslowe acquired a lease of the Little Rose in 1585'^ and two years later entered into partnership with John Cholmley, grocer, for the erection of a playhouse thereon. Cholmley under- took to pay ;^8 1 6 towards the cost and was to have in return half the receipts and a small tenement at the south end of the ground near Maid Lane and Rose Alley "to keepe victualinge in, or to putt to any other vse."^* The Rose Playhouse was built by I2th April, 1588, when "Phillip Finchley Morgane Pope & John Napton" were ordered by the Sewer Commissioners "to dense and skower & to lope the willowes y' hang over the common sewer to the great annoysaunce of the same cont' x pole more or les lyeing against ther grownd at ye new plaie house. "^^^ Further work was carried out at the Rose in 1592 when the expenses are entered in Henslowe's Diary. They include a number of payments to John Griggs, carpenter, the con- tractor mentioned in the 1587 agreement.^ The accounts indicate that the building was of wood and plaster with a thatched roof over the galleries. It had a flagstaff on which a flag was displayed as a signal for the commencement of performances. References to the Rose as "in Maid Lane" in the Sewer Commission minutes indicate that it was built well back from the river bank. The Rose Theatre was the first of the four playhouses, the Rose, the Hope, the Swan and the Globe, built near the river bank in Southwark circa 1 600. Whether Shakespeare ever acted at the Rose is a matter for conjecture. We know that Lord Strange's men. Lord Pembroke's men and the men of "my Lord Admiral" were among the companies which performed there between 1593 and 1598. From a note in Henslowe's Diary it appears that Ben Jonson contemplated buying a share in the playhouse but that the arrangement fell through. Gabriel Spenser, the actor, whom Ben Jonson * The last "Bear Garden" was also on the Polsted property which had been granted to Richard Sydenham by Charles I and sold by his heir, Sir Edward Sydenham to John Squibb. By a long series of transactions recited in a deed of 19th November, 1776, between John Stevens and others,!^' the property came into the hands of George Birch and John Mander. The deed contains a full description of the development of the property. It shows that by 1693 the site of the last Bear Garden was being used for glasshouses and that in 1776 it was known as Glasshouse Square. • Ordish''* suggests that the playhouse was not built until i 592 but the i 588 reference disproves this. Just over ^^loo was spent in 1592 and a wooden building might easily require extensive repair after four or five years' use. 71 BANKSIDE killed in a duel in 1598, was acting at the Rose in that year and received a share in the takings of the galleries in April, May and June. After the opening of the Globe Playhouse in 1 599 the Rose declined in popularity. The Earl of Worcester's company performed there in 1 602-3^^* but no reference has been found to plays there after that date. Henslowe's lease of the ground expired in 1605 and he declined the offer of a renewal at an increased rent {£20 instead of ^7 and the lessee to spend 100 marks on building), saying that he would rather pull down the playhouse.^^^ The last reference to the Rose Playhouse that has been found occurs in the Sewer Commission minutes for 25th April, 1606, "It is Ordered that Edward Box of Bredstreete in London shall . . . pyle boorde & fill up fyye poles . . . of the bancke against the sewar by the Late Playhouse in Maidelane called the Rose." The land comprised in the Little Rose has, apart from two small portions granted to the Commissioners of the Bishop of Winchester's Liberty and to the Southwark Bridge Company in 18 12 and 18 15 respectively, remained the property of the parish of St. Mildred, Bread Street, until the present day.^ It consists of Nos. 25 and 27 Bankside, Nos. 2, 4, 6 and 8 Southwark Bridge Road, and warehouses in Rose Alley and Park Street.s^ 3. The Swan Playhouse The Swan Playhouse, in Paris Garden, was built by Francis Langley, who had bought the manor of Paris Garden in 1589. Langley, like Henslowe, was a speculator, who hoped to make money out of the growing demand for entertainment. He was described in 1589 as a "citizen and draper," and he held the office of alnager and searcher of cloth in the City of London. The exact date of the erection of the Swan has not been ascertained but it was after November, 1594, when the Lord Mayor addressed a letter to the Lord Treasurer asking him to prevent Langley from carrying out his project of erecting a new theatre on Bankside. 1^ If John de Witt, who made the sketch of the Swan Playhouse, frequently reproduced in books on the Elizabethan stage, journeyed to England in 1596 as is generally supposed, the playhouse must have been erected in 1595-6. It was certainly in existence before April, 1598, when there is an order in the minute book of St. Saviour's Parish, that the wardens should "speake to Mr. Langlye & Mr. Henslowe & Jacob Meade for Monie for the pore, in Regarde of theire plaies."^® The Swan is shown as the "olde playe house" on the copyholders' plan of the Manor of Old Paris Garden, dated 1627 (see Plate 6^). It stood to the south of Upper Ground about 400 feet from the river bank and a little to the west of the lane which afterwards became Green Walk and is now Hopton Street. An exterior view of the playhouse is given on Visscher's map, but it is placed much too close to the river. As stated on p. 69 the A small plaque fixed to the wall at the south-east corner of Rose Alley records thi; fact. 72 PLAYHOUSES AND BEAR GARDENS Swan formed the model for the Hope Playhouse. Part of the particulars specified for the latter are^^* — "Two stearecasses without and adioyninge to the saide Playe house ... of such largnes and height as the stearecasses of the saide playehouse called the Swan. . . . "... Heavens all over the saide stage, to be borne or carryed without any postes or supporters to be fixed or sett vppon the saide stage, and all gutters of leade needfull for the carryage of all suche raine water as shall fall vppon the same. . . . "... two Boxes in the lowermost storie fitt and decent for gentlemen to sitt in, particions betwne the Rommes as they are at the saide Plaie house called the Swan; . . . turned cullumes vppon and over the stage; . . . the principalis and fore fronte of the saide Plaie house of good . . . oken tymber, and no furr tymber to be putt ... in the lower most, or midell stories, except the vpright postes on the backparte of the saide stories . . . the inner principal! postes of the first storie to be twelve footes in height and tenn ynches square, the inner principall postes in the midell storie to be eight ynches square, the inner most postes in the vpper storie to be seaven ynches square. . . . Also the brest sommers in the lower moste storie to be nyne ynches depe, and seaven ynches in thicknes . . . a good, sure, and sufficient foundacion of brickes for the saide Play house . . . xiij teene ynches at the leaste above the grounde." The roof of the playhouse was to be covered with tiles. After the death of Francis Langley in 1601 references to plays or other entertainments at the Swan become scanty. The last payment made to the overseers of the poor in respect of it was in 1620— i and the last notice of it which has been found is in a tract called Holland's Leaguer (1632) where it is described as a famous fortress "now fallen to decay, and like a dying Swanne, hanging downe her head, seemed to sing her ownne dierge." 4. The Globe Playhouse The Globe Playhouse, the Glory of the Bank, was the third and the most famous of the four Bankside playhouses. Many of Shakespeare's plays, including the four great tragedies, were written for and first publicly per- formed upon its stage, and this, combined with the high standard of acting of Burbage's players, has given it a distinction to which no other theatre has since attained. On 28th December, 1598, Cuthbert and Richard Burbage, Peter Street and others, pulled down The Theatre, Shoreditch, and transported "all the wood and timber therof unto the Banckside in the parishe of St. Marye Overyes, and there erected a newe playehowse with the sayd timber and woode."^^^ The playhouse was erected on a piece of ground in Maid Lane granted to the Burbages by Nicholas Brend for a period commencing at Christmas, 1598, though the lease was dated 21st February, 1598/9. If 73 BANKSIDE the allusion to "this wooden O" in Henry /^contains, as is usually supposed, a reference to the Globe, the playhouse was in existence by May or June, 1599, but the reference may possibly be to the Curtain Theatre. In any case the Globe was opened before the end of that year, for the production in 1599 of Ben Jonson's Every Man out of his Humour took place there, and the contract for the erection of the Fortune, dated 8th January, 1599/ 1600, refers to "the late erected plaiehowse on the Banck . . . called the Globe. "^^^ The Globe was burnt down on 29th June, 1 6 1 3, during a performance of All is True (or Henry FHI). On 8th July John Chamberlaine wrote to Sir Ralph Winwood,^^^ "the burning of the Globe, or Playhouse on the Bank- side, on St. Peter s Day . . . fell out by a Peale of Chambers (that I know not upon what Occasion were to be used in the Play), the Tamplin or Stopple of one of them lighting in the Thatch that covered the House, burn'd it down to the Ground in less than two Hours, with a Dwelling-house adjoyning, and it was a great Marvaile and fair Grace of God, that the People had so little Harm, having but two narrow Doors to get out." The playhouse was at once rebuilt. It was open again by 30th June, 16 14, when John Chamberlaine wrote to Alice Carleton that he had called upon her sister Williams, and found her "gone to the New Globe, to a play."^^'' Probably as a prevention against fire the new theatre was tiled instead of thatched. Among the parish papers of St. Saviour's is a return of buildings made to the Earl Marshall in 1634/5. It refers to "The Globe Playhouse, nere Maidelane, built by the Company of Players, with timber, aboute 20 yeares past, vppon an old foundacion, worth 20 li per Annum, being the Inheritance of S'' Mathewe Brand kt. One house thereto adjoyninge, built aboute the same tyme with tymber in the possession of William Millet, gent', also of the Inheritance of S"^ Mathew Brand kt., worth 4" per Annum." The playhouse was pulled down in 1644 and tenements were erected on the site. William Shakespeare was connected with the Globe as a shareholder and as a player. The lease of the Globe site was for a term of thirty-one years and it conveyed the property in two equal moieties, the one to the Burbages and the other to William Shakespeare, Augustine Phillips, Thomas Pope, John Heminges and William Kempe. Shakespeare retained his share at least until 1 6 12. From 1598 until the end of Elizabeth's reign the stage at the Globe seems to have been occupied solely by the Lord Chamberlain's Company of which Shakespeare had been a member since its inception in 1594.^^^ There seems no doubt that Shakespeare trod the boards there on a number of occasions. James I took the Lord Chamberlain's players under his own pro- tection and by patent dated 19th May, 1603, licensed "Lawrence Fletcher, William Shakespeare, Richard Burbage, Augustyne Phillippes, John Hen- inges, Henrie Condell, William Sly, Robert Armyn, Richard Cowly, and the rest of theire Assosiates freely to vse and exercise the Arte and faculty of playinge Comedies, Tragedies, histories, Enterludes, moralls, pastoralls, a Every Man out of his Humour is ascribed to 1 599 in the Folio of 1606. Shakespeare's name is not included among the "principal! Comoedians" who took part in this play.* 74 PLAYHOUSES AND BEAR GARDENS Stage plaies aswell for the recreation of our lovinge Subjectes, as for our Solace and pleasure . . . when the infection of the plague shall decrease ... as well within theire nowe vsual howse called the Globe within our County of Surrey, as alsoe within anie towne halls or Moute halls or other conveniente places within the liberties and freedome ot anie other Cittie, vniversitie, towne or Boroughe . . . within our said Realmes." Probably on account of the incidence of the plague in London, the company travelled in the provinces in 1602-3. During the winter of 1603-4 it gave eight plays at Court; one of these, Ben Jonson's Sejanus, was the last performance in which Shakespeare is known to have taken part. The exact site of the Globe has been the subject of much controversy. In 1920-24 W. W. Braines carried out an exhaustive examination of the available evidence and came to the conclusion that the Globe stood on the south side of Maid Lane (now Park Street) at or near the place where it is crossed by Southwark Bridge Road (see Plate 59).^^^ Further research carried out in connection with this volume and the evidence of the 161 8 map of Southwark which has recently come to light at the City Guildhall (see Plate i and page 133) have confirmed his conclusions.* For a detailed history of the site and an analysis of the evidence on which it is based the reader is referred to Mr. Braines's book. The position chosen by the Shakespeare Reading Society for the erection of a commemorative plaque (on the wall of the Anchor Brewery next to No. 25 Park Street) is about 20 feet too far east. 5. Shakespeare in Southwark There is no doubt that Shakespeare acted in Southwark but his residence there is another matter. The mass of Shakespearian bibliography grows year by year but the proven facts about his life are few. There is in exist- ence a considerable body of parochial, manorial and other records relating to Southwark for the period during which Shakespeare could have been in London, and, in preparation for this volume, every effort has been made to locate and * The land on which the Globe stood was bought'^ by Thomas Bread, citizen and scrivener of London, from John Yong, a member of the Skinners' Company, in 1 5 54, and it remained in the possession of the Brend family until the beginning of the eighteenth century. In March, 1623/4, Sir Matthew Brend increased the jointure''^ of Dame Frances, his wife, by "all that the messuage or teneraente and all that the Playhouse comonly called ... the Globe ... set ... in or neere Mayden Lane . . . now or late being in the possession or occupacion ot John Heminges CutbertBurbage, Richard Burbage, Willm. Shakespare, or any of them." In 1655 twelve messuages, most of which were stated to have been built "where the late playhouse called the Globe stood"''^ were settled by Sir Matthew as a jointure for his future daughter-in-law Judith, daughter of Sir Robert Smith. A comparison of the names of the tenants of these messuages with those of the subscribers to the Hearth Tax for the early years of Charles ll's reign, and a careful study of the evidence brought forward during the litigation which took place over this property at the beginning of the eighteenth century show that the messuages lay between Blue .'Anchor Passage and the eastern boundary of the Bishop of Winchester's property in Maid Lane, with a frontage ot 1 56 feet to the street. If this position is plotted on a modern ordnance map it will be found to extend approxi- mately from the west side of Southwark Bridge Road to the east side of No. 27, Park Street. The "jointure" plot extended about 200 feet south to the common sewer. It included the site of the parish workhouse. 75 Shakespeare BANKSIDE search these records. In particular the token books, vestry minute books and other records of St. Saviour's parish and the court rolls of the manor of Paris Garden have been thoroughly examined. No fresh evidence has been found to confirm the oft-repeated statement that Shakespeare lived in Southwark. The reasons usually cited to support this statement are as follows — 1 . The probability that Shakespeare as an actor at the Globe would have chosen to live near the playhouse. Some, but not many, of his fellow actors are shown by the token books, etc., to have lived near Bankside; the rest presumably came across the river by boat or by London Bridge as most of the playgoers did. The token books, which list the names of residents eligible to take Communion, are extant for the Clink Liberty of St. Saviour's Parish for each year from 1596 to 16 10 with the exception of 1601 and 1603. Of the eight actors appointed with Shakespeare to be "King's Men" in the Letters Patent of 1603, three, Lawrence Fletcher (1604—10), Augustine Phillips (1593— 1604), and William Sly (1593-97), are shown in the token books as living in the neighbourhood of Bankside at the dates indicated in brackets. Edward Juby, Martin Slater and Alexander Cook, who are all known to have been actors, also occur in the token books while Edmund Shakespeare is shown in Hunts Rents, Maid Lane, in 1607, the year of his death. The name of William Shakespeare does not occur. 2. The statements of Edmund Malone and J. Payne Collier. Malone, in 1796,^^* wrote: "From a paper now before me, which formerly belonged to Edward Alleyn, the player, our poet appears to have lived in Southwark, near the Bear Garden, in 1596. Another curious docu- ment in my possession, which will be produced in the History of his Life, affords the strongest presumptive evidence that he continued to reside in Southwark to the year 1608." Unfortunately Malone's Life of Shakespeare, in his edition of the plays published in 1821,^^^ does not contain this document and, unless the 1596 paper is that mentioned below as being printed by Collier, neither of these documents are now extant among the Alleyn manu- scripts at Dulwich College, nor have they been traced elsewhere. In 1 84 1 in his Memoirs of Edward Alleyn Collier^^^ quoted Malone's statement and, while making no comment about the 1596 reference, printed a document dated 1 609 which he thought might be the second one referred to by Malone who could have mistaken the year. Two copies of the 1 609 document, which is a list of inhabitants of the Clink Liberty assessed for Poor Rate, are still extant at Dulwich. The first is a contemporary document, but the line "Mr. Shakespeare — vii^" is undoubtedly a later insertion, "the ink being of a different colour and the letters betraying the forger by their studied tremulous imitation of the original hand."^^ The second copy is "an unquestionable forgery from beginning to end." Among the Dulwich manuscripts is a paper headed "Inhabitants of Southerk as have complaned this [ ] Jully 1596," which includes the name " Mr. Shaksper." Collier printed this paper as genuine in i 844^®^ and James Halliwell-Phillipps writing four years later^®^ accepted it as the paper referred 76 PLAYHOUSES AND BEAR GARDENS to by Malone, though he thought that the latter might have had other papers "detaUing more particularly the object of complaint." The extant paper has since "been justly condemned as a forgery."'^ 3. The evidence of the subsidy and pipe rolls. In i596/7and 1597/8 William Shakespeare of the parish of St. Helen, Bishopsgate, was assessed to pay contributions to the lay subsidy of 5s. and 13s. 4d. respectively, but defaulted. In the Pipe Roll for 1597/8 is a note referring to the heading "Res[iduum] Sussex" in the following roll. There the amount of 13s. 4d. is again entered against the name "Willms Shak- speare" but a marginal note is added "on[eratur] Ep[iscop]o Winton[ensi]." In the next roll Shakespeare's name does not occur but the bishop of Win- chester accounts for a sum of money "of the issues of divers persons" which had been referred to him by the Sheriff of Surrey and Sussex. If these issues (including Shakespeare's) are picked out of the preceding roll and added together they amount to within a few pence of the sum rendered by the bishop and it can therefore be assumed that the latter collected Shakespeare's debt.168 On the ground that the bishop of Winchester was the owner of the Clink Liberty in Southwark this set of entries has been accepted as an indication that Shakespeare moved from St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, to South- wark in 1596/7. This deduction implies two assumptions; that the William Shakespeare of the subsidy roll is the William Shakespeare of the Globe and that the bishop of Winchester collected debts from him because he had come to live in the Clink Liberty. We may perhaps accept the first assumption since the name is uncommon, though no other evidence is forthcoming of a connection with St. Helen's parish. The second assumption, though plaus- ible, is by no means certain. The collection of tax may have been made by the bishop as a matter of convenience because Shakespeare was part owner ot the Globe in the Clink, or, since the bishop owned many other properties, because of a residence elsewhere. An impartial review of the existing evidence for Shakespeare's resi- dence in Southwark can only lead to the verdict "not proven." In this as in so many ways Shakespeare the man remains a mystery. 77 CHAPTER 9 THE ANCHOR BREWERY The buildings of the Anchor Brewery date only from the middle of the 19th century or after, and their high brick walls have a grim and for- bidding aspect; but the brewery as an institution has a long history and it stands upon historic ground. It has also exerted a considerable influence on the social life and topography of the neighbourhood. A brief account of it is therefore given here. The brewing industry seems to have become of importance in South- wark soon after the introduction of hop growing into Kent in the 15th century.^®^ Thames water was considered peculiarly good for the purpose. In 1 509, the Bishop of Winchester and the Prior of St. Mary Overies granted a licence to the brewers of Southwark to have passage with their carts "from ye Borough of Southwark untill the Themmys ... to fetch water ... to brew with" so long as the brewers made no claim to the passage as a high- way.i'" This licence was renewed by later bishops. The nucleus of the Anchor Brewery appears to have been the brew- house established early in the 17th century by James Monger.'^^^ The brewhouse is first specifically mentioned in the Token Books in 1634 though Monger's name occurs several years earlier.* The site, which lay between Deadman's Place and Globe Alley (see the plan on Plate 59), had been leased to him in 1620 by Sir John Bodley and formed part of the property owned by Sir Matthew Brend which included the Globe Playhouse." James Child, citizen and brewer, owned the brewhouse towards the end of the century. He died in 1696 and was succeeded by his "loving son-in-law, "^'^ Edmund Halsey. Halsey was M.P. for Southwark from 1722 until his death in 1728.^^ He bought additional ground and extended the brewery. His purchases included ground on the east side of Deadman's Place (now Park Street) abutting north on Clink Street and west on the Clink Garden (see p. 50). Naked Boy Alley, named after a house with that sign, and a number of tenements stood on this ground. They were subsequently cleared away by Henry Thrale to make room for a garden called Palmira^'^^ opposite his house." Halsey left his freehold ground to his only daughter, Anne, wife of * In the return of new buildings to St. Saviour's Wardens made in 1634/5, there is an entry relating to "a brewhouse and dwelling house" in the tenure of James Monger built of timber on old foundations about "18 yeares since." ^ In 1758 when Henry Thrale obtained a 99 years lease of the site, the freehold was still in the possession of the heirs of John Partridge who had bought it from Hillarie Memprisein 163 3. '^^ * Mrs. Thrale, afterwards Mrs. Piozzi, in her autobiography accounts for the name as follows:^'^ "For a long time, then — or I thought it such — my fate was bound up with the old Globe Theatre, upon the Bankside, Southwark; the alley it had occupied having been purchased & thrown down by Mr. Thrale to make an opening before the windows of our dwelUng house. When it lay desolate in a black heap of rubbish, my mother, one day in a joke, called it the Ruins of Palmyra; and after they had laid it down in a grass-plot. Palmyra was the name it went by, I suppose, among the clerks and servants of the brewhouse." Mrs. Piozzi was confused about the position of the Globe, which was west of her dwelling house not on the east side of Deadman's Place where the garden was made. 78 THE ANCHOR BREWERY Richard Temple, Lord Cobham/'^^ but the business was taken over by his nephew, Ralph Thrale, who had worked in it for many years.'' Ralph Thrale and his son, Henry, enlarged and developed the brewery, purchasing some freehold ground, including that left to Lady Cobham, and leasing some from the Bishop of Winchester. Among other properties, the sites ot the Globe Playhouse on the south side of Maid Lane and of the parish workhouse in Fountain Court were absorbed into the brewery grounds. ^"^^ The dwelling house of the brewery stood on the west side of Deadman's Place (see Plate 6oa). There Henry Thrale and his wife entertained Dr. Johnson, Sir Joshua Reynolds, David Garrick, Oliver Goldsmith and other celebrities.^"^ Henry Thrale had not the business acumen of his predecessors but the brewery continued to flourish under the managership of John Perkins who had joined the firm circa 1763^'" and whose presence of mind saved the premises from damage during the Gordon Riots. Henry Thrale died in 1 78 i and the brewery, described by Dr. Johnson as "the potentiality of wealth beyond the dreams of avarice," was sold by auction to Robert Barclay for /j 35,000. John Perkins was made a partner and took possession of the dwelling house.^^^ The extent and layout of the premises at this period can be seen on the plan made by George Gwilt in 1792 and reproduced on Plate 61. One of the biggest extensions of the brewery made after the formation of the partnership was that southward to include the burial ground and meeting house in Deadman's Place. A lease of this ground (shown on the 1792 plan) was obtained from the Bishop of Winchester in 1781.^-^ The origin of the name Deadman's Place is unknown. It is, however, older than the burial ground since it dates back to Elizabeth's reign and perhaps earlier. ^-^ In 1613, Sir Thomas Bilson obtained a lease of the "great garden called Deadman's Place" with the tenements there and a gatehouse,i^' the latter presumably the Park Gate referred to in many documents relating to the Bishop of Winchester's Park (see p. 45). John Applebee had a brewery on part of this ground in the second half of the i 7th century. An Independent meeting house there was opened in 1640''^''^ and existed until 1788 when it was removed to a new building in Union Street. ^^'^ Two volumes giving lists of burials in the burial ground in Deadman's Place are preserved in Somerset House, the first entry being dated i 7 1 6 and the last 1837. Among the persons * Ralph was the son of Ralph Thrale of Offley, Herts., and Anna Halsey, sister of Edmund Halsey.i'^ •> Among the preachers there in the 17th century were Thomas Wadsworth (who had resigned from the rectory of St. Mary Newington in 1660'^ and whose father owned property in Globe Alley and Deadman's Place), Andrew Parsons, and Richard Baxter (author of the Saints' F.verlaiting Rest and many other works). Robert Wilkinson, in his Londina lUustrata, published in 1 8 19, confused the Deadman's Place meeting house with the one in Globe .Alley, Maid Lane, where the Rev. Charles Skelton otSciated towards the end of the 1 8th century. Actually there were two meeting houses in Globe Alley ; one, at which John Chester had a licence to preach in 1672,^'" was used for the parish workhouse between 1718 and 1727.'^^ The other, which is marked on Rocque's maps, was a little further east. It was here that Skelton preached until about 1776. The baptismal register at Somerset House runs from 1756 to 1798. The building was subsequently used for a warehouse and mill.'° A picture of it is reproduced on Plate 58. 79 BANKSIDE of note buried there was Alexander Cruden, author of the Biblical Concordance. The freehold of the site, which is now covered by the cooperage of the brewery, was purchased by the firm in 1857. The last considerable enlargement of the brewery was made in 1820 when the firm obtained a lease of the site of Potts' Vinegar Works from the Bishop of Winchester. The freehold was purchased in 1864.^^ In 1832, the greater part of the brewery, including the dwelling house in Deadman's Place, was burnt down. The premises were quickly rebuilt^^^ and some of the buildings erected at this time survive to the present day. An interesting account of the brewery is given in the Illustrated London News for 1847. SouTHWARK Waterworks Until the beginning of the 19th century, the Thames was both the source of water supply for Southwark and the depository for its sewage. The records of the Sewer Commissioners show that in the 17th century the "sweet" sewer and the "foul" sewer often had a parallel course and their openings at the river edge were side by side.^^^ In 1715 James Whitchurch obtained from the Bishop of Winchester a licence to supply the inhabitants of the Clink with river water and to lay and repair pipes in the streets for this purpose.^^ This right became vested in the Borough Waterworks Company circa 1770^"^ and the company took over a waterhouse erected by Henry Thrale a few years earlier to pump water to the brewery.^^^ The waterworks were situated near Bank End behind the Castle Inn (see p. 60) on ground leased from the Corporation of Wardens of St. Saviour's. They are shown on the plan on Plate 59. For many years the Borough High Street area of Southwark had been supplied with water from the Thames by means of two waterwheels under the bridge. By the Act of 1822^^^ for removing the waterworks at London Bridge, the London Bridge Waterworks Company was dissolved and their licence to supply water to the inhabitants of Southwark was acquired by the New River Company, which planned to raise the water by means of steam engines. Soon after the passing of the Act, however, John Edwards (later John Edwards Vaughan), the proprietor of the Borough Waterworks, bought this licence from the New River Company. By this time the Thames was anything but a pure source of supply. The London County Council has in its collection a scurrilous poem on the subject, illustrated with a lurid carica- ture by George Cruikshank. It was not until after 1834,^^^ when the South- wark Water Company was established by Act of Parliament, that reservoirs and filter beds were constructed at Battersea and the old waterworks were closed down.^^ The site is now incorporated in the brewery. 80 CHAPTER lo STONEY STREET As described in Chapter 6, the northern end of Stoney Street was formed by Thomas Walker during the Commonwealth period across the garden of Winchester House. The southern end (formerly known as Counter Street) was probably a public thoroughfare from a much earlier date, since it served as a means of approach to the "Park Gate" and the New Churchyard, etc, (see Plate 2). Several old houses existed in Stoney Street up to the end of the 19th centun,-, as, for example, the Feathers (Plate 38^) and the Wheat- sheaf (burnt down circa 1890 and subsequently rebuilt). No. 5 {formerly No. 1 7 Counter Street) This is the only old house left in Stoney Street. It was built early in the 1 8th century and is a three-storey brick building with red brick dressings and a dormer window in the roof behind the parapet. Above the first and second floor windows are plain brick string courses. The three window openings on both the first and second floors have gauged brick segmental arches with flush frames to the double-hung sashes. A modern shop extends across the whole width of the ground floor. No. 17 Counter Street (formerly the New Rents) can be traced back in the ratebooks and directories to 1770, when it was in the tenure of Foster Greenwell, brandy and hop merchant. His firm were in occupation until 1793. Subsequent tenants have been: 1805-12, Thomas Careless, corn dealer; 1 8 13-14, John Rusby; 181 5-31, George Nutman, corn and seed factor; 1808-32, Joseph Humpleby & Son, plumbers and glaziers; 1833-42, Thomas Craike, potato salesman; 1843, Thos. Binden, salesman; 1844-45, Wm. Henry Biden, potato salesman; 1847-91, Kedgley & Thorogood, potato salesmen; 1892-1916, Emanuel Levy & Co., fruit salesman; 1917 to date, Samuel E. Bates, Ltd., fruit salesmen. In 1807 the owner of the premises was a Mr. Hammond. It was owned subsequently by John Griffith Mansford. It was sold in 1872 after Mansford's death to Benjamin Kedgley and since then has been owned by the occupiers. The property has recently been purchased by the Borough Market Trustees.^** 81 CHAPTER II PARK STREET Park Street is so called because it runs across the area which was formerly the Bishop of Winchester's park (see p. 45). It includes the old street known as Maid Lane, running parallel to the river, and its continuation south and south-east, which was formerly known as Deadman's Place. Nos. 20-26 These three-storey buildings are of yellow stock brick with a deep parapet, below which is a brick dentil cornice. The window openings have flat gauged arches and recessed double-hung sashes with glazing bars. The ground floor windows have plain-panelled wood shutters. Each house has one window on each floor fronting on to the street. The doorways have semi- circular arched heads with fluted keystones and semicircular fanlights of a geometrical design (Plate 6oi^). The ground between the great garden of Winchester House and Deadman's Place (now Park Street) seems to have been enfranchised by the Bishop of Winchester at an early date. It belonged in the time of Elizabeth to Robert Brandon^^ and was subsequently divided into small plots and built upon. As stated in the account of the Anchor Brewery, the northern part of this ground was bought by Edmund Halsey early in the eighteenth century,!^^ and Henry Thrale cleared it and made it into a garden to serve his dwelling on the opposite side of the way. The ground south of the garden was bought in 1736 by Ralph Thrale and a tap house (the Royal Oak) and three tenements were built there.^^^ These are shown on the 1792 plan of the brewery. The present Nos. 20-26 Park Street were built about 1807. Barclay Perkins and Co. Ltd. are the owners, and the houses are occupied by employees of the firm. Nos. 25-31 These houses have plain brick fronts four storeys high, finished with a parapet, and relieved by an arcaded ground storey and a plain stone string course at first floor sill level. The window openings on the upper floors have flat gauged brick arches with double-hung sashes. The ground floor openings are set in arched recesses and have semicircular brick heads with the outer arches linked by plain stone springing bands. The windows retain their slender glazing bars and the entrances have semicircular fanlights with radiating bars. Reference to the plan on Plate 59 and the footnote on p. 75 will show that Nos. 31, 29 and 27 Park Street stand on part of the ground on which the Globe Playhouse was situated, while No. 25 occupies the site of Blue Anchor Passage and the Blue Anchor public house. The latter was bought by Barclay Perkins and Co. Ltd. in i 834.^^ These four houses appear to have been built circa 1835. They have remained the property of the company and have usually been let to its employees. 82 THE COLLEGE ALMSHOUSES Tablet on No. 7 On No. 7 Park Street is the stone tablet of which a sketch is given below. Thomas Cure, Master of the Horse to King Edward VI, Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth/^^ in 1579 bought from Viscount Montague the house called Waverley House and the pro- perty adjoining, all of which had belonged to the Abbot of Waverley prior to the dissolu- tion of the monasteries.* In 1584 Cure obtained Letters Patent to establish a college or hospital for poor people there, and endowed it with his newly acquired property. Waverley . House adjoined the acre of ground bought by the Church- wardens of St. Margaret's parish for a new churchyard in 1537 (see p. 10) on part of which the wardens of St. Saviour's had built six almshouses in 1580.^^ These subsequently became merged in the college. Thomas Cure died in 1588 and was buried in St. Saviour's Church. The Latin inscription on his monument there contains several puns on his THIS PAKT o OF THE LATE THOMAS CURE Esa Saddler, to Queen Euzabeth and founder of the cou.ege was r£bu1u ad 1831 John Wild Junr, Warden U^j't ).\. Jea.[& ef ^nekes name 186 The college was further endowed by Jane Hargrave, Edward Hew- lett, Dorothy Applebee and others.^^ Ten of the almshouses were rebuilt in 1820 by a contractor, J. Wilson, at a cost of ;/^2,o6o,i' on the same site.^^^ In I 863 the ground was purchased by the Charing Cross Railway Company and the almspeople were moved to new buildings at Lower Norwood. ^^^ The almshouses and churchyard were set well back from the street, but the endowments included No. 6 (The Wheatsheaf), No. 8 and No. 9 (The Harrow) on the west side of Stoney Street and Nos. 1-13 on the south side of what is now the southern end of Park Street (formerly known as Harrow Corner)^^ Part of the property between Park Street and the alms- houses was used in the i6th and 17th centuries for the manufacture of soap'^ and was called Soap Yard.<= At the beginning of the i8th century Thomas Malin was encroaching on the almshouse property to extend his brewhouse.^® A survey of the almshouses and the property belonging to them was made by George Gwilt in 18 14 and is reproduced on Plate 10. The appearance of the whole of this area was entirely altered by the formation of the railway and of Southwark Street. * The property was granted to the abbey by Peter le Constable in 1 309.^ ** A tessellated pavement of Roman date was found during this rebuilding.' ^ A lease of the "Sope howse" was granted to John Adlyn in 1587.'® 83 CHAPTER 12 UNION STREET Union Street now extends from Borough High Street to Blackfriars Road. The eastern portion was laid out under an Act passed in 1774 for making a new workhouse for the parish and for "making a carriage way from the . . . High Street, through the Greyhound Inn, into Queen Street, and for improving the passage from thence into Gravel Lane, leading towards the Black Friars Bridge Road, in the parish of Christ Church."^^^ The first intention of the vestry had been to build the workhouse at the western end of the Greyhound Inn, but this proposal fell through and the workhouse was erected in 1779-80 on a piece of ground specially bought for the purpose (on the site of Southwark Bridge Road Fire Station). ^^ The eastern end of Union Street was opened in 1781 and in the following year Union Hall was erected on the south side for meetings of the justices of the county of Surrey .^^ In 1 8 1 3 Queen Street and its continuation, Duke Street, were renamed Union Street^^ and in 1 908 Charlotte Street at the western end was also incorporated into Union Street. Red Cross Burial Ground There is a long-established tradition that the burial ground which was formerly at the north-east corner of Union Street and Red Cross Way, and which was known as the Cross Bones Burying Ground, was the burial place of the "single women" of the stews on Bankside. The only proof which has been adduced for the truth of this tradition is the fact that the ground remained unconsecrated, although from the middle of the 17th century^ until 1853 it was used as a parish burial ground. The reason appears to be, however, that the ground was held on lease from the Bishop of Winchester and that it was customary only to consecrate freehold ground.^^^ The ground was approximately 133 feet north to south and 153 feet east to west. In 1 79 1 the vestry agreed to use the south-west corner of it for a new school- house for the Boys' Charity School which was then "unhappily Situated in a Dark Alley" near Montague Close.^^ Seventy boys at this school were supported by the charity known as Collett's Gift and by voluntary subscrip- tions and twenty by the Newcomen Charity .^^ St. Saviour's Parochial Schools now occupy the whole site of the burial ground. No. 1 8 {formerly No. 8) Circa 1789 George Gwilt, the elder, surveyor to the Surrey and Kent Commissioners of Sewers, district surveyor of St. George's Parish and sur- veyor to the Clink Paving Commissioners, built several houses on the north side of Union Street, east of the burial ground.^^ He and his son occupied No. I 8 (formerly No. 8) for a number of years.^^ Here he formed a museum of local antiquities.^^ Copies of two of his drawings of Roman pottery are * In the vestry minutes for 1673 is a reference to "the newe Church yarde in the Parke." 84 UNION STREET reproduced on p. i. His house, a drawing of which is reproduced on Plate 62^, was pulled down at the end of the 19th century. Nos. 59 and 61 {formerly 175 and 174) These premises have been in the same occupation for a long period and in effect form one building. Most of it dates from early in the 1 9th century but it incorporates part of an older house which appears to have been built in the later half of the i8th century. The remains of the earlier building include a room at the rear on the first floor containing plain dado panelling and a stone mantelpiece with XAil » M':m I I r I I I I I I I fttT. moulded jambs and head with a moulded keystone on which is an incised lozenge device. On either side of the mantelpiece are tall wood cupboards similarly panelled to the dado. A dresser extends the full width and height of the east wall of the room. The early 1 9th-century brick front has flat gauged arches to the windows and a moulded stone cornice with blocking course. There is a good shop front of this date with a recessed entrance in the centre and a wide entry at the east end. A bracketed wood cornice supported on oval Corinthian pilasters extends the full width of the front. The shop entrance and the windows on each side have arched fanlights with radiating bars and orna- mental wrought-iron protective grilles below. The reveals to the shop en- trance and the lower part of the double shop doors and stallboards are panelled. There are double doors to the entry which are shaped above to a hollow curve and have plain vertical wood grilles and panelling beneath and at the sides. On the first floor are two office rooms having communicating folding doors with large circular panels and reeded architraves with rosettes in the angles. The other doors and window openings have similar surrounds and with the window shutters are panelled in the manner of the early 19th century. In the yard at the rear is an old building of four storeys in brick and timber with the top storey mainly of wood, louvred on the side next the yard. 85 BANKSIDE The interior is plain with an open timber roof covered with pantiles. The first and second floors are lighted by ranges of small pane mullioned windows, the majority being filled with knob glass. The centre part towards the yard has double-hung delivery doors to each floor. The building was designed for malting barley but is now only used for storage, the ground floor retaining the stalls of former stabling. It is in poor condition. The site of these premises originally formed part of Southwark Park Estate and of the ground leased in 1820 to Arthur Pott and others by the Bishop of Winchester. ''" In 1 8 2 1 Arthur Pott leased Nos. 59 and 6 1 , Union Street, with the ground behind and the house next door to John .AUsop.^'" The firm of Allsop, turners and brushmakers, were in occupation of the premises from ijSyuntil 1880. Their factory is marked on a plan of the Clink Liberty prepared for the Clink Paving Commissioners in 1812. The present owners, Joseph Watson & Co., yeast manufacturers, have held Nos. 59 and 61 since 1882.^^ Nos. 100— 1 12 (formerly 56-62) These houses, which vary in height, form a mid to late 18th-century group. They comprise two storeys and attic over shops. Most of them have red brick fronts with hipped dormers in tiled roofs. Some of the windows retain their flush frames. The houses are in a derelict condition through damage from enemy action and subsequent deterioration. Nos. 1 00-11 2 can be traced in the rate books back to 1748, when the existing books start. There is no indication of any rebuilding, though the houses have been much altered and shop fronts have been inserted. In the middle years of the 19th century Union Street was a centre of "the hat trade and furriers connected with this Branch of Manufacture,"^ and the directories show Samuel Cashshaw "hat manufacturer," at No. 100 in 1817-44; Steele and Foster, "hatters and furriers," at No. 102 in 1864-73 and Lincoln and Bennett, "hat manufacturers," at No. 104 in 1850-61. 86 CHAPTER 13 RED CROSS GARDENS, RED CROSS WAY In 1762 the Society of Friends, who for some years had had no per- manent place of meeting in Southwark," took a lease oi land on the W. side of Red Cross Street (now Red Cross Way), where they already had a burial ground, and built a meeting house. The former was closed for interments in I 794, but the meeting house was enlarged in i 799 and continued in use until i860, when the whole site was sold to the Metropolitan Board of Works in connection with the formation of Southwark Street. ^^^ Part of it was bought and laid out as a garden in 1887 by Julie, Countess of Ducie and others at the suggestion of Octavia Hill.^^" Small as it is, the garden is valuable as one of the few green open spaces in this very crowded area. To the south wall is attached a monument of 18th-century date bearing a coat of arms but no inscription. It probably came from one of the tombs in the burial ground.'' For a few years after 1658 the Quakers met for a time at the house of Thomas Hackleton near the Falcon. From 1674 to 1685 they had a meeting house (known as the Old Park Meeting house) on ground rented from James Ewer, who built Ewer Street, but in 1685 this building was seized by the military and turned into a guard house and it was not restored to the Quakers for several years. > After the sale of the burial ground the bodies buried there were exhumed and removed. An account of the exhumation by George Leake, the undertaker, has been preserved but he makes no mention of the monument. 87 CHAPTER 14 SOUTHWARK BRIDGE AND NOS. 1-15 SOUTHWARK BRIDGE ROAD— ANCHOR TERRACE South WARK Bridge In 1 8 1 1 a company was formed and empowered by Act of Parliament to erect "a Bridge over the River Thames from or near the Three Cranes ... in the City of London, to the opposite Bank ... in the Parish of Saint Saviour."^^^ Southwark Bridge was built in i 8 14-1 9 by Sir John Rennie and is generally regarded as having been unsurpassed as an example of the use of cast iron in bridge building. The bridge was freed from toll in 1864. In 1868 it was purchased by the City of London Corporation who had hitherto rented it. The building of the present bridge was begun in 19 12 but, owing to the war, it was not opened to traffic until 6th June, 1921. The architects were Sir Ernest George and Alfred Bowman Yeates. Anchor Terrace The 1 8 1 1 Act provided for the formation of a southern approach road to Southwark Bridge not less than 60 feet in width from Horse Shoe Alley to Blackman Street to be joined to the bridge by the formation of an arch over Bankside. Anchor Terrace (Nos. 1-15 Southwark Bridge Road, formerly Nos. 1—8) on the east side of the street was built in 1834 by Barclay, Perkins & Co., who had been among the more active promoters of the Southwark Bridge Scheme. Architectural Description Anchor Terrace is a formal group of brick houses with the ground floor in stucco. The centre portion and the two end houses are of four storeys surmounted by a cornice and panelled parapet. They project slightly from the rest, which is of three storeys. A stone band beneath the second floor 88 ANCHOR TERRACE windows is carried through to form a string course and above the second floor is a moulded cornice. There is a balcony at first floor level with stone balus- trading to the centre and end portions and iron balusters to the linking portions. In the centre is a projecting entrance porch. The ground storey has moulded round-arched openings with ornamental fanlights to the doors. No. 9 (formerly No. 5) is shown in the directories as in the occupation of Barclay & Co., from 1841 to 1843 and No. 7 (formerly No. 4) as occupied by Barclay, Perkins & Co., in 1844-48, Arthur Barclay in 1858-70, Charles Arthur Barclay in 1871-73 and Robert Barclay in 1874-89. The terrace is still in the ownership of Barclay, Perkins and Company. 89 CHAPTER 15 SOUTHWARK STREET In April 1856, the St. Saviour's District Board petitioned the Metro- politan Board of Works to form a new street between the terminus of the South Eastern Railway at London Bridge and the west end of London. 1^ Powers to carry out this improvement were obtained by the Covent Garden Approach and Southwark and Westminster Communication Act in 1857.^^^ About 400 houses were pulled down to clear the site.^^^ The street, the first to be made by the Metropolitan Board of Works, was completed in 1864, a novel feature being the formation of a subway under the centre of the road with communicating side passages to take gas, water and drain pipes and telegraph wires. ^^' Many large commercial buildings were erected on either side of the street in 1864-75, but in places the strip of land that had been purchased for the improvement was too narrow for adequate development, and the awkward angles made by the crossings with former streets gave plots of unsatisfactory shape. Architecturally many of the buildings have interest as experiments in the application of Italianate Romanesque and Gothic styles to commercial buildings, fashionable at the time, but despite much elaboration of detail, some essays in polychrome treatment in brick, stone, terra-cotta and tiles, and a sprinkling of classical motifs, the general effect of the street is disjointed and dull. No. 24 Central Buildings, of six storeys, formerly the Hop and Malt Exchange, completed in 1866 was the most imposing block to be built. It was designed by R. H. Moore. As with other buildings which escaped destruction in this street, it has been badly damaged by enemy action, but even in its present state it still impresses by its sheer bulk and repetition of detail. 90 CHAPTER 1 6 SUMNER STREET The eastern end of Sumner Street was made in 1839 to form a com- munication between Southwark Bridge Road and Great Guildford Street and was so named in compliment to John Sumner, Bishop of Winchester. The ground for this improvement was purchased from Messrs. Pott, lessees of the Bishop of Winchester, for ^,"3, 700.1^ The roadway was macadamised in 1840. In 1880^^ the name Sumner Street was extended to apply to the western end of Great Guildford Street (formerly known as the western end of Maid Lane). St. Peter's Church This church was built on ground leased from the Bishop of Win- chester by Messrs. Potts, the vinegar distillers, and given by the latter for the purpose. It was consecrated by the Bishop of Winchester on 7th November, 1839. The building was designed by Christopher Edmonds, surveyor to the Clink Paving Commissioners, and was described at the time of its erection as "a handsome, though not very richly adorned, specimen of Gothic architec- ture; . . . built of gray bricks, with stone mouldings, window frames, etc." It had sittings for about 1,200 persons. ^^^ It was entirely destroyed by enemy action in 1940. St. Saviour's Grammar School In 1559^ the wardens of St. Saviour's Church obtained Letters Patent granting a lease to them for sixty years of the rectory on condition that they should erect a grammar school for the parish within two years. One of the first entries in the vestry minutes relates to the setting up of a school "in the chorche howse late in the parryshe of seynte Margeretts" with an order that "the old chappell be hynd the chanesell shale be lett owghte toward the benyffytt of the same skoole.^^" In 1560 Richard Ryall, William Browker and others were appointed by the vestry "to examyn . . . suche Orders Rules and Constitions as by them . . . shalbe thought Requisit ... in the Contynnuance of the Free skoole in the parishe of Saint Savyors" and two years later the vestry paid ^,40 to Mathew Smyth for the purchase of the schoolhouse. This was part of the house known as the Green Dragon which is marked on the plan of 1542 (Plate 8) and which gave its name to Green Dragon Court. It had previously been known as Cobham's Inn and had belonged to Joan, Lady Cobham, who at her death in 1 370 had left legacies to St. Thomas's Hospital and to St. Mary Overy Priory.^^^ Among other endowments made to the school was the gift of the Three Tuns, later known as the George (on the site of No. 1 2 Bankside), made by Gilbert Rockett in 1587, of the Red Lyon, Borough, by Hugh Browker in 1608, and of tenements behind the Queen's Head Inn in the Borough by Gregory Franklin in 1615.''^ In 1617 John Bingham gave 91 BANKSIDE tenements in Kent Street (now Tabard Street) to endow two scholarships to the university. The school was intended for not more than lOO scholars. Views of the building near Green Dragon Court are given on Plates 41 & 42. The school remained on the same site* until 1838 when an Act^"'' was obtained to enable the governors to sell the old school and schoolhouse and to purchase a piece of land from the Bishop of Winchester, for a new building on the north side of Sumner Street next to St. Peter's Church. The school had fallen on evil days by the end of the century. It was hemmed in by factories and warehouses and its numbers had dropped to twenty-three.^^ In 1899 it was united with St. Olave's Grammar School and the Sumner Street building was used for a church day school for St. Peter's parish. It was badly damaged by enemy action during the war. The original stone tablet cut in 1562 for the old school was placed on the Sumner Street building and is still in situ on the ruins. It bears the inscription — LIBERA SCHOLA GRAM MATICALIS PAROCHIAN ORUM PAROCHIAE SAN CTI SALVATORIS IN SOVTHOWARKE IN COM SVRRIE ANNO QVARTO REGINAE ELIZABETHAE Nos. 32 and 34 Sumner Street (^formerly 16 and 18 Great Guildford Street, and 57 and 58 Maid Lane) These premises are of late 17th century date. They are of timber frame and brick construction with pantiled hipped roofs and dormers, the fronts having been rebuilt with parapets in the i8th century. The windows have flush frames. The shop fronts date from the early 19th century, that to No. 34 being slightly bowed. Both houses are now in poor condition. These two houses stand on land which was part of the Bishop of Winchester's Park. They can be traced back in the rate books to 1773. Since that date they have been in the hands of small traders. * The school was burnt down in the fire of 1676 but rebuilt in the same place. The railway arches south of St. Saviour's Churchyard now cover most of the site. 92 CHAPTER 17 ZOAR STREET AND ZOAR STREET CHAPEL In 1687 the Baptists of Southwark built^"^ a meeting house in Gravel Lane on ground held by lease from the Bishop of Winchester. At that time Gravel Lane extended northwards to the river along the line of the present Sumner Street and Hopton Street and the chapel stood on the east side of the Sumner Street section. Zoar Street was cut through beside the chapel early in the 1 8th century and presumably was so named because of it, since "Zoar" means a place of refuge or sanctuary. The street is marked on the 1 745 edition of Rocque's map. Wilkinson refers'''^ to the chapel as John Bunyan's meeting house and it is possible that Bunyan may have preached there, but as he died in 1688 his connection with it must have been of short duration. The chapel is mainly of interest because it was from the beginning used as a school and it is the earliest nonconformist school in London for which any detailed information is available. Three books of accounts for the school, for the period 1687 to 1745, are preserved at Southwark Library. They show that the original building, including galleries and seats, cost ^,2>^o and they give interesting details of the type of books and equipment provided for the school. Bibles were the only reading books before 1722 but after that date hornbooks and spelling books were bought for the juniors. Arthur Shallett was the first treasurer and all the funds seem to have been raised by dissenting ministers and Baptist congregations "in and aboute London. "^oi In I 8 19 the old meeting house was used as a workshop though the school still carried on in an adjoining building. Views of the exterior and the interior of the chapel were engraved for Wilkinson; one of the school being reproduced here (Plate 64/'). Zoar Street was rebuilt early in the 19th century. It was a typical narrow Southwark alley of that period with central gulley, and with little in the way of lighting or other amenities (Plate 64^7). The whole of it was demolished during the war by enemy action. 93 CHAPTER 1 8 PARIS GARDEN MANOR The manor of Paris Garden, which is roughly coincident with the parish of Christ Church, has been a well-defined area from the early mediaeval period. It was bounded on the north by the river and on the other three sides by a stream or open sewer which ran in a wide loop round the manor from the Old Barge House Stairs, south to what is now Surrey Row, and north again to the river near Falcon Dock. The stream may have been in part a natural feature, though it is unlikely that it was so for the whole of its length, but the earth wall which flanked it was certainly man-made. The only survival of it is the street named Broadwall, which now forms the western boundary of Christ Church parish. The whole district was several feet below high-water level and would have been unusable without the embankment walls along the river bank at Upper Ground and the sewers which carried off the water either to the river or south to St. George's Fields. Until 1 809, when the Surrey and Kent Sewer Commission obtained powers by Act of Parliament to build new main sewers,^''^ the whole area was subject to flooding whenever there was an exceptionally high tide and most of the ground was too marshy for building. Throughout the Middle Ages and until well into the 17th century the district must have presented much the same appearance as the Kent Marshes do at the present time, though from at least as early as the 14th century there was a fringe of houses along Upper Ground. From the 12th century to the i8th a water mill, known later as Pudding Mill, stood near the river bank at the east end of the manor. The mill pond is shown on the 1627 plan (see Plate 65). Pudding Mill stream, which provided the motive power for the mill, was the stream which sur- rounded the manor. For many centuries it had its exit to the river near Falcon Wharf but early in the 1 9th century it became a closed sewer. It still exists as a small drain but ceased to have any importance even for drainage purposes after the formation of new main sewers along the line of Blackfriars Road circa 18 12. Pudding Mill, together with the ditch and walls surrounding the manor, were held by copyhold and the holder was responsible for their main- tenance. There are many instances in the Court Rolls from 1461 onward of persons being presented for allowing the ditch or sewer to get stopped up, or for failure to repair either the bridges over it or the embanking walls.^"^ Similar entries occur in the minutes of the Surrey and Kent Commission of Sewers. In 1571 Mr. Downes was presented "for anoyaunce of the highe waye from the mylle dore to saynt Georges feylde by reson of the great stor of watter that his myller contynually letteth in and kepethe in to the drowninge of the quens maiestyes grounde." In 1629 the millpond was "rayled about for the saff"tie of the poore people of this liberty many of whome have heretofore beine endaingered and som ther droowned; the doing wherof cost six powndes.''^^ The manor of Paris Garden comprised a little less than 100 acres and 94 I PARIS GARDEN MANOR roughly corresponded to the hide of ground called Wideflete with a mill and other appurtenances granted by Robert Marmyon to the Abbey of Ber- mondsey in 1 1 13,^''^ and which a few years later was granted to the Knights Templars.* The name probably signified willowstream from the Old English wi)'ig = willow and fleot = stream.^"' The ground is diversely named "Wythiflete" and "Wylys" in later documents. In 1308, just before the suppression of the Order of the Templars, a survey was made of their property in Southwark. It was stated to consist of meadow land and a few acres of arable both ditched and walled; one house so dilapidated and ruined that its upkeep would cost more than it was worth; three cottages, and a number of water mills which were mostly in need of repair.^"^ In 131 1 William de Monte Alto, "keeper of the Templars' lands in Suthwerk" was ordered to repair "the walls and ditches on the bank of the Thames pertaining to the said lands,^" and in the following year he was ordered to spend ;^io in repairing the mills of the manor. In 1324 the manor, with the other possessions of the Knights Templars, was granted to the Knights Hospitallers,^ and it remained their property until 1536 when Sir William Weston, the Prior, surrendered it to Henry VIII.''"°^ The Hos- pitallers at first farmed out their Southwark property. The cartulary contains a charter dated 1337 granting four water mills "called le Temple milnes" on the river bank and a close called "the Wyles" to Joan, widow of Robert Swalclive, whose family had previously had a lease of two water mills and pasture ground there. In 1394 John Radyngton, prior of the order, and the brethren, granted all their "waste and marshy ground opposite London" to Stephen Speleman, citizen and mercer of London. It was then described as lying between the road running from "les Stywes" to Lambeth on the south and the Thames on the north. Sometime before 1420 the land was farmed out to John, Duke of Bedford, for there are extant some ordinances made by him in that year^"^ concerning "the privileged place called parish gardyn otherwise called Wide- flete or Wiles." This is the first recorded use of the name Parish or Paris Garden; no reasonable explanation of the name has been found though many conjectures have been put forward." This, too, is the first reference to the district being a privileged place or liberty, i.e. to private rights of jurisdiction there. The ordinances prescribe the conditions on which fugitives from * In a cartulary-"' of the property of the Knights Templars and the Knights Hospitallers now in the British Museum, there is a copy of a confirmation by Henry II of the grant made by the Prior and Convent of Bermondsey to the Knights Templars of "all that hide of Wideflete which abuts on the river against the new Temple, of the fee of Robert Marmyun, with the mills and men upon the same." The charter is undated and unfortunately one of the witnesses is given as "Gaufrido Archiepiscopo Cantuar." There was no archbishop of Canterbury of this name during the reign of Henry II and the authenticity of the grant is therefore doubtful. b It was made part of the dowry of Jane Seymour but was taken back into the king's hand on her death in i Jj/.* •^ The matter is discussed in detail by Charles Kingsford in his article Paris Garden and the Bear-baiting in Archaeologia, 1920, and also by Philip Norman in his introduction to The Accounts of the overseers of the poor of Paris Garden printed in the Collections of the Surrey Archaeo- logical Society. 95 BANKSIDE justice might be admitted to the liberty and the fines (payable to the lord of the manor, the seneschal or the bailiff) that should be imposed on persons committing a felony within the liberty. Presumably the property reverted to the Hospitallers after the death of the Duke of Bedford in 1435, but no further information is available until 1460 when the Court Rolls of the Manor of "Paresgarden alias wylys" begin. The records of the Court Baron (for transfers of land) are extant, with a few short gaps, from 1460 to 1 936.203 The records of the Court Leet (for the trial of offences) are much more fragmentary, but enough exist to throw some light on the conditions of the manor and its inhabitants in the 15th and i6th centuries. In the early rolls most of the persons presented for misconduct were women, common scolds, whores, or huxters who gave short measure ; the offences for which men were indicted were mainly connected with property — failure to repair buildings or wharves, or to cleanse the sewers. It is noteworthy that whereas before 1560 many offences seem to have been compounded for by a money payment, after that date there are a number of references to the cage, the cucking-stool, and the stocks as instruments of punishment. The cucking-stool for scolds was, however, in use from a much earlier period. In 1489 the tenants of the manor were ordered to put crosses on their houses "as other tenants of the prior of St. John of Jerusalem in England were accustomed to do." The prior and knights of the order do not seem to have occupied a house in Paris Garden but it seems probable that the Duke of Bedford and other lessees of the manor had built a house there for their own use. In 1505 the then prior. Sir Thomas Docwra and the brethren granted to Robert Udale, citizen and goldsmith of London, "ther' mansion place of parisgarden ... as it standeth w^n the mote ther and also ij gardens buttyng opon the said mansionplace w' the gatehouse. W iiij pastures called the powndyarde, the Conyng Garth, the Chapell Hawe, And walnot tres . . . like as oon John Hellow lately all the same held . . . And also ij other pasturs aboute the dikes ther called the Willowes, Woddes and trees opon the said pastures ther growing oonely except.^o^" Possibly a chapel once existed in the manor which gave its name to Chapel Hawe or field, but no other reference to it has been found. Early in the reign of Henry VIII, William Baseley^ acquired the lease of the mansion house. It was then falling into ruins and the grounds were flooded.^io Baseley repaired the house and lived there himself for over twenty- four years. He made it into a public gaming place with bowling alleys out of doors and "cardes, dyze and tables" indoors and obtained a royal licence to maintain it as such after the manor had been taken into the king's hands.'' The house thus began to acquire the reputation for licentiousness which culminated in the time of Charles I when it was known as Holland's Leaguer.» * William Baseley was a bayliffof the manor of Southwark in 1544.^' " See the description of Paris Garden by D. Lupton in London and the Countrey Car- bonadoed . . . 1632. "This may better bee termed a foule dene then a faire Garden . . . here come few that either regard their credit, or losse of time; the swaggering Roarer, the cunning Cheater, the rotten Bawd, the swearing Drunkard, and the bloudy Butcher, have their rendezvouz here." A woodcut 96 PLATE 65 North The ,,<s y >■ R ivfJB. OF Thames' .-^^' >-''^' vets ' s^' i Xi ' -i .ft '■• . "^ Haulc ■^.•/ , ,1 Xj ^ ifl J 1 .1 ^^r:, ' - i- ^^K". nf i^ri::}^k'%.\ li^ 3 ^'" Au(i,„ * " ft^"l2^? ' '■>■ ' ' •■■ » s .P^^iteJ-^,^ .. ,»; ^ «/3 ff ^1 4 rfi^ Priiif'S S>5 o« t 1 ^ f ? 1 VVinc/ic/tcr ^^rkt 7 <s ' 1: f ♦ « 5 ^ ' ■'' ' r^ ♦ * " Jw'X ( »" Sherlock s6^ -^ j lb //y\r\ : ? . ^ , ;'. \-j 1/ ^^t I 1/ \ > * "'■'•t'H. " jfy-'l' ttrticjnrum y * f • • , - - - . ■ ■ ■ ■ . _ ,£r7 s* Georges ^etld^ t. ^' SovrH PARIS GARDEN MANOR, 16; N PLATE 66 .};, f 1 7,„n¥.f-'„f/. ,/«., CHRIST CHURCH PARISH, 1821 I'l.ATK 67 {a) CHRIST CHURCH, 1941 {b) WATCHHOUSE, 1932 PLATE 68 CHRIST CHURCH (a) OLD PULPIT (i) INTERIOR OF CHURCH BEFORE ALTERATION, 1825 PLATI-: 69 CHRISTC HURC H .WE5T ELEVATION EAST LLEVATlON PI, A IK 70 STCHURC H SOUTH ELEVATION PLATE 71 i E C T I O N s^i-nj)4iw:^^i^- r f= PLATE 72 f COLOMBO STREET, 1906 PARIS GARDEN MANOR In 1578 Queen Elizabeth granted Paris Garden Manor to Henry Cary, Lord Hunsdon,-^^ who two years later, demised the demesne lands to Thomas Cure^^^ and the copyhold land to Thomas Taylor and Richard Piatt as trustees for the copyholders,^!^ for a period of 2,000 years. Thenceforward the copyhold land and the demesne land of the manor have separate histories. The copyholder's lease was enlarged into a fee simple under the Conveyancing Act of I 88 I, but the conditions of copyhold tenure and the ceremonial of the Court Baron continued until the abolition of manorial rights in 1936. Thomas Cure was the son of the Thomas Cure who founded the College Almshouses (see p. 83). In May, 1589, he, and his wife Christine, sold the manor to Francis Langley,-!^ with appurtenances described as four messuages, two tofts, four gardens, ten acres of land, fifty acres of meadow, thirty acres of pasture and one acre of woodland. Presumably Francis Langley lived in the manor house. He is shown in the Token Books as the occupier of a house near Copt Hall (see the 1627 plan, Plate 6^) from 1593 until 1 60 1. He built the Swan Playhouse (see p. 72), and also some tene- ments nearby and in Upper Ground close to the mill. The playhouse brought actors and hangers-on to the neighbourhood and in October, 1596 house- holders were ordered not to take lodgers into their houses without permission from the constable, and Langley was instructed to mend the cage, the cucking- stool, the pound, and the stocks. ^"^ In December, 1601, he sold the manor to Hugh Browker and Thomas, his son.^^^ The 1627 map^ shows the manor as it was in the time of Thomas Browker. All the centre part of the area, with the exception of Copt Hall,'' is of the house from a tract by Nicholas Goodman entitled Holland^ Leaguer is reproduced in Wilkinson's Londina lllustrata. As stated below, p. 98, the grounds were used in the Common- wealth period for bleaching cloth. In February 1617/ 18 the steward and copyholders of Paris Garden ordered "that a perfecte true and exacte surveye shalbe taken by the homage in the presence of the Owners and of such of the Tennantes and auncient witnesses whoe maye be gathered togeather of thextente circuite boundes and limittes of the Copieholdes of this Manor before the next generall Courte and a plott exactly and fairely made . . . that the same male remayne as a perpetuall evidence and recorde for raanifestinge of any ambiguitie or doubte that maie in future tymes arise." Thomas Aldwell, gentleman, was appointed to make the map. It was not presented until December, 1627, when Aldwell received £<^ for his pains. The map was until recently still in the possession of the steward. In 1629 the copyholders received a confirmation of their title from the Crown.^'^ ^ Copt Hall is shown as two small buildings in a long narrow piece of ground surrounded by a ditch or small stream. Copped Hall (i.e. "hall with a high roof") was a name of fairly common occurrence in the later Middle Ages. In 1468 Thomas Saunder and Margaret, his wife, were admitted as copyholders to a cottage called "Coppedhall" with a garden in Paris Garden Manor, and the subsequent history of the holding can be traced in the rolls. -"^ It was described in i 592 as "a capital messuage now divided into tenements and an orchard adjoining . . . containing one acre and three rods." In 1785 the ground "formerly called Copt Hall" was settled by George Vaughan on his future wife, Mary Bunn, daughter of Henry Bunn. A chapel and eight messuages stood on the site in what was then Church Street and John Street. The western portion of the enclosure shown on the 1627 map had already been disposed of in connection with the formation of Blackfriars Road. Church Street Baptist Chapel and the adjoining houses were bought by the London Chatham and Dover Railway Company from George Vaughan in 1S61. The chapel was pulled down in 1863 and the railway lines crossing Burrell Street now cover the site. The family vault of the Vaughans is in Christ Church burial ground (see p. 106). 97 o Hunsdon BANKSIDE _^. .^_ .^ :^ .^ ^ BrcKvker Angell shown as demesne land. The copyhold lands were on the fringe — the Upper Ground, the Broad Wall round the manor, and the triangular piece of ground at the north-east corner. The return of newly erected houses, made circa 1634 and now among the records of the Corporation of Wardens, mentions about thirty houses in the manor, with sheds, stables and other buildings. These included a brick house built on an old foundation by John Wrench in 1622 but then in the possession of Edmund Kenneday and a house, part brick, part timber, built by William Sherlock about sixteen years previously. Both these houses are shown on the 1627 map. The demesnes of the manor remained in the hands of the Browkers until 1655 when Thomas Browker and Mary, his wife, sold them to William Angell, the younger, citizen and grocer of London, for j^c^oo?^"^ The manor was then said to comprise ten messuages, eighty cottages, twenty tofts, twenty gardens, twenty orchards, ten acres of land, fifty acres of meadow, thirty acres of pasture and one acre of woodland. A large part of the property was in lease to various tenants. Angell seems to have bought the property as a speculation. =• He carried out a certain amount of building in the neighbourhood of Upper Ground and he laid out Angell Street (now Broadwall) between the Old Barge House and Melancholy Walk (now Surrey Row) along the line of Broadwall. He was living in the manor in 1680 when he was presented before the Court of Sewers "for placeing two Dams in the Sewer or Millstreame neare to his dwelling house in the parish of Christ Church. "129 The notorious Holland's Leaguer, formerly the manor house, was sold by Angell in 1660 to Hugh Jermyne, woollen draper.^i^ It was at this time in the tenure of Widow Blunden and was used for bleaching cloth. The acre of land sold with it was still "incumpassed with a moate." In addition Jermyne bought two-and-a-half acres of ground between Holland's Leaguer and Copt Hall, most of which was in use as a "whiteing ground." In the same year Angell sold about twelve acres of ground and a number of tenements near Copt Hall to William Oxton.'^^^ This property also included several "W^hitster's grounds."" Not content with selling the demesne lands, Angell sold to Oxton a piece of ground near the mill bridge and a messuage known as "the musicke house," both of which were copyhold,^!^ and part of the Broadwall to John Shorter. Apparently Angell's speculations had prospered well for in 1 677 we find him mortgaging the manor for 2,000 years to George Baron and others for ;^i, 600,212 fp^j. times what he had paid for it twenty years earlier. The manor remained in the hands of the Baron family throughout the i8th century. In 1798 Jasper Baron left it to be * He obtained a lease of part of the great garden of Winchester House at about the same time and proceeded to build on it and sub-let (see p. 48). ^ Because of the water and open space available the bleaching and fulling of cloth was carried out fairly extensively in the manor during the 17th and early i8th centuries. Rocque's maps of 1746 and 1761 show much of the area as "tenter grounds." 98 THE BROWN ESTATE divided between his son and daughter. His son, WilHam, died intestate in 1827; his daughter, EHzabeth Ann, married John King Lethbridge in 18 19 and died without issue in 1833. Both moieties therefore became vested in the Lethbridges,^^^ in whose family part of the property remains till the present day. The Brown Estate As stated above, William Angell, lord of the manor of Paris Garden, sold part of the demesne land to William Oxton of Westminster, brewer, in 1660. The condition of this land is typical of the area at the period and the description of it is therefore given at some length. ^^^ It comprised a messuage and over six and a half acres of ground in the occupation of William Fisher, together with the use of a bridge over the ditch near the south end of the orchard late of Thomas Austin, free access to the "bancke or Cawsway" called Gravel Lane, and free use of the watercourse running "to and from the Thames in the ditch . . . betweene the said . . . ground" and Gravel Lane; also a messuage containing a low room, two chambers and a garret and two and a half acres of "Whitsters ground" together with "one Cloth house, seaven Wash-houses and foure fowlding houses" in the occupation of Thomas Webb "Whitster"; also two other messuages, one of four rooms and one of two, and a piece of "Whitsters ground" separated from thefn by a quickset hedge; also two sheds, one of which was lately used for a brew- house; a yard called Bowyers Yard and three tenements adjoining; a tene- ment and wash ground at the east end of the houses in the tenure of Thomas Webb, and a messuage and piece of ground near Copthall ; half a rood of ground "inclosed with Pales and ditches" and the buildings thereon erected by Edward Bowes, deceased, in the tenure of Thomas Worrall ; four tene- ments on the west side of the passage to Copthall ; three messuages lately built by W^illiam Angell and a washing ground and folding house adjoining; and a victualling house called the " Blew Anchor " in the tenure of Bennett Edwards and a messuage and wash ground adjoining. W^illiam Oxton died in 1662 leaving^^^ most of his estate to his daughter Catherine who subsequently married Hungerford Dunch. Mrs. Dunch developed the estate to the extent of laying out Bear Lane and part of Green Walk.a22° Charles Hopton, the founder of Hopton's Almshouses and the guardian of her son and heir, Edmund, bought his ward's^^^ freehold and copyhold land in Christ Church in 1706 and at Hopton's death it passed to his cousin Thomas Jordan. -^2 In 1760 Jordan and his wife, Mary, sold the freehold property to John Pardon,--^ a well-known Southwark attorney, who was treasurer of the County of Surrey.'^''^"* Pardon died without issue in 1803. He left the bulk of his property, including the land in Christ Church and his own residence in Blackman Street, to Mary and Elizabeth Middleton and made Henry Bunn and George Theakston his executors. —^ In the same year Mary Middleton married Edward * Green Walk was the name applied in the i8th century to Hopton Street and Colombo Street and the road running east to west connecting the two, now Burrell Street. 99 BANKSIDE Bilke and in the marriage settlement^^o j^g^ j-g^l estate is described as a moiety of all the land of the late John Pardon with the messuages thereon in Charles Street, Pit Street, Thurlow Street, George Street, William Street, Bear Lane, Union Place, Green Walk, Church Street, Green Street, the New Road (i.e. Blackfriars Road) and the "Octagon Chapel, now used for divine worship by the Rev. Rowland Hill," together with the house in Blackman Street and land in Kent. Elizabeth Middleton did not marry and at her death in 1830 she left her moiety of the estate in trust for her sister Mary Bilke and her niece Mary Elizabeth, wife of Edward Brown of Collumpton. Brown's Estate was formed into a company in 1 899.2^" The property then comprised Nos. 41 and 42 Nelson Square (see p. 129), Nos. 22 to 32 and 37 and 38 Bear Lane, Nos. 30 to 36 Blackfriars Road, No. 231 Borough High Street (formerly 5 Blackman Street), Nos. 33 to 43 Charlotte Street together with the Thurlow Works and the Surrey Works (formerly Surrey Chapel) (see p. 1 1 9), and another two houses there, Nos. 15 to 23 (odd) Burrell Street and Nos. 72 to 80 (formerly i to 5) Collingwood Street (see p. 125), Nos. 14 and 19 to 25 and the artisans' dwellings Nos. 15 to 18 Gambia Street (formerly William Street), Nos. 1-17 Scoresby Street (formerly York Street), Nos. i to 18 and 42 to 56 George Street (now Dolben Street) (see p. 127), Nos. 10 to 18 (even) and 31 to 37 (odd) Price's Street, Nos. 2 to 4 Chancel Street (formerly 43, 44 and 47 Price's Street), Nos. 14 and 15 Thurlow Street and the Industrial Dwellings erected in 188 i on the site of other houses in Thurlow Street and of Nos. I to 5 Puddy's Court, Nos. 6, 8, 33, 31, 29 and 27 Edward Street (formerly 5—10 Union Place). More detailed accounts of such of these premises as are of interest are given on the pages indicated in brackets. 100 CHAPTER 19 CHRIST CHURCH In 1627 John Marshall, gentleman, of Axe Yard (see p. 31), made his will leaving his tenements in Axe Yard and Borough High Street, and his lands in Newington and St. Georee's Fields and elsewhere to trustees for various charitable purposes. Among other things they were to raise from his property the sum of /"700 and use it for the erection of a new church to be called "Christ Church" with a convenient churchyard in some part of St. Saviour's parish or wherever else they should think fit. He desired that the cost of procuring an Act of Parliament for its erection should be defrayed out of his propertv and that "the choice of the minister to be placed in the said church should be and continue in his said trustees, their heirs and assigns, for ever, and in no other." Lands and tenements to the value of £60 a year should be purchased to endow the church.^^ John Marshall was the son of John Marshall, white baker and citizen and tallow chandler of London,--^ a vestryman of St. Saviour's Church in 1601 and subsequent years. John Marshall senior died in 1625. In his will he left forty shillings each to his co-governors of the free school of St. Saviour's for rings, and the bulk of his property to his wife Elizabeth and his children and grandchildren. John Marshall junior died in 1631 and was buried in St. Saviour's Church. No immediate action was taken to carry out his wishes concerning the new church. The times were unsettled and the puritans were in the ascendant. It was not until 1663 that any further move was made in the matter. In that year an inquisition was taken under a commission of charitable uses by which it was found that John Marshall died without male issue and that all the executors and trustees named in his will were dead with the exception of Sir Samuel Brown, one of the judges of the Common Pleas "who was grown aged, and not at leisure to attend to the trusts; that many of the tenants were in arrear, and that many of them had paid no rent at all; . . . that many of the houses had fallen down, or were not inhabited."^® It was decreed that Sir Samuel Brown should convey the premises lett by John Marshall to Edward Bromfield and twelve others as trustees to the uses of his will and it was further provided that when six of the feoffees should die the remaining seven should execute a new conveyance to the use oi themselves and six other persons, upon the same trusts. Prior to the dissolution of the monasteries, the inhabitants of the manor of Paris Garden were, like their neighbours in the Clink Liberty, parishioners of St. Margaret's Church. From 1540 onwards they were included in St. Saviour's parish but by the middle of the i 7th century the population had increased sufficiently to justify the erection of a separate church. William Angell, the lord of the manor, who was developing the neighbourhood, offered to give the necessary ground if the trustees would build the new church in the manor. In spite of the objections raised by the authorities of St. Saviour's, this was agreed and in 1671--^ the land was conveyed and the building started. By an Act of Parliament of lOI Man ha! I BANKSIDE 22 and 23 Charles II, cap. 28 (private), the manor of Paris Garden was made into a separate parish to be called Christ Church. The church was consecrated on 17th December, 1671, by John Dolben,228 Bishop of Rochester, William Gearing being the first incumbent. The vaults under the chancel, built by William Angell, were reserved to the use of him and his heirs for ever. The steeple and spire were not completed until 1695, when a special ^^(-(■229 ^^g obtained for the purpose. John Aubrey described^^^ the church as being "a strong well-built Brick Pile" 75 feet long, 51 feet broad and 26 feet high. "The Steeple (wherein are eight very tunable Bells, given by so many Gentlemen of this Parish) is one hundred and twenty five Foot high." "The Roof is supported by Tuscan Pillars, and the Nave is wains- coated round about six Foot and a half high with Deal, and pewed partly with that, and partly with Oak. . . . The Chancel is four Steps higher than the Nave of the Church, and at the East End is a fair Altar-Piece finished in 1696, where are the Decalogue, Lord's Prayer and Creed, in Gold Letters on a blue Ground. . . . On a Gallery at the West End is this Inscription : This Gallery was built at the Charge of Sir RICHARD HOW, Knight and Alderman of the Citty 0/ London, in the Tear 1670 In the South He, over the Fount, on a black Tablet, is this In- scription : This Font and Pew, and the Communion Plate was the Gift o/ James Reading, Esquire " The provision made under Marshall's will for the endowment of the church proved insufficient for the payment of /^6o a year to a minister and the Act of 1695 contained a clause enabling the inhabitants to make rates for this purpose. Other gifts to the parish include ^^40 and a piece of ground on which to build a house, given by Sir John Shorter in 1688, and £^0 each from Sir Barnett Degome (in 1685) and from Mr. Augustus Martin (in 1701).^^ The ground on which the church was built was, like most of the manor, very marshy. Apparently insufficient care was given to the drainage of the site and the laying of the foundations of the buildings for in 1721 Mr. Lade reported that the church, though only fifty years old, was "in a very decaying Condition, both withinside and without"; that the Church- yard was too small for the "Increase of the Inhabitants" and "that the Ground lies now almost as high as the Windows of the said Church, [and] . . . the Graves both within and without the said Church are filled with 102 CHRIST CHURCH Water as soon as they are dug."^^" Nothing was done for several years, but in 1738 the Marshall trustees obtained a further Act to enable them to pull down and rebuild the church and to enclose a piece of ground which they had recently purchased for an additional burial ground. The new burial ground was formed from a piece of copyhold land which had previously been used as a garden. It was surrendered""'^ in Decem- ber, 1735, '^y John Morris of Christ Church, gentleman, and was described as being "late in the occupation of . . . William Oliver lying on the North side of the parish Church. . . . And on the South side of Garden ground ... of Adam Cane Gardiner And extending westward from the stakes and markes driven into the ground at the East end thereof to the Street there called Bennet Street." Its measurements were given as 74 feet 4 inches from east to west and 167 feet on the south side. The new church was built between 1738 and 1741. It was described by Manning and Bray in 18 14 as being built of brick and consisting "of a Nave and two Ailes; the Chancel elevated two steps above the floor of the Church. The length is 72 feet, breadth 51. At the East [sic] end is a Tower, in which are eight bells. The whole is very plain, but neat. ... At the West end is a Gallery, in which is an Organ given to the Parish in 1789 by Mr. William Boyse a Surgeon in the Royal Navy, who also gave 500 1. Stock in the Three per Cent Consols for a salary to the Organist. The roof of the Church not being high enough to admit the top of the Organ, an aperture was made in the cieling to receive it. In the East window are the Arms of England . . . oi th.e Set oi Winchester\ and of Mr. M^r5/^«//the founder."^^^ In I 8 16 the powers of trustees to make rates were further increased by Act of Parliament and in the following year an Act was obtained for enlarging the churchyard. The preamble stated that "there is a public Footway over and through the said Church Yard, leading from Great Surrey Street ... to the South End of Bennet Street, and over the Graves in the said Church Yard, whereby . . . [it] is exposed to Inroads and Depreda- tions, and the Graves therein routed up, trampled upon, and injured by idle and disorderly Persons, and by Dogs and Swine." Authority was given tor the purchase of certain grounds and buildings, the transfer of the footpath and the enclosure of the churchyard with a brick wall and fence. By the removal of the houses Nos. 27-31 Great Surrey Street, the church was laid open to that street (now Blackfriars Road). Previously the regular approach to the church had been by Bennett Street.-^^ The surrender of the extra ground to the trustees of the Burial Ground Act was made in the manor court held in October, 18 19. LIST OF RECTORS" A.D. William Gearing 1671 Thomas Felstead 1689 George Vannam 1 7 1 1 James Finlay I7'3 Edward Jackson 175 1 103 BANKSIDE A.D. John Burrows 177° Thomas Ackland 1787 James Henry Mapleton 1808 George Lewis 1848 Joseph Brown 1849 Henry Desborough 1867 Alfred de Fontaine 1876 Edgar James Baker 1900 Reginald Samuel Vosper-Thomas . . . .1919 Thomas Smylie '935 Allan James Weaver 1948 Architectural Description As a result of incendiary bombing in April, 1941, the church was completely gutted by fire and is now merely a shell. The nave has walls of stock brickwork with a stone modillioned cornice surmounted by a low brick parapet, rusticated stone quoins and pedimented brick gable ends. The side windows are in two tiers, the upper with semicircular arches and the lower segmental, both with stone moulded architraves with spaced projecting blocking stones and keystones. The west tower is of brick with rusticated stone quoins at the angles and is of three stages separated by plain stone bands ; the belfry windows to the upper stages are round-headed with plain stone surrounds, imposts and keystones. The tower was surmounted by an octagonal clock turret and cupola in wood which were destroyed in the fire. 1757 IS73 I ago A thorough restoration of the church was carried out in 18 70-1. The interior was remodelled, the galleries were altered and the old high- backed pews were replaced by low ones. Even more extensive alterations were made in 1890— i. 104 CHRIST CHURCH A square-ended chancel of two bays was added by C. R. Baker King in place of a shallow triple apse erected some twenty years earlier. It is in a Romanesque manner, of brick with stone dressings, and has a two- storey organ chamber on the north side, and one-storey vestries on the south. The latter have been repaired and are in use. The east end of the church has three round-headed windows surmounted by a pediment containing a niche with a statue of Christ; in the spandrils of the windows are four carved stone medallions symbolizing the Evangelists. The north and south galleries, which had been added in i8i i^^^ were removed in 1891, and side aisles were formed by the construction of stone arcades of five bays supported on Corinthian columns. The earlier single- span ceiling was replaced by a barrel vault. The rear gallery extending the full width of the church was retained at the west end. Further repairs including the underpinning of the walls, were carried out in 1908." As a temporary measure a wall has recently been inserted between the chancel and the nave, and the chancel has been restored so that it can be used for services. An old iron chest stands in the church. "O n E3 O" _p n n EL !^J"m^-m m^-m^-^^-/--. GALLEfLY PLAN CR.OUND fLOOd. PLAN P/a// of Christ Church in 1 939 The parish watch-house, built in 1 8 1 9, stood in the churchyard until its demolition in 1932. It was a plain brick building of two storeys divided by a slightly projecting stone string course and with a simple stone cornice. The building had three bays, the centre one being slightly recessed. The two end bays had flat stone pediments. A stone tablet inscribed "Christ- Church Watch-House. MDCCCXIX," formerly over the central doorway, has been preserved and stands in the garden adjoining the present rectory. There are a number of tombstones in the churchyard, some flat, some ^ In 1895 it was found that the heat from the boiler had melted the lead of coffins which had been placed in the crypt some tliirty-five years previously. 652 bodies had to be removed to Woking.^* 105 BANKSIDE upright. Many have become so defaced by weathering and soot that they are illegible. The most imposing is a large table tomb of the Vaughan family, the inscriptions on which are as follows — East face South face North face IN MEMORY OF GEORGE VAUGHAN, ESQ'" WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE NoV 27''' I780, AGED 64 YEARS. LIKEWISE Mr« ELIZABETH VAUGHAN, WIFE OF THE ABOVE, WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE jAN''y 6'" 1789, AGED 71 YEARS. ALSO M" MARY VAUGHAN,a WIFE OF Mr GEORGE VAUGHAN, SON OF THE ABOVE WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE, NoV I I '" I 786, AGED 31 YEARS. IN MEMORY OF ISAAC VAUGHAN, ESQ^e WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE Nov 18"' 1825, AGED 76 YEARS. IN MEMORY OF GEORGE VAUGHAN ESQ'« WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE FEB^y 7"> 1828, IN THE 73'''' YEAR OF HIS AGE. ALSO TO THE MEMORY OF M'B ELIZABETH VAUGHAN, RELICT OF THE ABOVE, WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE May 2°'* 1852, AGED 80 YEARS. West face IN MEMORY OF ELIZABETH VAUGHAN born Jan^v 6tM 798 died Jan^v 25"! 1803 ISAAC OcTf 7th 1801 July i i'" 1802 ISAAC JOHN June le" 1803 Feb'v 7'" 1804 CATHARINE Oct' 28"> 1806 Aug^' 9tM8o8 children of GEORGE and ELIZABETH VAUGHAN. This was the daughter of Henry Bunn (see p. 97 n.) 106 CHRIST CHURCH MARY SANCTON— BORN MARY VAUGHAN foundress OF M- Vaughan's Charity* DIED 2°'' November 1865 GEORGE VAUGHAN— DIED 7th October 1874 HENRY VAUGHAN— DIED the CHILDREN OF GEORGE AND ELIZABETH VAUGHAN (I (- (3 (4 (S (6 (7, (8 (9: (12 (■4 Among the other legible stones are the following — Isaac Kelso?, younger son of Humphrey and Ann Kelso? "of this parish, late of Goodman's Fields, gunstock maker." (Upright stone, much worn.) Thomas Preston "of this parish," 1788, and his 2 wives Sibbella(d. 1783) and Elizabeth (d. 18 12). (Upright stone, much worn.) Joseph Boyd (i 845). (Upright stone with a draped urn in relief over the inscription.) Thomas Fort, son of Thomas and Martha Ann Fort (1822) "aged II years and 12 days," also Alfred Fort his brother (1826), John Fort (1837) and William Fort (1842). (Flat marble slab.) Mrs. Catherine Thorn (i 824) and her husband Thomas Thorn (i 844). "Mr. John Hunt's Family Vault." Martha Smith (1832) and her husband James Smith (1833). (Stone slab.) Captain Thomas Eyre Hinton R.N. (1829) and his wife Phoebe (1832) and grandson Charles Petty Hinton (1843). (Marble slab covering vault.) Ann Cooper (1784) and John Cooper (1800). (Upright stone badly worn.) Lucy Ann Thorn (1822), her daughter Louisa Ann Thorn (1824) and her husband Joseph Thorn "of the Parish of Lambeth" (1827). (Marble slab.) Samuel Rust (1826). (Flat yellow brick box tomb.) Sarah Burton (1785) and her husband Joseph Burton (18 17) and their children Thomas Hancock Burton (18 18) and Jane (18 19) and two sons who died in infancy. (Slab.) Thomas Snuggs Sharp "of this parish" (1837) and Barbara Sutton his niece (1844). (Stone slab.) John Lloyd "of this parish, Millwright and Engineer" (1836) and Charlotte Elizabeth Lloyd (1842). (Flat marble slab.) * Mary Sancton by her will dated 6th June, 1863, bequeathed ;^"2 5,000 in trust to pay a weekly allowance to 24 poor women of 60 years and over dwelling in the parish of Christ Church; the gift to be known as "Mrs. Vaughan's Charity" in memory of her mother. Henry Vaughan, who was appointed one of the first trustees, subsequently founded almshouses in Gravel Lane for the recipients of Mrs. Vaughan's charity.'' The almsvvomen were removed circa 1907 to Feltham Hill Road, Ashford, Middlesex. The original building is now known as Nelson House. It is owned by British Railways and let in flats. 107 CHAPTER 20 UPPER GROUND AND BODDY'S BRIDGE Upper Ground is the oldest thoroughfare in Christ Church parish. It is the descendant of the path which from the Norman period, and perhaps earlier, ran along the inside of the embanking river wall; and it still retains the narrowness and the twists and turns characteristic of a country lane. Before the formation of the railway it extended eastward across Blackfriars Road as far as Bankside." At the eastern end it bridged the mill stream which flowed from the mill pond (on the site of the junction of Hopton Street with Gravel Lane) to the Thames. The sewer or stream feeding the mill pond ran along the south side of Upper Ground and thence in a circular course round the manor. At the west end Upper Ground extended, as it still does, to Broad- wall. During the Tudor and early Stuart periods, and perhaps earlier, the King's Barge House occupied the piece of land to the north-west of Upper Ground. This, however, appears to have been a part of Prince's Meadow and not to have been included in the manor of Paris Garden though it is now in Christ Church parish. Both the Barge Houses and Pudding Mill are clearly shown in the map of the northern part of Paris Garden, referred to in Manning and Bray's History of Surrey, and now in the possession of Mr. R. A. Bell. The Barge House is now only commemorated in the narrow alley leading out of Upper Ground and over steps to a landing stage on the river strand — the successor of the "stairs near the Barge House" shown on the 1627 map (Plate 6^). Most of the land on the north side of Upper Ground was copyhold and was built on from a very early date. The making of Blackfriars Road and the opening up of the neighbourhood drew attention to the dirty and almost impassable state of Upper Ground. In 1791 an Act-^* was passed "for paving, cleansing, lighting, watching, widening, regulating and improving" it, and Commissioners were appointed with power to widen the street at either end, to number the houses, provide beadles and a watch house, and to clean and water the roadway. No. 26 Upper Ground No. 26 Upper Ground is a three-storey house of simple design in brick, with a plain stone band at first floor sill level. The windows to the first and second floors have flat gauged arches, while those on the ground floor have round heads set in semicircular arched recesses. All the window frames on the front retain their small panes and glazing bars. The entrance is deeply recessed with a semicircular arched head in brick and the sides and soffit are panelled in wood. This house was built (probably just after the improvement to the street made under the Act of 1 791) by Edward Lefort and his sons, who established a barge and boatbuilding business on the north side of Upper Ground near Bull Alley. Edward Lefort was admitted to the copyhold of * There is now a subway under the railway line from Blackfriars Road to Bankside. 108 UPPER GROUND AND BODDY'S BRIDGE 12 9 6 3 O I I I I I Doorway to No. 26 Upper Ground a wharf and ground therein 1803.-"^ His son William Lefort died in 1821 and in his will mention is made of extensive rebuilding carried out at the premises in Upper Ground Street. Subsequent owners of the propert)' were John Barnard, timber merchant (i 826), Wm. Lee & Sons, lime-burners (1849), and Thomas Reeve Denny k Sons, corn merchants and rice millers (1887 to date). The property was enfranchised in i889.-'''' The Angel Public House No. 41 on the south side of Upper Ground stands on the site of a much older building. William Warner of the Angel in Upper Ground issued a trade token in 1669,-''^ and it seems probable that the house had then been recently named in compliment to William Angell, lord of the manor. The present building dates from the middle of the 1 9th century. Boddy's Bridge Boddy's Bridge, a small turning on the south side of Upper Ground, is now closely hemined in by high buildings. To the east of it is an oblong paved court approached only by steps from Boddy's Bridge. The houses round the court are now derelict. The court must originally have been similar 109 BANKSIDE in appearance to Queen's Arms Court, which formerly opened out of Upper Ground to the west of Boddy's Bridge and of which an early 1 9th-century view is reproduced on Plate 80^. Nos. 10, 12 and 14 Boddy's Bridge are two-storey houses with dormers. Nos. 12 and 14 are of red brick with a plain brick string course below the first floor windows. No. 10 has been refaced. The tiled roofs are of the mansard type, the upper slope being of pantiles. The two first floor windows to No. 14 retain their original sashes and glazing bars in flush frames; others are recessed and that on the first floor of No. 10 is a modern casement (Plate 79^). In a list of newly built tenements circa 1634** mention is made of a brick and timber tenement "builded by Richard Boddy" in 163 1 on a new foundation on the land of Thomas Browker, i.e., on part of the demesne land of the manor of Paris Garden. Presumably Richard Boddy bridged over the sewer in front of the house for in the Token Books from 1630 to 1642 there are entries referring to him as living by "Bodyes Bridg" in Upper Ground. Richard Boddy's grandson, John Boddy, "waterman," died in 1703/4 leaving his freehold property by Boddy's Bridge and his copyhold tenements on the north side of Upper Ground to his sister Rachel Graves and her son John as residuary legatees. ^^^ A court with houses on either side and a bridge over the sewer to Upper Ground is marked on Morden and Lea's map of 1682 on the site of Boddy's Bridge, but is not named. It is shown and named on Rocque's map (Plate 2). Several of the existing houses in Boddy's Bridge appear to date from the early years of the i8th century. They were probably built either by John Graves or by George Sterry his nephew, who inherited the property in 1722.^"'' no CHAPTER 2 1 HOPTON STREET (FORMERLY GREEN WALK) On the map of 1627, a triangular piece ot copyhold land enclosed on two sides by Gravel Lane is shown as in the tenure of Mr. Austin. This was William Austin, son of James Austin, dyer, who was admitted to the copyhold of a garden and orchard and several tenements in 1 ^<)6.^'^^''^ Towards the end of the 1 7th century a path was made across this land from the Mill Pond in Upper Ground to Christ Church, which became known as Churchway or Green Walk. In 1699, Austin Oldesworth, acting on behalf of William Austin, junior, the heir of the property, sold the ground on the east side of the way to James Price and John Morgan. "^"^ They proceeded to build on the ground and in February, 1 700/1, John Morgan applied to the Commissioners of Sewers for permission to cover over the "foule Sewer or deadhead on the backside of his houses in Green walk. "^"^ These houses were pulled down forty years later for the erection of Hopton's Almshouses (see below). On the ground immediately north of Morgan's, James Price built two houses, one of which was occupied by Samuel Clark, schoolmaster, who had a schoolroom behind them. In 1713 these houses, and the surrounding garden, were bought by the parish for the formation of Christ Church Charity School. ^2^^ The school remained on this site until i 897. Its modern successor is in Bear Lane. No. 6 1 Hopton Street {formerly 9 Green Walk) James Price also held the ground north of the school and on this he built a number of houses including five on either side of a passage running eastward from Green Walk which became known as Knight's Court. The houses must have been finished by 1 703 for in December of that year Price obtained permission to arch over the sewer in front of them from Mr. Morgan's premises to the Mill Pond.^^^ In 1720 Edward Knight obtained the copyhold of the messuage which he then occupied in Green Walk and the five messuages behind it.'^'^^ Knight's house, later known as No. 9, Green Walk, and now as No. 61 Hopton Street, remains substantially as it was when it was built, and is, in fact, the oldest house left in Christ Church parish. At Edward Knight's death * William .'\ustin died in 1633/4 and was buried in St. Saviour's Church where he has an elaborate monument. His mother married as her second husband Sir Robert Gierke, Baron of the Exchequer. Lady Clark's Yard was named after her. •> The school was founded under a bequest of Thomas Johnson, pinmaker, who in 1707 bequeathed [fio to establish a Charity Writing School for six poor housekeepers' boys. .\ board of trustees consisting of John Riches, Josiah Boyfield, John Ncale, Daniel Powle, William Jackson, Elborowe Glentworth, John Arnold and William Smith, was formed in 171 1. In May of that year they decided that 20 poor boys should be clothed and put to school. Girls were admitted in 17 19, it being urged in their favour that they would be "Enabled not only to make their own Shifts Caps and Bands, and knitt their own Hose, but likewise to doe the same for the Boys . . . which will save near as much as their Schooling will cost."^^" A minute and account book of the trustees covering the years 171 1 to 175 1 is now in the keeping of the headmaster of the school. I I I Austin BANKSIDE his children sold the copyhold to William Barnard, lighterman, who devised it to his sister, Ann Hutton, and her son, George Hutton. In 1761 George Hutton "of Newington, Surrey," sold the copyhold to Henry Bunn, and, from him, it passed in 1840 to his grandson, Henry Bilke. By that date there were eight houses in Knight's Court. Later owners prior to the enfranchise- ment of the property in 1924, were Henry Parry Liddon, James Epps and his descendants, and King & Jarrett, Ltd. Architectural Description The house comprises two storeys, attic and cellar. It is of red brick with a tiled roof and wood eaves cornice. The entrance doorcase is in wood with flanking pilasters and carved scroll brackets supporting a flat moulded hood, which is continued as a cornice above the ground floor windows. The windows have sashes with glazing bars and frames almost flush with the wall face; those on the ground floor have wood shutters. In the roof is a five-light dormer window with casement frames and glazing bars. Most of the original wrought-iron railings and the gate and overthrow remain, but portions have been recently renewed or reforged. The ground and first floor rooms have plain wood panelling with cornices and some moulded ceiling beams. The tenants of No. 61 in so far as they can be ascertained were: Circa 1720, Edward Knight (a trustee of the Charity School); 1744, Henry Batterson, bricklayer (treasurer of the Charity School); 1761, Samuel Reynolds; 1840, James Cantel; 1866-82, William Holmes; 1895, Mrs. Eliza Reynolds, vellum binder; Samuel Henry Sterck; 1908, Fanny Smith; 1924, Joseph Smith. Hoptons Almshouses Hopton's Almshouses were built in 1752 by trustees appointed under the will of Charles Hopton. Little is known about the founder. He was born circa 1654 and was admitted in infancy to the freedom of the Fishmongers' Company. He was resident in Golden Square, Westminster, in 1697,* and from 171 1 until his death in 1731 he lived on the north side of Petty France in the parish of St. Margaret, Westminster.^" He does not seem to have lived in Southwark at any time. He was, however, admitted in 1706 as a copy- holder of the piece of ground near the Pudding Mill previously held by Edmund Dunch, to whom he had been appointed steward or guardian under the will of Catherine Dunch (died 1697).^"^ It may be noted that Catherine Dunch was the daughter of William Oxton, brewer, who had a grant of several acres of the demesne land of Paris Garden from William Angell (see p. 98). Hopton does not appear to have married. He left222 j^jg freehold and copyhold lands in Christ Church parish to his cousin Thomas Jordan, and, after a number of legacies to friends and charities, the remainder of his property to his sister, Elizabeth, and after her death to trustees for the establish- ment of almshouses in Christ Church. Elizabeth Hopton died in 1739^" and Robert Ozler of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, Gentleman, died in 1698, leaving all his property to his cousin Charles Hopton of Golden Square, Westminster, on trust to spend ,^300 on the erection of a school in Low Leyton. Charles Hopton and John Strype, the historian, were among the governors of the school.^'* 112 I I PLATE 73 i^r^niiy 11* ^ ''i i g' IIOI' TON'S ALMSHOUSES. (</) Circi 1S50, (/j) 1934 PLATE 74 PLAN OF HOPTON'S ALMSHOUSES PLATE 75 tillHM.UKm{ m I JTHBJfflJlrv o H U tu miHiiii 13 I I , :E5JtT=i:i D 1 n o < u o U CO z g < > I— I w a:; o Q Q < ctj O to W pq C/3 W D O ac < z o H O PLATK ^6 EAST ELEVATION NORTH ELEVATION . — I — Al — 11 — SOUTH ELEVATION _I 1 1 I r I J £_J t_ > MOULDING DETAILS %/ea (t 9f fiti /vf e4 vaAu>nf . . .^ . .>, . .t . .r. .r. .•, HOPTON'S ALMSHOUSES. DETAILS OF TRUSTEES' .COMMITTEE ROOM PLATE 77 HOPTON'S ALMSHOUSES. LIVING ROOM PLATE 78 o o o u z o I- u ID t/5 O o ^ Q H W W »J H :^ o H Oh o I'J.ATK 79 ON Q O D C-l 6 9 3 I y. PLATE 80 -^ipaafli.i III MMr M <ryimm\| i (.0 FALCON GLASS WORKS, 1827 lb) QUEEN'S ARMS COURT, 1825 i'i,ArK 8 1 (a) BRITISH PLATE GLASS WAREHOUSE NEAR BLACKFRIARS BRIDGE, am/ 1800 (^) INTERIOR OF THl-: SLTRREY INSTITUTION, 1809 PLATE 82 No. 7, BLACKFRIARS ROAD, 1947 Pr.ATE 83 ^CALC or rcET No. 74, Bl.ACKl-RIARS ROAD PLATE 84 Qi) Nos. -75-78, BI^ACKFRIARS ROAD, 1947 (i) Nos. 134-139, BLACKFRIARS ROAD, 1946 I HOPTON STREET in 1743 her brother's trustees, WilHam Shaw, Richard Farwell and Alexander Haselar and the Vicar and Churchwardens of Christ Church, purchased from John Morgan, cordwainer, a piece of copyhold ground and "All Those five Messuages . . . with the Outhouses, Yards, Gardens and Peice of Ground to them . . . belonging, Situat . . . near the Green Walk in the Upper Ground . . . and all that peice of Ground called the Back Orchard and also all Those Eight Messuages . . . Scituate ... on the Eastward Side of the Green Walk . . . (which) at the North End . . . abutt upon a Messuage . . . belonging to the Trustees of the Charity School . . . now in the occupation of Samuel Clark, Schoolmaster, and at the South End . . . abutt partly on a Messuage . . . called the Joseph's Dream, the Estate of John Minshaw, Gentleman, and in other part on Garden Ground belonging to — Price. '"^"^ In March, 175 1/2, the Court Rolls record that the trustees "have pulled down ... all the Buildings standing on the said Premisses at the time of their . . . Admission And have Caused to be Erected . . . Twenty Six new Brick Messuages . . . And a Messuage designed for ... a Committee Room And have Surrounded . . . the same with a New Brick Wall." The total expenditure on the houses and ground was about ^^2700.^^ At the first committee meeting held on lothjuly, 1752, 26 poor persons were chosen to occupy the houses. Almsmen were allowed to marry but the original rules were framed to prevent children of the almsmen becoming chargeable to Christ Church parish. Each almsman was to receive a chaldron of coals and a payment of not less than £6 a year. This was subsequently increased to a payment of 2 is. 8d. a month and coal.-^- In 1825 two additional almshouses were built for the trustees by Samuel Rust, builder. No. 20 is now used for a library and common room.'- Detail of Staircase, Hopton's Almshouses 242 Architectural Description The almshouses consist of a continuous range of two-storey cottages 113 Q BANKSIDE on three sides of the central lawn with trees and paved paths. The buildings are of brown brick with chamfered stone rusticated quoins and tiled roofs with moulded eaves course. Each cottage consists of a ground floor sitting- room entered directly from the courtyard with a single room above. The two rooms are connected by a small dog-leg staircase with turned balusters. In the centre of the middle or eastern range and slightly projecting is the Trustees' Committee Room, with a brick pediment and stone moulded coping extending the full width of the projection. It has a central entrance door set in a stone surround with consoles supporting a moulded cornice. Over the doorway is a stone panel with pediment and side scrolls inscribed "Chas. Hopton, Esq., sole founder of this Charity, Anno 1752." On each side is a semicircular headed window with stone pilaster jambs, moulded archivolts and plain keystones. The internal walls of the committee room are panelled in pine to their full height and finished with enriched modillion cornice, frieze, architrave, skirting and dado rails. The chimneypiece consists of a wood mantel with bold shouldered architrave, pulvinated frieze and cornice, above which is a large panel. The six-panel door is surrounded by a moulded architrave, pulvinated frieze and cornice. Nos. I and 2, and 27 and 28 were demolished by enemy action in April and May, 1941, and Nos. 3, 4 and 5 were seriously damaged. In planning the rebuilding the trustees propose to preserve the original appear- ance of the buildings while making provision for a communal kitchen and common room for the use of the old people, with living accommodation above. The Falcon Glass Works These works were erected at the northern end of Hopton Street, at its junction with Holland Street, late in the i8th century by the firm of Pellatt &c Green (later Apsley Pellatt), partly on copyhold ground which had formerly belonged to James Austin, and partly on the site of the Millpond (see p. 108). The building now covering the site still follows the curve of the pond at its northern end (Plate 80.3). In 1 743 the Surrey and Kent Sewer Commissioners amerced John Boyfield for not "Casting Cleansing and Scowering the Pudding Mill Pond" adjoining to his premises at the Falcon. The pond is marked on Rocque's map of 1760, but was built over before the compilation of the first edition of Horwood's map (1794—99). In 1826 the jury of Paris Garden Manor pre- sented a report that "the stench arising from the Pudding mill stream below the Glass House of Messrs. Pellatt and Greens" was a common nuisance.^^ The stream was covered in soon after. 114 CHAPTER 22 BLACKFRIARS BRIDGE AND BLACKFRIARS ROAD In 1756 the Mayor, Aldermen and Commons of the City of London obtained authority by Act of Parliament'^'^ to build a bridge at Blackfriars, the third bridge across the Thames to be erected in the I>ondon area. It was designed by Robert Mylne. The first pile was driven in 1760; it was made passable as a bridle way in 1768 and was opened to traffic in 1769. It was made free of toll in 1785. Mylne's bridge lasted just over 100 years. Its decay was hastened by the increased scour in the bed of the river following the rebuilding of London Bridge. The present Blackfriars Bridge, which was designed by Joseph Cubitt, was commenced in 1864.'^^ The Act of 1756 gave powers to form approaches to the bridge but they were considered insufficient and in 1768 a further Act was obtained to make a new road from the southern end of Blackfriars Bridge to "The Dog and Duck," and Newington Butts. It was to be eighty feet wide and a "Circle, Area, or Place," was to be made where it crossed the turnpike road in Saint George's Fields, and a toll-gate was to be set up there. The road was known as Great Surrey Street until 1829 when its name was changed to Blackfriars Road. Most of the original houses in Great Surrey Street were built between 1765 and 1790. The greater part of the land belonged to the Barons, the then lords of the manor (see p. 98), who let out plots of ground on building leases to individual builders or speculators. Only a few i8th century houses now remain. Nos. 2-12 (fVest Side) Nos. 1-16 were formerly a terrace of four-storey houses in yellow stock brickwork and Nos. 2-12 retain to some extent their original character. The ground storeys have been altered by the insertion of shops. No. i has been rebuilt and Nos. 13—16 have been pulled down on account of damage by enemy action. At the rear of No. 3 are the much mutilated remains of the Rotunda or Surrey Institution. The Rotunda was built in 1788—9 for James Parkinson to house the natural history collection of Sir Ashton Lever which had pre- viously been exhibited in Leicester House, Parkinson having won the collec- tion in the lottery held after Sir Ashton Lever's death. The collection in- cluded the tropical and other curiosities collected by Captain Cook on his voyages. Half a crown was charged for admission but financially the venture proved a failure and the collection was sold by auction in 1806. In the following year the house was taken by the newly established Surrey Institu- tion. An elaborate description of the building at this time is given in Acker- mann's MicrocosTn^^ — " In 1780 Mylne built a house for his own residence on the east side of Great Surrey Street (Blackfriars Road), which survived as the York Hotel until 1864, when it was pulled down to make room for the railway. ^^ BANKSIDE "The entrance to this academic mansion is in Blackfriars- road, beneath an elegant portico of the Ionic order, which is crowned with the appropriate statue of Contemplation, and forms a very pleasing object. In the hall there are communications with the dwelling-house of the secretary and his office. A vestibule then opens into a spacious anti-room, which is intended for the reception of the larger kind of philosophical apparatus; and from thence, through folding doors, is the entrance to a very elegant apartment, fitted up in the style of a Grecian temple; whose dome and entablature are apparently supported by eight Corinthian columns, between which are placed bronze statues of the different fathers of science and literature, such as Homer, Bacon, Locke, Newton, Franklin, &c. Beneath the intercolumniation are four large niches, which contain the philosophical apparatus employed by the professor of that department in his lectures. On the right and left are the reading and pamphlet-rooms, which are of handsome proportions . . . they are lighted by skylights. Contiguous to these apartments are the conversation-rooms, one of which opens into the theatre where the public lectures are delivered. It may be said . . . that this theatre is one of the most elegant rooms in the metropolis. It contains two galleries; one, which is the uppermost, is supported by eight Doric columns, of Derbyshire marble, whose entablature is crowned by a balustrade of the same materials. The gallery beneath is curiously constructed, being sustained by iron columns and their projecting cantalivers or trusses. The diameter of the theatre is thirty-six feet; and the parterre, or ground part, contains nine rows of seats, which rise above each other in commodious gradation. The first gallery contains two, and that above it three rows of seats. The light is received from the dome, and warmth is administered in the winter season by flues containing heated air, which are concealed in the wall. Great attention has also been paid to its necessary ventilation. In this noble apartment, which is calculated to contain upwards of five hundred persons, the lectures are delivered. . . . "Adjoining the theatre ... is the chemical laboratory, in which convenience, compactness and elegance are united. Contiguous to it is the committee-room. On the other side of the theatre is the library, which is sixty feet in length, with a gallery on three sides, and an easy access to it by a flight of steps. This room is rendered pecu- liarly pleasant by the garden in its front, which is calculated to convey an idea of rural retirement. . . . The reading-rooms were opened for the proprietors on the ist of May, 1808. Lectures on chemistry, mineralogy, natural philosophy, and other subjects, were commenced by Mr. Accum and Mr. Jackson in the November following." The circular rotunda still survives though the dome and the drum which supported it have been removed following damage by enemy action. 116 BLACKFRIARS ROAD They have been replaced by a temporary roof. The entrance hall has a flat ceiling from which rises an oval-shaped dome with skylights. This is intact, as are the two small circular rooms on either side of it, which are lighted by central openings in their domed ceilings. All these rooms are now used for commercial purposes. The Surrey Institution gradually declined and the Rotunda was let for other purposes. It was used intermittently as a theatre and in 1830 it was taken by Richard Carlile, the free thinker, for public discussions of his views.^ Two years later there were complaints "that the Noises nightly made in the House commonly called the Rotunda in Great Surrey Street and the Crowd thereby collected is a Common Nuisance."^' "In the house No. 6, opposite the York Hotel, lived Sir Richard Phillips, and in the rear. Bride Court, he published his Monthly Magazine. Here . . . [he] formed a collection of original portraits of English authors and artists."^ The front of No. 7 has rectangular modelled panels of Coade's artificial stone above the first floor windows with reclining figures representing the arts. The centre window has a moulded architrave with brackets and cornice supporting an urn in Coade's stone, the whole being set within a round arched recess (Plate 82). ICALC Of fEET Lamp Standard No. 83 Blackfriars Road Nos. 74-83 and 85-88 These are late i 8th-century brick houses though the ground floor fronts of Nos. 75, 79, 80 and 81 and the upper part of No. 74 have been rendered in stucco. In the latter house a wood shopfront has been inserted with end pilasters terminated with robed figures supporting a cornice. Nos. 75 to 78 have French casement windows on the first floor opening on to iron balconies. Nos. 80 and 8 i also have well-designed continuous cast-iron balconies to the first floor windows. The entrance passages of several of the houses have good moulded plaster ceil- ings decorated with rosettes. No. 79 has a plain Doric pilastered doorcase, while Nos. 80—83 have round arched doorways with panelled soffits flanked by Corinthian columns supporting dentilled cornices. No. 88 has a free-standing porch ot two Doric columns supporting an entablature with triglyphs and mutule cornice. These houses all formed part of the terrace known at the end of the i8th century as Burrow's Buildings, after John Burrow who owned the freehold. No. 74 was occupied by Charles Lines, coachbuilder, from 18 14 to 1851 and by the 117 Fireplace, No. 88 Blackfriars Road BANKSIDE terra cotta works of Mark Henry Blanchard & Co., from 1853-80. 2 The figures on either side of the doorway were probably installed during this period. Since 1 881 John Hoare & Son, builders, have been the occupiers. Edward Cowper, inventor, lived at No. 82 from iSigto 1820. He patented a number of improvements in printing processes and "he may be said to have done for the printing machine what Watt did for the steam-engine."'^ He entered into partnership with his brother-in-law Augustus Applegarth, who was living at No. 24, Nelson Square (see p. 132), and together they established a printing business in Duke Street, Stamford Street, Southwark. This was subsequently taken over by William Clowes. Gilbert Handasyde, a member of the family of iron founders, who were carrying on business at Falcon Wharf (see p. 65), tenanted No. 84 from 1805 to 1819 and his widow, Ann, continued to live there until 1824. SCALE OF FCET No. 8 1 Blackfrlars Road. Entrance Hall. Section and ceiling plan No. 86 was occupied by John Gilbert Meymott, solicitor, from 1809-4;, and by John Meymottand William J. Meymott until 1856. The office of steward of the Manor of Paris Garden was held by members of this family from 1828 until 1881.°^ William J. Meymott compiled a history of the Manor which was published in 1881.''' Nos. 174, I 81-184 ^^'^ 186-189 {East Side) Nos. 174 and 184 have been demolished with the exception of the ground floors. The wood porch with Doric columns and pediment of No. 1 74 118 BLACKFRIARS ROAD remains. Nos. i 8 i — i 84 are later in date than the others in this group. They are of yellow stock brick and comprise tour storeys and basements. Nos. 18 i and 182 have continuous iron balconies of a plain diagonal pattern. A shop- front has been inserted in No. 183. The doorways to Nos. 186-189 have broad arched rusticated surrounds. Some ot the rooms are panelled. These houses have been badly damaged by enemy action and parts of the upper storeys have been taken down. The site of Nos. 181-184 is shown as open ground on the ist edition of Horwood's Map (1794—99) and these were nearly the last houses in Blackfriars Road to be completed. They are shown as tenanted in the rate book for 1808. No. 182 (formerly 103) was occupied by John Bunnell Davis, physician, from 1815 till his death in 1824. He was trained at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and was appointed physician to the troops invalided home from Walcheren. He published several medical works.' No. 184 (formerly 105) had as its first tenant (from 1808-18 13) Ralph Blegborough, physician, who specialised in midwifery and gave generously of his services to the poor.' Nos. 186-189 were part of the terrace ot houses called St. George's Place, built circa 1777 by William Conquest and John Noad of Virginia Street, Ratcliff Highway, carpenter.-'" They were, therefore, among the earliest houses in the road. It is interesting to note that Thomas Giffin, who acted as entrepreneur, became a bankrupt a few years later. These houses have all been used for commercial purposes from an early date. No. 196 {^formerly 117) The house at the south-east corner of Blackfriars Road and Union Street (formerly Charlotte Street) was from the period of its erection at the end of the i8th century until 1931 in the occupation of various firms of iron- mongers. The house had for its sign a brass Dog and Pot, a sign which was used as a trade mark on coal plates and other iron work. Charles Dickens, when he was a poor boy living in Lant Street, often passed the shop with the sign of the "golden dog licking a golden pot.''^^^ The house was destroyed in 1 940-1. The fine brass and wood sign (Plate 86) was sold in 1931 and is now in the Cuming Museum. The Surrey Chapel, later The Ring Surrey Chapel was built in 1782 by the Rev. Rowland Hill and Sir Richard Hill, bart., his brother, on the north-east corner of Blackfriars Road and Union Street. A lease of the ground was assigned^^^ to Sir Richard Hill and others in 1785 by Mathias Peter Dupont in trust for the "Protestant Dissenters" of Lady Huntingdon's connection. Rowland Hill had been admitted to deacon's orders in the Church of England as a young man and he never entirely severed his connection with the Church. Though he was always considered to be the pastor of Surrey Chapel it was not licensed in his name and he generally spent a great part of the summer in visiting various parts of the country.2^^ pjg ^^s reputed to be eccentric — among other things he was an advocate of vaccination and "himself performed the operation on many thousands of people "^^^ — but he drew great congregations to the chapel. He died in 1833 at his house, No. 45 Charlotte Street, and was buried in a vault under the pulpit of the chapel.^ 119 BANKSIDE In 1876 the congregation removed to the newly erected Christ Church in Westminster Bridge Road, and the old octagonal chapel was finally closed as a place of worship in 1881.^ Views of the exterior and interior are re- produced on Plate 85. The building was used for a time as a factory^^" and afterwards for boxing, when it became known as "The Ring." It was badly damaged during the war and has now been entirely demolished. Edwards' Almshouses In 1717 Edward Edwards, of the parish of Christ Church, executed a deed by which he transferred certain lands to trustees to be used after his death for charitable purposes. These included the endowment of the charity school, an annual distribution of beef and bread on Christmas Day and the purchase of land for almshouses.^" By 1752 sufficient profit had accrued from the land to enable the trustees to purchase from Thomas Jordan a piece of ground called the Physic Garden. This lay to the south of what was then Green Walk (now Burrell Street).* The first almshouses were erected in 1753 at a cost of ;^i5o, Richard Hall being the contractor.^^ Subsequently 44 almshouses were built. In order to obtain a revenue they also built 1 5 houses on the Blackfriars Road frontage of the ground (Nos. 216-230) and houses in Robert Street, Charles Street and Edward Street. The present almshouses in Burrell Street date only from 1895, b'^^ ^ stone from the original building has been affixed to the wall facing Burrell Street. It bears the inscription — EDWARD EDWARDS Sole Founder 1794 The Albion Mills The Albion Mills were designed by Samuel Wyatt and John Rennie for the purpose of grinding flour on a large scale by means of Watt's steam- engines. The mill was completed in 1786 and attracted many visitors. The millers and workmen regarded the machinery with suspicion and dislike and the fire which destroyed the whole building in 1791 was probably caused by incendiaries.^ The mills occupied copyhold ground on the east side of Blackfriars Road between the river and Upper Ground. The site is now covered by the railway goods depot. The Goods Depot, British Railways (Southern Region) In 1863 the London, Chatham and Dover Railway Company acquired the land between the river and the newly-formed Southwark Street on the east side of Blackfriars Road for the formation of a goods and passenger station. The engineering work was carried out by Joseph Cubitt and T. "■ It was part of the demesne land of the manor sold by William Angell to William Oxton (see p. 98). 120 PLATE 85 SURREY CHAPEL (,/) I'.XTERIOR, 179S (/-) INri'.RIC^R, 181: PLATE 86 Q <; O < to u < 33 ON o H O Q < o o Q H [-IH o 2; o PI. A IK 87 Q < O u 00 o < O o PLATE o m oO H W W a! H Q o <: H in o" T3 C c« OO CO OO o PLATE 89 ON H W H Q O ON 5 u z ^ ./j ri, ATE 90 "^ Hffl5 i!M nisi m m i.„,i UJ Q o 2 ^rn w/a 'f-TIT 'm( I ii tii ( [in Psa --3— r4 :#t: laiij'.:^j Ul Q < LU te;\| i^-\EttM iFn^fTTTl rrpfi lffl[ffiB[ Ca-i etc Cc [fflBI Ld UJ o S o I/O crc i^i- B[iaim«:H-; eiQiakLya;-; HMBac O H w a; < D o W iz; i PLATE 91 ^ p-i (J >^ (^ z c/D 2 z ^3 << J ^ ^ ^J T ^ \ p@3==^"<5@>= 1 1 1^ o z PLATE 92 (a) NELSON SQUARE, EAST SIDE, 1940 (h) Nos. 2-9, DOLBEN STREET, 1946 I BLACKFRIARS ROAD Turner and the architectural work by John Taylor, junior. The station was opened for traffic on ist June, 1864. A contemporar)- account describes the building as comprising two levels, the lower one entirely for goods and the upper for goods and passengers; the main portion of the upper or passenger level being carried upon iron columns and girders.^^^ The station is now entirely used for goods traffic. The building presents an imposing elevation to the southern approach to Blackfriars Bridge. It is 420 feet long and 60 feet high and is divided into eleven bays by broad flat piers. There are two tiers of arcading in which the wide entrances below the platform level are spanned by boldly treated seg- mental arches. The windows above and below platform level have either semicircular or flatly pointed three-ring vari-coloured brick arches. They are grouped in pairs except in the third bays from each end, which have three windows each. Over the whole length runs a deep moulded brick cornice returned around the piers, and a plain brick parapet with two squat stone terminal finials. The elevation is of stock brickwork relieved by bands of red and pale buff terra-cotta, with ornamental voussoirs and cornice corbels in the same material. An effect of entasis is imparted to the facade by a slight outward curve on plan. The building is of interest as an early essay in railway architecture and in the use made of the Italianate Gothic style which was to dominate English architecture for an era. Unfortunately it has for many years been disfigured by unsightly hoardings and its features probably go unnoticed by the great majority of passers-by. 121 CHAPTER 23 STAMFORD STREET Stamford Street is built on part of the demesne land of the manor of Paris Garden. At the eastern end it roughly follows the line of an earlier road, called Holland's Leaguer, from the notorious house of that name (see p. 96). The eastern end from Blackfriars Bridge Road to No. 40 (i.e. as far as the old alley known as Boddy's Bridge, which still opens into Upper Ground) was built circa 1790. On the first edition of Horwood's map (1794—99) the ground westward of Boddy's Bridge is, except on the river frontage, shown as open gardens or fields. Upper Stamford Street, the continuation of Stamford Street westward to Broad Wall, was added circa 1803. The extension to Waterloo Road was made in 1 8 1 5. Only a few of the original houses of Stamford Street now remain. Architectural Description Nos. 16, 18 and 20 Stamford Street were demolished in 1923. They comprised four storeys and basement. They were, like all the other original houses in the street, constructed in stock brickwork. Their generally plain exteriors were relieved by a modillion cornice between the second and third floors, while a plain stone band marked the level of the first floor, and the window sills at this level were also carried through to form a string course. The entrance doors had wooden pedimented hoods supported on shaped brackets over a semicircular headed opening. The top storey of the flank wall of No. 1 6 Stamford Street fronting on to Bennett Street was ramped down and continued as a parapet above the modillion cornice, with dormer windows in the roof. The interiors contained some interesting deal mantelpieces and various types of cast-iron fire grates typical of the last quarter of the i8th century. The staircases were plain. Nos. 28-40 Stamford Street were built at about the same time as Nos. 1 6—20 and are of similar design, but comprise three storeys and basement, with dormers in a slated mansard roof. The fronts have been repaired in recent years and the ground floor of No. 38 has been faced with stucco. The ground floor openings are arched and the majority of the windows have their original glazing bars. Nos. 34, 38 and 40 retain their original simple pattern fanlights and at No. 30 is a bowed 122 No. 3 2 Stamford Street STAMFORD STREET oriel shop-window which was probably inserted soon after the premises were built. Nos. 42—48 were built circa 1803. They are four storeys high with parapet. All the windows have gauged flat arches and most of the sashes retain their glazing bars. Nos. 46 and 48 have original wood door cases of simple design with open pedimented heads, flat pilasters and panelled reveals, No. 48 having also a patterned fanlight. There is a later shop front to No. 42, 48 46 44 4a •40 58 Jo the side entrance door of which is framed as two wood panels, each heavily studded and having a single raised panel in the centre. No. 18 (Plate 89^), formerly 27 and afterwards 52, was the residence of John Rennie from 1794 until his death there in 1821. This period covered the most important part of his career. Among other works, he was responsible for the design and construction of Waterloo Bridge and Southwark Bridge, the formation of London Docks and the East India Docks and the design and erection of new machinery for the Royal Mint. His son. Sir John Rennie, who also rose to eminence in the engineering profession and who completed his father's plans for the new London Bridge, was born at 18, Stamford Street in 1794. This house and those round the corner in Bennett Street, including 28 Bennett Street, the birth place of John Leech, caricaturist, were pulled down in 1923. The London County Council has erected a tablet on the new building recording that John Reimie and John Leech formerly resided in houses on the site.255 Joseph Gwilt is entered in the rate books for a house on the south side of Stamford Street in 1810-12, and at the house next to John Rennie's in Bennett Street in 1812-17. No. 44, formerly 39, was occupied in 1865 by the Rev. Robert Spears, minister of Stamford Street Unitarian Chapel. At No. 35, formerly 18, on the south side, lived Thomas Love Peacock and his mother in 1832-43. The house is now demolished. No. 57, formerly 29, was occupied by Walter Cooper Dendy, surgeon, in 1826-39. ^^ was a student at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and had a private practice in Stamford Street. He was the author of several medical and speculative works.^ Stamford Street Unitarian Chapel The erection of this chapel was begun in 1821 on a piece of open ground fronting the newly made Upper Stamford Street (now part of Stam- ford Street). The ground was purchased from Mr. David Bickerton for ;^400 123 BANKSIDE and the contractors, Messrs. Bennett and Hunt, were paid £2,S7'^ for the building. The cost was defrayed out of the proceeds of the sale to the West- minster Improvement Commissioners of the Unitarian Chapel in Princes Street, Westminster. The new chapel united the two congregations of Princes Street Chapel and St. Thomas's Street Chapel, Southwark, whose lease had run out.^^^ By I 859, the congregation had dwindled so much that it was proposed to close the chapel, but the advent of the Rev. Robert Spears in 1861 brought new life and a few years later the gallery was built across the back to increase the seating capacity. In 1882, the congregation was flourishing and the need for more accommodation was felt. The roof was removed and a hall "capable of holding about 500 children" was built over the chapel for the use of the Sunday School. The organ, which came from Little Portland Street Chapel in the I 86o's and which had been installed under the gallery, was moved to the recess between the columns at the opposite end of the building and the pulpit was advanced in front of it. At the same time, the vestry was enlarged and the original central entrance under the portico was replaced by two side doors. In 1897, the congregation was joined by that of the Blackfriars Mission from the New Cut, and the accommodation of the chapel was further increased by the excavation of rooms below ground level. The present pulpit was also installed at that time. Architectural Description The building has some pretensions to architectural merit. A writer at the time of its erection described the design as "chaste and grand. "^^^ The front projects slightly from the adjacent houses and consists of a hexastyle portico of the Doric order crowned by a pediment, the shafts of the columns standing directly on the pavement. The interior is dignified and simple in treatment, reflecting the Greek character of the front. It has a flat ceiling with massive beams and is lit by three plain round-arched windows on each side. Over the entrance lobby is a shallow stepped gallery with an iron grille front of anthemion design. Behind the rostrum is a shallow recess containing the organ and partially screened by two fluted Doric columns. List of Ministers 1823 Dr. Thomas Rees 1904 William Lyddon Tucker 1 83 1 Edwin Chapman 1907 John C. Ballantyne 1834 Thomas Wood 1913 W. J. Piggott 1839 William Hincks 1918 H. W. Stephenson 1852 J. T. Cooper 1921 J. H. Short 1855 Hugh Hutton 1923 W. G. Topping 1858 T. L. Marshall 1930 A. J. Heale 1 86 1 Robert Spears 1932 L. D. Badman 1874 Thomas Dunkerley 1935 E. W. Smith 1880 W. Copeland Bowie 1939 F. M. Ryde 1890 William Jellie 1945 A.J.Long 1 898 Frederick Allen 124 CHAPTER 24 Nos. 72-80 COLOMBO STREET In the 1 8th century, Colombo Street, Burrell Street and Hopton Street formed a continuous lane called Green Walk, most of which was included in what afterwards became the Brown Estate (see p. 99). In 1706, when the land forming this estate was purchased by Charles Hopton, ^^^ Green Lane was already laid out and had a number of tenements on the south side, including probably Nos. 72-80 Colombo Street, though the descriptions are not specific enough for certainty. Unfortunately, the cottages cannot be traced back in the rate books earlier than 1823, when they were known as Nos. 49-53 Collingwood Street West. The numbers were altered to 1-5 in I 842,2'^ and to 80-72 in 1886^^ and the name was changed to Colombo Street in 1937.^1 For some years, this little row of houses was referred to locally as the Fishermen's Cottages but the name seems to have been of recent application and not to have had any historical foundation. The cottages have, since 1823, been occupied by small tradesmen and artisans. BANKSIDE Architectural Description This row of timber-framed and weatherboarded cottages appeared to date from the late 17th century. With the exception of No. 80, which was pulled down prior to 1939, they survived till 1948, but they were so shattered by bomb blast as to be irreparable. Each cottage consisted of two storeys and an attic with dormers in a pantiled roof and one room on each floor and a lean-to scullery at the back. The winding staircase was situated at the end of a narrow L-shaped passage and entered direct into the first floor room from which it continued to the attic. Some of the cottages retained their original battened doors. NOS3 HOia ik ^, -t. 1 CHJOUMD 'LOOH^ SECOND ruoof^^ FEZr <e> 3 Nos. 72-80 Colombo Street 126 CHAPTER 25 DOLBEN STREET (FORMERLY GEORGE STREET) George Street was formed circa 1776 and the houses on either side were completed and tenanted by 1780 when the street name first occurs in the sewer rate books.^" It was built across the open fields shown as "tenter grounds" on Rocque's maps, on part of what became known as Brown's Estate. The formation of George Street was part of the rapid development of the area which followed the erection of Blackfriars Bridge. The street was renamed Dolben Street in 191 i in honour of John Dolben (1625-86), Arch- bishop of York, who in 1671, when Bishop of Rochester, officiated at the consecration of Christ Church. Throughout the period that these houses are shown in the rate books and directories they have been occupied by small tradesmen, chandlers, bakers, etc., and by artisans. Architectural Description Nos. 2 to 15 (consec), on the south side of Dolben Street, form a late 18th-century terrace of three storeys in plum-coloured brickwork but they ELEVATION SECTION PLAN No. 5 Dolben Street have undergone some alterations and rebuilding at later periods. They abut directly on to the street with basement windows partly above ground level. Several of the doorcases retain their simple architectural surrounds. 127 BANKSIDE No. 2 has a projecting shop front with splayed sides supported on two shaped brackets, and with an overhanging fascia, comprising a frieze and cornice with modillions on three simple console brackets, extending over the shop and entrance. No. 5 has a projecting window with splayed sides and a doorcase with moulded architrave and brackets supporting a moulded pediment. No. 14 has a slightly bowed shop front with glazing bars and small panes to the windows. The design appears to have been altered by the intro- duction of a shop door placed slightly out of centre. The original entrance remains at the side. Nos. 41 to 57 on the north side are, with the exception of No. 45, the original houses dating from the latter part of the 1 8th century. All are three storeys high in yellowish brick. The houses have flush panelled doors and plain fanlights and several have remains of small early 1 9th century shop fronts, now disused, and narrow hallways with simple panelled partitions and plain staircases. No. 43, the office of Brown's Estate, has an added stucco cornice and blocking course and stucco architraves to the windows. Nos. 46 to 50 have a projecting band across at the second floor window heads, and the ground storey openings are set in moulded round arch recesses linked at the springing by a stone band. Nos. 51 to ^6 have their ground storeys rendered in cement. Nos. 55 and 56 retain their hood boards and shaped brackets to the entrances. No. 57 differs from the others. It has four windows on each of the upper floors and a slated mansard roof with dormers behind a parapet. The entrance is recessed with a modern brick porch addition and it has a semicircular arched head and panelled wood sides and soffit. There are four stone steps projecting over the pavement with wrought-iron curved railings of plain pattern on each side. On the west side of the entrance is a later arched opening with double doors. li'iiiiiiii XAU or iin No. 20 Nelson Square 128 CHAPTER 26 NELSON SQUARE Nelson Square was laid out circa 1807 on land, previously demesne land of the manor of Paris Garden, belonging to Sir Francis Lindley Wood, ancestor of Lord Halifax.^^^ The houses on the north side were completed and occupied by 1808, but the square was not fully tenanted until i8i4.-'^ William Hansard"^" seems to have built most of the houses in the square and it seems likely that Samuel Pepys Cockerell, who was certainly concerned with several of the houses there, designed the whole. < o u < u. u < n Wood Architectural Description The houses are of stock brickwork with a few ground floor fronts stuccoed. The east and part of the north sides are of three storeys with segmental headed dormers in a slated mansard roof above a parapet, but those on the south side, together with some on the north, arc of four and five storeys without dormers. The front doors, with their surrounds and patterned fanlights, are of varied design. Many of the ground floor window heads retain their original 129 BANKSIDE \ /^^K\ V _L _L A 7 Qi i — JJl_ ; 1 l_._. J, ^ f-U A^o. 43 Nehon Square curved sash bars. The majority of the houses have iron balconies of varying patterns at first floor level. The railings to the basements are of plain spear- head type, some with iron lampholders over the gateways. The upper window openings have gauged brick arches and plain _ / r •^ ^ f :^s ^'i (S^\ f(^\ /^i iS^ . mm umiM' tg^ ff^c:-. /iS^ Yf'fY V'f'f'f mmm fwy ??! m ^ ^^ @ ^ Nos. 31-35 Nehon Square 130 NELSON SQUARE reveals, those on the first floor, in a number of cases, being set in gauged brick semicircular arched recesses. The ground floor openings are generally round-headed. Nos. 1-6 have been replaced by a commercial building and many of the houses in the square have been badly damaged or destroyed by enemy action. The whole square is being acquired for a housing scheme by the Southwark Borough Council. A sketch of the pump, which used to stand in the square and is now In the churchyard of St. Mary Newington, is reproduced on p. 132. Few of the inhabitants of Nelson Square have attained eminence. The outstanding exception was Percy Bysshe Shelley who took lodgings at No. 26 as a tenant of Thomas Lillo on 9th November, 18 14. Shelley's fortunes were at a very low ebb at this time and his anxieties were increased by the ill-health of Mary Godwin and the difficult temperament of "Claire" (Mary Jane Clairmont), both of whom were living with him.^^^ In January, 181 5, his grandfather died and Shelley was able to find relief from his financial worries by selling his reversionary interest in the © Q NO 5G NEL50N6Q_ NO 17 NEL50N SQ. 131 BANKSIDE Shelley estates to his father. He moved to Hans Place on 8th February, 1 8 1 5. In 1932 the London County Council erected a memorial tablet on No. 26, Nelson Square. William Hansard, the builder of the square, lived at No. I from 1808 to 18 14, and Augustus Applegarth, brother in-law and partner of Edward Cowper, inventor of printing machinery, was at No. 24 from 1 8 1 3 to 1 8 1 8. Messrs. Lincoln & Bennett, hat manufacturers, occupied No. 24 from 1862 to 1932 and for some years they also tenanted the houses on either side. In 1 89 1 the Women's University Settlement took over No. 44. They now occupy Nos. 44-47- Thomas Barnes, editor of The Times, was at No. 48 from 1826 to 1831 and at No. 49 from 1832 to 1835. Sir Charles Aldis, surgeon, lived at No. 57 (formerly 53) from 1808 to 181 2 and at No. 49 from 1813 to 1830, being the first occupant of both houses. He was for a time surgeon to the parish of Christ Church. A short account of him is given in the Dictionary of National Biography. His wife died in Nelson Square in 1822. SKMK.':-^-:;;::^:, I 132 APPENDIX MAP OF SOUTHWARK MADE IN 1618 (PLATE I) While this book was in course of preparation a map which throws considerable light on the topography of Southwark in the early 1 7th century was most opportunely found in the City Comptroller's Office at Guildhall. The map is on parchment, drawn in ink and tinted. Unfortunately it was soaked with water during a bomb incident early in the war and in a mis- guided attempt to restore the faded writing someone has inked over most of the names. The original writing can, however, be seen under a glass and the genuineness of the document cannot be impugned. No scale is given on the map and the roads and boundaries marked show considerable distortion, yet it gives a general idea of the layout of the area and the relationship of one place to another. Of particular interest for this volume are the extent of the Bishop of Winchester's park and the siting of the Swan and Globe Playhouses. The map gives final confirmation to the argument that the Globe was south of Maid Lane and on the northern side of the park. There were no ancillary documents with the map, but it was obvious from its appearance and from the details shown that it had been drawn about 1620. Fortunately it was known from printed sources {Diary of Edward Alleyn and the Index to the Remcmbrancia of the City of London) that there was a lawsuit in 1618-20 about the way from St. George's Fields to Bankside and with this clue Mr. P. E. Jones, deputy keeper of the records of the City Corporation, was able to trace the full history of the dispute and of the map in the City records. Briefly the story was that the innkeepers of Borough High Street, who were either tenants of property of the Bridge House Estates or came within the jurisdiction of the City of London, tried to prevent the innkeepers of Bankside from diverting custom to their houses, the Falcon and other newer establishments, by stopping up the right of way across St. George's Fields to the river. The case was heard at Westminster and the City and its lessees lost the day. The map was drawn to illustrate the matter in dispute. By the courtesy of the City Corporation the relevant extracts from the records are set out below. Rep. 33, fo. 260. Court of Aldermen., 26 March, 16 18 Item this day after the cause in difference betweene the Inhabitants ot the Borough of Southarke and certaine Inkeepers at the Banckside touching a way lately made to the said Innes through S' Georges Feildes whereby most part of the Countrey people w'^'' were wont to lodge in the same Boroughe are now drawne to the said Innes was here in open Court in the presence of the said parties and of Councell learned on either side heard and debated of. It is ordered by this Court that M'' Aldran Barkham and M'' Alderman Rotheram shall view the same way and take considerac5n BANKSIDE of the said cause in difference and make report to this Court in writing under their handes how they shall finde the same, and of their opynions therein and in the meane tyme an iron Chayne to be hanged overthwart the said way to stopp the passage of Countrey men to the said Innes. Rep. 2)4-) fi- 320. Ct. of Aldermen, 27 Jan. 1619/20 Item it is ordered by this Court that . . . shall tomorrowe in the afternoone attend the Lordes of his Ma'^s moste ho'" Privye Councell touching a Certaine way leading out of Southwark over the Citties landes to the Banckside. . . . Rep. 34, fo. 339^. Ct. of Aldermen., 15 Feb. 1619/20 Item it is ordered by this Court that the suite in lawe to be Commenced for and concerninge the waie over S' George his feildes to the Banckside shalbee prosecuted at the Bridghouse Chardge And M'' Mosse to take care thereof. (M"". Mosse was City Solicitor.) Rep. 2Si fi- ^4^- ^^- of Aldermen, 21 Nov. 1620 Item this day M'' Mosse the Citties Solicitor informed this Court that in the suite betweene the Borough of Southwarke and the Inhabitantes of the Banckside defended by John Stocke in his Ma'''^ Court of kinges Benche touchinge a Way through S' George his feilds to the Banckside. A verdict passed against the saide Boroughe. And thereupon sixe poundes, thirteene shillinges, eight pence for damages and costes of suite was awarded against the saide Stocke. Whereupon forasmuch as the saide suite touched the liberties of this Cittie and was defended by the Countenance of this Court it is ordered that the Bridgmaster shall satisfie and pay unto the said Stocke the said somme of six poundes, thirtie {sic) shillinges, eight pence. Bridge House Estates. Weekly Payments 30 May 1618. pd. to M"' Rathborne for surveying S' Georges Feildes & drawing A plott thereof xli^. 16 Jan. 161 8/19. Payd for the Juriers & surveyo" dinner att the placeing of 7 stones marked w"^ the Bridgehowse for the better knowing of their Landes in S' Georges Feild xxxvi^ vi^. 30 Jan. 161 8/19. Payd to the Masons & labourers for their extra- ordinary paynes in setting up markestones in S' Georges Feildes. xii^. 20 Feb. 161 8/19. given to Mr. Ratsbure the survayer of lande, for viewinge of parte of S' Georges Feilde. xi^. (Feb.— Mar. The Bridge House were erecting a 'pownd' in S Georges Fields.) 19 Aug. 1620. pd. for diverse Fees aswell to Counsellers as attour- nies for followinge of Stockes suite against Hinde about the thoroughway from the Faulcon in to S^ George his fieldes as by a bill appeareth. viii" xv^. 134 APPENDIX I I Nov. 1620. (Payments for going with witnesses to Westminster.) 18 Nov. 1620. pd. for the suite in y^ kynges benche touchinge the Way goinge to the bancksyde, in counsellers fees & other charges as by a bill more at large appeareth. xxiii" vii'. 25 Nov. 1620. pd. to Raphe Rathbone for drawing of the mapp of S' Georg his fieldes. xi^. 135 REFERENCES 2. 3- 4- 5- 6. 7- 8. 9- 10. II. 12. 13' 14. 15' i6. 17- i8. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23- 24- 25- 26. 27. 28. 29. Royal Commission on Historical Monu- ments. Roman London, 1928. Victoria County History of Surrey. Cal. of Close Rolls. Cal. ofL. and P., Henry Fill. Old London Bridge, by Gordon Home, 1931- London Past and Present, by Wheatley & Cunningham, 1891. Cal.of Patent Rolls. W. de Gray Birch, The historical charters . . . of the City of London, 1887. The Great Roll of the Pipe . . . 1189- 1190, 1844. Munimenta Gildhallae Londiniensis (Rolls Series), pt. II. 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P.R.O.,C 54/1787. 53. The English Emersons, by P. H. Emerson. 54. Information given by Messrs. Cooksey and Partners. 55. Information given by John Marshall's Trustees. 56. Returns of Endowed Charities, vol. II, 1899. 57. P.C.C, 116 Scroope. 58. Records of the Corporation of Wardens of St. Saviour's. Sundry papers (2). 59. Records of the Corporation of Wardens of St. Saviour's: Newcomen Charity, parcel 20. 60. Chronicles of London Bridge, 1 8 27, pp. 486-8. 61. L.CC Street-naming Records. 62. Return of burial grounds in the County of London, 1895. 63. Guy's Hospital Records. 64. St. Thomas's Hospital Records: Minute Books. 65. Diet. Nat. Biog. 66. Guy's Hospital Gazette. 67. A Copy of the last Will and Testament of Thomas Guy, 1732. REFERENCES 68. Guy's Hospital Records: General Court Minute Book. 6g. Guy's Hospital Records: Accounts. 70. Gent. Mag. 71. Guy's Hospital, by Wilks and Bettany, 1892. 72. Concannen and Morgan, History and antiquities of the parish of St. Saviour's, Soutkuiark, 1795. 73. Will of John Gower. 74. Corporation of Wardens of St. Saviour's: Letters Patent of -^6 Hy. Fill. Bundle 20. 75. G. E. Cokayne's Complete Peerage. 76. P.C.C, 22 Nevell. 77. Cal.ofS.P. Dom. 78. P.R.O., C 54/2637. 79. Cat. of the Manuscripts and Muniments of Alleyns College of God's Gift at Dul- wich, by Geo. F. Warner, 1 881. 80. Corporation of Wardens of St. Saviour's: Sundry Papers (2). Return of new tenements. 81. P.R.O., C 5/149/49. 82. Calendar of deeds relating to Surrey in Magdalen College, Oxford. 83. Church Commissioners: File 155653A, A survey and report by Edward I' Anson, surveyor. 84. Wm. Camden, Britannia, ed. Philemon Holland, 1610. 85. Chartulary of Winchester Cathedral, ed. A. W. Goodman, 1927. 86. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majore, Rolls Series. 87. John H. Harvey, Henry Yevele, quoting the Kitchen Accounts of William of Wykeham in the possession of the War- den and Fellows of Winchester College. 88. Fabyan's C/iro/T/V/ir, 1559. 89. Diary of Henry Machyn, Camden Society Publications, vol. 42. go. W. Young, History of Dultaich College, II. 91. Wren's Parentalia, p. 46. 92. S. H. Casson, Lives of the Bishops of Winchester. 93. Brief Lives and other selected writings, by John Aubrey, ed. Anthony Powell, 1949. 94. House of Lords and House of Commons Journals. 95. P.R.O., C 54/3470. 96. Private Act, 15 Chas. II, c. 3. 97. Church Commissioners: Lease books and files. Register Register of of 98. Church Commissioners: Register of Leases. 155642, p. 103-4. Lease to Robert Davison. 99. L.C.C. Minutes of the Surrey and Kent Sewer Commission, 21st October, 1640. 100. P.R.O., L.C./2/1. loi. Church Commissioners: Register of Leases. 155642, p. i. 102. Barclay's Eclogues, edited by B. White, E.E.T.S., 1928. 103. Foxe's Book of Martyrs, III, p. 125. 104. St. Saviour's Baptism Registers. 105. Church Commissioners: Register of Leases, 155643, p. 133, Lease to Robt. Cruys. 106. London and its environs, R. and J. Dodsley, 1761, vol. II, p. 147. 107. Cordwainers' Company Records. 108. Corporation of Wardens of St. Saviour's: Token Books. 109. Church Commissioners: Leases, 155642, p. 224. no. Church Commissioners: Leases, 155643, p. 221. 111. P.R.O.,C 7/525/24. 112. Church Commissioners: Deeds, 154806/3/12.^ 113. Church Commissioners: Deeds, I 54801/4/20. 114. Church Commissioners: Register Leases, 155498, p. 296. 115. Minet Library: Deeds, V 41. 116. Church Commissioners: Register Leases, 155499,^.453. 117. Church Commissioners: Leases, 155500, p. 224. 118. P.C.C, 12 Moone. 119. P.R.O., Eccl. 1/8 5/1. 120. P.R.O., C 54/566. 121. P.R.O., C 54/1077. 122. P.R.O., C 7/636/43. 123. Barclay Perkins: Deeds of the .'\nchor Brewery. 124. P.R.O., CP25. (2) 225. Surr., 4 Eliz., Easter. 125. P.R.O., C 54/1149. 126. P.C.C, 9 Scott. 127. P.R.O.,Anc. Deed C 146/3221. 128. P.R.O., Anc. Deed C 146/7225. 129. L.C.C. Min. of Surr. and Kent Sewers Com. 130. Diary of Edward ."Mleyn, quoted in Young's History of Duhvich College, vol. II. 131. The water-men's suite concerning players, John Taylor, 1630. of of Register of BANKSIDE 132 133 138- 139- 140. 14 142. 143 146. 147- P.C.C, 18 Bunce. \1th Century Tokens in Southwark Refer- ence Library. 134. P.R.O.,E 179/258/4. 135. P.R.O.,C 54/4215. 136. P.C.C, 150 Exton. 137. P.C.C, 527, 1841. Deeds in the possession of Messrs. Wakeley Bros. E.E.T.S. Extra Series XV. Select works of R. Crowley, p. 16. Two notable sermons by John Bradford: Preface by Thos. Sampson. Article on "Paris Garden and the Bear- baiting," by C L. Kingsford in Archaeologia, vol. 70. P.R.O., E/134, 18 Jas. I, Mich. lo. P.R.O., C 2, Jas. I, S.I./39. 144. P.R.O., Anc. Deed E 326/12364. 145. P.R.O., L.R. 2, 190 f 98. P.R.O., Req. 2/cviii/5. Holinshed's Chronicle, 1587 ed., vol. Ill, P- 1353- 148. T. F. Ordish, Early London Theatres, 1894. 149. P.R.O., Anc. Deed C 146/8581. 150. P.R.O.,C 3/139/4. Henslowe's Papers, ed. W. W. Greg. Article by W. J. Lawrence and W. H. Godfrey in the Architectural Review, vol. XLVII, June, 1920. Conjectural plans and elevations of the building are given. Ed. Malone, The plays and poems of William Shakespeare, 1821, vol. XXI. E. K. Chambers, The Elizabethan Stage, vol. II. P.R.O.,CP 43/833. P.R.O., S.P. 29/448/36. P.R.O.,CP 43/776. W. W. Braines, The site of the Globe Play- house, 1924. Winwood, Memorials, vol. Ill, p. 469. Birch, The Court and Times of James I, vol. I, p. 329. P.R.O., C 54/504. P.R.O.,C 54/2594. 163. P.R.O., Chanc. Proc. Reynardson 320/16. 164. An inquiry into the authenticity of certain miscellaneous papers . . . attributed to Shakespeare, Queen Elizabeth, and Henry, Earl of Southampton, by Edmond Malone, 1796. 165. Memoirs of Edward Alleyn, by J. Payne Collier, 1841. 151. 152. 153- 154- 155- 156. 157- 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. '73- 174- 175- 176. 177- 178. 179. 1 80. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193- 194. 195. 196. 197. The Works of William Shakespeare . . . with . . . a life of the poet, by J. P. Collier, 1844. The life of William Shakespeare, by James Orchard Halliwell Phillipps, 1848. P.R.O., E 372/443-446, 39-42 Eliz. Victoria County History of Kent. Church Commissioners: Register of Leases; 155642, p. 5. P.C.C, 220 Bond. Will of James Child. Autobiography, Letters and Literary Re- mains of Mrs. Piozzi, ed. H. Hayward, 1861. P.C.C, Auber 37. Notes and Queries, 13th November, 1948. Life of Samuel Johnson, by James Boswell, the Diary of Fanny Burney, etc. John Perkins, 1730-18 12, a typescript volume in the library of Messrs. Barclay Perkins. Church Commissioners: Register of Leases, 155642, p. 118. P.R.O., S.P. 29/320. R. Wilkinson, Londina Illustrata, 18 19. Somerset House. Non-parochial registers. "A Journal of the Corps inter'd in the Burying Ground in Deadmans Place." Illustrated London News, February 6th, 1847. Act, 3 Geo. IV, c. 109. Act, 4 & 5 Wm. IV, c. 79. Sketches of Southwark Old and New, by Robert W. Bowers, 1905. Deeds in the possession of the Borough Market Trustees. The history and antiquities of the Church of St. Saviour, by the Rev. Canon Thomp- son, 1904. 6th Report of the Commissioners for In- quiring concerning Charities, 1822. Act, 14 Geo. Ill, c. 75. The Builder, 1886. Deeds in the possession of Messrs. Joseph Watson & Co., of Union Street. The London Friends' Meetings, by William Beck and T. F. Ball, 1869. Octavia Hill, by E. Moberly Bell, 1942. Private .Act, 51 Geo. Ill, c. 166. History of London Street Improvements, 1855-1897, by P. T. Edwards, 1898, p. 29. Act, 20 & 21 Vic, c. 115. The Builder, 9th January, 1 864. The Times, ist January, 1864. REFERENCES 198 199. 200. 201. 1203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225. Contemporary newspaper cuttings in the extra-illustrated copy of The history and antiquities of the parochial church of St. Saviour's, Southzcark, by J. Night- ingale, in the British Museum. Lambeth Palace MSS.: Whittleseye Reg., p. 114. Act, I & 2 Vic, c. 35. Southwark Reference Library MSS: Accounts of Zoar St. School. An Act for making new Sewers and Drains . . . within certain Districts under the Jurisdiction of the Commissioners of Sewers for the Limits extending from East Mouldsey, in Surrey, to Ravens- borne in Kent, 49 Geo. Ill, cap. 183. Court Rolls of the Manor of Paris Garden. (The Court roll books from 172 1 onwards are in the custody of the L.C.C.; the earlier ones are at the Minet Library.) The accounts of the overseers of the Poor of Paris Garden, Southzvark, by P. Norman. L.C.C. MS. History of the Abbey of Bermondsev. B.M. Cott M'SS., Nero E.VL Register of the Charter of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in England. The Oxford Dictionary of English Place- names, by Eilert Ekwall, 1936. Records of House of Lords. Private Act, 28 Hy. VIII/28. B.M. Cott. MSS. Claudius E.VI. Regis- ter of lands leased by the brothers of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem. Records of the Corporation of Warden of St. Saviour's, Parcel 21. P.R.O.,C 66/1 165. P.R.O., C 54/1079- Deeds relating to the Manor of Paris Garden in the custody of the Council. P.R.O.,C 54/1354. P.R.O.,C 66/1 593. P.R.O., S.P. 38/15. P.R.O.,C 54/4055. P.R.O., C 54/4050. P.C.C, 59 Laud. Deeds of Brown's Estates, Ltd., in the cus- tody of Messrs. Curwen Carter k, Evans. P.R.O., C 54/4962. P.C.C, 67 Isham. P.R.O.,CP 25(2)/! 22 1, 33 h 34 Geo. II, Trin. Gent. Mag., 1803, pt. i, p. 294. P.C.C, 250 Marriott. 226. P.C.C, 83 Clarke. 227. P.R.O., CP 25(2)/732. Trin. 22 Chas. II Surr. 228. John Aubrey, The Natural History and Antiquities of the County of Surrey, 17 19, vol. V. 229. Private Act, 7 Wm. Ill, cap. 26. 230. House of Commons Journals. 231. History of Surrey, by Manning & Bray, vol. III. 232. History and Antiquities of London, by Thomas .Allen, 1827-9, vol. IV. 233. Marshalls Charity Trustees Minute Books. 234. Act 31 Geo. Ill, cap. 61. 235. Williamson's ed. of Boyne's Trade Tokens \^ issued in the Seventeenth Century, vol. II. / 236. Original Will of John Boddy in the Arch- deaconry Court of Surrey. 237. Deed of declaration of trust and constitution of Christchurch School in the custody of Messrs. Greenwood and Knocker. 238. A report upon the property and income of the Christ Church Southwark Parochial School Trust compiled for the use of the trustees, by Chas. Greenwood, 1888 (in Southwark Reference Library). 239. History of Ley ton, by Jn. Kennedy, 1894. 240. Westminster Reference Library: Rate Books of St. Margaret's Parish. 241. P.C.C, 130 Henchman. 242. Records of Trustees of Hopton's Charity. 243. Public Act, 29 Geo. II, c. 86. 244. Illustrated London Nezvs,2nd]B.n\i!Lxy,\%6\. 245. Thames Bridges, by James Dredge, 1897. 246. \cV.erm!inn'i Microcosm of London,Yo\.\\\. 247. L.C.C. Court Leet Rolls of the Manor of Old Paris Garden. 248. L.C.C. Poor Rate Books of the Parish of Christchurch. 249. History of the Manor of Old Paris Garden, ) Surrey, by W. J. Meymott, 1 8 8 1 . / 250. Deeds in the possession of Southwark Borough Council. 251. Life of Charles Dickens, by John Forster. 252. P.R.O., C 54/6729. 253. Annual Reg., iS;}2- Obit, notice. 254. The Builder, 25th June, 1864. 255. L.C.C, Indication of houses of historical interest in London, vol. VI. 256. Records and papers concerning Stamford Street Chapel, lent by the Minister. 257. L.C.C. Rate Books of Surrey and Kent Commissioners of Sewers. 258. Newington Sessions House: Land Tax Assessment Books. INDEX Page Accum, Mr. - - - - - - ii6 Ackland, Thomas _ _ _ _ - 104 Adelold ------- I Adlyn, John - - - - - -83 n. Admiral, Lord, company of - - - 71 Albion Mills ------ 120 Aldis, Sir Charles - - - - - 132 Aldwell, Thomas - - - - - 97 n. All is true or Henry VIII _ - - 74 Allen, Frederick- -----124 Allen, John _-__-- 68 Allen, William ------ 61 Alleyn (or Allen), Edward - - - 63. 67, 69, 69 n., 70, 76 Alleyn, Joan (n(e Woodward) - - 69 Allsop, John ------ 86 Amcottes, Alexander _ _ - _ 60 Amcottes, Vincent ----- 60 Anchor, No. i Bankside - 59-60, plate 55^7 Anchor Brewery 61, 75, 78-80, plate 61 Anchor Terrace, Southwark Bridge Road 88-89, plate 62^ Anderton & Lee ----- 24 Andrewes, Lancelot, bishop of Win- chester ------ 47, plate 7 Andrewes, Nicholas ----- 19 Angel Public House, Upper Ground - 109 Angell, William - - - - _ 58,98,99, loi, 102, 109, 112 Angell Street ------ 98 Applebee, Dorothy ----- 83 Applebee, John - - - - - - 24, 79 Applegarth, Augustus - - - 118,132 Armyn, Robert ------ 74 Arnold, John - - - - - - 1 1 1 n. Arnold, Mathew ----- 15 Arsenal Station, Highbury - - - 67 n. Arthur, Joseph ------ 32 Austin, James - - - - - 111,114 Austin, Sir James ----- 51 Austin, Thomas ----- 99 Austin, William - - - iii,iiin. Austin Canons ------ 6 Aynscombe, Charlotte Anne - - - 20 Aynscombc, Lillie Smith - - - - 20 Aynscombe, Mary ----- 20 Aynscombe, Philip - - — - - 19, 20 Aynscombe, Thomas- - - _ - 20 Aynscombe, Valentina [nie Wight) - 19, 20 Axe (later Axe and Bottle) Inn, New- comen Street - - - - — -31,32 Axe Yard ----- 31,32,101 Axe and Bottle Yard - - - -32,33 140 Page Bacon, John - - - - 38, 39, 39 n. Badman, L. D. - - - - - - 124 Bailley, Henry, M.P. - _ _ - 21 Baker, Edgar James - - - - - 104 Ballantyne, John C. ----- 124 Banaster, Christopher - - - - 57 Banaster, John ------ 57 Banaster's Garden ----- 57 Bank End - - - - - - - 60, 80 Bankside - - - 2,6,45,57-65,72,91, 133, plates 54-56 Bankside Playhouses - - - 66-77,133 Bankside Power Station - - - - 2, 59 Bannister, George ----- 32 Baptists -------2, 93 Barclay, Alexander ----- 55 Barclay, Arthur ------ 89 Barclay, Charles Arthur - - - - 89 Barclay, Robert (1757-1830)- - -61,79 Barclay, Robert ------ 89 Barclay Perkins and Co., Ltd. i 5, 60, 82, 88 Barge, the, Bankside- - 67, 67 n., 69 n. Barge House, see Old Barge House Barkham, Alderman -----134 Barnard, John ------ 109 Barnard, William - - - - - 112 Barnes, Thomas - - - - - 132 Baron, Elizabeth Ann - - - - 99 Baron, George ------ 98 Baron, Jasper ------ 98-99 Baron, William ------ 99 Barons, lords of Paris Garden Manor 98, 115 Barry, Thomas ------ 36 Bartholomew Fair ----- 70 Baseley, William - - - 66, 96, 96 n. Bates, Samuel E., Ltd. - - - - 81 Batterson, Henry - - - - - 112 Bayeux, Odo, bishop of - - - - 1,6 Baxter, Richard - - - - - - 79 n. Bear Gardens (for baiting) - 58,66-71,76 Bear Gardens (Lane) - - 58,59,60,71 Bear Lane - - - - - 99,100,111 Bear House - - - - - - 67 n. Beares Heade, the, Bankside - - 57 Beaufort, Cardinal Henry, bishop of Winchester ----- 7, 47, 62 Beck and PoUitzer ----- 70 Bedford, John, Duke of - - - -95,96 Beeman & Hotchkins, Messrs. - - 20 Bell, R. A. ------- 108 Bell, the, Bankside - - - 57, 67, 69 n. Bell and Bear Inn, Borough High Street 23 Bennett and Hunt, Messrs. - - - 1 24 Page Bennett (Bennet) Street - - - 103, 123 Bermondsey, Borough of- - - - 6 Bermondsey Abbey - - 4, 45, 95, 95 n. Bermondsey Abbey manor - - 4, 5 Bickerton, David - - - - - 123 Bickerton, Joseph _____ 61 Biden, William Henry _ - - - 81 Bilke, Henry — - - - - - 112 Bilke, Mary (nie Middleton) - - 99, 100 Bilson, Leonard _____ 48 Bilson, Sir Thomas - - - _ -48,79 Binden, Thomas _____ gi Bingham, John _____ -91,92 Birch, George - - - - - -71 n. Bishop & Co. ___--- 6 Blackfriars Bridge — - _ 115, plate 81 Blackfriars Mission, New Cut - - 124 Blackfriars Road - 94, 100, 103, 108, 108 n., 1 1 5-1 2 1, plates 82-87 Blackman Street _ _ _ 88, 99, 100 Blake, Malachi __---- 21 Blanchard, Mark Henry, & Co. - - 118 Blegborough, Ralph — - — - - 119 Blew Anchor, the, Paris Garden Manor 99 Blomfield, Sir Arthur - _ - - 8 Blue Anchor Passage _ _ _ 75 u., 82 Blue Anchor Public House, Park Street - 82 Blundell (Blunden), Henry - - - ig Blunden, Widow _____ 98 Boar's Head Court - - - _ - 9 Boddy, John - - - - - - no Boddy, Richard - - - - - iio Boddy's Bridge - - 109-1 10, 122, plate 79^ Bodley, Sir John _____ ■j% Bond, John ______ 65 Bonner, Edmund, bishop of London - 8 Borough High Street i, 2, 4, 6, 9-30, 32, 100, loi, 133, plates 8, 9, 1 1-25 Borough Market - - 1 1-13, plate 1 1 Borough Market Office _ - - - 5 Borough Market Trustees - _ _ 81 Borough Polytechnic — _ — — 5 Borough Waterworks Company - - 80 Bottell, Robert, prior of Knights Hos- pitallers ----__- 58 Bottle, the, Newcomen Street _ _ _ 32 Bowes, Edward- ----- 99 Bowes, Ralph _---__ 69 Bowie, W. Copeland - - - - 124 Bowles, John ______ 70 Bowling Alley, Winchester House - - 49 Bowyers Yard _----_ 99 Boyd, Joseph ______ 107 Boyfield, John - - - - - - 114 Boyfield, Josiah - - - - - -inn. Boys' Charity School (St. Saviour's) - 84 Boyse, William - ----- 103 Page Box, Edward ______ 72 Braines, W. W. _____ yj Brandon, Robert - - _ _ _48, 82 Brend, Dame Frances - - - - 75 n. Brend (Brand), Sir Matthew - 74, 75 n., 78 Brend, Nicholas - _ _ _ _ y^ Brend, Thomas - - - - - -75 n. Brewing - - - - - - -2, 78 Bride Court — - - - - - 117 Bridge House, Masters of - - - 9-10 Bridge House Estates - - - n, 133 Bridge Ward Without, Alderman of - 5 British Plate Glass Warehouse - plate 8ia British Railways _____ 21 British Railways Goods Depot, Black- friars Road _____ 120, 121 Broadwall - _ - - - 94,98, 108 Brockman, Sir William _ _ - - 47 Broker's Rents (Mr.) _ _ _ _ 62 Bromtield, Sir Edward - - _ 32, roi Bromfield, Robert _____ 44 Browker, Hugh, junior - _ _ _ 26 Browker, Hugh, Prothonotary 24, 26, 62, 63, 63 n., 91,97 Browker, Joan - - - - - - 26 n. Browker, Mary - _____ 98 Browker, Thomas - - 63, 97, 98, no Browker, William _ _ - _ - 91 Brown, Edward - - - - - 100 Brown, Joseph ------104 Brown, Mary Elizabeth [nie Bilke) - 100 Brown, Sir Samuel - - - - - loi Brown's Estate - - - 99-100, 125, 127 Browne, Sir Anthony _ _ _ _ ^j Browne, Sir .Anthony, Viscount Monta- gue ------ -43,83 Browne, John -__-__ 69, 70 Browne, Magdalen, Lady Montague - 43 Bruce, Mary ______ 63 Bruce, Sarah ______ 63 Bull .Alley _____-- 108 Bunn, Henry - - _ 97n., 99, 112 Bunn, Mar)' - - - - - - 97 n. Bunyan, John ______ 93 Burbage, Cuthbert _ _ _ 73, 74, 75 n. Burbage, Richard - _ _ 73, 74, 75 n. Burnaby, Thomas _ - _ 68, 69, 69 n. Burrell Street - 97 n., 99 n., 100, 120, 125 Burrow, John - - - - - - 117 Burrow's Buildings - - - - - n7 Burrows, John ------ 104 Burton, Jane ------ 107 Burton, Joseph ______ 107 Burton, Prior - - - - - -7, 7n. Burton, Sarah ------ 107 Burton, Thomas Hancock _ _ _ 107 Bury, Joseph ______ 65 141 Page Cade, Jack - - _ _ - ion., 15, 24 Cage, the, in Clink Street - - -48, 55 Cage, the, in Paris Garden Manor - 96 Calvert, Felix ------ 28 Calvert's Buildings, Borough High Street 28, plate 241 Calvert's Buildings, Southwark Street - 28 Cane, Adam _-_-__ 103 Cantel, James — - - - - - 112 Canterbury, manor of archbishop of — 4, 5 Canterbury pilgrims - - 21, plate 14a Capell, William _ - _ _ _ n Cardinal's Cap (Hat, or Ha tte) - 57,61-63 Cardinal's Cap Alley - - _ _ 59^ (,2 Cardinal's Wharf, Bankside - - -61—63 Careless, Thomas ----- g j Carleton, Alice .----- 74 Carlile, Richard - - - - - 117 Carter, John - — _--_ 51 Cartwright, Samuel ----- 1 1 Cary, Henry, Lord Hunsdon - - — 97 Cashshaw, Samuel ----- 86 Castle, the (or Castle on the hoop), Bank End ------ 57,60,80 Cater, John- ------ 59 Cawsey, the, Clink Liberty - - - 48 Central Buildings, Southwark Street - 90 Chamberlain, Lord, Company of - - 74 Chamberlaine, John ----- 74 Chapell Hawe, Paris Garden Manor - 96 Chancel Street — -----100 Chapman, Edwin ----- 124 Charing Cross Railway - - - - 9 Charing Cross Railway Company - - 83 Charles II, statue of - - - - -10,11 Charles Street ----- 100, 120 Charlotte Street - - — 84, 100, 119 Chartists —- — _--- 2 Chaucer, Geoffrey, arms of - - - 21 Chequer Alley ------ 9 Chester, John — - - - - - 79 n. Cheyne, Henry ------ 60 Cheyne, John ------ 60 Child, James ------ 78 Chitty, Elizabeth ----- 65 Cholmley, John ----- 71 Christ Church, Southwark - 101-107,111, plates 67-71 Christ Church Charity School 1 1 1, 1 1 1 n. Christ Church parish 7, 94, 101-107, plate 66 Christ Church, rectors of - - 103, 104 Christ Church, residence for minister of 31 Christ Church watch house - — - 105 Christ Church, Westminster Bridge Road 120 Christopher Alley ----- 25 Christopher Inn, Borough High Street - 25 Church Street - - - 49, 97 n., 100 142 Page Church Street Baptist Chapel - - - 97 n. Churchwardens of St. Saviour's parish, see Corporation of Wardens Churchyard, New, St. Saviour's 10, 81, 83 Churchyard, Old, St. Saviour's - - 10 Churchway, Christ Church - - — 1 1 1 City Electric Light Company - — - 59, 63 City of London, Common Council — 3 Cityof London Court of Aldermen9, 10, 10 n, 1 1 City of London, Mayor and Corporation of - - - 4,5,12,27,88,115 Clairmont, Mary Jane — — - — 131 Clark, Samuel - - - — — 11 1, 113 Clarke, Wm., Sc Co. - - - - 65 Clarks Alley ------ 58 Clayton, William ----- 36 Clement, William ----- 60 Clerke, Sir Robert - - - - -iiin. Cline, Henry, the younger - - - 3 j Clink or Clinke Garden, Winchester House - - 48, 49, 55, 55 n., 56 n., 78 Clink Gate ------ ^.g Clink Liberty or Manor - 4, 5, 6, 45, 48, 66 Clink Paving Commissioners - - — 6, 58 Clink Prison ----- ^g, 55, 56 Clink Street 6, 46, 48, 49, 51, 55, 78, plate 38^ Cloth, bleaching and fulling of - 98, 98 n. Clowes, William - - - - — 118 Clutton, John, solicitor - - - - j^ Clutton, John, surveyor - - - -14,15 Coates, Joseph ------ 24 Cobham, Joan, Lady - - - _ gj Cobham's Inn — — — — — — 91 Cock, the, Bankside - _ - 67, 69 n. CockereU, Samuel Pepys - - - - 129 CoUard & Neame, Messrs. - - _ j^ College (Cure's) Almshouses 15, 83, plate 10 Collet, Humphrey - - - - -15,19 Collet, Thomas ------ 19 CoUett's Gift ------ 84 Collier, John Payne ----- 76 Collingwood Street - - - - - 100 Collingwood Street West - - - 125 Colombo Street- 99 n., 125, 126, plate 72 Compter, St. Margaret's Hill {see Counter) Commissioners of Bishop of Winchester's Liberty ------- 72 Condell, Henrie - _ _ _ _ j^ Conquest, William - - - - - 119 Conyng Garth, Paris Garden - - - 96 Cook, Alexander ----- 76 Cooksey & Partners ----- 26 Cooper, Andrew - _ _ - _ 37 Cooper, Ann ------107 Cooper, Astley - — — — -- 34 Cooper, Sir Astley Paston, bart. G. C. H. 41 Page Cooper, J. T. ------ 124 Cooper, John — -----107 Copt (or Copped) Hall - 97, 97 n., 98, 99 Cordwainers' Company - - - - 56 Corner, George ----- 5 Coronel, Edward ----- 21 Corporation of Wardens of St. Saviour's 7, 10, 91 Counter or Compter, St. Margaret's Hill 10, 1 1 plate 3 Counter ,AJley ------ 20 Counter Court or lane - - - - 11 Counter Street ------ 81 Courage's Brewery ----- 5 Court of .\ldermen. City of London {see City of London) Court House, St. Margaret's Church - 10 Courts Leet, ------ 5 Cowly, Richard ------ 74 Cowper, Edward - - - - 118, 132 Coysh, James ------ 60 Craike, Thomas ----- 81 Crane, the, Bankside - - - - 57 Cranmer, Thomas, archbishop of Canter- bury _______ .J. Cressett, Elizabeth, widow of Thos. Overman ------ ^^ Crofts, Francis ------ 37 Cross Bones Burial Ground - — - 84 Cross Keys or Crowned Keys, Borough High Street {see Queen's Head Inn) Crosse Keyes, the, Bankside - - - 57 Crowley, Robert ----- 66 Crowned Keys or Cross Keys {see Queen's Head Inn) Cruden, Alexander ----- 80 Cruys, Robert - - - - - -56n. Cubitt, Joseph - - - - - 115,120 Cucking Stool, Clink Street - - - 55 Cucking Stool, Paris Garden Manor - 96 CuUum, John, draper - — - - 64 Culium, Sir John ----- 59 Cullum, Sir Thomas Gery _ _ - 59 Cure, Christine ------ 97 Cure, Thomas, founder of Cure's College 1 5, 83 Cure, Thomas, junior _ - - _ 97 Cure's College or Almshouses 15, 83, plate 10 Curtain Theatre _ _ - - _ 7^. Danby, William- ----- 10 Danes -------- 3 Dauncey, William ----- 6 Davenish, Thomas ----- 47 Davies, James ------ 70 Davis, John Bunnell - - - - - iig Davison, Robert- - - - - -48, 56 Page Deadman's Place 24, 48, 49, 78, 78 n., 79, 80, 8 2 {see also Park Street) Deadman's Place, burial ground in - 79, 80 Deadman's Place, meeting house in - 2, 79 De Fontaine, ."Alfred ----- 1 04 Degome, Sir Barnett - - - — 102 Dendy, Walter Cooper - - - - 123 Denny, Thomas Reeve, and Sons - - 1 09 Desborough, Henry - - - - - 104 De Witt, John ------ 72 Dickens, Charles - - - - - 119 Digby, Sir Kenelm ----- .j.7 Docwra, Sir Thomas - - - _ g6 Dodson, Edward ----- 60 Dog and Duck, the - - - - - 115 Dog and Pot sign — - — 119, plate 86 Dolben, John, bishop of Rochester - 102, 1 27 Dolben Street (formerly George Street) 100, 127, 128, plate 92ii Dollman, Francis ----- 47 Domesday Book _ _ - - 1,5,6 Dorrington, John ----- 6g Dorset, Earl of------ 43 Downes, Mr. ------ 94 Dowson, Jas., & Co. - - - - - 65 Drew, John ------ 60 Drew's Rents ------ 60 Duke Street (afterwards Union Street) {see Union Street) Duke Street, Stamford Street - - - 118 Dulwich College - - - _ _ 69 Dunch, Edmund - - _ - 99,112 Dunch, Catherine {nee Oxton) - 99, 1 1 2 Dunch, Hungerford ----- 99 Dunkerley, Thomas -----124 Dupont, Mathias Peter - - - - 119 Durham, bishop of - - - - - 47 Dutch refugees ------ 2 Edmonds, Christopher - - - - 91 Edmund, Earl of Kent - - - - 46 Edward the Confessor - — - - 1,6 Edward II------- 5 Edward III ------ 5, 46 Edward Street ----- 100, 120 Edwards, Bennett ----- 99 Edwards, Edward - - - - - 120 Edwards' Almshouses - - - - 1 20 Eierby, Elizabeth ----- 60 Eierby, John ------ 60 Electricity Board ----- 63 Elletson, John ------ 24 Elletson, Katherine ----- 24 Emerson, Emme ----- 26 Emerson, Henry _ - - _ - 32 Emerson, Humphrey - - - - 10, 26 Emerson, Joan {nie Browker) - - - 26 n. H3 Page Emerson, Thomas ----- jz Emerson, William - lo, 1 1, 25, 32, plate 6 Emerson Street— - - — - —32, 57 Epps, James - - - - - - 112 Evans Sc Co., Messrs. _ _ - _ 20 Evans, Thomas ------ 57 Every Man out of his Humour - - - y^j. Ewer, James - — - - - - 87 n. Ewer Street - - - - - - 87 n. Falcon Dock _ — _--_ ^^ Falcon Drawing Dock - - - - 65 Falcon Glass Works— - - 1 14, plate ioa Falcon Inn, Bankside 58,65,87 n., 1 14, 133, 134 Falcon Wharf - - - - 58,94,118 Farwell, Richard - - - — - 113 Fawkes, Guy -_-- — - 43 Feathers Public House - - 81, plate 38a Felstead, Thomas - - - - - 103 Ferryman's Seat ----- 60, 6 1 Field, Nathan ------ 69, 70 Finland, John, Duke of - - - - 47 Finlay, James ------ 103 Fisher, William — — - — -— 99 Fishermen's Cottages - 125, 126, plate 72 Fishing — — — -- — - 2 Fishmongers' Alley - - 28, 30, plate 12a Fishmonger's Company - - - - 28 Fleet Prison ------ 55 Flemish refugees ----- 2 Fletcher, Lawrence ----- 74, 76 Fletcher Lane (Love Lane) - _ - 58 Fluddie, Thomas ----- 66 Fort, Martha Ann ----- 107 Fort, Thomas ------107 Fortune Playhouse ----- 74 Fountain Court ------ 79 Fowle lane — — - — — — - 48 Fox, Richard, bishop of Winchester 2, 7, 47 Franklin, Gregory - - - - -24,91 Friends' Meeting House - - - - 87 Fritter, Melchisedeck - - - - 63 Gabb, William ------ 36 Gambia Street —-- — — - 100 Gaol Deliveries ------ 10 Gardiner, Stephen, bishop of Winchester 8, 47, 56 Gardiner, Thomas — — - _ — 45 Garford, William ----- 21 Garrick, David ------ 79 Gearing, William - - _ _ 102, 103 George, Sir Ernest ----- 88 George Inn, Bankside - _ - - 91 George Inn, Borough High Street 9, 9 n., 16-21, plates 16-19 George Street {see Dolben Street) 144 Page Gerrard, Mr. ------ 48 Gibbons (Gybon), John - - - - 57 Gibbons, Walter ----- 60 Gibson, William B., Ltd.- - - - 15 Giffard, William, bishop of Winchester - 6, 46 Giffin, Thomas ------ 1 19 Gildable Manor ----- 4 Glasshouse Square - - - - - 71 n. Glasshouses - - - -2,47,59,7111. Glentworth, Elborowe - - - -iiin. Globe Alley - - - - - 78, 79 n. Globe Playhouse 69, 72, 73-75, 78, 79, 82, 133 Godfrie, — — - — ---7on. Godwin, Earl ------ i Godwin, Mary - — - - - - 131 Golden Square, Westminster - - - 112 Golding, William ----- 20 Goldsmith, Oliver ----- 79 Gordon Riots ------ 79 Gower, John ----- 43, plate 5 Grapes, the. Borough High Street- - 24, 25 Grapes, the, St. Thomas Street 34, plate 21a Gravel Lane _ _ - -58,84,99,111 Gravel Lane Almshouses — — - — 107 n. Gravel Lane Meeting House - - - 93 Graves, John - — ----no Graves, Rachel - - - - - no Gray, William ------ 32 Great Eastern Railway Company - - 20 Great Guildford Street - - - -91,92 Great Liberty manor - - - - 4, 5 Great Northern Railway Company - 20 Great Pike Garden - - - - 57, 67 n. Great Surrey Street {see a/so Blackfriars Road) ------ 103,115 Green Dragon, the ----- 91 Green Dragon Court 26, 91, 92, plate izi Green Street ------ 100 Green Walk 72, 99, 99 n., 100, III, 113, 120, 125 Greene, Mary ------ 63 Greenwell, Foster ----- 81 Greyhound Inn _ - - _ - 84 Griggs, John ------ 71 Grove, the — — _--- 45 Grubb, Elisabeth - - - - 19, 19 n. Grubb, William ----- 19 Guild or Fraternity of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary of the church of St. Margaret - - - - - - 7, 10 Gunne (or Gonne), the, Bankside - 57, 60 Gunpowder Plot, discovery of — - 43 Guy, Thomas - 36-42, plates 28, 31 and 37 Guy's Hospital - 3, 6, 20, 34-42, plates 27-37 Gwilt, George ----- 79, 84-85 Gwilt, George, junior - - - 8, 5 1 Gwilt, Joseph - - - - - - 123 Page Hackleton, Thomas - - - - - 87 n. Halifax, Lord ------129 Hall, Richard ------120 Hall, Stephen ------ 59 Halsey, Anna - - - - - -ygn. Halsey, Edmund - - _ - 60,78,82 Hancock, Mathew ----- 56 Handasyde, Ann - - - - - 118 Handasyde, Gilbert - - - - 58,118 Handasyde and Pritchett, Messrs. - - 65 Hansard, William - - - - 129,132 Hanson, John ------ 37 Hardinge, Peter- ----- 60 Hare, Nicholas - - - - - -15, 16 Hare, William ------ 15 Hargrave, Jane - ----- 83 Harrow, the, Stoney Street - - - 83 Harrow Corner ------ 83 Har\'ard, John ------ 24 Harvard, Katherine ----- 24 Harvard, Robert ----- 24 Haselar, .\lexander - - - - - 113 Hawkins, Rhode ----- jy Hay, Lord ------- 47 Hayward, Henry ----- 58 Hayward, John ------ 58 Hayward, Sir Rowland - - - - 10 Heale, A. J. ------ 124 Helme, Thomas ----- 51 Hellow, John ------ 96 Heminges (Heninges), John - - 74, 75 n. Henrv I------- 6 Henry III ------ - 5 Henry V------- 74 Henry VI, pt. 11 ----- 15 Henry VII L bust of - - - - 15 Henry Fill or All is True - - - 74 Henslowe, Philip 47, 57, 59, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72 Herbert, Robert John - _ _ - 23 Hewlett, Edward ----- 83 Hill, Octavia ------ 87 Hill, Sir Richard ----- 119 Hill, Rev. Rowland - - - - - 119 Hille, William - - - - - - 62 n. Hilton, John ------ 35 Hincks, William ----- 1 24 Hinton, Charles Petty - - - - J07 Hinton, Phoebe - - - - - 107 Hinton, Captain Thomas Eyre, R.N. — 107 Hoare, John, and Son - - - - 118 Holditch, George ----- 63 Holland Street ------ 58 Holland's Leaguer - - 96, 96 n., 98, i 22 Hollar's View of London- plates 43 and 44 Hollis, Thomas, ----- 36 Holman, Richard ----- 51 Holmes, William - - - - - 112 Page Honduras Wharf, Bankside 63-65, plate 56 Hooper, William ----- ^6 Hop and Malt Exchange - - - go Hop trade - - - - - - -2, 78 Hope Playhouse or Theatre - - 66-71,73 Hopton, Charles - 99, 1 12, 1 1 2 n., I 25 Hopton, Ehzabeth - - - - - 112 Hopton Street 72, 99 n., 1 1 i-i 14, 125, plate 78 Hopton's Almshouses 1 1 1, 1 12-1 14, plates 73-77 Horse's Head Inn or Horse Hede or Nag's Head Inn, Borough High Street (see Nag's Head Inn) Horse Shoe Alley - - - 6, 56, 56 n., 88 Horsley, A. C, Messrs. - - - - 23 How, Sir Richard ----- 102 Hubert de Burgh ----- ^6 Hudson, Thomas ----- 63 Humphrey, — , alderman - _ _ n Humpleby, Joseph, and Son - - - 81 Hunsdon, Lord, Henry Cary - - - 97 Hunt, John ------ 107 Hunt, William - - - 37, 38, 39, 41 Hunt's House, Guy's Hospital - - 37 Hunts Rents, Maid Lane - - - 76 Hutton, Ann - - - - - - 112 Hutton, George - - - - - 112 Hutton, Hugh ------ 124 Hyde, Abbot of ----- 21 ndependents ------ 2 ron foundries - - - - - -2, 45 sabella. Queen ------ 46 ackson, Mr. ------ 116 ackson, Edward - - - - - 103 ackson, William - - - - - 1 1 1 n. acob, Mr. ------- 67 ames I------- 74 ames I of Scotland ----- 47 ames, James ------ 60 ames, the, brewhouse - - - - 48, 49 ellie, William ------ i 24 ennings, George ----- 32 crmyne, Hugh- ----- 98 eyes, John ------ 48 ohn Street - - - - - - 97 n. ohnson, — , contractor - - - - 34 ohnson. Dr. Samuel- - - - - 79 ohnson, Thomas - - - - - 1 1 1 n. onson, Ben ----- -71,72 ordan, Mary ------ 99 ordan, Thomas- - - - 99, 112, 120 oseph's Dream - - - - - - 113 oye, Charles - - - - - - 36, 4 1 uby, Edward ------ 76 •45 Page Julie, Countess of Ducie - - - - 87 Jupp, Richard - - - - - -37. 3^ Jurin, Dr. James _____ 37 Katherens, Gilbert - _ - - - 69 Keats, John __--__ 35 Kedgley, Benjamin _____ 81 Kedgley and Thorogood, Messrs. - - 81 Kempe, William _____ 74. Kendrick, John ______ 36 Kenneday, Edmund _ - - - _ 98 Kent Street (afterwards Tabard Street) - 4, 92 Kentish, Thomas - - - - -25n. Kentish Buildings _ _ _ _ _ 24-25 Kelso.', Ann ______ 107 Kelso.', Humphrey ----- 107 Kelso.', Isaac _--___ 107 Key, Sir Astley Cooper _ _ - _ 35 Key, Charles Aston - - - - -34,35 Kinder, Gilbert _____ 24 Kinder, Margaret _____ 24 King, C. R. Baker __ - - - 105 King and Jarrett, Ltd. - - - - 112 King's Arms Tavern _ _ _ _ 1 1 King's Arms Public House, Newcomen Street _____ -33, plate 26 King's Barge House - - - - - 108 King's Head Inn, formerly Pope's Head Borough High Street — 9i I5> plate 15 King's Head Yard - - - 1,15,34 King's Manor, Southwark - _ _ 5 King's Pike Garden - - - 57, 62 n., 67 n Kleyser & Co., Messrs. - - - - 14. Knight, Edward _ _ _ _ m, 112 Knight's Court - - - - - 111,112 Knights Hospitallers _ _ _ _58, 95 Knights Templars _____ 95 Lade, John _____ 36^ 102 Lady Clark's Yard - - - - -inn. Lady Huntingdon's connection - - 119 Langley, Francis _ _ _ 72, 73, 97 Lant, Thomas —-__-_ 32 Lant Street ------ ng Leake, George - - - - - - 87 n. Lee, Anna —--_--— 63 Lee, William, and Sons - - - - 109 Leech, John, caricaturist - — _ - 123 Leech, John, clerk of the glasshouse - 47 Lefort, Edward - - _ _ - 108,109 Lefort, William - - - - - - 109 Le May, W. H. & H. - - - - 30 Le Netherhows ------ 4.5 Le Rous, I. _--___ 51 Lethbridge, John King - - - - 99 Lever, Sir Ashton - - - - - 115 Levy, Emanuel, and Co. - - - _ 81 146 Page Lewis, George _-__-- 104 Lewis, John ____-- 57 Lidden, Henry Parry - - - - 112 Ligburne, William ----- 51 Lillingston, William ----- 70 Lillo, Thomas - - - - - - 131 Lincoln and Bennett, Messrs. - - 86, 1 3 1 Lines, Charles - - - - - - 117 Lingard & Sadler, Messrs. - - - 51 Little Portland Street Chapel - - - 1 24 Lloyd, Charlotte Elizabeth - - - 107 Lloyd, John ______ 107 London Bridge - -3,9, 76, 1 1 ^, frontispiece London Bridge, alcove from — — - 42 London Bridge, approach to - 3, 44, plate 4 London Bridge, coat of arms - - - 33 London Bridge Committee - - - 8 London Bridge Station - - - - 9, 90 London Bridge Waterworks - - - 80 London, Chatham, and Dover Railway - 97 n. 120, 121 London, City of (see City of London) London Government Act, 1899 - - 7 London Hydraulic Power Company - 58 London & North Eastern Railway Com- pany _ — — ____ 21 Long, A. J. ______ 124 Longe, Sir Richard - — - — - 67 n. Love Lane ------- 58 Low Leyton, school in - - - - 1 12 n. Luntley, John ------ 51 Mahomed, Frederick Henry Horatio Akbar ------- 35 Maid Lane 45, 48, 62 n., 67 n., 71, 72, 73, 75, 75 n., 82, 91, 92, plates 57^7 and 58 Maiden Lane {see Maid Lane) Malin, Thomas - _____ 83 Malone, Edmund ----- 76 Mander, John - - - - - -71 n. Mansell, George - _ _ _ _ 33 Mansfield, Thomas _____ 63 Mansford, John Griffith - - - - 81 Mapleton, James Henry - - - - 104 Marche, Robert _ _ - _ _ 45 Markham, — , tallow-chandler - - 35 Marmyon (or Marmyun), Robert - 95, 95 n. Marshall, Elizabeth («/<■ Taylor) - 31,101 Marshall, John, senior - — - - 10 1 Marshall, John, founder of Marshall's Charity- - - - - 7,31,33,101 Marshall, T. L. -----124 Marshalsea Court ----- 10 Marson, Sarah ------ 32 Marten, Nicholas ----- ig Martin, Augustus ----- 102 Mason, Thomas _____ 56 Page Mason's Stairs ----- 67, 67 n. Mastership of the Game of Bears - 67 n., 68 Mayden Lane {see Maid Lane) Maze Pond - - - - - - 36, 37 Mead, Dr. Richard ----- 36 Meade, Jacob ----- -69,72 Melancholy Walk ----- 98 Memprise, Hillarie - - - - - 78 n. Merston, John ----- 62, 62 n. Metropolitan Board of Works - - 90 Meymott, John - — - - - - 118 Meymott, John Gilbert - - - - 118 Meymott, William J. - - - - 118 Middleton, Elizabeth - - - 99, 100 Middleton, Mary ----- 99 Milan, sister of Duke of - - - - 4.6 Millet, William ----- 74. Millpond, Paris Garden - - 94, iii, 114 Milhvardes Garden ----- 48 Millwaye ------- 60 Mine Adventurers of England, Company of 58 Minshaw, John - - — - - - 113 Monger, James - - - - - 78, 78 n. Montacute, Lord {see Montague, Anthony Viscount) Montacute, Lord {see Browne, Anthony) Montague, Anthony, Viscount - -43,83 Montague, Magdalen, Lady - - - 43 Montague Close 43-44, 84, plates 39 and ^oa Montague House - - - 43, 43 n., 44 Monteagle, Lord ----- 43 Monthly Magazine - - - - - 117 Moore, R. H. ----- - 90 Morgan, John - - - - - 111,113 Morris, John - - - - - - 103 Mosse, Mr., ------ 134 Mosses .'Uley ------ 67 Mouldstrand Dock - - - - -58,59 Mouldstrand Wharf- - _ _ - 59 Mowle, Widow _ _ - - - 48 Munthe, Dr. Axel ----- 63 Munthe, Major Malcolm - _ - 63 Musicke house, Paris Garden - - - 98 Mylne, Robert - - - - 1 1 5, 1 1 5 n. Nag's Head Inn (Horse's Head Inn), Borough High Street - - - 10, 25, 26 Naked Boy Alley ----- yg Napton, John - - - _ 68, 69 n., 71 National Trust ------ 21 Neale, John - - - - - -inn. Nelson Square 100, 129-132, plates 90-92;; New Rents (Counter Street) - - - 81 Newcomen, Elizabeth - - _ _ 32 Newcomen, Jonathan - - _ _ 32 Newcomen Charity - - - - 31-33,84 Newcomen Street 3, 4, 31-33, 37, plate 26 Page Newgate - - - - - - -55,56 Newington- ------ joi Newington Butts - - - - - 115 Newton & Sons, Messrs. - - - - 65 Newton, John, and Co. - - - - 65 Noad, John— - - — - - - iig Northampton, William. Marquess of-------- 47 Northumberland, Lucy, daughter of 9th Earl of------- 47 Nutman, George _ _ _ - - g i Oade, — ------- 8 Odell, John ------ 51 Odo, bishop of Bayeux, earl of Kent - 1,6 Old Barge House ----- gg Old Barge House Stairs - - - - 94 Old Kent Road ------ 4 Old Park Meeting House - - - 87 n. Old Town Hall Chambers - - - 10, 11 Oldesworth, Austin - - - - - in Oldfield, Dr. John ----- 37 Oliver, William ----- 103 Overman, Mrs. Alice Shaw - - - 44, 59 Overman, Thomas ----- 44 Overman, William ----- 44 Owghtred, William, knt.- - - - 60 Oxton, Catherine - _ - - 99,112 Oxton, William - - - 98,99, 112 Ozler, Robert - - - - - -112 n. Page, Sir Gregory - - - - - 36, 37 Palmira - - - - - - 78, 78 n. Pardon, John ------ 99 Paresgarden {see Paris Garden Manor) Paris Garden Manor or Liberty 2, 4, 5, 45, 58, 66, 67, 69, 72, 94-100, loi, 122, 129, plate 65 Paris Garden Stairs ----- 67 Parish gardyn {see Paris Garden Manor) Park Gate ------- 81 Park Street - 60,72,75,78,82-83, plate 60, 6 1 . See also Deadman's Place and Maid Lane. Parkinson, James - - - - - 115 Parsons, Andrew - - - - - 79 n. Partridge, John - - - - - - 78 n. Parysgardynwalle ----- 45 Paterling, Thomas ----- 60 Pawing, Sir Robert, Lord Chancellor - 46 Payne, Joan - - - - - - 69 n. Payne, John - - - - - -31,68 Payne, William - - - 67, 67 n., 68, 69 n. Peacock, Thomas Love - - - - 123 Peacock Brewery ----- 59 Peck, William ------ 19 Pellatt, Apsley - - - - - - 114 Page Pellatt and Green ----- 114 Pembroke, Lord, company of- - - 71 Pepper Alley ------ g Perkins, John - - - - - -61,79 Peter des Roches, bishop of Winchester 6, 7, 43.46 Peter le Constable - - - - -83 n. Peter, Master of London Bridge, chap- lain of St, Mary Colechurch - - 3 Petre, Lord WiUiam - - - ^3, ^^ n. Petty France, Westminster - - - 112 Petyt, Louis F. - ----- 15 Peycoke, John ------ g Pickwick Papers - _ _ _ - 15 Pidgeon, John ------ 56 Piggott, W. J. ------ 124 Pike Garden, Winchester House [see Clink Garden) Pike Gardens, Bankside - - - - 57 Pike Gardens (now White Hind Alley) 57, 67n. Pillory, St. Margaret's Hill - - - 9, 1 1 Piozzi, Mrs. (Mrs. Thrale) - - - 78 n. Phillips, Augustine ----- 74, 76 Phillips, Sir Richard- - - - - 117 Phillippes, Augustyne {see Phillips, Augustine) Phoenix Gas Works - - - - -2,59 Physic Garden ------120 Pit Street ------- 100 Piatt, Richard ------ 97 Pole, George ------ 26 Pole & May lard- ----- 26 Polsted, Alice - - - - - - 69 n. Polsted, Henry - - - - 67, 67 n., 69 n. Pond Garden {see Clink Garden) Pond Yard- ------ 57 Pont de L'Arche, William - _ _ 6 Pope, John ------ 10 Pope, Morgan - — — — - -68,71 Pope, Thomas ------ 74 Pope's Head (King's Head Inn), Bor- ough High Street ----- 15 Porter, James ------ 37 Pott, Messrs. ------ 91 Pott, Arthur ------ 86 Potts' Vinegar Works _ - _ - go Pound, the, Paris Garden Manor - - 97 Powers, Philip ------ 45 Powle, Daniel - — - — - -inn. Powndyarde, Paris Garden _ _ - 96 Poynings, Robert - - _ _ _ 24 Preston, Elisabeth - - - - - 107 Preston, Sibbella - - - - - 107 Preston, Thomas - - - - - 107 Price, — - - - - - - - 113 Price, James - - - - - - in 148 Page Price's Street ------100 Prickett, Thomas ----- jg Pride, Thomas - - - - - - 70 n. Prince's Meadow - _ _ _ _ ro8 Pritchard, John - - _ _ _ - 65 Protestant martyrs - _ _ _ _ g Pudding Mill - - - _ 94, 108, 112 Pudding Mill Stream _ _ _ g^, log Puddy's Court ------100 Pykegarden {see Clink Garden and King's Pike Garden). Quakers (Society of Friends) - - 87, 87 n. Queen Street _-__-- 84 Queen's Arms Court - 1 10, plate 80^ Queen's Head Inn, Borough High Street 24, 91, plate 20^ Queen's Pike Garden. See King's Pike Garden Queen's Wharf ------ 59 Radyngton, John _____ 95 Randulf, the sheriff ----- i Raper, Moses ___-_- 36 Rathborne (Ratsbure, Rathbone), Ralph 134. 135 Raven, John ------ 62 Rawlings, machine-rulers- _ _ - 21 Reading, James ----- 102 Red Cross Burial Ground {see Cross Bones Burial Ground) Red Cross Gardens ----- 87 Red Cross Way (formerly Red Cross Street) ------- 87 Red Lyon, Borough ----- 91 Rees, Dr. Thomas - - - - - 124 Rennie, John, senior - - - 3,120,123 Rennie, Sir John _ _ - 3,88,123 Reve, Richard ------ 68 Reynolds, Mrs. Eliza - - - - 112 Reynolds, Sir Joshua - _ _ _ yg Reynolds, Samuel - - - - - 112 Richard II, badge of _ _ - _ 15 Richardson, Grace - - _ _ - 32 Richardson, William _ - - - 32 Riches, John - - - - - -inn. Ring, the - - - - - - 119,120 Robert Street ------ 120 Rochester, bishop of- _ - - 48, 4g n. Rochester, diocese of - - - - 8 Rochester House ----- 48 Rockett, Gilbert _ _ - - 67n., 91 Rogers, John ------ 56 Roman finds - - - - i, 3, 15, 83 n. Roo, John --__-_- 60 Rose, the - - - - - - 67, 67 n. Rose, the little - - - - 67 n., 71,72 Page Rose Alley- - - 6, 59, 67, 71, 72, 72 n. Rose Theatre, or Playhouse - 67 n., 68, 69, 71-72 Rotheram, Alderman - - - - 133 Rotunda — — -___ 115-117 Royal Oak, Park Street - - - - 82 Rusby, John --____ gj Rust, Samuel _____ 107, 113 Rvall, Richard ______ 91 Ryde, F. M. ______ 124 Sadlers' Company _____ 24 St. David's, bishop of - _ _ _ 47 St. George's Fields 33,94, loi, 115, 133-135 St. George's parish - - _ _ _ 4 St. George's Place, Southwark - - 119 St. Helen's, Bishopsgate _ _ _ _ 77 Saint-lowe, John _ _ _ _ _ 47 n. St. Margaret's Church _ - 6, 10, 11,60 St. Margaret's Court- - _ _ _ 28-30 St. Margaret's Hill _ _ _ _ 5,9n., 11 St. Margaret's parish - - - - 4, 6 St. Martin Orgar, Parson and church- wardens of- — -___ 58 St. Mary Magdalene church - - - 6, 8 St. Mary Newington, vestry hall - - 1 1 n. St. Mary Overies Dock - - - - 48 St. Mary Overy Church - - _ 6,45,46 St. Mary Overy Churchyard _ _ _ 56 St. Mary Overy Priory - 2, 6, 7, 8, 10, 43, 44,46,78,91 St. Mildred, Bread Street - 71, 72, 72 n. St. Olave parish - _ _ _ _ 4^ 6 St. Olave's Grammar School _ _ _ 92 St. Paul's Cathedral - - _ _ _ 58 St. Peter's Church _____ 91 St. Peter's Church day school - - _ 92 St. Saviour's Church _ _ _ j^ y-g St. Saviour's Corporation of Wardens (see Corporation of Wardens of St. Saviour's) St. Saviour's District Board _ _ _ 90 St. Saviour's Dock _ _ _ 49, plate 40^ St. Saviour's Grammar School 8, 15, 24, 91-92, plates 41 and 42 St. Saviour's Parochial Schools - - 84 St. Saviour's Rectory— — _ _ _ (jj St. Swithin, bishop of Winchester - - 6 St. Thomas's Churchyard _ _ _ 34 St. Thomas's Hospital - 9, 15, 34. 36, 37, 43.9' St. Thomas's Hospital, chapel of - - 34 St. Thomas's parish - - - - - 6, 34 St. Thomas' Street - 4, 6, 34-35, 36, 37, 41, 124 Salmon, — , M.D. - - - _ _ 47 n. Sancton, Mary _ _ _ _ 107, 107 n. Sandes, John -__-__ 60 Page Saunder, Margaret - - - - - 97 n. Saunder, Thomas - - - - - 97 n. Savage, Joan ______ 51 Sayer or Sawyer, John, jnr. - _ _ 19 Scheemakers, Peter _ _ - - - 41 Scholefield, Frances - - _ _ - 20 Scholefield, Westerman _ _ _ _ 20 Schools 8, 15, 24, 32, 84, 91-92, plates 41, 42, 64^ Scoresby Street ______ 100 Sejanus _______ 75 Sells, Edward ______ 63 Sells, Vincent -___-_ 63 Serieant, John ______ 59 Sessions House, Borough High Street - 10, 11 Sessions of the Peace _ _ _ _ 10 Seymour, Jane - _ _ _ - _95n. Shakespeare, Edmund _ _ - _ 76 Shakespeare, William - 71, 73, 74, 75 n., 75-77 Shakespeare Reading Society _ _ _ 75 Shale, William __---_ 48 Shallett, Arthur - _____ 93 Sharp, Thomas Snuggs - - - - 107 Shaw, James _ _ - - _ -58, 59 Shaw, William - - _ - - - 113 Shelley, Percy Bysshe - - - - 131 Sherlock, William - - _ - _ 98 Short, J. H. ______ 124 Shorter, John ___--_ 98 Shorter, Sir John - - - - - 102 Simon de Montfort - - - _ _ 46 Skelton, Rev. Charles _ - - - 79 n. Skelton's Meeting House, Maid Lane - 79 n., plate 58 Skinner, Miss E. _____ 15 Slade, John ______ 15 Slater, Martin ___--_ 76 Sly, William - - - - - - 74, 7^ Smith, E.W. ---__- 124 Smith, Fanny - - - - - - 1 1 2 Smith, James ______ 107 Smith, Joseph - - - - - - 112 Smith, Judith - - - _ _ -75 n. Smith, Martha ______ 107 Smith, Sir Robert - - - - -75 n. Smith, William - _ - - - -inn. Smylie, Thomas- - - - - - 104 Smyth, Mathew _____ 91 Smythe, John ______ 60 Snow's Fields ___--- 33 Soap Yard -_-__-_ 83 Society of Friends _ _ - - 87, 87 n. Sone, William _____ -32,33 South, Sir James _____ 35 South, John Flint _____ 35 South Bank Power Station, site of - - 59 149 Page South Eastern Railway, terminus at London Bridge — - — - - 9, 90 South Metropolitan Gas Company - 59 Southwark (Sudwercke, Suthringa, Suth- wark) - - - - - - I, 5, 6, 45 Southwark, bailiffs of - - - - 2 Southwark, Bailiwick of - - - - 5 Southwark, borough of - - - - 5 Southwark Bridge - - - - 88, 123 Southwark Bridge Company - - - 72 Southwark Bridge Road - 71, 72, 75, 75 n., 88-89, 9I' pl^te 62^ Southwark Bridge Road, Fire Station in 84 Southwark, churches and parishes of - 6-8 Southwark, diocese of - - - - 8 Southwark, Manors of - - - 4-6, 48 Southwark Cathedral- -8, 15, 32, plates 4-7 Southwark Fair ------ 11 Southwark Marsh - - _ _ _ 45 Southwark Park Estate - - - - 86 Southwark Street — - i, 83, 87, 90, 120 Southwark Water Company - — - 80 Southwark Waterworks — - - - 80 Spears, Rev. Robert - - - _ 123,124 Speleman, Stephen ----- 95 Spence, William - - - - - 67 n. Spenser, Gabriel - - - - -71,72 Spier, Richard ------ 60 Sprint, John ______ ^6 Spur Inn, Borough High Street - -25, 26 Squibb, John - - - - - 70, 7 in. Stamford Street 122-124, plates 88 and 89 Stanbrooke, John — _ - _ _ 51 Stapylton, Sir Myles of - - - - 60 Steele and Foster - _ _ _ _ 86 Steer, James ______ ^7 Stephenson, H. W. — - - - - 124 Sterck, Samuel Henry - - - - 112 Sterry, George - - - - - - no Stevens, John - - - - - - 71 n. Stews, the - - 57, 57 n., 66, 84, 95 Stews bank or Steweside - 48, 57, 62 n., 67 n. Stocke, John -_____ij^ Stocks, the, Paris Garden Manor - - 97 Stone, Marcus ------ 56 Stone, Thomas --____ ig Stoney Street -46,49, 51, 52, 54, 55, 81, 83 Strange, Lord, company of - - - 71 Stratford, John, archbishop of Canterbury 4 Stratford at Bow, Priory of - 57, 62 n., 67 n. Straunstone, Thomas - - _ _ ^5 Strauss, Edward, & Co. - - - - 30 Street (Streete), Peter - - - -69,73 Street posts --____ (, Strype, John - - - - - -112 n. Sumner, John, bishop of Winchester - 8,91 Sumner Street ----- _gi_^2 150 Page Sun, the, Newcomen Street - - — 33 Surrey, Sheriff of — _ _ _ _ 5 Surrey and Kent Sewer Commission, court of 1 5 Surrey Chapel - - 100, 1 19, 120, plate 85 Surrey Institution - 1 1 5-1 17, plate 81^ Surrey Row ______ g^^ gg Surrey Works -___--ioo Sutton, Barbara _____ 107 Sutton, Daniel -___-- 65 Swan Alley ______ g Swalclive, Joan and Robert - - - 95 Swan Playhouse - - 69,72-73,97,133 Swanne, the, Bankside - - - - 57 Sweetapple, John _____ ig Sydenham, Sir Edward - - - - 71 n. Sydenham, Richard — - - - -71 n. Symonds, Raff, or Rauf - - - 67 n., 71 Symonds, Thomasyn- _ - - _ 71 Tabard Inn, Borough High Street- 9 n., 21, plate 14 Tabard Street - - - - - - 4, 92 Tailloure, Thomas ----- 62 Talbot Inn {see Tabard Inn, Borough High Street) Tallis, views of Borough High Street - 12, 26 Taylor, Elizabeth - - - - 31,101 Taylor, John - - - - - -67n. Taylor, John, junior _ _ _ _ 121 Taylor, John, water poet- - - -55.63 Taylor, Richard _____ ^l Taylor, Thomas _____ ^7 Temple, Richard, Lord Cobham - - 79 Temple Mills (Milnes) _ - - _ 95 Tennis Court, Winchester House - - 49 Theakston, George ----- 99 Theatre, the, Shoreditch _ _ _ 73 Thomas k Becket, archbishop of Canter- bury _-__--_ 46 Thorn, Catherine - - - - - 107 Thorn, Joseph ------107 Thorn, Louisa Ann _____ 107 Thorn, Lucy Ann - - - - - 107 Thorn, Thomas - - - - - 107 Thrale, Mrs. {see Piozzi, Mrs.) Thrale, Ralph - - - 60, 79, 79 n., 82 Thrale, Ralph, of Offley - - - - 79 n. Thrale, Anna {n/e Halsey) - - - 79 n. Thrale, Henry - 15, 60, 78, 78 n., 79, 80, 82 Thrale, Henry, house of - - - plate 6o<; Three Crowns Court _ _ _ - 1 1 Three Tuns (later the George), Bankside 91 Thurlow Street— _____ 100 Thurlow Works _____ 100 Token Books ______ 76 Topping, W. G. ----- 124 Page Town Hall, Borough High Street - 5, 6, 1 1, plate 1 3 Town Hall, Walworth Road - - - 11 n. Triangle, the ------ 13 Trig, John ------- 57 Tucker, William Lyddon- - - - 124 Turner, T. - - - - - 120, 121 Tyler, Wat --____ 2 Udale, Robert ------ g6 Underwood, Mary (later Mary Wayland) 1 9 Underwood, Thomas - - _ _ ig Unicorn, Bankside - - _ _ 67, 67 n. Union Hall ------ 84 Union Place {see Edward Street) - - 100 Union Street 84-86, i ig, plates 62 and 63 Unitarian Chapel, Prince's Street, West- minster -------124 Unitarian Chapel, Stamford Street 123-124, plate i()a Upper Ground - 72, 94, 97, 98, 108-1 10, plate 79^ Upper Stamford Street - - - - 122 Vanderbank, — _---_ ^8 Vannam, George ----- 103 Vaughan, George (died 1780) - - 106 Vaughan, George (died 1786) - 97 n., 106 Vaughan, George (died 1828) - - 106 Vaughan, George (died 1874) - 97 n., 107 Vaughan, Elizabeth (died 1852) - - 106 Vaughan, Elizabeth (died 1789) - - 106 Vaughan, Henry _ _ - 107, 107 n. Vaughan, Isaac ------ 106 Vaughan, Mary {nie Bunn) 97 n., 106, io6 n. Vaughan, Mary - - _ 107, 107 n. Vaughans, family vault of - _ - ^7 n. Vaughan, Mrs., Charity of - 107, 107 n. Vine, the ------- 48 Vosper-Thomas, Reginald Samuel - - 104 Wadsworth, Thomas - - - - 79 n. Wakeley Bros., Messrs. - - - - 65 Walker, Thomas - -48, 49, 58, 81, 70 n. Wallace, Robert- ----- 8 Warburton, Samuel ----- 36 Ward, Humble, Baron Ward - - - 15 Ward, W. ------- 65 Wardale, Messrs. ----- 51 Wardens of St. Saviour's {s^e Corporation of Wardens of St. Saviour's) Warner, William - - - - - 109 Warren, Richard — - _ _ _ ^.8 Watchhouse, Clink Liberty - - - 60 Water, "Humfry" ----- 31 Waterloo Bridge - - - - - 123 Watson, Joseph, & Co. - - - _ 86 Page Waverley, Abbot of - - — - - g^ Waverley House — — — — — 83 Waynflete, William, bishop of Win- chester ----- ion., 45 Weaver, Allan James - - - 410 Webb, Thomas ----- ^(j Webster, Richard - - - - -55 n. Well in Borough High Street - - - g Weller, Sam ------ 15 Wells, John —--__- \^ Welsh, — , oil man ----- 9 n. Westminster Hall ----- 46 Weston, Sir William _ - _ _ gj Weyland, Mark ----- ig Wheatsheaf Public House, Stoney Street 81, 83 Whitchurch, James ----- 80 White, Edvvard, & Co. - - - - 65 White, John -____- ■ja White Hart Inn, Borough High Street - 15, plate 20a White Hind Alley _ _ - - 57, 67 n. White Horse Court ----- g Wicking, S. Garth, i- Co. _ - - 24 Wideflete ------ 95, 95 n. Wight, Daniel ------ 19 Wild, Neame, & Co., Messrs. - - 14 Wiles (Wyles or Wylys) - - - 45,95,96 Wilks, Sir Samuel, bart. - - - - 34 William I------- i William atte Fen, Chamberlain to arch- bishop of Canterbury - - - - 4 William de Monte Alto - - - - 95 William of Wykeham, bishop of Win- chester — — — ---- 46 William Street (afterwards Gambia Street) ------- 100 Williams, — {nh Carlcton) - - - 74 Williamson, Sir Francis - - - - 47 Willow Street ------ 59 Willson, Henry ----- 8 Wilson, J. ------- 83 Wilton, Joseph - - - - - - 39 n. Winchester, diocese of - - - - 8 Winchester, bishops of - - 4,45-55,78 Winchester House or Palace 2, 6, 45-55, 81, 98 n., plates 43-53 Winchester House, Pike Garden - - 57 Winchester Liberty - - - 4,45,48 Winchester Palace {see Winchester House) Winchester Park - - 45-55,82,92 Winchester Yard _ - - 46, plate 3 ia W'inklcy &c Son, Messrs. - - - - 15 Winwood, Sir Ralph- - - - _ 74 Wistow (Wistoe, or Wystowe), Robert- 69 n. Withifiete -------5, 95 Wolsey, Thomas, bishop of Winchester - 2, 47, 62 15' Page Women's University Settlement - - 132 Wood, Sir Francis Lindley - - - 129 Wood, Thomas ------124 Woodward, Joan _____ 69 Woodward, Thomas _ _ _ _ 65 Woolwich Arsenal - - - - - 67 n. Worcester, Earl of, company _ _ _ 72 Workhouse, St. Saviour's 75 n., 79, 79 n., 84 Worrall, Thomas _____ 99 Wren, Sir Christopher _ — _ _ 58 Wren, Dr. Mathew _____ 47 Wrench, John _----- 98 Wyat, John - _____ 8 Wyatt, George ______ 65 Wyatt, Samuel ______ 120 Wyles (see Wiles) Wythiflete [see Withiflete) Page Yearwood, Katherine - _ _ _ 24 Yearwood, Richard - - _ - - 24 Yeates, Alfred Bowman _ - _ _ 88 Yeoman of His Majesty's Bears - - 66 Yevele, Henry ---___ 46 Yong, John - - - - - -75 n. York Hotel - - - - - -115 n. York Street __-___ioo Zin Zan, Joseph _____ ^7 Zoar Street _ _ _ _ gj, plate 64 Zoar Street Chapel - - - - -2,93 152 PRINTED FOR THE LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL AT THE PITMAN PRESS, BATH. MDCCCCL Published by the London County Council, The County Hall, S.E.i. Publication No. 3682. Price ^i I OS. DA 675 S9 V.22 CIRCULATE AS MONOGRAPH Survey of London ROBARTS LIBRARY DUE DATE OCT 281988 ^ISRCULATE AS MONOGRAPH -^M m ■ .< '.v:';'.	Clink
Taking place on September 7th 1812, the Battle of Borodino took place in which country?	Full text of "Survey of London" See other formats A LONDON BRIDGE (FROM VISSCHER'S VIEW OF LONDON, 1616) "'"'"■"'"" LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL SURVEY OF LONDON ISSUED BY THE JOINT PUBLISHING COMMITTEE REPRESENTING THE LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL AND THE LONDON SURVEY COMMITTEE UNDER THE GENERAL EDITORSHIP OF SIR HOWARD ROBERTS (/or the Council) WALTER H. GODFREY (for the Survey Committee) VOLUME XXII BANKSIDE (THE PARISHES OF ST. SAVIOUR AND CHRISTCHURCH SOUTHWARK) 506899 •= "aO PUBLISHED BY THE LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL THE COUNTY HALL, LONDON, S.E.i 1950 '\ PREVIOUS VOLUMES OF "THE SURVEY OF LONDON " I. PARISH OF BROMLEY-BY-BOW. {Out of print.) II. PARISH OF CHELSEA. PART I. {Out of print.) III. PARISH OF ST. GILES-IN-THE-FIELDS. PART I (LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS). 2\S. IV. PARISH OF CHELSEA. PART II. zu. V. PARISH OF ST. GILES-IN-THE-FIELDS. PART II. 2U. VI. PARISH OF HAMMERSMITH, zis. VII. PARISH OF CHELSEA. PART III (THE OLD CHURCH). 21s. VIII. PARISH OF ST. LEONARD, SHOREDITCH. 42/. IX. PARISH OF ST. HELEN, BISHOPSGATE. PART I. 42/. X. PARISH OF ST. MARGARET, WESTMINSTER. PART I. 42/. XI. PARISH OF CHELSEA. PART IV (THE ROYAL HOSPITAL). 42^. XII. PARISH OF ALL HALLOWS, BARKING-BY-THE-TOWER. PART I (THE PARISH CHURCH). 31/. 6<j'. XIII. PARISH OF ST. MARGARET, WESTMINSTER. PART II (NEIGHBOUR- HOOD OF WHITEHALL, VOL. I). 52/. 6^. XIV. PARISH OF ST. MARGARET, WESTMINSTER. PART III (NEIGHBOUR- HOOD OF WHITEHALL, VOL. II). 52/. 6d. XV. PARISH OF ALL HALLOWS, BARKING-BY-THE-TOWER. PART II. 42/. XVI. PARISH OF ST. MARTIN-IN-THE-FIELDS. PART I (CHARING CROSS). 52/. 6J. XVII. PARISH OF ST. PANCRAS. PART I (THE VILLAGE OF HIGHGATE). 2u. XVIII. PARISH OF ST. MARTIN-IN-THE-FIELDS. PART II (THE STRAND). 21s. XIX. PARISH OF ST. PANCRAS. PART II (OLD ST. PANCRAS AND KENTISH TOWN). 2\s. XX. PARISH OF ST. MARTIN-IN-THE-FIELDS. PART III (TRAFALGAR SQUARE AND NEIGHBOURHOOD). 21s. XXI. PARISH OF ST. PANCRAS. PART III (TOTTENHAM COURT ROAD AND NEIGHBOURHOOD). 50/. DA (ol5 BANKSIDE (THE PARISHES OF ST. SAVIOUR AND CHRISTCHURCH, SOUTHWARK), BEING THE TWENTY- SECOND VOLUME OF THE SURVEY OF LONDON — I w JOINT PUBLISHING COMMITTEE REPRESENTING THE LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL AND THE LONDON SURVEY COMMITTEE Chairman J. H. MacDONNELL Vke-Chairman WALTER H. GODFREY Members appointed by the Council MRS. I. M. BOLTON W. R. HORNBY STEER J. H. MacDONNELL DAVID A. WILKIE Members appointed by the London Survey Committee J. W. BLOE WALTER H. GODFREY EDWARD YATES IV MEMBERS OF THE LONDON SURVEY COMMITTEE President The Rt. Hon. LORD NORMAN, P.C, D.S.O. The Society of Antiquaries OF London. The Royal Institute of British Architects. The Incorporated Associa- tion of Architects and Surveyors. The Architectural Associ- ation. The Athenaeum. Miss Helen Barlow. L. A. Bayman. Bedford College for Women. R. A. Bell. The Birmingham Public Library. The Bishopsgate Institute. The Brentford and Chis- wiCK Public Library. The University of Cali- fornia. MoiR Carnegie, F.S.A. The Rev. P. T. B. Clayton, C.H., M.C., F.S.A. The Columbia University. Captain E. E. Colquhoun, M.B.E. The Conservative Club. The Constitutional Club. The Courtauld Institute OF Art. Lieut.-Colonel Walter E. Cross, F.R.I.B.A. Honorary Members and Subscribers The Croydon Public Library. Francis Edwards. Mrs. J. D. Ellis. P. Ferriday. Sir Samuel Gluckstein. h. w. f. godley. The Guildhall Library, London. Richard Harriss. The Institute of His- torical Research. W. T. Hugo. Constant Huntingdon. Walter T. Ison. The Rt. Hon. The Viscount Leverhulme, D.L., LL.D. The London Library. The London and Middle- sex Archaeological Society. The London Museum. The London School of Economics. The University of London. The Hon. Mr. Justice Lort- Williams, K.C. Gilbert H. Lovegrove, F.R.I.B.A. Percy W. Lovell, F.S.A. The Manchester Society of Architects. The Manchester Public Library. Colonel the Rt. Hon. The Lord Nathan of Churt, P.C, D.L. The National Buildings Record. The Newbery Library, Chicago. The New York Library. The Oxford and Cambridge Club. J. Foster Petree. The Carnegie Library, Pittsburgh. A. D. Power. The Public Record Office. QuATUOR CORONATI LoDGE. The Reform Club. The John Rylands Library. Frederick Simms. Sir G. C. Simpson, K.C.B., C.B.E., F.R.S., D.Sc. SioN College. E. E. Smith. The Southport Library. R. T. D. Stoneham. A. H. Thomas, LL.D., F.S.A. University of Toronto. University College, London. The Victoria & Albert Museum. Washington Library of Congress. The West Ham Public LlBR.\RY. The Ministry of Works (Department of Ancient Monuments). V W. W. Begley, F.R.Hist.S., L.R.I.B.A. J. W. Bloe, O.B.E., F.S.A. A. E. Bullock, F.R.I.B.A. C. J. P. Cave, F.S.A. G. H. Chettle, F.S.A. Sir Alfred Clapham, C.B.E., F.B.A., F.S.A. Miss Ida Darlington, M.A., A.L.A. J. J. Edmunds. Cecil Farthing, F.S.A. H. W. FiNCHAM, F.S.A. Active Members Thomas F. Ford, F.R.I.B.A. Philip S. Hudson, A.R.I.B.A. W. McB. Marcham. A. R. Martin, F.S.A. E. C. Nisbet. Guy Parsloe, B.A. Hugh Phillips. Francis W. Reader. Major T. F. Reddaway, M.A., F.S.A. John Summerson, F.S.A., A.R.I.B.A. T. O. Thirtle, A.R.I.B.A. A. R. Wagner, M.A., F.S.A. (Richmond Herald). R. E. Mortimer Wheeler, M.C., CLE., D.Lit., Litt.D., F.B.A., F.S.A. Walter H. Godfrey, F.S.A., ¥ .^.l.^.K., Editor for the Committee. W. F. Grimes, M.A., F.S.A., Hon. Treasurer of the Committee. Edward Yates, F.S.A., Hon. Secretary of the Committee. VI CONTENTS PAGE i FRONTISPIECE GENERAL TITLE PAGE ---------- PREVIOUS VOLUMES OF "THE SURVEY OF LONDON" - - SPECIAL TITLE PAGE ---------- MEMBERS OF THE JOINT PUBLISHING COMMITTEE - - MEMBERS OF THE SURVEY COMMITTEE ----- DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES -------- ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT --------- xvi HERALDIC ILLUSTRATIONS ---------- xviii INDEX MAP PREFACE ______-------- xix 11 iii iv V ix THE SURVEY OF BANKSIDE Introduction — — - Chapter I. Chapter 2. Chapter 3- Chapter 4- Chapter 5- Chapter 6. Chapter 7- Chapter 8. Chapter 9- Chapter lO. Chapter 1 1. Chapter 12. Chapter 13- Chapter 14. Borough High Street -------- 9 Newcomen Street ---------31 St. Thomas Street ---------34 Guy's Hospital ----------36 Montague Close ---------43 Winchester House and Park _ _ - - _ - 4^ BaNKSIDE ----------- ^1 The Bankside Playhouses and Bear Gardens - - - 66 The Anchor Brewery --------78 Stoney Street ----------81 Park Street ----------82 Union Street ----------84 Red Cross Gardens, Red Cross Way - - - - - 87 Southwark Bridge and Nos. 1-15 Southwark Bridge Road (Anchor Terrace) Vll Chapter 15. Chapter 16. Chapter 17. Chapter 18. Chapter 19. Chapter 20. Chapter 21. Chapter 22. Chapter 23. Chapter 24. Chapter 25. Chapter 26. Appendix References Index — SouTHWARK Street - - - - Sumner Street ----- Zoar Street and Zoar Street Chapel PAGE 90 91 93 Paris Garden Manor __-----_ 94 Christ Church --------- loi Upper Ground and Boddy's Bridge _____ 108 HoPTON Street (formerly Green Walk) - - - - 1 1 1 Blackfriars Bridge and Blackfriars Road - - - - 115 Stamford Street - - - — - - — - — 122 Nos. 72-80 Colombo Street - - - - — - -125 DoLBEN Street (formerly George Street) - - - - 127 Nelson Square - - - — — — - - - -129 -------------133 _____________ 136 -------------140 viu DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES' Frontispiece. London Bridge and part of Borough High Street in 1 6 16 _ _ _ _ From Visscher's view of London, re- produced by the London Topo- KEY PLAN graphical Society. PLATE 1 . Plan of Southwark, circa 1 6 1 8 - - - From a plan in the Record Office of the City Corporation. 2. Part of Rocque's map, 1761 _ _ _ From the Council's collection. 3. "A Plott of the Counter Prison, the Kings Armes Tavern and other buildings," 1686 From a plan made by William Capell, in the Record Office of the City Corporation. 4. Formation of the southern approach to new London Bridge, July, 1830 - _ _ From a lithograph in the Council's collection. 5. The tomb of John Gower, Southwark Cathe- dral _______ Photograph in the possession of the National Buildings Record. 6. The memorial to William Emerson, South- wark Cathedral _____ Photograph by F. Hyde. 7. The tomb of Lancelot Andrewes, Southwark Cathedral ______ Photograph in the possession of the National Buildings Record. 8. Plan of Borough High Street, circa 1542 - From a plan in the Public Record Office. 9. (a) Extract from Horwood's Map, 18 19; (b) Plan of Borough High Street area based on 1875 Ordnance Survey 10. Plan of the College Almshouse estate, 18 14 From a survey by George Gwilt, in the possession of the Corporation of Wardens of St. Saviour. 11. {a) The market in Borough High Street, circa 1750 ______ From R. Bradley's Riches of a Hop Garden, in the Guildhall Library. (J?) The Borough Market House, 18 10 - From a sketch in the Council's collection. 12. (a) Fishmonger Alley, looking towards Red Cross Street ______ From a sepia watercolour drawing by Buckler, in the Guildhall Library. {b) No. 4 Green Dragon Court. Shop front Photograph by Edward Yates, F.S.A. • Unless otherwise stated the photographs are the copyright of the London County Council. ix PLATE 13. (a) "View of the town-hall, St. Margaret's Hill", prior to 1793 - _ _ _ _ From Wilkinson's LoWwa 7//a5/r«/«. {b) The town hall, St. Margaret's Hill, circa 1850 — - — - — - — From a watercolour drawing by T. H. Shepherd, in the Council's collection. 14. (a) The Canterbury Pilgrims setting out from the Tabard Inn _ _ _ _ From Urry's edition of Chaucer's works, published in 1721. (b) The Tabard Inn, «rf<« 1850 — — — From a watercolour drawing by T. H. Shepherd, in the Council's collec- tion. 15. (a) King's Head public house. Borough High Street. Bust of King Henry VIII, 1943 _______ Photograph. (J)) The inner yard of the King's Head pub- lic house, Borough High Street, 1880 - Photograph by the Society for Photo- graphing Relics of old London. 16. The George Inn, interior of saloon bar, 1947 Photograph, copyright London News Agency. 17. The George Inn, 1880 - - - - Photograph by the Society for Photo- graphing Relics of Old London. 18. The George Inn, north and south elevations Measured drawings by F. A. Evans. 19. The George Inn. Staircase and external de- tails _______ Measured drawings by F. A. Evans. 20. {a) Theinnyardof the old White Hart, 1882 From an etching by Percy Thomas, in the Council's collection. (b) Back of the Queen's Head Inn, 1888 - From a watercolour drawing by Appleton, in the Council's col- lection. 21. (a) The Grapes public-house, No. 2 St. Thomas Street, 1943 _ _ _ _ Photograph. (J?) No. 83 Borough High Street, 1948 - Sketch of staircase by F. A. Evans. 22. No. 91 Borough High Street. Details of staircase _______ Measured drawing by R. G. Absolon. 23. No. 91 Borough High Street. Details of niche cupboard on first floor _ _ — Measured drawing by R. G. Absolon. 24. (rt) Nos. 38—52 Borough High Street, 1943 Photograph. (b) Calvert's Buildings, No. 50 Borough High Street, 1908 _ _ — - _ Photograph. 25. No. 52 Borough High Street. Mantelpiece on first floor ______ Measured drawing by F. A. Evans. 26. {a) The King's Arms public-house, New- comen Street, 1828 - _ _ _ _ From a sepia watercolour drawing by Buckler, in the Council's collec- tion. (J?) Coat of arms on the King's Arms public- house, Newcomen Street — _ — _ Photograph. X PLATE 27. Guy's Hospital ------ Ground plan. 28. Guy's statue in the hospital courtyard - Photograph. 29. Guy's Hospital. Central block of front court- yard — ___ — — — Photograph. 30. Guy's Hospital. Entrance gates from St. Thomas Street, 1934 - _ - - Photograph. 3 I . Portrait of Thomas Guy from the court room of the hospital ------ Photograph. 32. (a) Guy's Hospital. North-west wing of front courtyard — — _ _ _ Photograph. (J?) Guy's Hospital. West quadrangle of the inner courtyard looking west, 1 948 — — Photograph. 33. {a) Guy's Hospital. Thomas Guy's chest - Photograph. (b) Guy's Hospital. The court room (for- merly the Martha Ward), 1948 - - Photograph. 34. Guy's Hospital. Elevation to St. Thomas Street, section through central block and elevation of west wing — — _ — Measured drawings by Evelyn Prior. 35. Guy's Hospital. Interior of chapel - - Photograph by F. Hyde. 36. Guy's Hospital. Details of chapel — — Measured drawings by Evelyn Prior. 37. Guy's Hospital. Monument in chapel — Photograph. 38. {a) The Feathers, Winchester Yard, 1890- From a watercolour drawing by Appleton, in the Council's collec- tion. {b) Old houses in Clink Street, 1888 - - From a watercolour drawing by Appleton, in the Council's collec- tion. 39. Entrance to Montague Close, "Gateway of St. Mary's Priory, Southwark", 181 1 - From Wilkinson's Londina Illustrata. 40. {a) Montague Close. "A North-west View of the House of William Parker, Lord Monteagle", 1825 ----- 'From.V^WVXnsons Londina Illustrata. (b) Old houses adjoining Saint Saviour's Dock, 1827 — — — — — — From a sepia watercolour draw- ing by Buckler, in the Guildhall Library. 41. "North View of Queen Elizabeth's Free Grammar School, St. Saviour's, South- wark", 1815- - - - - - ¥vom \N\\yi\nsons, Londina Illustrata. 42. (<i) The Governors' Court Room, St. Saviour's Grammar School, 1826 — — From a watercolour drawing by G. Yates, in the Guildhall Library. {b) The schoolroom, St. Saviour's Grammar School, 1826 ------ From a watercolour drawing by G. Yates, in the Guildhall Library. 43. Partof Hollar's View of London, 1647, show- 44. ing Winchester House and Bankside - From the reproduction issued by the London Topographical Society. xi PLATE 45. (a) South view of the palace of the Bishops of Winchester ------ (F) The remains of Winchester Palace, Clink Street, circa 1 800 - - - - - 46. Winchester Palace after the fire of 1 8 14 - 47. Remainsof Winchester House. Details, 1943 48. Remains of Winchester House. Plans, 1943 49. The Bishop of Winchester's House, (a) Top of doorway on the south side of the great hall; (b) Elevations of doorway on the south side of the great hall. 1884 - - From an engraving in Wilkinson's Londina Illustrata, 1 8 1 2. From a sepia watercolour in the possession of the Corporation of Wardens. From an etching by J. Le Rous, in Beauties of Britain, 1828. Measured drawings by F. H. Healey. Measured drawings by F. H. Healey. From drawings by F. T. Dollman, in the Guildhall Library. 50. The Bishop of Winchester's House. Per- spective view of great hall looking west - From a drawing by F. T. Dollman, in the Guildhall Library. 51. {a) Remains of Winchester House, 1943. Eastern face of the upper portion of the rose window on fourth floor of warehouse ; (J?) Part of old rubble wall in warehouse wall after the demolition of the arch over Stoney Street ------ Photographs. 52. The Bishop of Winchester's House. Rose window —— — — — — — From a drawing by F. T. Dollman, in the Guildhall Library. ^•i. The Bishop of Winchester's House. Details. 1884 - - - - - - - From measured drawings by F. T. Dollman, in the Guildhall Library. 54. {a) Old houses on Bankside, 1827 - - From a sepia watercolour drawing by Buckler, in the Guildhall Library. (F) Nos. 50—52 Bankside, 1940 - — - Photograph. ^^. (a) The Anchor public-house. No. i Bank- side, 1948; (F) No. 49 Bankside, The Cardinal's Cap, 1946 - - - - Photographs. 56. Honduras Wharf, No. 74 Bankside. (a) Doorway; (J>) Staircase - - - Photographs. 57. (a) Old houses in Maid Lane (now Park Street), area 1820- - - - - (i) Old houses in Castle Street - - - From a watercolour drawing by G. Shepherd, in the Council's collection. From a sepia watercolour drawing by Buckler, in the Guildhall Library. xu PLATE 58. Colour mill built out of the remains of Skel- ton's meeting house, on the south side of Maid Lane (now Park Street), 1 8 1 2 - 59. Plan of Bankside, showing the Bishop of Winchester's property and the sites of the Elizabethan playhouses, inns, etc. - - 60. (a) House of John Perkins, previously of Henry Thrale, in Park Street, just prior to its demolition in 1833 _ _ _ _ (l>) Nos. 22-26 Park Street, 1946 - - 6 1 . Plan of the Anchor Brewhouse situate in Park Street, Southwark, 1792 - - - - 62. (a) No. 18 Union Street, 1890 - From watercolour drawings by G. Shepherd, in the Council's collec- tion. Based on the Ordnance Survey. From a drawing in the Guildhall Library. Photograph. From the original map by G. Gwilt, junr., in the possession of Messrs. Barclay Perkins. From a watercolour drawing by Appleton, in the Council's collec- tion.. (i) Anchor Terrace, Nos. 1-15 Southwark Bridge Road, 1946 ----- Photograph. 63. (a) Nos. 59 and 61 Union Street. Doors to room on first floor; (i) Nos. 59 and 61 Union Street. Malting shed at rear, 1949 Photographs. 64. (a) Zoar Street, 1912- - - - - Photograph. (l>) The schoolroom under the Zoar Street meeting house ------ From an engraving published by Wilkinson in 1822. 65. "A Mapp of the Mannor or Lordship of Old Paris Garden Surveyed 1627" - - From the original plan in the posses- sion of the trustees of Christ Church Parochial School. 66. Parish of Christchurch, Surrey, surveyed by H.Gardner, 1821 - - - - — From a map published by Wilkinson in 1 82 1, in the Council's collection. 67. (a) Christ Church exterior, April, 1941; (^) Christ Church watch house, 1932 - - Photographs. 68. (a) Christ Church. Old pulpit - - - From a drawing belonging to Mar- shall's Charity. (b) Christ Church interior, 1825 - - From a watercolour drawing by G. Yates belonging to Marshall's Charity. Measured drawings (part reconstruc- tion) by F. A. Evans. Measured drawing (part reconstruc- tion) by F. A. Evans. xiii 69. Christ Church. West and east elevations — 70. Christ Church. South elevation - - - PLATE 71. Christ Church. Section with inset drawings of the church after bomb damage - - 72. Colombo Street (formerly Collingwood Street), 1906 ------ Measured drawing (part reconstruc- tion) by F. A. Evans. Watercolour drawing by E. A. Phip- son, from the Council's collection. 73. (a) Hopton's Almshouses, area 1850- - From a watercolour drawing by T. H. Shepherd, in the Council's collec- tion. (b) Hopton's Almshouses, 1934 — - - Photograph. 74. Hopton's Almshouses. Ground plan - - Drawn by R. G. Absolon. 75. Hopton's Almshouses. Elevations - - Drawings by R. G. Absolon. 76. Hopton's Almshouses. Details of the Trustees' Committee Room _ - - Measured drawings by F. H. Healey. 77. Hopton's Almshouses. Living room - - Sketch by R. G. Absolon. 78. (a) No. 61 Hopton Street, 1949- - - Photograph by F. Hyde. (b) No. 61 Hopton Street. Elevations and plans --_ — __— Measured drawings. 79. (a) Nos. 12-14 Boddy's Bridge, Upper Ground, 1947; {b) No. 26 Upper Ground, 1947 _--__-- Photographs. 80. {a) Falcon Glassworks near Bankside (Green & Pellatts), 1827- - - - - From a watercolour drawing by Buckler, in the Guildhall Library. {b) Queen's Arms Court, Upper Ground, 1825 --_--__ From a watercolour drawing by G. Yates, in the Council's collec- tion. 81. {a) The British Plate Glass Warehouse (with the Surrey Institution and Christchurch in the background), circa 1 800 - - - From an aquatint in the Council's collection. {b) Surrey Institution, 1 809 - - - From an aquatint in Ackermann's Microcosm of London, 82. No. 7 Blackfriars Road, 1947 - - - Photograph. 83. No. 74 Blackfriars Road. Elevation - - Measured drawing by R. G. Absolon. 84. {a) Nos. 75-78 Blackfriars Road, 1947; (b) Nos. 134-139 Blackfriars Road, 1946 Photographs. 85. (a) Surrey Chapel Exterior, 1798 — — From an engraving by Wilkinson, in the Council's collection. {b) Surrey Chapel Interior, 18 12 - - From an aquatint published by Acker- mann, in the Council's collection. 86. The sign of the Dog and Pot, No. 1 96 Black- friars Road, 1908 - - - - - Photograph. 87. {a) No. 174A Blackfriars Road. Entrance. 1946 ------- Photograph. {b) No. 187 Blackfriars Road. Entrance. 1 949 _-__-__ Measured drawing by F. H. Healey. xiv PLATE 88. Nos. 48, 38 and 30 Stamford Street. Eleva- Measured drawings by R. G.Absolon. tions — — — — — --- 89. {a) Unitarian Chapel, Stamford Street, 1949 Photograph by F. Hyde. (J)) No. 1 8 Stamford Street, 1 904 - - Photograph. 90. Nelson Square. Elevations of north, east and south sides ------ Measured drawings by P. G. Vincent. 91. Balcony railings in Nelson Square - - Measured drawings by F. A. Evans. 92. {a) Nelson Square, east side, 1940; {b) Nos. 2-9 Dolben Street, 1946- - _ - Photographs. XV ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT PAGE 1. Roman hypocaust flue found west of Red Cross Street in 1806. From a draw- ing by George Gwilt in the Council's collection ______ j 2. Roman pottery jug found on the site of Barclay Perkins' brewery in 1786. From a drawing by George Gwilt in the Council's collection _ _ _ j 3. Street post in the Clink Liberty. Sketch by F. A. Evans ----- 6 4. Tallis's View of the east side of Borough High Street from St. Thomas Street to Newcomen Street in four sections —--- — — - 12 5. Strip elevation of the east side of Borough High Street in 1948 in four sections. Drawn by R. G. Absolon - -------___ i^ 6. No. 33 Borough High Street. Staircase. Sketch by F. A. Evans - - - 14 7. The sign of the Hare. Sketch by M. H. Leefe ______ jg 8. The George Inn. Sections and ground and first-floor plans. Measured drawings by F. A. Evans ---__- — -____ jy 9. The George Inn. Staircase and elevation. Measured drawings by F. A. Evans 18 10. The George Inn. Panelling. Measured drawings by F. A. Evans - - - 19 1 1 . Plan of the George Inn, 1 874. From a deed in the possession of British Railways 20 12. No. 83 Borough High Street. Staircase, 1948. Drawn by F. A. Evans - - 21 13. No. 91 Borough High Street. Plans and elevations. Measured drawings by R. G. Absolon ------------- 22 14. The Grapes public-house, Kentish Buildings, 1947. Sketch by R. G. Absolon 25 15. Tallis's View of Nos. 237-246 (now 40—56) and the Town Hall on the west side of Borough High Street — — — — — — -- — - 26 16. West side of Borough High Street, 1947. Sketch by F. A. Evans - - - 27 17. Backs of houses on the west side of Borough High Street, 1947. Sketch by F. A. Evans ------------- 28 18. No. 52 Borough High Street. Detail of panelled room on second floor. Meas- ured drawings by F. A. Evans __ — — -- — __ 29 19. Newcomen Street looking east, 1947. Sketch by F. A. Evans - - - 31 20. Plate fixed to houses belonging to Mrs. Newcomen's Charity - - - - 33 2 1 . Plan of the original block of Guy's Hospital. From a deed in the possession of the hospital ------------- 36 22. Font in the chapel of Guy's Hospital. Measured drawing by Evelyn Prior - 39 23. Stone alcove from old London Bridge now in a courtyard of Guy's Hospital. Measured drawing by Evelyn Prior — — — -_ — — _^.2 24. Reconstructed plan of Winchester Palace as it was in 1649. Line drawing - 50 25. Remains of Winchester Palace. Cross-sections and plan. Measured drawings by F. H. Healey -___-__----- ^3 xvi PAGE 26. Archway over Stoney Street, 1942. Sketched by F. H. Healey - - - 54 27. The Clink. From an inset drawing on a manuscript in the Bodleian Library - 56 28. Token of Anthony Craven, the Castle, Bank End ------ 60 29. Ferryman's seat, Bankside. Sketch by F. A. Evans ------ 60 30. Nos. 50—52 Bankside. Measured drawing by R. G. Absolon - - - - 61 31. Cardinal Cap Alley, 1947. Sketch by F. A. Evans ------ 62 32. Token of Melchisedeck Fritter, the Cardinal's Hat, Bankside - - - - 63 33. No. 50 Bankside. Details of doorway. Measured drawing by R. G. Absolon - 63 34. No. 74 Bankside. Plan and sections of staircase. Measured drawings by P. G. Vincent -------------- 64 35. No. 74 Bankside. Detail of staircase ---------65 36. Part of the " Agas" map view showing the bull and bear baiting rings - - 68 37. Wall tablet on No. 7 Park Street --------- 83 38. Nos. 59 and 61 Union Street. Shop front. Measured drawings by R. G. Absolon -------------- 85 39. Stone monument on the wall of Red Cross Gardens ------ 87 40. Anchor Terrace, Southwark Bridge Road. Fanlight ------ 88 41. Three plans of Christ Church. 1757, i 873, and 1890 ----- 104 42. Christ Church. Plan. 1947. Measured drawing by F. A. Evans - - - 105 43. No. 26 Upper Ground. Details of doorway. Measured drawing by P. G. Vincent --------------109 44. Staircase detail at Hopton's Almshouses - - - - - - - -113 45. No. 83 Blackfriars Road. Lamp standard - - - - - - - -ii7 46. No. 88 Blackfriars Road. Fireplace - - - - - - - - -n? 47. No. 81 Blackfriars Road, entrance hall. Section and ceiling plan. Measured drawing by R. G. Absolon - - - - - - - - - -118 48. No. 32 Stamford Street. Lamp standard - - - - - - - -122 49. Nos. 36-48 Stamford Street. Elevations. Drawn by R. G. Absolon - - 123 50. No. 78 Colombo Street. Staircase detail - - - - - - - -125 51. Nos. 72-80 Colombo Street. Elevation and plans - - - - - - 126 52. No. 5 Dolben Street. Shop front. Measured drawing by R. G. Absolon - - 127 ^2- No. 20 Nelson Square. Fanlight ---------128 54. Nelson Square. Plan based on Ordnance Survey - - - - - -129 55. No. 43 Nelson Square. Elevation showing ground floor and balcony above. Drawn by A. J. North - - - -^- - - - - - -130 56. Nos. 31-35 Nelson Square (east side). Elevation. Measured drawing by A. J. North --------------130 57. Nos. 17 and 56 Nelson Square. Doors. Measured drawings by R. G. Absolon 131 58. Old pump originally in Nelson Square. Sketch by F. A. Evans - - - 132 xvii HERALDIC ILLUSTRATIONS ALLEN (or ALLEYN), EDWARD ANGELL, WILLIAM - - - AUSTIN, WILLIAM - - - BERMONDSEY ABBEY- - - BROWKER, HUGH _ _ - CAREY, HENRY, BARON HUNSDON - - - - - CHAUCER, GEOFFREY - - GARDINER, STEPHEN, BISHOP OF WINCHESTER - - - GUY'S HOSPITAL - - - - MARSHALL, JOHN - _ _ ROCHESTER, SEE OF - - - ST. MARY OVERY PRIORY SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM - - WINCHESTER, SEE OF - - WOOD, SIR FRANCIS LINDLEY WYKEHAM, WILLIAM OF Argent a chevron between three cinqfoih gules. (P- 69) Or., three fusils in f ess azure., over all a bend gules. (P- 98) Argent on a fess between two chevrons sable three crosses or. (p. 1 1 1) Party -per pale gules and azure a lion passant gardant or supporting a pastoral staff of the last infiling a mitre or all within a border argent charged with 8 B's sable, (p. 4) Barry of eight or and sable seven martlets., two, two, two and one, or. (p. 98) Argent, on a bend sable, three roses of the first, a crescent on a crescent for difference, (p. 97) Party per pale argent and gules a bend counter charged, (p. 21) Azure on a cross or between four griffins^ heads erased argent a cinquef oil gules, (p. 47) Sable on a chevron or between three leopards' heads argent each crowned with an eastern crown or, three fleurs de lys azure, (p. 37) Argent a chevron cotised sable between three stags' heads cabossed gules, (p. loi) Argent on a saltier gules an escallop or. (p. 48) Argent a cross of fusils in the dexter chief a cinquefoil gules, (p. 6) Or on a bend sable a spear of the first the point steeled proper, (p. 75) Gules two keys addorsed in bend the upper argent, the lower or, a sword in bend sinister argent inter- posed between them. (p. 45) Three naked savages ambulant in fess proper, in the dexter hand of each a shield argent charged with a cross gules, in the sinister a club resting on the shoulder, also proper on a canton ermine three lozenges conjoined in fess sable, (p. 129) Argent, two chevrons sable between three roses gules. (p. 46) XVIU /n, m<^mr^.<i^MBi i &■; Refniiuced fivm llil OrJmince Sui-cey Map, luM the sunaim of the ContnUer of H.M. Stationery' Office (Parish boundaries and builJings of which a iletaiUd description is given are shovin in red) PREFACE THE average sightseer in London is apt to avoid Southwark, thinking of it as a gloomy and crowded area of wharves and factories. The railway and commercial development of the nineteenth century has indeed obscured the old street pattern and there are practically no open spaces except where bombs have cleared them during the war; yet for those who have the patience to seek them out, Southwark has many survivals of its long and interesting history. Seventeenth and eighteenth century houses remain wedged between high modern factory buildings and, particularly in the neigh- bourhood of Bankside and Borough High Street, narrow alleys and streets retain the lines and the names given them in the seventeenth century when Southwark was in its hey-day. Perhaps the most astonishing survivals are the remains of Winchester Palace, which are now built into the walls of the flour warehouses of Clink Street. Long and careful research into the records of this property in the possession of the Church Commissioners has enabled the ground plan of the palace to be reconstructed, for the old landmarks and boundaries have never been obliterated even in three centuries of commercial occupation. The most interesting part of the volume to many people will be the chapters which deal with Bankside and its literary and dramatic associations. This ground has been so thoroughly worked over in the past that no sensational discoveries could be expected, but several new facts have come to light, while the 1618 map mentioned below settles finally the vexed question of the site of the Globe Playhouse. Many private householders and firms of Southwark too numerous to acknowledge individually have given the Council's officers access to their premises and their records so that this survey might be complete. Special thanks are due to Mr. Bentley, Clerk to the Corporation of the Wardens of St. Saviour's, who has so kindly provided facilities for research among the wonderful series of records belonging to the Wardens, and to Mr. Jones, of the City Records Office, who drew attention to a number of freshly discovered records of Southwark in the City Comptroller's office when the book was almost ready for the press. The map of Southwark in 1 6 1 8 (Plate I), reproduced by permission of the City Corporation, throws new light on the early topography of the area. The story of its origin from the City Records is given in the Appendix. Among other persons and institutions who have given assistance, mention must also be made of Barclay Perkins & Co., Ltd., Dulwich College, the Church Commissioners, the Guildhall Library, Guy's Hospital, the John Marshall Trustees, St. Thomas's Hospital, South- wark Borough Council and Reference Library, the Trustees of Hopton's Charity, and the Unitarian Chapel, Stamford Street, while the resources xix of the Public Record Office, the British Museum, and Somerset House have been freely drawn upon. The historical part of the volume and its general editorship are the work of Miss Ida Darlington, M.A. (Lond.), an assistant in my department. The architectural descriptions, together with the drawings and diagrams, have been prepared under the direction of the Architect to the Council, who desires that his appreciation shall be recorded of the work done by Mr. J. H. Farrar, A.R.C.A., Mr. F. R. Buggey, and other assistants in his department. HOWARD ROBERTS, Clerk of the London County Council. The County Hall, Westminster Bridge, S.E.i. 1949. XX PLATE I MAP ()!• SOUTHWARK (1618) ,.^ -J PART OF ROCQUK'S MAP, 1761 PLATE 3 yfy^.r^>"-w ' >o oo CO H <^ Pi < O < H o or. H Z D u X o ■w^^ INTRODUCTION (i) General History of the Southwark Manors and Liberties Southwark, the south "wark" or fort of the City of London, has had a long and complicated history. There was a settlement there in Roman times though it appears to have been confined to the district immediately adjoining the river crossing or bridge. The volume on Roman London issued by the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments describes it as an "unfortified settlement of fairly prosperous houses" occupying rather less than i 5 acres. ^ Remains of tessellated pavements have been found in Borough High Street (1830), in ir^ '^</f^y^i/SA ^'"g'^^^^^ ^^^'^ (1879-80), on the %^~'^/s^^^ south side of St. Saviour's Church and i ^? \ "" -^'^ in Southwark Street (1820), and other M.'-^-^' i. c^'j smaller finds have been made from time to time. Recent excavations in King's Head Yard, Borough High Street, have been largely unproductive. The Fictoria County History of Surrey suggests that Southwark was a place of importance in the Anglo-Saxon period. It was burnt by William the Conqueror in 1066 and the entry in Domesday Book gives evidence that the conflict of divers jurisdictions and ownerships typical of Southwark history up to the end of the 19th century had already begun in 1086 — "The Bishop himself has in Sudwerche one minster (monas- terium) and one tide-way (aque fluctum) King Edward held it on the day he died. He who had the Church held it of the king. From the dues of the stream (de exitu aquae), where ships used to come alongside (applicabant), the King had two parts, earl Godwin the third. But the men of the Hundred, both French and English, testify that the Bishop of Bayeux commenced a suit concerning these tolls with Randulf the Sheriff; but he, understanding that the suit was not being justly conducted to the King's advantage, withdrew from the suit. But the Bishop at first gave the church and the tidal stream (fluc- tum) to Adelold, then to Ralph in exchange for a house. The Sheriff also denies that he had ever received the King's precept or seal concerning this thing. The men of Southwark testify that in the time of King Hypocaust flue found near Red Cross Street Roman vessel from Park Street BANKSIDE Edward no one took toll on the 'strande' or in the water street (vico aquae) except the King: and if anyone committing a trespass there should be questioned, he made fine to the King. If, however, he should escape unquestioned to the jurisdiction of him who had sac and soc, he (the lord) was to have the fine from the accused. . . . What the King has in Southwark is valued at i6 pounds."^ During the 1 3th century a number of ecclesiastical dignitaries acquired or built town houses or inns in Southwark, mostly in or near what is now Borough High Street, probably because it was easily accessible to West- minster by water and to the City by the bridge. The area was, however, low- lying and marshy and it was not until the end of the i6th century that any extensive effort was made to drain and develop it. In the Middle Ages most of the land west of Borough High Street and the group of buildings round St. Mary Overy Priory and the Bishop of Winchester's House, consisted of pasture and meadow land interspersed with many small streams and planted with willow trees. An earth wall surrounded the manor of Paris Garden and there were several water mills along the river bank (see p. 95). Southwark, because it was a comparatively undeveloped area near to the City and yet outside the close organisation of its civic life, tended from early times to be a place of refuge for the dispossessed and outcast; for fugitives from justice or from persecution at home or abroad; for masterless men and unlicensed artisans and traders. Rebels and reformers, from Wat Tyler in 13 81 to the Chartists in 1848, found it a convenient meeting place. Both the King and the City authorities made frequent attempts to ensure that law and order were maintained there, but their efforts met with only limited success. In 1405, the bailiffs of Southwark were ordered to make proclamation forbidding any man "to make unlawful assemblies within the town and suburbs of Suthewerk, to go armed girt with a sword or arrayed with other unusual harness . . . lords, great men, knights and esquires of good estate . . . excepted. "^ It is noteworthy that in 1528 Richard Fox, Bishop of Winchester, in a letter to Wolsey, refuted accusations of mis- demeanours within his diocese with the remark "except at Southwark . . . there is as little known crime as within any diocese in the realm."* Many refugees from Flanders and Holland settled in Southwark in the 1 6th and 17th centuries, and perhaps partly on this account, it became one of the strongholds of non-conformity in London. Of the early meeting houses, those of the Independents in Deadman's Place (later Park Street) (see p. 93) and of the Baptists in Zoar Street are most notable. Fishing is frequently referred to as a local occupation in records relating to Southwark as late as the i 8th century, while brewing and the hop trade have continued as the main trading interests of the area up to the present day. In the 17th century glasshouses were established in the neighbourhood of Bankside, mainly by foreigners, and in the i8th century several iron foundries were set up there. The Phoenix Gas Works on the site of the new Bankside Power Station was one of the earliest to be established in this country and continued to operate for over a century. 2 LONDON BRIDGE (ii) London Bridge London Bridge may be said to be the raison d'etre for Southwark, though it is conceivable that a ford across the river and perhaps a small settle- ment on the south side preceded the bridge. Dio Cassius, the Roman his- torian, writing long after the event, refers to a bridge at or near the site of London at the time of the invasion of Britain by Aulus Plautius in a.d. 43. Even if this statement is not strictly accurate it is fairly conclusive evidence that there was a bridge during the Roman occupation, a conclusion which is supported by the discovery of the remains of stout oaken piles with iron shoes in the river bed near the site of the mediaeval bridge in close proximitv to a large quantity of coins, pottery, and other objects of Roman date. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle contains a number of references to the bridge in the loth century, when it formed a formidable obstacle to the Danes in their attacks on London. The nursery rhyme "London Bridge is broken down" had its origin in a Norse Saga of this period. In the I ith and I2th centuries the bridge was several times damaged by fire, flood or frost and in 11 69 Peter, the Bridge Master, chaplain of St. Mary Colechurch, carried out a complete rebuilding of the bridge in elmwood. A few years later he started to build a new bridge in stone. The whole work of construction, a formidable and novel enterprise at that period, took more than thirty years, and the stone bridge, when completed, lasted for over six centuries. For an account of its long and chequered career reference should be made to the monograph by Gordon Home.^ A good view of the old bridge with the houses on either side and the gateway at the Southwark end is given on the part of Visscher's view of London reproduced as the frontispiece to this volume. In 1756 the Common Council of the City of London obtained power by Act of Parliament to purchase and remove all the houses on or near the bridge. A temporary wooden structure was erected while the repairs and alterations to the old bridge were carried out. All the houses had been removed by 1762. New London Bridge was built from the designs of John Rennie, who drew the general plan, and of his son Sir John Rennie, who made the working drawings. The first pile was driven in 1824 and the bridge was opened in I 83 I. It stands 180 feet west of the old bridge and the consequent alteration of the approaches made great changes in Southwark (see p. 9).^ The narrow arches and wide starlings of the old bridge had made its passage by boat a dangerous and difficult feat. The wider arches of the new bridge enabled far more shipping to pass upstream, and also greatly increased the scour of the river, making it essential for the embankments to be strengthened. Two remnants of the old bridge remain in Southwark, the coat ot arms from the southern gateway, now on a modern building in Newcomen Street (Plate 26 b), and a stone alcove, dating from the alterations in the I 8th century, in the courtyard of Guy's Hospital (p. 42). 3 BANKSIDE Bermondsey Abbey (iii) The Manors of Southwark Southwark in mediaeval times comprised 3 manors, the Gildable, the Great Liberty, and the manor of Bermondsey Abbey, of which the Bishop of Winchester's Hberty and the manor of Paris Garden were offshoots. (i) The Gildable Manor was a small district at the southern end of London Bridge, with its southern extremity the point at which Stoney Street and Borough High Street join. It was probably in origin the king's fee in Southwark.2 It appears to have become merged in the Borough of Southwark which was granted to the City of London for an annual farm of ;^io in the time of Edward III and confirmed in 1406 by Henry IV.'' (2) The Great Liberty Manor lay to the east of Borough High Street and extended southwards as far as Tabard Street and the Old Kent Road. It lay mainly in the parishes of St. Olave and St. George, which are outside the scope of this volume, but it included the portion of the east side of Borough High Street which is now within the Metropolitan Borough of Southwark, i.e. the section between St. Thomas' Street and Newcomen Street (see Chapters 1-3). It is probable that this manor was granted to the Archbishop of Canterbury in the I2th century.^ In 1349, the king confirmed a grant for life made by the late Archbishop, John Stratford, to his chamberlain, William atte Fen, of the bailiwick and custody of the archiepiscopal liberty of South- wark, with power to seize, levy fines, issues and amercements, waif and stray, extreats and chattels of felons and fugitives, and to execute writs and other mandates of the king.' In 1538, the liberty was surrendered to the king by Thomas Cranmer.* It remained in the hands of the crown until 1550 when, in addition to other property, "the manor and borough of Southwark, with all their rights, members, and appurtenances . . . late parcel of the posses- sions of the Archbishop of Canterbury" were granted to the City of London by a charter of Edward VI. ^ (3) The Abbey of St. Saviour's, Bermondsey, founded in 1082, held the manor of Bermondsey granted by William Rufus, and a hide of land in Southwark granted by Henry I. Part of the land in Southwark appears to have been granted to the Bishop of Winchester in the I2th century, for, in 1 189-90, the Pipe Roll records the payment oi {J) out of the revenues of the bishopric to the monks of Bermondsey for the service of land at Southwark.^ This land became known as the Bishop of Winchester's Liberty or the Clink Liberty. The remainder of the hide of land lay mainly in the parish of St. George, though part was in St. Margaret's parish. In 1550, Edward VI, by the charter mentioned above, granted to the City of London "all that our lordship and manor of Southwark . . . late pertaining to the late monastery of Bermondsey . . . and all messuages, houses, buildings, barns, stables, dove-houses, ponds . . . orchards, gardens . . . meadows . . . commons, waste- street, . . . services, court-leet, view of frank-pledge, waifs, estrays, free warren and all other rights ... in Southwark."^ In addition to this property, the Abbey of Bermondsey held a hide of THE BOROUGH land called Withiflete, which afterwards became the manor of Paris Garden (see Chapter 1 8). Domesday Book does not mention Southwark as a borough, but places it within the hundred of Brixton. If, however. Professor Maitland was correct in identifying the "Suthringa" of the document he terms the Burghal Hidage of circa a.d. 900 with Southwark, it must have had burghal status before the Conquest. It was certainly referred to as a borough in the Pipe Roll for 1 130— I, and burghal payments were made throughout the reign of Henry II through the sheriff.^ In 1251 Henry III directed the Sheriff of Surrey to make inquisition by jurors trom within and without Southwark, as to the customs of their town. The jurors reported a list of tolls worth £10 2. year which were included in the sheriff's farm of the county and stated that tolls were demisable by the king to any farmer who paid ;^io a year to the sheriff.^" Thereafter the bailiwick was farmed out to various bailiffs. In 1326 Edward II issued a proclamation that whereas "malefactors after their offences flee to Suthwerk and elsewhere . . . out of the city, because the ministers of the city cannot attach them there, the king wills that in cases where any evil-doers in the city fleeing to Suthwerk shall be freshly pursued, the bailiffs of the franchise shall be . . . intendent to the capture of the evil-doers."^ In the following year, Edward III granted the town of Southwark to the City of London for the accustomed farm, in order that such malefactors might more readily be brought to justice. In practice this meant little more than allowing the City to appoint the bailiff" instead of the king doing so. It is clear from confirmation and extensions of this grant in 1406 and 1444 that the City had no judicial rights within the manors owned by the Archbishop of Canterbury and Bermondsey Abbey. Even after the grant of the Great Liberty Manor and the King's Manor to the City in 1550, the mayor and corporation, though they held courts in the borough and appointed an alderman of Bridge Ward "Without, to have rule over it, did not have complete authority in Southwark. It still came under the county organisation for some matters, and the Surrey justices held sessions concurrently with the city officials, in the Town Hall on St. Margaret's Hill, throughout the i8th and 19th centuries. In his evidence given before a Royal Commission in i 854 George Corner, then prothonotary of the Borough Court, stated that the City's interference in the civic life of Southwark had become purely formal. The City held three Courts Leet for the manors at which the constables were sworn in and also "quarter sessions every quarter, at which nothing is done because they have no alderman to sit to hear cases, therefore there are no commitments for trial at the quarter sessions. The grand jury are summoned, but merely to be discharged. "^^ The Recorder of the City of London stills holds yearly Courts Leet for the King's Manor, the Great Liberty Manor and the Gildable Manor, usually at the Polytechnic, Courage's Brewery and the Borough Market Office respectively. Juries are empanelled and paid, and the Recorder's speech is reported in the press, but no business is done. The Court Leet of the Clink Liberty was discontinued circa 1850. BANKSIDE Se. Mary Overy In Southwark, as in other areas, the duty of lighting, paving and watching the streets devolved up to the i8th century on individual house- holders, under the general supervision of the vestry or manorial court. The arrangement can never have been very satisfactory in St. Saviour's Parish with its several overlapping authorities, and in 1786 an Act^^ was passed "for paving, cleansing, lighting, and watching the Streets, Lanes, and other publick Passages . . . within the Manor of Southwark^ otherwise called The Clink.'' The commission established under this and subsequent Acts continued in existence until 1856. The appearance and method of paving of Clink Street, Horse Shoe Alley, Rose Alley and others in the neighbourhood have altered little since that period. In 1 8 1 2 the Clink Paving Com- missioners ordered sixty cast-iron street posts to be made by Messrs. Bishop & Co., and in 18 13 they also bought a number of posts made from guns.^^ Many of the former, with the inscription "Clink 18 12," and a few of the latter still survive. It may be noted here that the site of Guy's Hospital and the premises to the west of it in St. Thomas' Street, though originally in the parishes of St. Olave and St. Thomas, were made part of the Borough of Southwark by the Local Government Act of 1899, though the remainder of St. Olave's parish, and of the parish of St. Thomas which had been united with it in 1896, were incorporated in the Borough of Bermondsey. (iv) The Parishes and Churches According to tradition it was St. Swithin, Bishop of Winchester from 852-862 A.D., who first established a religious house in Southwark. Domesday Book states that Odo, Bishop of Bayeux and Earl of Kent, held one "monasterium" in "Sudwerche" which had been held by the king in the time of Edward the Confessor. It was not, however, until 1 106 that the order of Regular or Austin Canons was established at St. Mary's, Southwark, otherwise known as St. Mary Overy or Over the Water. The founders or refounders at this date were William Pont de L'Arche and William Dauncey, though William Giffard, Bishop of Winchester, who first built Winchester House on Bankside, is said to have been responsible for the building of the nave of the church.'^ Peter des Roches, Bishop of W^inchester, early in the 1 3th century, built a small church of St. Mary Magdalene against the wall of the priory church to serve the needs of laymen living in the immediate neighbourhood, but the church of St. Margaret, which stood on the site of the later Town Hall in Borough High Street, was the parish church for most of the northern part of Southwark throughout the Middle Ages (see p. 10). St. Margaret's was granted to the priory by Henry I. By the Act of Parliament of 32 Henry VIII the parishes of St. Margaret and St. Mary Magdalene were united and the ST. SAVIOUR'S CHURCH priory church of St. Mary Overy became the parish church under the new name of St. Saviour's. Bv the same Act it was provided that the parishioners should "yearly elect six or four able persons, dwelling within the precinct of the said parish, to be churchwardens."^'* They were to be "a perpetual and able body in the law by the names of wardens of the parish church of St. Saviour in Southwark" and were "to have and enjoy" all the lands and other possessions of the respective parishes, and also those of the Perpetual Guild or Fraternity of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary of the church of St. Margaret. The illuminated charter of incorporation of the Wardens is preserved in the church, as are the very fine series of parish records which have been freely drawn on in the compilation of this volume. The Wardens are still responsible for the administration of the parish endowments and charities. They have, since the passing of the London Government Act of 1899, been elected bv the Council of the Metropolitan Borough of Southwark. Their duties in connection with the church were transferred to the Rector's Warden and People's Warden by the same act.^^ Christ Church was made a separate parish in 1670, but again the normal parish organisation did not develop. The church was built and main- tained by the trustees appointed under the will of John Marshall, and they have retained control of the endowments and the right of presentation to the living. An account of the church is given on pp. 101-107. A detailed survey of the church of St. Saviour's has not been included in this volume, partly because it would make the book too bulky and partly because a number of books have been written on it, whereas the topography and architecture of the rest of the district have been much less adequately dealt with.* The church is, however, so intimately connected with the develop- ment of the parish that a brief account of its history is included here. Several of its monuments to famous parishioners are also illustrated (see Plates 5-7). The greater part of the I2th century church was destroyed by fire early in the 13th centurv, but the rebuilding was at once put in hand and was con- tinued throughout the century. Peter des Roches is said to have been respon- sible for the choir, the Lady Chapel and part of the nave. The church was again damaged by fire in the time of Richard IL In 1424 the existing seven bells were re-hung in the tower and an eighth was added. In the i 5th cen- tury, also. Cardinal Beaufort repaired the east and south sides of the south transept. The roof of the nave fell in 1469 and was rebuilt in wood, together with that of the north transept, under Prior Burton." Circa 1520 the reredos was erected by Richard Fox, Bishop of Winchester, and a large window was made in the gable above it. » See inter alia. The history and antiquities of the parish of St. Saviour's, Southaark, by M. Concanen and A. Morgan, 1795; The history anJ antiquities of the parochial church of St. Saviour, Southaark, by the Rev. J. Nightingale, 1818; The history and antiquities of the collegiate church of St. Saviour's, South^vark, by the Rev. W. Thompson, 1904; South~u;ark Cathedral, by George Worley, 1905; V. C. H. Surrey, IF, 191 2, and the East London volume of the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments, 1930. '' One of the wood bosses still preserved in the church has a rebus of Prior Burton, three burrs on a tun. BANKSIDE After the dissolution of the priory, the church and rectory were leased by Henry VIII to the parishioners at an annual rent of ;r50, and the lease was renewed from time to time until 1614 when the buildings were purchased from James I by 19 "bargainers" or trustees for ;^8oo.^* In January 1555, the north-east corner of the Lady Chapel was turned into a spiritual court for the trial of certain preachers and heretics. The court was presided over by Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, and Edmund Bonner, Bishop of London. The stained glass in the windows of the Lady Chapel commemorates seven Protestant martyrs, six of whom were tried there, and all of whom were subsequently burnt at the stake.^^ It may be noted that the chapel was used as a spiritual or consistory court until comparatively recent times. In August 1559, the Wardens decided to let out "the old chappell be hynd the chanesell" for the benefit of St. Saviour's School. The first tenant was John Wyat, a baker, who later assigned his rights to John Peycoke of the same trade. In 1576, following complaints about the condition of the chapel, the Wardens made a formal inspection and found swine and horse dung there "with other odyous fylthynes." John Peycoke was forced to surrender his lease, but obtained a new one in 1579. In 1602 Henry Willson was granted a lease "of the Bakehouse parcell of the churche" and five years later he agreed to the removal by the Wardens of the tomb of a "certain Oade" to another part of the church.^ Willson's lease was not renewed when it ran out and the chapel was again used for church purposes.'^® Perhaps the Wardens were affected by the revival of church ritual and seemliness which took place at this time and which has become identified with Archbishop Laud. In or about 1 6 1 5 galleries were set up in the north and south transepts and in 1 6 1 8 a screen and gallery were erected in place of the old rood loft between the nave and the choir. Minor alterations were made to the interior of the church in the i8th century but by the beginning of the 19th century the fabric was so greatly decayed that a proposal was made for the destruction of the entire building except the tower. Fortunately less drastic measures were adopted and George Gwilt was entrusted with the restoration of the clerestory and triforium in 1 82 i . During the course of this work the church of St. Mary Magdalene was demolished. The two transepts were restored by Robert Wallace in 1 830 but the nave was allowed to decay beyond repair and it was taken down in 1838 and replaced by what has been described as "a mean and flimsy" structure.^^ In the meantime the London Bridge Committee proposed to destroy the Lady Chapel in order to widen the road but the chapel was saved by the protests of the parishioners headed by Dr. Sumner, Bishop of Winchester. In 1877 St. Saviour's, Southwark, with other South London parishes, was transferred from the diocese of Winchester to that of Rochester. An extensive restoration of the fabric was undertaken under the direction of Sir Arthur Blomfield and the present nave was erected in 1890-97. In the latter year the church became a pro-Cathedral. In 1905 it was formally constituted the cathedral of the newly formed diocese of Southwark.^^ PLATE 4 PLATE 5 SOUTHWARK CATHEDRAL. TOMB OF JOHN GOWER PLATE 6 SOUTHWARK CATHEDRAL TOMB OF WILLIAM EMERSON PLATE 7 SOUTHWARK CATHEDRAL. TOMB OF LANCELOT ANDREWES CHAPTER I BOROUGH HIGH STREET Borough High Street is one of the oldest roads in the London area and from the earliest times of which we have any knowledge it has been well supplied with inns for the convenience of travellers. A number of these were used in the i8th and 19th centuries as depots for carrier wagons and for passenger coaches to and from Kent, Surrey, Sussex and Hampshire.^' Some of the old inn yards still remain, but only one of the old inn buildings (the George) survives, and that in a mutilated state. In 1676 a fire swept the northern end of the street, obliterating the houses on both sides of the way so that a special court had to be set up to settle disputes as to the ownership of the various plots.'' ^^ A few of the houses erected after the fire still survive, though in a much altered state. The street follows its original alignment except at the northern end, where in 1824-31 the new London Bridge was built about 180 feet to the west of the old, and the line of the road altered and widened to form the new approach. As at this point the borough boundary runs along the east side of Borough High Street, the site of the old street, north of St. Saviour's Church, now lies within the Metropolitan Borough of Bermondsey and is outside the scope of this volume. Pepper Alley, formerly on the west side of the street, and Whitehorse Court, Chequer Alley, Boars Head Court and Swan Alley, etc., on the east side, are also excluded. The other big changes which have taken place in the neighbourhood of Borough High Street have been the result of the building of London Bridge Station in 1 843-4 (partly rebuilt in 1 847 and subsequently enlarged) and the formation of the Charing Cross Railway line between London Bridge, Waterloo and Charing Cross in 1862-3, crossing Borough High Street just south of St. Saviour's. The line cut right across the ground and buildings of St. Thomas's Hospital and the hospital was, therefore, forced to move from the site which it had occupied for over 600 years. Borough High Street in 1542 The plan oi circa 1542 now in the Public Record Office and repro- duced on Plate 8 gives some idea of the lay-out and appearance of the street in the Tudor period, though the buildings are for the most part repre- sented only by conventional symbols. The pillory is shown in the middle of the road a little north of the King's Head. It remained there until 1620 when, by order of the Court of Aldermen, it was taken down and stored in the Bridgehouse.'' 2" Beside the pillory was a well which in 1 540 the masters of the * The fire is said to have begun "att one Mr. Welsh, an oilman, neer St. Margaret Hill, betwixt the George and Talbot Innes".'' > A pillory was afterwards set up at St. Margaret's Hill, and remained there until late in the i8th century. The Morning Chronicle and London Advertiser for ist June, 1780, reports the case of an "unfortunate wretch who lost his life in the pillory at St. Margaret's Hill, Southwark" in .'Vpril of that year. BANKSIDE Bridge House were ordered to mend because it stood too low and was "dawn- gerous for chylders.'"^^ St. Margaret's Church is shown on the island site in the middle of the road now occupied by Old Town Hall Chambers. Two or three houses are shown to the east of it and an archway to the west is labelled "ye court house." The church itself was shortly afterwards converted into a court or sessions house. From the manor records it appears that the sides of the triangle on which the church stood were formed by two kennels or sewers which met at a point beyond a well.^^ A third well is shown on the plan in the middle of the street opposite the Horse's (later the Nag's) Head. St. Margaret's Church We know that St. Margaret's Church was in existence at the begin- ning of the 1 2th century, but there is little information to be found concerning it until the 15th century." In 1449 the Guild or Fraternity of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary was established in the church by Royal Letters Patent.'' This guild was the forerunner of the Corporation of Wardens of St. Saviour's Parish. In 1536 the church wardens obtained authority by Act of Parliaments^ to buy an acre of land for a new churchyard, the old one being "in the mydell off the kynges high way" and so full that recently they had been compelled to bury "ffower deade boddyes ... in one Sepulchre" to the "Right perillous daungyer and pestyferous infeccon off the ayre." At the Reformation when St. Mary Overy became the church for the old St. Margaret's parish, St. Margaret's Church and its precincts were sold to John Pope,2 who promptly disposed of them to William Emerson.^^ In 1555 William Emerson and others were said to have built nine tenements there, presumably on part of the old churchyard.^^ Early in Elizabeth's reign Humphrey Emerson granted part of the property, described as the Court House or Sessions Hall and the chamber above to William Danby,^^ who in 1583 sold it to Sir Rowland Hayward and other aldermen of the City of London.2^ It was described as being 40 foot long by 43 foot wide and having a chamber above on the south side. The sale reserved the rights of the Justices to use the building for Gaol Deliveries and Sessions of the Peace, and for the Marshalsea Court to be held there on Tuesdays. The old church (or court house) was burnt down in the fire of 1676 and for several years nothing was done about rebuilding." In 1682 the Court of Aldermen appointed a commission to consider the petition of the inhabi- tants that the Court House and Compter should be rebuilt.^" The new Court or Sessions House was completed in 1685 and a statue of the King, made at * In 1450 the church was used by Bishop Waynflete for his meeting with Jack Cade. Cade was promised consideration of his grievances and a general pardon for his rebellion, a promise which was not kept.^^ • A dispute arose at this time between the wardens of St. Saviour's and the Court of Aldermen as to the ownership of the site of the Court House and St. Margaret's Hill, but the wardens lost their case.'" 10 THE COUNTER a cost of ;^50 by the Bridgehouse mason, was set up on the front (Plate i 2^)-^'^ A plan of the new sessions house and counter with the King's Arms Tavern and other messuages was made for the City by William Capell in 1686 and is reproduced on Plate 3. The Sessions House was replaced by a Town Hall (Plate 13^) in 1793 and the statue was removed to Three Crowns Court. By the middle of the 19th century the jurisdiction of the Court of Aldermen in Southwark had been reduced to a formality and the Town Hall had fallen into decay ."^' The building was therefore taken down and the materials sold." The Counter or Compter Stow, writing in 1598, states that St. Margaret's Church was turned into a court house and that part of it became the Counter Prison or Compter.^^ In 1608, however, the Court of Aldermen ordered^" that one of Emerson's houses should be turned into "a Compter for receipt and keeping of prisoners within the sayd borough." In 1649 Samuel Cartwright, citizen and stationer of London, bought^^ the Counter (then described as a messuage 36 feet wide on the N. side) and the adjoining houses for CSl S- ^1' '^^is property was destroyed in the fire of 1676 and a new prison was built in 1685. The Borough Compter remained in existence until in December 1855 the Grand Committee of the Bridge House Estates ordered that it should be taken down "and the materials disposed of.'"^* In the following year Mr. Alderman Humphrey was granted a lease of the site. Counter Court behind the Old Town Hall Chambers preserves in its name the memory of the old Borough prison. The Borough Market The market place is shown on the plan of 1 542 to the south of St. Margaret's Church and Southwark Fair seems originally to have been held there, but within a few years and, probably as a result of the building of houses by William Emerson on St. Margaret's Hill, the market was moved into Borough High Street. In 1561 it was ordered in the manor court of Southwark "that no Collyer from hensforthe shall sett their cartes in the streate vppon the market daye . . . for the cause is that yf ther shoolde be affraye made ther it is not possyble for no man to come & helpe, the cartes ther doo stande so thicke, that is betwene the Pyllory & Sainte Margretes Hill.'"^^ The Court Leet of Southwark, in 1691, ordered^that the "Market shall be kept on the West side of the Channel of the Higlt Street within this Borough begining at the Bridge Foot & ending at Compter Lane within Three Foot of the said Channel upon Pain that every one Standing out of that Verge shall pay vjs. viijd."^^ The engraving reproduced on Plate i la depicts the market circa 1750. Though the picture is not topographically accurate it gives a vivid impression of the chaotic conditions created by the market in such a narrow " The present town hall of the Metropolitan Borough of Southwark in Walwortli Road was the vestry hall of the parish of St. Mary, Newington. II BANKSIDE thoroughfare. The market continued to be held in the street until 1755. ^^ that year the Mayor and Commonalty of the City of London, in whom the market rights had been vested by Edward VI, petitioned for its abolition because of "the great increase of coaches, carts and other carriages passing" through the street. The market was abolished by the Act of 28 Geo. II R-HIU. t-SON \ ,2 '\oD^r3W - - lera l lJ?' »3 BLACKET . . 78 f» ?9 II I^KiflHi 1 , DODS DARIUS DDDD SfilDDDD MMM mmm POLE tc UATLA&D Linen I>ra]>ers rcion Tallii's Elevations of the East side of Borough High Street, circa 1840 12 BOROUGH HIGH STREET cap. 9 and in the same session the churchwardens and parishioners of St. Saviour's obtained the right to open a new market on ground called the Triangle to the S.W. of the church where it still remains.^" Of recent years much of Borough High Street has been rebuilt, and much was destroyed by enemy action during the war, but many houses still retain features dating from the late 17th or i8th centuries. Taking first the east and then the west side and working from north to south an attempt has been made in the following pages to describe what remains and to give a J> n 2S 51 )S 55 57 53 <1 15 15 tr 49 il 5J iS ST " 59 61 65 65 67 65 n rj 7S TI r9 SI 6i 45 OT 09 es er 69 91 95 9S 97 99 105 105 10' 109 III 115 115 117 U9 '" 'Jl I" li5 -127 129 151 1)5 155 157 151 HI US H5 l^f \|4J Elevations of the East side of Borough High Street, 1948 13 BANKSIDE brief history of individual buildings where anything of interest is known. Changes in the street frontage during the past lOO years can be seen by comparing the modern elevations with the elevations drawn by Tallis circa 1840, reproduced on pp. 12 and 26. All the houses were renumbered in 1 8 70, so that the odd numbers are on the east side and the even on the west instead of running consecu- tively. Easi Side. No. 31 {formerly 47) This is a four- storey house in red brick with a string course at the third- floor level. The shop front is modern and the interior is of no architectural interest. No. 3 1 is now in the occupation of Messrs. Kleyser & Co., watch- makers, but for nearly a hundred years previously it was occupied by John Wells and his descendants, butchers.^i At the close of the 1 8th century the shop was a linen draper's.^* Nos. 33 and ^s (for- merly 48 and 49) The building at the rear of these premises has a fine staircase of a bold character with heavily moulded solid strings, square newel posts and pendants, three-inch spiral-turned balusters and moulded handrail. The stair- case, a sketch of which is reproduced here, extends through all floors, the walls up to the second floor being panelled to dado height. The rooms are panelled and have a moulded wood cornice. On the first floor is a wood mantelpiece of Adam character. No. 33 has been tenanted by Messrs. Wild, Neame & Co., hop factors, and their predeces- sors, Messrs. Collard & Neame, since 1877. The previous occupiers were John Clutton and his descendants, solicitors. John Clutton was the godfather of John Clutton founder of the well-known H 33 Borough High Street BOROUGH INNS firm of surveyors of that name.'^ The elder John Glutton was for many years treasurer of St. Saviour's Grammar School. No. 35 is now occupied by Miss E. Skinner, nurses' outfitter, and Mathew Arnold, hosier, and for the last century and a half it seems to have been tenanted alternately by hosiers and hop merchants. No. 45. The King's Head {formerly 54) Practically the whole of the buildings in King's Head Yard and the houses on either side of it were destroyed by enemy action in 1940. The King's Head was known as the Pope's Head prior to the Reformation and it is marked on the 1542 map. At the beginning of Elizabeth's reign it was the property of Thomas Cure, the founder of Cure's College (see p. 83), and in 1 588 passed to the family of Humbles. It was in the possession of Humble Ward, Baron Ward, in 1647.^' The King's Head was burnt down in the Borough fire of 1676. Part of the building erected after the fire survived until 1885. A view of it is given on Plate 15 together with a photo- graph of the bust of Henry VIII, its sign. The court of the Surrey and Kent Sewer Commission met there in 1699. Roman remains were found on the site of the inn in 1879-81 which indicated that an inhabited building had stood there during the Roman occupation. ^ The inn was the property of St. Thomas's Hospital in the i8th century and was leased to Henry Thrale and afterwards to Barclay Perkins and Co. Ltd.'* No. ^T, {formerly 58) This house has a staircase of the open newel type with heavy balusters. The premises are now occupied by Louis F. Petyt, hop factor, and William B. Gibson Ltd., ophthalmic opticians. From 1778 until 1840 various firms of indigo blue manufacturers were the occupants. No. 61 {formerly 62). The White Hart The White Hart was the badge of Richard II and the sign of this inn probably dated from his time. In 1450 the inn was the headquarters of Jack Cade, a fact which is recalled by Shakespeare in Henry VI, fart II. The inn was owned by Humphrey Collet in 1555^^ and it was still in the possession of his family when it was burnt down in 1676. In 1720 Strj-pe described the new building as "one of the best Inns in Southzcark."^^ The White Hart has been immortalised by Dickens in Pickzcick Papers as the place in which Sam Weller is first introduced to the reader. A view of the inn just prior to its demolition in i88g is reproduced on Plate 20d. No. 65 {formerly 64) No. 65 has a staircase similar to that in No. K^'}^. Messrs. Winkley & Son, printers, now occupy this house, but for over 80 years, from 1850-1933, it was a tailor's. The earliest known occupant, John Slade (1773), was a grocer. No. 71 {formerly 67) The house built after the fire in 1676 by Nicholas Hare, grocer, was demolished in 1928, but the carved stone panel from the west front, a sketch of which is reproduced on the next page, still survives. The house is described by the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments in the volume on East London. There is a monument to William Hare, grocer, who died in 1698, and his family, in the cathedral. 15 BANKSIDE No. 77 (formerly jo), the George Inn Of the 1 7th century inn, built round a courtyard, only the south side now remains. This is of three storeys and attic with wood dormers in a tiled roof, the walls being partly of brick and partly timber-framed. The western half has two ranges of galleries at the first and second floors, the lower one being supported on cantilever beams, and the upper one and roof with weather-boarded parapet, on wooden Doric columns which divide each gallery into six bays. Both galleries have a wood balustrade of turned balusters with moulded handrail. The wall behind the galleries is partly of brick and partly timber with pegged posts and flush face. It has f(^<», iii(i f^A-ii4 f,/-^i'f-/f-»'^.''' '^'^--'^ u«-.^^- ^^ windows overlooking the galleries, and openings at the eastern end giving access to the staircase. On the ground floor there is a range of windows on either side of the entrance. The eastern half is mainly of limewashed brickwork with brick string- courses below and above the first floor windows, and a wide eaves sofiit. The ground floor has two entrance doors and a range of windows over which is a continuous entablature with horizontally grooved architrave and a slightly projecting plain frieze. The cornice has a cyma bead and fillet with mutules, and sunk roundels beneath. Of the first floor windows, two have double-hung sashes, flush frames and glazing bars and the remaining four are casement type with mullions and transomes, two having shallow segmental arched heads. The six windows on the second floor have casements mostly with flush frames and with glazing bars; their heads are almost level with the eaves. The rear of the building facing south is of brick and has a large projecting chimney stack with tiled weatherings to its diminishing stages. 16 PLATE 8 /;^r ^- / I ill "Mi- o D O 'V' o D' PLATE 9 ~^r .y^/' '-'yJ ^^ /' ^ ■1-1 r~- c H 9 O T ^ .• o ■•= -s ^ ^ o O <^ ^ Di u 5 O -^p « ^ I ON H W H - ^ m^f o D Cl O o 1 pq s ^ ^ PLATE lo 'DO < H o u X. PLATE II ^1 o H W ;^ o D O o pq 'IT- '^^^■'', If:! >dSL. o H < X o D O o pq PLATE 12 H D O o /^ O ' K w w o 0< o PLATE 13 TOWN 11A[,I. (a) Before 1793 {h) Circa 1850 PLATE 14 THK TABARD IXN Qi) THE CANTERBURY PIIX^RIMS (i>) INN YARD, ciica 1850 PLATE 15 KING'S HEAD INN (a) BUST OF HENRY VHI (/?) INN YARD, 1880 THE GEORGE ' ? ' I I I \| i GR-OUND F-LOOC_ PLiN r T r ^.ur itCTlON TMR.OUCH MAIN .tNTC&NCL \|ll l \|\| \| llll iLCTION TH COUCH i T A I B.C Ai L ijo r»«T Tie George, 77 Borough High Street 17 BANKSIDE Some of the windows on this side are suggestive of an earlier period than the front part. The staircase is centrally placed within the building. It has solid strings and the balusters are similar in pattern to those in the balustrade of the galleries. The westernmost room on the ground floor has a fireplace with seg- mental wood-faced lintel, stone-faced jambs and projecting iron fire basket. &T1ON itCTlON . r d F 1 E.6 T P I OOIL 4 I A I a.C Ait PLAN MAIM E. N T CA N C £. DOoa_ GA I I. [ R.V I I I M ^ iCill 'OL Ot'ILi T^f George r w GALL t B.I' 18 THE GEORGE On the first floor the room to the east of the staircase is panelled in pine with moulded framing, cornice and dado rail. The mantelpiece of grey figured marble has moulded jambs and a shaped and moulded lintel with fluted keystone. In the south-west corner is an angle cupboard with shaped shelves, the door of which is formed to match the panelling in the room. The George is marked on the 1 542 plan, and there is little doubt that the sign, originally Saint George, dates back to the mediaeval period. In the reign of Edward VI it was held by Humfrey Collet, M.P. for Southwark in 1511-12 and 1536. By his will, dated 4th October, I 558,^^ he left his mansion and inn called the George in the tenure of Nicholas Marten, to his son laiT tLtVAtlON SOUTM tLtVATlQN i "1 ] CE:::::-::;::;-::r" I 1 1 1 I M m 1 1 Wt5r tLtVlTlON NOH-IH LlLVATIOn Thomas, together with his other property on the east side of the High Street. William Grubb is shown as the tenant in the Token Books for 1596— 1621, and his widow, Elizabeth, in 1622—24. In 1626 Henry Blundell or Blunden appears. He was still the tenant in 1634/5 when the inn was included in a return of new buildings made to St. Saviour's Wardens. It is there described as "2 seu'all buildinges part Timber and parte brick worth 6 li per ."Vnnum" built on "old foundacons aboute 12 yeares past." The landlords were then stated to be Mr. Sawyer and Mr. Thomas Stone. In 1668 Nicholas Andrewes, who had acquired a long lease of the George from John Sawyer, granted a sub-lease of it to Thomas Underwood at a rent of ^^i 50 a year. Underwood's widow, Mary, married Mark Weyland, and he was the tenant when in 1670 part of the inn and all the barns and stables were burnt down by a "sad and violent fire" said to have begun in some tow and hops in a shed in the inn yard.^* As some compensation for his expense in rebuilding, Weyland was granted a 40 years' extension of his lease. Six years later the George was destroyed by the fire which consumed most of Borough High Street. Weyland rebuilt the inn probably on the old plan.^' It is the southern part of this building which still survives. In 1692, John Sayer, son of John Sayer or Sawyer, the previous owner, sold'* the George and "three little roomes with appurtenances leased to William Peck, Grocer, lying at or neare the gateway" of the inn, to John Sweetapple of Lombard Street, who in the same year sold" it to Daniel Wight, distiller, for j^i,6oo. Daniel's grand daughter, Valentina, married Philip Aynscombe, Elizabeth Grubb occupied one of the small tenements adjoining the inn from 1627 until her death in 1641/2.^" 19 BANKSIDE and the George (then in the tenure of William Golding) and some houses on the west side of the street near Counter Alley, were granted to Thomas Aynscombe, father of Philip, in trust for her.^ By an Act of 30 George II, this property was vested in trustees and it ultimately passed to Lillie Smith Aynscombe, son-in-law of Philip, and his daughters, Valentina, Mary and Charlotte Anne. ^ In 1 849 it was sold by their heirs to the Governors of Guy's Hospital.^'^ The inn was then in the tenure of Frances Scholefield, widow ofWesterman Scholefield. An old advertising card dating from circa 1830 states that coaches set out from the George Inni ^asp/T^i^ M/GM jToacT ooa.o "Maidstone, Mailing and Wrotham, four times a day. Folkestone, Hythe and Ashford, 6 every morning; Mon., Wed., and Sat. evening. Tenterden, Cranbrook and Staplehurst, Sun., Tues., and Thurs. mor. Wateringbury, Teston and Mereworth, daily. Brenchley, Matfield Green, and Peckham, Tue., Wed., and Sat. afternoon. Deal, Dover, Margate, Ramsgate, and Canter- bury, twice a day. Rochester, Chatham, and Gravesend, four times a day. Orpington, St. Mary Cray, Chiselhurst, and Eltham, Mon., Wed., Sat. afternoon. Hastings, Boxhill, Battle, Robertsbridge, Lam- berhurst. Tun bridge, Sevenoaks, Worthing, Horsham, Dorking, Brighton, Cuckfield and Reigate, daily."" The George was also the depot for a number of goods wagons to the south-east of England. In the middle of the 19th century, the Great Eastern Railway Company opened an office in rooms on the north side of the inn yard. In 1855 a report on the condition of the premises^ shows that Messrs. Beeman and Hotchkins,hop merchants, and the Great Northern Railway Company occupied most of the buildings on the north side of the yard, Messrs. Evans and Company, hop merchants, had rooms at the east end of the south side, and the George Inn proper was at the west end of the south side. Most of the east end of the yard was occupied by stabling. In 1874 the President and Governors of Guy's Hospital, having walled off the eastern portion of the yard for incorporation in the hospital premises, sold the remainder to the Great Northern Railway Company. The plan attached to this sale is reproduced here. It shows the original extent of the inn. The buildings on the north side were pulled down by the railway company, but 20 THE TABARD fortunately those on the south side were preserved and are the sole surviving example of a' galleried inn in London. In 1937 the London and North Eastern Railway Company made a deed of gift of the old inn building to the National Trust. The ground remains the property of the railway (now incor- porated in British Railways). No. 81 (formerly 72) The staircase above the first floor level is of mid-i8th century date and has solid moulded strings, turned balusters, ball-capped square newels and plain handrail. On the first floor is a pine- panelled room with wood cornice. The earliest known tenant (1748) was Malachi Blake, druggist, who subsequently moved to No. 119. No. 83 (formerly 73) A sketch of the staircase in this house is reproduced on Plate 21 1?. It is similar to that in No. 81, but has spiral-turned balusters. On the second floor is a fireplace with a wood bolection moulded architrave and cast-iron grate with fluted surround. No. 83 is now in the occupation of Rawlings, a firm of machine rulers. It had previously been in the tenure of various types of traders including Edward Coronel, cigar manufacturer, who was in occupation for 39 years (1870-1909). No. 85. The Tabard The old Tabard Inn was pulled down in 1875, though a modern building bears the name. The Tabard was probably one of the earliest inns in this street of inns, for there is mention of it in 1306 when the Abbot of Hyde had lodgings adjoining. It is certainly the most famous of the Borough inns as the meeting place of Chaucer's Canterbury pilgrims Southwark in 1376 and 1379, was then host of the Tabard — "A semely man oure hooste was withalle For to han been a marschal in an halle; Boeld of his speche, and wys, and wel y taught. And of manhod hym lakkede right naught."' Chaucer's inn was probably pulled down in 1629, for in 1635 the "Talbut" is said to be "a newe building of brick" erected on an old foundation about six years previously by William Garford, the landlord. After two rebuildings in the 17th century it is extremely unlikely that any of the mediaeval building survived. The view of Chaucer's pilgrims setting out from the Tabard in Urry's Chaucer of 1721 (Plate 14^2) may have been based on an earlier drawing, though it is difficult to reconcile with what we know of the Borough of the 14th century. The history of the inn has been very fully related in Rendle and Norman's The inns of old Southwark, to which the reader is referred for further particulars. A drawing of the inn by T. H. Shepherd made a few years before its demolition is reproduced on Plate 14;^. 21 =r,!-i.l,J.I=iJ 83 Borough High Street Henry Bailley, M.P. for Chaucer BANKSIDE 91 BOROUGH HIGH-STREET T il I [ [mil: 5CALE OF FEET TH1R.D FLOOR. F12DKIT ELtVATlOKl II.OOF JM"1- SECOND FLOOH FIRST FLOOR- SECTION 22 BOROUGH HIGH STREET No. 91 {formerly 77) These premises comprise four storeys with a single room and staircase on each floor, the ground floor being a shop. There is a small addition at the rear. The building is of brick with rubbed brick dressings and moulded brick string course at second floor level, a moulded brick cornice at third floor level and a tiled roof behind a parapet. The first floor room has painted pine panelling to the full height with ovolo moulded framing, fielded panels, moulded chair rail and wood dentilled cornice. In the window recesses are panelled box seats and panelled folding shutters. The door has three panels and is surrounded by an enriched architrave. A section of the panelling on the east wall is hinged and conceals a wood semicircular half-domed cupboard with three shaped shelves, carved spandrils, and a carved and gilded cornice at the springing of the half dome, with ornamental keyblock. The dome has painted male and female figures in a pastoral setting (Plate 23). The second floor room has painted pine panelling similar to that on the first floor but with plain panels and moulded cornice. The door is of two panels with plain moulded architrave. Next the fireplace a portion of the panelling is hinged and forms the door to a square cupboard. There are panelled folding shutters to the windows and panelled box seats in the recesses beneath the windows. The fireplace has a marble surround with shaped lintel and fluted keystone and a hob grate of simple pattern. The third floor panelling is also of painted pine with bolection mould- ings suggestive of an earlier date than that on the floors below. It does not fully extend round all sides of the room, part being plain square-framing. The windows have seats in the recesses and panelled shutters. There is a cupboard behind the panelling next the fireplace. The staircase, of the open well type, occupies the rear of the building. The upper flights are contemporary with the main fabric. They have a moulded handrail and between the first and second floors there are three types of balusters to a step. The newels are in the form of fluted Doric columns and there are cut strings and carved step ends to the first and second floors and solid strings to the remaining flight (Plate 22). No. gi was from 1907 to 1934 in the occupation of Robert John Herbert, hosier, but it has had very varied uses in the past. In the middle ot the 1 8th century it was known as the Bell and Bear Inn and it was subsequently occupied by a toyman, a tallow chandler, an oilman and as "oyster rooms." Nos. 93 and 95 {formerly 78 and 79) These premises now form one building. The i8th century character of the facade of the upper storeys has been retained and is of red brick with plain brick string courses above and below the second floor windows and a slate mansard roof with dormer windows behind the parapet. The ground floor front is of later date. Both houses have for over fifty years been in the occupation of Messrs. A. C. Horsley, hop merchants. No. 93 was a cheesemonger's during the second half of the i8th century. No. 95 23 BANKSIDE is shown on Tallis's view (p. 12) as in the occupation of Anderton & Lee, confectioners, but in 1768-73? the tenant was Joseph Coates, hop factor. Nos. 97 and 99 {formerly 80 and 8 i) These buildings, both of mid- 1 8th century date, have recently been demolished to first floor level. No. 97 had a stucco front with a balustraded parapet above the cornice. No. 99 was of red brick with string courses between floors. The first floor front room was panelled with simple ovolo moulded framing and wood dentilled cornice. In the corner next the fireplace was a semicircular headed cupboard with moulded jambs and fluted keystone, shaped shelves and panelled doors. Part of the well staircase remains. It has spiral-turned balusters and moulded handrail and string. Both these houses have been occupied by hop merchants from the i8th century to the 20th with the exception of short periods when they have been used by other tradesmen. No. 105, The Queen s Head Not even the name remains to recall the memory of the Queen's Head Inn which occupied the site of No. 105 until 1886. A drawing of it made in 1888 is reproduced on Plate 20b. The Queen's Head was, in the i 5th century, the property of the Poynings family, one of whom, Robert Poynings, was sword bearer to Jack Cade. It was originally known as the Cross Keys or Crowned Keys and was probably renamed in compliment to Queen Elizabeth.^' John Harvard inherited a lease of the Queen's Head Inn from his mother Katharine who died in 1635^' just before her son sailed for America. She was a much married lady. Her first husband, Robert Harvard, butcher, had a house on the east side of Borough High Street near London Bridge (the site is now in Bermondsey). Robert died in the autumn of 1625^ and she married John Elletson, lessee of the Queen's Head, in the following January.^ EUetson died a year later,' and, soon after, Katherine married her third husband, Richard Yearwood, a neighbour.''^ The freehold of the inn belonged to Hugh Browker* and afterwards to Gregory Franklin from whom it passed to his cousin Margaret, wife of Gilbert Kinder. It was sold to John Applebee, ovmer of a brewery in Deadman's Place (see p. 79), in 1669.^" Franklyn bequeathed^^ his tene- ments behind the inn for charitable uses, half to the Sadlers' Company and half as an endowment for St. Saviour's Grammar School (p. 91). Nos. 1 1 3 and I 1 5 (formerly 8 8 and 8 9) These buildings have been badly damaged by enemy action, but have the remains of a mid-i8th century staircase above first floor level. A fireplace on the second floor has a bolection moulded surround. These two houses, which are tenanted by S. Garth Wicking & Co. as a music warehouse, have been occupied together for the last two centuries. No. 12 1, The Grapes and Kentish Buildings Kentish Buildings is a narrow court opening into Borough High Street between Nos. 121 and 123. On its northern side it still retains the red brick fronts of several i8th century houses. They are of three storeys, with steep tiled roofs, eaves, plain brick strings, and flush framed sash windows to the two upper floors. The ground floor has been reconstructed to form part of the Grapes public-house in Borough High Street. 24 IT, ATI", 1 6 y. ■ri V. PLATE 17 GEORGE INN, 1880 PLATE 1 8 lOfLTH tLtVATION 5 O U T H t L L V A T I O M TiMiliMi! T ■■ -^ GEORGE INN. ELEVATIONS PLATE 19 COMPOSITE StCTlON a 1 3 -C 5TAIR.CAS6. PLAN FIR-ST FLOOR- "•» H < i i i i i i [ I 1 r I f I r GEORGE INN ELtVATlON GR.OUND F-LOOR. PLAN H r- :rrr c «:i. L t > 3r FIR.5T FLOOPL PLAN pi.atp: 20 '^J^ {<,) OLD Will 11, llAUr INN YARD, 1882 (/;) BACK Ol' gUl'.l'.N'.s Ill'.Al) INN, 1H88 PLATE 2 1 H W W H o o D O O PQ oo 6 < O H H CO o ;^ W Oh 0^ <^ O PLATE 22 H P Z >o o O 1^ -J OJ o < ]fcc^^scss!31tl&^^ p-v ^- 2 :5 lU Q & O H -J >/, Q G >i- PLATE 23 SECTION . -.-v/ikXS^BdTKTK ^^>i:^>-^Tiw>^ ^■■..<<V,^* !StifiiVi»-..rrtooa 7f^?^ lur. JvI^'iTk...:. i...Ki...i>.. DETAIL OF CORNICE ELEVATION DOO^ TO CUP° PLAN SECTION 9i BOROUGH HIGH STREET SOUTHW\RK DETAILS OF NICHE CUPBOARD FIRST FLOOR li 9 6 3 I liil iil iil i il _L I I I I fEET . /n KEY PLAN THE GRAPES The narrow entry to the yard is spanned by a four-storey i8th century building with wide sash windows at the back. The front has been cemented and altered out of character. Until the beginning of the 19th century Kentish Buildings* was known as Christopher Alley. It occupies the site of the inn yard of the Christopher, an inn marked on the plan of 1542, The Grapes and probably so named after the patron saint of travellers, Saint Christopher. The first mention ot the Grapes occurs in 1842. Nos. 127 and 129 {Jormerly 96 and 97). Remains of the Spur Inn In the flank walls of the covered way between Nos. 127 and 129 are some remains of the half-timbered work of the Spur Inn. The Spur is shown next to the Horse's Head on the plan of 1542. In 1560 it was in the possession of William Emerson,^^ a well-known Southwark worthy of his time (see p. 32). It was * The new name does not seem to have come into official use until about 1806, but it may have derived from a Thomas Kentish, carpenter, who according to a deed in the Minet Library obtained a grant of a messuage north of the Spur Inn in 1684. 25 BANKSIDE sold in 1604 by Emme Enierson,^^ widow of his son, Humphrey, to Hugh Browker* "one of the Prothonotaryes of his Majestyes Courte of Common Plees" who devised it in 1608 to his son, Hugh.^' The Spur is one of the "fayre Innes for receipt of travellers" mentioned by Stow.^^ It was partly burnt in 1667,^' but in 1720'^ is described as "pretty well resorted unto by IVaggons." It ceased to be an inn in 1848.1' No. 127 is shown on Tallis as occupied by Pole & Maylard, "linnen drapers." This firm, founded by George Pole, carried on business there from 1814 until 1865. Nos. 137 and 139 {formerly 102) Although the front of these premises has been much altered, the original tile roof and dormers remain. On the first floor there are portions of an old elliptical staircase and a small wood mantelpiece. These premises are now used as the Nag's Head Inn and booking ofEces. In 1 542 the inn south of the Spur is marked as the "Horse hede." This name was in use till the end of the century but in the return of new buildings made in 1634-5 it has been corrupted to Nag's Head, the version which has been in use ever since. At that time there were a number of tenements in the inn yard. Strype^^ describes the buildings as "old and sorry" and they have all been rebuilt since that date, though some earlier work may have been used in the rebuilding.^' fVest Side No. 22 (formerly 14) and No. 4 Green Dragon Court The part of these premises fronting Borough High Street dates from the re-alignment of the frontage in the early 1 9th century. It is of brick with stucco dressings. The western portion probably dates from the late 1 7th century though the actual front to Green Dragon Court is of later date. The chief feature of interest was the elaborately carved shopfront and doorway. It consisted of two bow windows, one large and one small on each side of the doorway, which was flanked by carved Corinthian pilasters and had a pedi- ment above containing a cartouche with the date " 1663." Hosierv "arehouse 337 3J8 iPl.wE a\|\|o[\| y.oy iiaiiQ Tallis. Elevation of West side of Borough High Street The door and its surround were brought from Holland by the tenant of the premises, and were set up in Green Dragon Court in 1919 by Messrs. Cooksey and Partners, architects and surveyors, who made the rest of the * He was a relation by marriage. Humphrey Emerson had married Joan Browker as his first wife.^ 26 BOROUGH HIGH STREET ground floor frontage to correspond, and fitted part of the interior with panelling from other premises. The upper part of the house was recon- ditioned in 1922. The shopfront and doorway were removed in 1948, and have been placed in store by the City of London Corporation, who own the premises. Nos. 38-52 (formerly 248-241) These houses form a terrace which dates from the early part of the 1 8th century. Except for three which have been refaced with stucco the houses are of red brick with a plain brick string course at second floor level. The windows have double-hung sashes with flush or semi-flush frames. All have ground floor shops of later date (Plate 24). The interiors of the houses have been much altered but some inter- esting features remain. The first floor front room of No. 40 has fielded panelling in pine with panelled shutters to the windows, but on the north wall part of the panelling has been replaced by a modern fireplace and ply- wood. Next the fireplace is a semicircular niche cupboard with shaped shelves and a half-dome with painted shell and head ornament. The cupboard has an eight-panelled door with moulded surround. The staircase of this house above first floor level has spiral-turned balusters and a moulded handrail and strings. ^ A-^i-^/ /■/ Wat side of Borough High Street 27 BANKSIDE No. 48 has a panelled room on the first floor, and it too retains part of its original open newel staircase with turned balusters and square handrail. The first floor front room of No. 52 has mid- 1 8 th century panelling and wood cornice and a wood and composition mantelpiece with half-round reeded Corinthian pilasters and enriched frieze and cornice, white marble slips and an elaborate cast-iron grate probably later in date than the sur- round. The two front rooms on the second floor have bolection moulded Backs of houses in Borough High Street panelling and wood cornices. Above the ground floor the original staircase with spiral turned balusters remains. At the rear of Nos. 50 and 52 is a 17th century timber-framed and plastered two-storey building known as Calvert's Buildings (Plate 2^F). It has a twin-gabled roof and the upper storey overhangs on the south side. Inside the building are some of the original oak beams. The tenants of these houses can be traced in the directories and the rate books back to 1748, but the houses are probably older. A large proportion of the occupiers have been connected with the hop trade. Calvert's Buildings takes its name from Felix Calvert, brewer, who occupied No. 52 (formerly 241) from 1786 to 1794. It may be noted that premises known as Calvert's Buildings on the south side of Southwark Street also take their name from this firm of brewers. St. Margaret's Court (^formerly Fishmongers' Alley) This small court turns out of Borough High Street between Nos. 62 and 64. In the time of Henry VIII this alley and the surrounding property belonged to the Fishmongers' Company who sold it to various tenants in 28 liF^ Tnlni : 1—— 1 L : L --L_ J ir^ 1 1 " : 1 J=±: H\| i"-^i 1 1 i U i 1 - ijLL , 1.- ^ lid ETX^ i 2 O 29 BANKSIDE 1554-5. The name Fishmongers' Alley survived until circa 1835, when it was changed to St. Margaret's Court. No. 66 {formerly 234) This house is now united with Nos. 68 and 70. It dates from the early part of the i8th century. The windows have red brick dressings and retain their flush frames. The staircase is of heavy construction with turned balusters, square newels and moulded string, and moulded and chamfered handrail. The first floor front room has panelling of a simple design, with wood cornice, and it contains an alcove cupboard. Nos. 66 and 68 have been in the tenure of the firm of Edward Strauss & Co., hop mer- chants since 1893 and the previous occupants, W. H. & H. Le May, were in the same trade. 30 CHAPTER 2 NEWCOMEN STREET Newcomen Street forms the southern boundary of St. Saviour's parish on the east side of Borough High Street. The street still retains its narrow 1 8th century contours and kerbside posts. Like many of the streets and alleys of Southwark it developed from an inn yard, the yard of the Axe, later the Axe and Bottle. The Axe is not shown on the map of 1542 (Plate 8) but it is men- tioned in the Court Leet minutes of the manor of Southwark in 1560. The first extant Token Book {circa i SI S) contains the entry "Alle thes ffow- loynge w'in the Axe" and a list of fifteen names beginning with that of Humffry Water (2 tokens), andending with that of John Payne (8 tokens). In the 1 7th century, the whole of Axe Yard, now Newcomen Street, came into the hands of two charities, John Marshall's and Mrs. New- comen's and, with some minor ex- ceptions, have remained in their possession until the present day. John Marshall's Charity John Marshall, gentleman, the founder of Christ Church (see p. 1 01), lived in Axe Yard during the last few years ol his life. His wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Tay- lor, Doctor of Physic, died before him,^^ leaving no children, and at Marshall's death in 1 63 i , the bulk of his property, including his moiety of Axe Yard, passed to trustees for various charities. In his will he desired his trustees to "finish and perfect the building and furnishing of the house in Axe-yard, wherein he then dwelt" and to see that "the pumps, jacks, cisterns and bedsteads, then in and belonging to the said house" should go with it as heirlooms. The house was to be let to the lecturer of St. Saviour's for twenty-one years, if he so desired, and the rent applied towards providing a residence for the minister of the new church (Christ Church).^^ Marshall's property in Axe Yard comprised the sites of Nos. 6—23 and 46-61 (formerly 2—9, 14—24, 46—56 and 61-65) Newcomen Street, all of which still remain in the hands of the trustees of his charity. Newcomen Stret 31 BANKSIDE Mrs. Newcomen's Charity During the reign of Elizabeth, part of Axe Yard was the property of the Emerson family. William Emerson, senior, died in 1575. His monu- ment in Southwark Cathedral (Plate 6) has the succinct epitaph, "he lived and died an honest man." His son, Thomas (d. 1595), founded one of the parish charities and gave his name to Emerson Street. Thomas's son, Henry, sold his property in Axe Yard to William Richardson,^^ who lived there with his wife, Grace, until his death in 1630. In a list of owners and lessees of divided tenements in Axe Yard, dated January, 1636/7, Mrs. Grace Richard- son is stated to be "cheife Landlady of . . . 23 poore tenem's" and John White, and other feoffees of John Marshall . . . Landlordes of aboute 24 tenem's more."^^ Mrs. Newcomen, widow of Jonathan Newcomen, mercer, died in 1675, and was buried in St. Saviour's. By her will, dated I2th December, 1664, she left her property in the parish of St. Saviour's upon trust for "the clothing of poor boys and girls with a suit of linen and woollen once a year, whereof two-thirds . . . [were to] be out of the Borough side, and the other third . . . out of the Clink Liberty . . . and for . . . teaching them to read and write and cast accounts, and for . . . putting forth boys apprentice at 5/ a piece, at their age of 14 years." Her property consisted of three messuages in Borough High Street valued at ;^24 a year, a messuage near Axe Yard in the tenure of Sarah Marson, rented at ^'j a year, the house called the Bottle then divided into three tenements, rented at ;/^io a year, and a tenement in Axe Yard in the tenure of George Jennings, rented at ^'] a year. The bequest was subject to the condition that the rents and profits thereof should be paid to her nephew, Thomas Lant, and to his eldest son (if he had one) for their lives, but should subsequently be vested in the parish.^^ Sir Edward Bromfield was appointed guardian to Thomas Lant and his name is associated with Lant's in several leases of the property. A rebuilding lease of the Axe and Bottle was granted to George Bannister in 1677,^^ from which it appears that the old building lay on either side of the entrance to the yard, the second storey being over the gateway. The other houses in the Newcomen gift were rebuilt in the i68o's in brick, William Gray, carpenter, and Joseph Arthur, of Bermondsey, being respon- sible for the erection of most of them. An order in the Vestry Minutes in 1704 for the rebuilding one storey higher of "the house blowne downe by the late Storme in Ax and Bottle Yard" suggests that the buildings were very flimsy. In 1736, another speculative builder in the person of William Sone, carpenter, came along. He obtained a lease^^ from the Wardens of all the Newcomen property in Axe and Bottle Yard for seventy-one years, on con- dition that he covenanted to build within ten years "a Street consisting of Twenty good brick Houses" expending at least ;{^ioo on each house, the street to be 26 feet wide and "well and sufficiently paved." Sone did not keep to his bargain, for, in 1 746, the Vestry Minutes state that he had built only fifteen houses on which he had expended ;^i,200 and that he had allowed 32 IM.ATl- -4 oo O C3S 1-1 o D C U o •y: I O PLATE 25 a: O O H o o H H H o D O O C-l ■^ 6 :2; PLATE 26 'A b 'A H 30 00 :^. PLATE 27 GUY'S HOSPITAL PLAN, circa 1900 PLATE 28 GUY'S HOSPITAL. STATUE OF THOMAS GUY PLATE 29 C;UY'S HOSPITAL. CLNTRAl. BLOCK, 1948 PLATE 30 OS H W w X H CO o X H H O [-IH W h < o w < H <; H O D NEWCOMEN STREET fO JA'Cf/EJ the other houses demised to him to fall into "great decay" or to tumble down altogether. In spite of this, Sone applied for a new lease from the wardens in 1759, giving as a reason that he wished to make a continuation of Axe and Bottle Yard through to Snow's Fields. He obtained a lease of all the Marshall ground in the yard in that year, together with 3^ acres of ground in St. George's Fields on condition that he laid out [jl^ooo in repairs and buildings.^^ No. 65 was among the houses rebuilt at this date and into it was incorporated the royal coat of arms in stone removed from the gate- way at the southern end of London Bridge. The arms probably dated from i 728 when a new gateway was built to replace the one des- troyed by fire in 1725.®'' The arms are those used by George II during the early years ot his reign, though the inscription has been altered to "George III." They were re- erected on No. 65, the King's Arms, when it was rebuilt. A modern stone panel with the wording "King's Arms, i 890" has been added. A view of the old house and a photograph of the coat of arms are repro- duced on Plate 26. Some time before 1750, the house at the entrance to Axe and Bottle Yard was renamed the Sun and this fact, together with the greater importance of the road after it was made a thorough- fare to Snow's Fields, and the presence of the royal arms on No. dc^, probably account for its new name of King Street, which was adopted in 1774.^'^ It was renamed Newcomen Street in 1879.^^ Nos. 66-69 (formerly 4-1) on the south side of the street are New- comen property and bear the Mrs. Newcomen mark. No. 67 has a Royal Insurance fire mark. They were built circa 1830. (No. 69, formerly i, was described as a "newly erected brick built messuage" in 1831.) They are three-storey buildings in yellow stock brickwork and have early 19th century shop fronts. They have been in use for commercial purposes ever since they were built. Nos. 67 and 68 were for many years in the mid- 19th century in the occupation of George Mansell as a printing works. Apart from Nos. 65-69, the houses at the Southwark end of the south side of the street have been demolished as a result of enemy action, though the shells of Nos. 46-48 (built in the late i 8 th century) survived until 1948. They were of two storeys in yellow stock brickwork and had a mansard roof with dormer windows behind the front parapet. A brick string course continued across the front above the first floor windows. No. 48 had a good staircase of contemporary date with solid strings, moulded handrail and spiral-turned balusters. None of the old houses on the north side of the street is left. The office of the John Marshall Trustees, standing on the site of John Marshall's house, was built in 1853. CHAPTER 3 ST. THOMAS STREET St. Thomas Street on the east side of Borough High Street takes its name from St. Thomas's Hospital, which for over six centuries occupied ground on the north side of the way. The street is not shown on the earliest plan of the area circa 1542 (Plate 8) but it was probably in use soon after, for in the reign of Edward VI the chapel of the hospital was made the parish church of the newly created small parish of St. Thomas's. Most of St. Thomas's parish was included in the Metropolitan Borough of Bermondsey under the Act of 1899, but the southern side of St. Thomas Street west of Guy's Hospital, and the greater part of the hospital was incorporated with Southwark and is, therefore, within the scope of this volume. St. Thomas's Churchyard lay opposite the church on the south side of St. Thomas Street. It was approached by a narrow lane, the street front- age being occupied by houses. The churchyard was for many years used as a private garden to houses in St. Thomas Street,^^ and it now forms part of the grounds of Guy's Hospital. Eight houses, to the east of the way to the churchyard, were leased to Guy's in 1756,^^ and part of the ground was utilised for the west wing of the hospital. Guy's obtained a lease of a further portion of the frontage in 1862, and in 1922 purchased the frontage as far as Borough High Street with the exception of The Grapes, extending backward as far as the north side of King's Head Yard.^ Nos. 2-14 {formerly 11-18) This terrace of four-storey brick houses was built for St. Thomas's Hospital by a contractor, Mr. Johnson, in 1 8 1 9, at a cost of about ;/^7,ooo.^* The houses are plain in design, but there is a moulded stone cornice between the second and third floors and at first floor level the window sills are carried through to form a string course. The windows on the ground floor have segmental heads set in shallow arched recesses. The upper windows have flat gauged arches and there are dwarf iron balconies of a plain diagonal pattern on the first floor. The Grapes (No. 2), which forms part of the terrace, was originally two houses. A cornice and plain frieze supported on flat Doric pilasters have been inserted across both frontages below the first floor windows with a shop front and bar entrances on the ground floor (Plate 21 a). The residents in these houses and, indeed, most of the houses in St. Thomas Street, have mainly been persons connected with the two great hospitals there. The most notable are: — No. 2 (formerly 17 and 18), Sir Samuel Wilks, baronet and physician, occupied the former No. 17 in 1854-60. He studied at Guy's and held several appointments there including those of physician, curator of the museum and lecturer on pathology. He edited the hospital reports from 1854 to 1865 and was joint author with G. T. Bettany of the standard history of the hospital. He occupied No. 14 (formerly No. 11) from 1861 to 1869. He died at Hampstead in 1911.^ No. 12, i82i-23(.?), Charles Aston Key,surgeon. Hewasbornin Southwark and became a pupil at G uy's in 1 8 1 4 and married the niece of Astley Cooper in 1 8 1 8 . He became demonstrator 34 ST. THOMAS STREET of anatomy at St. Thomas's and later full surgeon at Guy's. He was one of the first surgeons in London to use ether as an anaesthetic and his success in operations gained him a great reputation. His son was Sir Astley Cooper Key, the admiral. (.')i83i-33, John Flint South, surgeon. He was son of a Southwark druggist, and Sir James South, the astronomer, was his half brother. In 1 8 14 he was apprenticed to Henry Cline, the younger, at St. Thomas's Hospital. He became lecturer on anatomy there, and later, surgeon. He was the author of several works on surgery. 1834/5-1845, John Hilton, surgeon. He entered Guy's Hospital as a student in 1824, and rose to be professor of human anatomy and surgery there in 1860—2. His dissections of the human body were reproduced in wax and kept in the anatomical museum. 1 880-1 884, Frederick Henry Horatio Akbar Mahomed, physician. He was the son of the keeper of a turkish bath. He studied at various hospitals, including Guy's and became medical registrar at the latter. In 1881 he was elected assistant physician to Guy's. He died in 1884 at his house in Manchester Square. John Keats is stated to have lodged over the shop of a tallow chandler named Markham in St. Thomas Street in 181 5, when he was a student at Guy's Hospital.* Unfortunately no rate books for St. Thomas's parish have been found for the early part of the 19th century and it has not been possible to establish the position of this shop. 35 CHAPTER 4 GUY'S HOSPITAL In 1 72 I Thomas Guy, who had for many years been a governor and benefactor of St. Thomas's Hospital, applied to the governors for a lease of several plots of ground described as being within the "close of the hospital" for the purpose of erecting a hospital for incurables.^'' The ground, which lay on the south side of St. Thomas Street next to the newly-made way or road to the Maze Pond, had for many years been let out in small plots and had a number of houses standing on it.^^ The leases of these plots had been bought by Guy from the tenants, William Gabb, Samuel Warburton and others, and in 1722 the governors granted him a lease of the ground for 1,000 years at a rent of ;r30 a year. The inset plan taken from the lease shows the extent of the ground and the original hospital building. The main gate of the hospital was in Maze Pond but an entrance to St. Thomas Street was made across the land in lease to Thomas Barry, part of a warehouse being pulled down to clear a passage.^* Lane designed the building. THE WAY I 1^^^\|^mT^^^^^^^^^e__p^ Thomas Guy died in 1724, leaving^^ the residue of his estate, after the payment of certain legacies, to trustees. Sir Gregory Page, Charles Joye, William Clayton, Thomas Hollis, John Kenrick, John Lade, Dr. Richard Mead, Moses Raper and John Sprint. The trustees were instructed "to finish 36 GUY'S HOSPITAL and fit up the two new squares of building in Southwark, . . . some time since begun, and intended for an Hospital for reception of . . . four hundred poor PERSONS or upwards, LABOURING UNDER ANY DISTEMPERS, INFIRMITIES, OR DISORDERS, THOUGHT CAPABLE OF RELIEF BY PHYSICK OR SURGERY; but who, by reason of the small hopes there may be of their cure, or the length of time which for that purpose may be required . . . are, or may be adjudged or called Incurable, and as such not proper Objects to be received into or continued in the present Hospital of Saint Thomas." He also suggested that lunatics not exceeding twenty in number might be admitted to the hospital, but he included a provision that the trustees might at their own discretion admit ordinary sick persons not deemed to be incurable. The governors were, therefore, acting within their powers in allowing the new institution to develop into a general hospital similar to St. Thomas's. The hospital was opened in 1725 and by an Act of Parliament passed in that year the governors were incorporated. Sir Gregory Page became the first President, Dr. John Oldfield and Dr. James Jurin were appointed physicians, and Francis Crofts and Andrew Cooper surgeons.^^ John Hanson, the porter of the back gate of St. Thomas's Hospital, was made the first steward of Guy's.^'* By 1738 the General Court of the hospital considered that additional buildings were necessary. A lease of the ground between the north front of the hospital and St. Thomas Street was acquired from St. Thomas's Hos- pital, and the east wing, designed by James Steer, the hospital surveyor, was erected on part of it, the rest being laid out as a courtyard. ;^5,ooo worth of South Sea stock was sold to pay for this improvement, of which ^^3,167 was paid to James Porter, the contractor for the actual building work.^^ The new block contained a committee room and a chapel. The work was practically completed by October, 1739, when the statue of Thomas Guy, which had been set up in the inner courtyard in 1734,^0 was moved to its present position.^^ More ground on the north-west side of the hospital was acquired from St. Thomas's in 1756 but no further extensions were made until 1774 when the west wing, designed by Richard Jupp, was begun.^^ The Maze Pond estate, south of the hospital, was bought in i 806'^ and other ground in the neighbourhood in 18 16 and 1833. In 1829 William Hunt, one of the governors, bequeathed /,"i 80,000 to the hospital for the fitting up of additional accommodation to hold at least 100 beds. Temporary wards, constructed out of old warehouses, were opened in 1830, but it was not until twenty years later that the small houses between Maze Pond and Newcomen Street were cleared away and Hunt's House was erected from the designs of Rhode Hawkins. The centre and south wing were finished in 1853 and the north wing in 1871.'^ The two large houses, Nos. 24 and 26 St. Thomas Street, adjacent to the N.W. wing, were built in 1863 on ground previously occupied by the beadle's house. Guy's Hospital 37 BANKSIDE Architectural Description The plan of the original building, which still remains as the core of the hospital, is rectangular, with two internal courts divided by a cross wing which has an open arcaded ground storey of semicircular stone arches. This arcade extended around the remaining sides of both courts, but these portions were filled in about 1780, and semicircular headed windows were inserted. The building is of London stock brickwork, with red brick dressings to segmental-arched windows, and comprises three storeys and dormers. The roof generally has been altered by the construction of an overhanging slate mansard with large dormer windows and stone modillioned eaves cornice, but the western half retains on three sides the old tiled roof behind a parapet. Several old lead rainwater heads and pipes still remain. The main entrance is on the north front and was remodelled about the time of the erection of the west wing to form a broad central projecting feature of five bays in Portland stone. The ground storey, which has v-jointed rustications, has three semicircular-arched openings with wrought-iron gates and fanlights of radiating bars and acanthus leaves and anthemion ornament, and is flanked by arched windows in recesses. It is approached by a flight of six granite steps with rounded ends extending across the width of the three openings at ground level. The second and third storeys have five bays with four attached Ionic columns and two flanking Ionic pilasters supporting an entablature and a central pediment. Set in niches in the end bays at first floor level are sculptured figures of Aesculapius and Hygieia, both by John Bacon. Beneath the three central second floor windows are sculptured panels of cherubs, and in the tympanum sculptured figures, the whole symbolising the arts of healing. On either side of the entrance the rusticated ground storey, with a base- ment, is continued across the front for four bays on either side, in advance of the original building, and is surmounted by a balustraded parapet. Above are later additions in the form of iron balconies supported on cast-iron Ionic columns. The glass-roofed operating theatre, built in 1867 above the centre block, has since been removed. The east wing, which was similar in design to the existing west wing, was almost completely destroyed during the late war. In this wing were the Superintendent's House with its contemporary mahogany staircase, the Governors' Court Room decorated in the style of William Kent, and the Governors' Committee Room with the original Chippendale and Hepplewhite chairs belonging to William Hunt. These chairs are now in the present Court Room, formerly the Martha Ward, in the central block. Most of the pictures of governors, surgeons and others connected with the hospital, which were formerly in the Governors' Court Room, have also been moved to the new Court Room. Among them is the portrait of Thomas Guy painted by Vanderbank in 1706 (Plate 31). The west wing, designed by Richard Jupp, was erected in 1774—80. The centre part, facing the courtyard, projects slightly and the ground floor is faced in stone and rusticated; the remainder of the ground storey is plain. 38 GUY'S HOSPITAL CHAPEL At first floor window level is a deep plain stone band containing turned stone balusters beneath the five windows of the centre projection. The upper part is of yellow stock brickwork with a moulded stucco cornice below the parapet, and a central pediment with stone cornice moulds and brick tympanum containing a clock. The ground floor openings have semicircular-arched heads and are set in arched recesses with plain keystones. The first and second floor windows of the centre portion have stone architrave surrounds, those on the first floor having pedimented heads alternately pointed and segmental. The hospital chapel, in the centre block of the west wing, is approached from the courtyard through a narrow vestibule. The chapel is square on plan and six bays in length; the sanctuary, with a single row of stalls on either side, occupies the westernmost bay and the vestibule the eastern- most. The vestibule, which is completely screened oft" from the chapel, has a plaster vaulted ceiling and contains the stairs to the gallery. On three sides of the chapel there is a plain wood-fronted gallery supported on wood Ionic columns and extending over the vestibule. The chapel walls have arched panel treatment in plaster and are divided at the east and west ends by wood Ionic columns similar to those supporting the gallery. Over the body of the chapel is a flat plaster ceiling ornamented in the centre with a circular fan motif, and framed by plaster-groined semi-vaults springing from the columns at gallery level. The gallery has a plaster-groined ceiling. The altarpiece, of polished oak, has three painted panels, the centre one, which is pedi- mented, depicting the Crucifixion and those on each side the figures of St. Luke and St. Barnabas. Above are three stained glass memorial windows to William Hunt, who died in 1829. On the walls below the north and south galleries are a series of mosaic panels of Scriptural figures interspaced by oak memorial panels commemor- ating men and women who have died in the service of the hospital since 1867. The font is of white marble. At the back of the chapel, in the centre of the east end and set in a semicircular arched surround of green marble, is a white marble monument to Guy by John Bacon.* It was erected in 1779 and represents the founder * John Bacon and Joseph Wilton were both asked to prepare models for the njonument, but Bacon's was preferred. He received j^i.ooo for the completed work. Wilton was paid £1 1 los. for his model.** Font 39 BANKSIDE inviting a stricken figure to the hospital which is shown in low relief in the background. Above in white marble is a shield bearing the arms of the hospital with the motto "Dare Quam Accipere" on a scroll. The base has two circular panels with figures in relief and bears the inscription — Underneath are depofited the Remains of THOMAS GUY, Citizen of London, Member of Parliament, and the fole Founder of this Hofpital in his life time. It is peculiar to this beneficent Man to have perfevered during a long courfe of profperous induftry, in pouring forth to the wants of Others, all that He had earned by labour, or withheld from felf-indulgence. Warm with Philanthropy, and exalted by Charity his Mind expanded to thofe noble affections which grow but too rarely from the most elevated purfuits. After adminiftring with extenfive Bounty to the claims of Confanguinity, He eftablifhed this Afylum for that ftage of Languor and Difeafe to which the Charities of Others had not reached. He provided a Retreat for hopelefs Infanity, and rivalled the endowments of Kings. He died the 27th of December, 1724, in the 80th Year of his Age. The monument is enclosed within a semicircular iron railing with delicate cast ornament. In the chapel are also a number of memorials to various benefactors and members of the hospital staff. Beneath the chapel is a crypt with groined brick vaults supported on massive brick piers. Guy's remains now rest in a plain stone coffin-shaped tomb bearing the inscription — The Remains of THOMAS GUY, Efqr. Founder of this Hofpital who died the 27th Deer., 1724 Aged 80 Removed from the Vault under St. Thomas's Church to this place 4th September, 1780. 40 PLATE 31 GUY'S HOSIMIAI.. PORlRAir OK IHOMAS (iTY G> PLATE 32 GUY'S HOSPITAL (a) NORTH-WEST WING OF FRONT COURTYARD, 1943 li>) INNER COURTYARD. WEST QUADRANGLE, 1948 PI-ATI' 2:^ GUY'S HOSPITAL 00 THOMAS C;UY'S CHEST (i) COURT ROOM, 1948 PLATE 34 U . \ i J l^-7;i 1 n n I El ffl _ m t^ .11 . -^ii- n-r-]. — P-P ELEVATION TO ST ,^? &Z3S2EH te!" GROVND FLOOR SECTION THROVGH CENTRAL BLOtT-; In'' io ao GUY'S HOSPITAL 1^1 HP'' L m R m D — ~ ^:::ra::iJiB;h _ ^ "Sin _ii MzzP- a MAS S STREET ,y^ „ j^ ^L" r - S- - °-°L""" [1 im "1 mm E) E FIRST FLOOR ft.^fi.JEL_:: H a ffl ELEVATION OF WEST WING PLATE 3S GUY'S HOSPITAL CHAPEL, 1949 PLATE 36 DETAILS OF CHAPEL 1 1 ■ 'a CROSS SFCTIOiM CRYPT GALLERY r^-^-Vr- fL=F =i m ,_> f =::::= { -);-d».=i==^;== r GROVND FLOOR » 3 O 20 }0 40 90 (■IJY'S IIOSITIAI. CllAl'l.J. PLATE 37 GUY'S HOSPITAL. MONUMENT IN CHAPEL GUY'S HOSPITAL The following inscriptions occur on other table tombs in the vault — The Body of CHARLES lOYE, ESQR. Treasurer of St. THOMAS'S & GUY'S Hofpital; who died the 20th Deer., 1737. Aged 67 years; To be remov'd into GUY'S Chapel when built, & lay'd as near as may be to the Body of the Founder By order of a Court of Committees, of GUY'S Hospitaly dated the 7th lanry., 1737/8- The Remains of WILLIAM HUNT, Esqr. OF PETERSHAM, Surrey. Died 23rd September, 1829 Aged 79 Years. SIR ASTLEY PASTON COOPER BARt. G.C.H. Died 1 2 th Feby. 1841. AGED 73 YEARS (This insciption is on a brass plate attached to the tomb.) The main courtyard to the hospital is entered from St. Thomas Street by a fine 1 8th century gateway with double wrought-iron gates to the carriage- way and single side gates for foot traffic, each with an overthrow ot scrolled ironwork; the arched centre one, which is of later date, is crowned with the arms of the hospital. The gateway is flanked by two massive rusticated Portland stone piers each with a semicircular headed niche and surmounted by a pulvinated frieze and cornice and ball terminal. Plain wrought-iron railings with ornamental panels at intervals extend along the remainder of this side of the courtyard. The statue of Guy by Peter Scheemakers, in the main courtyard, is a standing figure in bronze, representing him in a livery gown. On the front 41 BANKSIDE of the stone pedestal, which is of later date, is a bronze cartouche bearing the inscription "Thomas Guy Sole Founder of this Hospital in his lifetime A.D. MDCCXXI." The sides have bronze panels in relief representing the Good Samaritan and Christ Healing the Sick. On the fourth side is a bronze cartouche with the arms of the hospital. The statue is enclosed within stout wrought-iron railings of mid-i8th century date. Within the eastern internal court is a round-hooded Portland stone alcove from old London Bridge. It was taken down in 1831, brought to the Hospital in 1861, and re-erected in its present position in 1926. ELEVATION PLAN Stone alcove from London Bridge 42 CHAPTER 5 MONTAGUE CLOSE Montague Close covers the site of the cloisters and conventual buildings of St. Mary's Priory. The records of the priory have all disappeared and as its property, apart from the church, passed into private hands imme- diately after the dissolution, little written information is available about the original disposition of the buildings. The whole area is now covered with warehouses and wharves, but some parts of the old fabric, including the east and north side of the cloister and the refectory, were still standing in 1795-^^ A view of the gateway into the close in 1811 is reproduced on Plate 39. The history of the priory cannot be given in full, but it is interesting to note that St. Thomas's Hospital had its origin there in the 12th century (it was refounded on the east side of Borough High Street as a separate institution by Peter des Roches in 1215)^ and that John Gower, the poet, ended his days as a guest of the prior .''^ His tomb with his effigy is still preserved in the church (Plate 5). Within a year or two of the dissolution, complaints were made in the manor court of Southwark that Sir Anthony Browne had opened a public bowling green in the close and was allowing gambling there.'^^ The site of the priory with its houses, gardens and orchards was formally granted to Sir Anthony Browne, in 1544/5.'^* Browne, although he was a staunch Roman Catholic, became possessed of much monastic property and remained a close friend of Henry VIII. His eldest son, Anthony, was created Viscount Montague after the marriage of Queen Mary with Philip of Spain.'^ It seems probable that Lord Montague lived in what had previously been the house of the prior of St. Mary Overy and utilised the other buildings for stabling, etc.* He died in 1593, leaving to his wife, Magdalen, his mansion house of "St. Mary Overies," for her life, with reversion to his grandson Anthony.'^ Lady Montague continued to reside in the close after her husband's death. In 1599 she came under suspicion as a recusant and her house m Southwark was searched, but neither gunpowder nor weapons were found.''^ Tradition has it that the Gunpowder Plot was discovered by the delivery of an anonymous letter to Lord Monteagle in Montague Close, but the story appears to have arisen from a confusion between the names of Monteagle and Montague. Viscount Montague was committed to the Tower on 15th November, 1605, but was released in the following August on payment of ;^200. There is no evidence of his being concerned in the plot, though he wrote to his father-in-law, the Earl of Dorset, that "the bluddy executioner of that woefull tragedie," Guy Fawkes, had been his servant for four months, and had waited at his table about the time of his marriage (1591).^^ In 1625, Viscount Montague and William, Lord Petre, a trustee, * Montague House lay right against the church. In 1593 the vestry ordered "that a new dore should be made in o'' churche wall entringc into my L. Mountacutes howse in place of the old dore stopped vp."' 43 BANKSIDE sold''^ Montague House and all his messuages, wharves and ground "in the close of St. Mary Overies between the middle gate of the close and the outer gate next unto Southwark" to Robert Bromfield and Thomas Overman. Bromfield had had a lease of a wharf there since i6oi^^ and as soon as he got possession of the close he proceeded to build there, putting up in place of "meane Cottages and habitacons for the poorer sort of people that crouded themselves there togeather" houses "fit for men of better ability."^" These are probably the houses shown in the engraving reproduced on Plate 40^7 In 1692/3 Montague House became the subject of a Chancery suit between Elizabeth Cressett, widow of Thomas Overman, and others.^^ From the description there given it appears that the "capitall messuage," that is Montague House, was then used for a pothouse. The property included a great hall with a staircase in the N.E. corner, and cellars below it, a counting house, "the fratree house conteining in length ninety foote and in breadth twenty and seaven foot and a half," the "fratree yard," a shed for soap making, "a colour house" and "a killnehouse of old building" abutting on the church wall. The vestry minutes record that a fire broke out there some years later causing great damage to the church and William Overman's encroachments were ordered to be removed.^^ In 1775 there were sixty messuages and four wharves in the close,^^ most of them let from year to year and becoming ruinous. Many of these, including the eight almshouses erected by Mrs. Alice Shaw Overman in 1771, were taken down in 1830 in connection with the formation of the approach to new London Bridge. * Lord Petre was the only survivor of the trustees appointed by an act passed in 1624 for settling Lord Montague's estates. 44 CHAPTER 6 WINCHESTER HOUSE AND PARK Early in the I2th century the Abbey of Bermondsey granted to the Bishop of Winchester and his successors a stretch of land in Southwark extending from the precincts of St. Mary's Church on the east to the Manor of Paris Garden (the end of Bankside) on the west, for a payment of eight pounds a year. This land, over which the Bishops exercised manorial juris- diction, became known as the Bishop of Winchester's (or later the Clink) Liberty. Plots of ground along Bankside seem to have been alienated at a very early date, so that the bishops can be exonerated from the ownership of the Stews, though they came within their jurisdiction. In the 13th century the Bishop's land is referred to as "Southwark Marsh" and the greater part of it remained open meadow until well after the Reformation. A good description of the manor in the late mediaeval period is contained in a lease from Bishop Waynflete in 1457^'^ of "all the episcopal pastures belonging to the Bishop's manor in Suthwark and commonly called the Wylys, and the second herbage or crop of the episcopal meadows on the west side of the said pastures, above the street called Parysgardynwalle between the feast of the Translation of St. Thomas [7th July] and that of the Annunciation [25th March] which has been customarily mown for the use of the bishop's household, with the profits of the fisheries and the loppings of trees, which are now let to Robert Marche at an annual rent of /,7 6s. 8d. and 4 episcopal gardens with a house called le Netherhows and a low chamber beneath a granary, of which gardens one was lately in the tenure of Thomas Straunstone at an annual rent of 26/ 8d., the second is held by Thomas Gardiner at an annual rent of 3/—, and lies on the south side of the street called Maydenlane, the third is held by Philip Powers at an annual rent of 4/—. Also a void plot of ground on the bank of the Thames on the N. of the manor at the W. end of the way called le Wharf, in length 60 ft. and in width 40 ft.; to hold for the term of 99 years . . . and whensoever the said Bishop and his successor, with their family, shall sojourn in the manor, they shall have free pasturage for 4 beasts and 26 two-year-old sheep." In the Tudor period the open ground became known as the Bishop of Winchester's Park. Its full extent is shown on the 161 8 map (Plate i). It was gradually let out in plots and built over during the i6th, 17th and i8th centuries. In a report on the Park Estate made in 1856—57 it was stated to occupy "an area of about 58 acres" and to be "closely covered with houses of which on the whole estate there are upwards of 1800 — also one Chapel and one Church besides a large number of Manufactories and Warehouses and some schools. . . . The Grove and its vicinity situate towards the centre of the Estate is the principal centre of the Ironfoundry trade in London. "^^ Some portions of the estate were sold during the 1 9th century, but the greater part is still the property of the Church Commissioners. Details of its develop- ment are given in subsequent chapters. 45 of Wtnc hater BANKSIDE Wykeham Winchester House or Palace Camden^* states that Winchester House was built by William Gifford, who was Bishop of Winchester from 1107 to 1 129. It is unlikely that any 12th century work now remains, but portions of the 14th century great hall are incorporated in the warehouses on the south side of Clink Street; and, because the palace was not pulled down when it was vacated by the bishops, but was divided and adapted and rebuilt piecemeal, its main plan is discernible in the present disposition of the warehouses round Winchester Yard. The earliest reference to Winchester House in use is in the life of St. Thomas a Becket by William FitzStephen, which gives an account of Archbishop Thomas on his last visit to London going in procession to the abbey church of St. Mary in Southwark and receiving hospitality in the house of the Bishop of Winchester, before proceeding to Canterbury, where he met his death. In 1 1 74 an agreement was made between the bishop and the prior and canons of St. Mary Overy Priory, by which the canons were allowed full use of the quay or dock on the river between the priory and Winchester House, and the bishop was allowed free access to his residence by road from London Bridge.^^ There are various references to the bishop's house in Southwark in chronicles and official records of the 1 3th century. Citizens of London came to see Bishop Peter des Roches there in 1232 during the struggle against Hubert de Burgh f^ Simon de Montfort was lodged there during the vacancy in the See after Peter's death in 1238,^® and in 1250 there is an order for the repair of the bishop's wharfs (then on the site of the northern end of Stoney Street, but later moved to the east end of Clink Street). Most of the holders of the See of Winchester from the beginning of the 14th century until 1550 held high offices of state — eight of them were Chancellors — and their London residence became a place of importance. In 1 34 1 the Great Chamber there was the scene of the ceremonial presentation of the Great Seal to the new Chancellor, Sir Robert Pawing, by King Edward III in the presence of Queen Isabella and the magnates of the realm.^ The enlargement of the hall and the building of the great rose window in the east end of it appears, from architectural evidence, to date from the middle of the 14th century, possibly during the episcopacy of William of Wykeham (1367 to 1398). Henry Yevele, a master craftsman of this period of architecture, was the bishop's guest at Winchester Palace, Southwark, on a number of occasions in 139-1.^^ He began work on the rebuilding of Westminster Hall in 1394, and in default of any definite evidence to the contrary it is feasible that he was also responsible for the design of the great hall of Winchester Palace. Unfortunately it has not been possible to confirm this suggestion or to find any proof of the date at which this rebuilding was carried out. Fabyan relates that in 1406 on the occasion of the wedding of the sister of the Duke of Milan with Edmund, Earl of Kent, in the church of St. Mary Overy, a "sumptuous and pompeous feaste" was held in "the 46 WINCHESTER HOUSE Bishop of Winchesters palais" and that in 1424 the wedding feast of James, King of Scotland, and Joan, daughter of the Earl of Somerset, and niece of Cardinal Beaufort, was held there.^^ Apparently the house fell into disrepair temp. Henry VIII for in 1528 Richard Fox, the then bishop, wrote to the Lord Treasurer asking to be excused the non-payment of a debt because he had "been at great charge in repairing his ruinous houses in Southwark."^ It is doubtful if Wolsey who only held the See from 1529 to 1530 ever lived at the house. It is, however, fairly certain that Stephen Gardiner made alterations there, for there are drawings extant, made in 1884 by Francis Dollman (Plate 49) of a doorway which was formerly cut in the south wall of the Great Hall with Gardiner's arms impaled with those of the See of Winchester in the spandrils. Bishop Gardiner was deprived of his See in 1551 and imprisoned in the Tower because of his opposition to doctrinal changes. Winchester House was granted to the Marquess of Northampton in 1552^ and he is said to have built a gallery there.^^ Gardiner was restored to his bishopric and his house on Mary's accession." In 1559 Henry Machyn relates that the "bysshope of Wynchastur[s] plasse . . . was rychely hangyd with ryche cloth of arras wrought with gold and sylver and sylke" for the reception of John, Duke of Finland,^^ but from then onwards there are few references to the house in the records. This may be due in part to the fact that the Elizabethan bishops of Winchester were not such outstanding personalities as their predecessors. One of the last big cere- monial events to take place at Winchester House was the marriage feast of Lord Hay and Lucy, the daughter of the 9th Earl of Northumberland in 1617.^'' In 1620 Philip Henslowe dined there with the master of the Rolls.^" There is an interesting account in Wren's Parentalia, of Dr. Matthew Wren having a private interview in 1623 with the Bishops of Durham, St. David's and Winchester in the great gallery of Winchester House, "a Place where I knew his Lordship scarce came once in a Year,"^^ to discuss the religious opinions of the future King Charles I. The saintly Lancelot Andrewes, who seems to have been the last bishop to use Winchester House, died there in 1626.^^ His tomb in Southwark Cathedral is illustrated on Plate 7.* Part of the property had been let to tenants some years previously. In 16 14 fifteen names are entered in the Token Book under the heading "Winchester house," with a total of sixty-six tokens. Among them is John Leech "Gierke of ye glasshouse." The break-up of the house was now imminent. In November, 1642, the House of Lords agreed that it should be turned into a prison and Thomas Davenish was appointed keeper. Sir Kenelm Digby, Sir Francis Williamson and Sir William Brockman were among the prisoners.^"* In 1643 Joseph Zin Zan asked to be allowed the use of the stable and yard at Winchester House * John Aubrey says: "He dyed at Winchester house, in Southwark, and lies buried in a chapell at St. Mary Overies, where his executors Salmon, M.D., and Mr. John Saint-lowe, merchant of London, have erected (but I beleeve according to his lordship's will, els they would not have layed out 1000/;) a sumptuose monument for him."'^ 47 Gardiner BANKSIDE See of Rochester for a riding school. In 1649 the Trustees for the sale of episcopal lands sold the whole property to Thomas Walker of Camberwell, gentleman, for ;^4,38o 8s. 3d.^^ under the description of the "manner of Southwarke . . , called . . . Winchester libertie alias the Clinke libertie . . . and the late Bishopp of Winchester his Pallace . . . conteyning . . . three acres and an halfe . . . wharfes and wharfage . . . att . . . St. mary Overyes Docke ... all that messuage . . . heretofore in the tenure ... of Robert Davison the elder . . . and . . . buildinges Gardens and yardes . . . betweene part of . . . Winchester howse and the kitchen Garden Wall of the said mannor howse on the East and the tenementes landes and garden late Robert Bran- dons on the West . . . and all those nyne messuages Cottages or tene- mentes . . . and all that Garden . . . anciently called the Pond Garden alias Pikeyarde and nowe commonly called the Clinke Garden [leased in 1632 to Robert Davison] . . . and all that . . . plott of ground ... in the Clinke Streete . . . extendlnge from the nyne tenementes abovesaid on the East to the Cage there on the West now built vpon and devided into seuerall small tenementes [leased in 1637] . . . And all that great Garden . . . called Deadmans place wherevpon divers . . . edifices are erected . . . together with a gatehouse . . . bounded Eastwardes vpon the high Streete leading from Stewes Banke towardes the Burrough of Southwarke Westward vpon a tenement . . . called the vine (see Plate 59) and a garden late belonging to one Gerrard and Southwardes vpon a tenement . . . for- merly in the tenure ... of Richard Warren . . . w<^'^ last mencioned premisses are nowe devided into seuerall tenementes [leased in 1633 to Sir Thomas Bilson] . . . And all that . . . Brewhouse . . . called the James and all those seaven tenementes . . . And alsoe one Garden . . . called millwardes Garden lyeing ... on the South side of . . . mayden lane together with a howse in the said Garden nowe or late in the tenure . . . of widdowe mowle conteyning in length from East to West ten perches and an halfe . . . and in breadth att the East ende fortie fower foote and att the West ende Sixtie six foote . . . bounding North vpon the Thames and South and West vpon the Cawsey leadinge from the Stewes Bancke towardes the Clinke gate . . . and all those other fower tenementes built by William Shale [and now divided into 1 7] on the Bancke by the Thames side next the East ende of the Brewhouse . . . and all that Orchard . . . bounded North vpon mayden lane [all leased to Leonard Bilson in 1638] . . . And all that Capital! messuage . . . called Rochester house . . . bounded on the North by a Common Sewer deviding itt from Winchester Pallace on the East by . . . fowle lane on the South by a lane leading from fowle lane to Deadmans place and reaching West to a gateway leading from Winchester howse to the Parke being now devided into thirtie seaven seuerall tenementes" [all leased by the Bishop of Rochester to John Jeyes in 1604/5].* * In common with a number of other prelates the Bishop of Rochester had his London house on the south bank of the Thames in the mediaeval period. As shown on the plan on p. 50 it stood just south of the great garden of Winchester House. 48 IM.AI'I'', ^K oo oo OG H W H CO /^ u 'A w en D O X Q O ^i -^ o OS 00 Q H W u en H PLATE 39 r.'T* t unJir ai X^mi .• dif fanrh i» J,'J.r>i,-i,f. ' -UHK SIlAW-OviTJLMAn* ,Wlfi, «.r. ./ ^««- nU-^tanJ Aw Mf^.U ENTRANCE TO MONTAGUE CLOSE, 1811 PLATE 40 (./) MONTAGUE CLOSE li>) SAINT SAVIOLTR'S DOCK, 1827 PLATE 41 .\OK I'M \ IKW OF (^1 I.K.V i:iJ7,.\JSETIJ,srKi;i-: (;iUM>J\H S(M()<>L.SrSA\l()rK's.S()l run AHK. // l\|-..(ll.. . tin, Sm..1uri , will, liii\|»i (n'nu uf llirSILVKK MKmi (•T>nilrd lwlllr(tJ-J»",<y7<'.V,/(,fil /rMl.r ...llir. .1 #!• •rrt.ii); 1^ ST. SAVIOUR'S GRAMMAR SCHOOL, 1815 PLATE 42 ST. SAVIOUR'S (.RAMMAR SCHOOL, iS;6 Qi) GOVERNORS' COTRI' ROOM (^) SCHOOI, ROOM PLATE 43 PART ()!• HOLLAR'S VIEW OF LONDON, 1647 PLATE 44 'J^ .^^i^ <i«e. T H A .\1 PART Ol' HOLLAR'S \\\\\ OI- LONDON, 164: PLATE 45 WINCHESTER HOUSE, circa 1800 {a) SOUTH VIEW {b) FACING CLINK STREET WINCHESTER HOUSE Thomas Walker had obviously bought the property as a speculation. He proceeded at once to lay out Stoney Street to link Deadman's Place and Church Street with Clink Street and to cut up the garden on either side into building plots. He did not pull down any of the buildings but divided them up into separate tenements. At the Restoration the Bishop of Winchester regained possession of Winchester House and Liberty, but the process of disintegration had gone too far to be arrested and in 1662 the Bishop obtained a private Act of Parliaments^ to enable him "to lease out the tenements now built upon the scite of his mansion house in . . . Southwark." The leases have been preserved among the records of the Church Commissioners, and as they were renewed to successive tenants in almost the same words and for the same rents down to the early years of the 19th century, when plans were made of the holdings, it has been possible, by working backward through the leasebooks, to plot out the plan of the palace as it was when it was last used by the Bishop of Winchester. The plan is given on the next page, and it should be looked at in conjunction with Hollar's view of the area dating from 1646 (Plates 43—44) and with the drawings of the remains of the hall and adjacent buildings on Plates 45—53 and p. §2- The palace consisted of the great hall and a range of domestic build- ings to the west of it along the south side of Clink Street, a gallery running from west to east on the south side of the hall with stairs at either end, and another gallery on the south side of the great courtyard, the two being con- nected by a range of buildings on the east side of the courtyard. East of these again were the privy garden, tennis court and bowling alley bounded by St. Saviour's Dock. By the i 7th century there was a fringe of small tene- ments along the edge of the dock. The stables and stable yards and a brew- house lay to the south of the galleries while on the west was the great garden, the kitchen garden and the pike or pond garden, known sometimes as the Clink Garden because the notorious Clink prison was situated under the buildings at its northern end. The palace was bounded on the west by the common sewer. A brewhouse, the James, and a number of other tenements were in existence on the river bank north of Clink Street, but there was free access to the water stairs which were opposite the west end of the great hall. The great hall was the most prominent feature of the palace. It was approximately 80 feet long, 36 feet wide and 42 feet high, and had an under- croft or cellar beneath it. It had two doorways on the south side communi- cating with the ranges of buildings south of the hall. Traces of the more westerly doorway still remain. The west wall contained the rose window, parts of which still exist (Plate 5 1 «). A group of three doorways below the window gave access to the kitchen offices. There seems always to have been an entrance under these buildings from Clink Street to the garden. This was utilised by Thomas Walker to make a through way to Stoney Street. The archway remained in existence until 1943. The building next to the archway on the east was used as a water or pump house. The water was pumped from 49 BANKSIDE the river through wooden pipes for use in the kitchens and palace buildings generally. It is not possible in the space available to give particulars of the records from which the description and plan of the palace have been made, or to give an account of its gradual transformation into a district of ware- houses; but the fortuitous preservation of the rose window needs some / .' House \ O^ ^v \ -t-. \ j- •■>,^ SV •5: v-;c .-%> ^ Z-?^ S: s° WINCHESTER HOUSE explanation, and the history of the hall building, from the time when it ceased to be used as part of the palace, is therefore given in some detail.^^ At some time between 1649 and 1660 vertical and horizontal par- titions were put into the hall. In January, 1 660/1, the Bishop of Winchester let the western end to John Odell, glazier, under the description of a messuage "now in the occupation of Joan Savage and John Stanbrooke containeing eight Roomes and a Sellar." It was re-leased to him in 1663 at a rent of 20 shillings and i capon a year. The next portion eastward, said to be "late of John Luntley," was let to William Ligburne, carpenter, in 1665, and it contained "one Cellar, one large roome over . . . two chambers over . . . two chambers over . . . and two garretts." The rent was 20 shillings and 2 capons. The next portion eastward was let, in 1665, to Sir James Austin and others, the trustees of a parish charity for binding four poor children out as apprentices. The premises were divided into three tenements, the rent being 20 shillings a year. The fourth and most easterly part of the hall was let in 1 664 to Richard Holman and again consisted of a cellar and eight rooms over it, two to a floor. Each of these four portions was approximately 20 feet from west to east, i.e. the total length of the hall was about 80 feet. The kitchen with the water or pump house lying to the west of the hall was let to Thomas Helme, gentleman, in 1661. All five bits of property continued to be let to separate tenants under the same descriptions for the next 100 years, but by the end of the i 8th century the building west of the hall and the two westerly sections ot the hall had, together with some of the riverside property on the North side of Clink Street, come into the hands of Messrs. Lingard and Sadler (later Messrs. Wardale), mustard makers. On the Sunday evening of 28th August, I 8 14, a fire broke out at their premises. It was near low water and the fire floats could not be brought up to play on the flames for several hours; Messrs. Wardale's premises were consumed and much damage was done to the neighbouring flour and grain warehouses.'^" One efl^ect of the fire was to reveal the remains of the original walls of the hall and the adjacent buildings. John Carter, George Gwilt and I. Le Rous were among those who sketched and measured these relics and several of their drawings are reproduced here. The sketch by Le Rous shows the remains of the building west of the hall, and the west wall of the hall itself. In spite of the severe destruction wrought by the fire the leaseholders still pursued the old policy of using any existing work they could instead of drastically rebuilding. The rose window and the arches beneath it, and some of the old foundations of the south wall of the hall and adjoining buildings were built into the new warehouses. Architectural Description The plans and elevations given on p. 53 show the portions of old walling and the old door and window openings which were in existence in the warehouse buildings in 1943. In 1 94 1 incendiary bombs fell on the flour warehouse at the south- west corner of the junction of Clink Street and Stoney Street (marked 5 on 51 BANKSIDE the plan on p. ^2 ^"d completely gutted it. The premises were inspected at that time. A considerable area of the old stone walls was still in existence along the line indicated by dotted lines on the plan but there were no signs of worked ashlar. The upper floors of the building were carried over Stoney Street on an arch which was of early 1 9th century brickwork, but above the archway on the south face was a patch of original coursed rubble walling, presumably contemporary with the remains of the old palace. Whether it was an area of original untouched wall, or whether it had been rebuilt with old stones it would be difficult to say. It seems strange that so small a portion of stone wall should have been retained and extra expense entailed by costly underpinning whilst the later brick arch was inserted. The archway and the walls of warehouse 5 were demolished in 1943 as they were dangerous. The stone walls which still remain between Warehouses i and 2 on the key plan and on the south sides of both vary to some extent in thickness, but on the average they are 3 feet 6 inches thick and are faced on both sides with Ragstone or Reigate stone with a rough punched surface, except in some places where the facing has been renewed with brick. These stone walls continue up to the level of the third storey of Warehouse 2. Warehouse i has a basement, in the west wall of which can be seen six vault springers still in situ and traces of what could be door jambs and/or a small stone pier, proving that formerly there must have been basement rooms beneath the ground floor of Warehouse 2, as indeed we know from written evidence there were. In the south wall of the basement of Warehouse i there is a recess, probably a doorway, leading to Warehouse 3, where traces of the jambs are to be found. This recess is continued on the floor above, where it is spanned by a flat-pointed arch in two rims of worked ashlar. There is a corresponding recess in the north wall of Warehouse 3, which has a flat pointed arch of similar rise and span. On the west wall of Warehouse i, at ground floor level, there are traces of jambs of openings leading towards Warehouse 2. The only item of interest on the ground floor of Warehouse 2, apart from the old walling, is the upper part of a buttress in the south-east corner, with a splayed finish. On the first floor of Warehouse 2 are visible three flat-pointed ashlar arches on worked jambs, the northern one of which spans a recess with ashlar lined reveals. The arches formed an entrance from this building to the great hall on the east. There is a short length of moulded ashlar, probably a jamb to a door or window, on the south side (originally the outside) of the south wall of this warehouse. In the south wall of the first floor of warehouse i there are remains of several voussoirs or arch stones of a flat-pointed arch spanning a recess. The moulds thereon have a section current in the 14th century. The arch stones are carried on the remains of moulded stone caps and attached shafts which are also characteristic of 14th-century work. The recess leads towards ware- house 3 and corresponds with a pointed arched doorway spanned by a stone arch constructed of three moulded rims springing from moulded jambs and 52 WINCHESTER HOUSE SECTION AT A ^P" ill ..'Mi 31 __^-IIE Tr-ace o^ J'iorxe Jami)^ SECTION AT B Meciu2£A^aL IVaZls Modern Work- SECTION AT C /. r KEMAINS OF WINCHESTEI^ PALACE CLlN}^S"m£ET SOUTHWAKK. q/c^U. or ftet -f ^VI!'!'.^^',WJ^^^^/'^y,V/V,i'W^7^^ ^x^^}}^^x^^A>}X'X'^^^w'^^^^}mf^n Tod of o/i^ K^aiL -. 3CZIE r?rr: 5 gf^'"' nitwiHmin}fni/fn/nirJwif>i>i»f>i SECTION AT D 53 BANKSIDE capitals. This is the outer face of the doorway. In the west jamb is still to be seen the wrought-iron rider upon which the old door was hung. Eastward of the door in Warehouse 3 are the remains of an old external angle of the building constructed of ashlar quoins and having a "bowtel" mould worked on the edge. There is little to be seen of the original building at second-floor level except in Warehouse 2 where there are traces of a pointed arch rising about a yard above the floor on the southern face of the south wall. On the third and fourth floors in the wall between Warehouses i and 2 are remains of the rose window of the Great Hall of the palace. In 1 943 Mr. Sidney Toy, of the Surrey Archaeological Society, obtained per- mission to remove the brickwork with which the window had been blocked on both sides. His account of the window, printed in the Surrey Archaeological Collections^ is as follows : "The rose window . . . was found to be in a dilapidated condition, blackened and cracked by fire and lacking many pieces of its tracery; like the other remaining dressings of the hall it is of Reigate stone. In some places the stonework was sound but in others in a very friable condition, particularly about the central boss. The central part of the window must have been in a very decayed and delicate state when the window was bricked in more than a hundred years ago, for the boss was found supported on cross brickwork joining the two infilling walls and many pieces of the shafts radiating from it were missing. The central portion of the window is hexagonal with ribs radiating from a solid boss, carved with leaf ornament; a circular iron band, still in position, being carried round on the springing line of the cusps. The outer portion consists of a geometrical pattern of cusped triangles, formed by the intersection of straight ribs. The outer edges of the tracery are rounded ofi-" and the segments near the circumference are filled in solid. The enclosing outer ring on the hall side is richly moulded, with a keel roll in the middle, 54 Archzoay over Stoney Street THE CLINK but that of the exposed face on the west is decorated with hollow chamfers only; the labels on both sides have been destroyed." The brickwork has been replaced in the window but Mr. Toy's drawings of the window and other parts of the building and the photographs taken by his colleague, Mr. Sexton, have been reproduced to illustrate his article and they form a valuable record of what he saw. The only other remains of early work are traces of the raking back of the original gable in the east wall of Warehouse 2 at third-floor level. Little of the old work is now visible from the outside of the ware- houses; it remains hidden from view until it shall be again revealed by a new catastrophe or by some drastic rebuilding of the area. The Clink It is one of the paradoxes of the English language that the name of a small and obscure prison of the Bishops of Winchester in Southwark, the Clink, should have become a synonym for all prisons and should also for several centuries have given its name to the "Liberty" over which the bishop exercised jurisdiction. Probably the Clink owed its notoriety to its extreme unpleasantness. In 1632 it was described as lying under the mansion house of the bishop.^^ Though this does not necessarily mean that it was entirely below the ground, it was probably below high-water level. It lay between the river on the north and the common sewer on the west and was in one corner of the bishop's pond or pike garden (later known as the Clink Garden) and it must have been at best uncomfortably damp. Its approximate position just south of Clink Street, to the west of what is now Stoney Street is marked on the plan of the palace and on the map on Plate i. The cucking stool and cage stood nearby in Clink Street.^^ Taylor, the water-poet, had his tongue in his cheek when he wrote of "the Clinke where handsome lodgings be." The Bishops of Winchester probably had a prison for offenders within the liberty from an early period. In the 15th century Cardinal Henry Beaufort (Bishop of Winchester, 1404-47) left /"400 to be distributed among the prisoners in both compters of London, in Newgate, Ludgate, Fleet, Marshalsea and the King's Bench and "in confinement within my manor of Southwark," but the first reference that has been found to the Clink by nameif"" is in a list of alms distributed to poor people "at the Clynke" at the funeral of Henry VII, on 28th April, 1509. It is mentioned in the First Eclogue of Alexander Barclay,^^- written circa 15 14 — "Though thou be giltlesse, yet shalt thou be conuict, Fare well, thy good all shall be from thee lickt, Or some backe reckening concerning thine office Of all thy riches shall pill thee with a trice Then art thou clapped in the Flete or Clinke, Then nought must thou say, whatsoeuer thou thinke." » In February, 1497/8, the Bishop of Winchester made a grant to Richard Webster of the Pike Garden^" in which no mention is made of the Clink though later grants give Clink Garden as an alternative name to Pike Garden. It seems probable, therefore, that the name came into use at the beginning of the i6th century. ss BANKSIDE Stow speaks of it as having been a prison "for such as should brabble, frey or breake the Peace on the banke, or in the Brothell houses." It was also used for victims of the religious persecutions of Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth. In 1555 John Rogers and William Hooper were sent there after their trial before Bishop Gardiner, and when darkness fell were taken by the sheriffs "with bils and weapons . . . out of the Clink, and . . . thorow the Bishops house and so thorow S. Mary Overies Church-yard, and so into Southwark and over the Bridge on procession to Newgate. "^"^ They were both burned at the stake for heresy. Various references to persons confined there for matters of religion are to be found in the State Papers of Elizabeth's time. In a manuscript in the Bodleian Library dated 1580 is a satirical verse about "fidling knaves" confined in "there auncient howse . . . called y^ Clynke," and a drawing, reproduced on this page, of a prison with a sign of a fiddle hanging on it. There is no definite evidence that this refers to the Bishop of Winchester's prison, but if it does not it is the first known use of the word "clink" as a general synonym for prison. Incidentally it is also an early example of the use of "fiddling" for swindling. Robert Davison, who held a lease of the adjoining property is described as "keeper of the Clincke" in 1624.1°* In 1628 the Cordwainers' Company let to John Pidgeon a messuage described as "thentofore used for the Gaol or Prison called the Clinck some- time in the tenure of Mathew Hancock, afterwards of Thomas Mason and late of Marcus Stone ... in Horseshoe Alley." This house can be traced in the Token Books back to 161 7, but it is not referred to as a prison. The description is repeated in subsequent deeds, but no reference has been found to it elsewhere. It was perhaps used for a time as an annexe to the main prison.* It is probable that the Clink fell into disuse after the sale of Win- chester House and grounds in 1649.'' John Strype described it in 1720 as "of late years of little or no account" and in 1761 it was said to be "a very dismal hole, where debtors are sometimes confined, but little used."^''® * The Cordwainers still own Horse Shoe Alley and the property on either side. The alley is closed to traffic every Ash Wednesday as an assertion of their ancient rights. ^ A grant of the Pike Garden to Robert Cruys in 1661 referring to a similar grant of 1641 speaks of "the late Mansion house of the late Bishopp . . . , under which the Prison called the Clinke then was.""'^ 56 iM.Ari', 46 in D C H a: u y. PLATE 47 lil 1 / / m\ ((! > 1 \ ■ '■ "> 1 1 I 1 1 1 III f \^ ,- . s. PLATE 48 il PLATE 49 ^T?rBii:;; ^^''^\Lip^^^ WINCHESTER HOUSE (.0 TOP OF DOORWAY ON SOUTH SIDE OF HALL ll>) ELEVATIONS OF DOORWAY ON SOUTH SIDE OF HALL PLATE 50 M" THE &\l£.HO>* or NVI H C H C^-TejU. -Ei ^ VA. V-A-CE. £> O U "TH N^ A. F^ V;, . p£K..»'t.crivE. ViFMtf M- \:,w.«-»^ HA. 1 b^-' ' -.3 ■.'-„',-; ■^-^.^'^^ '- .. ttu^ Wi;Aiw ^ Vj^>)vi WINCHESTER HOUSE. PERSPECTIVE VIEW OV GREAT H.\r,I, I.OOKIXC; WEST PLATE o WINXHESTER HOUSE 00 PART OF ROSE WINDOW, 1943 (i) REMAINS OF RUBBLE WALLING OF THE ARCHWAY OVER STONEY STREET, 194J PT,ATF 52 WINCHESTER HOUSE. ROSE WINDOW IX WEST GABLE OF GREAT HALL PI.ATF, 5:^ I U'.7 Hrtt- 'C oe6c<<.t^Ti UN or -TxcM WILL ^u»» i^ 1- 1 E — —L WINCHESTER HOUSE DETAILS, 1884 CHAPTER 7 BANKSIDE Next to Borough High Street, the road along the river wall of which Bankside forms a part is perhaps the oldest in the area. There has been little change in its position relative to the river through the centuries, in contrast to the Strand on the north bank which once bordered the river but is now widely separated from it by reclaimed land. Bankside was notorious before the Reformation as the place where the licensed brothels or "stews" of London were kept. Stow^^ tells us that these houses, which were usually approached by boat across the river, "had signes on their frontes, towardes the Thames, not hanged out, but painted on the walles, as a Beares heade, the Crosse Keyes, the Gunne, the Castle, the Crane, the Cardinals Hatte, the Bell, the Swanne, etc." The position of some of these is marked on the map on Plate 59. The derivation of the term "stew" is interesting. It probably comes from the word formerly current both in this country and in Scandinavia for a stove or heated room. On the other hand the same word was used in the mediaeval period for a fish pond, and there were a number offish ponds in the "Pike Gardens" along Bankside so that the term "stews bank" often applied to this region may have had a double entendre. An unsuccessful attempt was made to abolish the stews in 1506 and they were finally put down in 1546 when Bankside was "pro- claymed by sounde of Trumpet, no more to be priuiledged, and vsed as a com- mon Bordell, but the inhabitantes of the same to keepe good and honest rule.""^^ There were three pike gardens along Bankside in the i6th century. These were the pike garden of Winchester House, the King's (or Queen's) Pike Garden, which lay a little to the west of the site of Emerson Street, and the Great Pike Garden, the approximate site of which is marked by the little court originally called Pike Gardens and now White Hind Alley. The King's Pike Garden had formed part of the estate of the priory of the nuns of Stratford at Bow. When it was surveyed during the Common- wealth period it contained four fishponds and two or three small houses and gardens. It remained the property of the Crown until 1831 when it was divided and sold to Thomas Evans, cooper, of Great Guildford Street, Southwark, and John Lewis of Euston Square. Pond Yard, which ran through the centre of the property (see the map on Plate 59), was closed in 1904. The Great Pike Garden dates back at least to the middle of the 14th century, for in 136 1/2 it was sold under the description of a garden and ponds at "le stewes" to John Trig, citizen and fishmonger, of London. In the 15th century it was in the ownership of Christopher Banaster and his son, John, and became known as Banaster's Garden. In 1499 it contained three acres, four cottages, a gatehouse, and seventeen ponds, etc. Early in Elizabeth's reign it was purchased by John Gybon or Gibbons and it remained in the possession of his family until it was sold to Philip Henslowe in 1615. * For a full account of the stews and the regulations concerning them see the article by P. Norman in The Antiquarian Magazine for August, 1882. 57 BANKSIDE An account of the bear gardens and theatres on Bankside in the Tudor and Stuart periods is given in the next chapter which also contains much information about the topographical development of the district. Although the Bishops of Winchester had alienated most of the land along Bankside before the period when the records begin, they retained possession of a piece of ground at the river end of Bear Gardens frequently referred to in the account of the Bear Gardens (on pp. 66-71) and of a triangle of ground at the western end of the Clink Liberty abutting north on the river and adjoining on Holland Street (formerly Gravel Lane, i.e. the boundary of Paris Garden Manor) to the west and on Fletcher Lane (formerly Love Lane) on the east. Both these plots are marked on the plan on Plate 59. In the 15th century the Knights Hospitallers tried to incorporate the land next to Gravel Lane in the Manor of Paris Garden but the bishop vindicated his right to it in a suit at common law against Robert Bottell, the prior temp. Henry VL^"^ Subsequently most of the bishop's land at the west end of Bank- side was leased to the "Parson and Churchwardens" of St. Martin Orgar, London, a lease which was renewed in 1541.^^^ By 1 66 1, when Winchester House and Park were being leased out, much of the St. Martin Orgar land was built on, though part of it was still described as "a great Orchard and Garden. "i^" At that date Mouldstrand Dock and twenty-two messuages near it were leased to James Shaw, citizen and merchant tailor, and the rest of it, with the exception of the Falcon, was granted to Thomas Walker, the man who had bought Winchester House and built on it. In 1674 we find William Angell, lord of the manor of Paris Garden, making an unsuccessful claim to the Falcon Inn which adjoined his property.^ Subsequently the bishop leased the Falcon to John Hayward, citizen and haberdasher of London, and his son Henry, who is described as a "carpenter. "112 Xhey rebuilt the Falcon Inn circa 1690 and also the house adjoining, which, together with Falcon Wharf, was stated in 1708 to be in the tenure of the Company of the Mine Adventurers of England."^ In the later part of the century this property was occupied by Gilbert Handasyde and Thomas Prickett, ironfounders.^^ The premises of the London Hydraulic Power Company now cover the site. No confirmation has been found in the records for the statement on the wall plaque there that Sir Christopher Wren frequented the house and watched from thence the rebuilding of St. Paul's Cathedral. There is a water-colour drawing in the Guildhall Collection which is stated to represent Wren's house near the Falcon Inn on Bankside. It probably represents the house next the Falcon built by John Hayward. Clarks Alley, to the east of Falcon Wharf, was closed at the end of the 1 8th century. A tablet on the wall bears the inscription — This ancient Way called Clarks Alley leading from Willow Street to the River Thames, being a free Passage and landing Place was closed by order of the Commissioners of the Clink Pavements. 1796. 58 BANKSIDE The wharf and dock called Mouldstrand appear to have been in use in the Middle Ages. There is a reference to Philip Henslowe leasing property there to John Serieant, a waterman, in 1608^^ and later in the 17th century it was in lease to James Shaw and his daughter Alice Shaw Overman. ^^^ In 1784 when Mouldstrand was in the tenure of John Cater, the dock had been "for some time past filled up."^^^ Queen's Wharf now occupies the site. The eastern part of the bishop's land south of Bankside (or Willow Street) was occupied by a large glasshouse belonging to Stephen Hall, glass- maker, in the i8th century.^^^ The ground was subsequently used for over a century by the Phoenix Gas Company (incorporated in 1824) and its suc- cessor the South Metropolitan Gas Company. This property, together with Queen's Wharf on the riverside, was bought by the City Electric Light Company in 1938. The new Bankside Power Station is to be erected on the site. The Peacock Brewery is shown south of the glassworks on Rocque's map of 1 76 1. Most of the remainder of the bishop's triangle of land south of Bankside was in lease to Sir John Cullum and his sons. Sir John and Sir Thomas Gery Cullum throughout the i8th century.^^^ The greater part of the land abutting on Bankside is now given over to wharves, warehouses and factories, but some of the old narrow alleys. Rose Alley, Bear Gardens, Cardinal's Cap Alley, etc., still exist. The view on Plate 54^ gives some idea of the appearance of Bankside at the beginning of last century. A description and brief account of the few pre-1800 buildings which have survived is given below. The Anchor, No. i Bankside The Anchor has a late 18th-century front in brown brick. It is of two storeys and an attic and has a tiled roof with a dormer window behind the parapet. The main front has a three-light wood shop window with pilasters at the sides and hinged shutters. Above, on the first floor, is a shallow over- hanging bay with double-hung sashes and glazing bars. On the flank (in Park Street) the windows have segmental heads, plain reveals and double- hung sashes with glazing bars; those on the ground floor have wood shutters. There is also a shop window of similar type to that on the main front. The bar has plain dado panelling and a mantelpiece of late i 8th cen- tury date. The back parlour has plain matchboarding of similar date with some later alterations. In the first floor front room is an elliptical arched recess with panelled pilasters ornamented with sprays of corn. The panelling is mid-i8th century but has been altered and added to in later years. The mantelpiece is plain and encloses an early i gth-century grate. The house was damaged by enemy action during the last war but has since been repaired. It is often stated that the Anchor Tavern dates from the 17th century though both historical and architectural evidence point to a date during the last quarter of the i8th century. The ground on which the tavern stands has a long and tangled history and as it throws many interesting sidelights on the development of the neighbourhood it is given in some detail. 59 BANKSIDE ,-^ .-MALIFE •; • ! ■•y^. Ml, On the ground at the junction of Bankside and Park Street (formerly known as Bank End) there stood in the 15th and i6th centuries an inn called "the Castell upon the Hope" with a wharf, houses and four cottages. In 1479 they were in the possession of John Eierby, citizen and fishmonger of London, who died in 1500 leaving them to his wife, Elizabeth, with the proviso that after her death they were to be sold and the proceeds devoted to "deedes of almes and werkes of charite."''* The Castle was one of the Stewhouses of Bankside and in 1506 John Sandes, the occupier, was presented by the constables at the Court Leet of the Bishop of Winchester for keeping his house open on feast days and for allowing women to board there contrary to the regulations.^^* In 1 559 Alexander Amcottes sold^^" to Vincent Amcottes, citizen and fishmonger of London, his messuage called "the Castell on the hoope" with a wharf and houses and four cottages adjoining on the east and "Cellers, SoUers, Gardeyns, Pondes, hedges and dyches" abutting on the land formerly of William Owghtred, knight, "late apperteynyng to the Churche of Saynt margarettes" on the south and "extendeth in length from the kynges highewaye of olde tyme called the millwaye towardes the Easte unto the landes . . . sometyme of Sir Myles of Stapylton and Thomas Paterling and late belongyng to the churche of Saynte Margarettes . . . towardes the Weste." Vincent Amcottes divided the property. The southern portion he sold in 1 580 to Richard Spier. 1^1 In the 17th century it was the subject of many lawsuits but in 1 707^^2 it was in the possession of Spier's great grandson who stated that two messuages and a dyehouse had been built thereon. It was bought by Ralph Thrale in 1739 ^""^ subsequently a watchhouse was built on part of it and the rest was used to widen Park Street.^^^ The northern portion was sold by Vincent Amcottes in 1562 to John Cheyne^^* whose son and heir, Henry, on 30th January, 1582/3, transferred it to John Drew under the description of "all those two messuages . . . called the gonne and the castle with twoe gardeins thereunto adjoyn- inge . . . and . . .all those twoe tenementes on theast side next adjoynynge to . . . the Castell and all the gardein plattes and voyd groundes on the backsides of the same . . . and ... all the wharfe which is betwene the foresaid messuages . . . and the River . . . and . . . the stayers and landinge place . . . sometyme in the tenure ... of John Smythe carpenter . . . and all those three messuages . . . with gardens . . . sometyme in the severall tenures of William Clement Taillor, John Roo Chaundeler and Peter Hardinge, Blacksmythe.''^^* The last three houses had then been divided into six. John Drew died in 1595. By his will'-* he left 40s. to his tenants on Bankside to "make merry withall." His son John, who inherited the property, then known as Drew's Rents, got himself heavily in debt (perhaps by too much merry making) and had to sell'^^ his inheritance to James James, apothecary, to whom his son, another John, was apprenticed. There were then fourteen tenements in the rents. James James died in 1689'^^ and the property was sold by his legatee, James Coysh, to Walter Gibbons'^^ who in 1725 sold it to Edmund Halsey. In 1764 Henry Thrale, who had obtained a lease of the premises from Halsey's executors, bought the freehold. '^^ Among the records of Barclay Perkins and Co., Ltd., is a note made just prior to this purchase stating that Mr. Edward Dodson had lived at the alehouse at the corner called the sign of the Castle for the previous seven or eight years. The premises were in a tumbledown state and in 1770 the ground was 60 Tie Ferryman's Seat BANKSIDE let on building lease to William Allen who undertook to spend j^i,ooo within the next five years in building "good and substantial" messuages or warehouses on the site. By 1787 when Robert Barclay and John Perkins bought the Anchor Brewery, Joseph Bickerton was the tenant of the dwelling house, warehouses, stables and wharf erected at Bank End by Allen. The Anchor Tavern was therefore erected in 1770-75 by William Allen, though the first mention of it by its present name which has been found is in a list of recognisances for 1822. The Ferryman s Seat Inserted in a modern building at the corner of Bear Gardens and Bankside is an old stone seat said to have been taken from an earlier building and to have been made for the convenience of watermen. Cardinal's Wharf, No. 49 and Nos. 50—52 Bankside No. 49 Bankside is a three-storey early 18th-century building with a stucco front of later date and double steep pitched tiled roof with central valley. The front windows have moulded architraves and double-hung sashes with glazing bars, those on the ground and first floor having in addition a frieze flanked by two consoles supporting a cornice. The doorway is similar in design to these windows and has a simple fanlight (Plate ^^b). The staircase is of pine with solid moulded string, square balusters and square newels. The ground floor front room is panelled and has a deep moulded wood cornice. On the first floor, the front room has scAtt cfBte: -t—r I I I I I I I I FEET Nos. 50, 51 and 52 Bankside 61 BANKSIDE a plaster cornice and an early i gth-century mantelpiece in stone. The front room on the second floor is panelled and the mantelpiece has a stone bolection moulding. Nos. 50, 51 and 52 Bankside, on the west side of Cardinal's Cap Alley, are of brick with red brick dressings. They are two-storey houses with attics, the dormers being in a slate mansard roof behind a cemented parapet below which is a moulded brick string course. Until recently there was a lead rain-water head on the front bearing a crown and inscribed "B.H.S. 1712." A wood entablature at first floor level extends across the front of all three houses and over the alley, breaking forward over the three doorways to form cano- pies supported on carved brackets with lions' heads and acanthus leaf- age (Plate 54^). The entrance door- ways have wood casings with pan- elled pilasters and fanlights of a geometrical design in metal. The front, above the ground floor, ap- pears to have been rebuilt. Inter- nally, some of the rooms retain their panelling but no features of special interest remain. The houses are derelict and in poor condition. The name Cardinal's Hat (or Cap), for a house on the site of the present No. 49, Bankside, and for the narrow alley which runs down beside it, dates from at least the time of Elizabeth and perhaps earlier. The suggestion that it was named in compliment to Cardinal Beaufort is attractive but untenable, for Beaufort died in 1447, and the original Cardinal's Hat was not built till many years later. The site was described in 1470 as "a void piece of ground."" It is possible that it was named after Cardinal Wolsey who was Bishop of Winchester from 1 529-30, though no buildings are mentioned in a sale of the site from John Merston, fishmonger, to Thomas Tailloure, fishmonger, in 1533.^^* Stow^' lists the Cardinal's Hat as one of the Stewhouses but he may possibly have been mistaken, including it only because it was one of the more prominent inns on Bankside in his day. It is shown in the Token Book for 1593 as in the occupation of John Raven and as one of a group of houses which in the book for 1588 is described as "Mr. Broker's Rentes." Hugh Browker, later a It was sold by William Hille of March, Cambs., to John Merston and others as "a void plot of ground by le Stewesside" adjoining on the land of the prioress of Stratford (later the King's Pike Garden) on the east and on Maiden Lane on the south.'^' 62 Cardinal^! Cap Alley BANKSIDE the owner of the Manor of Paris Garden, was in possession of ground there in 1579* and it seems likely that he was responsible for the formation of Cardinal's Cap Alley if not for the building of the original house. Thomas Mansfield was the tenant of the inn when Edward Alleyn dined there with the "vestrye men" of St. Saviour's parish in December, 1617.^" A few years later John Taylor, the water poet, makes reference to having supper with "the Players" at the Cardinal's Hat on Bankside.^"^ 1 Melchisedeck Fritter, brewer, who tenanted the house ic.it 01 lllllllllllM No. ^o BanksiJe from 1627'"* to 1674,1** issued a halfpenny token. '' He was assessed for seven hearths in the hearth tax rolls." The freehold was sold by Thomas Browker to Thomas Hudson in 1667.1^^ The latter died in 1688 leaving his "messuages on Bankside" to his sister, Mary Greene, with reversion to his great nieces, Mary and Sarah Bruce.^^* It was at about this date that the oldest part of the present house was built. During the 1 8th century it was bought by the Sells family who both owned and occupied it until 1830.^ In 1841 Edward Sells of Grove Lane, Camberwell, bequeathed his freehold messuage and yard and stables, being No. 49 Bankside, then in the tenure of George Holditch, merchant, to his son Vincent Sells. '" The house is now the property of Major Malcolm Munthe, the son of Dr. AJxel Munthe, author of The Story of San Michele and other works. It had previously been occupied by Anna Lee, the actress. Nos. 50, 51 and 52, Bankside were also in the ownership of Edward Sells at the time of his death in 1 84 1. They were purchased in 1937 by the City Electric Light Company and are now the property of the Electricity Board. No. 74 {Honduras Wharf) This is a pleasant early 18th- century brick house built at right angles to the street. It has three storeys, the third added lately in place of an attic. The entrance door on the west front has a wood casing, over which is a cornice supported by two large and one smaller carved scrolled brackets with carved ornament between them. The staircase is of oak and has cut strings with carved brackets, In 1580 the jurors of the Surrey and Kent Sewer Commission presented Hughe Browker "to make uppe and amende iij poles of his wharfe ... on the bancke syde."'^' 63 BANKSIDE 1 f SECTION AB SECTION CD 1, stiir l ii.rfiii\| l i.>lii J= B _r PLAN No. 1^ Bankside spiral-turned balusters (two to a step) and newels in the form of fluted columns. The walls of the hall and staircase have simple moulded panelling. Some of the rooms on the ground and first floors retain their original panel- ling and moulded cornices, and some chimney-pieces retain the bolection moulded panels above the fireplaces. The north end of the premises above first-floor level has been rebuilt following damage by enemy action. The house known as Honduras Wharf stands on part of the ground leased to John Cullum, draper, by the Bishop of Winchester in 1670. It remained in the hands of the Cullum family until 64 PLATE 54 (a) OI,]) HOUSl'.S, HANKSlDi:, 1827 (/;) Nos. 50-5;, BANKSIDl'., 1940 K' PLATE 55 ON PL, < < Q < D d Q oo O u o PLATE 56 PLATE 57 (a) OLD HOUSES IN MAID LANE, circa 1820 (/>) CASTLE STREET PLATE 58 WORKSHOP, FORMERLY SKiaTON'S MEETING HOUSE, MAID LANE, 1812 PLATE 59 PLAN OF BANKSIDE (BASED ON THE 1875 ORDNANCE SURVEY) The Bishop of Winchesier s property is indicated h\ single hatchings parish property hy cross hatch Scale or /itf too PLATE 60 V.]'.) JAk M M Ji^ B. M M M Li i£J 111 1 1 1 1 II ■ 1 ■ 1 rr r^ rfiiM ill A J!-i_Q PARK STREET {a) HOUSE OF HENRY THRAEE, circa 1H33 {b) Nos. 22-26, 1946 PLATK 6 1 » 3 ■? - : , — ~ >,■• t^ ♦_> 2: y. y. < PLATE 62 {a) No. 18, UNION STREET, 1890 lb') Nos. 1-15, SOUTHWARK BRIDGE ROAD, 1946 PLATE 62 ^^^j ^ ^ J ^ ' ^-^ ^.•^;-",'v..,. ^r^^^^^' -- '-'^^' Nos. 59-61, UNION STREET, 1949 {a) ROOM ON FIRST 1-T.OOR {h) MALTING SHLl) AT REAR PLATE 64 ZOAR STREET {a) [.OOKING WEST, 1912 lb) INTERIOR OF SCHOOL BANKSIDE 1778 when Elizabeth Chitty, of Witham, in Essex, obtained a lease of it. Ten years later the lease was renewed to John Bond. In 1 871, Daniel Sutton, who had had a lease of the property from the bishop in 1850, bought the freehold.' His successors sold it to the present owners, Messrs. Wakeley Bros.^* The name Honduras Wharf dates back to the late i8th century, when the house and wharf were in the tenure of Thomas Woodward, who was trading in mahogany with Honduras. The occupants of the premises so far as they have been ascertained were: 1773-85, George Wyatt, carpenter and builder; 1786-96, Thomas Woodward & Co., mahogany merchants; 1796-1802/4, Wm. Clarke & Co., tire and nail warehouse; 1802/4-1-816, John Pritchard, tire and nail manufactory; 1817-20, Joseph Bury, mahogany, timber and deal merchant; 1817—28, Jas. Dowson & Co., mahogany merchants; 1833-59, W. Ward, "manufactor of Roman cement. Plaster of Paris, and Importer and Shipper of all kinds of Fire Bricks, Tiles, etc., and coal merchant"; 1856-59, Edward White & Co., timber merchants; 1857-79, John Newton & Co., firebrick merchants; 1876 to date, Wakeley Bros., brick and tile merchants.^^ No. 79 (Falcon Drawing Dock) The Falcon Drawing Dock and the premises on the east side, No. 79 Banlcside, are on the site of part of the Falcon Inn. They were leased to Messrs. Newton & Sons, firebrick merchants, the present own- ers, in 1833—4 by Messrs. Handasyde & Prickett, who had a lease from the Bishop of Winchester. No. 79, the office, was rebuilt in 1840 though it retains two patches of early 18th-century walling. The door and windows facing the dock on what now forms the main front, and those at the north end, are treated with classical mouldings. They date from the No. 74 Bankside rebuilding. (>s CHAPTER 8 THE BANKSIDE PLAYHOUSES AND BEAR GARDENS The situation of the various Bear Gardens and playhouses in South- wark has been worked out by C. L. Kingsford in his article "Paris Garden and the Bear-baiting" in Archaeologia, Vol. 70, by W. W. Braines in The Site of the Globe Playhouse, and by E. K. Chambers in The Elizabethan Stage, but for the sake of completeness, and because one or two pieces of new evidence have emerged in the course of the preparation of this volume, a short account of the Bear Gardens and of the Playhouses is included here. I. The Bear Gardens and the Hope Theatre The first specific reference that has been found to bear-baiting on Bankside is in an order of Henry VIII dated 13th April, 1546, to the Mayor and Sheriffs of London, to proclaim the abolition of the Stews on Bankside and of bear-baiting "in that row or in any place on that side London bridge."* Notwithstanding this proclamation Thomas Fluddie, Yeoman of His Majesty's Bears, was granted a licence in September, 1546, to "make pastime" with the king's bears "at the accustomed place at London, called the Stewes."* The Stews were roughly coincident with the thoroughfare known as Bankside, but they did not extend into Paris Garden Manor. The records quoted below show that from 1550 onward the Bear Gardens were in the liberty of the Clink, i.e. near the site of the Stews, and it is difficult to account for the fact that literary allusions to bear-baiting nearly always link it with Paris Garden. Robert Crowley in 1550 speaks — "Of Bearbaytynge. What follye is thys, to kepe wyth daunger, A greate mastyfe dogge and a foule ouglye beare ; Atid to thys onelye ende, to se them two fyght, Wyth terrible tearynge, a full ouglye syght. And yet me thynke those men be mooste foles of all, Whose store of money is but verye smale. And yet euerye Sondaye they will surelye spende One penye or two, the bearwardes lyuyng to mende. At Paryse Garden eche Sundaye, a man shall not fayle To fynde two or three hundredes, for the bearwardes vaile."^^^ In a preface to a sermon preached by John Bradford before Edward VI Thomas Sampson refers to God's judgment on "certayne Gentlemen upon the Sabboth day, going in a whirry to Paris garden to the Beare bayting" who were drowned,^" and from 1559 onwards references become fairly frequent. An extensive search of the records has revealed no evidence of bear- baiting taking place within Paris Garden Manor, but it is possible that bears were baited in the gaming establishment run by William Baseley at the manor house of Paris Garden (see p. 96) though no written evidence of this has been found. It is likely that the association of "Paris Garden" with the Bear Gardens is a simple transference of name through its use in colloquial speech. 66 PLAYHOUSES AND BEAR GARDENS Men had grown accustomed to crossing the river to Paris Garden Stairs to take their pleasure in Paris Garden. Later they used the same route but turned east instead of west, and they probably continued to speak of "going to Paris Garden."" In support ot this theory it may be noted that in the Token Books for the years i6 13-18 the heading "Paris Garden" is inserted before the name of "Mr. Jacob of the beare garden" and "Mr. Edward Allen," in the part of the books relating to the area between Rose Alley and Mosses Alley, i.e. near the site of the alley now known as Bear Gardens. This pro- vides an explanation for the references in the Dulwich College manuscripts to Edward Alleyn and Philip Henslowe at Paris Garden, and is probably the result of the linking ot the name Paris Garden with bear-baiting in popular parlance. In the year 1620 a dispute arose between the Crown and the Bishop of Winchester as to the ownership of the ground in the neighbourhood of the Bear Gardens. The evidence^'^ runs into many pages and is frequently contradictory, but it clearly shows that the bear-baiting rings had been moved several times and that the "Bear Gardens" had by that date become a generic term covering the sheds and kennels in which the bears, bulls and dogs were kept, as well as the actual rings and the adjoining houses, most of which were occupied by persons having some connection with the Bear Gardens. Apart from one statement about baiting near Mason's Stairs'' which cannot be confirmed from other sources, all the witnesses agreed that the Bear Gardens were either on part of the Bishop of Winchester's land leased in 1540 to William Payne and formerly known as the Barge, Bell and Cock, or on the King's land leased in 1552 to Henry Polsted and formerly known as the Unicorn and the Rose (see Plate 59). The deeds of the Polsted property have been traced back to the 14th century^^ but the first reference to a Bear * Such a transference of name is not unusual. In recent years the Arsenal Station at High- bury, has acquired its name because crowds use it on their way to see football played by a team which was originally associated with Woolwich Arsenal. Mr. Kingsford makes the alternative suggestion that the confusion may have arisen because Sir Richard Longe "Master of the game of bears" to Henry VIII, was also steward of the Manor of Paris Garden when it was in the hands of the Crown after 1536.1" ^ John Taylor, aged 77, deposed: "that he remembreth that the game of bearebayting hath been kept in fower severall places (vizt) at Mason Steares on the bankside, neere Maidlane by the Corner of the Pykegarden, and at the beare garden wch was parcell of the possession of William Payne and the place where they are now kept." Mason's Stairs are still in existence opposite the end of White Hind Alley (see Plate 59). There is no reference to a Bear Garden in the deeds relating to the Great Pike Garden and the land in the neighbourhood, unless the "howse called a Beare howse" said to be "late in the Tenure of . . . Gilbert Rockett thelder" and mentioned in the litigation over this property in 1604 can be so construed.^" It is most probable, however, that a "beer" house, not a "bear" house, is meant. <^ The Polsted property comprised the possessions of the priory of the nuns of Stratford at Bow on Bankside, including the Unicorn and the King's Pike Garden and the tenement called the Rose. The latter had been sold by William Spence to Henry Polsted in 1537 under the description of "all that his Tenement and gardens sometyme called The Rose, set and being vpon the Stewes banke . . . That is to saye bitwene the Tenement and garden of Raff Symonds [known as the little Rose, the ground on which the Rose Theatre later stood] . . . of the East parte, and the tenement called the Barge and the garden late belonging to [the] priores of Stratford on the West parte, and dothe extende from the water of Thamys ayenst the Northe vnto Mayden lane on the South parte."'" 67 BANKSIDE Garden occurs in the lease of 1552 which included "a capital curtilage called le Beare yarde with le Berehouse and a garden" held by John Allen at a rent of ;^8 a year.^^ As noted above the first literary allusion to bear-baiting on Bankside occurs in 1550 and the inference is that it had been recently intro- duced at that time. It seems certain that either William Payne, who died in 1 575,"6 or his son John, built a bear-baiting ring on the land leased from the Bishop of Winchester and that both this ring and the older one farther south were in use for a time. Stow, describing Bankside in 1598, says: "there be the two Beare-gardens, the old and new places wherein be kept Beares, Bulles, and other beastes, to be bayted. As also Mastiues in seuerall kenels are there nourished to bait them. These Beares . . . are . . . bayted in plottes of grounde, scaffolded about for the beholders to stand safe."^^ A conventionalised view of two rings (one marked "The bolle bayting" and the other "The Bearebayting") and of the dogs ready to leap from their kennels can be seen in the part of the Agas map [date c. 1560] reproduced here, but it is possible that the more easterly of these represents an unrecorded ring on the site of the Rose Theatre. In 1583 "the old and underpropped scaffolds round about the beare garden . . . overcharged with people fell suddenlie downe, whereby to the number of eight persons men and women were slaine, and manie other sore hurt and brused."^^ Morgan Pope, goldsmith, obtained an exemplification of the grant of the mastership of the Game of Bears in 1585,"^ and in 1586 he was paying tithes for the Bear Garden. ^^ Thomas Burnaby bought a lease of the Bear Garden on the Bishop of Winchester's property in 1 590 and promptly let it to Richard Reve for a yearly rent of /^i20 under the description of,^** "All that Tenemente whearein one John Napton deceased did latelie inhabyte 68 PLAYHOUSES AND BEAR GARDENS ... on the Banke syde . . . Togeather w'^ the Beare garden and the Scaffoldes houses game and dogges and all other thinges thereunto apper- teyninge . . . excepting such fees as shal be . . . payable to the maister of the said game."* The schedule of stock included three bulls, nine bears, a horse and an ape. In 1592 Edward Alleyn, who later founded Dulwich College and who was already a well-known actor, married Joan Woodward, stepdaughter of Philip Henslowe, manager of the Rose Playhouse,^'' and the two men began a profitable business connection. In 1594 Alleyn bought Burnaby's interest in the Bear Garden for ;{^200,^^^ and in 1596 Henslowe acquired a lease of part of the Polsted property. Henslowe and Alleyn tried to get the office of Master of the Royal Game of Bulls and Bears on the death of Ralph Bowes in 1598, but had to be content with the deputyship under John Dorrington. They were, however, more successful in 1604 when they obtained a grant from James I of the "Office of Cheefe Master, Overseer and Ruler of our beares. Bulls and mastiffe dogges. "^^^ Having thus consolidated their position Alleyn and Henslowe started to develop their property. In 1606 they contracted with Peter Streete, carpenter, for £6^, to pull down "so much of the tymber or carpenters worke of the foreside of the messuage . . . called the beare garden, next the river of Thames ... as conteyneth in lengthe from outside to outside fyftye and sixe foote . . . and in bredth from outside to outside sixeteene foote" . . . and to rebuild the same with "good new sufficient and sounde tymber of oke.""^ From the detailed specification it appears that it was the entrance gate and outbuildings of the Bear Garden which were rebuilt at this time,i^'^ but in 1613 the baiting place itself was demolished and Gilbert Katherens, carpenter, undertook for the sum of (,'^60 to build^^ "one other game place or plaiehouse fitt and convenient in all thinges bothe for players to plaie in and for the game of Beares and bulls to be bayted in the same, and also a fitt and convenient tyre house and a stage to be carryed or taken awaie and to stand uppon tressels" the whole to be "of suche large compasse, fi^orme, widenes and height as the plaie housse called the Swan in the libertie of Parris garden." The new theatre, the Hope, was slightly more substantial than the Rose, as part of it was of brick, the brickwork being put in by a sub-contractor, John Browne, bricklayer, at a cost of /^8o.'^^ The contract with Katherens was made in August and it is probable that Henslowe seized the opportunity given him by the destruction of the Globe Playhouse by fire on 29th June, 1613, to establish another playhouse on Bankside. Philip Henslowe and Jacob Meade, waterman, raised a company of players under the leadership of * A man called Wistow is stated in the evidence given in 1620 to have succeeded Payne as deputy master of the "Game of Beares." We know that Robert Wystowe held a "beare ycrde" from Alice Polsted, widow of Henry Polsted, in 1559;^^" but in a manuscript list of deeds belonging to Edward Alleyn concerning the Bear Garden there is also mention of a ratification from Joan Payne to "Wistoe" and of "Wistoes sale to Napton of Paynes lease."'" It would seem, therefore, that Wistow was a tenant of both Bear Gardens and that the Bear Garden of which Thomas Burnaby was lessee, and which had previously been in the tenure of John Napton, was on the ground leased by the Bishop of Winchester to William Payne, i.e., the Barge, Bell and Cock. 69 Alleyn BANKSIDE Nathan Field, and in 1614 they acted Ben Jonson's Bartholomew Fair at the Hope. In the time of Elizabeth bear-baiting had been a sport for Sunday afternoons, but the Sunday performances were stopped early in the reign of James I. After the building of the Hope it was used for bear and bull-baiting on Mondays, and for plays during the rest of the week. Plays began at 3 p.m., and the players seem to have been paid by receiving a share of the takings.^^^ Among the witnesses called during the dispute of 1620 was John Browne (aged 29), who was presumably the bricklayer employed on the Hope. He stated that "there was a sinke or open gutter for the use . . . of the beare garden on the West side of the old beare garden running south- ward which is now stopped vpp and that the old dogg Kennells were more westward beyond the same and that the now new playhouse is in part built vppon the said sinke and where the old dogg Kennell stood." He also stated that Henslowe started to lay the foundation of the playhouse on part of the old Bear Garden but that on Edward Alleyn's persuasion he moved it south- ward a few feet so that it should be wholly on the king's land.^^ It would appear, therefore, that the Hope stood just south of the Bishop of Win- chester's ground on the site marked on the plan on Plate 59.) It was pulled down during the Civil War. A pothouse and glasshouse had been built on the site by 1671 when John Squibb, the then owner of the Polsted property, leased this portion of it to William Lillingston and others. ^^^ More glasshouses, i.e. glass-blowing workshops, were erected there by John Bowles at the end of the 1 7th century. In 1776 a smith's shop and foundry had replaced the glasshouses. The site is now occupied by the premises of Beck & Pollitzer. In 1662 James Davies, who had held the office of "Master of . . . [the] Games of Beares, Bulls, etc.," under Charles I petitioned that it might be restored to him, and stated that he and his father had laid out ;^2,ooo in rebuilding the Bear Gardens on Bankside.^^^ They were successful in their application and there are a number of allusions to bear-baiting on Bankside in the diaries of Evelyn and Pepys. The last reference that has been found is in an advertisement published in The Loyal Protestant for 1682. The Bear Gardens of Charles II's reign were south of Henslowe's. The site is marked on the map of Morden and Lea (1682) and on the map Later less time was given to plays. A manuscript continuation of Stow's Annales^ contains this account of the theatre "The Hope on the Bankside in Southwarke, commonly called the Beare Garden, a playhouse for stage-playes on Mondayes, Wednesdayes, Fridayes, and Saterdayesj and for the Baiting of the Beares on Tuesdayes and Thursdayes, the stage being made to take up and downe when they please. It was built in the year 1610 and now pulled downe to make tennements by Thomas Walker, a petticoate maker in Cannon Streete, on Tuesday, the 25 day of March, 1656. Seven of Mr. Godfries beares, by the command of Thomas Pride, then hie Sheriefe of Surry, were then shot to death, on Saterday, the 9 day of February, 1655, by a Company of Souldiers."^^* Bear- baiting had been suppressed by the House of Commons in 1642. > The bishop's land is shown on the plan as it was when it was sold by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners in 1866 but there is no reason to think that it had varied in extent since the i6th century. 70 PLAYHOUSES AND BEAR GARDENS in the 1755 edition of Strype's Stow. It seems probable that the small square into which the narrow alley now known as Bear Gardens opens, about twenty yards north of Maid Lane, marks approximately the site of the last bear- baiting ring. 2. The Rose Playhouse The property between the site of Southwark Bridge Road and the narrow thoroughfare known as Rose Alley was granted in 1552 to the parish of St. Mildred, Bread Street by Thomasyn Symonds "widowe of Rauf Symondes, late citizene and fysshemonger of London." It was then known as the Little Rose to distinguish it from the messuage known as the Rose which adjoined it on the west. Philip Henslowe acquired a lease of the Little Rose in 1585'^ and two years later entered into partnership with John Cholmley, grocer, for the erection of a playhouse thereon. Cholmley under- took to pay ;^8 1 6 towards the cost and was to have in return half the receipts and a small tenement at the south end of the ground near Maid Lane and Rose Alley "to keepe victualinge in, or to putt to any other vse."^* The Rose Playhouse was built by I2th April, 1588, when "Phillip Finchley Morgane Pope & John Napton" were ordered by the Sewer Commissioners "to dense and skower & to lope the willowes y' hang over the common sewer to the great annoysaunce of the same cont' x pole more or les lyeing against ther grownd at ye new plaie house. "^^^ Further work was carried out at the Rose in 1592 when the expenses are entered in Henslowe's Diary. They include a number of payments to John Griggs, carpenter, the con- tractor mentioned in the 1587 agreement.^ The accounts indicate that the building was of wood and plaster with a thatched roof over the galleries. It had a flagstaff on which a flag was displayed as a signal for the commencement of performances. References to the Rose as "in Maid Lane" in the Sewer Commission minutes indicate that it was built well back from the river bank. The Rose Theatre was the first of the four playhouses, the Rose, the Hope, the Swan and the Globe, built near the river bank in Southwark circa 1 600. Whether Shakespeare ever acted at the Rose is a matter for conjecture. We know that Lord Strange's men. Lord Pembroke's men and the men of "my Lord Admiral" were among the companies which performed there between 1593 and 1598. From a note in Henslowe's Diary it appears that Ben Jonson contemplated buying a share in the playhouse but that the arrangement fell through. Gabriel Spenser, the actor, whom Ben Jonson * The last "Bear Garden" was also on the Polsted property which had been granted to Richard Sydenham by Charles I and sold by his heir, Sir Edward Sydenham to John Squibb. By a long series of transactions recited in a deed of 19th November, 1776, between John Stevens and others,!^' the property came into the hands of George Birch and John Mander. The deed contains a full description of the development of the property. It shows that by 1693 the site of the last Bear Garden was being used for glasshouses and that in 1776 it was known as Glasshouse Square. • Ordish''* suggests that the playhouse was not built until i 592 but the i 588 reference disproves this. Just over ^^loo was spent in 1592 and a wooden building might easily require extensive repair after four or five years' use. 71 BANKSIDE killed in a duel in 1598, was acting at the Rose in that year and received a share in the takings of the galleries in April, May and June. After the opening of the Globe Playhouse in 1 599 the Rose declined in popularity. The Earl of Worcester's company performed there in 1 602-3^^* but no reference has been found to plays there after that date. Henslowe's lease of the ground expired in 1605 and he declined the offer of a renewal at an increased rent {£20 instead of ^7 and the lessee to spend 100 marks on building), saying that he would rather pull down the playhouse.^^^ The last reference to the Rose Playhouse that has been found occurs in the Sewer Commission minutes for 25th April, 1606, "It is Ordered that Edward Box of Bredstreete in London shall . . . pyle boorde & fill up fyye poles . . . of the bancke against the sewar by the Late Playhouse in Maidelane called the Rose." The land comprised in the Little Rose has, apart from two small portions granted to the Commissioners of the Bishop of Winchester's Liberty and to the Southwark Bridge Company in 18 12 and 18 15 respectively, remained the property of the parish of St. Mildred, Bread Street, until the present day.^ It consists of Nos. 25 and 27 Bankside, Nos. 2, 4, 6 and 8 Southwark Bridge Road, and warehouses in Rose Alley and Park Street.s^ 3. The Swan Playhouse The Swan Playhouse, in Paris Garden, was built by Francis Langley, who had bought the manor of Paris Garden in 1589. Langley, like Henslowe, was a speculator, who hoped to make money out of the growing demand for entertainment. He was described in 1589 as a "citizen and draper," and he held the office of alnager and searcher of cloth in the City of London. The exact date of the erection of the Swan has not been ascertained but it was after November, 1594, when the Lord Mayor addressed a letter to the Lord Treasurer asking him to prevent Langley from carrying out his project of erecting a new theatre on Bankside. 1^ If John de Witt, who made the sketch of the Swan Playhouse, frequently reproduced in books on the Elizabethan stage, journeyed to England in 1596 as is generally supposed, the playhouse must have been erected in 1595-6. It was certainly in existence before April, 1598, when there is an order in the minute book of St. Saviour's Parish, that the wardens should "speake to Mr. Langlye & Mr. Henslowe & Jacob Meade for Monie for the pore, in Regarde of theire plaies."^® The Swan is shown as the "olde playe house" on the copyholders' plan of the Manor of Old Paris Garden, dated 1627 (see Plate 6^). It stood to the south of Upper Ground about 400 feet from the river bank and a little to the west of the lane which afterwards became Green Walk and is now Hopton Street. An exterior view of the playhouse is given on Visscher's map, but it is placed much too close to the river. As stated on p. 69 the A small plaque fixed to the wall at the south-east corner of Rose Alley records thi; fact. 72 PLAYHOUSES AND BEAR GARDENS Swan formed the model for the Hope Playhouse. Part of the particulars specified for the latter are^^* — "Two stearecasses without and adioyninge to the saide Playe house ... of such largnes and height as the stearecasses of the saide playehouse called the Swan. . . . "... Heavens all over the saide stage, to be borne or carryed without any postes or supporters to be fixed or sett vppon the saide stage, and all gutters of leade needfull for the carryage of all suche raine water as shall fall vppon the same. . . . "... two Boxes in the lowermost storie fitt and decent for gentlemen to sitt in, particions betwne the Rommes as they are at the saide Plaie house called the Swan; . . . turned cullumes vppon and over the stage; . . . the principalis and fore fronte of the saide Plaie house of good . . . oken tymber, and no furr tymber to be putt ... in the lower most, or midell stories, except the vpright postes on the backparte of the saide stories . . . the inner principal! postes of the first storie to be twelve footes in height and tenn ynches square, the inner principall postes in the midell storie to be eight ynches square, the inner most postes in the vpper storie to be seaven ynches square. . . . Also the brest sommers in the lower moste storie to be nyne ynches depe, and seaven ynches in thicknes . . . a good, sure, and sufficient foundacion of brickes for the saide Play house . . . xiij teene ynches at the leaste above the grounde." The roof of the playhouse was to be covered with tiles. After the death of Francis Langley in 1601 references to plays or other entertainments at the Swan become scanty. The last payment made to the overseers of the poor in respect of it was in 1620— i and the last notice of it which has been found is in a tract called Holland's Leaguer (1632) where it is described as a famous fortress "now fallen to decay, and like a dying Swanne, hanging downe her head, seemed to sing her ownne dierge." 4. The Globe Playhouse The Globe Playhouse, the Glory of the Bank, was the third and the most famous of the four Bankside playhouses. Many of Shakespeare's plays, including the four great tragedies, were written for and first publicly per- formed upon its stage, and this, combined with the high standard of acting of Burbage's players, has given it a distinction to which no other theatre has since attained. On 28th December, 1598, Cuthbert and Richard Burbage, Peter Street and others, pulled down The Theatre, Shoreditch, and transported "all the wood and timber therof unto the Banckside in the parishe of St. Marye Overyes, and there erected a newe playehowse with the sayd timber and woode."^^^ The playhouse was erected on a piece of ground in Maid Lane granted to the Burbages by Nicholas Brend for a period commencing at Christmas, 1598, though the lease was dated 21st February, 1598/9. If 73 BANKSIDE the allusion to "this wooden O" in Henry /^contains, as is usually supposed, a reference to the Globe, the playhouse was in existence by May or June, 1599, but the reference may possibly be to the Curtain Theatre. In any case the Globe was opened before the end of that year, for the production in 1599 of Ben Jonson's Every Man out of his Humour took place there, and the contract for the erection of the Fortune, dated 8th January, 1599/ 1600, refers to "the late erected plaiehowse on the Banck . . . called the Globe. "^^^ The Globe was burnt down on 29th June, 1 6 1 3, during a performance of All is True (or Henry FHI). On 8th July John Chamberlaine wrote to Sir Ralph Winwood,^^^ "the burning of the Globe, or Playhouse on the Bank- side, on St. Peter s Day . . . fell out by a Peale of Chambers (that I know not upon what Occasion were to be used in the Play), the Tamplin or Stopple of one of them lighting in the Thatch that covered the House, burn'd it down to the Ground in less than two Hours, with a Dwelling-house adjoyning, and it was a great Marvaile and fair Grace of God, that the People had so little Harm, having but two narrow Doors to get out." The playhouse was at once rebuilt. It was open again by 30th June, 16 14, when John Chamberlaine wrote to Alice Carleton that he had called upon her sister Williams, and found her "gone to the New Globe, to a play."^^'' Probably as a prevention against fire the new theatre was tiled instead of thatched. Among the parish papers of St. Saviour's is a return of buildings made to the Earl Marshall in 1634/5. It refers to "The Globe Playhouse, nere Maidelane, built by the Company of Players, with timber, aboute 20 yeares past, vppon an old foundacion, worth 20 li per Annum, being the Inheritance of S'' Mathewe Brand kt. One house thereto adjoyninge, built aboute the same tyme with tymber in the possession of William Millet, gent', also of the Inheritance of S"^ Mathew Brand kt., worth 4" per Annum." The playhouse was pulled down in 1644 and tenements were erected on the site. William Shakespeare was connected with the Globe as a shareholder and as a player. The lease of the Globe site was for a term of thirty-one years and it conveyed the property in two equal moieties, the one to the Burbages and the other to William Shakespeare, Augustine Phillips, Thomas Pope, John Heminges and William Kempe. Shakespeare retained his share at least until 1 6 12. From 1598 until the end of Elizabeth's reign the stage at the Globe seems to have been occupied solely by the Lord Chamberlain's Company of which Shakespeare had been a member since its inception in 1594.^^^ There seems no doubt that Shakespeare trod the boards there on a number of occasions. James I took the Lord Chamberlain's players under his own pro- tection and by patent dated 19th May, 1603, licensed "Lawrence Fletcher, William Shakespeare, Richard Burbage, Augustyne Phillippes, John Hen- inges, Henrie Condell, William Sly, Robert Armyn, Richard Cowly, and the rest of theire Assosiates freely to vse and exercise the Arte and faculty of playinge Comedies, Tragedies, histories, Enterludes, moralls, pastoralls, a Every Man out of his Humour is ascribed to 1 599 in the Folio of 1606. Shakespeare's name is not included among the "principal! Comoedians" who took part in this play.* 74 PLAYHOUSES AND BEAR GARDENS Stage plaies aswell for the recreation of our lovinge Subjectes, as for our Solace and pleasure . . . when the infection of the plague shall decrease ... as well within theire nowe vsual howse called the Globe within our County of Surrey, as alsoe within anie towne halls or Moute halls or other conveniente places within the liberties and freedome ot anie other Cittie, vniversitie, towne or Boroughe . . . within our said Realmes." Probably on account of the incidence of the plague in London, the company travelled in the provinces in 1602-3. During the winter of 1603-4 it gave eight plays at Court; one of these, Ben Jonson's Sejanus, was the last performance in which Shakespeare is known to have taken part. The exact site of the Globe has been the subject of much controversy. In 1920-24 W. W. Braines carried out an exhaustive examination of the available evidence and came to the conclusion that the Globe stood on the south side of Maid Lane (now Park Street) at or near the place where it is crossed by Southwark Bridge Road (see Plate 59).^^^ Further research carried out in connection with this volume and the evidence of the 161 8 map of Southwark which has recently come to light at the City Guildhall (see Plate i and page 133) have confirmed his conclusions.* For a detailed history of the site and an analysis of the evidence on which it is based the reader is referred to Mr. Braines's book. The position chosen by the Shakespeare Reading Society for the erection of a commemorative plaque (on the wall of the Anchor Brewery next to No. 25 Park Street) is about 20 feet too far east. 5. Shakespeare in Southwark There is no doubt that Shakespeare acted in Southwark but his residence there is another matter. The mass of Shakespearian bibliography grows year by year but the proven facts about his life are few. There is in exist- ence a considerable body of parochial, manorial and other records relating to Southwark for the period during which Shakespeare could have been in London, and, in preparation for this volume, every effort has been made to locate and * The land on which the Globe stood was bought'^ by Thomas Bread, citizen and scrivener of London, from John Yong, a member of the Skinners' Company, in 1 5 54, and it remained in the possession of the Brend family until the beginning of the eighteenth century. In March, 1623/4, Sir Matthew Brend increased the jointure''^ of Dame Frances, his wife, by "all that the messuage or teneraente and all that the Playhouse comonly called ... the Globe ... set ... in or neere Mayden Lane . . . now or late being in the possession or occupacion ot John Heminges CutbertBurbage, Richard Burbage, Willm. Shakespare, or any of them." In 1655 twelve messuages, most of which were stated to have been built "where the late playhouse called the Globe stood"''^ were settled by Sir Matthew as a jointure for his future daughter-in-law Judith, daughter of Sir Robert Smith. A comparison of the names of the tenants of these messuages with those of the subscribers to the Hearth Tax for the early years of Charles ll's reign, and a careful study of the evidence brought forward during the litigation which took place over this property at the beginning of the eighteenth century show that the messuages lay between Blue .'Anchor Passage and the eastern boundary of the Bishop of Winchester's property in Maid Lane, with a frontage ot 1 56 feet to the street. If this position is plotted on a modern ordnance map it will be found to extend approxi- mately from the west side of Southwark Bridge Road to the east side of No. 27, Park Street. The "jointure" plot extended about 200 feet south to the common sewer. It included the site of the parish workhouse. 75 Shakespeare BANKSIDE search these records. In particular the token books, vestry minute books and other records of St. Saviour's parish and the court rolls of the manor of Paris Garden have been thoroughly examined. No fresh evidence has been found to confirm the oft-repeated statement that Shakespeare lived in Southwark. The reasons usually cited to support this statement are as follows — 1 . The probability that Shakespeare as an actor at the Globe would have chosen to live near the playhouse. Some, but not many, of his fellow actors are shown by the token books, etc., to have lived near Bankside; the rest presumably came across the river by boat or by London Bridge as most of the playgoers did. The token books, which list the names of residents eligible to take Communion, are extant for the Clink Liberty of St. Saviour's Parish for each year from 1596 to 16 10 with the exception of 1601 and 1603. Of the eight actors appointed with Shakespeare to be "King's Men" in the Letters Patent of 1603, three, Lawrence Fletcher (1604—10), Augustine Phillips (1593— 1604), and William Sly (1593-97), are shown in the token books as living in the neighbourhood of Bankside at the dates indicated in brackets. Edward Juby, Martin Slater and Alexander Cook, who are all known to have been actors, also occur in the token books while Edmund Shakespeare is shown in Hunts Rents, Maid Lane, in 1607, the year of his death. The name of William Shakespeare does not occur. 2. The statements of Edmund Malone and J. Payne Collier. Malone, in 1796,^^* wrote: "From a paper now before me, which formerly belonged to Edward Alleyn, the player, our poet appears to have lived in Southwark, near the Bear Garden, in 1596. Another curious docu- ment in my possession, which will be produced in the History of his Life, affords the strongest presumptive evidence that he continued to reside in Southwark to the year 1608." Unfortunately Malone's Life of Shakespeare, in his edition of the plays published in 1821,^^^ does not contain this document and, unless the 1596 paper is that mentioned below as being printed by Collier, neither of these documents are now extant among the Alleyn manu- scripts at Dulwich College, nor have they been traced elsewhere. In 1 84 1 in his Memoirs of Edward Alleyn Collier^^^ quoted Malone's statement and, while making no comment about the 1596 reference, printed a document dated 1 609 which he thought might be the second one referred to by Malone who could have mistaken the year. Two copies of the 1 609 document, which is a list of inhabitants of the Clink Liberty assessed for Poor Rate, are still extant at Dulwich. The first is a contemporary document, but the line "Mr. Shakespeare — vii^" is undoubtedly a later insertion, "the ink being of a different colour and the letters betraying the forger by their studied tremulous imitation of the original hand."^^ The second copy is "an unquestionable forgery from beginning to end." Among the Dulwich manuscripts is a paper headed "Inhabitants of Southerk as have complaned this [ ] Jully 1596," which includes the name " Mr. Shaksper." Collier printed this paper as genuine in i 844^®^ and James Halliwell-Phillipps writing four years later^®^ accepted it as the paper referred 76 PLAYHOUSES AND BEAR GARDENS to by Malone, though he thought that the latter might have had other papers "detaUing more particularly the object of complaint." The extant paper has since "been justly condemned as a forgery."'^ 3. The evidence of the subsidy and pipe rolls. In i596/7and 1597/8 William Shakespeare of the parish of St. Helen, Bishopsgate, was assessed to pay contributions to the lay subsidy of 5s. and 13s. 4d. respectively, but defaulted. In the Pipe Roll for 1597/8 is a note referring to the heading "Res[iduum] Sussex" in the following roll. There the amount of 13s. 4d. is again entered against the name "Willms Shak- speare" but a marginal note is added "on[eratur] Ep[iscop]o Winton[ensi]." In the next roll Shakespeare's name does not occur but the bishop of Win- chester accounts for a sum of money "of the issues of divers persons" which had been referred to him by the Sheriff of Surrey and Sussex. If these issues (including Shakespeare's) are picked out of the preceding roll and added together they amount to within a few pence of the sum rendered by the bishop and it can therefore be assumed that the latter collected Shakespeare's debt.168 On the ground that the bishop of Winchester was the owner of the Clink Liberty in Southwark this set of entries has been accepted as an indication that Shakespeare moved from St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, to South- wark in 1596/7. This deduction implies two assumptions; that the William Shakespeare of the subsidy roll is the William Shakespeare of the Globe and that the bishop of Winchester collected debts from him because he had come to live in the Clink Liberty. We may perhaps accept the first assumption since the name is uncommon, though no other evidence is forthcoming of a connection with St. Helen's parish. The second assumption, though plaus- ible, is by no means certain. The collection of tax may have been made by the bishop as a matter of convenience because Shakespeare was part owner ot the Globe in the Clink, or, since the bishop owned many other properties, because of a residence elsewhere. An impartial review of the existing evidence for Shakespeare's resi- dence in Southwark can only lead to the verdict "not proven." In this as in so many ways Shakespeare the man remains a mystery. 77 CHAPTER 9 THE ANCHOR BREWERY The buildings of the Anchor Brewery date only from the middle of the 19th century or after, and their high brick walls have a grim and for- bidding aspect; but the brewery as an institution has a long history and it stands upon historic ground. It has also exerted a considerable influence on the social life and topography of the neighbourhood. A brief account of it is therefore given here. The brewing industry seems to have become of importance in South- wark soon after the introduction of hop growing into Kent in the 15th century.^®^ Thames water was considered peculiarly good for the purpose. In 1 509, the Bishop of Winchester and the Prior of St. Mary Overies granted a licence to the brewers of Southwark to have passage with their carts "from ye Borough of Southwark untill the Themmys ... to fetch water ... to brew with" so long as the brewers made no claim to the passage as a high- way.i'" This licence was renewed by later bishops. The nucleus of the Anchor Brewery appears to have been the brew- house established early in the 17th century by James Monger.'^^^ The brewhouse is first specifically mentioned in the Token Books in 1634 though Monger's name occurs several years earlier.* The site, which lay between Deadman's Place and Globe Alley (see the plan on Plate 59), had been leased to him in 1620 by Sir John Bodley and formed part of the property owned by Sir Matthew Brend which included the Globe Playhouse." James Child, citizen and brewer, owned the brewhouse towards the end of the century. He died in 1696 and was succeeded by his "loving son-in-law, "^'^ Edmund Halsey. Halsey was M.P. for Southwark from 1722 until his death in 1728.^^ He bought additional ground and extended the brewery. His purchases included ground on the east side of Deadman's Place (now Park Street) abutting north on Clink Street and west on the Clink Garden (see p. 50). Naked Boy Alley, named after a house with that sign, and a number of tenements stood on this ground. They were subsequently cleared away by Henry Thrale to make room for a garden called Palmira^'^^ opposite his house." Halsey left his freehold ground to his only daughter, Anne, wife of * In the return of new buildings to St. Saviour's Wardens made in 1634/5, there is an entry relating to "a brewhouse and dwelling house" in the tenure of James Monger built of timber on old foundations about "18 yeares since." ^ In 1758 when Henry Thrale obtained a 99 years lease of the site, the freehold was still in the possession of the heirs of John Partridge who had bought it from Hillarie Memprisein 163 3. '^^ * Mrs. Thrale, afterwards Mrs. Piozzi, in her autobiography accounts for the name as follows:^'^ "For a long time, then — or I thought it such — my fate was bound up with the old Globe Theatre, upon the Bankside, Southwark; the alley it had occupied having been purchased & thrown down by Mr. Thrale to make an opening before the windows of our dwelUng house. When it lay desolate in a black heap of rubbish, my mother, one day in a joke, called it the Ruins of Palmyra; and after they had laid it down in a grass-plot. Palmyra was the name it went by, I suppose, among the clerks and servants of the brewhouse." Mrs. Piozzi was confused about the position of the Globe, which was west of her dwelling house not on the east side of Deadman's Place where the garden was made. 78 THE ANCHOR BREWERY Richard Temple, Lord Cobham/'^^ but the business was taken over by his nephew, Ralph Thrale, who had worked in it for many years.'' Ralph Thrale and his son, Henry, enlarged and developed the brewery, purchasing some freehold ground, including that left to Lady Cobham, and leasing some from the Bishop of Winchester. Among other properties, the sites ot the Globe Playhouse on the south side of Maid Lane and of the parish workhouse in Fountain Court were absorbed into the brewery grounds. ^"^^ The dwelling house of the brewery stood on the west side of Deadman's Place (see Plate 6oa). There Henry Thrale and his wife entertained Dr. Johnson, Sir Joshua Reynolds, David Garrick, Oliver Goldsmith and other celebrities.^"^ Henry Thrale had not the business acumen of his predecessors but the brewery continued to flourish under the managership of John Perkins who had joined the firm circa 1763^'" and whose presence of mind saved the premises from damage during the Gordon Riots. Henry Thrale died in 1 78 i and the brewery, described by Dr. Johnson as "the potentiality of wealth beyond the dreams of avarice," was sold by auction to Robert Barclay for /j 35,000. John Perkins was made a partner and took possession of the dwelling house.^^^ The extent and layout of the premises at this period can be seen on the plan made by George Gwilt in 1792 and reproduced on Plate 61. One of the biggest extensions of the brewery made after the formation of the partnership was that southward to include the burial ground and meeting house in Deadman's Place. A lease of this ground (shown on the 1792 plan) was obtained from the Bishop of Winchester in 1781.^-^ The origin of the name Deadman's Place is unknown. It is, however, older than the burial ground since it dates back to Elizabeth's reign and perhaps earlier. ^-^ In 1613, Sir Thomas Bilson obtained a lease of the "great garden called Deadman's Place" with the tenements there and a gatehouse,i^' the latter presumably the Park Gate referred to in many documents relating to the Bishop of Winchester's Park (see p. 45). John Applebee had a brewery on part of this ground in the second half of the i 7th century. An Independent meeting house there was opened in 1640''^''^ and existed until 1788 when it was removed to a new building in Union Street. ^^'^ Two volumes giving lists of burials in the burial ground in Deadman's Place are preserved in Somerset House, the first entry being dated i 7 1 6 and the last 1837. Among the persons * Ralph was the son of Ralph Thrale of Offley, Herts., and Anna Halsey, sister of Edmund Halsey.i'^ •> Among the preachers there in the 17th century were Thomas Wadsworth (who had resigned from the rectory of St. Mary Newington in 1660'^ and whose father owned property in Globe Alley and Deadman's Place), Andrew Parsons, and Richard Baxter (author of the Saints' F.verlaiting Rest and many other works). Robert Wilkinson, in his Londina lUustrata, published in 1 8 19, confused the Deadman's Place meeting house with the one in Globe .Alley, Maid Lane, where the Rev. Charles Skelton otSciated towards the end of the 1 8th century. Actually there were two meeting houses in Globe Alley ; one, at which John Chester had a licence to preach in 1672,^'" was used for the parish workhouse between 1718 and 1727.'^^ The other, which is marked on Rocque's maps, was a little further east. It was here that Skelton preached until about 1776. The baptismal register at Somerset House runs from 1756 to 1798. The building was subsequently used for a warehouse and mill.'° A picture of it is reproduced on Plate 58. 79 BANKSIDE of note buried there was Alexander Cruden, author of the Biblical Concordance. The freehold of the site, which is now covered by the cooperage of the brewery, was purchased by the firm in 1857. The last considerable enlargement of the brewery was made in 1820 when the firm obtained a lease of the site of Potts' Vinegar Works from the Bishop of Winchester. The freehold was purchased in 1864.^^ In 1832, the greater part of the brewery, including the dwelling house in Deadman's Place, was burnt down. The premises were quickly rebuilt^^^ and some of the buildings erected at this time survive to the present day. An interesting account of the brewery is given in the Illustrated London News for 1847. SouTHWARK Waterworks Until the beginning of the 19th century, the Thames was both the source of water supply for Southwark and the depository for its sewage. The records of the Sewer Commissioners show that in the 17th century the "sweet" sewer and the "foul" sewer often had a parallel course and their openings at the river edge were side by side.^^^ In 1715 James Whitchurch obtained from the Bishop of Winchester a licence to supply the inhabitants of the Clink with river water and to lay and repair pipes in the streets for this purpose.^^ This right became vested in the Borough Waterworks Company circa 1770^"^ and the company took over a waterhouse erected by Henry Thrale a few years earlier to pump water to the brewery.^^^ The waterworks were situated near Bank End behind the Castle Inn (see p. 60) on ground leased from the Corporation of Wardens of St. Saviour's. They are shown on the plan on Plate 59. For many years the Borough High Street area of Southwark had been supplied with water from the Thames by means of two waterwheels under the bridge. By the Act of 1822^^^ for removing the waterworks at London Bridge, the London Bridge Waterworks Company was dissolved and their licence to supply water to the inhabitants of Southwark was acquired by the New River Company, which planned to raise the water by means of steam engines. Soon after the passing of the Act, however, John Edwards (later John Edwards Vaughan), the proprietor of the Borough Waterworks, bought this licence from the New River Company. By this time the Thames was anything but a pure source of supply. The London County Council has in its collection a scurrilous poem on the subject, illustrated with a lurid carica- ture by George Cruikshank. It was not until after 1834,^^^ when the South- wark Water Company was established by Act of Parliament, that reservoirs and filter beds were constructed at Battersea and the old waterworks were closed down.^^ The site is now incorporated in the brewery. 80 CHAPTER lo STONEY STREET As described in Chapter 6, the northern end of Stoney Street was formed by Thomas Walker during the Commonwealth period across the garden of Winchester House. The southern end (formerly known as Counter Street) was probably a public thoroughfare from a much earlier date, since it served as a means of approach to the "Park Gate" and the New Churchyard, etc, (see Plate 2). Several old houses existed in Stoney Street up to the end of the 19th centun,-, as, for example, the Feathers (Plate 38^) and the Wheat- sheaf (burnt down circa 1890 and subsequently rebuilt). No. 5 {formerly No. 1 7 Counter Street) This is the only old house left in Stoney Street. It was built early in the 1 8th century and is a three-storey brick building with red brick dressings and a dormer window in the roof behind the parapet. Above the first and second floor windows are plain brick string courses. The three window openings on both the first and second floors have gauged brick segmental arches with flush frames to the double-hung sashes. A modern shop extends across the whole width of the ground floor. No. 17 Counter Street (formerly the New Rents) can be traced back in the ratebooks and directories to 1770, when it was in the tenure of Foster Greenwell, brandy and hop merchant. His firm were in occupation until 1793. Subsequent tenants have been: 1805-12, Thomas Careless, corn dealer; 1 8 13-14, John Rusby; 181 5-31, George Nutman, corn and seed factor; 1808-32, Joseph Humpleby & Son, plumbers and glaziers; 1833-42, Thomas Craike, potato salesman; 1843, Thos. Binden, salesman; 1844-45, Wm. Henry Biden, potato salesman; 1847-91, Kedgley & Thorogood, potato salesmen; 1892-1916, Emanuel Levy & Co., fruit salesman; 1917 to date, Samuel E. Bates, Ltd., fruit salesmen. In 1807 the owner of the premises was a Mr. Hammond. It was owned subsequently by John Griffith Mansford. It was sold in 1872 after Mansford's death to Benjamin Kedgley and since then has been owned by the occupiers. The property has recently been purchased by the Borough Market Trustees.^** 81 CHAPTER II PARK STREET Park Street is so called because it runs across the area which was formerly the Bishop of Winchester's park (see p. 45). It includes the old street known as Maid Lane, running parallel to the river, and its continuation south and south-east, which was formerly known as Deadman's Place. Nos. 20-26 These three-storey buildings are of yellow stock brick with a deep parapet, below which is a brick dentil cornice. The window openings have flat gauged arches and recessed double-hung sashes with glazing bars. The ground floor windows have plain-panelled wood shutters. Each house has one window on each floor fronting on to the street. The doorways have semi- circular arched heads with fluted keystones and semicircular fanlights of a geometrical design (Plate 6oi^). The ground between the great garden of Winchester House and Deadman's Place (now Park Street) seems to have been enfranchised by the Bishop of Winchester at an early date. It belonged in the time of Elizabeth to Robert Brandon^^ and was subsequently divided into small plots and built upon. As stated in the account of the Anchor Brewery, the northern part of this ground was bought by Edmund Halsey early in the eighteenth century,!^^ and Henry Thrale cleared it and made it into a garden to serve his dwelling on the opposite side of the way. The ground south of the garden was bought in 1736 by Ralph Thrale and a tap house (the Royal Oak) and three tenements were built there.^^^ These are shown on the 1792 plan of the brewery. The present Nos. 20-26 Park Street were built about 1807. Barclay Perkins and Co. Ltd. are the owners, and the houses are occupied by employees of the firm. Nos. 25-31 These houses have plain brick fronts four storeys high, finished with a parapet, and relieved by an arcaded ground storey and a plain stone string course at first floor sill level. The window openings on the upper floors have flat gauged brick arches with double-hung sashes. The ground floor openings are set in arched recesses and have semicircular brick heads with the outer arches linked by plain stone springing bands. The windows retain their slender glazing bars and the entrances have semicircular fanlights with radiating bars. Reference to the plan on Plate 59 and the footnote on p. 75 will show that Nos. 31, 29 and 27 Park Street stand on part of the ground on which the Globe Playhouse was situated, while No. 25 occupies the site of Blue Anchor Passage and the Blue Anchor public house. The latter was bought by Barclay Perkins and Co. Ltd. in i 834.^^ These four houses appear to have been built circa 1835. They have remained the property of the company and have usually been let to its employees. 82 THE COLLEGE ALMSHOUSES Tablet on No. 7 On No. 7 Park Street is the stone tablet of which a sketch is given below. Thomas Cure, Master of the Horse to King Edward VI, Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth/^^ in 1579 bought from Viscount Montague the house called Waverley House and the pro- perty adjoining, all of which had belonged to the Abbot of Waverley prior to the dissolu- tion of the monasteries.* In 1584 Cure obtained Letters Patent to establish a college or hospital for poor people there, and endowed it with his newly acquired property. Waverley . House adjoined the acre of ground bought by the Church- wardens of St. Margaret's parish for a new churchyard in 1537 (see p. 10) on part of which the wardens of St. Saviour's had built six almshouses in 1580.^^ These subsequently became merged in the college. Thomas Cure died in 1588 and was buried in St. Saviour's Church. The Latin inscription on his monument there contains several puns on his THIS PAKT o OF THE LATE THOMAS CURE Esa Saddler, to Queen Euzabeth and founder of the cou.ege was r£bu1u ad 1831 John Wild Junr, Warden U^j't ).\. Jea.[& ef ^nekes name 186 The college was further endowed by Jane Hargrave, Edward Hew- lett, Dorothy Applebee and others.^^ Ten of the almshouses were rebuilt in 1820 by a contractor, J. Wilson, at a cost of ;/^2,o6o,i' on the same site.^^^ In I 863 the ground was purchased by the Charing Cross Railway Company and the almspeople were moved to new buildings at Lower Norwood. ^^^ The almshouses and churchyard were set well back from the street, but the endowments included No. 6 (The Wheatsheaf), No. 8 and No. 9 (The Harrow) on the west side of Stoney Street and Nos. 1-13 on the south side of what is now the southern end of Park Street (formerly known as Harrow Corner)^^ Part of the property between Park Street and the alms- houses was used in the i6th and 17th centuries for the manufacture of soap'^ and was called Soap Yard.<= At the beginning of the i8th century Thomas Malin was encroaching on the almshouse property to extend his brewhouse.^® A survey of the almshouses and the property belonging to them was made by George Gwilt in 18 14 and is reproduced on Plate 10. The appearance of the whole of this area was entirely altered by the formation of the railway and of Southwark Street. * The property was granted to the abbey by Peter le Constable in 1 309.^ ** A tessellated pavement of Roman date was found during this rebuilding.' ^ A lease of the "Sope howse" was granted to John Adlyn in 1587.'® 83 CHAPTER 12 UNION STREET Union Street now extends from Borough High Street to Blackfriars Road. The eastern portion was laid out under an Act passed in 1774 for making a new workhouse for the parish and for "making a carriage way from the . . . High Street, through the Greyhound Inn, into Queen Street, and for improving the passage from thence into Gravel Lane, leading towards the Black Friars Bridge Road, in the parish of Christ Church."^^^ The first intention of the vestry had been to build the workhouse at the western end of the Greyhound Inn, but this proposal fell through and the workhouse was erected in 1779-80 on a piece of ground specially bought for the purpose (on the site of Southwark Bridge Road Fire Station). ^^ The eastern end of Union Street was opened in 1781 and in the following year Union Hall was erected on the south side for meetings of the justices of the county of Surrey .^^ In 1 8 1 3 Queen Street and its continuation, Duke Street, were renamed Union Street^^ and in 1 908 Charlotte Street at the western end was also incorporated into Union Street. Red Cross Burial Ground There is a long-established tradition that the burial ground which was formerly at the north-east corner of Union Street and Red Cross Way, and which was known as the Cross Bones Burying Ground, was the burial place of the "single women" of the stews on Bankside. The only proof which has been adduced for the truth of this tradition is the fact that the ground remained unconsecrated, although from the middle of the 17th century^ until 1853 it was used as a parish burial ground. The reason appears to be, however, that the ground was held on lease from the Bishop of Winchester and that it was customary only to consecrate freehold ground.^^^ The ground was approximately 133 feet north to south and 153 feet east to west. In 1 79 1 the vestry agreed to use the south-west corner of it for a new school- house for the Boys' Charity School which was then "unhappily Situated in a Dark Alley" near Montague Close.^^ Seventy boys at this school were supported by the charity known as Collett's Gift and by voluntary subscrip- tions and twenty by the Newcomen Charity .^^ St. Saviour's Parochial Schools now occupy the whole site of the burial ground. No. 1 8 {formerly No. 8) Circa 1789 George Gwilt, the elder, surveyor to the Surrey and Kent Commissioners of Sewers, district surveyor of St. George's Parish and sur- veyor to the Clink Paving Commissioners, built several houses on the north side of Union Street, east of the burial ground.^^ He and his son occupied No. I 8 (formerly No. 8) for a number of years.^^ Here he formed a museum of local antiquities.^^ Copies of two of his drawings of Roman pottery are * In the vestry minutes for 1673 is a reference to "the newe Church yarde in the Parke." 84 UNION STREET reproduced on p. i. His house, a drawing of which is reproduced on Plate 62^, was pulled down at the end of the 19th century. Nos. 59 and 61 {formerly 175 and 174) These premises have been in the same occupation for a long period and in effect form one building. Most of it dates from early in the 1 9th century but it incorporates part of an older house which appears to have been built in the later half of the i8th century. The remains of the earlier building include a room at the rear on the first floor containing plain dado panelling and a stone mantelpiece with XAil » M':m I I r I I I I I I I fttT. moulded jambs and head with a moulded keystone on which is an incised lozenge device. On either side of the mantelpiece are tall wood cupboards similarly panelled to the dado. A dresser extends the full width and height of the east wall of the room. The early 1 9th-century brick front has flat gauged arches to the windows and a moulded stone cornice with blocking course. There is a good shop front of this date with a recessed entrance in the centre and a wide entry at the east end. A bracketed wood cornice supported on oval Corinthian pilasters extends the full width of the front. The shop entrance and the windows on each side have arched fanlights with radiating bars and orna- mental wrought-iron protective grilles below. The reveals to the shop en- trance and the lower part of the double shop doors and stallboards are panelled. There are double doors to the entry which are shaped above to a hollow curve and have plain vertical wood grilles and panelling beneath and at the sides. On the first floor are two office rooms having communicating folding doors with large circular panels and reeded architraves with rosettes in the angles. The other doors and window openings have similar surrounds and with the window shutters are panelled in the manner of the early 19th century. In the yard at the rear is an old building of four storeys in brick and timber with the top storey mainly of wood, louvred on the side next the yard. 85 BANKSIDE The interior is plain with an open timber roof covered with pantiles. The first and second floors are lighted by ranges of small pane mullioned windows, the majority being filled with knob glass. The centre part towards the yard has double-hung delivery doors to each floor. The building was designed for malting barley but is now only used for storage, the ground floor retaining the stalls of former stabling. It is in poor condition. The site of these premises originally formed part of Southwark Park Estate and of the ground leased in 1820 to Arthur Pott and others by the Bishop of Winchester. ''" In 1 8 2 1 Arthur Pott leased Nos. 59 and 6 1 , Union Street, with the ground behind and the house next door to John .AUsop.^'" The firm of Allsop, turners and brushmakers, were in occupation of the premises from ijSyuntil 1880. Their factory is marked on a plan of the Clink Liberty prepared for the Clink Paving Commissioners in 1812. The present owners, Joseph Watson & Co., yeast manufacturers, have held Nos. 59 and 61 since 1882.^^ Nos. 100— 1 12 (formerly 56-62) These houses, which vary in height, form a mid to late 18th-century group. They comprise two storeys and attic over shops. Most of them have red brick fronts with hipped dormers in tiled roofs. Some of the windows retain their flush frames. The houses are in a derelict condition through damage from enemy action and subsequent deterioration. Nos. 1 00-11 2 can be traced in the rate books back to 1748, when the existing books start. There is no indication of any rebuilding, though the houses have been much altered and shop fronts have been inserted. In the middle years of the 19th century Union Street was a centre of "the hat trade and furriers connected with this Branch of Manufacture,"^ and the directories show Samuel Cashshaw "hat manufacturer," at No. 100 in 1817-44; Steele and Foster, "hatters and furriers," at No. 102 in 1864-73 and Lincoln and Bennett, "hat manufacturers," at No. 104 in 1850-61. 86 CHAPTER 13 RED CROSS GARDENS, RED CROSS WAY In 1762 the Society of Friends, who for some years had had no per- manent place of meeting in Southwark," took a lease oi land on the W. side of Red Cross Street (now Red Cross Way), where they already had a burial ground, and built a meeting house. The former was closed for interments in I 794, but the meeting house was enlarged in i 799 and continued in use until i860, when the whole site was sold to the Metropolitan Board of Works in connection with the formation of Southwark Street. ^^^ Part of it was bought and laid out as a garden in 1887 by Julie, Countess of Ducie and others at the suggestion of Octavia Hill.^^" Small as it is, the garden is valuable as one of the few green open spaces in this very crowded area. To the south wall is attached a monument of 18th-century date bearing a coat of arms but no inscription. It probably came from one of the tombs in the burial ground.'' For a few years after 1658 the Quakers met for a time at the house of Thomas Hackleton near the Falcon. From 1674 to 1685 they had a meeting house (known as the Old Park Meeting house) on ground rented from James Ewer, who built Ewer Street, but in 1685 this building was seized by the military and turned into a guard house and it was not restored to the Quakers for several years. > After the sale of the burial ground the bodies buried there were exhumed and removed. An account of the exhumation by George Leake, the undertaker, has been preserved but he makes no mention of the monument. 87 CHAPTER 14 SOUTHWARK BRIDGE AND NOS. 1-15 SOUTHWARK BRIDGE ROAD— ANCHOR TERRACE South WARK Bridge In 1 8 1 1 a company was formed and empowered by Act of Parliament to erect "a Bridge over the River Thames from or near the Three Cranes ... in the City of London, to the opposite Bank ... in the Parish of Saint Saviour."^^^ Southwark Bridge was built in i 8 14-1 9 by Sir John Rennie and is generally regarded as having been unsurpassed as an example of the use of cast iron in bridge building. The bridge was freed from toll in 1864. In 1868 it was purchased by the City of London Corporation who had hitherto rented it. The building of the present bridge was begun in 19 12 but, owing to the war, it was not opened to traffic until 6th June, 1921. The architects were Sir Ernest George and Alfred Bowman Yeates. Anchor Terrace The 1 8 1 1 Act provided for the formation of a southern approach road to Southwark Bridge not less than 60 feet in width from Horse Shoe Alley to Blackman Street to be joined to the bridge by the formation of an arch over Bankside. Anchor Terrace (Nos. 1-15 Southwark Bridge Road, formerly Nos. 1—8) on the east side of the street was built in 1834 by Barclay, Perkins & Co., who had been among the more active promoters of the Southwark Bridge Scheme. Architectural Description Anchor Terrace is a formal group of brick houses with the ground floor in stucco. The centre portion and the two end houses are of four storeys surmounted by a cornice and panelled parapet. They project slightly from the rest, which is of three storeys. A stone band beneath the second floor 88 ANCHOR TERRACE windows is carried through to form a string course and above the second floor is a moulded cornice. There is a balcony at first floor level with stone balus- trading to the centre and end portions and iron balusters to the linking portions. In the centre is a projecting entrance porch. The ground storey has moulded round-arched openings with ornamental fanlights to the doors. No. 9 (formerly No. 5) is shown in the directories as in the occupation of Barclay & Co., from 1841 to 1843 and No. 7 (formerly No. 4) as occupied by Barclay, Perkins & Co., in 1844-48, Arthur Barclay in 1858-70, Charles Arthur Barclay in 1871-73 and Robert Barclay in 1874-89. The terrace is still in the ownership of Barclay, Perkins and Company. 89 CHAPTER 15 SOUTHWARK STREET In April 1856, the St. Saviour's District Board petitioned the Metro- politan Board of Works to form a new street between the terminus of the South Eastern Railway at London Bridge and the west end of London. 1^ Powers to carry out this improvement were obtained by the Covent Garden Approach and Southwark and Westminster Communication Act in 1857.^^^ About 400 houses were pulled down to clear the site.^^^ The street, the first to be made by the Metropolitan Board of Works, was completed in 1864, a novel feature being the formation of a subway under the centre of the road with communicating side passages to take gas, water and drain pipes and telegraph wires. ^^' Many large commercial buildings were erected on either side of the street in 1864-75, but in places the strip of land that had been purchased for the improvement was too narrow for adequate development, and the awkward angles made by the crossings with former streets gave plots of unsatisfactory shape. Architecturally many of the buildings have interest as experiments in the application of Italianate Romanesque and Gothic styles to commercial buildings, fashionable at the time, but despite much elaboration of detail, some essays in polychrome treatment in brick, stone, terra-cotta and tiles, and a sprinkling of classical motifs, the general effect of the street is disjointed and dull. No. 24 Central Buildings, of six storeys, formerly the Hop and Malt Exchange, completed in 1866 was the most imposing block to be built. It was designed by R. H. Moore. As with other buildings which escaped destruction in this street, it has been badly damaged by enemy action, but even in its present state it still impresses by its sheer bulk and repetition of detail. 90 CHAPTER 1 6 SUMNER STREET The eastern end of Sumner Street was made in 1839 to form a com- munication between Southwark Bridge Road and Great Guildford Street and was so named in compliment to John Sumner, Bishop of Winchester. The ground for this improvement was purchased from Messrs. Pott, lessees of the Bishop of Winchester, for ^,"3, 700.1^ The roadway was macadamised in 1840. In 1880^^ the name Sumner Street was extended to apply to the western end of Great Guildford Street (formerly known as the western end of Maid Lane). St. Peter's Church This church was built on ground leased from the Bishop of Win- chester by Messrs. Potts, the vinegar distillers, and given by the latter for the purpose. It was consecrated by the Bishop of Winchester on 7th November, 1839. The building was designed by Christopher Edmonds, surveyor to the Clink Paving Commissioners, and was described at the time of its erection as "a handsome, though not very richly adorned, specimen of Gothic architec- ture; . . . built of gray bricks, with stone mouldings, window frames, etc." It had sittings for about 1,200 persons. ^^^ It was entirely destroyed by enemy action in 1940. St. Saviour's Grammar School In 1559^ the wardens of St. Saviour's Church obtained Letters Patent granting a lease to them for sixty years of the rectory on condition that they should erect a grammar school for the parish within two years. One of the first entries in the vestry minutes relates to the setting up of a school "in the chorche howse late in the parryshe of seynte Margeretts" with an order that "the old chappell be hynd the chanesell shale be lett owghte toward the benyffytt of the same skoole.^^" In 1560 Richard Ryall, William Browker and others were appointed by the vestry "to examyn . . . suche Orders Rules and Constitions as by them . . . shalbe thought Requisit ... in the Contynnuance of the Free skoole in the parishe of Saint Savyors" and two years later the vestry paid ^,40 to Mathew Smyth for the purchase of the schoolhouse. This was part of the house known as the Green Dragon which is marked on the plan of 1542 (Plate 8) and which gave its name to Green Dragon Court. It had previously been known as Cobham's Inn and had belonged to Joan, Lady Cobham, who at her death in 1 370 had left legacies to St. Thomas's Hospital and to St. Mary Overy Priory.^^^ Among other endowments made to the school was the gift of the Three Tuns, later known as the George (on the site of No. 1 2 Bankside), made by Gilbert Rockett in 1587, of the Red Lyon, Borough, by Hugh Browker in 1608, and of tenements behind the Queen's Head Inn in the Borough by Gregory Franklin in 1615.''^ In 1617 John Bingham gave 91 BANKSIDE tenements in Kent Street (now Tabard Street) to endow two scholarships to the university. The school was intended for not more than lOO scholars. Views of the building near Green Dragon Court are given on Plates 41 & 42. The school remained on the same site* until 1838 when an Act^"'' was obtained to enable the governors to sell the old school and schoolhouse and to purchase a piece of land from the Bishop of Winchester, for a new building on the north side of Sumner Street next to St. Peter's Church. The school had fallen on evil days by the end of the century. It was hemmed in by factories and warehouses and its numbers had dropped to twenty-three.^^ In 1899 it was united with St. Olave's Grammar School and the Sumner Street building was used for a church day school for St. Peter's parish. It was badly damaged by enemy action during the war. The original stone tablet cut in 1562 for the old school was placed on the Sumner Street building and is still in situ on the ruins. It bears the inscription — LIBERA SCHOLA GRAM MATICALIS PAROCHIAN ORUM PAROCHIAE SAN CTI SALVATORIS IN SOVTHOWARKE IN COM SVRRIE ANNO QVARTO REGINAE ELIZABETHAE Nos. 32 and 34 Sumner Street (^formerly 16 and 18 Great Guildford Street, and 57 and 58 Maid Lane) These premises are of late 17th century date. They are of timber frame and brick construction with pantiled hipped roofs and dormers, the fronts having been rebuilt with parapets in the i8th century. The windows have flush frames. The shop fronts date from the early 19th century, that to No. 34 being slightly bowed. Both houses are now in poor condition. These two houses stand on land which was part of the Bishop of Winchester's Park. They can be traced back in the rate books to 1773. Since that date they have been in the hands of small traders. * The school was burnt down in the fire of 1676 but rebuilt in the same place. The railway arches south of St. Saviour's Churchyard now cover most of the site. 92 CHAPTER 17 ZOAR STREET AND ZOAR STREET CHAPEL In 1687 the Baptists of Southwark built^"^ a meeting house in Gravel Lane on ground held by lease from the Bishop of Winchester. At that time Gravel Lane extended northwards to the river along the line of the present Sumner Street and Hopton Street and the chapel stood on the east side of the Sumner Street section. Zoar Street was cut through beside the chapel early in the 1 8th century and presumably was so named because of it, since "Zoar" means a place of refuge or sanctuary. The street is marked on the 1 745 edition of Rocque's map. Wilkinson refers'''^ to the chapel as John Bunyan's meeting house and it is possible that Bunyan may have preached there, but as he died in 1688 his connection with it must have been of short duration. The chapel is mainly of interest because it was from the beginning used as a school and it is the earliest nonconformist school in London for which any detailed information is available. Three books of accounts for the school, for the period 1687 to 1745, are preserved at Southwark Library. They show that the original building, including galleries and seats, cost ^,2>^o and they give interesting details of the type of books and equipment provided for the school. Bibles were the only reading books before 1722 but after that date hornbooks and spelling books were bought for the juniors. Arthur Shallett was the first treasurer and all the funds seem to have been raised by dissenting ministers and Baptist congregations "in and aboute London. "^oi In I 8 19 the old meeting house was used as a workshop though the school still carried on in an adjoining building. Views of the exterior and the interior of the chapel were engraved for Wilkinson; one of the school being reproduced here (Plate 64/'). Zoar Street was rebuilt early in the 19th century. It was a typical narrow Southwark alley of that period with central gulley, and with little in the way of lighting or other amenities (Plate 64^7). The whole of it was demolished during the war by enemy action. 93 CHAPTER 1 8 PARIS GARDEN MANOR The manor of Paris Garden, which is roughly coincident with the parish of Christ Church, has been a well-defined area from the early mediaeval period. It was bounded on the north by the river and on the other three sides by a stream or open sewer which ran in a wide loop round the manor from the Old Barge House Stairs, south to what is now Surrey Row, and north again to the river near Falcon Dock. The stream may have been in part a natural feature, though it is unlikely that it was so for the whole of its length, but the earth wall which flanked it was certainly man-made. The only survival of it is the street named Broadwall, which now forms the western boundary of Christ Church parish. The whole district was several feet below high-water level and would have been unusable without the embankment walls along the river bank at Upper Ground and the sewers which carried off the water either to the river or south to St. George's Fields. Until 1 809, when the Surrey and Kent Sewer Commission obtained powers by Act of Parliament to build new main sewers,^''^ the whole area was subject to flooding whenever there was an exceptionally high tide and most of the ground was too marshy for building. Throughout the Middle Ages and until well into the 17th century the district must have presented much the same appearance as the Kent Marshes do at the present time, though from at least as early as the 14th century there was a fringe of houses along Upper Ground. From the 12th century to the i8th a water mill, known later as Pudding Mill, stood near the river bank at the east end of the manor. The mill pond is shown on the 1627 plan (see Plate 65). Pudding Mill stream, which provided the motive power for the mill, was the stream which sur- rounded the manor. For many centuries it had its exit to the river near Falcon Wharf but early in the 1 9th century it became a closed sewer. It still exists as a small drain but ceased to have any importance even for drainage purposes after the formation of new main sewers along the line of Blackfriars Road circa 18 12. Pudding Mill, together with the ditch and walls surrounding the manor, were held by copyhold and the holder was responsible for their main- tenance. There are many instances in the Court Rolls from 1461 onward of persons being presented for allowing the ditch or sewer to get stopped up, or for failure to repair either the bridges over it or the embanking walls.^"^ Similar entries occur in the minutes of the Surrey and Kent Commission of Sewers. In 1571 Mr. Downes was presented "for anoyaunce of the highe waye from the mylle dore to saynt Georges feylde by reson of the great stor of watter that his myller contynually letteth in and kepethe in to the drowninge of the quens maiestyes grounde." In 1629 the millpond was "rayled about for the saff"tie of the poore people of this liberty many of whome have heretofore beine endaingered and som ther droowned; the doing wherof cost six powndes.''^^ The manor of Paris Garden comprised a little less than 100 acres and 94 I PARIS GARDEN MANOR roughly corresponded to the hide of ground called Wideflete with a mill and other appurtenances granted by Robert Marmyon to the Abbey of Ber- mondsey in 1 1 13,^''^ and which a few years later was granted to the Knights Templars.* The name probably signified willowstream from the Old English wi)'ig = willow and fleot = stream.^"' The ground is diversely named "Wythiflete" and "Wylys" in later documents. In 1308, just before the suppression of the Order of the Templars, a survey was made of their property in Southwark. It was stated to consist of meadow land and a few acres of arable both ditched and walled; one house so dilapidated and ruined that its upkeep would cost more than it was worth; three cottages, and a number of water mills which were mostly in need of repair.^"^ In 131 1 William de Monte Alto, "keeper of the Templars' lands in Suthwerk" was ordered to repair "the walls and ditches on the bank of the Thames pertaining to the said lands,^" and in the following year he was ordered to spend ;^io in repairing the mills of the manor. In 1324 the manor, with the other possessions of the Knights Templars, was granted to the Knights Hospitallers,^ and it remained their property until 1536 when Sir William Weston, the Prior, surrendered it to Henry VIII.''"°^ The Hos- pitallers at first farmed out their Southwark property. The cartulary contains a charter dated 1337 granting four water mills "called le Temple milnes" on the river bank and a close called "the Wyles" to Joan, widow of Robert Swalclive, whose family had previously had a lease of two water mills and pasture ground there. In 1394 John Radyngton, prior of the order, and the brethren, granted all their "waste and marshy ground opposite London" to Stephen Speleman, citizen and mercer of London. It was then described as lying between the road running from "les Stywes" to Lambeth on the south and the Thames on the north. Sometime before 1420 the land was farmed out to John, Duke of Bedford, for there are extant some ordinances made by him in that year^"^ concerning "the privileged place called parish gardyn otherwise called Wide- flete or Wiles." This is the first recorded use of the name Parish or Paris Garden; no reasonable explanation of the name has been found though many conjectures have been put forward." This, too, is the first reference to the district being a privileged place or liberty, i.e. to private rights of jurisdiction there. The ordinances prescribe the conditions on which fugitives from * In a cartulary-"' of the property of the Knights Templars and the Knights Hospitallers now in the British Museum, there is a copy of a confirmation by Henry II of the grant made by the Prior and Convent of Bermondsey to the Knights Templars of "all that hide of Wideflete which abuts on the river against the new Temple, of the fee of Robert Marmyun, with the mills and men upon the same." The charter is undated and unfortunately one of the witnesses is given as "Gaufrido Archiepiscopo Cantuar." There was no archbishop of Canterbury of this name during the reign of Henry II and the authenticity of the grant is therefore doubtful. b It was made part of the dowry of Jane Seymour but was taken back into the king's hand on her death in i Jj/.* •^ The matter is discussed in detail by Charles Kingsford in his article Paris Garden and the Bear-baiting in Archaeologia, 1920, and also by Philip Norman in his introduction to The Accounts of the overseers of the poor of Paris Garden printed in the Collections of the Surrey Archaeo- logical Society. 95 BANKSIDE justice might be admitted to the liberty and the fines (payable to the lord of the manor, the seneschal or the bailiff) that should be imposed on persons committing a felony within the liberty. Presumably the property reverted to the Hospitallers after the death of the Duke of Bedford in 1435, but no further information is available until 1460 when the Court Rolls of the Manor of "Paresgarden alias wylys" begin. The records of the Court Baron (for transfers of land) are extant, with a few short gaps, from 1460 to 1 936.203 The records of the Court Leet (for the trial of offences) are much more fragmentary, but enough exist to throw some light on the conditions of the manor and its inhabitants in the 15th and i6th centuries. In the early rolls most of the persons presented for misconduct were women, common scolds, whores, or huxters who gave short measure ; the offences for which men were indicted were mainly connected with property — failure to repair buildings or wharves, or to cleanse the sewers. It is noteworthy that whereas before 1560 many offences seem to have been compounded for by a money payment, after that date there are a number of references to the cage, the cucking-stool, and the stocks as instruments of punishment. The cucking-stool for scolds was, however, in use from a much earlier period. In 1489 the tenants of the manor were ordered to put crosses on their houses "as other tenants of the prior of St. John of Jerusalem in England were accustomed to do." The prior and knights of the order do not seem to have occupied a house in Paris Garden but it seems probable that the Duke of Bedford and other lessees of the manor had built a house there for their own use. In 1505 the then prior. Sir Thomas Docwra and the brethren granted to Robert Udale, citizen and goldsmith of London, "ther' mansion place of parisgarden ... as it standeth w^n the mote ther and also ij gardens buttyng opon the said mansionplace w' the gatehouse. W iiij pastures called the powndyarde, the Conyng Garth, the Chapell Hawe, And walnot tres . . . like as oon John Hellow lately all the same held . . . And also ij other pasturs aboute the dikes ther called the Willowes, Woddes and trees opon the said pastures ther growing oonely except.^o^" Possibly a chapel once existed in the manor which gave its name to Chapel Hawe or field, but no other reference to it has been found. Early in the reign of Henry VIII, William Baseley^ acquired the lease of the mansion house. It was then falling into ruins and the grounds were flooded.^io Baseley repaired the house and lived there himself for over twenty- four years. He made it into a public gaming place with bowling alleys out of doors and "cardes, dyze and tables" indoors and obtained a royal licence to maintain it as such after the manor had been taken into the king's hands.'' The house thus began to acquire the reputation for licentiousness which culminated in the time of Charles I when it was known as Holland's Leaguer.» * William Baseley was a bayliffof the manor of Southwark in 1544.^' " See the description of Paris Garden by D. Lupton in London and the Countrey Car- bonadoed . . . 1632. "This may better bee termed a foule dene then a faire Garden . . . here come few that either regard their credit, or losse of time; the swaggering Roarer, the cunning Cheater, the rotten Bawd, the swearing Drunkard, and the bloudy Butcher, have their rendezvouz here." A woodcut 96 PLATE 65 North The ,,<s y >■ R ivfJB. OF Thames' .-^^' >-''^' vets ' s^' i Xi ' -i .ft '■• . "^ Haulc ■^.•/ , ,1 Xj ^ ifl J 1 .1 ^^r:, ' - i- ^^K". nf i^ri::}^k'%.\ li^ 3 ^'" Au(i,„ * " ft^"l2^? ' '■>■ ' ' •■■ » s .P^^iteJ-^,^ .. ,»; ^ «/3 ff ^1 4 rfi^ Priiif'S S>5 o« t 1 ^ f ? 1 VVinc/ic/tcr ^^rkt 7 <s ' 1: f ♦ « 5 ^ ' ■'' ' r^ ♦ * " Jw'X ( »" Sherlock s6^ -^ j lb //y\r\ : ? . ^ , ;'. \-j 1/ ^^t I 1/ \ > * "'■'•t'H. " jfy-'l' ttrticjnrum y * f • • , - - - . ■ ■ ■ ■ . _ ,£r7 s* Georges ^etld^ t. ^' SovrH PARIS GARDEN MANOR, 16; N PLATE 66 .};, f 1 7,„n¥.f-'„f/. ,/«., CHRIST CHURCH PARISH, 1821 I'l.ATK 67 {a) CHRIST CHURCH, 1941 {b) WATCHHOUSE, 1932 PLATE 68 CHRIST CHURCH (a) OLD PULPIT (i) INTERIOR OF CHURCH BEFORE ALTERATION, 1825 PLATI-: 69 CHRISTC HURC H .WE5T ELEVATION EAST LLEVATlON PI, A IK 70 STCHURC H SOUTH ELEVATION PLATE 71 i E C T I O N s^i-nj)4iw:^^i^- r f= PLATE 72 f COLOMBO STREET, 1906 PARIS GARDEN MANOR In 1578 Queen Elizabeth granted Paris Garden Manor to Henry Cary, Lord Hunsdon,-^^ who two years later, demised the demesne lands to Thomas Cure^^^ and the copyhold land to Thomas Taylor and Richard Piatt as trustees for the copyholders,^!^ for a period of 2,000 years. Thenceforward the copyhold land and the demesne land of the manor have separate histories. The copyholder's lease was enlarged into a fee simple under the Conveyancing Act of I 88 I, but the conditions of copyhold tenure and the ceremonial of the Court Baron continued until the abolition of manorial rights in 1936. Thomas Cure was the son of the Thomas Cure who founded the College Almshouses (see p. 83). In May, 1589, he, and his wife Christine, sold the manor to Francis Langley,-!^ with appurtenances described as four messuages, two tofts, four gardens, ten acres of land, fifty acres of meadow, thirty acres of pasture and one acre of woodland. Presumably Francis Langley lived in the manor house. He is shown in the Token Books as the occupier of a house near Copt Hall (see the 1627 plan, Plate 6^) from 1593 until 1 60 1. He built the Swan Playhouse (see p. 72), and also some tene- ments nearby and in Upper Ground close to the mill. The playhouse brought actors and hangers-on to the neighbourhood and in October, 1596 house- holders were ordered not to take lodgers into their houses without permission from the constable, and Langley was instructed to mend the cage, the cucking- stool, the pound, and the stocks. ^"^ In December, 1601, he sold the manor to Hugh Browker and Thomas, his son.^^^ The 1627 map^ shows the manor as it was in the time of Thomas Browker. All the centre part of the area, with the exception of Copt Hall,'' is of the house from a tract by Nicholas Goodman entitled Holland^ Leaguer is reproduced in Wilkinson's Londina lllustrata. As stated below, p. 98, the grounds were used in the Common- wealth period for bleaching cloth. In February 1617/ 18 the steward and copyholders of Paris Garden ordered "that a perfecte true and exacte surveye shalbe taken by the homage in the presence of the Owners and of such of the Tennantes and auncient witnesses whoe maye be gathered togeather of thextente circuite boundes and limittes of the Copieholdes of this Manor before the next generall Courte and a plott exactly and fairely made . . . that the same male remayne as a perpetuall evidence and recorde for raanifestinge of any ambiguitie or doubte that maie in future tymes arise." Thomas Aldwell, gentleman, was appointed to make the map. It was not presented until December, 1627, when Aldwell received £<^ for his pains. The map was until recently still in the possession of the steward. In 1629 the copyholders received a confirmation of their title from the Crown.^'^ ^ Copt Hall is shown as two small buildings in a long narrow piece of ground surrounded by a ditch or small stream. Copped Hall (i.e. "hall with a high roof") was a name of fairly common occurrence in the later Middle Ages. In 1468 Thomas Saunder and Margaret, his wife, were admitted as copyholders to a cottage called "Coppedhall" with a garden in Paris Garden Manor, and the subsequent history of the holding can be traced in the rolls. -"^ It was described in i 592 as "a capital messuage now divided into tenements and an orchard adjoining . . . containing one acre and three rods." In 1785 the ground "formerly called Copt Hall" was settled by George Vaughan on his future wife, Mary Bunn, daughter of Henry Bunn. A chapel and eight messuages stood on the site in what was then Church Street and John Street. The western portion of the enclosure shown on the 1627 map had already been disposed of in connection with the formation of Blackfriars Road. Church Street Baptist Chapel and the adjoining houses were bought by the London Chatham and Dover Railway Company from George Vaughan in 1S61. The chapel was pulled down in 1863 and the railway lines crossing Burrell Street now cover the site. The family vault of the Vaughans is in Christ Church burial ground (see p. 106). 97 o Hunsdon BANKSIDE _^. .^_ .^ :^ .^ ^ BrcKvker Angell shown as demesne land. The copyhold lands were on the fringe — the Upper Ground, the Broad Wall round the manor, and the triangular piece of ground at the north-east corner. The return of newly erected houses, made circa 1634 and now among the records of the Corporation of Wardens, mentions about thirty houses in the manor, with sheds, stables and other buildings. These included a brick house built on an old foundation by John Wrench in 1622 but then in the possession of Edmund Kenneday and a house, part brick, part timber, built by William Sherlock about sixteen years previously. Both these houses are shown on the 1627 map. The demesnes of the manor remained in the hands of the Browkers until 1655 when Thomas Browker and Mary, his wife, sold them to William Angell, the younger, citizen and grocer of London, for j^c^oo?^"^ The manor was then said to comprise ten messuages, eighty cottages, twenty tofts, twenty gardens, twenty orchards, ten acres of land, fifty acres of meadow, thirty acres of pasture and one acre of woodland. A large part of the property was in lease to various tenants. Angell seems to have bought the property as a speculation. =• He carried out a certain amount of building in the neighbourhood of Upper Ground and he laid out Angell Street (now Broadwall) between the Old Barge House and Melancholy Walk (now Surrey Row) along the line of Broadwall. He was living in the manor in 1680 when he was presented before the Court of Sewers "for placeing two Dams in the Sewer or Millstreame neare to his dwelling house in the parish of Christ Church. "129 The notorious Holland's Leaguer, formerly the manor house, was sold by Angell in 1660 to Hugh Jermyne, woollen draper.^i^ It was at this time in the tenure of Widow Blunden and was used for bleaching cloth. The acre of land sold with it was still "incumpassed with a moate." In addition Jermyne bought two-and-a-half acres of ground between Holland's Leaguer and Copt Hall, most of which was in use as a "whiteing ground." In the same year Angell sold about twelve acres of ground and a number of tenements near Copt Hall to William Oxton.'^^^ This property also included several "W^hitster's grounds."" Not content with selling the demesne lands, Angell sold to Oxton a piece of ground near the mill bridge and a messuage known as "the musicke house," both of which were copyhold,^!^ and part of the Broadwall to John Shorter. Apparently Angell's speculations had prospered well for in 1 677 we find him mortgaging the manor for 2,000 years to George Baron and others for ;^i, 600,212 fp^j. times what he had paid for it twenty years earlier. The manor remained in the hands of the Baron family throughout the i8th century. In 1798 Jasper Baron left it to be * He obtained a lease of part of the great garden of Winchester House at about the same time and proceeded to build on it and sub-let (see p. 48). ^ Because of the water and open space available the bleaching and fulling of cloth was carried out fairly extensively in the manor during the 17th and early i8th centuries. Rocque's maps of 1746 and 1761 show much of the area as "tenter grounds." 98 THE BROWN ESTATE divided between his son and daughter. His son, WilHam, died intestate in 1827; his daughter, EHzabeth Ann, married John King Lethbridge in 18 19 and died without issue in 1833. Both moieties therefore became vested in the Lethbridges,^^^ in whose family part of the property remains till the present day. The Brown Estate As stated above, William Angell, lord of the manor of Paris Garden, sold part of the demesne land to William Oxton of Westminster, brewer, in 1660. The condition of this land is typical of the area at the period and the description of it is therefore given at some length. ^^^ It comprised a messuage and over six and a half acres of ground in the occupation of William Fisher, together with the use of a bridge over the ditch near the south end of the orchard late of Thomas Austin, free access to the "bancke or Cawsway" called Gravel Lane, and free use of the watercourse running "to and from the Thames in the ditch . . . betweene the said . . . ground" and Gravel Lane; also a messuage containing a low room, two chambers and a garret and two and a half acres of "Whitsters ground" together with "one Cloth house, seaven Wash-houses and foure fowlding houses" in the occupation of Thomas Webb "Whitster"; also two other messuages, one of four rooms and one of two, and a piece of "Whitsters ground" separated from thefn by a quickset hedge; also two sheds, one of which was lately used for a brew- house; a yard called Bowyers Yard and three tenements adjoining; a tene- ment and wash ground at the east end of the houses in the tenure of Thomas Webb, and a messuage and piece of ground near Copthall ; half a rood of ground "inclosed with Pales and ditches" and the buildings thereon erected by Edward Bowes, deceased, in the tenure of Thomas Worrall ; four tene- ments on the west side of the passage to Copthall ; three messuages lately built by W^illiam Angell and a washing ground and folding house adjoining; and a victualling house called the " Blew Anchor " in the tenure of Bennett Edwards and a messuage and wash ground adjoining. W^illiam Oxton died in 1662 leaving^^^ most of his estate to his daughter Catherine who subsequently married Hungerford Dunch. Mrs. Dunch developed the estate to the extent of laying out Bear Lane and part of Green Walk.a22° Charles Hopton, the founder of Hopton's Almshouses and the guardian of her son and heir, Edmund, bought his ward's^^^ freehold and copyhold land in Christ Church in 1706 and at Hopton's death it passed to his cousin Thomas Jordan. -^2 In 1760 Jordan and his wife, Mary, sold the freehold property to John Pardon,--^ a well-known Southwark attorney, who was treasurer of the County of Surrey.'^''^"* Pardon died without issue in 1803. He left the bulk of his property, including the land in Christ Church and his own residence in Blackman Street, to Mary and Elizabeth Middleton and made Henry Bunn and George Theakston his executors. —^ In the same year Mary Middleton married Edward * Green Walk was the name applied in the i8th century to Hopton Street and Colombo Street and the road running east to west connecting the two, now Burrell Street. 99 BANKSIDE Bilke and in the marriage settlement^^o j^g^ j-g^l estate is described as a moiety of all the land of the late John Pardon with the messuages thereon in Charles Street, Pit Street, Thurlow Street, George Street, William Street, Bear Lane, Union Place, Green Walk, Church Street, Green Street, the New Road (i.e. Blackfriars Road) and the "Octagon Chapel, now used for divine worship by the Rev. Rowland Hill," together with the house in Blackman Street and land in Kent. Elizabeth Middleton did not marry and at her death in 1830 she left her moiety of the estate in trust for her sister Mary Bilke and her niece Mary Elizabeth, wife of Edward Brown of Collumpton. Brown's Estate was formed into a company in 1 899.2^" The property then comprised Nos. 41 and 42 Nelson Square (see p. 129), Nos. 22 to 32 and 37 and 38 Bear Lane, Nos. 30 to 36 Blackfriars Road, No. 231 Borough High Street (formerly 5 Blackman Street), Nos. 33 to 43 Charlotte Street together with the Thurlow Works and the Surrey Works (formerly Surrey Chapel) (see p. 1 1 9), and another two houses there, Nos. 15 to 23 (odd) Burrell Street and Nos. 72 to 80 (formerly i to 5) Collingwood Street (see p. 125), Nos. 14 and 19 to 25 and the artisans' dwellings Nos. 15 to 18 Gambia Street (formerly William Street), Nos. 1-17 Scoresby Street (formerly York Street), Nos. i to 18 and 42 to 56 George Street (now Dolben Street) (see p. 127), Nos. 10 to 18 (even) and 31 to 37 (odd) Price's Street, Nos. 2 to 4 Chancel Street (formerly 43, 44 and 47 Price's Street), Nos. 14 and 15 Thurlow Street and the Industrial Dwellings erected in 188 i on the site of other houses in Thurlow Street and of Nos. I to 5 Puddy's Court, Nos. 6, 8, 33, 31, 29 and 27 Edward Street (formerly 5—10 Union Place). More detailed accounts of such of these premises as are of interest are given on the pages indicated in brackets. 100 CHAPTER 19 CHRIST CHURCH In 1627 John Marshall, gentleman, of Axe Yard (see p. 31), made his will leaving his tenements in Axe Yard and Borough High Street, and his lands in Newington and St. Georee's Fields and elsewhere to trustees for various charitable purposes. Among other things they were to raise from his property the sum of /"700 and use it for the erection of a new church to be called "Christ Church" with a convenient churchyard in some part of St. Saviour's parish or wherever else they should think fit. He desired that the cost of procuring an Act of Parliament for its erection should be defrayed out of his propertv and that "the choice of the minister to be placed in the said church should be and continue in his said trustees, their heirs and assigns, for ever, and in no other." Lands and tenements to the value of £60 a year should be purchased to endow the church.^^ John Marshall was the son of John Marshall, white baker and citizen and tallow chandler of London,--^ a vestryman of St. Saviour's Church in 1601 and subsequent years. John Marshall senior died in 1625. In his will he left forty shillings each to his co-governors of the free school of St. Saviour's for rings, and the bulk of his property to his wife Elizabeth and his children and grandchildren. John Marshall junior died in 1631 and was buried in St. Saviour's Church. No immediate action was taken to carry out his wishes concerning the new church. The times were unsettled and the puritans were in the ascendant. It was not until 1663 that any further move was made in the matter. In that year an inquisition was taken under a commission of charitable uses by which it was found that John Marshall died without male issue and that all the executors and trustees named in his will were dead with the exception of Sir Samuel Brown, one of the judges of the Common Pleas "who was grown aged, and not at leisure to attend to the trusts; that many of the tenants were in arrear, and that many of them had paid no rent at all; . . . that many of the houses had fallen down, or were not inhabited."^® It was decreed that Sir Samuel Brown should convey the premises lett by John Marshall to Edward Bromfield and twelve others as trustees to the uses of his will and it was further provided that when six of the feoffees should die the remaining seven should execute a new conveyance to the use oi themselves and six other persons, upon the same trusts. Prior to the dissolution of the monasteries, the inhabitants of the manor of Paris Garden were, like their neighbours in the Clink Liberty, parishioners of St. Margaret's Church. From 1540 onwards they were included in St. Saviour's parish but by the middle of the i 7th century the population had increased sufficiently to justify the erection of a separate church. William Angell, the lord of the manor, who was developing the neighbourhood, offered to give the necessary ground if the trustees would build the new church in the manor. In spite of the objections raised by the authorities of St. Saviour's, this was agreed and in 1671--^ the land was conveyed and the building started. By an Act of Parliament of lOI Man ha! I BANKSIDE 22 and 23 Charles II, cap. 28 (private), the manor of Paris Garden was made into a separate parish to be called Christ Church. The church was consecrated on 17th December, 1671, by John Dolben,228 Bishop of Rochester, William Gearing being the first incumbent. The vaults under the chancel, built by William Angell, were reserved to the use of him and his heirs for ever. The steeple and spire were not completed until 1695, when a special ^^(-(■229 ^^g obtained for the purpose. John Aubrey described^^^ the church as being "a strong well-built Brick Pile" 75 feet long, 51 feet broad and 26 feet high. "The Steeple (wherein are eight very tunable Bells, given by so many Gentlemen of this Parish) is one hundred and twenty five Foot high." "The Roof is supported by Tuscan Pillars, and the Nave is wains- coated round about six Foot and a half high with Deal, and pewed partly with that, and partly with Oak. . . . The Chancel is four Steps higher than the Nave of the Church, and at the East End is a fair Altar-Piece finished in 1696, where are the Decalogue, Lord's Prayer and Creed, in Gold Letters on a blue Ground. . . . On a Gallery at the West End is this Inscription : This Gallery was built at the Charge of Sir RICHARD HOW, Knight and Alderman of the Citty 0/ London, in the Tear 1670 In the South He, over the Fount, on a black Tablet, is this In- scription : This Font and Pew, and the Communion Plate was the Gift o/ James Reading, Esquire " The provision made under Marshall's will for the endowment of the church proved insufficient for the payment of /^6o a year to a minister and the Act of 1695 contained a clause enabling the inhabitants to make rates for this purpose. Other gifts to the parish include ^^40 and a piece of ground on which to build a house, given by Sir John Shorter in 1688, and £^0 each from Sir Barnett Degome (in 1685) and from Mr. Augustus Martin (in 1701).^^ The ground on which the church was built was, like most of the manor, very marshy. Apparently insufficient care was given to the drainage of the site and the laying of the foundations of the buildings for in 1721 Mr. Lade reported that the church, though only fifty years old, was "in a very decaying Condition, both withinside and without"; that the Church- yard was too small for the "Increase of the Inhabitants" and "that the Ground lies now almost as high as the Windows of the said Church, [and] . . . the Graves both within and without the said Church are filled with 102 CHRIST CHURCH Water as soon as they are dug."^^" Nothing was done for several years, but in 1738 the Marshall trustees obtained a further Act to enable them to pull down and rebuild the church and to enclose a piece of ground which they had recently purchased for an additional burial ground. The new burial ground was formed from a piece of copyhold land which had previously been used as a garden. It was surrendered""'^ in Decem- ber, 1735, '^y John Morris of Christ Church, gentleman, and was described as being "late in the occupation of . . . William Oliver lying on the North side of the parish Church. . . . And on the South side of Garden ground ... of Adam Cane Gardiner And extending westward from the stakes and markes driven into the ground at the East end thereof to the Street there called Bennet Street." Its measurements were given as 74 feet 4 inches from east to west and 167 feet on the south side. The new church was built between 1738 and 1741. It was described by Manning and Bray in 18 14 as being built of brick and consisting "of a Nave and two Ailes; the Chancel elevated two steps above the floor of the Church. The length is 72 feet, breadth 51. At the East [sic] end is a Tower, in which are eight bells. The whole is very plain, but neat. ... At the West end is a Gallery, in which is an Organ given to the Parish in 1789 by Mr. William Boyse a Surgeon in the Royal Navy, who also gave 500 1. Stock in the Three per Cent Consols for a salary to the Organist. The roof of the Church not being high enough to admit the top of the Organ, an aperture was made in the cieling to receive it. In the East window are the Arms of England . . . oi th.e Set oi Winchester\ and of Mr. M^r5/^«//the founder."^^^ In I 8 16 the powers of trustees to make rates were further increased by Act of Parliament and in the following year an Act was obtained for enlarging the churchyard. The preamble stated that "there is a public Footway over and through the said Church Yard, leading from Great Surrey Street ... to the South End of Bennet Street, and over the Graves in the said Church Yard, whereby . . . [it] is exposed to Inroads and Depreda- tions, and the Graves therein routed up, trampled upon, and injured by idle and disorderly Persons, and by Dogs and Swine." Authority was given tor the purchase of certain grounds and buildings, the transfer of the footpath and the enclosure of the churchyard with a brick wall and fence. By the removal of the houses Nos. 27-31 Great Surrey Street, the church was laid open to that street (now Blackfriars Road). Previously the regular approach to the church had been by Bennett Street.-^^ The surrender of the extra ground to the trustees of the Burial Ground Act was made in the manor court held in October, 18 19. LIST OF RECTORS" A.D. William Gearing 1671 Thomas Felstead 1689 George Vannam 1 7 1 1 James Finlay I7'3 Edward Jackson 175 1 103 BANKSIDE A.D. John Burrows 177° Thomas Ackland 1787 James Henry Mapleton 1808 George Lewis 1848 Joseph Brown 1849 Henry Desborough 1867 Alfred de Fontaine 1876 Edgar James Baker 1900 Reginald Samuel Vosper-Thomas . . . .1919 Thomas Smylie '935 Allan James Weaver 1948 Architectural Description As a result of incendiary bombing in April, 1941, the church was completely gutted by fire and is now merely a shell. The nave has walls of stock brickwork with a stone modillioned cornice surmounted by a low brick parapet, rusticated stone quoins and pedimented brick gable ends. The side windows are in two tiers, the upper with semicircular arches and the lower segmental, both with stone moulded architraves with spaced projecting blocking stones and keystones. The west tower is of brick with rusticated stone quoins at the angles and is of three stages separated by plain stone bands ; the belfry windows to the upper stages are round-headed with plain stone surrounds, imposts and keystones. The tower was surmounted by an octagonal clock turret and cupola in wood which were destroyed in the fire. 1757 IS73 I ago A thorough restoration of the church was carried out in 18 70-1. The interior was remodelled, the galleries were altered and the old high- backed pews were replaced by low ones. Even more extensive alterations were made in 1890— i. 104 CHRIST CHURCH A square-ended chancel of two bays was added by C. R. Baker King in place of a shallow triple apse erected some twenty years earlier. It is in a Romanesque manner, of brick with stone dressings, and has a two- storey organ chamber on the north side, and one-storey vestries on the south. The latter have been repaired and are in use. The east end of the church has three round-headed windows surmounted by a pediment containing a niche with a statue of Christ; in the spandrils of the windows are four carved stone medallions symbolizing the Evangelists. The north and south galleries, which had been added in i8i i^^^ were removed in 1891, and side aisles were formed by the construction of stone arcades of five bays supported on Corinthian columns. The earlier single- span ceiling was replaced by a barrel vault. The rear gallery extending the full width of the church was retained at the west end. Further repairs including the underpinning of the walls, were carried out in 1908." As a temporary measure a wall has recently been inserted between the chancel and the nave, and the chancel has been restored so that it can be used for services. An old iron chest stands in the church. "O n E3 O" _p n n EL !^J"m^-m m^-m^-^^-/--. GALLEfLY PLAN CR.OUND fLOOd. PLAN P/a// of Christ Church in 1 939 The parish watch-house, built in 1 8 1 9, stood in the churchyard until its demolition in 1932. It was a plain brick building of two storeys divided by a slightly projecting stone string course and with a simple stone cornice. The building had three bays, the centre one being slightly recessed. The two end bays had flat stone pediments. A stone tablet inscribed "Christ- Church Watch-House. MDCCCXIX," formerly over the central doorway, has been preserved and stands in the garden adjoining the present rectory. There are a number of tombstones in the churchyard, some flat, some ^ In 1895 it was found that the heat from the boiler had melted the lead of coffins which had been placed in the crypt some tliirty-five years previously. 652 bodies had to be removed to Woking.^* 105 BANKSIDE upright. Many have become so defaced by weathering and soot that they are illegible. The most imposing is a large table tomb of the Vaughan family, the inscriptions on which are as follows — East face South face North face IN MEMORY OF GEORGE VAUGHAN, ESQ'" WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE NoV 27''' I780, AGED 64 YEARS. LIKEWISE Mr« ELIZABETH VAUGHAN, WIFE OF THE ABOVE, WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE jAN''y 6'" 1789, AGED 71 YEARS. ALSO M" MARY VAUGHAN,a WIFE OF Mr GEORGE VAUGHAN, SON OF THE ABOVE WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE, NoV I I '" I 786, AGED 31 YEARS. IN MEMORY OF ISAAC VAUGHAN, ESQ^e WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE Nov 18"' 1825, AGED 76 YEARS. IN MEMORY OF GEORGE VAUGHAN ESQ'« WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE FEB^y 7"> 1828, IN THE 73'''' YEAR OF HIS AGE. ALSO TO THE MEMORY OF M'B ELIZABETH VAUGHAN, RELICT OF THE ABOVE, WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE May 2°'* 1852, AGED 80 YEARS. West face IN MEMORY OF ELIZABETH VAUGHAN born Jan^v 6tM 798 died Jan^v 25"! 1803 ISAAC OcTf 7th 1801 July i i'" 1802 ISAAC JOHN June le" 1803 Feb'v 7'" 1804 CATHARINE Oct' 28"> 1806 Aug^' 9tM8o8 children of GEORGE and ELIZABETH VAUGHAN. This was the daughter of Henry Bunn (see p. 97 n.) 106 CHRIST CHURCH MARY SANCTON— BORN MARY VAUGHAN foundress OF M- Vaughan's Charity* DIED 2°'' November 1865 GEORGE VAUGHAN— DIED 7th October 1874 HENRY VAUGHAN— DIED the CHILDREN OF GEORGE AND ELIZABETH VAUGHAN (I (- (3 (4 (S (6 (7, (8 (9: (12 (■4 Among the other legible stones are the following — Isaac Kelso?, younger son of Humphrey and Ann Kelso? "of this parish, late of Goodman's Fields, gunstock maker." (Upright stone, much worn.) Thomas Preston "of this parish," 1788, and his 2 wives Sibbella(d. 1783) and Elizabeth (d. 18 12). (Upright stone, much worn.) Joseph Boyd (i 845). (Upright stone with a draped urn in relief over the inscription.) Thomas Fort, son of Thomas and Martha Ann Fort (1822) "aged II years and 12 days," also Alfred Fort his brother (1826), John Fort (1837) and William Fort (1842). (Flat marble slab.) Mrs. Catherine Thorn (i 824) and her husband Thomas Thorn (i 844). "Mr. John Hunt's Family Vault." Martha Smith (1832) and her husband James Smith (1833). (Stone slab.) Captain Thomas Eyre Hinton R.N. (1829) and his wife Phoebe (1832) and grandson Charles Petty Hinton (1843). (Marble slab covering vault.) Ann Cooper (1784) and John Cooper (1800). (Upright stone badly worn.) Lucy Ann Thorn (1822), her daughter Louisa Ann Thorn (1824) and her husband Joseph Thorn "of the Parish of Lambeth" (1827). (Marble slab.) Samuel Rust (1826). (Flat yellow brick box tomb.) Sarah Burton (1785) and her husband Joseph Burton (18 17) and their children Thomas Hancock Burton (18 18) and Jane (18 19) and two sons who died in infancy. (Slab.) Thomas Snuggs Sharp "of this parish" (1837) and Barbara Sutton his niece (1844). (Stone slab.) John Lloyd "of this parish, Millwright and Engineer" (1836) and Charlotte Elizabeth Lloyd (1842). (Flat marble slab.) * Mary Sancton by her will dated 6th June, 1863, bequeathed ;^"2 5,000 in trust to pay a weekly allowance to 24 poor women of 60 years and over dwelling in the parish of Christ Church; the gift to be known as "Mrs. Vaughan's Charity" in memory of her mother. Henry Vaughan, who was appointed one of the first trustees, subsequently founded almshouses in Gravel Lane for the recipients of Mrs. Vaughan's charity.'' The almsvvomen were removed circa 1907 to Feltham Hill Road, Ashford, Middlesex. The original building is now known as Nelson House. It is owned by British Railways and let in flats. 107 CHAPTER 20 UPPER GROUND AND BODDY'S BRIDGE Upper Ground is the oldest thoroughfare in Christ Church parish. It is the descendant of the path which from the Norman period, and perhaps earlier, ran along the inside of the embanking river wall; and it still retains the narrowness and the twists and turns characteristic of a country lane. Before the formation of the railway it extended eastward across Blackfriars Road as far as Bankside." At the eastern end it bridged the mill stream which flowed from the mill pond (on the site of the junction of Hopton Street with Gravel Lane) to the Thames. The sewer or stream feeding the mill pond ran along the south side of Upper Ground and thence in a circular course round the manor. At the west end Upper Ground extended, as it still does, to Broad- wall. During the Tudor and early Stuart periods, and perhaps earlier, the King's Barge House occupied the piece of land to the north-west of Upper Ground. This, however, appears to have been a part of Prince's Meadow and not to have been included in the manor of Paris Garden though it is now in Christ Church parish. Both the Barge Houses and Pudding Mill are clearly shown in the map of the northern part of Paris Garden, referred to in Manning and Bray's History of Surrey, and now in the possession of Mr. R. A. Bell. The Barge House is now only commemorated in the narrow alley leading out of Upper Ground and over steps to a landing stage on the river strand — the successor of the "stairs near the Barge House" shown on the 1627 map (Plate 6^). Most of the land on the north side of Upper Ground was copyhold and was built on from a very early date. The making of Blackfriars Road and the opening up of the neighbourhood drew attention to the dirty and almost impassable state of Upper Ground. In 1791 an Act-^* was passed "for paving, cleansing, lighting, watching, widening, regulating and improving" it, and Commissioners were appointed with power to widen the street at either end, to number the houses, provide beadles and a watch house, and to clean and water the roadway. No. 26 Upper Ground No. 26 Upper Ground is a three-storey house of simple design in brick, with a plain stone band at first floor sill level. The windows to the first and second floors have flat gauged arches, while those on the ground floor have round heads set in semicircular arched recesses. All the window frames on the front retain their small panes and glazing bars. The entrance is deeply recessed with a semicircular arched head in brick and the sides and soffit are panelled in wood. This house was built (probably just after the improvement to the street made under the Act of 1 791) by Edward Lefort and his sons, who established a barge and boatbuilding business on the north side of Upper Ground near Bull Alley. Edward Lefort was admitted to the copyhold of * There is now a subway under the railway line from Blackfriars Road to Bankside. 108 UPPER GROUND AND BODDY'S BRIDGE 12 9 6 3 O I I I I I Doorway to No. 26 Upper Ground a wharf and ground therein 1803.-"^ His son William Lefort died in 1821 and in his will mention is made of extensive rebuilding carried out at the premises in Upper Ground Street. Subsequent owners of the propert)' were John Barnard, timber merchant (i 826), Wm. Lee & Sons, lime-burners (1849), and Thomas Reeve Denny k Sons, corn merchants and rice millers (1887 to date). The property was enfranchised in i889.-'''' The Angel Public House No. 41 on the south side of Upper Ground stands on the site of a much older building. William Warner of the Angel in Upper Ground issued a trade token in 1669,-''^ and it seems probable that the house had then been recently named in compliment to William Angell, lord of the manor. The present building dates from the middle of the 1 9th century. Boddy's Bridge Boddy's Bridge, a small turning on the south side of Upper Ground, is now closely hemined in by high buildings. To the east of it is an oblong paved court approached only by steps from Boddy's Bridge. The houses round the court are now derelict. The court must originally have been similar 109 BANKSIDE in appearance to Queen's Arms Court, which formerly opened out of Upper Ground to the west of Boddy's Bridge and of which an early 1 9th-century view is reproduced on Plate 80^. Nos. 10, 12 and 14 Boddy's Bridge are two-storey houses with dormers. Nos. 12 and 14 are of red brick with a plain brick string course below the first floor windows. No. 10 has been refaced. The tiled roofs are of the mansard type, the upper slope being of pantiles. The two first floor windows to No. 14 retain their original sashes and glazing bars in flush frames; others are recessed and that on the first floor of No. 10 is a modern casement (Plate 79^). In a list of newly built tenements circa 1634** mention is made of a brick and timber tenement "builded by Richard Boddy" in 163 1 on a new foundation on the land of Thomas Browker, i.e., on part of the demesne land of the manor of Paris Garden. Presumably Richard Boddy bridged over the sewer in front of the house for in the Token Books from 1630 to 1642 there are entries referring to him as living by "Bodyes Bridg" in Upper Ground. Richard Boddy's grandson, John Boddy, "waterman," died in 1703/4 leaving his freehold property by Boddy's Bridge and his copyhold tenements on the north side of Upper Ground to his sister Rachel Graves and her son John as residuary legatees. ^^^ A court with houses on either side and a bridge over the sewer to Upper Ground is marked on Morden and Lea's map of 1682 on the site of Boddy's Bridge, but is not named. It is shown and named on Rocque's map (Plate 2). Several of the existing houses in Boddy's Bridge appear to date from the early years of the i8th century. They were probably built either by John Graves or by George Sterry his nephew, who inherited the property in 1722.^"'' no CHAPTER 2 1 HOPTON STREET (FORMERLY GREEN WALK) On the map of 1627, a triangular piece ot copyhold land enclosed on two sides by Gravel Lane is shown as in the tenure of Mr. Austin. This was William Austin, son of James Austin, dyer, who was admitted to the copyhold of a garden and orchard and several tenements in 1 ^<)6.^'^^''^ Towards the end of the 1 7th century a path was made across this land from the Mill Pond in Upper Ground to Christ Church, which became known as Churchway or Green Walk. In 1699, Austin Oldesworth, acting on behalf of William Austin, junior, the heir of the property, sold the ground on the east side of the way to James Price and John Morgan. "^"^ They proceeded to build on the ground and in February, 1 700/1, John Morgan applied to the Commissioners of Sewers for permission to cover over the "foule Sewer or deadhead on the backside of his houses in Green walk. "^"^ These houses were pulled down forty years later for the erection of Hopton's Almshouses (see below). On the ground immediately north of Morgan's, James Price built two houses, one of which was occupied by Samuel Clark, schoolmaster, who had a schoolroom behind them. In 1713 these houses, and the surrounding garden, were bought by the parish for the formation of Christ Church Charity School. ^2^^ The school remained on this site until i 897. Its modern successor is in Bear Lane. No. 6 1 Hopton Street {formerly 9 Green Walk) James Price also held the ground north of the school and on this he built a number of houses including five on either side of a passage running eastward from Green Walk which became known as Knight's Court. The houses must have been finished by 1 703 for in December of that year Price obtained permission to arch over the sewer in front of them from Mr. Morgan's premises to the Mill Pond.^^^ In 1720 Edward Knight obtained the copyhold of the messuage which he then occupied in Green Walk and the five messuages behind it.'^'^^ Knight's house, later known as No. 9, Green Walk, and now as No. 61 Hopton Street, remains substantially as it was when it was built, and is, in fact, the oldest house left in Christ Church parish. At Edward Knight's death * William .'\ustin died in 1633/4 and was buried in St. Saviour's Church where he has an elaborate monument. His mother married as her second husband Sir Robert Gierke, Baron of the Exchequer. Lady Clark's Yard was named after her. •> The school was founded under a bequest of Thomas Johnson, pinmaker, who in 1707 bequeathed [fio to establish a Charity Writing School for six poor housekeepers' boys. .\ board of trustees consisting of John Riches, Josiah Boyfield, John Ncale, Daniel Powle, William Jackson, Elborowe Glentworth, John Arnold and William Smith, was formed in 171 1. In May of that year they decided that 20 poor boys should be clothed and put to school. Girls were admitted in 17 19, it being urged in their favour that they would be "Enabled not only to make their own Shifts Caps and Bands, and knitt their own Hose, but likewise to doe the same for the Boys . . . which will save near as much as their Schooling will cost."^^" A minute and account book of the trustees covering the years 171 1 to 175 1 is now in the keeping of the headmaster of the school. I I I Austin BANKSIDE his children sold the copyhold to William Barnard, lighterman, who devised it to his sister, Ann Hutton, and her son, George Hutton. In 1761 George Hutton "of Newington, Surrey," sold the copyhold to Henry Bunn, and, from him, it passed in 1840 to his grandson, Henry Bilke. By that date there were eight houses in Knight's Court. Later owners prior to the enfranchise- ment of the property in 1924, were Henry Parry Liddon, James Epps and his descendants, and King & Jarrett, Ltd. Architectural Description The house comprises two storeys, attic and cellar. It is of red brick with a tiled roof and wood eaves cornice. The entrance doorcase is in wood with flanking pilasters and carved scroll brackets supporting a flat moulded hood, which is continued as a cornice above the ground floor windows. The windows have sashes with glazing bars and frames almost flush with the wall face; those on the ground floor have wood shutters. In the roof is a five-light dormer window with casement frames and glazing bars. Most of the original wrought-iron railings and the gate and overthrow remain, but portions have been recently renewed or reforged. The ground and first floor rooms have plain wood panelling with cornices and some moulded ceiling beams. The tenants of No. 61 in so far as they can be ascertained were: Circa 1720, Edward Knight (a trustee of the Charity School); 1744, Henry Batterson, bricklayer (treasurer of the Charity School); 1761, Samuel Reynolds; 1840, James Cantel; 1866-82, William Holmes; 1895, Mrs. Eliza Reynolds, vellum binder; Samuel Henry Sterck; 1908, Fanny Smith; 1924, Joseph Smith. Hoptons Almshouses Hopton's Almshouses were built in 1752 by trustees appointed under the will of Charles Hopton. Little is known about the founder. He was born circa 1654 and was admitted in infancy to the freedom of the Fishmongers' Company. He was resident in Golden Square, Westminster, in 1697,* and from 171 1 until his death in 1731 he lived on the north side of Petty France in the parish of St. Margaret, Westminster.^" He does not seem to have lived in Southwark at any time. He was, however, admitted in 1706 as a copy- holder of the piece of ground near the Pudding Mill previously held by Edmund Dunch, to whom he had been appointed steward or guardian under the will of Catherine Dunch (died 1697).^"^ It may be noted that Catherine Dunch was the daughter of William Oxton, brewer, who had a grant of several acres of the demesne land of Paris Garden from William Angell (see p. 98). Hopton does not appear to have married. He left222 j^jg freehold and copyhold lands in Christ Church parish to his cousin Thomas Jordan, and, after a number of legacies to friends and charities, the remainder of his property to his sister, Elizabeth, and after her death to trustees for the establish- ment of almshouses in Christ Church. Elizabeth Hopton died in 1739^" and Robert Ozler of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, Gentleman, died in 1698, leaving all his property to his cousin Charles Hopton of Golden Square, Westminster, on trust to spend ,^300 on the erection of a school in Low Leyton. Charles Hopton and John Strype, the historian, were among the governors of the school.^'* 112 I I PLATE 73 i^r^niiy 11* ^ ''i i g' IIOI' TON'S ALMSHOUSES. (</) Circi 1S50, (/j) 1934 PLATE 74 PLAN OF HOPTON'S ALMSHOUSES PLATE 75 tillHM.UKm{ m I JTHBJfflJlrv o H U tu miHiiii 13 I I , :E5JtT=i:i D 1 n o < u o U CO z g < > I— I w a:; o Q Q < ctj O to W pq C/3 W D O ac < z o H O PLATK ^6 EAST ELEVATION NORTH ELEVATION . — I — Al — 11 — SOUTH ELEVATION _I 1 1 I r I J £_J t_ > MOULDING DETAILS %/ea (t 9f fiti /vf e4 vaAu>nf . . .^ . .>, . .t . .r. .r. .•, HOPTON'S ALMSHOUSES. DETAILS OF TRUSTEES' .COMMITTEE ROOM PLATE 77 HOPTON'S ALMSHOUSES. LIVING ROOM PLATE 78 o o o u z o I- u ID t/5 O o ^ Q H W W »J H :^ o H Oh o I'J.ATK 79 ON Q O D C-l 6 9 3 I y. PLATE 80 -^ipaafli.i III MMr M <ryimm\| i (.0 FALCON GLASS WORKS, 1827 lb) QUEEN'S ARMS COURT, 1825 i'i,ArK 8 1 (a) BRITISH PLATE GLASS WAREHOUSE NEAR BLACKFRIARS BRIDGE, am/ 1800 (^) INTERIOR OF THl-: SLTRREY INSTITUTION, 1809 PLATE 82 No. 7, BLACKFRIARS ROAD, 1947 Pr.ATE 83 ^CALC or rcET No. 74, Bl.ACKl-RIARS ROAD PLATE 84 Qi) Nos. -75-78, BI^ACKFRIARS ROAD, 1947 (i) Nos. 134-139, BLACKFRIARS ROAD, 1946 I HOPTON STREET in 1743 her brother's trustees, WilHam Shaw, Richard Farwell and Alexander Haselar and the Vicar and Churchwardens of Christ Church, purchased from John Morgan, cordwainer, a piece of copyhold ground and "All Those five Messuages . . . with the Outhouses, Yards, Gardens and Peice of Ground to them . . . belonging, Situat . . . near the Green Walk in the Upper Ground . . . and all that peice of Ground called the Back Orchard and also all Those Eight Messuages . . . Scituate ... on the Eastward Side of the Green Walk . . . (which) at the North End . . . abutt upon a Messuage . . . belonging to the Trustees of the Charity School . . . now in the occupation of Samuel Clark, Schoolmaster, and at the South End . . . abutt partly on a Messuage . . . called the Joseph's Dream, the Estate of John Minshaw, Gentleman, and in other part on Garden Ground belonging to — Price. '"^"^ In March, 175 1/2, the Court Rolls record that the trustees "have pulled down ... all the Buildings standing on the said Premisses at the time of their . . . Admission And have Caused to be Erected . . . Twenty Six new Brick Messuages . . . And a Messuage designed for ... a Committee Room And have Surrounded . . . the same with a New Brick Wall." The total expenditure on the houses and ground was about ^^2700.^^ At the first committee meeting held on lothjuly, 1752, 26 poor persons were chosen to occupy the houses. Almsmen were allowed to marry but the original rules were framed to prevent children of the almsmen becoming chargeable to Christ Church parish. Each almsman was to receive a chaldron of coals and a payment of not less than £6 a year. This was subsequently increased to a payment of 2 is. 8d. a month and coal.-^- In 1825 two additional almshouses were built for the trustees by Samuel Rust, builder. No. 20 is now used for a library and common room.'- Detail of Staircase, Hopton's Almshouses 242 Architectural Description The almshouses consist of a continuous range of two-storey cottages 113 Q BANKSIDE on three sides of the central lawn with trees and paved paths. The buildings are of brown brick with chamfered stone rusticated quoins and tiled roofs with moulded eaves course. Each cottage consists of a ground floor sitting- room entered directly from the courtyard with a single room above. The two rooms are connected by a small dog-leg staircase with turned balusters. In the centre of the middle or eastern range and slightly projecting is the Trustees' Committee Room, with a brick pediment and stone moulded coping extending the full width of the projection. It has a central entrance door set in a stone surround with consoles supporting a moulded cornice. Over the doorway is a stone panel with pediment and side scrolls inscribed "Chas. Hopton, Esq., sole founder of this Charity, Anno 1752." On each side is a semicircular headed window with stone pilaster jambs, moulded archivolts and plain keystones. The internal walls of the committee room are panelled in pine to their full height and finished with enriched modillion cornice, frieze, architrave, skirting and dado rails. The chimneypiece consists of a wood mantel with bold shouldered architrave, pulvinated frieze and cornice, above which is a large panel. The six-panel door is surrounded by a moulded architrave, pulvinated frieze and cornice. Nos. I and 2, and 27 and 28 were demolished by enemy action in April and May, 1941, and Nos. 3, 4 and 5 were seriously damaged. In planning the rebuilding the trustees propose to preserve the original appear- ance of the buildings while making provision for a communal kitchen and common room for the use of the old people, with living accommodation above. The Falcon Glass Works These works were erected at the northern end of Hopton Street, at its junction with Holland Street, late in the i8th century by the firm of Pellatt &c Green (later Apsley Pellatt), partly on copyhold ground which had formerly belonged to James Austin, and partly on the site of the Millpond (see p. 108). The building now covering the site still follows the curve of the pond at its northern end (Plate 80.3). In 1 743 the Surrey and Kent Sewer Commissioners amerced John Boyfield for not "Casting Cleansing and Scowering the Pudding Mill Pond" adjoining to his premises at the Falcon. The pond is marked on Rocque's map of 1760, but was built over before the compilation of the first edition of Horwood's map (1794—99). In 1826 the jury of Paris Garden Manor pre- sented a report that "the stench arising from the Pudding mill stream below the Glass House of Messrs. Pellatt and Greens" was a common nuisance.^^ The stream was covered in soon after. 114 CHAPTER 22 BLACKFRIARS BRIDGE AND BLACKFRIARS ROAD In 1756 the Mayor, Aldermen and Commons of the City of London obtained authority by Act of Parliament'^'^ to build a bridge at Blackfriars, the third bridge across the Thames to be erected in the I>ondon area. It was designed by Robert Mylne. The first pile was driven in 1760; it was made passable as a bridle way in 1768 and was opened to traffic in 1769. It was made free of toll in 1785. Mylne's bridge lasted just over 100 years. Its decay was hastened by the increased scour in the bed of the river following the rebuilding of London Bridge. The present Blackfriars Bridge, which was designed by Joseph Cubitt, was commenced in 1864.'^^ The Act of 1756 gave powers to form approaches to the bridge but they were considered insufficient and in 1768 a further Act was obtained to make a new road from the southern end of Blackfriars Bridge to "The Dog and Duck," and Newington Butts. It was to be eighty feet wide and a "Circle, Area, or Place," was to be made where it crossed the turnpike road in Saint George's Fields, and a toll-gate was to be set up there. The road was known as Great Surrey Street until 1829 when its name was changed to Blackfriars Road. Most of the original houses in Great Surrey Street were built between 1765 and 1790. The greater part of the land belonged to the Barons, the then lords of the manor (see p. 98), who let out plots of ground on building leases to individual builders or speculators. Only a few i8th century houses now remain. Nos. 2-12 (fVest Side) Nos. 1-16 were formerly a terrace of four-storey houses in yellow stock brickwork and Nos. 2-12 retain to some extent their original character. The ground storeys have been altered by the insertion of shops. No. i has been rebuilt and Nos. 13—16 have been pulled down on account of damage by enemy action. At the rear of No. 3 are the much mutilated remains of the Rotunda or Surrey Institution. The Rotunda was built in 1788—9 for James Parkinson to house the natural history collection of Sir Ashton Lever which had pre- viously been exhibited in Leicester House, Parkinson having won the collec- tion in the lottery held after Sir Ashton Lever's death. The collection in- cluded the tropical and other curiosities collected by Captain Cook on his voyages. Half a crown was charged for admission but financially the venture proved a failure and the collection was sold by auction in 1806. In the following year the house was taken by the newly established Surrey Institu- tion. An elaborate description of the building at this time is given in Acker- mann's MicrocosTn^^ — " In 1780 Mylne built a house for his own residence on the east side of Great Surrey Street (Blackfriars Road), which survived as the York Hotel until 1864, when it was pulled down to make room for the railway. ^^ BANKSIDE "The entrance to this academic mansion is in Blackfriars- road, beneath an elegant portico of the Ionic order, which is crowned with the appropriate statue of Contemplation, and forms a very pleasing object. In the hall there are communications with the dwelling-house of the secretary and his office. A vestibule then opens into a spacious anti-room, which is intended for the reception of the larger kind of philosophical apparatus; and from thence, through folding doors, is the entrance to a very elegant apartment, fitted up in the style of a Grecian temple; whose dome and entablature are apparently supported by eight Corinthian columns, between which are placed bronze statues of the different fathers of science and literature, such as Homer, Bacon, Locke, Newton, Franklin, &c. Beneath the intercolumniation are four large niches, which contain the philosophical apparatus employed by the professor of that department in his lectures. On the right and left are the reading and pamphlet-rooms, which are of handsome proportions . . . they are lighted by skylights. Contiguous to these apartments are the conversation-rooms, one of which opens into the theatre where the public lectures are delivered. It may be said . . . that this theatre is one of the most elegant rooms in the metropolis. It contains two galleries; one, which is the uppermost, is supported by eight Doric columns, of Derbyshire marble, whose entablature is crowned by a balustrade of the same materials. The gallery beneath is curiously constructed, being sustained by iron columns and their projecting cantalivers or trusses. The diameter of the theatre is thirty-six feet; and the parterre, or ground part, contains nine rows of seats, which rise above each other in commodious gradation. The first gallery contains two, and that above it three rows of seats. The light is received from the dome, and warmth is administered in the winter season by flues containing heated air, which are concealed in the wall. Great attention has also been paid to its necessary ventilation. In this noble apartment, which is calculated to contain upwards of five hundred persons, the lectures are delivered. . . . "Adjoining the theatre ... is the chemical laboratory, in which convenience, compactness and elegance are united. Contiguous to it is the committee-room. On the other side of the theatre is the library, which is sixty feet in length, with a gallery on three sides, and an easy access to it by a flight of steps. This room is rendered pecu- liarly pleasant by the garden in its front, which is calculated to convey an idea of rural retirement. . . . The reading-rooms were opened for the proprietors on the ist of May, 1808. Lectures on chemistry, mineralogy, natural philosophy, and other subjects, were commenced by Mr. Accum and Mr. Jackson in the November following." The circular rotunda still survives though the dome and the drum which supported it have been removed following damage by enemy action. 116 BLACKFRIARS ROAD They have been replaced by a temporary roof. The entrance hall has a flat ceiling from which rises an oval-shaped dome with skylights. This is intact, as are the two small circular rooms on either side of it, which are lighted by central openings in their domed ceilings. All these rooms are now used for commercial purposes. The Surrey Institution gradually declined and the Rotunda was let for other purposes. It was used intermittently as a theatre and in 1830 it was taken by Richard Carlile, the free thinker, for public discussions of his views.^ Two years later there were complaints "that the Noises nightly made in the House commonly called the Rotunda in Great Surrey Street and the Crowd thereby collected is a Common Nuisance."^' "In the house No. 6, opposite the York Hotel, lived Sir Richard Phillips, and in the rear. Bride Court, he published his Monthly Magazine. Here . . . [he] formed a collection of original portraits of English authors and artists."^ The front of No. 7 has rectangular modelled panels of Coade's artificial stone above the first floor windows with reclining figures representing the arts. The centre window has a moulded architrave with brackets and cornice supporting an urn in Coade's stone, the whole being set within a round arched recess (Plate 82). ICALC Of fEET Lamp Standard No. 83 Blackfriars Road Nos. 74-83 and 85-88 These are late i 8th-century brick houses though the ground floor fronts of Nos. 75, 79, 80 and 81 and the upper part of No. 74 have been rendered in stucco. In the latter house a wood shopfront has been inserted with end pilasters terminated with robed figures supporting a cornice. Nos. 75 to 78 have French casement windows on the first floor opening on to iron balconies. Nos. 80 and 8 i also have well-designed continuous cast-iron balconies to the first floor windows. The entrance passages of several of the houses have good moulded plaster ceil- ings decorated with rosettes. No. 79 has a plain Doric pilastered doorcase, while Nos. 80—83 have round arched doorways with panelled soffits flanked by Corinthian columns supporting dentilled cornices. No. 88 has a free-standing porch ot two Doric columns supporting an entablature with triglyphs and mutule cornice. These houses all formed part of the terrace known at the end of the i8th century as Burrow's Buildings, after John Burrow who owned the freehold. No. 74 was occupied by Charles Lines, coachbuilder, from 18 14 to 1851 and by the 117 Fireplace, No. 88 Blackfriars Road BANKSIDE terra cotta works of Mark Henry Blanchard & Co., from 1853-80. 2 The figures on either side of the doorway were probably installed during this period. Since 1 881 John Hoare & Son, builders, have been the occupiers. Edward Cowper, inventor, lived at No. 82 from iSigto 1820. He patented a number of improvements in printing processes and "he may be said to have done for the printing machine what Watt did for the steam-engine."'^ He entered into partnership with his brother-in-law Augustus Applegarth, who was living at No. 24, Nelson Square (see p. 132), and together they established a printing business in Duke Street, Stamford Street, Southwark. This was subsequently taken over by William Clowes. Gilbert Handasyde, a member of the family of iron founders, who were carrying on business at Falcon Wharf (see p. 65), tenanted No. 84 from 1805 to 1819 and his widow, Ann, continued to live there until 1824. SCALE OF FCET No. 8 1 Blackfrlars Road. Entrance Hall. Section and ceiling plan No. 86 was occupied by John Gilbert Meymott, solicitor, from 1809-4;, and by John Meymottand William J. Meymott until 1856. The office of steward of the Manor of Paris Garden was held by members of this family from 1828 until 1881.°^ William J. Meymott compiled a history of the Manor which was published in 1881.''' Nos. 174, I 81-184 ^^'^ 186-189 {East Side) Nos. 174 and 184 have been demolished with the exception of the ground floors. The wood porch with Doric columns and pediment of No. 1 74 118 BLACKFRIARS ROAD remains. Nos. i 8 i — i 84 are later in date than the others in this group. They are of yellow stock brick and comprise tour storeys and basements. Nos. 18 i and 182 have continuous iron balconies of a plain diagonal pattern. A shop- front has been inserted in No. 183. The doorways to Nos. 186-189 have broad arched rusticated surrounds. Some ot the rooms are panelled. These houses have been badly damaged by enemy action and parts of the upper storeys have been taken down. The site of Nos. 181-184 is shown as open ground on the ist edition of Horwood's Map (1794—99) and these were nearly the last houses in Blackfriars Road to be completed. They are shown as tenanted in the rate book for 1808. No. 182 (formerly 103) was occupied by John Bunnell Davis, physician, from 1815 till his death in 1824. He was trained at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and was appointed physician to the troops invalided home from Walcheren. He published several medical works.' No. 184 (formerly 105) had as its first tenant (from 1808-18 13) Ralph Blegborough, physician, who specialised in midwifery and gave generously of his services to the poor.' Nos. 186-189 were part of the terrace ot houses called St. George's Place, built circa 1777 by William Conquest and John Noad of Virginia Street, Ratcliff Highway, carpenter.-'" They were, therefore, among the earliest houses in the road. It is interesting to note that Thomas Giffin, who acted as entrepreneur, became a bankrupt a few years later. These houses have all been used for commercial purposes from an early date. No. 196 {^formerly 117) The house at the south-east corner of Blackfriars Road and Union Street (formerly Charlotte Street) was from the period of its erection at the end of the i8th century until 1931 in the occupation of various firms of iron- mongers. The house had for its sign a brass Dog and Pot, a sign which was used as a trade mark on coal plates and other iron work. Charles Dickens, when he was a poor boy living in Lant Street, often passed the shop with the sign of the "golden dog licking a golden pot.''^^^ The house was destroyed in 1 940-1. The fine brass and wood sign (Plate 86) was sold in 1931 and is now in the Cuming Museum. The Surrey Chapel, later The Ring Surrey Chapel was built in 1782 by the Rev. Rowland Hill and Sir Richard Hill, bart., his brother, on the north-east corner of Blackfriars Road and Union Street. A lease of the ground was assigned^^^ to Sir Richard Hill and others in 1785 by Mathias Peter Dupont in trust for the "Protestant Dissenters" of Lady Huntingdon's connection. Rowland Hill had been admitted to deacon's orders in the Church of England as a young man and he never entirely severed his connection with the Church. Though he was always considered to be the pastor of Surrey Chapel it was not licensed in his name and he generally spent a great part of the summer in visiting various parts of the country.2^^ pjg ^^s reputed to be eccentric — among other things he was an advocate of vaccination and "himself performed the operation on many thousands of people "^^^ — but he drew great congregations to the chapel. He died in 1833 at his house, No. 45 Charlotte Street, and was buried in a vault under the pulpit of the chapel.^ 119 BANKSIDE In 1876 the congregation removed to the newly erected Christ Church in Westminster Bridge Road, and the old octagonal chapel was finally closed as a place of worship in 1881.^ Views of the exterior and interior are re- produced on Plate 85. The building was used for a time as a factory^^" and afterwards for boxing, when it became known as "The Ring." It was badly damaged during the war and has now been entirely demolished. Edwards' Almshouses In 1717 Edward Edwards, of the parish of Christ Church, executed a deed by which he transferred certain lands to trustees to be used after his death for charitable purposes. These included the endowment of the charity school, an annual distribution of beef and bread on Christmas Day and the purchase of land for almshouses.^" By 1752 sufficient profit had accrued from the land to enable the trustees to purchase from Thomas Jordan a piece of ground called the Physic Garden. This lay to the south of what was then Green Walk (now Burrell Street).* The first almshouses were erected in 1753 at a cost of ;^i5o, Richard Hall being the contractor.^^ Subsequently 44 almshouses were built. In order to obtain a revenue they also built 1 5 houses on the Blackfriars Road frontage of the ground (Nos. 216-230) and houses in Robert Street, Charles Street and Edward Street. The present almshouses in Burrell Street date only from 1895, b'^^ ^ stone from the original building has been affixed to the wall facing Burrell Street. It bears the inscription — EDWARD EDWARDS Sole Founder 1794 The Albion Mills The Albion Mills were designed by Samuel Wyatt and John Rennie for the purpose of grinding flour on a large scale by means of Watt's steam- engines. The mill was completed in 1786 and attracted many visitors. The millers and workmen regarded the machinery with suspicion and dislike and the fire which destroyed the whole building in 1791 was probably caused by incendiaries.^ The mills occupied copyhold ground on the east side of Blackfriars Road between the river and Upper Ground. The site is now covered by the railway goods depot. The Goods Depot, British Railways (Southern Region) In 1863 the London, Chatham and Dover Railway Company acquired the land between the river and the newly-formed Southwark Street on the east side of Blackfriars Road for the formation of a goods and passenger station. The engineering work was carried out by Joseph Cubitt and T. "■ It was part of the demesne land of the manor sold by William Angell to William Oxton (see p. 98). 120 PLATE 85 SURREY CHAPEL (,/) I'.XTERIOR, 179S (/-) INri'.RIC^R, 181: PLATE 86 Q <; O < to u < 33 ON o H O Q < o o Q H [-IH o 2; o PI. A IK 87 Q < O u 00 o < O o PLATE o m oO H W W a! H Q o <: H in o" T3 C c« OO CO OO o PLATE 89 ON H W H Q O ON 5 u z ^ ./j ri, ATE 90 "^ Hffl5 i!M nisi m m i.„,i UJ Q o 2 ^rn w/a 'f-TIT 'm( I ii tii ( [in Psa --3— r4 :#t: laiij'.:^j Ul Q < LU te;\| i^-\EttM iFn^fTTTl rrpfi lffl[ffiB[ Ca-i etc Cc [fflBI Ld UJ o S o I/O crc i^i- B[iaim«:H-; eiQiakLya;-; HMBac O H w a; < D o W iz; i PLATE 91 ^ p-i (J >^ (^ z c/D 2 z ^3 << J ^ ^ ^J T ^ \ p@3==^"<5@>= 1 1 1^ o z PLATE 92 (a) NELSON SQUARE, EAST SIDE, 1940 (h) Nos. 2-9, DOLBEN STREET, 1946 I BLACKFRIARS ROAD Turner and the architectural work by John Taylor, junior. The station was opened for traffic on ist June, 1864. A contemporar)- account describes the building as comprising two levels, the lower one entirely for goods and the upper for goods and passengers; the main portion of the upper or passenger level being carried upon iron columns and girders.^^^ The station is now entirely used for goods traffic. The building presents an imposing elevation to the southern approach to Blackfriars Bridge. It is 420 feet long and 60 feet high and is divided into eleven bays by broad flat piers. There are two tiers of arcading in which the wide entrances below the platform level are spanned by boldly treated seg- mental arches. The windows above and below platform level have either semicircular or flatly pointed three-ring vari-coloured brick arches. They are grouped in pairs except in the third bays from each end, which have three windows each. Over the whole length runs a deep moulded brick cornice returned around the piers, and a plain brick parapet with two squat stone terminal finials. The elevation is of stock brickwork relieved by bands of red and pale buff terra-cotta, with ornamental voussoirs and cornice corbels in the same material. An effect of entasis is imparted to the facade by a slight outward curve on plan. The building is of interest as an early essay in railway architecture and in the use made of the Italianate Gothic style which was to dominate English architecture for an era. Unfortunately it has for many years been disfigured by unsightly hoardings and its features probably go unnoticed by the great majority of passers-by. 121 CHAPTER 23 STAMFORD STREET Stamford Street is built on part of the demesne land of the manor of Paris Garden. At the eastern end it roughly follows the line of an earlier road, called Holland's Leaguer, from the notorious house of that name (see p. 96). The eastern end from Blackfriars Bridge Road to No. 40 (i.e. as far as the old alley known as Boddy's Bridge, which still opens into Upper Ground) was built circa 1790. On the first edition of Horwood's map (1794—99) the ground westward of Boddy's Bridge is, except on the river frontage, shown as open gardens or fields. Upper Stamford Street, the continuation of Stamford Street westward to Broad Wall, was added circa 1803. The extension to Waterloo Road was made in 1 8 1 5. Only a few of the original houses of Stamford Street now remain. Architectural Description Nos. 16, 18 and 20 Stamford Street were demolished in 1923. They comprised four storeys and basement. They were, like all the other original houses in the street, constructed in stock brickwork. Their generally plain exteriors were relieved by a modillion cornice between the second and third floors, while a plain stone band marked the level of the first floor, and the window sills at this level were also carried through to form a string course. The entrance doors had wooden pedimented hoods supported on shaped brackets over a semicircular headed opening. The top storey of the flank wall of No. 1 6 Stamford Street fronting on to Bennett Street was ramped down and continued as a parapet above the modillion cornice, with dormer windows in the roof. The interiors contained some interesting deal mantelpieces and various types of cast-iron fire grates typical of the last quarter of the i8th century. The staircases were plain. Nos. 28-40 Stamford Street were built at about the same time as Nos. 1 6—20 and are of similar design, but comprise three storeys and basement, with dormers in a slated mansard roof. The fronts have been repaired in recent years and the ground floor of No. 38 has been faced with stucco. The ground floor openings are arched and the majority of the windows have their original glazing bars. Nos. 34, 38 and 40 retain their original simple pattern fanlights and at No. 30 is a bowed 122 No. 3 2 Stamford Street STAMFORD STREET oriel shop-window which was probably inserted soon after the premises were built. Nos. 42—48 were built circa 1803. They are four storeys high with parapet. All the windows have gauged flat arches and most of the sashes retain their glazing bars. Nos. 46 and 48 have original wood door cases of simple design with open pedimented heads, flat pilasters and panelled reveals, No. 48 having also a patterned fanlight. There is a later shop front to No. 42, 48 46 44 4a •40 58 Jo the side entrance door of which is framed as two wood panels, each heavily studded and having a single raised panel in the centre. No. 18 (Plate 89^), formerly 27 and afterwards 52, was the residence of John Rennie from 1794 until his death there in 1821. This period covered the most important part of his career. Among other works, he was responsible for the design and construction of Waterloo Bridge and Southwark Bridge, the formation of London Docks and the East India Docks and the design and erection of new machinery for the Royal Mint. His son. Sir John Rennie, who also rose to eminence in the engineering profession and who completed his father's plans for the new London Bridge, was born at 18, Stamford Street in 1794. This house and those round the corner in Bennett Street, including 28 Bennett Street, the birth place of John Leech, caricaturist, were pulled down in 1923. The London County Council has erected a tablet on the new building recording that John Reimie and John Leech formerly resided in houses on the site.255 Joseph Gwilt is entered in the rate books for a house on the south side of Stamford Street in 1810-12, and at the house next to John Rennie's in Bennett Street in 1812-17. No. 44, formerly 39, was occupied in 1865 by the Rev. Robert Spears, minister of Stamford Street Unitarian Chapel. At No. 35, formerly 18, on the south side, lived Thomas Love Peacock and his mother in 1832-43. The house is now demolished. No. 57, formerly 29, was occupied by Walter Cooper Dendy, surgeon, in 1826-39. ^^ was a student at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and had a private practice in Stamford Street. He was the author of several medical and speculative works.^ Stamford Street Unitarian Chapel The erection of this chapel was begun in 1821 on a piece of open ground fronting the newly made Upper Stamford Street (now part of Stam- ford Street). The ground was purchased from Mr. David Bickerton for ;^400 123 BANKSIDE and the contractors, Messrs. Bennett and Hunt, were paid £2,S7'^ for the building. The cost was defrayed out of the proceeds of the sale to the West- minster Improvement Commissioners of the Unitarian Chapel in Princes Street, Westminster. The new chapel united the two congregations of Princes Street Chapel and St. Thomas's Street Chapel, Southwark, whose lease had run out.^^^ By I 859, the congregation had dwindled so much that it was proposed to close the chapel, but the advent of the Rev. Robert Spears in 1861 brought new life and a few years later the gallery was built across the back to increase the seating capacity. In 1882, the congregation was flourishing and the need for more accommodation was felt. The roof was removed and a hall "capable of holding about 500 children" was built over the chapel for the use of the Sunday School. The organ, which came from Little Portland Street Chapel in the I 86o's and which had been installed under the gallery, was moved to the recess between the columns at the opposite end of the building and the pulpit was advanced in front of it. At the same time, the vestry was enlarged and the original central entrance under the portico was replaced by two side doors. In 1897, the congregation was joined by that of the Blackfriars Mission from the New Cut, and the accommodation of the chapel was further increased by the excavation of rooms below ground level. The present pulpit was also installed at that time. Architectural Description The building has some pretensions to architectural merit. A writer at the time of its erection described the design as "chaste and grand. "^^^ The front projects slightly from the adjacent houses and consists of a hexastyle portico of the Doric order crowned by a pediment, the shafts of the columns standing directly on the pavement. The interior is dignified and simple in treatment, reflecting the Greek character of the front. It has a flat ceiling with massive beams and is lit by three plain round-arched windows on each side. Over the entrance lobby is a shallow stepped gallery with an iron grille front of anthemion design. Behind the rostrum is a shallow recess containing the organ and partially screened by two fluted Doric columns. List of Ministers 1823 Dr. Thomas Rees 1904 William Lyddon Tucker 1 83 1 Edwin Chapman 1907 John C. Ballantyne 1834 Thomas Wood 1913 W. J. Piggott 1839 William Hincks 1918 H. W. Stephenson 1852 J. T. Cooper 1921 J. H. Short 1855 Hugh Hutton 1923 W. G. Topping 1858 T. L. Marshall 1930 A. J. Heale 1 86 1 Robert Spears 1932 L. D. Badman 1874 Thomas Dunkerley 1935 E. W. Smith 1880 W. Copeland Bowie 1939 F. M. Ryde 1890 William Jellie 1945 A.J.Long 1 898 Frederick Allen 124 CHAPTER 24 Nos. 72-80 COLOMBO STREET In the 1 8th century, Colombo Street, Burrell Street and Hopton Street formed a continuous lane called Green Walk, most of which was included in what afterwards became the Brown Estate (see p. 99). In 1706, when the land forming this estate was purchased by Charles Hopton, ^^^ Green Lane was already laid out and had a number of tenements on the south side, including probably Nos. 72-80 Colombo Street, though the descriptions are not specific enough for certainty. Unfortunately, the cottages cannot be traced back in the rate books earlier than 1823, when they were known as Nos. 49-53 Collingwood Street West. The numbers were altered to 1-5 in I 842,2'^ and to 80-72 in 1886^^ and the name was changed to Colombo Street in 1937.^1 For some years, this little row of houses was referred to locally as the Fishermen's Cottages but the name seems to have been of recent application and not to have had any historical foundation. The cottages have, since 1823, been occupied by small tradesmen and artisans. BANKSIDE Architectural Description This row of timber-framed and weatherboarded cottages appeared to date from the late 17th century. With the exception of No. 80, which was pulled down prior to 1939, they survived till 1948, but they were so shattered by bomb blast as to be irreparable. Each cottage consisted of two storeys and an attic with dormers in a pantiled roof and one room on each floor and a lean-to scullery at the back. The winding staircase was situated at the end of a narrow L-shaped passage and entered direct into the first floor room from which it continued to the attic. Some of the cottages retained their original battened doors. NOS3 HOia ik ^, -t. 1 CHJOUMD 'LOOH^ SECOND ruoof^^ FEZr <e> 3 Nos. 72-80 Colombo Street 126 CHAPTER 25 DOLBEN STREET (FORMERLY GEORGE STREET) George Street was formed circa 1776 and the houses on either side were completed and tenanted by 1780 when the street name first occurs in the sewer rate books.^" It was built across the open fields shown as "tenter grounds" on Rocque's maps, on part of what became known as Brown's Estate. The formation of George Street was part of the rapid development of the area which followed the erection of Blackfriars Bridge. The street was renamed Dolben Street in 191 i in honour of John Dolben (1625-86), Arch- bishop of York, who in 1671, when Bishop of Rochester, officiated at the consecration of Christ Church. Throughout the period that these houses are shown in the rate books and directories they have been occupied by small tradesmen, chandlers, bakers, etc., and by artisans. Architectural Description Nos. 2 to 15 (consec), on the south side of Dolben Street, form a late 18th-century terrace of three storeys in plum-coloured brickwork but they ELEVATION SECTION PLAN No. 5 Dolben Street have undergone some alterations and rebuilding at later periods. They abut directly on to the street with basement windows partly above ground level. Several of the doorcases retain their simple architectural surrounds. 127 BANKSIDE No. 2 has a projecting shop front with splayed sides supported on two shaped brackets, and with an overhanging fascia, comprising a frieze and cornice with modillions on three simple console brackets, extending over the shop and entrance. No. 5 has a projecting window with splayed sides and a doorcase with moulded architrave and brackets supporting a moulded pediment. No. 14 has a slightly bowed shop front with glazing bars and small panes to the windows. The design appears to have been altered by the intro- duction of a shop door placed slightly out of centre. The original entrance remains at the side. Nos. 41 to 57 on the north side are, with the exception of No. 45, the original houses dating from the latter part of the 1 8th century. All are three storeys high in yellowish brick. The houses have flush panelled doors and plain fanlights and several have remains of small early 1 9th century shop fronts, now disused, and narrow hallways with simple panelled partitions and plain staircases. No. 43, the office of Brown's Estate, has an added stucco cornice and blocking course and stucco architraves to the windows. Nos. 46 to 50 have a projecting band across at the second floor window heads, and the ground storey openings are set in moulded round arch recesses linked at the springing by a stone band. Nos. 51 to ^6 have their ground storeys rendered in cement. Nos. 55 and 56 retain their hood boards and shaped brackets to the entrances. No. 57 differs from the others. It has four windows on each of the upper floors and a slated mansard roof with dormers behind a parapet. The entrance is recessed with a modern brick porch addition and it has a semicircular arched head and panelled wood sides and soffit. There are four stone steps projecting over the pavement with wrought-iron curved railings of plain pattern on each side. On the west side of the entrance is a later arched opening with double doors. li'iiiiiiii XAU or iin No. 20 Nelson Square 128 CHAPTER 26 NELSON SQUARE Nelson Square was laid out circa 1807 on land, previously demesne land of the manor of Paris Garden, belonging to Sir Francis Lindley Wood, ancestor of Lord Halifax.^^^ The houses on the north side were completed and occupied by 1808, but the square was not fully tenanted until i8i4.-'^ William Hansard"^" seems to have built most of the houses in the square and it seems likely that Samuel Pepys Cockerell, who was certainly concerned with several of the houses there, designed the whole. < o u < u. u < n Wood Architectural Description The houses are of stock brickwork with a few ground floor fronts stuccoed. The east and part of the north sides are of three storeys with segmental headed dormers in a slated mansard roof above a parapet, but those on the south side, together with some on the north, arc of four and five storeys without dormers. The front doors, with their surrounds and patterned fanlights, are of varied design. Many of the ground floor window heads retain their original 129 BANKSIDE \ /^^K\ V _L _L A 7 Qi i — JJl_ ; 1 l_._. J, ^ f-U A^o. 43 Nehon Square curved sash bars. The majority of the houses have iron balconies of varying patterns at first floor level. The railings to the basements are of plain spear- head type, some with iron lampholders over the gateways. The upper window openings have gauged brick arches and plain _ / r •^ ^ f :^s ^'i (S^\ f(^\ /^i iS^ . mm umiM' tg^ ff^c:-. /iS^ Yf'fY V'f'f'f mmm fwy ??! m ^ ^^ @ ^ Nos. 31-35 Nehon Square 130 NELSON SQUARE reveals, those on the first floor, in a number of cases, being set in gauged brick semicircular arched recesses. The ground floor openings are generally round-headed. Nos. 1-6 have been replaced by a commercial building and many of the houses in the square have been badly damaged or destroyed by enemy action. The whole square is being acquired for a housing scheme by the Southwark Borough Council. A sketch of the pump, which used to stand in the square and is now In the churchyard of St. Mary Newington, is reproduced on p. 132. Few of the inhabitants of Nelson Square have attained eminence. The outstanding exception was Percy Bysshe Shelley who took lodgings at No. 26 as a tenant of Thomas Lillo on 9th November, 18 14. Shelley's fortunes were at a very low ebb at this time and his anxieties were increased by the ill-health of Mary Godwin and the difficult temperament of "Claire" (Mary Jane Clairmont), both of whom were living with him.^^^ In January, 181 5, his grandfather died and Shelley was able to find relief from his financial worries by selling his reversionary interest in the © Q NO 5G NEL50N6Q_ NO 17 NEL50N SQ. 131 BANKSIDE Shelley estates to his father. He moved to Hans Place on 8th February, 1 8 1 5. In 1932 the London County Council erected a memorial tablet on No. 26, Nelson Square. William Hansard, the builder of the square, lived at No. I from 1808 to 18 14, and Augustus Applegarth, brother in-law and partner of Edward Cowper, inventor of printing machinery, was at No. 24 from 1 8 1 3 to 1 8 1 8. Messrs. Lincoln & Bennett, hat manufacturers, occupied No. 24 from 1862 to 1932 and for some years they also tenanted the houses on either side. In 1 89 1 the Women's University Settlement took over No. 44. They now occupy Nos. 44-47- Thomas Barnes, editor of The Times, was at No. 48 from 1826 to 1831 and at No. 49 from 1832 to 1835. Sir Charles Aldis, surgeon, lived at No. 57 (formerly 53) from 1808 to 181 2 and at No. 49 from 1813 to 1830, being the first occupant of both houses. He was for a time surgeon to the parish of Christ Church. A short account of him is given in the Dictionary of National Biography. His wife died in Nelson Square in 1822. SKMK.':-^-:;;::^:, I 132 APPENDIX MAP OF SOUTHWARK MADE IN 1618 (PLATE I) While this book was in course of preparation a map which throws considerable light on the topography of Southwark in the early 1 7th century was most opportunely found in the City Comptroller's Office at Guildhall. The map is on parchment, drawn in ink and tinted. Unfortunately it was soaked with water during a bomb incident early in the war and in a mis- guided attempt to restore the faded writing someone has inked over most of the names. The original writing can, however, be seen under a glass and the genuineness of the document cannot be impugned. No scale is given on the map and the roads and boundaries marked show considerable distortion, yet it gives a general idea of the layout of the area and the relationship of one place to another. Of particular interest for this volume are the extent of the Bishop of Winchester's park and the siting of the Swan and Globe Playhouses. The map gives final confirmation to the argument that the Globe was south of Maid Lane and on the northern side of the park. There were no ancillary documents with the map, but it was obvious from its appearance and from the details shown that it had been drawn about 1620. Fortunately it was known from printed sources {Diary of Edward Alleyn and the Index to the Remcmbrancia of the City of London) that there was a lawsuit in 1618-20 about the way from St. George's Fields to Bankside and with this clue Mr. P. E. Jones, deputy keeper of the records of the City Corporation, was able to trace the full history of the dispute and of the map in the City records. Briefly the story was that the innkeepers of Borough High Street, who were either tenants of property of the Bridge House Estates or came within the jurisdiction of the City of London, tried to prevent the innkeepers of Bankside from diverting custom to their houses, the Falcon and other newer establishments, by stopping up the right of way across St. George's Fields to the river. The case was heard at Westminster and the City and its lessees lost the day. The map was drawn to illustrate the matter in dispute. By the courtesy of the City Corporation the relevant extracts from the records are set out below. Rep. 33, fo. 260. Court of Aldermen., 26 March, 16 18 Item this day after the cause in difference betweene the Inhabitants ot the Borough of Southarke and certaine Inkeepers at the Banckside touching a way lately made to the said Innes through S' Georges Feildes whereby most part of the Countrey people w'^'' were wont to lodge in the same Boroughe are now drawne to the said Innes was here in open Court in the presence of the said parties and of Councell learned on either side heard and debated of. It is ordered by this Court that M'' Aldran Barkham and M'' Alderman Rotheram shall view the same way and take considerac5n BANKSIDE of the said cause in difference and make report to this Court in writing under their handes how they shall finde the same, and of their opynions therein and in the meane tyme an iron Chayne to be hanged overthwart the said way to stopp the passage of Countrey men to the said Innes. Rep. 2)4-) fi- 320. Ct. of Aldermen, 27 Jan. 1619/20 Item it is ordered by this Court that . . . shall tomorrowe in the afternoone attend the Lordes of his Ma'^s moste ho'" Privye Councell touching a Certaine way leading out of Southwark over the Citties landes to the Banckside. . . . Rep. 34, fo. 339^. Ct. of Aldermen., 15 Feb. 1619/20 Item it is ordered by this Court that the suite in lawe to be Commenced for and concerninge the waie over S' George his feildes to the Banckside shalbee prosecuted at the Bridghouse Chardge And M'' Mosse to take care thereof. (M"". Mosse was City Solicitor.) Rep. 2Si fi- ^4^- ^^- of Aldermen, 21 Nov. 1620 Item this day M'' Mosse the Citties Solicitor informed this Court that in the suite betweene the Borough of Southwarke and the Inhabitantes of the Banckside defended by John Stocke in his Ma'''^ Court of kinges Benche touchinge a Way through S' George his feilds to the Banckside. A verdict passed against the saide Boroughe. And thereupon sixe poundes, thirteene shillinges, eight pence for damages and costes of suite was awarded against the saide Stocke. Whereupon forasmuch as the saide suite touched the liberties of this Cittie and was defended by the Countenance of this Court it is ordered that the Bridgmaster shall satisfie and pay unto the said Stocke the said somme of six poundes, thirtie {sic) shillinges, eight pence. Bridge House Estates. Weekly Payments 30 May 1618. pd. to M"' Rathborne for surveying S' Georges Feildes & drawing A plott thereof xli^. 16 Jan. 161 8/19. Payd for the Juriers & surveyo" dinner att the placeing of 7 stones marked w"^ the Bridgehowse for the better knowing of their Landes in S' Georges Feild xxxvi^ vi^. 30 Jan. 161 8/19. Payd to the Masons & labourers for their extra- ordinary paynes in setting up markestones in S' Georges Feildes. xii^. 20 Feb. 161 8/19. given to Mr. Ratsbure the survayer of lande, for viewinge of parte of S' Georges Feilde. xi^. (Feb.— Mar. The Bridge House were erecting a 'pownd' in S Georges Fields.) 19 Aug. 1620. pd. for diverse Fees aswell to Counsellers as attour- nies for followinge of Stockes suite against Hinde about the thoroughway from the Faulcon in to S^ George his fieldes as by a bill appeareth. viii" xv^. 134 APPENDIX I I Nov. 1620. 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REFERENCES 198 199. 200. 201. 1203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225. Contemporary newspaper cuttings in the extra-illustrated copy of The history and antiquities of the parochial church of St. Saviour's, Southzcark, by J. Night- ingale, in the British Museum. Lambeth Palace MSS.: Whittleseye Reg., p. 114. Act, I & 2 Vic, c. 35. Southwark Reference Library MSS: Accounts of Zoar St. School. An Act for making new Sewers and Drains . . . within certain Districts under the Jurisdiction of the Commissioners of Sewers for the Limits extending from East Mouldsey, in Surrey, to Ravens- borne in Kent, 49 Geo. Ill, cap. 183. Court Rolls of the Manor of Paris Garden. (The Court roll books from 172 1 onwards are in the custody of the L.C.C.; the earlier ones are at the Minet Library.) The accounts of the overseers of the Poor of Paris Garden, Southzvark, by P. Norman. L.C.C. MS. History of the Abbey of Bermondsev. B.M. 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John Aubrey, The Natural History and Antiquities of the County of Surrey, 17 19, vol. V. 229. Private Act, 7 Wm. Ill, cap. 26. 230. House of Commons Journals. 231. History of Surrey, by Manning & Bray, vol. III. 232. History and Antiquities of London, by Thomas .Allen, 1827-9, vol. IV. 233. Marshalls Charity Trustees Minute Books. 234. Act 31 Geo. Ill, cap. 61. 235. Williamson's ed. of Boyne's Trade Tokens \^ issued in the Seventeenth Century, vol. II. / 236. Original Will of John Boddy in the Arch- deaconry Court of Surrey. 237. Deed of declaration of trust and constitution of Christchurch School in the custody of Messrs. Greenwood and Knocker. 238. A report upon the property and income of the Christ Church Southwark Parochial School Trust compiled for the use of the trustees, by Chas. Greenwood, 1888 (in Southwark Reference Library). 239. History of Ley ton, by Jn. Kennedy, 1894. 240. Westminster Reference Library: Rate Books of St. Margaret's Parish. 241. P.C.C, 130 Henchman. 242. Records of Trustees of Hopton's Charity. 243. Public Act, 29 Geo. II, c. 86. 244. Illustrated London Nezvs,2nd]B.n\i!Lxy,\%6\. 245. Thames Bridges, by James Dredge, 1897. 246. \cV.erm!inn'i Microcosm of London,Yo\.\\\. 247. L.C.C. Court Leet Rolls of the Manor of Old Paris Garden. 248. L.C.C. Poor Rate Books of the Parish of Christchurch. 249. History of the Manor of Old Paris Garden, ) Surrey, by W. J. Meymott, 1 8 8 1 . / 250. Deeds in the possession of Southwark Borough Council. 251. Life of Charles Dickens, by John Forster. 252. P.R.O., C 54/6729. 253. Annual Reg., iS;}2- Obit, notice. 254. The Builder, 25th June, 1864. 255. L.C.C, Indication of houses of historical interest in London, vol. VI. 256. Records and papers concerning Stamford Street Chapel, lent by the Minister. 257. L.C.C. Rate Books of Surrey and Kent Commissioners of Sewers. 258. Newington Sessions House: Land Tax Assessment Books. INDEX Page Accum, Mr. - - - - - - ii6 Ackland, Thomas _ _ _ _ - 104 Adelold ------- I Adlyn, John - - - - - -83 n. Admiral, Lord, company of - - - 71 Albion Mills ------ 120 Aldis, Sir Charles - - - - - 132 Aldwell, Thomas - - - - - 97 n. All is true or Henry VIII _ - - 74 Allen, Frederick- -----124 Allen, John _-__-- 68 Allen, William ------ 61 Alleyn (or Allen), Edward - - - 63. 67, 69, 69 n., 70, 76 Alleyn, Joan (n(e Woodward) - - 69 Allsop, John ------ 86 Amcottes, Alexander _ _ - _ 60 Amcottes, Vincent ----- 60 Anchor, No. i Bankside - 59-60, plate 55^7 Anchor Brewery 61, 75, 78-80, plate 61 Anchor Terrace, Southwark Bridge Road 88-89, plate 62^ Anderton & Lee ----- 24 Andrewes, Lancelot, bishop of Win- chester ------ 47, plate 7 Andrewes, Nicholas ----- 19 Angel Public House, Upper Ground - 109 Angell, William - - - - _ 58,98,99, loi, 102, 109, 112 Angell Street ------ 98 Applebee, Dorothy ----- 83 Applebee, John - - - - - - 24, 79 Applegarth, Augustus - - - 118,132 Armyn, Robert ------ 74 Arnold, John - - - - - - 1 1 1 n. Arnold, Mathew ----- 15 Arsenal Station, Highbury - - - 67 n. Arthur, Joseph ------ 32 Austin, James - - - - - 111,114 Austin, Sir James ----- 51 Austin, Thomas ----- 99 Austin, William - - - iii,iiin. Austin Canons ------ 6 Aynscombe, Charlotte Anne - - - 20 Aynscombc, Lillie Smith - - - - 20 Aynscombe, Mary ----- 20 Aynscombe, Philip - - — - - 19, 20 Aynscombe, Thomas- - - _ - 20 Aynscombe, Valentina [nie Wight) - 19, 20 Axe (later Axe and Bottle) Inn, New- comen Street - - - - — -31,32 Axe Yard ----- 31,32,101 Axe and Bottle Yard - - - -32,33 140 Page Bacon, John - - - - 38, 39, 39 n. Badman, L. D. - - - - - - 124 Bailley, Henry, M.P. - _ _ - 21 Baker, Edgar James - - - - - 104 Ballantyne, John C. ----- 124 Banaster, Christopher - - - - 57 Banaster, John ------ 57 Banaster's Garden ----- 57 Bank End - - - - - - - 60, 80 Bankside - - - 2,6,45,57-65,72,91, 133, plates 54-56 Bankside Playhouses - - - 66-77,133 Bankside Power Station - - - - 2, 59 Bannister, George ----- 32 Baptists -------2, 93 Barclay, Alexander ----- 55 Barclay, Arthur ------ 89 Barclay, Charles Arthur - - - - 89 Barclay, Robert (1757-1830)- - -61,79 Barclay, Robert ------ 89 Barclay Perkins and Co., Ltd. i 5, 60, 82, 88 Barge, the, Bankside- - 67, 67 n., 69 n. Barge House, see Old Barge House Barkham, Alderman -----134 Barnard, John ------ 109 Barnard, William - - - - - 112 Barnes, Thomas - - - - - 132 Baron, Elizabeth Ann - - - - 99 Baron, George ------ 98 Baron, Jasper ------ 98-99 Baron, William ------ 99 Barons, lords of Paris Garden Manor 98, 115 Barry, Thomas ------ 36 Bartholomew Fair ----- 70 Baseley, William - - - 66, 96, 96 n. Bates, Samuel E., Ltd. - - - - 81 Batterson, Henry - - - - - 112 Bayeux, Odo, bishop of - - - - 1,6 Baxter, Richard - - - - - - 79 n. Bear Gardens (for baiting) - 58,66-71,76 Bear Gardens (Lane) - - 58,59,60,71 Bear Lane - - - - - 99,100,111 Bear House - - - - - - 67 n. Beares Heade, the, Bankside - - 57 Beaufort, Cardinal Henry, bishop of Winchester ----- 7, 47, 62 Beck and PoUitzer ----- 70 Bedford, John, Duke of - - - -95,96 Beeman & Hotchkins, Messrs. - - 20 Bell, R. A. ------- 108 Bell, the, Bankside - - - 57, 67, 69 n. Bell and Bear Inn, Borough High Street 23 Bennett and Hunt, Messrs. - - - 1 24 Page Bennett (Bennet) Street - - - 103, 123 Bermondsey, Borough of- - - - 6 Bermondsey Abbey - - 4, 45, 95, 95 n. Bermondsey Abbey manor - - 4, 5 Bickerton, David - - - - - 123 Bickerton, Joseph _____ 61 Biden, William Henry _ - - - 81 Bilke, Henry — - - - - - 112 Bilke, Mary (nie Middleton) - - 99, 100 Bilson, Leonard _____ 48 Bilson, Sir Thomas - - - _ -48,79 Binden, Thomas _____ gi Bingham, John _____ -91,92 Birch, George - - - - - -71 n. Bishop & Co. ___--- 6 Blackfriars Bridge — - _ 115, plate 81 Blackfriars Mission, New Cut - - 124 Blackfriars Road - 94, 100, 103, 108, 108 n., 1 1 5-1 2 1, plates 82-87 Blackman Street _ _ _ 88, 99, 100 Blake, Malachi __---- 21 Blanchard, Mark Henry, & Co. - - 118 Blegborough, Ralph — - — - - 119 Blew Anchor, the, Paris Garden Manor 99 Blomfield, Sir Arthur - _ - - 8 Blue Anchor Passage _ _ _ 75 u., 82 Blue Anchor Public House, Park Street - 82 Blundell (Blunden), Henry - - - ig Blunden, Widow _____ 98 Boar's Head Court - - - _ - 9 Boddy, John - - - - - - no Boddy, Richard - - - - - iio Boddy's Bridge - - 109-1 10, 122, plate 79^ Bodley, Sir John _____ ■j% Bond, John ______ 65 Bonner, Edmund, bishop of London - 8 Borough High Street i, 2, 4, 6, 9-30, 32, 100, loi, 133, plates 8, 9, 1 1-25 Borough Market - - 1 1-13, plate 1 1 Borough Market Office _ - - - 5 Borough Market Trustees - _ _ 81 Borough Polytechnic — _ — — 5 Borough Waterworks Company - - 80 Bottell, Robert, prior of Knights Hos- pitallers ----__- 58 Bottle, the, Newcomen Street _ _ _ 32 Bowes, Edward- ----- 99 Bowes, Ralph _---__ 69 Bowie, W. Copeland - - - - 124 Bowles, John ______ 70 Bowling Alley, Winchester House - - 49 Bowyers Yard _----_ 99 Boyd, Joseph ______ 107 Boyfield, John - - - - - - 114 Boyfield, Josiah - - - - - -inn. Boys' Charity School (St. Saviour's) - 84 Boyse, William - ----- 103 Page Box, Edward ______ 72 Braines, W. W. _____ yj Brandon, Robert - - _ _ _48, 82 Brend, Dame Frances - - - - 75 n. Brend (Brand), Sir Matthew - 74, 75 n., 78 Brend, Nicholas - _ _ _ _ y^ Brend, Thomas - - - - - -75 n. Brewing - - - - - - -2, 78 Bride Court — - - - - - 117 Bridge House, Masters of - - - 9-10 Bridge House Estates - - - n, 133 Bridge Ward Without, Alderman of - 5 British Plate Glass Warehouse - plate 8ia British Railways _____ 21 British Railways Goods Depot, Black- friars Road _____ 120, 121 Broadwall - _ - - - 94,98, 108 Brockman, Sir William _ _ - - 47 Broker's Rents (Mr.) _ _ _ _ 62 Bromtield, Sir Edward - - _ 32, roi Bromfield, Robert _____ 44 Browker, Hugh, junior - _ _ _ 26 Browker, Hugh, Prothonotary 24, 26, 62, 63, 63 n., 91,97 Browker, Joan - - - - - - 26 n. Browker, Mary - _____ 98 Browker, Thomas - - 63, 97, 98, no Browker, William _ _ - _ - 91 Brown, Edward - - - - - 100 Brown, Joseph ------104 Brown, Mary Elizabeth [nie Bilke) - 100 Brown, Sir Samuel - - - - - loi Brown's Estate - - - 99-100, 125, 127 Browne, Sir Anthony _ _ _ _ ^j Browne, Sir .Anthony, Viscount Monta- gue ------ -43,83 Browne, John -__-__ 69, 70 Browne, Magdalen, Lady Montague - 43 Bruce, Mary ______ 63 Bruce, Sarah ______ 63 Bull .Alley _____-- 108 Bunn, Henry - - _ 97n., 99, 112 Bunn, Mar)' - - - - - - 97 n. Bunyan, John ______ 93 Burbage, Cuthbert _ _ _ 73, 74, 75 n. Burbage, Richard - _ _ 73, 74, 75 n. Burnaby, Thomas _ - _ 68, 69, 69 n. Burrell Street - 97 n., 99 n., 100, 120, 125 Burrow, John - - - - - - 117 Burrow's Buildings - - - - - n7 Burrows, John ------ 104 Burton, Jane ------ 107 Burton, Joseph ______ 107 Burton, Prior - - - - - -7, 7n. Burton, Sarah ------ 107 Burton, Thomas Hancock _ _ _ 107 Bury, Joseph ______ 65 141 Page Cade, Jack - - _ _ - ion., 15, 24 Cage, the, in Clink Street - - -48, 55 Cage, the, in Paris Garden Manor - 96 Calvert, Felix ------ 28 Calvert's Buildings, Borough High Street 28, plate 241 Calvert's Buildings, Southwark Street - 28 Cane, Adam _-_-__ 103 Cantel, James — - - - - - 112 Canterbury, manor of archbishop of — 4, 5 Canterbury pilgrims - - 21, plate 14a Capell, William _ - _ _ _ n Cardinal's Cap (Hat, or Ha tte) - 57,61-63 Cardinal's Cap Alley - - _ _ 59^ (,2 Cardinal's Wharf, Bankside - - -61—63 Careless, Thomas ----- g j Carleton, Alice .----- 74 Carlile, Richard - - - - - 117 Carter, John - — _--_ 51 Cartwright, Samuel ----- 1 1 Cary, Henry, Lord Hunsdon - - — 97 Cashshaw, Samuel ----- 86 Castle, the (or Castle on the hoop), Bank End ------ 57,60,80 Cater, John- ------ 59 Cawsey, the, Clink Liberty - - - 48 Central Buildings, Southwark Street - 90 Chamberlain, Lord, Company of - - 74 Chamberlaine, John ----- 74 Chapell Hawe, Paris Garden Manor - 96 Chancel Street — -----100 Chapman, Edwin ----- 124 Charing Cross Railway - - - - 9 Charing Cross Railway Company - - 83 Charles II, statue of - - - - -10,11 Charles Street ----- 100, 120 Charlotte Street - - — 84, 100, 119 Chartists —- — _--- 2 Chaucer, Geoffrey, arms of - - - 21 Chequer Alley ------ 9 Chester, John — - - - - - 79 n. Cheyne, Henry ------ 60 Cheyne, John ------ 60 Child, James ------ 78 Chitty, Elizabeth ----- 65 Cholmley, John ----- 71 Christ Church, Southwark - 101-107,111, plates 67-71 Christ Church Charity School 1 1 1, 1 1 1 n. Christ Church parish 7, 94, 101-107, plate 66 Christ Church, rectors of - - 103, 104 Christ Church, residence for minister of 31 Christ Church watch house - — - 105 Christ Church, Westminster Bridge Road 120 Christopher Alley ----- 25 Christopher Inn, Borough High Street - 25 Church Street - - - 49, 97 n., 100 142 Page Church Street Baptist Chapel - - - 97 n. Churchwardens of St. Saviour's parish, see Corporation of Wardens Churchyard, New, St. Saviour's 10, 81, 83 Churchyard, Old, St. Saviour's - - 10 Churchway, Christ Church - - — 1 1 1 City Electric Light Company - — - 59, 63 City of London, Common Council — 3 Cityof London Court of Aldermen9, 10, 10 n, 1 1 City of London, Mayor and Corporation of - - - 4,5,12,27,88,115 Clairmont, Mary Jane — — - — 131 Clark, Samuel - - - — — 11 1, 113 Clarke, Wm., Sc Co. - - - - 65 Clarks Alley ------ 58 Clayton, William ----- 36 Clement, William ----- 60 Clerke, Sir Robert - - - - -iiin. Cline, Henry, the younger - - - 3 j Clink or Clinke Garden, Winchester House - - 48, 49, 55, 55 n., 56 n., 78 Clink Gate ------ ^.g Clink Liberty or Manor - 4, 5, 6, 45, 48, 66 Clink Paving Commissioners - - — 6, 58 Clink Prison ----- ^g, 55, 56 Clink Street 6, 46, 48, 49, 51, 55, 78, plate 38^ Cloth, bleaching and fulling of - 98, 98 n. Clowes, William - - - - — 118 Clutton, John, solicitor - - - - j^ Clutton, John, surveyor - - - -14,15 Coates, Joseph ------ 24 Cobham, Joan, Lady - - - _ gj Cobham's Inn — — — — — — 91 Cock, the, Bankside - _ - 67, 69 n. CockereU, Samuel Pepys - - - - 129 CoUard & Neame, Messrs. - - _ j^ College (Cure's) Almshouses 15, 83, plate 10 Collet, Humphrey - - - - -15,19 Collet, Thomas ------ 19 CoUett's Gift ------ 84 Collier, John Payne ----- 76 Collingwood Street - - - - - 100 Collingwood Street West - - - 125 Colombo Street- 99 n., 125, 126, plate 72 Compter, St. Margaret's Hill {see Counter) Commissioners of Bishop of Winchester's Liberty ------- 72 Condell, Henrie - _ _ _ _ j^ Conquest, William - - - - - 119 Conyng Garth, Paris Garden - - - 96 Cook, Alexander ----- 76 Cooksey & Partners ----- 26 Cooper, Andrew - _ _ - _ 37 Cooper, Ann ------107 Cooper, Astley - — — — -- 34 Cooper, Sir Astley Paston, bart. G. C. H. 41 Page Cooper, J. T. ------ 124 Cooper, John — -----107 Copt (or Copped) Hall - 97, 97 n., 98, 99 Cordwainers' Company - - - - 56 Corner, George ----- 5 Coronel, Edward ----- 21 Corporation of Wardens of St. Saviour's 7, 10, 91 Counter or Compter, St. Margaret's Hill 10, 1 1 plate 3 Counter ,AJley ------ 20 Counter Court or lane - - - - 11 Counter Street ------ 81 Courage's Brewery ----- 5 Court of .\ldermen. City of London {see City of London) Court House, St. Margaret's Church - 10 Courts Leet, ------ 5 Cowly, Richard ------ 74 Cowper, Edward - - - - 118, 132 Coysh, James ------ 60 Craike, Thomas ----- 81 Crane, the, Bankside - - - - 57 Cranmer, Thomas, archbishop of Canter- bury _______ .J. Cressett, Elizabeth, widow of Thos. Overman ------ ^^ Crofts, Francis ------ 37 Cross Bones Burial Ground - — - 84 Cross Keys or Crowned Keys, Borough High Street {see Queen's Head Inn) Crosse Keyes, the, Bankside - - - 57 Crowley, Robert ----- 66 Crowned Keys or Cross Keys {see Queen's Head Inn) Cruden, Alexander ----- 80 Cruys, Robert - - - - - -56n. Cubitt, Joseph - - - - - 115,120 Cucking Stool, Clink Street - - - 55 Cucking Stool, Paris Garden Manor - 96 CuUum, John, draper - — - - 64 Culium, Sir John ----- 59 Cullum, Sir Thomas Gery _ _ - 59 Cure, Christine ------ 97 Cure, Thomas, founder of Cure's College 1 5, 83 Cure, Thomas, junior _ - - _ 97 Cure's College or Almshouses 15, 83, plate 10 Curtain Theatre _ _ - - _ 7^. Danby, William- ----- 10 Danes -------- 3 Dauncey, William ----- 6 Davenish, Thomas ----- 47 Davies, James ------ 70 Davis, John Bunnell - - - - - iig Davison, Robert- - - - - -48, 56 Page Deadman's Place 24, 48, 49, 78, 78 n., 79, 80, 8 2 {see also Park Street) Deadman's Place, burial ground in - 79, 80 Deadman's Place, meeting house in - 2, 79 De Fontaine, ."Alfred ----- 1 04 Degome, Sir Barnett - - - — 102 Dendy, Walter Cooper - - - - 123 Denny, Thomas Reeve, and Sons - - 1 09 Desborough, Henry - - - - - 104 De Witt, John ------ 72 Dickens, Charles - - - - - 119 Digby, Sir Kenelm ----- .j.7 Docwra, Sir Thomas - - - _ g6 Dodson, Edward ----- 60 Dog and Duck, the - - - - - 115 Dog and Pot sign — - — 119, plate 86 Dolben, John, bishop of Rochester - 102, 1 27 Dolben Street (formerly George Street) 100, 127, 128, plate 92ii Dollman, Francis ----- 47 Domesday Book _ _ - - 1,5,6 Dorrington, John ----- 6g Dorset, Earl of------ 43 Downes, Mr. ------ 94 Dowson, Jas., & Co. - - - - - 65 Drew, John ------ 60 Drew's Rents ------ 60 Duke Street (afterwards Union Street) {see Union Street) Duke Street, Stamford Street - - - 118 Dulwich College - - - _ _ 69 Dunch, Edmund - - _ - 99,112 Dunch, Catherine {nee Oxton) - 99, 1 1 2 Dunch, Hungerford ----- 99 Dunkerley, Thomas -----124 Dupont, Mathias Peter - - - - 119 Durham, bishop of - - - - - 47 Dutch refugees ------ 2 Edmonds, Christopher - - - - 91 Edmund, Earl of Kent - - - - 46 Edward the Confessor - — - - 1,6 Edward II------- 5 Edward III ------ 5, 46 Edward Street ----- 100, 120 Edwards, Bennett ----- 99 Edwards, Edward - - - - - 120 Edwards' Almshouses - - - - 1 20 Eierby, Elizabeth ----- 60 Eierby, John ------ 60 Electricity Board ----- 63 Elletson, John ------ 24 Elletson, Katherine ----- 24 Emerson, Emme ----- 26 Emerson, Henry _ - - _ - 32 Emerson, Humphrey - - - - 10, 26 Emerson, Joan {nie Browker) - - - 26 n. H3 Page Emerson, Thomas ----- jz Emerson, William - lo, 1 1, 25, 32, plate 6 Emerson Street— - - — - —32, 57 Epps, James - - - - - - 112 Evans Sc Co., Messrs. _ _ - _ 20 Evans, Thomas ------ 57 Every Man out of his Humour - - - y^j. Ewer, James - — - - - - 87 n. Ewer Street - - - - - - 87 n. Falcon Dock _ — _--_ ^^ Falcon Drawing Dock - - - - 65 Falcon Glass Works— - - 1 14, plate ioa Falcon Inn, Bankside 58,65,87 n., 1 14, 133, 134 Falcon Wharf - - - - 58,94,118 Farwell, Richard - - - — - 113 Fawkes, Guy -_-- — - 43 Feathers Public House - - 81, plate 38a Felstead, Thomas - - - - - 103 Ferryman's Seat ----- 60, 6 1 Field, Nathan ------ 69, 70 Finland, John, Duke of - - - - 47 Finlay, James ------ 103 Fisher, William — — - — -— 99 Fishermen's Cottages - 125, 126, plate 72 Fishing — — — -- — - 2 Fishmongers' Alley - - 28, 30, plate 12a Fishmonger's Company - - - - 28 Fleet Prison ------ 55 Flemish refugees ----- 2 Fletcher, Lawrence ----- 74, 76 Fletcher Lane (Love Lane) - _ - 58 Fluddie, Thomas ----- 66 Fort, Martha Ann ----- 107 Fort, Thomas ------107 Fortune Playhouse ----- 74 Fountain Court ------ 79 Fowle lane — — - — — — - 48 Fox, Richard, bishop of Winchester 2, 7, 47 Franklin, Gregory - - - - -24,91 Friends' Meeting House - - - - 87 Fritter, Melchisedeck - - - - 63 Gabb, William ------ 36 Gambia Street —-- — — - 100 Gaol Deliveries ------ 10 Gardiner, Stephen, bishop of Winchester 8, 47, 56 Gardiner, Thomas — — - _ — 45 Garford, William ----- 21 Garrick, David ------ 79 Gearing, William - - _ _ 102, 103 George, Sir Ernest ----- 88 George Inn, Bankside - _ - - 91 George Inn, Borough High Street 9, 9 n., 16-21, plates 16-19 George Street {see Dolben Street) 144 Page Gerrard, Mr. ------ 48 Gibbons (Gybon), John - - - - 57 Gibbons, Walter ----- 60 Gibson, William B., Ltd.- - - - 15 Giffard, William, bishop of Winchester - 6, 46 Giffin, Thomas ------ 1 19 Gildable Manor ----- 4 Glasshouse Square - - - - - 71 n. Glasshouses - - - -2,47,59,7111. Glentworth, Elborowe - - - -iiin. Globe Alley - - - - - 78, 79 n. Globe Playhouse 69, 72, 73-75, 78, 79, 82, 133 Godfrie, — — - — ---7on. Godwin, Earl ------ i Godwin, Mary - — - - - - 131 Golden Square, Westminster - - - 112 Golding, William ----- 20 Goldsmith, Oliver ----- 79 Gordon Riots ------ 79 Gower, John ----- 43, plate 5 Grapes, the. Borough High Street- - 24, 25 Grapes, the, St. Thomas Street 34, plate 21a Gravel Lane _ _ - -58,84,99,111 Gravel Lane Almshouses — — - — 107 n. Gravel Lane Meeting House - - - 93 Graves, John - — ----no Graves, Rachel - - - - - no Gray, William ------ 32 Great Eastern Railway Company - - 20 Great Guildford Street - - - -91,92 Great Liberty manor - - - - 4, 5 Great Northern Railway Company - 20 Great Pike Garden - - - - 57, 67 n. Great Surrey Street {see a/so Blackfriars Road) ------ 103,115 Green Dragon, the ----- 91 Green Dragon Court 26, 91, 92, plate izi Green Street ------ 100 Green Walk 72, 99, 99 n., 100, III, 113, 120, 125 Greene, Mary ------ 63 Greenwell, Foster ----- 81 Greyhound Inn _ - - _ - 84 Griggs, John ------ 71 Grove, the — — _--- 45 Grubb, Elisabeth - - - - 19, 19 n. Grubb, William ----- 19 Guild or Fraternity of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary of the church of St. Margaret - - - - - - 7, 10 Gunne (or Gonne), the, Bankside - 57, 60 Gunpowder Plot, discovery of — - 43 Guy, Thomas - 36-42, plates 28, 31 and 37 Guy's Hospital - 3, 6, 20, 34-42, plates 27-37 Gwilt, George ----- 79, 84-85 Gwilt, George, junior - - - 8, 5 1 Gwilt, Joseph - - - - - - 123 Page Hackleton, Thomas - - - - - 87 n. Halifax, Lord ------129 Hall, Richard ------120 Hall, Stephen ------ 59 Halsey, Anna - - - - - -ygn. Halsey, Edmund - - _ - 60,78,82 Hancock, Mathew ----- 56 Handasyde, Ann - - - - - 118 Handasyde, Gilbert - - - - 58,118 Handasyde and Pritchett, Messrs. - - 65 Hansard, William - - - - 129,132 Hanson, John ------ 37 Hardinge, Peter- ----- 60 Hare, Nicholas - - - - - -15, 16 Hare, William ------ 15 Hargrave, Jane - ----- 83 Harrow, the, Stoney Street - - - 83 Harrow Corner ------ 83 Har\'ard, John ------ 24 Harvard, Katherine ----- 24 Harvard, Robert ----- 24 Haselar, .\lexander - - - - - 113 Hawkins, Rhode ----- jy Hay, Lord ------- 47 Hayward, Henry ----- 58 Hayward, John ------ 58 Hayward, Sir Rowland - - - - 10 Heale, A. J. ------ 124 Helme, Thomas ----- 51 Hellow, John ------ 96 Heminges (Heninges), John - - 74, 75 n. Henrv I------- 6 Henry III ------ - 5 Henry V------- 74 Henry VI, pt. 11 ----- 15 Henry VII L bust of - - - - 15 Henry Fill or All is True - - - 74 Henslowe, Philip 47, 57, 59, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72 Herbert, Robert John - _ _ - 23 Hewlett, Edward ----- 83 Hill, Octavia ------ 87 Hill, Sir Richard ----- 119 Hill, Rev. Rowland - - - - - 119 Hille, William - - - - - - 62 n. Hilton, John ------ 35 Hincks, William ----- 1 24 Hinton, Charles Petty - - - - J07 Hinton, Phoebe - - - - - 107 Hinton, Captain Thomas Eyre, R.N. — 107 Hoare, John, and Son - - - - 118 Holditch, George ----- 63 Holland Street ------ 58 Holland's Leaguer - - 96, 96 n., 98, i 22 Hollar's View of London- plates 43 and 44 Hollis, Thomas, ----- 36 Holman, Richard ----- 51 Holmes, William - - - - - 112 Page Honduras Wharf, Bankside 63-65, plate 56 Hooper, William ----- ^6 Hop and Malt Exchange - - - go Hop trade - - - - - - -2, 78 Hope Playhouse or Theatre - - 66-71,73 Hopton, Charles - 99, 1 12, 1 1 2 n., I 25 Hopton, Ehzabeth - - - - - 112 Hopton Street 72, 99 n., 1 1 i-i 14, 125, plate 78 Hopton's Almshouses 1 1 1, 1 12-1 14, plates 73-77 Horse's Head Inn or Horse Hede or Nag's Head Inn, Borough High Street (see Nag's Head Inn) Horse Shoe Alley - - - 6, 56, 56 n., 88 Horsley, A. C, Messrs. - - - - 23 How, Sir Richard ----- 102 Hubert de Burgh ----- ^6 Hudson, Thomas ----- 63 Humphrey, — , alderman - _ _ n Humpleby, Joseph, and Son - - - 81 Hunsdon, Lord, Henry Cary - - - 97 Hunt, John ------ 107 Hunt, William - - - 37, 38, 39, 41 Hunt's House, Guy's Hospital - - 37 Hunts Rents, Maid Lane - - - 76 Hutton, Ann - - - - - - 112 Hutton, George - - - - - 112 Hutton, Hugh ------ 124 Hyde, Abbot of ----- 21 ndependents ------ 2 ron foundries - - - - - -2, 45 sabella. Queen ------ 46 ackson, Mr. ------ 116 ackson, Edward - - - - - 103 ackson, William - - - - - 1 1 1 n. acob, Mr. ------- 67 ames I------- 74 ames I of Scotland ----- 47 ames, James ------ 60 ames, the, brewhouse - - - - 48, 49 ellie, William ------ i 24 ennings, George ----- 32 crmyne, Hugh- ----- 98 eyes, John ------ 48 ohn Street - - - - - - 97 n. ohnson, — , contractor - - - - 34 ohnson. Dr. Samuel- - - - - 79 ohnson, Thomas - - - - - 1 1 1 n. onson, Ben ----- -71,72 ordan, Mary ------ 99 ordan, Thomas- - - - 99, 112, 120 oseph's Dream - - - - - - 113 oye, Charles - - - - - - 36, 4 1 uby, Edward ------ 76 •45 Page Julie, Countess of Ducie - - - - 87 Jupp, Richard - - - - - -37. 3^ Jurin, Dr. James _____ 37 Katherens, Gilbert - _ - - - 69 Keats, John __--__ 35 Kedgley, Benjamin _____ 81 Kedgley and Thorogood, Messrs. - - 81 Kempe, William _____ 74. Kendrick, John ______ 36 Kenneday, Edmund _ - - - _ 98 Kent Street (afterwards Tabard Street) - 4, 92 Kentish, Thomas - - - - -25n. Kentish Buildings _ _ _ _ _ 24-25 Kelso.', Ann ______ 107 Kelso.', Humphrey ----- 107 Kelso.', Isaac _--___ 107 Key, Sir Astley Cooper _ _ - _ 35 Key, Charles Aston - - - - -34,35 Kinder, Gilbert _____ 24 Kinder, Margaret _____ 24 King, C. R. Baker __ - - - 105 King and Jarrett, Ltd. - - - - 112 King's Arms Tavern _ _ _ _ 1 1 King's Arms Public House, Newcomen Street _____ -33, plate 26 King's Barge House - - - - - 108 King's Head Inn, formerly Pope's Head Borough High Street — 9i I5> plate 15 King's Head Yard - - - 1,15,34 King's Manor, Southwark - _ _ 5 King's Pike Garden - - - 57, 62 n., 67 n Kleyser & Co., Messrs. - - - - 14. Knight, Edward _ _ _ _ m, 112 Knight's Court - - - - - 111,112 Knights Hospitallers _ _ _ _58, 95 Knights Templars _____ 95 Lade, John _____ 36^ 102 Lady Clark's Yard - - - - -inn. Lady Huntingdon's connection - - 119 Langley, Francis _ _ _ 72, 73, 97 Lant, Thomas —-__-_ 32 Lant Street ------ ng Leake, George - - - - - - 87 n. Lee, Anna —--_--— 63 Lee, William, and Sons - - - - 109 Leech, John, caricaturist - — _ - 123 Leech, John, clerk of the glasshouse - 47 Lefort, Edward - - _ _ - 108,109 Lefort, William - - - - - - 109 Le May, W. H. & H. - - - - 30 Le Netherhows ------ 4.5 Le Rous, I. _--___ 51 Lethbridge, John King - - - - 99 Lever, Sir Ashton - - - - - 115 Levy, Emanuel, and Co. - - - _ 81 146 Page Lewis, George _-__-- 104 Lewis, John ____-- 57 Lidden, Henry Parry - - - - 112 Ligburne, William ----- 51 Lillingston, William ----- 70 Lillo, Thomas - - - - - - 131 Lincoln and Bennett, Messrs. - - 86, 1 3 1 Lines, Charles - - - - - - 117 Lingard & Sadler, Messrs. - - - 51 Little Portland Street Chapel - - - 1 24 Lloyd, Charlotte Elizabeth - - - 107 Lloyd, John ______ 107 London Bridge - -3,9, 76, 1 1 ^, frontispiece London Bridge, alcove from — — - 42 London Bridge, approach to - 3, 44, plate 4 London Bridge, coat of arms - - - 33 London Bridge Committee - - - 8 London Bridge Station - - - - 9, 90 London Bridge Waterworks - - - 80 London, Chatham, and Dover Railway - 97 n. 120, 121 London, City of (see City of London) London Government Act, 1899 - - 7 London Hydraulic Power Company - 58 London & North Eastern Railway Com- pany _ — — ____ 21 Long, A. J. ______ 124 Longe, Sir Richard - — - — - 67 n. Love Lane ------- 58 Low Leyton, school in - - - - 1 12 n. Luntley, John ------ 51 Mahomed, Frederick Henry Horatio Akbar ------- 35 Maid Lane 45, 48, 62 n., 67 n., 71, 72, 73, 75, 75 n., 82, 91, 92, plates 57^7 and 58 Maiden Lane {see Maid Lane) Malin, Thomas - _____ 83 Malone, Edmund ----- 76 Mander, John - - - - - -71 n. Mansell, George - _ _ _ _ 33 Mansfield, Thomas _____ 63 Mansford, John Griffith - - - - 81 Mapleton, James Henry - - - - 104 Marche, Robert _ _ - _ _ 45 Markham, — , tallow-chandler - - 35 Marmyon (or Marmyun), Robert - 95, 95 n. Marshall, Elizabeth («/<■ Taylor) - 31,101 Marshall, John, senior - — - - 10 1 Marshall, John, founder of Marshall's Charity- - - - - 7,31,33,101 Marshall, T. L. -----124 Marshalsea Court ----- 10 Marson, Sarah ------ 32 Marten, Nicholas ----- ig Martin, Augustus ----- 102 Mason, Thomas _____ 56 Page Mason's Stairs ----- 67, 67 n. Mastership of the Game of Bears - 67 n., 68 Mayden Lane {see Maid Lane) Maze Pond - - - - - - 36, 37 Mead, Dr. Richard ----- 36 Meade, Jacob ----- -69,72 Melancholy Walk ----- 98 Memprise, Hillarie - - - - - 78 n. Merston, John ----- 62, 62 n. Metropolitan Board of Works - - 90 Meymott, John - — - - - - 118 Meymott, John Gilbert - - - - 118 Meymott, William J. - - - - 118 Middleton, Elizabeth - - - 99, 100 Middleton, Mary ----- 99 Milan, sister of Duke of - - - - 4.6 Millet, William ----- 74. Millpond, Paris Garden - - 94, iii, 114 Milhvardes Garden ----- 48 Millwaye ------- 60 Mine Adventurers of England, Company of 58 Minshaw, John - - — - - - 113 Monger, James - - - - - 78, 78 n. Montacute, Lord {see Montague, Anthony Viscount) Montacute, Lord {see Browne, Anthony) Montague, Anthony, Viscount - -43,83 Montague, Magdalen, Lady - - - 43 Montague Close 43-44, 84, plates 39 and ^oa Montague House - - - 43, 43 n., 44 Monteagle, Lord ----- 43 Monthly Magazine - - - - - 117 Moore, R. H. ----- - 90 Morgan, John - - - - - 111,113 Morris, John - - - - - - 103 Mosse, Mr., ------ 134 Mosses .'Uley ------ 67 Mouldstrand Dock - - - - -58,59 Mouldstrand Wharf- - _ _ - 59 Mowle, Widow _ _ - - - 48 Munthe, Dr. Axel ----- 63 Munthe, Major Malcolm - _ - 63 Musicke house, Paris Garden - - - 98 Mylne, Robert - - - - 1 1 5, 1 1 5 n. Nag's Head Inn (Horse's Head Inn), Borough High Street - - - 10, 25, 26 Naked Boy Alley ----- yg Napton, John - - - _ 68, 69 n., 71 National Trust ------ 21 Neale, John - - - - - -inn. Nelson Square 100, 129-132, plates 90-92;; New Rents (Counter Street) - - - 81 Newcomen, Elizabeth - - _ _ 32 Newcomen, Jonathan - - _ _ 32 Newcomen Charity - - - - 31-33,84 Newcomen Street 3, 4, 31-33, 37, plate 26 Page Newgate - - - - - - -55,56 Newington- ------ joi Newington Butts - - - - - 115 Newton & Sons, Messrs. - - - - 65 Newton, John, and Co. - - - - 65 Noad, John— - - — - - - iig Northampton, William. Marquess of-------- 47 Northumberland, Lucy, daughter of 9th Earl of------- 47 Nutman, George _ _ _ - - g i Oade, — ------- 8 Odell, John ------ 51 Odo, bishop of Bayeux, earl of Kent - 1,6 Old Barge House ----- gg Old Barge House Stairs - - - - 94 Old Kent Road ------ 4 Old Park Meeting House - - - 87 n. Old Town Hall Chambers - - - 10, 11 Oldesworth, Austin - - - - - in Oldfield, Dr. John ----- 37 Oliver, William ----- 103 Overman, Mrs. Alice Shaw - - - 44, 59 Overman, Thomas ----- 44 Overman, William ----- 44 Owghtred, William, knt.- - - - 60 Oxton, Catherine - _ - - 99,112 Oxton, William - - - 98,99, 112 Ozler, Robert - - - - - -112 n. Page, Sir Gregory - - - - - 36, 37 Palmira - - - - - - 78, 78 n. Pardon, John ------ 99 Paresgarden {see Paris Garden Manor) Paris Garden Manor or Liberty 2, 4, 5, 45, 58, 66, 67, 69, 72, 94-100, loi, 122, 129, plate 65 Paris Garden Stairs ----- 67 Parish gardyn {see Paris Garden Manor) Park Gate ------- 81 Park Street - 60,72,75,78,82-83, plate 60, 6 1 . See also Deadman's Place and Maid Lane. Parkinson, James - - - - - 115 Parsons, Andrew - - - - - 79 n. Partridge, John - - - - - - 78 n. Parysgardynwalle ----- 45 Paterling, Thomas ----- 60 Pawing, Sir Robert, Lord Chancellor - 46 Payne, Joan - - - - - - 69 n. Payne, John - - - - - -31,68 Payne, William - - - 67, 67 n., 68, 69 n. Peacock, Thomas Love - - - - 123 Peacock Brewery ----- 59 Peck, William ------ 19 Pellatt, Apsley - - - - - - 114 Page Pellatt and Green ----- 114 Pembroke, Lord, company of- - - 71 Pepper Alley ------ g Perkins, John - - - - - -61,79 Peter des Roches, bishop of Winchester 6, 7, 43.46 Peter le Constable - - - - -83 n. Peter, Master of London Bridge, chap- lain of St, Mary Colechurch - - 3 Petre, Lord WiUiam - - - ^3, ^^ n. Petty France, Westminster - - - 112 Petyt, Louis F. - ----- 15 Peycoke, John ------ g Pickwick Papers - _ _ _ - 15 Pidgeon, John ------ 56 Piggott, W. J. ------ 124 Pike Garden, Winchester House [see Clink Garden) Pike Gardens, Bankside - - - - 57 Pike Gardens (now White Hind Alley) 57, 67n. Pillory, St. Margaret's Hill - - - 9, 1 1 Piozzi, Mrs. (Mrs. Thrale) - - - 78 n. Phillips, Augustine ----- 74, 76 Phillips, Sir Richard- - - - - 117 Phillippes, Augustyne {see Phillips, Augustine) Phoenix Gas Works - - - - -2,59 Physic Garden ------120 Pit Street ------- 100 Piatt, Richard ------ 97 Pole, George ------ 26 Pole & May lard- ----- 26 Polsted, Alice - - - - - - 69 n. Polsted, Henry - - - - 67, 67 n., 69 n. Pond Garden {see Clink Garden) Pond Yard- ------ 57 Pont de L'Arche, William - _ _ 6 Pope, John ------ 10 Pope, Morgan - — — — - -68,71 Pope, Thomas ------ 74 Pope's Head (King's Head Inn), Bor- ough High Street ----- 15 Porter, James ------ 37 Pott, Messrs. ------ 91 Pott, Arthur ------ 86 Potts' Vinegar Works _ - _ - go Pound, the, Paris Garden Manor - - 97 Powers, Philip ------ 45 Powle, Daniel - — - — - -inn. Powndyarde, Paris Garden _ _ - 96 Poynings, Robert - - _ _ _ 24 Preston, Elisabeth - - - - - 107 Preston, Sibbella - - - - - 107 Preston, Thomas - - - - - 107 Price, — - - - - - - - 113 Price, James - - - - - - in 148 Page Price's Street ------100 Prickett, Thomas ----- jg Pride, Thomas - - - - - - 70 n. Prince's Meadow - _ _ _ _ ro8 Pritchard, John - - _ _ _ - 65 Protestant martyrs - _ _ _ _ g Pudding Mill - - - _ 94, 108, 112 Pudding Mill Stream _ _ _ g^, log Puddy's Court ------100 Pykegarden {see Clink Garden and King's Pike Garden). Quakers (Society of Friends) - - 87, 87 n. Queen Street _-__-- 84 Queen's Arms Court - 1 10, plate 80^ Queen's Head Inn, Borough High Street 24, 91, plate 20^ Queen's Pike Garden. See King's Pike Garden Queen's Wharf ------ 59 Radyngton, John _____ 95 Randulf, the sheriff ----- i Raper, Moses ___-_- 36 Rathborne (Ratsbure, Rathbone), Ralph 134. 135 Raven, John ------ 62 Rawlings, machine-rulers- _ _ - 21 Reading, James ----- 102 Red Cross Burial Ground {see Cross Bones Burial Ground) Red Cross Gardens ----- 87 Red Cross Way (formerly Red Cross Street) ------- 87 Red Lyon, Borough ----- 91 Rees, Dr. Thomas - - - - - 124 Rennie, John, senior - - - 3,120,123 Rennie, Sir John _ _ - 3,88,123 Reve, Richard ------ 68 Reynolds, Mrs. Eliza - - - - 112 Reynolds, Sir Joshua - _ _ _ yg Reynolds, Samuel - - - - - 112 Richard II, badge of _ _ - _ 15 Richardson, Grace - - _ _ - 32 Richardson, William _ - - - 32 Riches, John - - - - - -inn. Ring, the - - - - - - 119,120 Robert Street ------ 120 Rochester, bishop of- _ - - 48, 4g n. Rochester, diocese of - - - - 8 Rochester House ----- 48 Rockett, Gilbert _ _ - - 67n., 91 Rogers, John ------ 56 Roman finds - - - - i, 3, 15, 83 n. Roo, John --__-_- 60 Rose, the - - - - - - 67, 67 n. Rose, the little - - - - 67 n., 71,72 Page Rose Alley- - - 6, 59, 67, 71, 72, 72 n. Rose Theatre, or Playhouse - 67 n., 68, 69, 71-72 Rotheram, Alderman - - - - 133 Rotunda — — -___ 115-117 Royal Oak, Park Street - - - - 82 Rusby, John --____ gj Rust, Samuel _____ 107, 113 Rvall, Richard ______ 91 Ryde, F. M. ______ 124 Sadlers' Company _____ 24 St. David's, bishop of - _ _ _ 47 St. George's Fields 33,94, loi, 115, 133-135 St. George's parish - - _ _ _ 4 St. George's Place, Southwark - - 119 St. Helen's, Bishopsgate _ _ _ _ 77 Saint-lowe, John _ _ _ _ _ 47 n. St. Margaret's Church _ - 6, 10, 11,60 St. Margaret's Court- - _ _ _ 28-30 St. Margaret's Hill _ _ _ _ 5,9n., 11 St. Margaret's parish - - - - 4, 6 St. Martin Orgar, Parson and church- wardens of- — -___ 58 St. Mary Magdalene church - - - 6, 8 St. Mary Newington, vestry hall - - 1 1 n. St. Mary Overies Dock - - - - 48 St. Mary Overy Church - - _ 6,45,46 St. Mary Overy Churchyard _ _ _ 56 St. Mary Overy Priory - 2, 6, 7, 8, 10, 43, 44,46,78,91 St. Mildred, Bread Street - 71, 72, 72 n. St. Olave parish - _ _ _ _ 4^ 6 St. Olave's Grammar School _ _ _ 92 St. Paul's Cathedral - - _ _ _ 58 St. Peter's Church _____ 91 St. Peter's Church day school - - _ 92 St. Saviour's Church _ _ _ j^ y-g St. Saviour's Corporation of Wardens (see Corporation of Wardens of St. Saviour's) St. Saviour's District Board _ _ _ 90 St. Saviour's Dock _ _ _ 49, plate 40^ St. Saviour's Grammar School 8, 15, 24, 91-92, plates 41 and 42 St. Saviour's Parochial Schools - - 84 St. Saviour's Rectory— — _ _ _ (jj St. Swithin, bishop of Winchester - - 6 St. Thomas's Churchyard _ _ _ 34 St. Thomas's Hospital - 9, 15, 34. 36, 37, 43.9' St. Thomas's Hospital, chapel of - - 34 St. Thomas's parish - - - - - 6, 34 St. Thomas' Street - 4, 6, 34-35, 36, 37, 41, 124 Salmon, — , M.D. - - - _ _ 47 n. Sancton, Mary _ _ _ _ 107, 107 n. Sandes, John -__-__ 60 Page Saunder, Margaret - - - - - 97 n. Saunder, Thomas - - - - - 97 n. Savage, Joan ______ 51 Sayer or Sawyer, John, jnr. - _ _ 19 Scheemakers, Peter _ _ - - - 41 Scholefield, Frances - - _ _ - 20 Scholefield, Westerman _ _ _ _ 20 Schools 8, 15, 24, 32, 84, 91-92, plates 41, 42, 64^ Scoresby Street ______ 100 Sejanus _______ 75 Sells, Edward ______ 63 Sells, Vincent -___-_ 63 Serieant, John ______ 59 Sessions House, Borough High Street - 10, 11 Sessions of the Peace _ _ _ _ 10 Seymour, Jane - _ _ _ - _95n. Shakespeare, Edmund _ _ - _ 76 Shakespeare, William - 71, 73, 74, 75 n., 75-77 Shakespeare Reading Society _ _ _ 75 Shale, William __---_ 48 Shallett, Arthur - _____ 93 Sharp, Thomas Snuggs - - - - 107 Shaw, James _ _ - - _ -58, 59 Shaw, William - - _ - - - 113 Shelley, Percy Bysshe - - - - 131 Sherlock, William - - _ - _ 98 Short, J. H. ______ 124 Shorter, John ___--_ 98 Shorter, Sir John - - - - - 102 Simon de Montfort - - - _ _ 46 Skelton, Rev. Charles _ - - - 79 n. Skelton's Meeting House, Maid Lane - 79 n., plate 58 Skinner, Miss E. _____ 15 Slade, John ______ 15 Slater, Martin ___--_ 76 Sly, William - - - - - - 74, 7^ Smith, E.W. ---__- 124 Smith, Fanny - - - - - - 1 1 2 Smith, James ______ 107 Smith, Joseph - - - - - - 112 Smith, Judith - - - _ _ -75 n. Smith, Martha ______ 107 Smith, Sir Robert - - - - -75 n. Smith, William - _ - - - -inn. Smylie, Thomas- - - - - - 104 Smyth, Mathew _____ 91 Smythe, John ______ 60 Snow's Fields ___--- 33 Soap Yard -_-__-_ 83 Society of Friends _ _ - - 87, 87 n. Sone, William _____ -32,33 South, Sir James _____ 35 South, John Flint _____ 35 South Bank Power Station, site of - - 59 149 Page South Eastern Railway, terminus at London Bridge — - — - - 9, 90 South Metropolitan Gas Company - 59 Southwark (Sudwercke, Suthringa, Suth- wark) - - - - - - I, 5, 6, 45 Southwark, bailiffs of - - - - 2 Southwark, Bailiwick of - - - - 5 Southwark, borough of - - - - 5 Southwark Bridge - - - - 88, 123 Southwark Bridge Company - - - 72 Southwark Bridge Road - 71, 72, 75, 75 n., 88-89, 9I' pl^te 62^ Southwark Bridge Road, Fire Station in 84 Southwark, churches and parishes of - 6-8 Southwark, diocese of - - - - 8 Southwark, Manors of - - - 4-6, 48 Southwark Cathedral- -8, 15, 32, plates 4-7 Southwark Fair ------ 11 Southwark Marsh - - _ _ _ 45 Southwark Park Estate - - - - 86 Southwark Street — - i, 83, 87, 90, 120 Southwark Water Company - — - 80 Southwark Waterworks — - - - 80 Spears, Rev. Robert - - - _ 123,124 Speleman, Stephen ----- 95 Spence, William - - - - - 67 n. Spenser, Gabriel - - - - -71,72 Spier, Richard ------ 60 Sprint, John ______ ^6 Spur Inn, Borough High Street - -25, 26 Squibb, John - - - - - 70, 7 in. Stamford Street 122-124, plates 88 and 89 Stanbrooke, John — _ - _ _ 51 Stapylton, Sir Myles of - - - - 60 Steele and Foster - _ _ _ _ 86 Steer, James ______ ^7 Stephenson, H. W. — - - - - 124 Sterck, Samuel Henry - - - - 112 Sterry, George - - - - - - no Stevens, John - - - - - - 71 n. Stews, the - - 57, 57 n., 66, 84, 95 Stews bank or Steweside - 48, 57, 62 n., 67 n. Stocke, John -_____ij^ Stocks, the, Paris Garden Manor - - 97 Stone, Marcus ------ 56 Stone, Thomas --____ ig Stoney Street -46,49, 51, 52, 54, 55, 81, 83 Strange, Lord, company of - - - 71 Stratford, John, archbishop of Canterbury 4 Stratford at Bow, Priory of - 57, 62 n., 67 n. Straunstone, Thomas - - _ _ ^5 Strauss, Edward, & Co. - - - - 30 Street (Streete), Peter - - - -69,73 Street posts --____ (, Strype, John - - - - - -112 n. Sumner, John, bishop of Winchester - 8,91 Sumner Street ----- _gi_^2 150 Page Sun, the, Newcomen Street - - — 33 Surrey, Sheriff of — _ _ _ _ 5 Surrey and Kent Sewer Commission, court of 1 5 Surrey Chapel - - 100, 1 19, 120, plate 85 Surrey Institution - 1 1 5-1 17, plate 81^ Surrey Row ______ g^^ gg Surrey Works -___--ioo Sutton, Barbara _____ 107 Sutton, Daniel -___-- 65 Swan Alley ______ g Swalclive, Joan and Robert - - - 95 Swan Playhouse - - 69,72-73,97,133 Swanne, the, Bankside - - - - 57 Sweetapple, John _____ ig Sydenham, Sir Edward - - - - 71 n. Sydenham, Richard — - - - -71 n. Symonds, Raff, or Rauf - - - 67 n., 71 Symonds, Thomasyn- _ - - _ 71 Tabard Inn, Borough High Street- 9 n., 21, plate 14 Tabard Street - - - - - - 4, 92 Tailloure, Thomas ----- 62 Talbot Inn {see Tabard Inn, Borough High Street) Tallis, views of Borough High Street - 12, 26 Taylor, Elizabeth - - - - 31,101 Taylor, John - - - - - -67n. Taylor, John, junior _ _ _ _ 121 Taylor, John, water poet- - - -55.63 Taylor, Richard _____ ^l Taylor, Thomas _____ ^7 Temple, Richard, Lord Cobham - - 79 Temple Mills (Milnes) _ - - _ 95 Tennis Court, Winchester House - - 49 Theakston, George ----- 99 Theatre, the, Shoreditch _ _ _ 73 Thomas k Becket, archbishop of Canter- bury _-__--_ 46 Thorn, Catherine - - - - - 107 Thorn, Joseph ------107 Thorn, Louisa Ann _____ 107 Thorn, Lucy Ann - - - - - 107 Thorn, Thomas - - - - - 107 Thrale, Mrs. {see Piozzi, Mrs.) Thrale, Ralph - - - 60, 79, 79 n., 82 Thrale, Ralph, of Offley - - - - 79 n. Thrale, Anna {n/e Halsey) - - - 79 n. Thrale, Henry - 15, 60, 78, 78 n., 79, 80, 82 Thrale, Henry, house of - - - plate 6o<; Three Crowns Court _ _ _ - 1 1 Three Tuns (later the George), Bankside 91 Thurlow Street— _____ 100 Thurlow Works _____ 100 Token Books ______ 76 Topping, W. G. ----- 124 Page Town Hall, Borough High Street - 5, 6, 1 1, plate 1 3 Town Hall, Walworth Road - - - 11 n. Triangle, the ------ 13 Trig, John ------- 57 Tucker, William Lyddon- - - - 124 Turner, T. - - - - - 120, 121 Tyler, Wat --____ 2 Udale, Robert ------ g6 Underwood, Mary (later Mary Wayland) 1 9 Underwood, Thomas - - _ _ ig Unicorn, Bankside - - _ _ 67, 67 n. Union Hall ------ 84 Union Place {see Edward Street) - - 100 Union Street 84-86, i ig, plates 62 and 63 Unitarian Chapel, Prince's Street, West- minster -------124 Unitarian Chapel, Stamford Street 123-124, plate i()a Upper Ground - 72, 94, 97, 98, 108-1 10, plate 79^ Upper Stamford Street - - - - 122 Vanderbank, — _---_ ^8 Vannam, George ----- 103 Vaughan, George (died 1780) - - 106 Vaughan, George (died 1786) - 97 n., 106 Vaughan, George (died 1828) - - 106 Vaughan, George (died 1874) - 97 n., 107 Vaughan, Elizabeth (died 1852) - - 106 Vaughan, Elizabeth (died 1789) - - 106 Vaughan, Henry _ _ - 107, 107 n. Vaughan, Isaac ------ 106 Vaughan, Mary {nie Bunn) 97 n., 106, io6 n. Vaughan, Mary - - _ 107, 107 n. Vaughans, family vault of - _ - ^7 n. Vaughan, Mrs., Charity of - 107, 107 n. Vine, the ------- 48 Vosper-Thomas, Reginald Samuel - - 104 Wadsworth, Thomas - - - - 79 n. Wakeley Bros., Messrs. - - - - 65 Walker, Thomas - -48, 49, 58, 81, 70 n. Wallace, Robert- ----- 8 Warburton, Samuel ----- 36 Ward, Humble, Baron Ward - - - 15 Ward, W. ------- 65 Wardale, Messrs. ----- 51 Wardens of St. Saviour's {s^e Corporation of Wardens of St. Saviour's) Warner, William - - - - - 109 Warren, Richard — - _ _ _ ^.8 Watchhouse, Clink Liberty - - - 60 Water, "Humfry" ----- 31 Waterloo Bridge - - - - - 123 Watson, Joseph, & Co. - - - _ 86 Page Waverley, Abbot of - - — - - g^ Waverley House — — — — — 83 Waynflete, William, bishop of Win- chester ----- ion., 45 Weaver, Allan James - - - 410 Webb, Thomas ----- ^(j Webster, Richard - - - - -55 n. Well in Borough High Street - - - g Weller, Sam ------ 15 Wells, John —--__- \^ Welsh, — , oil man ----- 9 n. Westminster Hall ----- 46 Weston, Sir William _ - _ _ gj Weyland, Mark ----- ig Wheatsheaf Public House, Stoney Street 81, 83 Whitchurch, James ----- 80 White, Edvvard, & Co. - - - - 65 White, John -____- ■ja White Hart Inn, Borough High Street - 15, plate 20a White Hind Alley _ _ - - 57, 67 n. White Horse Court ----- g Wicking, S. Garth, i- Co. _ - - 24 Wideflete ------ 95, 95 n. Wight, Daniel ------ 19 Wild, Neame, & Co., Messrs. - - 14 Wiles (Wyles or Wylys) - - - 45,95,96 Wilks, Sir Samuel, bart. - - - - 34 William I------- i William atte Fen, Chamberlain to arch- bishop of Canterbury - - - - 4 William de Monte Alto - - - - 95 William of Wykeham, bishop of Win- chester — — — ---- 46 William Street (afterwards Gambia Street) ------- 100 Williams, — {nh Carlcton) - - - 74 Williamson, Sir Francis - - - - 47 Willow Street ------ 59 Willson, Henry ----- 8 Wilson, J. ------- 83 Wilton, Joseph - - - - - - 39 n. Winchester, diocese of - - - - 8 Winchester, bishops of - - 4,45-55,78 Winchester House or Palace 2, 6, 45-55, 81, 98 n., plates 43-53 Winchester House, Pike Garden - - 57 Winchester Liberty - - - 4,45,48 Winchester Palace {see Winchester House) Winchester Park - - 45-55,82,92 Winchester Yard _ - - 46, plate 3 ia W'inklcy &c Son, Messrs. - - - - 15 Winwood, Sir Ralph- - - - _ 74 Wistow (Wistoe, or Wystowe), Robert- 69 n. Withifiete -------5, 95 Wolsey, Thomas, bishop of Winchester - 2, 47, 62 15' Page Women's University Settlement - - 132 Wood, Sir Francis Lindley - - - 129 Wood, Thomas ------124 Woodward, Joan _____ 69 Woodward, Thomas _ _ _ _ 65 Woolwich Arsenal - - - - - 67 n. Worcester, Earl of, company _ _ _ 72 Workhouse, St. Saviour's 75 n., 79, 79 n., 84 Worrall, Thomas _____ 99 Wren, Sir Christopher _ — _ _ 58 Wren, Dr. Mathew _____ 47 Wrench, John _----- 98 Wyat, John - _____ 8 Wyatt, George ______ 65 Wyatt, Samuel ______ 120 Wyles (see Wiles) Wythiflete [see Withiflete) Page Yearwood, Katherine - _ _ _ 24 Yearwood, Richard - - _ - - 24 Yeates, Alfred Bowman _ - _ _ 88 Yeoman of His Majesty's Bears - - 66 Yevele, Henry ---___ 46 Yong, John - - - - - -75 n. York Hotel - - - - - -115 n. York Street __-___ioo Zin Zan, Joseph _____ ^7 Zoar Street _ _ _ _ gj, plate 64 Zoar Street Chapel - - - - -2,93 152 PRINTED FOR THE LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL AT THE PITMAN PRESS, BATH. MDCCCCL Published by the London County Council, The County Hall, S.E.i. Publication No. 3682. Price ^i I OS. DA 675 S9 V.22 CIRCULATE AS MONOGRAPH Survey of London ROBARTS LIBRARY DUE DATE OCT 281988 ^ISRCULATE AS MONOGRAPH -^M m ■ .< '.v:';'.	i don't know
In the Bible, what was the name of the city that Jonah was told to take God's message to?	5. Jonah \| Bible.org (chapter 1) God's Command (1:1-2) God commanded Jonah to go to Ninevah and preach to them about their sinfulness and call them to repentance. This is the only time in the OT where Israel is commanded to actively pursue the Gentiles. God’s Covenant with Abraham mentioned that through Abraham’s descendants God would bless the nations, but no Israelite is ever commanded to go to the nations and tell them about God. They were to have a passive witness. The Gentiles were supposed to see the difference between their society and Israel’s and be attracted to it. The OT is full of examples of Gentiles who became Jewish proselytes and worshipped Yahweh - Ruth, Jael, Shamgar, the woman at Jericho, etc. Jonah's Disobedience (1:3) What is Jonah’s reaction to God’s command? He refused. He didn’t say anything. He just left town. Notice the route he took: He went down to Joppa. Found a ship going down to Tarshish, so he went down into the boat. If God is up then down is bad. Every thing Jonah did took him further from God. God's Disipline (1:4-9) This section emphasizes God’s sovereignty over nature. He sent the wind and caused the sea to heave. It is the heathen sailors who feared and are praying while the man of God is complacently sleeping below. The sailors were praying to the wrong gods, but they were convicted by the events at sea. Jonah’s lack of reaction is significant. Sin hardens the heart and makes us insensitive. Here we see that Jonah is insensitive to what God is doing. And we see the first of many contrasts between the heathens and Jonah. Jonah is insensitive, but the heathens are aware that something out of the ordinary is going on and they are praying to their gods. Jonah’s statement in 1:9 is the exact opposite of what his actions show. He does not fear God. If he did, he would have obeyed the first time, and at the least, been praying because of the storm. Sailor's Prayer (1:10-14) What stand’s out in this section? They would eventually learn that Jonah’s God was the true God. 1:10 shows that the men were amazed that Jonah would do something to displease his God. They spent their life in fear of their gods, trying to please and pacify them. It is ironic and sad that those who worship the true God - the only God worth fearing - and experience His grace, take advantage of His grace and do not live their life in an effort to please Him. 1:13 shows that the heathen sailors had more compassion than Jonah. They did not want to throw him overboard and tried desperately to get to land without doing that. They begged Jonah’s God’s pardon for what they had to do. This is also a contrast with the man of God who had no compassion on the people of Ninevah. God's Answer (1:15-16) God responded by calming the sea . The sailors recognize that the true God is Jonah’s God, so they pray to Yahweh. And after the sea calms, we see that they feared Yahweh and offered sacrifices to Him and made vows. They were probably vows that they would follow and obey Him. This is in contrast to Jonah who disobeyed God. More Discipline (1:17) God is not through with Jonah. A great fish comes along and swallows him. There is more irony here. If you remember, Jonah went down, down, down in the first few verses. Now God is sending Jonah down to the depths of Sheol (2:2). At least that is what it felt like to Jonah. Jonah Praying (chapter 2) Jonah's Prayer (2:1-9) Jonah finally prays and thanks God for his deliverance even before he is delivered. This shows that he is convinced God answers prayer. Some think that at this point Jonah is repenting, especially since he now goes and preaches to Ninevah. But let’s look at his prayer: Nowhere in his prayer did he mention his own rebellion and sin, so there is no real confession going on here. He piously considered himself better than the pagans (cf. vs 8-9). What is ironic and sad is that we have already seen that the sailor’s came out looking better than Jonah. I think Jonah is making a big assumption here that God would deliver him. He certainly didn’t deserve it. We will see by Jonah’s actions in chapter 4: that he didn’t really repent here. Feinberg points out that the life of Jonah parallels the history of the nation of Israel, and the phrase, “Salvation is from the Lord” is a key ingredient in that parallel. Like Jonah, Israel was chosen. Like Jonah, Israel rebelled. Like Jonah, Israel received discipline (dispersion and abuse by other nations up to the present day). Israel looks to military alliances and national defense as the solution but until Israel recognizes that Salvation is from the Lord, there can be no ultimate deliverance. (Charles L. Feinberg, The Minor Prophets, p. 141-43). I think the life of every individual is also parallel to Jonah’s experience. God calls us, but we rebell. We search for life in everything else but God until we come to a point in our life where we are so low that we finally recognize our inability and come to the conclusion that Salvation is from the Lord. God's Answer (2:10) God is gracious and He does answer Jonah’s prayer and the fish delivers Jonah to the beach outside of Ninevah. Jonah Obeying (chapter 3) God's Command (3:1-2) God repeated his command to Jonah to go to Ninevah. I think it shows the grace of God that He gave Jonah a second chance. Jonah's Obedience (3:3-4) This time Jonah obeys. It seems that there was no complaint this time. God had gotten Jonah's attention. Jonah's message is a simple one - “In forty days Ninevah will be destroyed!” There wasn't a lot of persuasion. I don't think Jonah tried very hard to persuade them. He would have gone into town, said his piece and left saying something like, “Well, I told them. It's their own fault now when God destroys them.” I think this also shows that Jonah hasn’t really changed his attitude. It seems to me he is obeying, but grudgingly. Ninevah's Prayer (3:5-9) But the people of Ninevah heard him and believed him and repented. And this was a thorough repentance. Everyone from the king down to the cows were crying out. I'm sure the animals were just hungry, but it probably seemed like they were repenting too. God's Answer (3:10) God is gracious and does not destroy the city. Jonah Learning (chapter 4) Jonah's Anger (4:1-4) Jonah is furious when he sees the people's repentance. He knows now that God is not going to destroy them. Here we also see his true heart and further proof that he did not repent in chapter 2. The truth comes out about Jonah's fleeing from God in the beginning. He knew God would forgive them if they repented, but Jonah hated the Assyrians so much he didn't want to even give them the chance to repent. Why did he hate them? The Assyrians were a dominant world power during this time and had even defeated Israel in a few battles and exacted tribute from Israel. Assyria wasn't just a non-hostile Gentile nation. It was an active enemy of Israel. Jonah's Lesson (4:5-8) So Jonah goes out of the city to pout and see if maybe God will destroy them. It is hot so God causes a plant to grow and give Jonah shade. The text says Jonah was “extremely happy about the plant.” Then, when the plant withers, Jonah wants to die. Doesn't it seem a little odd that Jonah would be so happy about the plant and so distraught over a plant’s death? I think the author is trying to make a point to us about how Jonah is all mixed up in his priorities. God's Question (4:9-11) God's question brings the point home. If Jonah is so upset about the death of a plant, which he didn't even plant, How much more should God be concerned about the death of human beings. Lessons (1) We learn about the character of God. (2) We see his omnipotence as he controls the wind, the sea, the fish and the plant. And all of his power is directed toward a single goal - the reclamation of sinful humans - both Jonah and the Ninevites. (Chisholm, Interpreting The Minor Prophets, p. 129) (3) We see his love and compassion as he gives Jonah a second chance and as he forgives the Ninevites. (4) We see that God answers prayer. He answered the sailors' prayers, Jonah's prayer and the Ninevites' prayers. (5) I think it ironic that God would spare the Assyrians so that they could destroy the Northern kingdom of Israel only a few decades later. (6) I think this book shows that Jonah knew a lot about God. He presumed on God's grace and assumed his deliverance while still in the fish. He knew God was compassionate and gracious and would not destroy the Assyrians if they repented. So, although Jonah knew about God, he did not want to obey him. It could even be said that Jonah disobeyed in the name of justice. (Chisholm, Interpreting The Minor Prophets, p. 130) The Assyrians certainly had committed enough atrocities that they deserved judgment, and Jonah wanted them to get their due. But he was ignoring the sovereignty of God and disobeying God. He also was displaying a double standard. He was forgetting that Israel had been forgiven many times for her sins and that he himself had just been forgiven for his disobedience. He was a walking contradiction. I think we need to be careful that we do not fall into the same trap. Jonah and the law of love: I think Jonah gives us a negative illustration of love. I see Jonah as a good example of how we tend to judge others and consider ourselves to be better than others. I mentioned at the beginning of the series that the prophets were more concerned about the present failings of the people to follow the law than with future predictions. Jonah’s life illustrates this failure. Jesus summed up the whole law in one phrase, “Love your neighbor as yourself.” Jonah definitely illustrates not loving one’s neighbor. Loving involves forgiveness. Jonah would not forgive the Assyrians for their evil. Instead, he clung with pride to his heritage as a Jew, the chosen people of God, and he condemned the Assyrians. I think Jonah mistakenly thought that he deserved the favor of God. I think his prayer in chapter 2 demonstrates that. He called on God for deliverance without repenting of his evil. Why did God choose Israel? Because they were the biggest nation? Because they were more spiritual than the rest? No. He chose them out of grace. If you read Eze 16, you will see a good description of what Israel was like and what God did for them. It also describes how they became proud and forsook God. They certainly did not deserve the special relationship with God. Jonah forgot that. If he had recognized his evil, he would have seen that he was just as bad as the Ninevites. This reminds me of the parable of the unforgiving servant, who was forgiven an enormous debt by the king. He in turn refused to forgive a fellow slave a small debt. When the king found out, the unforgiving servant was handed over to the torturers until he could repay the debt. I think God was torturing Jonah to try to make him see his evil, so he would repent and so he would recognize that he was no better than the Assyrians. He should have forgiven them and gone to help them. The message of the unforgiving servant is that we should forgive, because we have been forgiven. Jonah was forgiven and delivered from the fish, but he did not see it that way. When I read Larry Crabb and Dan Allender’s books, they say that love means moving into another person’s life to build them up, to help them see their evil so they will repent. It usually involves sacrifice on our part and forgiveness for the harm they do to us. I see Jonah as failing to do this. He failed to forgive and therefore was unwilling to move toward the Ninevites to help them see their evil so they could repent and have a relationship with God. He failed to love.	Nineveh
Taking place on March 7th 1814, The Battle of Craonne took place in which country?	Jonah \| Great Stories of the Bible written by Jonah (a prophet)* in Jonah 1:1-4:11 written by Jonah (a prophet)* in Jonah 1:1-4:11 written by Jonah (a prophet)* in Jonah 1:1-4:11 written by Jonah (a prophet)* in Jonah 1:1-4:11 Jonah 1-4 1:1 Now the word of the Lord came to Jonah the son of Amittai, saying, 2 “Arise, go to Nineveh, that great city, and call out against it, for their evil has come up before me.” 3 But Jonah rose to flee to Tarshish from the presence of the Lord. He went down to Joppa and found a ship going to Tarshish. So he paid the fare and went on board, to go with them to Tarshish, away from the presence of the Lord. 4 But the Lord hurled a great wind upon the sea, and there was a mighty tempest on the sea, so that the ship threatened to break up. 5 Then the mariners were afraid, and each cried out to his god. And they hurled the cargo that was in the ship into the sea to lighten it for them. But Jonah had gone down into the inner part of the ship and had lain down and was fast asleep. 6 So the captain came and said to him, “What do you mean, you sleeper? Arise, call out to your god! Perhaps the god will give a thought to us, that we may not perish.” 7 And they said to one another, “Come, let us cast lots, that we may know on whose account this evil has come upon us.” So they cast lots, and the lot fell on Jonah. 8 Then they said to him, “Tell us on whose account this evil has come upon us. What is your occupation? And where do you come from? What is your country? And of what people are you?” 9 And he said to them, “I am a Hebrew, and I fear the Lord, the God of heaven, who made the sea and the dry land.” 10 Then the men were exceedingly afraid and said to him, “What is this that you have done!” For the men knew that he was fleeing from the presence of the Lord, because he had told them. 11 Then they said to him, “What shall we do to you, that the sea may quiet down for us?” For the sea grew more and more tempestuous. 12 He said to them, “Pick me up and hurl me into the sea; then the sea will quiet down for you, for I know it is because of me that this great tempest has come upon you.” 13 Nevertheless, the men rowed hard to get back to dry land, but they could not, for the sea grew more and more tempestuous against them. 14 Therefore they called out to the Lord, “O Lord, let us not perish for this man's life, and lay not on us innocent blood, for you, O Lord, have done as it pleased you.” 15 So they picked up Jonah and hurled him into the sea, and the sea ceased from its raging. 16 Then the men feared the Lord exceedingly, and they offered a sacrifice to the Lord and made vows. 17 And the Lord appointed a great fish to swallow up Jonah. And Jonah was in the belly of the fish three days and three nights. 2:1 Then Jonah prayed to the Lord his God from the belly of the fish, 2 saying, “I called out to the Lord, out of my distress, and he answered me; what I have vowed I will pay. Salvation belongs to the Lord!” 10 And the Lord spoke to the fish, and it vomited Jonah out upon the dry land. 3:1 Then the word of the Lord came to Jonah the second time, saying, 2 “Arise, go to Nineveh, that great city, and call out against it the message that I tell you.” 3 So Jonah arose and went to Nineveh, according to the word of the Lord. Now Nineveh was an exceedingly great city, three days' journey in breadth. 4 Jonah began to go into the city, going a day's journey. And he called out, “Yet forty days, and Nineveh shall be overthrown!” 5 And the people of Nineveh believed God. They called for a fast and put on sackcloth, from the greatest of them to the least of them. 6 The word reached the king of Nineveh, and he arose from his throne, removed his robe, covered himself with sackcloth, and sat in ashes. 7 And he issued a proclamation and published through Nineveh, “By the decree of the king and his nobles: Let neither man nor beast, herd nor flock, taste anything. Let them not feed or drink water, 8 but let man and beast be covered with sackcloth, and let them call out mightily to God. Let everyone turn from his evil way and from the violence that is in his hands. 9 Who knows? God may turn and relent and turn from his fierce anger, so that we may not perish.” 10 When God saw what they did, how they turned from their evil way, God relented of the disaster that he had said he would do to them, and he did not do it. 4:1 But it displeased Jonah exceedingly, and he was angry. 2 And he prayed to the Lord and said, “O Lord, is not this what I said when I was yet in my country? That is why I made haste to flee to Tarshish; for I knew that you are a gracious God and merciful, slow to anger and abounding in steadfast love, and relenting from disaster. 3 Therefore now, O Lord, please take my life from me, for it is better for me to die than to live.” 4 And the Lord said, “Do you do well to be angry?” 5 Jonah went out of the city and sat to the east of the city and made a booth for himself there. He sat under it in the shade, till he should see what would become of the city. 6 Now the Lord God appointed a plant and made it come up over Jonah, that it might be a shade over his head, to save him from his discomfort. So Jonah was exceedingly glad because of the plant. 7 But when dawn came up the next day, God appointed a worm that attacked the plant, so that it withered. 8 When the sun rose, God appointed a scorching east wind, and the sun beat down on the head of Jonah so that he was faint. And he asked that he might die and said, “It is better for me to die than to live.” 9 But God said to Jonah, “Do you do well to be angry for the plant?” And he said, “Yes, I do well to be angry, angry enough to die.” 10 And the Lord said, “You pity the plant, for which you did not labor, nor did you make it grow, which came into being in a night and perished in a night. 11 And should not I pity Nineveh, that great city, in which there are more than 120,000 persons who do not know their right hand from their left, and also much cattle?” Jonah Runs from the Lord 1 One day the Lord told Jonah, the son of Amittai, 2 to go to the great city of Nineveh and say to the people, “The Lord has seen your terrible sins. You are doomed!” 3 Instead, Jonah ran from the Lord. He went to the seaport of Joppa and found a ship that was going to Spain. So he paid his fare, then got on the ship and sailed away to escape. 4 But the Lord made a strong wind blow, and such a bad storm came up that the ship was about to be broken to pieces. 5 The sailors were frightened, and they all started praying to their gods. They even threw the ship's cargo overboard to make the ship lighter. All this time, Jonah was down below deck, sound asleep. 6 The ship's captain went to him and said, “How can you sleep at a time like this? Get up and pray to your God! Maybe he will have pity on us and keep us from drowning.” 7 Finally, the sailors got together and said, “Let's ask our gods to show us who caused all this trouble.” It turned out to be Jonah. 8 They started asking him, “Are you the one who brought all this trouble on us? What business are you in? Where do you come from? What is your country? Who are your people?” 9 Jonah answered, “I'm a Hebrew, and I worship the Lord God of heaven, who made the sea and the dry land.” 10 When the sailors heard this, they were frightened, because Jonah had already told them he was running from the Lord. Then they said, “Do you know what you have done?” 11 The storm kept getting worse, until finally the sailors asked him, “What should we do with you to make the sea calm down?” 12 Jonah told them, “Throw me into the sea, and it will calm down. I'm the cause of this terrible storm.” 13 The sailors tried their best to row to the shore. But they could not do it, and the storm kept getting worse every minute. 14 So they prayed to the Lord, “Please don't let us drown for taking this man's life. Don't hold us guilty for killing an innocent man. All of this happened because you wanted it to.” 15 Then they threw Jonah overboard, and the sea calmed down. 16 The sailors were so terrified that they offered a sacrifice to the Lord and made all kinds of promises. 17 The Lord sent a big fish to swallow Jonah, and Jonah was inside the fish for three days and three nights. Jonah's Prayer 1 From inside the fish, Jonah prayed to the Lord his God: 2 When I was in trouble, Lord, I prayed to you, and you listened to me. From deep in the world of the dead, I begged for your help, and you answered my prayer. 3 You threw me down to the bottom of the sea. The water was churning I would be a prisoner there. But, you, Lord God, rescued me from that pit. 7 When my life was slipping away, I remembered you— and in your holy temple you heard my prayer. 8 All who worship worthless idols turn from the God 9 But with shouts of praise, I will offer a sacrifice to you, my Lord. I will keep my promise, because you are the one with power to save. 10 The Lord commanded the fish to vomit up Jonah on the shore. And it did. Jonah Goes to Nineveh 1 Once again the Lord told Jonah 2 to go to that great city of Nineveh and preach his message of doom. 3 Jonah obeyed the Lord and went to Nineveh. The city was so big that it took three days just to walk through it. 4 After walking for a day, Jonah warned the people, “Forty days from now, Nineveh will be destroyed!” 5 They believed God's message and set a time when they would go without eating to show their sorrow. Then everyone in the city, no matter who they were, dressed in sackcloth. 6 When the king of Nineveh heard what was happening, he also dressed in sackcloth; he left the royal palace and sat in dust. 7-9 Then he and his officials sent out an order for everyone in the city to obey. It said: None of you or your animals may eat or drink a thing. Each of you must wear sackcloth, and you must even put sackcloth on your animals. You must also pray to the Lord God with all your heart and stop being sinful and cruel. Maybe God will change his mind and have mercy on us, so we won't be destroyed. 10 When God saw that the people had stopped doing evil things, he had pity and did not destroy them as he had planned. Jonah Gets Angry with the Lord 1 Jonah was really upset and angry. 2 So he prayed: Our Lord, I knew from the very beginning that you wouldn't destroy Nineveh. That's why I left my own country and headed for Spain. You are a kind and merciful God, and you are very patient. You always show love, and you don't like to punish anyone. 3 Now let me die! I'd be better off dead. 4 The Lord replied, “What right do you have to be angry?” 5 Jonah then left through the east gate of the city and made a shelter to protect himself from the sun. He sat under the shelter, waiting to see what would happen to Nineveh. 6 The Lord made a vine grow up to shade Jonah's head and protect him from the sun. Jonah was very happy to have the vine, 7 but early the next morning the Lord sent a worm to chew on the vine, and the vine dried up. 8 During the day the Lord sent a scorching wind, and the sun beat down on Jonah's head, making him feel faint. Jonah was ready to die, and he shouted, “I wish I were dead!” 9 But the Lord asked, “Jonah, do you have the right to be angry about the vine?” “Yes, I do,” he answered, “and I'm angry enough to die.” 10 But the Lord said: You are concerned about a vine that you did not plant or take care of, a vine that grew up in one night and died the next. 11 In that city of Nineveh there are more than 120,000 people who cannot tell right from wrong, and many cattle are also there. Don't you think I should be concerned about that big city? Jonah Disobeys the Lord 1 One day the Lord spoke to Jonah son of Amittai. 2 He said, “Go to Nineveh, that great city, and speak out against it; I am aware of how wicked its people are.” 3 Jonah, however, set out in the opposite direction in order to get away from the Lord. He went to Joppa, where he found a ship about to go to Spain. He paid his fare and went aboard with the crew to sail to Spain, where he would be away from the Lord. 4 But the Lord sent a strong wind on the sea, and the storm was so violent that the ship was in danger of breaking up. 5 The sailors were terrified and cried out for help, each one to his own god. Then, in order to lessen the danger, they threw the cargo overboard. Meanwhile, Jonah had gone below and was lying in the ship's hold, sound asleep. 6 The captain found him there and said to him, “What are you doing asleep? Get up and pray to your god for help. Maybe he will feel sorry for us and spare our lives.” 7 The sailors said to each other, “Let's draw lots and find out who is to blame for getting us into this danger.” They did so, and Jonah's name was drawn. 8 So they said to him, “Now, then, tell us! Who is to blame for this? What are you doing here? What country do you come from? What is your nationality?” 9 “I am a Hebrew,” Jonah answered. “I worship the Lord, the God of heaven, who made land and sea.” 10 Jonah went on to tell them that he was running away from the Lord. The sailors were terrified, and said to him, “That was an awful thing to do!” 11 The storm was getting worse all the time, so the sailors asked him, “What should we do to you to stop the storm?” 12 Jonah answered, “Throw me into the sea, and it will calm down. I know it is my fault that you are caught in this violent storm.” 13 Instead, the sailors tried to get the ship to shore, rowing with all their might. But the storm was becoming worse and worse, and they got nowhere. 14 So they cried out to the Lord, “O Lord, we pray, don't punish us with death for taking this man's life! You, O Lord, are responsible for all this; it is your doing.” 15 Then they picked Jonah up and threw him into the sea, and it calmed down at once. 16 This made the sailors so afraid of the Lord that they offered a sacrifice and promised to serve him. 17 At the Lord's command a large fish swallowed Jonah, and he was inside the fish for three days and three nights. Jonah's Prayer 1 From deep inside the fish Jonah prayed to the Lord his God: 2 “In my distress, O Lord, I called to you, and you answered me. From deep in the world of the dead I cried for help, and you heard me. 3 You threw me down into the depths, to the very bottom of the sea, where the waters were all around me, and all your mighty waves rolled over me. 4 I thought I had been banished from your presence and would never see your holy Temple again. 5 The water came over me and choked me; the sea covered me completely, and seaweed wrapped around my head. 6 I went down to the very roots of the mountains, into the land whose gates lock shut forever. But you, O Lord my God, brought me back from the depths alive. 7 When I felt my life slipping away, then, O Lord, I prayed to you, and in your holy Temple you heard me. 8 Those who worship worthless idols have abandoned their loyalty to you. 9 But I will sing praises to you; I will offer you a sacrifice and do what I have promised. Salvation comes from the Lord!” 10 Then the Lord ordered the fish to spit Jonah up on the beach, and it did. Jonah Obeys the Lord 1 Once again the Lord spoke to Jonah. 2 He said, “Go to Nineveh, that great city, and proclaim to the people the message I have given you.” 3 So Jonah obeyed the Lord and went to Nineveh, a city so large that it took three days to walk through it. 4 Jonah started through the city, and after walking a whole day, he proclaimed, “In forty days Nineveh will be destroyed!” 5 The people of Nineveh believed God's message. So they decided that everyone should fast, and all the people, from the greatest to the least, put on sackcloth to show that they had repented. 6 When the king of Nineveh heard about it, he got up from his throne, took off his robe, put on sackcloth, and sat down in ashes. 7 He sent out a proclamation to the people of Nineveh: “This is an order from the king and his officials: No one is to eat anything; all persons, cattle, and sheep are forbidden to eat or drink. 8 All persons and animals must wear sackcloth. Everyone must pray earnestly to God and must give up their wicked behavior and their evil actions. 9 Perhaps God will change his mind; perhaps he will stop being angry, and we will not die!” 10 God saw what they did; he saw that they had given up their wicked behavior. So he changed his mind and did not punish them as he had said he would. Jonah's Anger and God's Mercy 1 Jonah was very unhappy about this and became angry. 2 So he prayed, “Lord, didn't I say before I left home that this is just what you would do? That's why I did my best to run away to Spain! I knew that you are a loving and merciful God, always patient, always kind, and always ready to change your mind and not punish. 3 Now then, Lord, let me die. I am better off dead than alive.” 4 The Lord answered, “What right do you have to be angry?” 5 Jonah went out east of the city and sat down. He made a shelter for himself and sat in its shade, waiting to see what would happen to Nineveh. 6 Then the Lord God made a plant grow up over Jonah to give him some shade, so that he would be more comfortable. Jonah was extremely pleased with the plant. 7 But at dawn the next day, at God's command, a worm attacked the plant, and it died. 8 After the sun had risen, God sent a hot east wind, and Jonah was about to faint from the heat of the sun beating down on his head. So he wished he were dead. “I am better off dead than alive,” he said. 9 But God said to him, “What right do you have to be angry about the plant?” Jonah replied, “I have every right to be angry—angry enough to die!” 10 The Lord said to him, “This plant grew up in one night and disappeared the next; you didn't do anything for it and you didn't make it grow—yet you feel sorry for it! 11 How much more, then, should I have pity on Nineveh, that great city. After all, it has more than 120,000 innocent children in it, as well as many animals!” Jonah Tries to Run from the Lord 1:1 The Lord said to Jonah son of Amittai, 2 “Go immediately to Nineveh, that large capital city, and announce judgment against its people because their wickedness has come to my attention.” 3 Instead, Jonah immediately headed off to Tarshish to escape from the commission of the Lord . He traveled to Joppa and found a merchant ship heading to Tarshish. So he paid the fare and went aboard it to go with them to Tarshish far away from the Lord . 4 But the Lord hurled a powerful wind on the sea. Such a violent tempest arose on the sea that the ship threatened to break up! 5 The sailors were so afraid that each cried out to his own god and they flung the ship’s cargo overboard to make the ship lighter. Jonah, meanwhile, had gone down into the hold below deck, had lain down, and was sound asleep. 6 The ship’s captain approached him and said, “What are you doing asleep? Get up! Cry out to your god! Perhaps your god might take notice of us so that we might not die!” 7 The sailors said to one another, “Come on, let’s cast lots to find out whose fault it is that this disaster has overtaken us.” So they cast lots, and Jonah was singled out. 8 They said to him, “Tell us, whose fault is it that this disaster has overtaken us? What’s your occupation? Where do you come from? What’s your country? And who are your people?” 9 He said to them, “I am a Hebrew! And I worship the Lord , the God of heaven, who made the sea and the dry land.” 10 Hearing this, the men became even more afraid and said to him, “What have you done?” (The men said this because they knew that he was trying to escape from the Lord, because he had previously told them.) 11 Because the storm was growing worse and worse, they said to him, “What should we do to you to make the sea calm down for us?” 12 He said to them, “Pick me up and throw me into the sea to make the sea quiet down, because I know it’s my fault you are in this severe storm.” 13 Instead, they tried to row back to land, but they were not able to do so because the storm kept growing worse and worse. 14 So they cried out to the Lord , “Oh, please, Lord , don’t let us die on account of this man! Don’t hold us guilty of shedding innocent blood. After all, you, Lord , have done just as you pleased.” 15 So they picked Jonah up and threw him into the sea, and the sea stopped raging. 16 The men feared the Lord from the belly of Sheol I cried out for help, and you heard my prayer. 3 You threw me into the deep waters, into the middle of the sea; the ocean current engulfed me; all the mighty waves you sent swept over me. 4 I thought I had been banished from your sight, that I would never again see your holy temple! 5 Water engulfed me up to my neck; the deep ocean surrounded me; seaweed was wrapped around my head. 6 I went down to the very bottoms of the mountains; the gates of the netherworld barred me in forever; but you brought me up from the Pit, O Lord 7 When my life was ebbing away, I called out to the Lord and my prayer came to your holy temple. 8 Those who worship worthless idols forfeit the mercy that could be theirs. 9 But as for me, I promise to offer a sacrifice to you with a public declaration of praise; I will surely do what I have promised. Salvation belongs to the commanded the fish and it disgorged Jonah on dry land. The People of Nineveh Respond to Jonah’s Warning 3:1 The Lord said to Jonah a second time, 2 “Go immediately to Nineveh, that large city, and proclaim to it the message that I tell you.” 3 So Jonah went immediately to Nineveh, as the Lord had said. (Now Nineveh was an enormous city – it required three days to walk through it!) 4 When Jonah began to enter the city one day’s walk, he announced, “At the end of forty days, Nineveh will be overthrown!” 5 The people of Nineveh believed in God, and they declared a fast and put on sackcloth, from the greatest to the least of them. 6 When the news reached the king of Nineveh, he got up from his throne, took off his royal robe, put on sackcloth, and sat on ashes. 7 He issued a proclamation and said, “In Nineveh, by the decree of the king and his nobles: No human or animal, cattle or sheep, is to taste anything; they must not eat and they must not drink water. 8 Every person and animal must put on sackcloth and must cry earnestly to God, and everyone must turn from their evil way of living and from the violence that they do. 9 Who knows? Perhaps God might be willing to change his mind and relent and turn from his fierce anger so that we might not die.” 10 When God saw their actions – they turned from their evil way of living! – God relented concerning the judgment he had threatened them with and he did not destroy them. Jonah Responds to God’s Kindness 4:1 This displeased Jonah terribly and he became very angry. 2 He prayed to the Lord and said, “Oh, Lord , this is just what I thought would happen when I was in my own country. This is what I tried to prevent by attempting to escape to Tarshish! – because I knew that you are gracious and compassionate, slow to anger and abounding in mercy, and one who relents concerning threatened judgment. 3 So now, Lord , kill me instead, because I would rather die than live!” 4 The Lord said, “Are you really so very angry?” 5 Jonah left the city and sat down east of it. He made a shelter for himself there and sat down under it in the shade to see what would happen to the city. 6 The Lord God appointed a little plant and caused it to grow up over Jonah to be a shade over his head to rescue him from his misery. Now Jonah was very delighted about the little plant. 7 So God sent a worm at dawn the next day, and it attacked the little plant so that it dried up. 8 When the sun began to shine, God sent a hot east wind. So the sun beat down on Jonah’s head, and he grew faint. So he despaired of life, and said, “I would rather die than live!” 9 God said to Jonah, “Are you really so very angry about the little plant?” And he said, “I am as angry as I could possibly be!” 10 The Lord said, “You were upset about this little plant, something for which you have not worked nor did you do anything to make it grow. It grew up overnight and died the next day. 11 Should I not be even more concerned about Nineveh, this enormous city? There are more than one hundred twenty thousand people in it who do not know right from wrong, as well as many animals!”     	i don't know
Appointed on February 4th 2011, who is the current manager of Sheffield Wednesday FC?	Sheffield Wednesday FC - The Steel City's Owls \| FM Scout Sheffield Wednesday FC - The Steel City's Owls Follow my story as I aim to take Sheffield Wednesday back to the top of English football! []] Pages 2310 posts 305 likes joined Jun 30, 2012 Why Sheffield Wednesday? There is only one reason to picking this team: they are my team. My dad supports them, my grandad supported them, and I support them. They haven't been brilliant in recent years, and I want to see them get back to glory. I feel that I can accomplish this. We did get promotion last season though, so happy days! Who Am I? I have chosen to be England international winger Chris Waddle. He played for Wednesday over 100 times in the 90s, and also played for England at the 1990 World Cup. I feel he is an interesting choice, and will make for a better story. Quick Links - Sheffield Wednesday 2909 posts 312 likes joined Mar 29, 2013 Good Luck, Owls Waddle to glory 4658 posts 450 likes joined Jun 02, 2012 Another Blue story! Jamesg237 2013-04-11 14:20 2267 posts 224 likes joined Aug 07, 2012 Will definitely be following this. I hope you have as much success as you have in your previous stories! 2050 posts 89 likes joined Mar 29, 2013 Will be following mate, I can remember Francis Jeffers for them! I wonder were he is now! 2310 posts 305 likes joined Jun 30, 2012 Wednesday Sack Dave Jones Sheffield Wednesday boss Dave Jones has been sacked by the Yorkshire club, despite guiding the club to promotion to the nPower Championship, after he joined in March 2012. He has only been in the job for a few months, but now the Owls will be looking to a appoint a new boss to take them forwards. There is much speculation in the football world as to why Jones was sacked by the club he didn't lose a game at in his 11 games in charge. He amassed a total of 29 points out of a possible 33 after joining the club, and clinched promotion from League 1 on the final day of the 2011-12 season ahead of their biggest rivals Sheffield United, managed by former Wednesday player and manager Danny Wilson. Some journalists are spreading rumours that the reason for Jones' sacking are related to a suspected affair that the former Cardiff manager had with Wednesday chairman, Milan Mandaric's wife. These rumors have been denied by both Jones and Mandaric, leaving the journalists who made the allegations an embarrassment. Many people believe that Jones was sacked because of the poor signings he has made so far in the window, however many believe the captures that the Yorkshire club have made are good, including former Tottenham defender Anthony Gardner, former Liverpool and England goalkeeper Chris Kirkland, and also the capture of Michail Antonio from Reading. Antonio spearheaded Wednesday's charge for promotion last season after joining on loan from Reading just before the derby against Sheffield United in February. He was actually signed by former boss Gary Megson for the Owls, but was sacked just days after emerging victorious in the derby. A statement on the club's official website read "Sheffield Wednesday Football Club can today confirm that first-team manager David Jones has left the club after a mutual decision was reached by the board of directors to relieve him of his position. We thank David very much for his work accomplished here at Hillsborough. We wish him all the best in his future managerial endeavours." So, the real reason Jones has been sacked by Wednesday remains unclear, with the club refusing to reveal any details. They are expected to begin the search for a new manager immediately, with candidates including Brian McDermott, Roberto Di Matteo, and former Wednesday player Chris Waddle. 2310 posts 305 likes joined Jun 30, 2012 Waddle Appointed Wednesday Manager Sheffield Wednesday have appointed former player Chris Waddle as their new manager following the sacking of Dave Jones. Waddle knows the club well, having played for the Owls for four years in the 1990s. This is only his second ever managerial role, having taken control of Burnley in a player-manager role between 1997-98. Fans are said to be excited about the prospect of having Waddle in charge of the club for their first season back in the Championship since 2009-10. Many fans of the Owls regard Waddle as a club legend, despite the fact that he only played just over 100 games for the Yorkshire club. He is also unproven at this level in recent times, having been out of managerial work for 14 years. Many critics are questioning Milan Mandaric's decision to appoint Waddle, and he certainly has a job on his hands to prove them wrong. The Owls only posted a short statement on their website to announce Waddle, to the tune of "Sheffield Wednesday Football Club are delighted to welcome former player Chris Waddle back to the club by announcing him as the new first-team manager. He takes over from former manager Dave Jones, who was sacked earlier this week. This marks Waddle's return to football, since retiring as a player in 2002. The board is confident that Waddle is the man to take this club forward, and wish him all the best here in his second spell at Hillsborough." Waddle is rumoured to be on a £6.75k p/w deal until the end of the current season at Hillsborough.	Gary Megson
Having held the position since 1992, Paul Dacre is the editor of which daily newspaper?	Sheffield Wednesday FC - The Steel City's Owls \| FM Scout Sheffield Wednesday FC - The Steel City's Owls Follow my story as I aim to take Sheffield Wednesday back to the top of English football! []] Pages 2310 posts 305 likes joined Jun 30, 2012 Why Sheffield Wednesday? There is only one reason to picking this team: they are my team. My dad supports them, my grandad supported them, and I support them. They haven't been brilliant in recent years, and I want to see them get back to glory. I feel that I can accomplish this. We did get promotion last season though, so happy days! Who Am I? I have chosen to be England international winger Chris Waddle. He played for Wednesday over 100 times in the 90s, and also played for England at the 1990 World Cup. I feel he is an interesting choice, and will make for a better story. Quick Links - Sheffield Wednesday 2909 posts 312 likes joined Mar 29, 2013 Good Luck, Owls Waddle to glory 4658 posts 450 likes joined Jun 02, 2012 Another Blue story! Jamesg237 2013-04-11 14:20 2267 posts 224 likes joined Aug 07, 2012 Will definitely be following this. I hope you have as much success as you have in your previous stories! 2050 posts 89 likes joined Mar 29, 2013 Will be following mate, I can remember Francis Jeffers for them! I wonder were he is now! 2310 posts 305 likes joined Jun 30, 2012 Wednesday Sack Dave Jones Sheffield Wednesday boss Dave Jones has been sacked by the Yorkshire club, despite guiding the club to promotion to the nPower Championship, after he joined in March 2012. He has only been in the job for a few months, but now the Owls will be looking to a appoint a new boss to take them forwards. There is much speculation in the football world as to why Jones was sacked by the club he didn't lose a game at in his 11 games in charge. He amassed a total of 29 points out of a possible 33 after joining the club, and clinched promotion from League 1 on the final day of the 2011-12 season ahead of their biggest rivals Sheffield United, managed by former Wednesday player and manager Danny Wilson. Some journalists are spreading rumours that the reason for Jones' sacking are related to a suspected affair that the former Cardiff manager had with Wednesday chairman, Milan Mandaric's wife. These rumors have been denied by both Jones and Mandaric, leaving the journalists who made the allegations an embarrassment. Many people believe that Jones was sacked because of the poor signings he has made so far in the window, however many believe the captures that the Yorkshire club have made are good, including former Tottenham defender Anthony Gardner, former Liverpool and England goalkeeper Chris Kirkland, and also the capture of Michail Antonio from Reading. Antonio spearheaded Wednesday's charge for promotion last season after joining on loan from Reading just before the derby against Sheffield United in February. He was actually signed by former boss Gary Megson for the Owls, but was sacked just days after emerging victorious in the derby. A statement on the club's official website read "Sheffield Wednesday Football Club can today confirm that first-team manager David Jones has left the club after a mutual decision was reached by the board of directors to relieve him of his position. We thank David very much for his work accomplished here at Hillsborough. We wish him all the best in his future managerial endeavours." So, the real reason Jones has been sacked by Wednesday remains unclear, with the club refusing to reveal any details. They are expected to begin the search for a new manager immediately, with candidates including Brian McDermott, Roberto Di Matteo, and former Wednesday player Chris Waddle. 2310 posts 305 likes joined Jun 30, 2012 Waddle Appointed Wednesday Manager Sheffield Wednesday have appointed former player Chris Waddle as their new manager following the sacking of Dave Jones. Waddle knows the club well, having played for the Owls for four years in the 1990s. This is only his second ever managerial role, having taken control of Burnley in a player-manager role between 1997-98. Fans are said to be excited about the prospect of having Waddle in charge of the club for their first season back in the Championship since 2009-10. Many fans of the Owls regard Waddle as a club legend, despite the fact that he only played just over 100 games for the Yorkshire club. He is also unproven at this level in recent times, having been out of managerial work for 14 years. Many critics are questioning Milan Mandaric's decision to appoint Waddle, and he certainly has a job on his hands to prove them wrong. The Owls only posted a short statement on their website to announce Waddle, to the tune of "Sheffield Wednesday Football Club are delighted to welcome former player Chris Waddle back to the club by announcing him as the new first-team manager. He takes over from former manager Dave Jones, who was sacked earlier this week. This marks Waddle's return to football, since retiring as a player in 2002. The board is confident that Waddle is the man to take this club forward, and wish him all the best here in his second spell at Hillsborough." Waddle is rumoured to be on a £6.75k p/w deal until the end of the current season at Hillsborough.	i don't know
The Central Criminal Court in London, also known as the Old Bailey stands on the site of which prison that closed in 1902?	Historical Background - History of The Old Bailey Courthouse - Central Criminal Court History of The Old Bailey Courthouse London's Central Criminal Court, 1673-1913 The Old Bailey, also known as Justice Hall, the Sessions House, and the Central Criminal Court, was named after the street in which it was located, just off Newgate Street and next to Newgate Prison, in the western part of the City of London. Over the centuries the building has been periodically remodelled and rebuilt in ways which both reflected and influenced the changing ways trials were carried out and reported. Contents of this Article Introductory Reading Location The Old Bailey is located about 200 yards northwest of St Paul's Cathedral, just outside the former western wall of the City of London. It is named after the street on which it is located, which itself follows the line of the original fortified wall, or "bailey", of the City. The initial location of the courthouse close to Newgate Prison allowed prisoners to be conveniently brought to the courtroom for their trials. More generally, its position between the City of London and Westminster meant it was a suitable location for trials involving people from all over the metropolis, north of the river Thames. Introductory Reading The Courtroom Although the Old Bailey courthouse was rebuilt several times between 1674 and 1913, the basic design of the courtrooms remained the same. They were arranged so as to emphasise the contest between the accused and the rest of the court. The accused stood at “the bar” (or in “the dock”), directly facing the witness box (where prosecution and defence witnesses testified) and the judges seated on the other side of the room. Before the introduction of gas lighting in the early nineteenth century a mirrored reflector was placed above the bar, in order to reflect light from the windows onto the faces of the accused. This allowed the court to examine their facial expressions assess the validity of their testimony. In addition, a sounding board was placed over their heads in order to amplify their voices. Early in the period the jurors sat on the sides of the courtroom to both the left and the right of the accused, but from 1737 they were brought together in stalls on the defendant's right, sufficiently close together to be able to consult each other and arrive at verdicts without leaving the room. Seated at a table below where the judges sat were clerks, lawyers, and the writers who took the shorthand notes which formed the basis of the Proceedings. Introductory Reading 1673 Open Air Building The medieval courthouse was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666. In 1673 the Old Bailey was rebuilt as a three storey Italianate brick building, described by John Strype in 1720 as "a fair and stately building". In front of the courthouse was the Sessions House Yard, a place where litigants, witnesses, and court personnel could gather. The area inside the wall, where prisoners awaited trial, was called the bail dock. They were separated from the street by a brick wall with spikes on top to keep them from escaping. A surprising feature was that the ground floor of the building, where the courtroom was located, was open on one side to the weather; the upper stories were held up by doric columns. A wall had been left out in order to increase the supply of fresh air to reduce the risk that prisoners suffering from gaol fever (typhus) would infect others in court. On the first floor there was a "stately dining room" for the justices. Inside the courtroom there was a bench for judges at the far end, and, on both sides, partitioned spaces for jurors and balconies for court officers and privileged observers. Other spectators crowded into the yard. The trials attracted a mixed audience of London's more and less respectable inhabitants, and it was alleged that criminals attended in order to devise strategies for defending themselves should they find themselves on trial. The crowd's presence could influence or intimidate the jurors sitting inside. Introductory Reading 1737 Refronting In 1737 the building was remodelled, and enclosed. Although this was purportedly in order to keep out the weather, the City authorities may also have wanted to limit the influence of spectators. The ground floor of the exterior was refaced with large masonry blocks, and the windows and roofline altered to reflect prevailing architectural styles. A passageway was constructed linking the courthouse with Newgate Prison, to facilitate the transport of prisoners between the two. The interior was rearranged so that the trial jury could sit together, since they were now expected to give their verdicts after each trial, without leaving the courtroom (see Trial Procedures ). With the courtroom now enclosed, the danger of infection increased, and at one sessions in 1750 an outbreak of gaol fever (typhus) led to the deaths of sixty people, including the Lord Mayor and two judges. Subsequently, the judges spread nosegays and aromatic herbs to keep down the stench and prevent infection, a practice commemorated in a ceremony which continues to this day. Spectators frequently came to see the trials, and courthouse officials had the right to charge fees for entry to the galleries. The radical John Wilkes, when Sheriff of London in 1771, thought this practice undemocratic and prohibited it. Consequently at the October sessions of that year there was almost a riot due to the pressure of the crowds trying to get in, and those inside the galleries were accused of being "turbulent and unruly". Wilkes's order was rescinded, and spectators continued to pay to see trials until 1860. Introductory Reading 1774 Reconstruction In 1774 the court was rebuilt by George Dance at a cost of �15,000. As a way of further controlling public access, a semi-circular brick wall was built around the area immediately in front of the courthouse, the bail dock. This wall provided better security for the prisoners awaiting trial and was intended to prevent communication between prisoners and the public. Public view of the courtroom windows was thereby obstructed. The narrow entrance also prevented a sudden influx of spectators into the courtroom. In addition, the passage between Newgate Prison and the Old Bailey was enclosed with brick walls. It is possible that a desire to counteract the more fortress-like appearance of the Old Bailey is one of the reasons why the City, from 1775, went to greater efforts to ensure that the Proceedings provided full and fair reports of the trials -- see the publishing history of the Proceedings . The new courthouse still had only one courtroom, but it had new and often luxurious facilities for court personnel. There was a separate room for witnesses, so that they would not be obliged to wait their turn in a nearby pub. A grand jury room was appointed with eighteen leather seated chairs and three tables. There were also separate parlours for the Sheriff and Lord Mayor, a Lord Mayor's Clerk's Room, an Indictment Office, and a drawing room for the swordbearer and judges' clerks. The lavish provision for the judges and their servants contrasted dramatically with the prisoners' quarters in the basement. The Lord Mayor's Dining Room, for example, included a fireplace with a mosaic on the front, mahogany dining tables, chairs, a pot cupboard, and a large Turkey carpet. Looking glasses (mirrors) were added in 1787. Elaborate dinners, cooked in the kitchen on the ground floor and served with drink from the wine vault, were provided at 3pm and 5pm. Outside in the yard there was a covered colonnade for carriages and 5 coach stands. Perhaps unsurprisingly, during the Gordon Riots of 1780 the courtroom was badly damaged, and the crowds carried away the furniture and burned it on bonfires in the streets. But the damage was soon repaired. The courtroom now had four brass chandeliers and, reflecting the increased role of lawyers , a semi-circular mahogany table for council to plead from. Since some prisoners were still branded , there were two irons for confining convicts' hands while they were burnt. A large glass mirror continued to be positioned to reflect daylight onto the face of the accused (later replaced by gas lights). Behind the jurors, and seated above them, was a gallery for spectators (fees were still charged for admission). Although only a limited number of spectators could be accommodated, the increasingly detailed Proceedings published in these years allowed anyone who read them to keep informed of events in the courtroom. In order to accommodate the growing number of trials, a second courtroom was added in 1824 by converting a neighbouring building. Reflecting the still increasing role of lawyers, the new courtroom had seating for attorneys, counsel, and law students. There were also seats for spectators, jurors in waiting, prosecutors and witnesses, and officers of the court. In subsequent decades two additional courtrooms were added, but conditions, as can be seen in this depiction, were cramped: the fourth courtroom contained little more room than was necessary for the judge, jury, and prisoner’s dock, with counsel and the clerk forced to sit in a narrow row of seats. There was no seating for the public, which had to stand in the gangway. Introductory Reading 1907 Current Building As trials lengthened and the number of those seeking to watch increased in the late nineteenth century the courthouse building became increasingly inadequate. In 1877 a fire forced the City of London to act and proposals were drawn up for a new building. Owing to the dilapidation of Newgate Prison next door, which by the 1860s no longer held long-term prisoners, it was decided to pull down both buildings to make room for a larger building. After many delays, the new building, designed in the neo-Baroque style by E. W. Mountford and built at a cost of �392,277, was finally opened by King Edward VII in 1907. It was lavishly fitted out and adorned with symbolic reminders to the public of its virtuous purpose. On top of the 67 foot high dome a 12 foot gold leaf statue was placed of a “lady of justice” holding a sword in one hand and the scales of justice in the other; she is not, as is conventional with such figures, blindfolded. Over the main entrance to the building figures were placed representing fortitude, the recording angel, and truth, along with the carved inscription, “defend the children of the poor and punish the wrongdoer”. The exterior was faced in Portland stone, while the interior lobbies and a monumental staircase had Sicilian marble floors, allegorical paintings representing Labour, Art, Wisdom, and Truth, and ornate mosaic arches. The four oak-pannelled courtrooms contained space for all those who needed to attend modern trials, including solicitors and barristers, court reporters, the press (who by now were the most important conduit to the public for information about trials), and spectators. Each courtroom had a spacious dock, enclosed by low partitions, for the defendants, with a staircase leading directly below to the holding cells. There were now separate rooms for male and female witnesses, and another for witnesses of “the better class”. Lawyers also had their own room, as did barristers’ clerks; the latter included a glass wall to ensure they did not engage in malpractices such as touting for business among prisoners and their associates. As in the previous building, there was an opulently appointed dining room for the judges. At the opening ceremonies , the Recorder of London addressed the King and Queen: We trust that this building, whilst well adapted for the transaction of legal business, also possesses architectural features at once dignified and beautiful, which will make it an ornament to the metropolis of your Empire and a fitting home for the first Criminal Court of Justice in your Majesty's dominions. The building was heavily damaged by bombing in 1941 and rebuilt. A modern extension was added in 1972. Nonetheless, the current building on the corner of Newgate Street and Old Bailey, which still holds trials of local and national significance and can be visited , remains at its core the building which was first opened in 1907.	Newgate
Having a height of 2,228 metres, Mount Kosciuszko is the highest mountain in which country?	Old Bailey - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki More info on Old Bailey Wikis Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics St Paul's Cathedral Did you know ... More interesting facts on Old Bailey Include this on your site/blog: For other uses, see Old Bailey (disambiguation) . The Old Bailey. An Old Bailey trial circa 1808. South Block, Old Bailey. The Central Criminal Court in England , commonly known as the Old Bailey from the street in which it stands, is a court building in central London , one of a number of buildings housing the Crown Court . The Crown Court sitting at the Central Criminal Court deals with major criminal cases from Greater London and, in exceptional cases, from other parts of England . Part of the present building stands on the site of the medieval Newgate Gaol , on Old Bailey, a road which follows the line of the City of London 's fortified wall (or bailey ). It lies between Holborn Circus and St Paul's Cathedral . As there is a requirement for justice to be seen to be done, trials at the Old Bailey, as at other courts, are open to the public, subject to stringent security procedures. Contents 7 External links The building and its history The court originated as the sessions house of the Lord Mayor and Sheriffs of the City of London and of Middlesex . The original medieval court was first mentioned in 1585; it was next to the older Newgate prison, and seems to have grown out of the endowment to improve Newgate prison and rooms for the Sheriffs, made possible by a gift from Sir Richard Whittington . It was destroyed in the 1666 Fire of London and rebuilt in 1674, with the court open to the weather to prevent the spread of disease. In 1734 it was refronted, enclosing the court and reducing the influence of spectators: this led to outbreaks of typhus , notably in 1750 when sixty people died, including the Lord Mayor and two judges. It was rebuilt again in 1774 and a second courtroom was added in 1824. Over 100,000 criminal trials were carried out in the Old Bailey from 1674 to 1834, including all death penalty cases. [1] In 1834 it was renamed as the Central Criminal Court and its jurisdiction extended beyond that of London and Middlesex to the whole of the English jurisdiction for trial of major cases. Her Majesty's Courts Service manages the courts and administers the trials but the building is owned and run by the City of London Corporation , who finance the building, the running of it, the staff and the maintenance out of their own resources. [2] The court was originally meant to be the site where only criminals accused of crimes committed in the City and Middlesex were tried. However, in 1856, there was public revulsion at the accusations against the doctor, William Palmer , that he was a poisoner and murderer. This led to fears that he could not receive a fair trial in his native Staffordshire . The Central Criminal Court Act of 1856 was passed to enable his trial to be held at the Old Bailey. in the 19th century, the Old Bailey was a small court adjacent to Newgate Prison. Hangings were a public spectacle in the street outside until late into the century. [2] The condemned would be led along Dead Man’s Walk between the prison and the court, and many were buried in the walk itself. Large, riotous Crowds would gather and pelt the condemned with rotten fruit and vegetables and stones. [2] In 1807, 28 people were crushed to death after a pie-seller's stall overturned, and a secret tunnel was subsequently created between the prison and St Sepulchre’s church opposite, to allow the priest to minister to the condemned man without having to force his way through the crowds. [2] The present building dates from 1902, but it was officially opened on 27 February 1907. It was designed by E. W. Mountford and built on the site of the infamous Newgate Prison , which was demolished to allow the court buildings to be constructed. Above the main entrance is inscribed the admonition, "Defend the Children of the Poor & Punish the Wrongdoer". King Edward VII opened the courthouse. On the dome above the court stands a bronze statue of Lady Justice , executed by British sculptor F. W. Pomeroy . She holds a sword in her right hand and the scales of justice in her left. The statue is popularly supposed to show blind Justice ; however, the figure is not blindfolded: the courthouse brochures explain that this is because Lady Justice was originally not blindfolded, and because her “maidenly form” is supposed to guarantee her impartiality which renders the blindfold redundant. [3] During The Blitz , the Old Bailey was bombed and severely damaged, but subsequent reconstruction work restored most of it in the early 1950s. In 1952, the restored interior of the Grand Hall of the Central Criminal Courts was once again open. The interior of the Great Hall (underneath the dome) is decorated with paintings commemorating the blitz, as well as quasi-historical scenes of St Paul's Cathedral with nobles outside. Running around the entire hall are a series of axioms, some of biblical reference. They read: "The law of the wise is a fountain of life" "The welfare of the people is supreme" "Right lives by law and law subsists by power" "Poise the cause in justice equal scales" "Moses gave unto the people the laws of God" "London shall have all its ancient rights" The Great Hall (and the floor beneath it) is also decorated with many busts and statues, chiefly British monarchs, but also of legal figures, and those who achieved renown by campaigning for improvement in prison conditions in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This part of the building also houses the shorthand-writers' offices. The lower level also hosts a minor exhibition on the history of the Old Bailey and Newgate featuring historical prison artefacts. In 1973 The Provisional IRA exploded a car bomb in the street outside the courts, and a shard of glass is preserved as a reminder, embedded in the wall at the top of the main stairs. [2] Between 1968 and 1972, a new South Block, designed by the architects, Donald McMorran and George Whitby, was built to accommodate more modern courts. The original ceremonial gates to the 1907 part of the building are only used by the Lord Mayor and visiting royalty. The general entrance to the building is a few yards down the road in the South Block and is often featured as a backdrop in television news reports. There is also a separate rear entrance, not open to the public, which permits more discreet access. In Warwick Square, on the western side of the complex, is the 'Lord Mayor's Entrance'. A remnant of the city wall is preserved in the basement beneath the cells. Judges All judges sitting in the Old Bailey are addressed as "My Lord" or "My Lady" whether they are High Court , Circuit Judges or Recorders. The Lord Mayor of the City of London and Aldermen of the City of London are entitled to sit on the judges' bench during a hearing but do not participate in trials. The most senior permanent judge of the Central Criminal Court has the title of Recorder of London , and his deputy has the title of Common Serjeant of London . The position of Recorder of London is distinct from that of recorder which is a part-time judicial office, holders of which sit part-time as judges of the Crown Court or the County Court. Some of the most senior criminal lawyers in the country sit as Recorders in the Central Criminal Court. As of 2010 the Recorder of London is Judge Peter Beaumont QC , appointed in December 2004 following the death of his predecessor, Judge Michael Hyam. The Common Serjeant is Judge Brian Barker QC. Civic role The court house originated as part of the City of London's borough judicial system, and it remains so. The Recorder and the Common Serjeant are both City officers, and the Recorder is a member of the Common Council because he is also a member of the Court of Aldermen. The City's Sheriffs and the Lord Mayor are justices there, but their jurisdiction is now nominal. The Sheriffs are resident with the senior judges in the complex. In Court Number 1, there are several benches set aside for the Bridge House Estates Committee (the City Bridge Trust ), which is the actual owner of the building. In popular culture As the court in which the most serious criminal cases in London, and often the whole of England and Wales, have been heard for centuries, there are many references to the Old Bailey. In the book A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens , the Old Bailey is the courthouse named in the book where Charles Darnay is put on trial for treason. In the movie Witness for the Prosecution , the court scenes are set in the Old Bailey. In the novel Patriot Games and the eponymous film, terrorist Sean Miller is tried in the Old Bailey for the attempted kidnapping of the Prince & Princess of Wales (which killed two guards), and sentenced to life in prison after Jack Ryan 's testimony (Ryan foiled the plot by disabling Miller and killing another terrorist with Miller's gun). The Old Bailey is destroyed with explosives by the vigilante V in the graphic novel V for Vendetta and its film adaptation . In the graphic novel, V entertains a long, one-sided conversation with the statue of Justice on the roof, in which he professes his love for her but accuses her of being a whore for the fictional fascist government, and tells her of his new mistress named Anarchy. The television series Rumpole of the Bailey concerns a defence lawyer who works at the Bailey. Sir John Mortimer , a criminal barrister and author , often appeared at the Old Bailey. His courtroom experiences led him to create the fictional character Horace Rumpole . In the popular Australian folk song " Botany Bay ", the first verse references the "well known Old Bailey". The song tells the tale of a group of prisoners being taken from Britain to the penal colonies of Australia . In the television series Bad Girls , the character Nikki Wade's successful appeal took place at the Old Bailey. The book Neverwhere by Neil Gaiman has a character named Old Bailey. In the television series Law & Order: UK several interior scenes are shot in the Grand Hall of the Central Criminal Court, with the murals and axioms clearly visible. The entire sketch "Court Charades" from the British comedy show Monty Python's Flying Circus happens at the Old Bailey, appearing when it's showing the arrival of the Spanish Inquisition . It is featured in the rhyme Oranges and Lemons , which, in turn, is featured in George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty-Four . In the Leon Uris novel QB VII the courtrooms in Old Bailey feature prominently. See also	i don't know
Which popular stage show, now showing in the West End of London is based on the story of the group Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons?	Jersey Boys - The Story of Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons Groups & Schools WINNER of 57 major awards worldwide, including the Olivier Award for BEST NEW MUSICAL. JERSEY BOYS, the internationally acclaimed hit musical, tells the remarkable rise to stardom of one of the most successful bands in pop music history. Read more... "Sheer Musical Razzmatazz! The story provides a real emotional connection and context to the men and their music..." Sunday Express, Mark Shenton	Jersey Boys
The Willets, The Vardens and The Chesters are all families that appear in which Charles Dickens novel?	What are the 10 most expensive West End shows in history? - Telegraph Culture News What are the 10 most expensive West End shows in history? As Elf opens in the West End charging £240 for its best ticket, we look at the musicals with the highest ticket prices in 2015 Will Ferrell in the 2003 Hollywood film, Elf Photo: Rex Features Follow As the musical Elf begins its 10-week run in London's West End, it has caught the attention of theatregoers for the high cost of its tickets. The musical comedy's priciest ticket will set you back £240, making it the most expensive show in West End history. The show, based on Will Ferrell's popular Christmas film, follows one of Father Christmas's elves as he travels to New York to find his biological father. It stars Ben Forster and former Girls Aloud singer Kimberley Walsh at the Dominion theatre. Ticket prices for Elf Musical are absolutely atrocious! £250 for a top price seat? NOT ACCEPTABLE! #ElfMusical — Rebecca (@beckicee) August 20, 2015 But Elf is not alone in charging high fares for its best seats - this year West End shows broke the £200 mark for tickets for the first time , with the previous record being set by The Book of Mormon at £202. And with the countdown to the start of the festive season underway, online touts are reselling tickets for far more than their face value. A spokeswoman for Elf said premium prices were introduced as a means of eradicating the ticket touts on the street. She said: "What we’re seeing is people electing to buy at the higher prices to guarantee their being able to see the show on the day they want to. "Ticket prices are set according to the commercial terms and budgets for the show. These prices – like all things – will fluctuate depending on supply and demand." She added that the production had reduced ticket prices for schools and for groups and that only a very limited number of performances offered premium tickets at over £200. The good news is that while the most expensive seats continue to increase, cheaper seats have fallen in price. The average West End ticket is £20.13, down from £20.36 last year. Elf's cheapest ticket is on sale for £51, and booking fees range from £3.30 to £15 depending on the face value of the ticket. The most expensive musicals on the West End this year 1. Elf £240 The Book of Mormon 2. The Book of Mormon £202.25 A satirical tale of two American Mormons who go to Uganda in an attempt to convert the locals. The show picked up nine Tony awards in its first year on Broadway alone, and has been a regular feature in theatres across the globe since it opened in 2011. 3. Wicked £128 Wicked is about an unlikely friendship that forms between two girls who first meet as sorcery students at Shiz University. It has been seen by over 50 million people in 13 countries and has won over 100 international awards. 4. Beautiful: The Carole King Musical £127.50 Beautiful follows the life of chart-topping music legend Carole King and her attempts to break into the record industry as a teenager. Despite only hitting the West End this year, the show has already picked up an Olivier Award. Musical magic: The Lion King is now in its 16th year at London's Lyceum Theatre 5. The Lion King £125, Miss Saigon £125 Based on the Disney film of a young lion who struggles against his evil uncle and grows up to take control of the pride. Now in its 17th year in London, it is one of the highest-grossing stage shows in history, having already grossed more than £4 billion globally. 6. Matilda £122 The musical behind the popular Roald Dahl story of a precocious young girl with uncaring parents. As well as the West End, it has been to Broadway and Australia, and has been watched by a few million people and picked up over 10 Tony awards. 7. Jersey Boys £114 (includes VIP lounge entry and benefits) The show tells the story of the lives of Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons as well as their music. It has been seen by over 20 million people worldwide and won 57 major global awards. 8. Let it be £102.50 (includes a brochure in the price) Let It Be showcases The Beatles' rise to fame from their humble beginnings in Liverpool’s Cavern Club and the Beatlemania that led to their iconic status in rock history. It has been watched by over a million people across the globe in the three years since it opened and has been performed in Germany, Japan, Moscow, and France. 9. Billy Elliot £102 Set in a northern mining town during the 1980s strikes, Billy Elliot is about a teenage boy’s attempt to become a ballet dancer while his family struggles to survive during the miners' strikes. The show has been on stage for a decade now, and has been seen by around 10 million people. 10. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory £100 The tale of a young boy who wins a golden ticket to Wonka's weird and wonderful Chocolate Factory recently celebrated its 1000th performance and has already won two Olivier awards since it opened in 2013.	i don't know
Mozart symphony number 38 was named after which European capital city, also the venue for the world premiere of his Don Giovanni?	Celebration of Mozart in Salzburg and Vienna \| Travel + Leisure Celebration of Mozart in Salzburg and Vienna Celebration of Mozart in Salzburg and Vienna By James Fenton Christian Kerber The House for Mozart, a new theater, will open this summer at the Salzburg Festival Christian Kerber All eyes are on Salzburg and Vienna as they celebrate Mozart's 250th birthday. James Fenton reports. PLUS T+L's guide to cultural events in Europe It is quite certain that when I am in Salzburg I long for a hundred amusements, but here not for a single one. For just to be in Vienna is itself entertainment enough," wrote 25-year-old Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1781 from the imperial capital to his father, Leopold, in Salzburg. Mozart lived only 35 years (1756-1791), but he wrote more than 600 musical works spanning every known genre, and the two great Austrian cities associated with him—Salzburg, the city of his birth and early career, and Vienna, seat of the Hapsburg empire, where he spent his most creative years—are observing his 250th birthday in grand style, producing major events all year. It is ironic that the city Mozart disdained ("Salzburg is no place for my talentone hears nothing, there is no theatre, no opera") is renowned today for a festival that produces opera and theater of the highest caliber. This summer, the Salzburger Festspiele will mount all of Mozart's known operas and stage works, some of which have never been performed at the 86-year-old festival. The 2006 celebration will also inaugurate a new theater, the House for Mozart, expanding a complex whose construction began in 1925. Vienna makes its own claim on the prodigy with a high-profile, multimillion-dollar festival, dubbed New Crowned Hope, in November and December. It will be directed by Peter Sellars, whose acclaimed productions of Mozart operas—The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, and Così Fan Tutte, with updated settings in a luxury apartment in Trump Tower, among drug dealers in Spanish Harlem, and in a diner on Cape Cod, respectively—helped to establish his reputation as one of classical opera's iconoclasts. Elsewhere in Vienna, the composer's anniversary has prompted the city to renovate the Mozart house museum, to mount a major cultural exhibition, and, most significantly, to rededicate a theater as an opera house—Vienna's third—devoted to new drama, dance, and music and, throughout 2006, stagings of Mozart operas. By offering such an ambitious array of programs, the country's cultural leaders are aiming to ensure that an event like Mozart's 250th anniversary does not end up simply as a platform for Austrian nationalism. Especially since the events of 1989, which unfroze the countries of the Communist bloc, Vienna has again moved to the geographical center of Europe. The city always was a place where one heard a mixture of Central European languages on the streets and in the markets, but it used to have a certain stuffiness you either had to ignore or accept as part of its charm. These days, with the influx of new blood, Vienna has a more cosmopolitan feel, more sophisticated tastes in everything from cuisine to contemporary art—and its pulse seems to have quickened. Similarly, the stature of Salzburg, 185 miles west of the capital, has grown both in Europe and beyond (Shanghai even chose it as its sister city in 2004). Above all, the international nature of the Salzburg Festival—of its performers, directors, and designers—has given it a singular position among the world's great festivals. In capitalizing on Mozart's birthday, both cities have a great deal at stake. As beneficiaries of cultural tourism, they have the chance to reveal an evolving Austria, one that has much more to offer than powdered wigs and Mozart chocolates. "It is impossible to describe the rush and bustle," wrote Leopold Mozart to his daughter, Nannerl, on visiting his son in 1785. "Since my arrival your brother's piano has been taken at least a dozen times to the theater or to some other house." In old Vienna people lived on top of one another, an average of 47 to a building, according to a chronicle of 1786. Mozart's apartment was a noisy place—not, we are told, because of the children, but because Mozart would have been making noise. There were rehearsals, music lessons, house concerts, billiard games, and the laughter and conversation on which the composer thrived. The composer's piano was coming up and down the stairs, to and from the second-floor apartment, every two or three days. Now that very apartment has been newly restored and forms part of a museum called Mozarthaus Vienna. The museum, on Domgasse, not far from St. Stephen's Cathedral, is the only surviving Mozart home in the capital; he lived there from 1784 to 1787. It was here that he wrote The Marriage of Figaro. It was also here that he and Haydn played billiards and Haydn first heard the string quartets dedicated to him. In one small room, possibly the one where Mozart composed, an extraordinary stucco decoration from the period survives. The upper floors of the house contain displays about the operas, and there's a small performance space that's been carved out of part of the basement. From Domgasse, the view along Blutgasse—Blood Street, probably named for slaughterhouses that once operated there, though more colorful explanations exist—is essentially unchanged since the composer's day, and one gets a sense of the scale of the city in his time. But you have to forget everything to do with the grandeur of the last Hapsburg era, the vast buildings on the Ringstrasse, the huge museums, and the wide boulevards. You have to think of a compact 18th-century city that retained its medieval foundations. Some of the houses around Domgasse would still have had tunnels linking them to the cathedral for refuge in times of danger. The impression one has is of a Mozart at the center of a social whirl, in a city that was full of opportunities for him, even if it was also full of frustrations; a man with a natural aptitude for court life, but also a strong sense of his own merits—a figure from the dawn of the modern era, when the ideals of the Enlightenment were fighting it out with absolutism. Herbert Lachmayer, the founder and director of the Da Ponte Institute (named for Mozart's most celebrated librettist), has curated an anniversary-year exhibition on the subject at the Albertina museum. "Mozart/The Enlightenment: An Experiment" (on view through September 20) explores how the Rococo and the Enlightenment were intimately connected and part of the same world. On his computer, Lachmayer shows me a series of images, including a desk owned by the 18th-century French architect Claude-Nicholas Ledoux, who could sit down at a writing table that was all frivolity and curves to produce his celebrated visionary geometric designs. Next, he shows me a dress by Christian Lacroix and a Montgolfier balloon: the dress, he says, evokes the exuberance of the past; the balloon reminds us that Mozart lived in the experimental age of balloon travel. We walk to a nearby building to look at the designs for a Franz West carpet, with which Lachmayer is going to cover the gallery floors of the Albertina, the site of the exhibition. The motif on the carpet resembles an ear; Lachmayer is pleased. Perhaps the most emblematic enterprise will be New Crowned Hope, the centerpiece of Vienna's international festival, which arrives in the fall. Created by Peter Sellars and named after the Masonic Lodge of which Mozart was a member, its ambitious focus is on new music, theater, dance, film, visual arts, and architecture; it will be produced at venues throughout the city. American composers John Adams and Osvaldo Golijov will premiere an opera and a large-scale choral piece, respectively. Choreographer Mark Morris will present dances set to Mozart piano concertos and other keyboard works, in collaboration with British painter Howard Hodgkin, who is designing the backdrops. Sellars will direct Finnish composer Kaija Saariaho's opera about the French philosopher Simone Weil. La passion de Simone marks their third collaboration. Behind the involvement of impressive personalities in the Mozart celebrations is a hope that the events will have an impact beyond the State Opera, the Musikverein—home of the Vienna Philharmonic—and other traditional concert halls, which are all within a mile of one another. The Theater an der Wien, the city's newest opera venue, is another outcome of the anniversary year. Built in 1801 by Mozart's collaborator on The Magic Flute, the actor and librettist Emanuel Schikaneder, it is horseshoe-shaped and intimately proportioned, accommodating an audience of only 1,000. The theater is presenting a series of new stagings of Mozart operas, including The Magic Flute this month, as well as some coproductions with other European theaters, mounted by leading directors. Concerts of contemporary classical music, ballet, and premieres, including the intriguingly titled Odio Mozart (I Hate Mozart), are also on the schedule. It is well known that early on Mozart was impatient to escape Salzburg, his native town. Like his father, he was in the service of a prince-archbishop of the Holy Roman Empire, and although the musical culture of the prelate's court was elaborate, no operas were produced there. For Mozart—who as a teenager had written stage works for Milan and Munich—opera, the most complex of music genres, provided the greatest scope for financial as well as artistic reward. Today, Salzburg can lay claim to one of the world's most distinguished and well-established operatic festivals. The Salzburger Festspiele began in 1920 and from the start was associated with distinguished names: Richard Strauss, the composer; Hugo von Hofmannsthal, the dramatist and librettist; Max Reinhardt, the producer and director. In the first year, Jedermann, Hofmannsthal's version of the 15th-century English morality play Everyman, was staged on the steps of the cathedral square—where it is still performed to this day. Reinhardt, one of the first modern stage directors, whose productions in Europe spurred major revivals of classical drama and Shakespeare, had an influence on the festival that has endured as long as Jedermann. By 1926, the colonnades of the Felsenreitschule—Salzburg's open-air riding school, cut into the living rock of the great natural ridge that overhangs the city—had been adopted as permanent sets for experimental productions; not long after, the extensive old stable buildings that had belonged to the archbishop of Salzburg were taken over, to become the Festspielhaus. The architect responsible for creating these venues was the modernist Clemens Holzmeister. As the festival increased in international fame, providing a showcase for Austrian culture and Mozart in particular, the various parts of the current theatrical complex were added on. But after the Anschluss, the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in 1938, Holzmeister, a devout Catholic, was forced into exile and spent much of World War II in Turkey, where he stayed until 1954. On his return to Austria, Holzmeister rebuilt the complex, digging back 46 feet into the cliff and, from 1956 to 1960, creating an enormous stage, the Grosses Festspielhaus, to accommodate productions from the open-air Felsenreitschule when they were rained out. The auditorium, with its wide proscenium, was intended for large stagings; a Kleines Festspielhaus was also created, for smaller productions. This theater is now being renovated and will be finished just in time for this summer's festival. Rechristened the House for Mozart, it will gain a new intimacy as well as improved acoustics and sight lines, and should be ideal for authentically scaled productions of 18th-century repertoire and for performances involving period instruments. The first program, a highly anticipated new production of The Marriage of Figaro with a cast that includes the soprano Anna Netrebko, led by the eminent conductor Nikolaus Harnoncourt, will debut in July. Besides presenting Mozart's complete stage works, the festival administration is looking to the future, with commissions of new music from 15 composers. Significantly, this year's final concert, in August, has no music by Mozart; instead, it is devoted to premieres of contemporary scores. The last notes to be heard at the Salzburg Festspiel of 2006 will be exclusively from 21st century composers. Moreover, The Magic Flute—remarkably, the festival's second new production of the opera in two years—will be staged by Pierre Audi, the current artistic director of the Netherlands Opera and former director of London's Almeida Theatre. Salzburg's 2005 production of the singspiel failed to please either the audience or the management. Like Sellars, Audi is known as a visionary and noted for his bold reimagining of standard repertoire; in spite of the cost, Salzburg clearly felt it had to make a better attempt at one of Mozart's most popular works. Mozart wrote The Magic Flute in the last year of his life. It explores humanity's quest for love and enlightenment, and was a novel project for the composer, who conceived it for Vienna's popular-theater audience rather than for the court. In shaping his Viennese festival, Sellars took the idea of hope as a theme—finding in Mozart's life and works its exemplification. Two hundred and fifty years after the composer's birth, Salzburg and Vienna resonate with his music, and with the vibrant new work it inspires. James Fenton is the author of The School of Genius, a history of London's Royal Academy. WHERE TO STAY Historic all-suite hotel with a superb restaurant. 4 Coburgbastei; 800/735-2478 or 43-1/518-180; www.palais-coburg.com ; suites from $550. Radisson SAS Style Hotel Renovated Jugendstil building close to St. Stephen's Cathedral has 78 rooms. 12 Herrengasse; 800/333-3333 or 43-1/227-800; www.radisson.com ; doubles from $300. SALZBURG Across river from Old Town, next to Mirabell Garden. 4 Auerspergstrasse; 800/325-3535 or 43-662/889-999-907; www.sheraton.com ; doubles from $475. Elefant A 400-year-old inn with a legendary wine cellar. 4 Sigmund Haffner Gasse; 43-662/843-397; www.elefant.at ; doubles from $156. WHERE TO EAT VIENNA Die Halle Mediterranean favorites set in the imperial box of the former winter riding school in the MuseumsQuartier, with outdoor seating. 1 Museumsplatz; 43-1/523-7001; lunch for two $72. Zum Finsteren Stern Housed in the Palais Collalto, where Mozart gave his first concert in Vienna—at age six. The specialty here is rustic Austrian dishes, like braised rabbit with sweet and sour lentils. 8 Schulhof & Parisergasse; 43-1/535-2100; dinner for two $76. SALZBURG Restaurant M32 In the Museum of Modern Art, on the Mönchsberg, with panoramic views of the Old Town. 32 Mönchsberg; 43-662/841-000; dinner for two $72. Café Tomaselli Historic coffeehouse, with a see-and-be-seen terrace open throughout the festival. 9 Alter Markt; 43-662/844-4880; pastries for two $16. WHAT TO SEE Albertina museum, 1 Albertinaplatz; 43-1/534-830; www.albertina.at ; through September 20. WHAT TO LISTEN TO Mozart 250 Tracks downloadable through Apple iTunes Music store. Collection of all the major works performed by leading artists, available as individual selections or an album. Mozart in Vienna This year promises an unprecedented number—and variety—of performances, even for Vienna. Two festivals stand out: the Vienna Festival (Wiener Festwochen) in May and June, and New Crowned Hope (NCH), under the direction of Peter Sellars, in November and December. For complete schedules, booking information, and addresses of theaters and concert halls, call 43-1/58999 or see www.wienmozart2006.at . Here, our Don't Miss list. May 1 The Abduction from the Seraglio Mozart's rescue opera, staged in a rare collaboration between the Vienna State Opera and the Burgtheater (the Austrian National Theater). May 13 The Magic Flute Young British maestro Daniel Harding leads a new Vienna Festival production at the Theater an der Wien. May 16 Not Just Mozart Modern ballet, including two Mozart treats by choreographer Jirí Kylián, at the Volksoper. June 3 Così Fan Tutte French director Patrice Chéreau, long absent from opera, returns to stage the comic masterpiece. June 17 Renowned mezzo-soprano Angelika Kirchschlager and baritone Simon Keenlyside give a joint recital; Theater an der Wien. November 8 I Hate Mozart World premiere of an opera about intrigue in a theater, composed by Bernhard Lang, with a libretto by Michael Sturminger. November 14 A Flowering Tree John Adams conducts the premiere of his fourth opera, based on an ancient Indian folktale; presented by NCH. November 20 A new work for chorus and orchestra by Osvaldo Golijov, commissioned by NCH. November 26 La Passion de Simone Premiere of an opera by Kaija Saariaho; directed by Peter Sellars and starring soprano Dawn Upshaw. December 5 Requiem Conductor Christian Thielemann leads the forces of the State Opera on the 215th anniversary of Mozart's death. December 7 Mozart Dances Choreography by Mark Morris, with piano soloist Emanuel Ax. The Salzburg Festival Although this year's festival (July 23 through August 31) showcases Mozart's operas, other works will be performed by an impressive roster of the world's great orchestras and chamber music ensembles, as well as superstar soloists and vocalists; a selection of theater pieces rounds out the mix. Events take place at 19 venues, including several locations where Mozart performed, such as the Stiftkirche St. Peter. For tickets, call 43-662/804-5500 or book online at www.salzburgfestival.at . July 25 Lucio Silla An opera written by Mozart when he was 16, here coproduced with Venice's La Fenice company and staged by incoming festival director Jürgen Flimm. July 26 The Marriage of Figaro Anna Netrebko and Ildebrando D'Arcangelo star in one of the festival's most anticipated productions. July 28 Bastien und Bastienne The Salzburg Marionette Theater produces Mozart's innocent little comedy about romance. July 29 The Magic Flute Riccardo Muti leads a top- notch cast in a new production by Pierre Audi. August 11 Don Giovanni Thomas Hampson sings the title role in a revival of the staging by Martin Kušej. August 17 Zaide/Adama Mozart's fragmentary work is paired with a world premiere from the Israeli composer Chaya Czernowin. Directed by the provocative Claus Guth. August 28 Berlin Philharmonic music director Sir Simon Rattle conducts a program of 20th- and 21st-century composers, from Debussy to Mark Anthony Turnage; with soprano Dawn Upshaw. August 30 C Minor Mass Conductor Helmuth Rilling leads a performance of the work in St. Peter's Church. August 29 to 31 Festival Finale Three concerts of music that range from Mahler to the latest scores from German composers Wolfgang Rihm and Helmut Lachenmann. —Larry L. Lash From Iceland to Spain, our choices for the best music this summer. For tips on booking last-minute tickets, see Strategies. CZECH REPUBLIC Prague Spring 2006 (May 11June 3; 420-296/333-333; www.festival.cz ). The venerable festival celebrates Mozart's 250th birthday with opera, chamber music, and symphonies, including Zubin Mehta leading the Vienna Philharmonic in a performance of the Prague Symphony, which premiered in the city in 1787. Maxim Shostakovich marks his father's centennial by conducting the composer's Symphony No. 5 and Cello Concerto No. 1. FRANCE Festival d'Avignon (July 627; www.festival-avignon.com ). This historic city comes alive each summer with some 40 theater and dance productions. The 60th edition features Eric Lacascade directing Maxim Gorky's The Barbarians; the equestrian theater group Zingaro presenting Battuba; and several world premieres, including Hungarian choreographer Josef Nadj's Asobu, based upon the hallucinatory writings of Henri Michaux. Performances take place in the Court of Honor of the Pope's Palace. Festival d'Aix-en-Provence (July 222; 33-4/42-17-34-34; www.festival-aix.com ). From the festival's inception in 1948, Mozart's music has served as one inspiration, and this summer Aix pays tribute to the composer with a coproduction of The Magic Flute by the Vienna Festival and the Grand Théâtre de Luxembourg. Also featured: Don Quixote rubbing elbows with Pierrot and figures from Russian folktales in works by de Falla, Stravinsky, and Schoenberg. GREAT BRITAIN Glyndebourne Festival Opera (May 19August 27; 44-1273/813-813; www.glyndebourne.com ). In the English countryside, Mozart is celebrated with director Nicholas Hytner's new production of Così Fan Tutte. The remarkable Emmanuelle Haïm conducts Handel's masterpiece Giulio Cesare, staged by David McVicar. Edinburgh International Festival (August 13September 3; 44-131/473-2099; www.eif.co.uk ). Legendary director Peter Stein brings his vision to Shakespeare's Trojan play, Troilus and Cressida; the Suzanne Farrell Ballet Company stages Balanchine's Don Quixote; and Scottish composer Stuart MacRae debuts his new opera at this festival where the unexpected is the rule. Iceland Reykjaviák Arts Festival (May 12June 2; 354/552-8588; www.artfest.is ). Springtime in Iceland finds Garrison Keillor broadcasting A Prairie Home Companion from the capital city, the Brazilian dance troupe Grupo Corpo performing, and two operas receiving their Icelandic premieres: Carl Maria von Weber's romantic masterwork Der Freischütz and Joseph-Guy-Marie Ropartz's rarely produced Le Pays, about a French sailor who is shipwrecked off the Icelandic coast and falls for a local girl. Italy Maggio Musicale Fiorentino (April 30June 23; 39-0424/464-191; www.maggiofiorentino.com ). Music director Zubin Mehta conducts a new production of Verdi's Falstaff, while the festival's dance troupe, Maggio Danza, presents German choreographer Reinhild Hoffman's Callas, dance theater exploring the late opera star's conflict between her public success and private life. Led by Lorin Maazel, the New York Philharmonic performs a program of Berlioz , Brahms, and Kodály. The Netherlands Holland Festival (June 225; 31-20/788-2100; www.hollandfestival.nl ). A giant tank of water plays a dramatic role in German choreographer Sasha Waltz's version of Purcell's opera Dido & Aeneas, about the shipwrecked Trojan prince's tragic affair with the queen of Carthage. Also, Kabuki superstar Ebizo XI performs a samurai tale of love, murder, and revenge; at venues throughout Amsterdam. Spain Granada International Festival of Dance and Music (June 23July 9; www.granadafestival.org ). Superb architectural settings—the Generalife and the Palace of Charles V in the Alhambra—lend their grace to a lively mix, including Mozart's early opera Mitridate, concerts by the English Baroque Soloists, and Ballet Flamenco Sara Baras, whose moves and fiery footwork usher the Andalusian art form into the modern era. Switzerland Lucerne Festival (August 10September 17; 41-41/226-4400; www.lucernefestival.ch ). Opening night features Claudio Abbado leading the Lucerne Festival Orchestra, accompanying mezzo-soprano Cecilia Bartoli in arias by Mozart. Subsequent offerings in the star-studded lineup include Michael Tilson Thomas conducting the San Francisco Symphony, and concerts by the Cleveland Orchestra. Verbier Festival & Academy (July 21August 6; 41-27/771-8282; www.verbierfestival.com ). A pristine Alpine village is the backdrop for musical performances, including violinist Joshua Bell's recital in Verbier Church, and James Levine leading the festival orchestra and soloists and chorus in Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. —Leslie Camhi VIENNA Vienna is a year-round destination, but perhaps it's even more appealing in the summer, when parks, gardens, and squares become venues for musical performances and film series, and the city offers a range of programs and activities of interest to children. Throughout the 2006, the widest imaginable variety of musical programs are refracted through a particularly Mozartean lensfrom Mozart and the Turks (the influence of Turkish music on Mozart's style) to Mozart Sakral (performances of the composer's religious music in city churches) to new music inspired by Mozart (the premiere of a piano concerto by jazz musician Chick Corea). Before traveling, plan ahead at www.vienna.at , which provides access to online hotel bookings, event listings, city guides, and itineraries. In Vienna, the tourist information office (43-1/158-999), located behind the State Opera at the Albertinaplatz, provides maps, cultural and activity brochures, tour information and tickets, currency exchange, and more. For a comprehensive source of stage productions, concerts, and programs that includes useful links, see www.wienmozart2006.at Highlights At the Movies July 1-Sept. 3 The annual Film Festival Rathausplatz, outdoors on City Hall Square, focuses on Peter Sellars's contemporary Da Ponte cycle (Don Giovanni, The Marriage of Figaro, Così Fan Tutte). The Vienna Symphony Orchestra inaugurates the festival; a companion of concerts includes jazz programs. Free admission. ( www.wien-event.at ). KlangBogen Festival Wien July 20-August 20 KlangBogen, a prestigious festival of stage works, orchestral and chamber music, presents a trilogy of interpretations on the Don Juan legend, including director Keith Warner's staging of the Mozart opera with Gerald Finley as Don Giovanni (through August 18); Flammen, a surreal, psychoanalytic take on the subject written in 1932 by composer Erwin Schulhoff (August 7 through 17); Bertrand de Billy conducts both productions at the Theater an der Wien. The Theater an der Wien in a coproduction with Neue Oper Wien presents the world premiere of Erik Højsgaard's Don Juan kommt aus dem Krieg ("Don Juan Comes Home from the War") at the Semper-Depot (July 24 through August 3); ( www.klangbogen.at ). Choir Boys Through October The celebrated Vienna Boys' Choir performs weekly concerts titled "Mozart and More" on Fridays from May through October (except in July and August) at Vienna's Musikverein. (43-1/505-1363; www.wsk.at ). Held by Strings Through October 29 Marionette puppets bring The Magic Flute, one of Mozart's most popular operas, to life every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday throughout 2006 at the Schönbrunn Palace Marionette Theatre (43-1/817-3247; www.marionettentheater.at ). The spendid Baroque palace, a residence of the Hapsburg dynasty, is itself a day's visit, no less because Mozart performed as a child before the Empress Marie Theresia and the court in 1762. Just Another Kid Through September 3 An exhibition about the child prodigy is scaled for children ages 6 to 12 and produced at ZOOM Kindermuseum in the MuseumsQuartier. The show "Wolfgang Amadé-A Perfectly Normal Wunderkind" contrasts growing up in the 18th with the 21st, Mozart's love of games, plus music written by the young composer (43/524-7908; www.wienmozart2006.at ). On the Couch Through October 29 The year 2006 also marks the 150th anniversary of the birth of Sigmund Freud, who founded psychoanalysis while living in Vienna. In tribute, the city presents the exhibition "The Couch: Thinking in Repose" at the Sigmund Freud Museumthe site of his former apartmenton Berggasse (43-1/319-1596; www.freud-museum.at ). SALZBURG Salzburg Festival Although productions of Mozart's complete stage works takes take the spotlight at the Salzburg Festival (43-662/804-5500; www.salzburgfestival.at ) in July and August, there are compelling programs throughout the year. In June, the festival presents the aptly named Wege zu Mozart ("Pathways to Mozart"), June 2-5, a series of concerts that considers the influence of the music of J.S. Bach, the Bach sons, and George Frederic Handel upon the Salzburg composer. Programs feature Baroque orchestral and keyboard works as well as Mozart's arrangements of Handel's music, including the Messiah. Students and young adults ages 9 to 27 can enroll in the Jugendprogramm or Youth Programme of the Salzburg Festival, and obtain reduced-price tickets for performances of theater, opera, and concerts, plus workshops and tours. For details and booking about the Jugendprogramm or Youth Programme of the Salzburg Festival: 43-662/804-5500; www.jungefreunde.at . Tickets may be scarce for performances at this year's festival, but through a collaborative and generous effort among Siemens Corporation, the city of Salzburg, and ORF Salzburg, the Austrian radio and television company, visitors can see for free recent Salzburg Festival opera productions as well as this summer's Mozart stagings on a large screen at the Kapitelplatz in the city's Old Town. The nightly screenings run from July 22 through August 15 and include works by Strauss and Verdi, including the celebrated 2005 production of La Traviata, with soprano Anna Netrebko and tenor Rolando Villazón. For a schedule, see www.salzburgfestival.at. Weekend Music Two of Salzburg's leading institutions, the Mozarteum Orchestra and the Salzburg Chamber Soloists, are presenting programs entitled "Best of Mozart" on most weekends through November in the Main Concert Hall of the Mozarteum, one of the city's most beautiful; see www.salzburg.info for details. For online booking of hotels, a restaurant guide, and a schedule of events, concerts, with links, see www.salzburg.info or call 43-662/840-310. What to Listen to Mozart 250-A Celebration. A three-CD survey of landmark performances fron the Sony Classical label that features conductors Sir Colin Davis and James Levine, pianist Rudolf Serkin, and singers Margaret Price and Thomas Quasthoff. (Sony Classical 82876-75944-2/2; www.sonybmgmasterworks.com ). SIX MORE EUROPEAN FESTIVALS NOT TO MISS ENGLAND- LONDON BBC Proms at the Royal Albert Hall (July 14-September 9; 44-20/7589-8212; www.bbc.co.uk/proms ). Top Mozart performers, such as the Camerata Salzburg, and conductor Valery Gergiev leading the Kirov Symphony Orchestra in a concert performance of Shostakovich's seering opera Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk, and appearances by the Minnesota Orchestra, Pittsburgh Symphony, and Orchestra of St. Luke's, are among the highlights of the popular London concert series, which combines world-class artistry with standing-room accommodations accessible to all. GERMANY- BADEN-BADEN Festspiel Baden-Baden (ongoing; 49-7221/301-3101; www.festspielhaus.de ). A year-round venue for opera, concert, and dance presents the return of the critically acclaimed production of Wagner's Ring cycle by the Kirov Opera, with set designs by George Tsypin and conducted by Valery Gergiev, July 13-18, plus a concert performance of Tristan and Isolde, on July 19. GERMANY- MUNICH Munich Opera Festival (June 24-July 31; 49-89/218-501; www.muenchner-opern-festspiele.de ). Thirty opera productions in 35 days document the genre from the 17th centuryMonteverdi's The Return of Ulysses-to the present dayMedusa, by Arnaldo de Felice. The ambitious schedule honors the final season of Peter Jonas, the Munich Opera's general director, and audiences are the beneficiaries, with stagings by leading directors and many of today's foremost singers. ITALY- STRESA Settimane Musicali di Stresa e del Lago Maggiore Festival Internazionale (August 4-September 9). Even among beautiful European settings, those of this festival in Stresa and on islands along Lake Maggiore make a particularly idyllic claim. Conductor Gianandrea Noseda oversees programs that range from Bach's Suites for Cello solo performed by Pieter Wispelwey to a lute recital by Rolf Lislevand in the San Vittore Church on the Isola dei Pescatori to a semi-staged production of Mozart's The Magic Flute, led by Noseda. ITALY- ISCHIA Walton Festival (April 1-June 25; 39-081/986-220; www.lamortella.it ) La Mortella, an extraordinary private garden on the island of Ischia, only a 45-minute hydrofoil ride away from Naples, hosts a series of weekend concerts by visiting young musicians in performances ranging from Mozart to Ginastera. The chamber music programs honor British composer Sir William Walton, who lived at La Mortella with his wife, Susana, the creative force behind the garden paradise. This September the William Walton Trust completes the building of a Greek-style amphitheater that will accommodate programs by youth orchestras next summer. SPAIN- PERALADA Festival Castell de Peralada (July 14-August 19; 34-93503-8646; www.festivalperalada.com ). A festival of great scope takes place in a tiny, Catalonian town, where performances are given in an open-air theater and a 17th-century church. Highlights: a staging of the zarzuela Luisa Fernandez, with Carlos Álvarez and Mariola Cantarero in featured roles; a recital by the beloved Spanish soprano Montserrat Caballé; and the premiere of a semi-staged production by William Christie and Les Arts Florissants of Mozart's opera Idomeneo. PLAN AHEAD: MOZART IN NEW YORK Mostly Mozart Festival (July 28-August 26; 212/721-6500; www.lincolncenter.org ). A must for all music lovers, the festival devoted to Mozart celebrates its 40th anniversary as the world observes the composer's 250th birthday. Strains of the Ottoman Empire waft over this year's program, with Peter Sellars directing Mozart's unfinished opera, Zaide, about the clash between European slaves and Turkish sultans. Late-night concerts by the period-instrument ensemble Concerto Köln and Sarband, a world music group, explore the influence of the seraglio on 18th-century European music. Closing nights find music director Louis Langrée leading the festival orchestra in Mozart's last three symphonies, including Jupiter. PLUS, DON'T MISS THESE U.S. FESTIVALS THIS MONTH Seattle, Washington Made in America Festival: Part 2 (May 6-20; 206/215-4747; www.seattlesymphony.org ). This celebration by the Seattle Symphony features world premieres by living composers, including Phillip Glass's Concerto Fantasy for Two Timpanists, Bright Sheng's Red Silk Dance, and John Harbison's arrangement Rubies after the great jazz pianist Thelonious Monk's Ruby My Dear. St. Louis, Missouri Opera Theatre of Saint Louis (May 20-June 25; 314/961-0644; www.opera-stl.org ). A welcoming, intimate setting and opera sung in English make St. Louis a favorite musical destination. This season features James Lord's staging of Street Scene, Kurt Weill's portrait of Manhattan immigrant life on a hot summer night, based on the drama by Elmer Rice, and the American premiere of British composer Michael Berkeley's Jane Eyre, directed by Colin Graham. Charleston, South Carolina Spoleto Festival USA (May 25-June 11; 843/579-3100; www.spoletousa.org ). Star-crossed lovers and mystically inspired dancers cross paths at Spoleto, where the Cornwall-based Kneehigh Theatre unveils the U.S. premiere of its wildly popular adaptation of Tristan & Yseult, an ancient Cornish folktale, and Nrityagram's classical Indian dancers, who live and study in a utopian hamlet outside of Bangalore, debut a new work, Sacred Space. Swan Lake by American Ballet Theater/Photo: Fabrizio Ferri Dance in New York City, Gypsy in Chicago, Chamber Music on Maryland's Eastern Shore, The Threepenny Opera in Hawaii, and the inaugural season of a new festival in Napa, California Western Massachusetts Lenox (June 23-September 3; 888/266-1200; www.bso.org ). Tanglewood, the summer home of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, hosts a weekend celebration July 21-23 for Mozart's 250th anniversary, and kicks off the summer season with a July 4 Americana bash featuring pop country singer LeAnn Rimes. Music director emeritus Seiji Ozawa returns to lead the BSO in a performance of Mahler's Symphony no. 2, Resurrection, on August 5. Cellist Yo-Yo Ma and actor James Earl Jones join composer-conductor John Williams and the Boston Pops Esplanade Orchestra for Film Night, featuring music from Memoirs of a Geisha and Star Wars. Williamstown Theatre Festival (July 5-August 27, 413/597-3400; www.wtfestival.org ). The 2006 season includes a main-stage production of the Cole Porter musical Anything Goes; the U.S. premiere of Double Double by Rick Elice and artistic director Roger Rees; and The Opposite of Sex, a new musical based on the movie of the same name, with songs by Douglas J. Cohen. Becket Jacob's Pillow Dance Festival (June 17-August 27; 413/243-0745; www.jacobspillow.org ). Nineteen companiesincluding the Suzanne Farrell Ballet, Trey McIntyre Project, the Danish Dance Theater, and Israel's Emanuel Gat Dancedraw on classical, modern, and contemporary dance traditions from around the globe, sharing a program that also features films, exhibitions, and lectures. Lenox Shakespeare & Company (through October 29; 413/637-3353; www.shakespeare.org ). All in the Family: artistic director Tina Packer plays Queen Gertrude opposite her real-life husband Dennis Krausnick and her son Jason Asprey in the main-stage production of Hamlet, July 1-August 27. Also on the boards: Martha Mitchell Calling, a new play about Richard Nixon's downfall, written by Jodi Rothe and directed by Daniela Varon. North Adams Bang on a Can (July 11-30, 413/622-2111; www.bangonacan.org ; www.massmoca.org ). The New York-based contemporary music collective takes up residence at MASS MoCA for its fifth annual Summer Music Festival. Collaborating artists include innovative composer and performer Meredith Monk. New York City American Ballet Theatre (through July 15; 212/362-6000; www.abt.org ). Recently recognized by the U.S. Congress as "America's National Ballet Company," the ABT brings full-length classics to the Metropolitan Opera stage, among them Manon, Giselle, Swan Lake, and Romeo and Juliet. June brings the company premiere of Prokofiev's Cinderella, choreographed by Canadian James Kudelka. Sylvia, Sir Frederick Ashton's tale of a chaste nymph and her lovelorn shepherd, a hit of the 2005 season, returns on July 3. New York City Ballet (through June 25; 212/721-6500; www.nycballet.com ). This month introduces works from the sixth Diamond Project, commissions of new ballets from seven international choreographers. Alexei Ratmansky, the young artistic director of the Bolshoi Ballet, sets his dance to music by contemporary Russian composer Leonid Desyatnikov; the Boston Ballet's Jorma Elo stages Baroque scores of Biber and Vivaldi. Rounding out the season is repertoire by George Balanchine and Jerome Robbins. Lincoln Center Festival (July 10-30; 212/362-6000; www.lincolncenter.org ). Eclecticism rules here. Singaporean director Ong Keng Sen's Geisha features Japan's legendary Kabuki performer Gojo Masanosuke, African-American actress Karen Kandel, and a traditional shamisen musician. Modern dance choreographer Mark Morris reinvents the 19th-century balletic warhorse Sylvia. And theater director Heiner Goebbels offers the U.S. premiere of Eraritjaritjaka, a multimedia work based on the writings of Elias Canetti. Composer Elliot Goldenthal's Grendel, an opera based on John Gardner's 1971 novelistic retelling of the Beowulf legend from the eponymous beast's point of view, with a libretto by Julie Taymor and the poet J.D. McClatchy, premieres in New York in a production directed by Taymor. Mostly Mozart Festival (July 28-August 26; www.lincolncenter.org ; 212/362-6000). A must for all music lovers, this festival devoted to Mozart celebrates its 40th anniversary as the world observes the composer's 250th birthday. Strains of the Ottoman Empire waft over this year's fête, with Peter Sellars directing Mozart's unfinished opera Zaide, about the clash between European slaves and Turkish sultans. Late-night performances by the period-instrument ensemble Concerto Köln and world-music group Sarbande explore the influence of the seraglio on 18th-century European music. Closing nights find music director Louis Langrée leading the festival orchestra in Mozart's three last symphonies, including the Jupiter. New York State Katonah Caramoor International Music Festival (June 24-August 12; 914/232-1253; www.caramoor.org ). The programming at this lush estate ranges from the sublime to the sublimely ridiculous, as the brilliant pianist Christopher Taylor performs Messiaen's Vingt Regards sur l'Enfant Jésus and parodist par excellence Peter Schickele devotes a matinee concert to that decidedly dim 18th-century musical light, P.D.Q. Bach. Caramoor's renowned program of bel canto operas continues with two prime examples of 19th-century vocal virtuosity: Rossini's Tancredi, in which contralto Ewa Podles, a noted interpreter of the title role, makes her festival debut, and Bellini's Puritani. Annandale-on-Hudson Bard SummerScape (June 29-August 20; 845/758-7900; www.bard.edu/fishercenter ). Frank Gehry's acclaimed concert hall provides a spectacular venue for innovative fare, such as a rare staging of Robert Schumann's only opera Genoveva, led by music director Leon Botstein; the Obie-winning, all-woman ensemble Troupe Lava combining acrobatics, dance, and theater in (w)HOLE History of Life on Earth; and three weekends of concerts and seminars devoted to "Franz Liszt and His World." Bethel Bethel Woods Center for the Arts (July 1-August; 866/781-2922; www.bethelwoods.us ). On July 1, the New York Philharmonic kicks off the inaugural season of the center, which is set on the site of the 1969 Woodstock Festival. Bethel Woods will also present a two-day a two-day Jazz Festival (July 22-23) directed by Grammy Award-winning jazz vocalist Dianne Reeves, and Crosby, Stills, Nash, and Young in a Freedom of Speech '06 concert (August 12). Cooperstown Glimmerglass Opera (July 7-August 29; 607/547-2255; www.glimmerglass.org ). Visionary, longtime artistic director Paul Kellogg's last season boasts four new productions, including the world premiere of The Greater Good, an opera with music by Stephen Hartke and libretto by Philip Littell based on Boule de Suif, Guy de Maupassant's morality tale of the Franco-Prussian war, and a staging by Renaissance man Jonathan Millerphysician, author, actor, directorof Janácek's masterpiece Jenufa. Chautauqua Chautauqua Institution (June 24-August 27; 716/357-6250; www.ciweb.org ). A lakeside setting and historic architecture make a dramatic stage for lectures and seminars on such topics such "Russia: A Post-Soviet Identity" (organized with the Brookings Institution) and "Global Climate Change: Securing the Future," with keynote speaker Al Gore. Performances by the festival orchestra and resident opera, dance, and theater companiessee Chekhov's Cherry Orchard or Mozart's Magic Flute one night and ABBA or Lyle Lovett the nextenliven the mix. Maryland Eastern Shore Chamber Music Festival (June 4-18; 410/819-0380; www.musicontheshore.org ). Maryland's Chesapeake Bay is the backdrop for six concerts of classical and contemporary music, from Bach to Barber, plus two free "Concert[s] in the Street" (June 4 and 18) by players from the U.S. Navy Saxophone Quartet. Ravinia, Illinois Ravinia Festival (June 1-September 16; 847/266-5100; www.ravinia.org ). Everything's coming up roses at Ravinia this summer, where Patti LuPone and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra present Sondheim's classic musical, Gypsy, based on the life of legendary stripper Gypsy Rose Lee, and soprano Renée Fleming performs songs from the French repertoire. If those events don't appeal, one of 120 others is sure to: there's jazz, classical music, and musical theater for every taste. Fort Worth, Texas Mimir Chamber Music Festival (July 3-14; 817/257-7602; www.mimirfestival.org ). Guest artists from around the world join members of the string and piano faculty at Texas Christian University for five concerts of chamber music, in repertoire that ranges from Beethoven to Ravel. Audiences can also observe young musicians in master classes. Santa Fe, New Mexico The Santa Fe Opera (June 30-August 26; 800/280-4654; www.santafeopera.org ). Santa Fe presents five new productions, including Mozart's Magic Flute, with French soprano Natalie Dessay as Pamina, and the American premiere of contemporary British composer Thomas Adès's large-scale work The Tempest. Aspen, Colorado Aspen Music Festival (June 21-August 20; 970/925-9042; www.aspenmusicfestival.com ). Music director David Zinman celebrates his 70th birthday by conducting Yo-Yo Ma and the festival orchestra in the world premiere of Kevin Puts's Cello Concerto. Ned Rorem's opera Our Town, based on the play by Thornton Wilder, makes its Western U.S. debut, and two programs of concerts and talks explore the musical underground in Stalinist Russia and the Cold War-era friendship between Shostakovich and Britten. Vail, Colorado Bravo! Vail Valley Music Festival (June 28-August 3; 877/812-5700; www.vailmusicfestival.org ). The Rockies are alive with the sound of orchestral, chamber, and contemporary music. On July 2, the New Mexico Symphony Orchestra Chorus joins the Rochester Philharmonic, led by Christopher Seaman, in a performance of Mozart's Requiem. Marin Alsop, music director designate of the Baltimore Symphony, conducts the New York Philharmonic in three programs, including all-Beethoven and all-Russian concerts. Jackson Hole, Wyoming Grand Teton Music Festival (July 4-August 26; 307/733-1128; www.gtmf.org ). The outdoorsy program here has new music director Donald Runnicles leading mezzo-soprano Jennifer Larmore, two choruses, and the festival orchestra in Mahler's sprawling Symphony no. 3, considered an the composer's Ode to Nature, and Norwegian Arild Remmerit conducting music inspired by Scandinavian landscapes. Napa Valley Festival del Sole (July 16-23; 707/944-1300; www.festivaldelsole.com ). The inaugural program of this wide-ranging jamboreecovering musical, visual, literary, and culinary artsfeatures recitals by sopranos Anne Sofie von Otter and Renée Fleming and violinists Sarah Chang and Nikolaj Znaider. In another eagerly anticipated performance, Carlo Ponti Jr. leads the Russian National Orchestra, with soloists Samuel Ramey and Frederica von Stade. San Diego La Jolla Music Society SummerFest (August 3-20; 858/459-3728; www.ljms.org ). Renowned festival alumni return to join with emerging new talents in celebrating the 20th anniversary of this prestigious chamber music serieswhich offers world premieres by contemporary artists, such as Finnish composer Magnus Lindberg and American jazz pioneer Wayne Shorter, alongside classic repertoiremuch of it presented in the newly restored Fox Theater. Waimea, Hawaii Performing Arts Festival (July 14-31; 808/256-6100; www.hawaiiperformingartsfestival.org ). The second season of this Big Island festival offers a program that includes chamber and vocal music as well as stage works by guest artists, faculty, and students. Included are a recital by soprano Angelina Réaux, a tribute to Leonard Bernstein, and a production of Kurt Weill and Bertolt Brecht's Threepenny Opera. Canada Montreal, Canada Montreal Chamber Music Festival (June 9-30; 514/489-7444; www.festivalmontreal.org ). Music, myth, and history blend together in the festival's 11th year. Among the highlights: the premiere of Orpheus on Sappho's Shore, for soprano, tenor, and chamber ensemble, by Luna Pearl Woolf, about an imagined meeting between the mythical poet and the historical one; a noon-to-midnight marathon of six Mozart programs (June 22); and a performance of Beethoven's recently discovered transcription for two pianos of his Grosse Fugue, op. 13. Stratford, Ontario Canada Stratford Festival of Canada (through October 29; 800/567-1600; www.stratfordfestival.org ). Celebrated Shakespearean actor Colm Feore takes the title role in Coriolanus, one of the Bard's most violent plays, a tale of ancient-Roman political intrigue that resonates loudly with current times. On the same stage, but striking a merrier note, Lionel Bart's musical Oliver! will bow at Stratford for the first time. An Australian import provides both mirth and mayhem: Robert Hewett's comedic murder mystery The Blonde, the Brunette, and the Vengeful Redhead, with seven characters portrayed by a single actress. -by Leslie Camhi, Katie Holt, Stirling Kelso, Mario Mercado, and Michael Rose.	Prague
Lawrence Boythorne, Sir Leicester Dedlock and Mr William Guppy are all characters that appear in which Charles Dickens novel?	Houston Symphony - Composer Biographies Composer Biographies John Adams (b. February 15, 1947) John Adams grew up in the New England area and played the clarinet from a very early age. (This may come as a surprise to anyone who’s played his piece Short Ride in a Fast Machine.) He studied composition at Harvard University where he conducted the Bach Society and was a substitute clarinetist for the Boston Symphony. In 1972, he began teaching at the San Francisco Conservatory where he also worked in the electronic music studio. During this time, he composed some of his most well-known works, including Shaker Loops, Short Ride in a Fast Machine, and the opera Nixon in China, based on President Richard Nixon’s visit to China to meet Chairman Mao. After Nixon in China, Adams focused more on non-western forms of music and the techniques involved, such as “blue notes,” bent notes, slides, and other stylistic changes that used more than just written notes on a page. Adams is generally considered a minimalist composer, which means that he uses a lot of repeating patterns, although not to the extent that other composers such as Steve Reich and Philip Glass do. In many of his pieces, specifically the Violin Concerto, he begins to develop a pattern but then changes it. He was very influenced by John Cage’s compositions and his book Silence, and he found Cage’s philosophy very liberating after spending most of his college career studying serialism. By the time he graduated he found the Darmstadt School and its teachings very limited. In 2003, he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his composition On the Transmigration of Souls, a memorial piece dedicated to the victims of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. In general his pieces tend to be controversially received: some pieces receive rave reviews and others are eaten alive by critics. Nixon in China certainly revived an interest in opera, and his style is overall considered a positive response to the limited aspects of minimalism and serialism. How you know him: Short Ride in a Fast Machine has been transcribed for wind bands as well as orchestras and is a great example of Adams’s distinct style. Karim Al-Zand (b. 1970) The music of Canadian-American composer Karim Al-Zand (b.1970) has been called “strong and startlingly lovely” (Boston Globe). His compositions are wide-ranging in influence and inspiration, and encompass solo, chamber, vocal and orchestral works. From scores for dance, to compositions for young people, to multi-disciplinary and collaborative works, Al-Zand's music is diverse in both its subject matter and its audience. His works explore connections between music and other arts, and draw inspiration from varied sources such as graphic art, myths and fables, folk music of the world, film, spoken word, jazz, and his own Middle Eastern heritage. Al-Zand’s music has enjoyed success in the US, Canada and abroad and he is the recipient of several national awards, including the Sackler Composition Prize, the ArtSong Prize, the Louisville Orchestra Competition Prize and the “Arts and Letters Award in Music” from the American Academy of Arts and Letters. He holds degrees from Harvard and McGill Universities and is currently on the faculty of the Shepherd School of Music (Rice University) in Houston. Al-Zand is also a founding member of Musiqa, Houston’s premier contemporary music group, which presents concerts featuring new and classic repertoire of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Performers of Al-Zand’s music include groups such as the American Modern Ensemble, the Flux Quartet, the Enso Quartet, North/South Consonance, Brave New Works, Pinotage, Ensemble Pi, the Beausejour Trio the River Oaks Chamber Orchestra, the Louisville Orchestra and OrchestraX. He has been awarded three times in the Canadian SOCAN Competition, (for Fantasy and Fanfare,Sonata and String Quartet). His two string quartets have received awards and recognition from the 1997 Blodgett Composition Competition, the Salvatore Martirano Award, Harvard’s Bohemians Prize and the Tampa Bay Composers’ Forum Prize for Excellence in Chamber Music. While a fellow at the 2000 Oregon Bach Festival Composers’ Symposium, Al-Zand’s work Parizade and the Singing Tree was performed to critical acclaim. Other awards include those from the American Modern Ensemble, Composer’s Guild, ASCAP, the Society of Composers, and the National Association of Composers. He has received fellowships from the June in Buffalo Festival Wellesley Composers Conference, the MusicNinetySeven Festival, and the MacDowell Colony. He has been commissioned through the Canada Council (Beausejour Trio), Houston Arts Alliance (River Oaks Chamber Orchestra), the Fromm Foundation, and ASCAP/SCI, and by ALEA III, OrchestraX and Ensemble Pi. While at McGill University, Al-Zand he studied composition with Donald Steven, John Rea and the late Bengt Hambraeus and worked in the McGill’s Group of the Electronic Music Studio with alcides lanza. As a pianist he has studied under Eugene Plawutsky and Louis-Philippe Pelletier. At Harvard University he studied composition with Mario Davidovsky and Bernard Rands, and music theory with David Lewin. In his scholarly work, Al-Zand has pursued several diverse areas of music theory, including topics in jazz, counterpoint, and improvisation (both jazz and 18th century extemporization). His PhD. CPE Bach (March 8, 1714-December 14, 1788) Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach was the son of JS Bach, the notable Baroque composer. As JS Bach’s death marked the end of the Baroque period, so his son was considered one of the fathers of the classical period. His father trained him in music, but he studied law in college. As soon as he obtained his degree, he began pursuing a career in music. His first job was with the Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia, the future Frederick the Great. When Frederick succeeded the throne in 1741, Bach became a member of the royal orchestra. During this time in Berlin, he was heavily influenced by his father, JS Bach, and his godfather, Georg Philipp Telemann, and Joseph Haydn. He became one of the foremost composers of the day. His treatise, Versuch über die wahre Art das Clavier zu spielen (An Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments), became a definitive work for keyboard technique because it encouraged the use of thumbs, something that up until that point had been strongly discouraged. In 1768, he succeeded his godfather Telemann as the director of music at Hamburg and was named court composer for Frederick’s sister, Princess Anna Amalia. This position required him to compose music for the Protestant church services at Michaeliskirche (Church of St. Michael) and other churches in Hamburg. He also composed an oratorio (Die Israeliten in der Wüste or The Israelites in the Desert), 21 settings of the Passion, approximately 70 cantatas, litanies, motets, and other liturgical pieces. He even presented pieces by his contemporaries including JS Bach, Salieri, Handel, and Haydn. He died in Hamburg on December 14, 1788, and was buried in the Michaeliskirche. None of the children he had with his wife Johanna Maria Dannemann became musicians, and his own music had mixed receptions throughout history. Mozart said of him, “He is the father, we are the children,” and Beethoven held him in high regard, but during the 19th century, Robert Schumann remarked that his music wasn’t nearly as creative as his father’s. How you know him: Though most of his work is unrecognizable, and much of the pieces published in the late 18th century were attributed to him even though he didn’t write it, the Sonata in A Major is a great example of his style. Johann Sebastian Bach (March 31, 1685-July 28, 1750) Johann Sebastian Bach was mostly raised by his older brother Christoph, a church organist. He taught Bach harpsichord and organ and spent most of his life as a church musician. In his teen years, he traveled to Hamburg to hear concerts and take organ lessons, but his most significant trip was to Lübeck. Young Bach walked 250 miles to visit the composer Buxtehude. By the age of 18, he was appointed as the court organist and violinist to the Duke of Weimar. This enabled him to study all types of music and allowed him the time and opportunity to develop his own composition skills. He was also able to write many pieces for organ and harpsichord, including several cantatas. In 1717, he was hired as the court choirmaster to the Prince of Cöthen, which gave him even more time to compose, including hundreds of works for clavier, the most well-known of which is The Well-Tempered Clavier (not to be confused with an equal-tempered clavier), strings, instrumental ensembles, solos, duets, trios, and concertos. After his wife Maria died in 1720, he married the singer Anna Wülken. Bach remained in Cöthen until the prince’s wife decided she wanted less serious music, at which point Bach and his family moved to Leipzig where he took a job as a private school choirmaster. He was very unhappy in this job, but it provided an excellent educational opportunity for his children. Not only was he paid less in this position, but his living conditions were significantly decreased, and his music was performed by amateur musicians rather than paid professionals. Johann Sebastian Bach is considered the father of Baroque music and wrote for both the church and the community. He also taught music, Latin, and conducted the school choir. Despite the less-than-tolerable conditions of his employment, he remained at the school for the rest of his life. In 1749, his health began to decline, and in particular his vision deteriorated to the point of blindness. John Taylor, a British eye surgeon, was brought in to perform surgery to repair the problem, but Bach died in 1750. Scholars associate his death with the end of the Baroque period of music. How you know him: Glenn Gould ’s recordings of Bach’s Two-Part Inventions are considered the best and most accurate interpretations of the works. Béla Bartók [bay-lah bar-talk] (March 25, 1881 – September 26, 1945) Béla Bartók was raised in a small town in Hungary. He was a sickly child who suffered from eczema until the age of five, although he could pick out different dance rhythms that his mother played on the piano before he could even speak (according to his mother). While studying piano with István Thomán and János Koessler at the Royal Conservatory in Budapest, he met Zoltán Kodály, who became a lifelong friend and mentor. This made him one of the first ethnomusicologists. Bartók and Kodály also completed a lot of research together about Magyar folk music and used the melodies in these tunes in their own compositions, sometimes note-for-note. During WWII, Hungary sided with the Nazi party, which Bartók strongly opposed. Eventually, he and his second wife, Ditta, emigrated to the US. He struggled to compose there because most Americans knew him as an ethnomusicologist, pianist, and teacher, not as a composer. In 1944 he was diagnosed with a form of leukemia, but he found new inspiration and energy as a composer and produced a last flourish of masterpieces. Among these works are Concerto for Orchestra (perhaps his most famous and well-liked work), String Quartet No. 6, Sonata for Solo Violin, and Piano Concerto No. 3. The first three of those works were commissioned by various conductors and soloists, most prominently was Fritz Reiner of the Chicago Symphony. He had long been a supporter and champion of Bartók and his work since Reiner had been his student at the Royal Academy. Bartók died in 1944 in New York City. Sadly, his funeral was attended only by 10 people. After the fall of the communist party in Hungary, Bartók’s sons had his body exhumed and moved back to Budapest where there was a state funeral in his honor on July 7, 1988. His body is now buried next to his late wife Ditta in Farkasréti Cemetery, who died in 1982. How you know him: Here is the opening of Bartók’s Concerto for Orchestra , commissioned for the Boston Symphony in 1943. Arnold Bax [backs] (November 8, 1883-October 3, 1953) Arnold Bax was a British composer born into a distinct upper-class family. His talent for music appeared at an early age when he began playing Wagner operas on the piano. His formal music education began at age 16 at the Hampstead Conservatoire under the instruction of Cecil Sharp. In 1900, he was accepted to the Royal Academy of Music where he studied for five years with Frederick Corder, Tobias Matthay, and Julian Egerton. Corder emphasized the compositional style of Franz Liszt, who became an influence in Bax’s compositions. Bax’s love of literature led him to the works of William Butler Yeats, whose Irish Literary Revival writings heavily influenced his composition style. This “love affair” inspired him to travel to Ireland where he drew further inspiration from the land: roaring seas, rolling hillsides, local peasants, and Irish culture. He didn’t limit his inspiration to music, though. Bax also discovered a love of poetry and published works under his pseudonym Dermot O’Byrne. His love affair with Natalia Skarginska in 1910 led to a resurgence of inspiration which resulted in an interest in Russian Slavonic themes, but it mostly resulted in melancholy pieces due to the heartbreak he suffered after the affair ended. Just one year later, he married his childhood sweetheart Elsita Sobrino, and the couple moved to Dublin. His close circle of friends there knew him only by his pseudonym. By 1916, the threat of war forced Bax and his family to relocate to London. His pre-existing heart condition prevented Bax from enlisting in the service, so he spent the rest of the war composing. Bax was personally affected by the conflict in Ireland and Dublin’s destruction during the war, and he found himself working more and more with pianist Harriet Cohen. It quickly turned from a professional relationship to a romantic relationship, although it never led to anything because Bax was still married to Elsita. His emotional struggles led to a number of compositions, and though there was a significant amount of speculation about how his romantic interlude inspired these pieces, there is no evidence to substantiate this claim. Despite his emotional and personal ties with Ireland, he accepted a knighthood in 1937. He continued composing, but he became increasingly restless and dissatisfied with the world in which he lived. The style of music was changing to more modern tastes, and he found himself drinking as a coping mechanism for his increasing age and lack of personal connections. In 1929, he began adjudicating the Feis Maitiú Corciagh in Cork where he developed a long-term friendship with the Fleischmann family. Tilly Fleischman was a renowned concert pianist who performed Bax’s music in Ireland as a way to show him that his music was still relevant, but it wasn’t until Aloys Fleischmann began conducting his works with the Irish Radio Orchestra in Dublin that Bax received national acclaim. Bax was not convinced by either of these phenomena and turned his attention to the world of academia as he focused less on composing. One of his last compositions was the Coronation March used during Queen Elizabeth II’s coronation in 1952. His Violin Concerto, which was originally written for Jascha Heifetz, was premiered in 1942 by Eda Kersey after Heifetz refused to perform the piece. Bax died at the age of 69. Ludwig van Beethoven (December 16, 1770-March 26, 1827) Arguably the most famous composer of all time, Beethoven was also one of the most disorganized composers with terrible follow-through and a frightening temper. He studied composition with Joseph Haydn in Vienna, Austria, where he was also a concert pianist. In an effort to find a way to support himself, Beethoven became very social and made friends with a lot of people who were acquainted with wealthy music supporters. This enabled him to abandon his teaching altogether to focus solely on his compositions. Traveling through Europe, he displayed his talents for composition and piano, though many of his early works were orchestral and chamber works in sonata and concerto form. In 1800 shortly after finishing his first symphony, he began composing oratorios, and the next 15 years became very productive for him. By 1815, he had composed 8 symphonies, 27 piano sonatas, many sonatas for various string instruments, 10 piano trios, 11 string quartets, dozens of orchestral works, and countless vocal solos and choral works. Beethoven was obsessive about his works and refused to have anything published until he felt it had been perfected. This was very frustrating for his patrons who paid him a lot of money only to have to wait around for months -- or even years! --for the composition to be finished. It’s an understatement to say that he didn’t like deadlines and didn’t stick to them very well. He had already begun to lose his hearing in his 20s and by his mid-40s had to give up live performance completely. He spent the rest of his life composing and slowly going deaf until he died in 1827. The cause of his death is still debated, but most scholars have narrowed it down to either alcoholic cirrhosis, syphilis, infectious hepatitis, lead poisoning, sarcoidosis, or Whipple's disease. Some researchers even believe that he slowly and accidentally poisoned himself to death with lead supplements prescribed by his physician. Though he fell in love several times, he never got married because of his background as a person of ill-means and being exploited by his father who forced him to perform publicly. Thanks to the support of his friends, though, he was able to write some of the greatest and most recognizable music of the nineteenth century. How you know him: Excerpts from Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony were featured at the beginning of Disney’s Fantasia: 2000 , and his Sixth Symphony (Pastoral) was featured in Fantasia . Alban Berg [Bear-g] (February 9, 1885-December 24, 1935) Berg did not begin studying music until 1900 when he was 15 years old. Four years later he began studying counterpoint, music theory, and harmony with Arnold Schoenberg. Within three years he was composing and studying full-time. One of the teachings that Berg took away from his time with Schoenberg was that of developing variation. Berg’s student Theodor Adorno put it succinctly when he said, “The main principle he conveyed was that of variation: everything was supposed to develop out of something else and yet be intrinsically different." In 1911, he married Helene Nahowski, despite the hatred her wealthy family felt for the him. In 1922, Berg completed his most well-known opera and well-known work, Wozzeck. It was premiered on December 14, 1925, and it is considered by many to be one of the most important works of the 20th century. Before he died in 1935, he began work on another opera called Lulu. Due to a personal conflict, Berg’s wife refused to let him finish the work, so only the first two acts were premiered. Shortly after her death in 1979, an orchestration was commissioned by Friedrich Cerha and premiered in Paris under the baton of Pierre Boulez (current conductor for the Cleveland Orchestra). It is now a prominent work for the opera repertoire. During the composing phase of Lulu, Berg accepted a commission from Louis Krasner for a violin concerto. The piece employs Schoenberg’s famous 12-tone technique but feels surprisingly tonal, a description that is true of many of Berg’s later works. He died on Christmas Eve in 1935 from blood poisoning, allegedly caused by an insect bite. How you know him: Berg’s opera Wozzeck is his most well-known work. Hector Berlioz [bear-lee-oze] (December 11, 1803-March 8, 1869) Berlioz never learned to play the piano, something he saw as both an asset and a hindrance to his composition. After he graduated from high school, he began studying medicine in Paris, though he was repulsed at a dissection of a human body. He decided to take advantage of the cultural opportunities afforded him in the big city by attending opera performances and hanging out at the Paris Conservatoire library. In 1824, he finally abandoned his medical studies to pursue music full-time, despite his parents’ fury and outrage. At age 23 he submitted his first fugue to the Prix de Rome, which was rejected in the first round. It took him four obsessive years to finally achieve his goal. In 1827, he attended a performance of Shakespeare’s Othello and Romeo and Juliet where he became infatuated with Harriet Smithson, an actress in both performances, whom he later married. He barraged her with love letters which scared her off, but the interaction inspired him to write his most famous work, Symphonie Fantastique, a programmatic symphony about one man’s opium-induced dream about a woman he can’t have. Around this same time, he became engaged to Camille Moke, the French Revolution broke out, and he won the previously mentioned Prix de Rome. During his time studying in Italy (the result of winning the Prix de Rome), his soon-to-be mother-in-law wrote him that Camille had called off their engagement to marry a man named Camille Pleyel, son of the noted composer and piano-maker. Enraged by the loss of his bride-to-be, Berlioz devised an elaborate scheme to kill Camille, Camille, her mother, and himself. After taking a carriage all the way to Genoa, he realized he left his costume in the carriage and as he arrived in Nice, he resolved to call off the plan and return to his studies in Rome. Upon completing his studies in Rome, he returned to Paris where he composed some of his most well-known pieces (Symphonie Fantastique, Harold en Italie, Grande messe des morts, and Roméo et Juliette). He became acquainted with some of the leading writers of the day, most notably Ernest Legouvé. After one performance of Symphonie Fantastique, he met Harriet Smithson and the two were married, but it turned out to be a bad match for both. After the 1830s, Berlioz traveled throughout Europe to find audiences who recognized and appreciated his music. He eventually found himself conducting more than composing -- Berlioz was as famous for conducting as he was for composing. After several more compositions and a brief but lucrative position as head librarian at the Paris Conservatory, he became plagued with an intestinal illness. After the death of his second wife in 1862, he became distracted and disillusioned with his career. He suffered from increased stomach pains, and his compositions were decreasingly popular. In 1867, his son died of yellow fever in Havana, which further added to his emotional turmoil. He had founded a musical journal and found that he could no longer write for it, so he retired. Berlioz traveled around Europe, but with his increased physical discomfort, he wrote a will and died a few months later. How you know him: Berlioz’s Symphonie Fantastique is arguably his most well-known work and certainly has received the most acclaim. Leonard Bernstein (August 25 1918-October 14, 1990) Leonard Bernstein was born to Ukrainian immigrant parents and grew up in Massachusetts. He attended the Garrison Grammar School and Boston Latin School while taking piano lessons. He attended Harvard University where he studied with Edward Burlingame Hill and Walter Piston, but he was very influenced by the aesthetics of Professor David Prall’s studies on multidisciplinary arts. During his time at Harvard, he met fellow composer Aaron Copland. The two remained close friends, and Bernstein was heavily influenced by Copland’s composition style. After graduating, he studied at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia where he studied conducting with Fritz Reiner, late music director of the Chicago Symphony, counterpoint, orchestration, piano, and score reading. In 1940 he studied with Serge Koussevitzky at Tanglewood, the Boston Symphony’s summer institute. This introduction was initially made by Copland and Mitropoulos but later developed into a significant professional relationship with Koussevitzky. His debut as assistant conductor for the New York Philharmonic came suddenly when Bruno Walter came down with the flu. It was heralded by the New York Times as a “good American success story.” Since the performance was broadcast nationally, Bernstein earned national fame and was able to launch his career as a composer. In 1951, he married Felicia Cohn Montealegre. Many people speculate that this was to dispel rumors that he was gay, particularly since he was trying to secure a major conducting job with a very conservative orchestra board. There is no evidence that he and his wife had an unhappy marriage, though, and the couple had three children. He became a household name with his televised series called Young People’s Concerts, broadcast by CBS. These were inspired by and grew out of his Omnibus programs where he discussed major classical works such as Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony. Shortly before he took over the New York Philharmonic, he composed the scores for the operetta Candide and West Side Story. These quickly became his most well-known works. During the 1960s he helped revive an interest in the works of Gustav Mahler through his recordings of Mahler’s complete works with the New York Philharmonic, Vienna Philharmonic, Concertgebouw Orchestra, and the London Symphony. He was a champion for other composers such as Nielsen, Sibelius, Copland, Schuman, and Diamond. In 1969, he resigned from the symphony to focus on his compositions. In 1971, his mass was premiered as a commission by Jacqueline Kennedy for the opening of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. It is a very contemporary piece incorporating elements of rock music, Latin liturgy, Hebrew prayer, English lyrics, and was heavily criticized by the Catholic church. In 1980, he was awarded the Kennedy Center Honors, and he spent the rest of his life conducting, composing, and teaching. As a lifelong smoker, Bernstein battled emphysema, and in 1990 he died of pneumonia. He is buried in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, NY. Bernstein was a strong supporter of social change and always supported philanthropic efforts. How you know him: Bernstein is most well-known for his score to the film West Side Story , though he would be sorely disappointed to know this today because his symphonies (particularly his second, The Age of Anxiety ) and mass are beautiful pieces with their own musical merit. Johannes Brahms (May 7, 1833-April 3, 1897) Though he was a terrible student, Brahms excelled at piano. He studied with several people during his youth and brought in extra revenue for his family by playing popular music in dance halls. He began studying composition very early but destroyed nearly all of his early works. In 1853, his works began to receive more acclaim as he traveled through Europe with Eduard Reményi. Throughout his life, Brahms was very close friends with Robert Schumann, who supported and tried to spread the word about Brahms’s music. After his friend’s death, he fell in love with Schumann’s widow Clara, who was an accomplished pianist and composer. They never married, but Brahms always closely followed her advice. In 1868, the premiere of his Requiem (greatly inspired by the death of his mother and close friend Robert Schumann) secured his place in Europe’s music scene. Many people raved that this composition surpassed Beethoven and the symphony form. Brahms’s next big break didn’t come until 1873 when he was 40 years old. The piece was “Variations on a Theme by Haydn.” At the time, he was also working on his First Symphony, which was finally performed 22 years after its initial conception. Over the next 20 years, Brahms wrote music in all forms, except opera, and was beloved in Austria, his adopted country, where he taught countless students. His attempt to stop composing at age 57 was clearly futile as he had several works published shortly before his death. Among these are chamber pieces for clarinet, which were inspired by his admiration for clarinetist Richard Mühlfeld. A few years later he was diagnosed with cancer, and his condition gradually worsened. He died at age 67, and he is buried in Zentralfriedhof, Switzerland. Before he died, he attended a dinner where the host proposed a toast to “the most famous composer,” implying Brahms, who replied, “Quite right. Here’s to Mozart!” How you know him: Brahms has been featured in the popular PSA supporting arts education in public schools. His Lullaby Op.49 No.4 Wiegenlied is a very popular piece for anyone with a baby. Benjamin Britten (November 22, 1913-December 4, 1976) Benjamin Britten showed musical promise and talent at a very early age. His first piano teacher was his mother, but by age seven he began receiving private lessons with the teacher at his prep school. At age 14 he began composition lessons with Frank Bridge. In 1928, he began attending Gresham’s School, Holt, and two years later won a Composition Scholarship for the Royal College of Music. During his time in London, he was exposed to a wealth of new music, including that of Igor Stravinsky, Gustav Mahler, and Dmitri Shostakovich. In 1937, he became acquainted with and formed a lifelong partnership with the tenor Peter Pears. Two years later, the two moved to the US where Britten composed several song cycles for Pears, and Britten became even more influenced by the music of Aaron Copland, particularly Billy the Kid and An Outdoor Overture. They remained in America until 1942 when they returned to England where WWII was in full swing. Both applied to be conscientious objectors as a way to keep themselves out of the fighting and as a means of protesting the war, and Britten was able to avoid combat. In time he was granted unconditional exemption after an appeal. He had by that time already begun work on his opera Peter Grimes. The next few years were very productive for Britten, and he spent most of his time composing operas and choral works at his home in Sussex, acquired due to the inheritance he received after his mother’s death in 1937. After a financially unsuccessful tour of his opera The Rape of Lucretia by the Glyndebourne English Opera Company forced them to discontinue tours, Britten, his librettist Eric Crozier, and Pears formed the English Opera Group. Throughout his career as a composer, particularly during the 1950s, Britten was strongly influenced by the music of Eastern and Asian cultures. This was especially true after his visit there with Pears in 1957. During the 1960s he developed relationships with Russian musicians and composers, most notably Dmitri Shostakovich, Sviatoslav Richter, Mstislav Rostropovich. By the end of the 1960s, the Aldeburgh Festival that Britten developed had outgrown its venue options, and Britten was able to convert outdated malthouses just outside Aldeburgh into a more suitable concert venue. He and Pears performed regularly at the festival with Pears singing and Britten accompanying. After heart surgery in 1973, Britten was no longer able to perform because it left him partially disabled. In 1976, he was the first composer to accept a life peerage changing his name to Baron Britten, of Aldeburgh in the County of Suffolk. In this same year just a few months after finishing his final piece, Welcome Ode for children’s choir, he realized that he was no longer able to compose. His friends threw a party to celebrate his life, and he died on December 4, 1976, from congestive heart failure. Peter Pears, who was knighted in 1978, is buried next to him. How you know him: Benjamin Britten’s very popular series “A Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra” was featured extensively in Wes Anderson’s 2012 film Moonrise Kingdom . His opera Albert Herring is a delightful musical look into the English countryside of the early 20th century. Anton Bruckner (September 4, 1824-October 11, 1896) Bruckner’s first music teacher, like many of his peers, was his father. Through his father’s musical talent and Bruckner’s own aptitude for learning, he was able to move ahead in school. After his confirmation, he was sent to a new school in Hörsching where he finished his education and learned to play the organ. After the death of his father in 1837, Bruckner went to the Augustinian Monastary in St. Florian where he continued his musical education and fell in love with the organ. In spite of his musical abilities, his mother sent him to a teacher’s seminar, after which he became a teaching assistant in Windhaag. The low pay, despicable living conditions, and constant degrading from his superior were strong proponents of Bruckner’s future inferiority complex. He never complained or rebelled, though, despite his unhappiness, and eventually he moved to Kronstorf an der Enns where his compositions improved and he began to develop his own style. He returned to St. Florian where he remained for ten years as an organist and teacher. In 1855, he met with Simon Sechter to show him his Missa Solemnis in the hopes that Sechter would accept him as a student, which he did. Through correspondence with Sechter, Bruckner learned in-depth about music theory, counterpoint, and other valuable subjects, and Bruckner later based his own teaching on Sechter’s teaching skills and book Die Grundsätze der musikalischen Komposition. Bruckner was a devout Catholic who liked drinking beer, which did not align him with his contemporaries. He did not achieve well-known recognition or fame until he was 60. In 1861 he met Franz Liszt, who shared his Catholic faith, and together they worked with Richard Wagner to develop the German school. During the 1870s he lived in Vienna where he taught at the Vienna Conservatory and the Vienna University and spent a great deal of time and energy composing. He is often characterized as simple and provincial, and biographers have commented that his music does not reflect his life and his life does not reflect his music. His symphonic works were at the time of their premieres described as wild and nonsensical, and they are in great contrast to his choral works, which were described as contrapuntal and conservative. He died a bachelor at the age of 72. How you know him: The Houston Symphony’s former Music Director Maestro Hans Graf has performed or recorded all of Bruckner’s works. Chances are good that if you’ve been to a concert during his tenure here, you’ve heard a Bruckner piece. Frédéric Chopin [show-pan] (February 22 or March 1, 1810-October 17, 1849) Frédéric Chopin was a Polish composer of the Romantic period and grew up mostly in Warsaw. He was raised in a fairly musical home and is considered by many to have been a child prodigy. Until age 13, he was tutored at home, but in 1823 he enrolled in the Warsaw Lyceum and continued to study under the tutelage of Wojciech Zywny. Three years later he began studying with Józef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory who taught him music theory, figured bass, and composition. When he turned 18, Chopin left Poland with his friend Feliks Jarocki. The two traveled to Berlin where Chopin met and saw several of the famous composers of the day such as Felix Mendelssohn and Carl Friedrich Zelter. This provided him with a significant amount of inspiration when he returned to Warsaw. In this year, he premiered his first two piano concertos and began to achieve wider acclaim for his piano-playing and composition, so he left Warsaw for Austria en route to Italy. During and after the November Uprising, he renewed his love for Poland when the revolution was crushed, and France did not come to Poland’s aid. At the time, he was traveling to Paris, and his emotions inspired the Scherzo in B minor and the Revolutionary Étude. When Chopin arrived in Paris, he was ambivalent about remaining in the country, but like many of the other expatriates of what came to be known as the Polish Great Emigration, he did not return to his homeland. Within a few years, he had developed new friendships and earned new patrons who were able to provide him with new opportunities for growth as a musician. He gained French citizenship in 1835. In 1835, he met with his parents for the last time and proposed marriage to Maria Wodzinski, but the couple was never married. The loss of his bride-to-be led to several heartfelt and emotional pieces. A few years later he began an affair with George Sand, a pseudonym for feminist author Amandine Aurore Lucille Dupin, the Baroness Dudevant. The couple moved to Majorca as a means to stave off Chopin’s quickly deteriorating health, but as they were not married, the people of Majorca greeted them with inhospitable attitudes. While there he composed several pieces on his Pleyel piano (after some difficulty in acquiring it from customs), and this quickly became his most productive period. As his health declined, his affair with Sand ended and he gave fewer and fewer performances. A trip to London and Scotland in 1848 after the revolution in Paris led to a rumor of a future engagement to Jane Stirling, but their relationship was purely platonic. He gave his final performance in London on November 16, 1848 and died a year later. How you know him: Chopin’s Nocturne Op. 9, No. 2 (played here by Artur Rubinstein) is often used in movies and commercials. His Fantasie Impromptu , played by Artur Rubinstein, is another popular piece. Aaron Copland (November 14, 1900-December 2, 1990) Aaron Copland was not raised in a musical family; in fact they discouraged him from pursuing a career in music. Despite this, he began studying piano at age 14 and after high school studied with Nadia Boulanger at the Paris Conservatoire. She was an excellent teacher and inspired Copland so much that he continued his studies with her for an extra, unplanned two years. When he returned to the US in 1924, he took up piano playing at a local resort to make ends meet, but within a year two all of his compositions had already been performed. He also received the first music scholarship from the Guggenheim Foundation and won a composition contest sponsored by RCA Records. These events allowed him to give up piano playing to focus solely on composing. In the 1920s, he joined the League of Composers, a group he remained active in throughout his life and became the head of its board of directors. In his 30s he began expanding his compositional palate outside of strict orchestral works and wrote pieces that incorporated American folk and jazz melodies, music for ballets such as Billy the Kid, Rodeo, and Appalachian Spring, and he wrote music for movies such as The Red Pony. One of Copland’s passions was making music accessible to younger audiences, so he composed several orchestral works and an opera for student groups, and encouraged other composers to do the same. In the 1960s, he began conducting rather than composing because he felt a lack of creative inspiration. Although Copland never associated himself with a particular political party, he was included on an FBI list in the 1950s during the Red Scare and was eventually blacklisted because of his support of the Progressive Party candidate for president. His style as a composer evolved a great deal over his life from pieces heavily influenced by Igor Stravinsky and Arnold Schoenberg to large-scale symphonic works such as El Salon Mexico and Quiet City. He died in 1990 from Alzheimer’s disease and respiratory failure, but his estate now provides $600,000 per year to performing artists through the Aaron Copland Fund for Composers. How you know him: The ad campaign for beef used the Hoe-down movement from Copland’s piece Rodeo. Claude Debussy [deb-you-see] (August 22, 1862-March 25, 1918) Claude Debussy was raised in France by his aunt after his father went bankrupt. His aunt was a great supporter of the arts and was responsible for his first introduction to music and art through concert performances and art galleries. She also supported his piano lessons, and at age 11 he entered the Paris Conservatory of Music, where he studied for 11 years. He began his study of composition at the conservatory and acquired Madame Nadezhda von Meck as a patroness. Coincidentally, this was the same patroness who supported Tchaikovsky, and this connection helped expose Debussy to Tchaikovsky’s music. He spent a great deal of time traveling through Russia and Europe with her and providing her children with piano lessons. After returning to Paris from Rome, where he was required to study as the winner of the 1884 Prix de Rome, he began spending time with a group of artists, writers, and composers who inspired him to begin composing in the style of the Impressionist painters. Debussy refused to be categorized as an Impressionist composer, though. His music marks the beginning of the disillusionment of tonic-centered music, especially as he composed pieces with dissonance and a severe lack of tonality. This was revolutionary at the time, and many of Debussy’s contemporaries did not understand it or appreciate it. Much of his music was inspired by a desire to write in contrast to the works of Richard Wagner. In fact, the opening bars to Golliwog’s Cakewalk, part of his suite Children’s Corner, pokes fun at the opening bars of Wagner’s opera Tristan und Isolde. Debussy’s personal life was also frowned upon by his contemporaries and those in French society because of his many love affairs. His first, an eight-year romance with Blanche Vasnier, ended when he left for Rome. He became acquainted and soon moved in with Gabrielle Dupont but at the same time seeing Thèrese Roger, but he eventually left both of them for Rosalie Texier who threatened suicide if he did not marry her. They were married in 1899, but a mere six years later he divorced her for Emma Bardac, whom he had been seeing for the past year and a half. Debussy and Texier divorced after she attempted suicide in the Place de la Concorde. The pregnant Bardac and Debussy fled to England where she gave birth to their first child. Debussy’s divorce was finalized in 1905, but the couple living together unmarried with a child born out of wedlock led to Debussy being alienated by most of his friends and Bardac being disowned by her family. They were married in 1908 and remained together until Debussy’s death in 1918. During this time in England, he edited and finished his most well-known work La Mer and dedicated his suite Children’s Corner to his daughter Claude-Emma, affectionately known as Chouchou. Debussy was diagnosed in 1909 with rectal cancer, which led to his death nine years later. How you know him: Debussy’s piece Clair de lune is one of his most well-known works, and was featured in the film Twilight. It is somewhat tonal, which is unusual for Debussy’s works. Henri Dutilleux [doo-tea-yuh] (b. January 22, 1916) Henri Dutilleux’s style as a composer is similar to that of his French predecessors Debussy, Ravel, and Roussell, though there are some notable differences. For example he was heavily influenced by the music of Stravinsky, Bartók, and American jazz, but he did not fully subscribe to the more extreme forms of serialism. He did practice this style, but he felt that it was too limited. Before winning the Prix de Rome in 1938, he studied with Jean and Noël Gallon for harmony and counterpoint, Henri Büsser for composition, and Maurice Emmanuel for music history at the Douai Conservatory. Due to the outbreak of WWII, he could not complete his studies in Rome. He returned to Paris in 1940 after working as an orderly for one year. During this return to his home city, he worked as a pianist, arranger, and music teacher, and in 1942 he was the conductor for the Paris Opera chorus. After his time at the Paris Opera, he worked as the Head of Music Production for French Radio for 18 years. He served as Professor of Composition at the École Normale de Musique de Paris from 1961 to 1970 and was appointed to the staff of the Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique in 1970. From 1995 to 1998, he was composer in residence at Tanglewood. His music shows a very deliberate sense of structure and organization, and he also found inspiration in the art and literature of the time, particularly that of van Gogh and Proust. How you know him: Maestro Hans Graf has recorded all of Dutilleux’s orchestral works. Antonin Dvorák [duh-vor-jhak] (September 8, 1841-May 1, 1904) Antonin Dvorák’s father was a butcher, innkeeper, and professional zither player, and his mother was the daughter of the prince’s bailiff in what is now a suburb of Prague, Czech Republic. He was the first of 14 children, eight of whom survived, and he had a very strong love of his homeland, which was present in his compositions. He first learned music from his primary school teacher Joseph Spitz, and then he studied with Anton Liehmann where his father sent him at age 14. After two years, he returned to Prague to become a student of the organ school there. He also played in local bands and small orchestras during this time to support himself. For eleven years after his organ study, he played in the Czech National Opera orchestra and began composing. At age 32 he married Anna Cermakova and really began to take composing seriously. One year later his first symphony, for which he received an award from the Austrian government, was premiered. In 1884, he became financially stable through a successful conducting experience in London and an increase in the number of his published compositions. He even bought a summer villa. Eight years later he moved to New York to become the director of the National Conservatory of Music in New York City. During the summers when the school was closed, he spent his time with a Bohemian community in Iowa. It was here that he wrote his most famous work, a symphony titled From the New World. He returned to Prague in 1895 and spent the next few years composing chamber works and operas and teaching at the Prague Conservatory. With his health declining, he attended fewer and fewer performances in Prague, and in 1904 he died of a stroke. How you know him: The adagio movement from Dvorák’s New World Symphony has one of the most recognizable English horn solos in orchestral literature. It was featured in an episode of Little Einsteins. Edward Elgar (June 2, 1857-February 23, 1934) Edward Elgar was born in England just outside Worcester. His father was a piano tuner and owned a shop selling sheet music and musical instruments, and his mother encouraged his study of music as a child. During his general education, he received piano and violin lessons from local teachers. Due to the lack of local music teachers, he spent much of his time reading music theory books from the library and being disappointed in his parents’ lack of money to send him to study in Leipzig. In a way, this was a benefit to his later compositions because he wasn’t as influenced by the composers of the day. When he left school in 1872, he went to work as a clerk for the town solicitor, but he quit after a few months to compose and arrange works. He also joined the local glee club with his father and worked in his shop. Elgar spent a lot of time playing violin, and playing Dvoràk’s Sixth Symphony under the composer’s baton was a life-changing experience for young Elgar. He also played bassoon in a wind quintet with his brother Frank, for which he arranged many pieces by Mozart, Beethoven, and Haydn, and this allowed him further opportunities to hone his compositional and arranging skills. He traveled abroad several times and spent a considerable amount of time listening to orchestras perform the works of very well-known and influential composers such as Saint-Saëns, Wagner, Brahms, and Schumann. His first piece, Sérénade mauresque, was premiered in 1883 with Elgar as a violinist in the orchestra rather than as conductor. He continued to struggle to make his compositions successful, despite many trips to London. He worked with his father at the Catholic church where he was able to compose several motets. When he was 29, he met Caroline Alice Roberts, one of his students, and they married three years later. She was eight years older than Elgar, and her family disinherited her because she had married a Catholic, penniless, unknown composer. She supported him for her entire life, worked to get his music the attention of high society, and urged him to move to London where there was more of a musical culture than in the country. They had one daughter, Carice Irene, who was born at their home at West Kensington in London. The family spent a lot of time attending concerts in an effort to expose themselves to new music. By the end of the 19th century, Elgar began to achieve the fame he desired through his choral compositions for the English Midlands festivals. In 1899, the Enigma Variations were published and premiered in London. Elgar was inspired by his friends’ individual personalities and dedicated one movement to each of them, and the piece was a huge success. Critics loved its charm and originality. With the death of Sir Arthur Sullivan in 1900, Elgar was further propelled into the spotlight by composing for more choral settings. Between 1901 and 1930, he composed the five Pomp and Circumstance Marches, with the first being his most well-known as it is performed every year on the last night of the BBC Proms. He was knighted in 1904, and from 1905-1908 was the Peyton Professor of Music and the University of Birmingham. He was uncomfortable in this post because he did not think that composers should be the heads of music schools. He was at the height of his popularity, but he didn’t enjoy how much it interrupted his life as he was often in poor health. His final pieces were very patriotic, inspired by WWI and WWII, and were all well-received except his cello concerto because it was shunted to the back of every rehearsal. In 1920, his wife died of lung cancer, a loss from which Elgar never recovered because he found it more difficult to compose. Instead he focused on large-scale arrangements of pieces by Bach and Handel and made recordings of his own pieces. At the end of his life, his music received a revival in England and wider Europe, but he died before he could complete his final composition, a Third Symphony commissioned by the BBC. How you know him: A staple of every commencement ceremony and the traditional closing piece for the BBC Proms, Elgar’s most prominent work is his Pomp and Circumstance march. Manuel de Falla [man-well day fal-uh] (November 23, 1876-November 14, 1946) Manuel de Falla is considered one of the most important Spanish musicians of the 20th century. He was born in Cádiz and began studying piano with Eloísa Galluzo. In a few years time he stopped taking lessons from her so she could join a convent. In 1889, he began piano lessons with Alejandro Odero, and he studied harmony and counterpoint with Enrique Broca. In 1891, he founded the literary magazines El Burlón and El Cascabel after discovering a profound love of literature and journalism. At age 20 he began attending the Real Conservatorio de Música y Declamación where he studied piano and composition. In 1899, he was awarded first prize in the conservatory’s piano competition, and one year later he began teaching piano lessons as a way to make money. During his time in Madrid, he became very interested in the Andalusian flamenco style of music and dance, and this heavily influenced his composing style. His one-act opera La vida breve was a major turning-point in his career, and it won him first prize in the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando musical competition. In 1907, he moved to Paris where he was influenced by composers Ravel, Debussy, and Dukas, and in 1908 King Alfonso XIII awarded him a grant that allowed him to remain there until he finished his most recent composition. He returned to Spain shortly after the outbreak of WWI, and two years later he was commissioned by Diaghilev to write a piece for the Russian Ballet. It was choreographed by Massine with set designs by Picasso. The piece was originally titled The Magistrate and the Miller’s Wife but after revisions was changed to The Three-Cornered Hat. Its first performance in London was a great success. He settled in Granada in 1919 after his parents’ deaths where he remained until the end of the civil war in 1939. It was here that he composed several of his most important works including El retablo de maese Pedro (Master Peter's Puppet Show), Psyché, and Concerto per clavicembalo (Harpsichord Concerto). He moved to Argentina in 1939 and worked there until his death in 1946. His last work, Atlàntida, was left unfinished. How you know him: The Suite from The Three-Cornered Hat is a very popular piece by Falla. Göran Fröst Göran Fröst has performed as soloist and chamber musician in most European countries and Japan. During his career he has collaborated with artists such as Nobuko Imai, Christian Poltera, Antje Withaas and Maxim Rysanov. As a member of Kammarensemblen – Sweden’s leading ensemble for contemporary music – he is a keen interpreter of the modern repertoire and has had many pieces written for him. As an orchestra musician Göran has worked with Chamber Orchestra of Europe and Mahler Chamber Orchestra. He currently holds the position as principal violist in BBC National Orchestra of Wales. Since 2007 Göran has started to turn his interest towards writing his own music. Orchestras such as Australian Chamber Orchestra, Academy of Saint Martin in the Fields and Deutsche Kammerphilharmonie have played his works. The collaboration with his brother Martin Fröst has proved to be a fruitful one with arrangements of Brahams Hungarian dances for Clarinet and Orchestra, and the completion of Three Klezmer Dances, played and appreciated all over the world. Together with Martin he has developed the concept of conducting choreography, a completely new form of stage performance. He premiered in the two pieces DClipse April 2013 and DTangled August 2013. (Courtesy of goranfrost.com/wp/biography ) George Gershwin (September 26, 1898-July 11, 1937) George Gershwin and his brother Ira were a dynamic composition duo during the early 20th century. He grew up in New York with his Russian-immigrant parents, and they were pleasantly surprised to find that while he wasn’t studying he was learning to play the piano. He began working in Tin Pan Alley, a specific neighborhood in Manhattan where song publishers and arrangers worked during the last half of the 19th century through the first half of the 20th century. In 1924, he and his brother Ira became the dynamic duo of Broadway musical composition. They became famous for their jazzy rhythms and ingenious lyric-writing. Together in 1931 they wrote Of Thee I Sing, the first musical comedy to win a Pulitzer Prize. In spite of his fame, Gershwin had an itch to write “serious” music that wasn’t just for stage productions. His Rhapsody in Blue did just that. It captured the attention and imagination of audiences everywhere and made jazz music more accessible to fans of more traditional classical music because it bridged the gap between casual easy-listening music for anyone and cerebral music associated with Mozart and Beethoven. His opera Porgy and Bess was based on DuBose Heyward’s novel of the same name, which portrayed American Gullah life, and his suite An American in Paris was used extensively throughout the 1951 film starring Gene Kelly. Gershwin was beloved by Americans, and they were devastated at his sudden death from a brain tumor at the age of 38. John O’Hara put the nation’s feelings into words some years later when he wrote, “George Gershwin died July 11, 1937, but I don’t have to believe it if I don’t want to.” Indeed, the tunes that he wrote are some of the most memorable in all of American jazz literature, and his more “serious” works are easily recognizable and exhibit his great style. They have been used in films, commercials, and recorded by hundreds of artists. How you know him: George Gershwin wrote a plethora of popular tunes. An extremely abbreviated list includes: “ I Got Rhythm ,” “ Summertime ,” Rhapsody in Blue , “ Let’s Call the Whole Thing Off ,” “ Someone to Watch Over Me ,” “ They Can’t Take That Way From Me .” Alberto Ginastera [jean-uh-stare-uh] (April 11, 1916-June 25, 1983) Alberto Ginastera is widely considered the most influential and important of the Latin American composers. He was born in Buenos Aires to a Catalan father and Italian mother. He graduated from the conservatory in Buenos Aires and taught at the Liceo Militar General San Martín. He visited America for two years and studied with Aaron Copland at Tanglewood. When he returned to Argentina, he co-founded the League of Composers and held several teaching positions. He spent another two years in the US in 1968 before moving to Europe in 1970. He died in Geneva, Switzerland. As a composer, he classified his music into three categories. The first, “Objective Nationalism,” integrated a large amount of traditional Argentine music. The second and third, “Subjective Nationalism” and “Neo-Expressionism,” focused more on using the traditional elements in an abstract and non-traditional way. The group Emerson, Lake, & Palmer used Ginastera’s piano concerto on their album Brain Salad Surgery, surprisingly with Ginastera’s endorsement. Ginastera felt that no one had ever understood his music as well as Emerson did. How you know him: A recording of Emerson Lake & Palmer’s take on Ginastera’s piano concerto can be heard here . Edvard Grieg [greeg] (June 15, 1843- September 4, 1907) Edvard Grieg, a Norwegian composer, was raised by a musical family in a very musical area of Norway. His uncle by marriage, Ole Bull, was a prominent violinist and encouraged the family to send him to the Leipzig Conservatory when Grieg was 15. He disliked everything about the conservatory except the recitals and learning the piano and organ. After he graduated from the conservatory in 1863, he spent three years in Copenhagen, Denmark where he became acquainted with several of the leading composers of the day, including Rikard Nordraak who composed the Norwegian National Anthem. A year later, he married his first cousin Nina Hagerup. Their only child, Alexandra, was born just a year later and died in 1869 from meningitis. As his compositional skills developed, he gained influence from Franz Liszt who shared suggestions about orchestration technique. Liszt thought very highly of Grieg and even performed his violin concerto. Grieg was also acquainted with Tchaikovsky, who thought very highly of Grieg’s compositions. The feeling was mutual, but Grieg felt that Tchaikovsky was a very sad man whose music paralleled its composer’s angst. In 1906, he met Percy Grainger, who was in Grieg’s opinion the first and only person to do justice to performing his Norwegian folk songs. He died just one year later after a prolonged illness. Between 30,000 and 40,000 people attended his funeral service in his home town. How you know him: The opening melody from Peer Gynt has been used in many Looney Tunes cartoons to signify morning. Sofia Gubaidulina [goo-bye-duh-lee-nuh] (born October 24, 1931) Sofia Gubaidulina’s music is characterized by unusual instrument combinations and variation from the norm. She studied piano and composition at the Kazan Conservatory in the Tatar ASSR. After she graduated, she continued her studies in Moscow where she was awarded the Stalin-fellowship, but her unusual and non-traditional style was deemed irresponsible. Dmitri Shostakovich supported her and guided her down her “mistaken path,” which the Soviet government absolutely detested. She used composition as a personal escape from the oppressive Soviet Russian society and political atmosphere of the time. It also reflects her deeply religious beliefs, which involve mysticism and her own attempts to use music as a way to achieve the divine. Since the 1980s, her contemporary music has taken flight, and she has received much acclaim. Her home is outside of Hamburg, Germany, and she has been commissioned by Berlin, Helsinki, and Holland Festivals, the Library of Congress, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, and the New York Philharmonic. Her music has been championed by Vladimir Tonkha, Friedrich Lips, Mark Pekarsky, Valery Popov, and Gidon Kremer, for whom she wrote her Violin Concerto. Her music is characterized by unusual and non-traditional instrument pairings, a fascination with Asian instruments and folk music, and non-traditional tuning systems. She has received many prestigious awards and two honorary doctorates. George Frideric Handel (February 23, 1685-April 14, 1759) Handel showed an aptitude for music from a very early age, but his father insisted that he study to be a lawyer. He continued his love and study of music while studying law by playing organ at a local cathedral. Upon the untimely passing of his father during his first year at university, Handel gave up law to pursue his true passion by joining an opera orchestra in Hamburg, Germany as a violinist. It was at this time that he began composing his first of many operas. In 1707 at age 22, he began studying opera in Italy, where there was a great appreciation for the art form and dozens of opera companies. Five years later he returned briefly to Germany before leaving for England where he continued to write operas and sacred choral music. He spent the rest of his life in England, obtained citizenship in 1726, and wrote his most famous work: an oratorio called Messiah in 1742. He was commissioned in 1727 to compose four anthems for the coronation of King George II, and one of them (Zadok the Priest) has been used at every British coronation ceremony since then. When his contract ended, Handel began his search for a new theater and opened one with his colleague John Rich in Covent Garden. He recovered quickly from what is thought to have been a stroke in 1737 and was quickly performing again after losing the use of four of the fingers on his right hand. A carriage accident was quickly followed by the loss of his vision after an operation to remove a cataract, and he was blind by the time he died in 1759. He was buried at Westminster Abbey and was never married. How you know him: Handel’s Messiah is one of the most popular oratorios performed at Christmastime, particularly its Hallelujah chorus at the end. Franz Joseph Haydn [high-din] (March 31, 1732-May 31, 1809) Like many of his contemporaries, Haydn grew up in a very musical family; however, his family were amateur musicians. At age six he began to show signs of musical aptitude and was sent to live with his uncle in Hainburg where he was more likely to receive the musical education he needed. The living conditions at his uncle’s house were deplorable, and Haydn took jobs based on whether it would provide food. When he was too old to sing in boys’ choirs, he moved in with a friend, Johann Michael Spangler, and began a career as a freelance musician. To make up for the fact that he never received formal music training, he worked his way through the exercises in Johann Joseph Fux’s Gradus ad Parnassum and carefully studied the works of C.P.E. Bach. His skills increased and improved, and he received patronage from wealthy aristocrats in Austria. Among these patrons were Countess Thun, to whom he gave keyboard and singing lessons, Baron Carl Joseph Fürnberg, and Count Morzin, his first full-time employer in 1757. This steady employment allowed him to marry Maria Anna Aloysia Apollonia Keller, the sister of a woman he had previously loved. They had a very unhappy marriage and eventually divorced, although Haydn supported her financially for the rest of her life. In 1761 he became the assistant choirmaster to Prince Paul Esterhazy, an Austrian prince and a great admirer of music. Haydn later became a full-time court musician for the prince. During this time, he was isolated from the musical world save for a few trips to Vienna. Thus he received minimal influence from outside the palace and was able to write in a very unique style. At first his compositions were the sole property of the Esterhazy family and he wrote only for them, but after a time he was able to write for other ensembles and have his works published. After the prince’s death in 1791, Haydn traveled to England where he met Handel. He was very impressed by the composer’s oratorios. Four years later he returned to Vienna permanently where he wrote the Emperor’s Hymn, the future national anthem of Austria. By the time Haydn was in his mid-60s, his health was quickly deteriorating. He accepted a part-time position to return to the Esterhazy family as Kapellmeister, but due to his failing health he wasn’t able to write as much as quickly. In 1808, a triumphant performance of his piece The Creation was performed in Vienna. The concert was attended by many composers and members of aristocracy including Beethoven and Salieri. He left the concert at intermission due to exhaustion but was very moved by the gesture since most of the attendees recognized that this would be his last public appearance. He died a year later during a French attack on Vienna led by Napoleon while trying to reassure his servants that despite the canon-fire, everything would be fine. Haydn is considered the father of the string quartet, having written over a hundred in his lifetime. How you know him: Haydn’s “ Surprise ” Symphony (Symphony No. 94) is a very recognizable work and very much in Haydn’s distinct style. Jennifer Higdon (b. December 31, 1962) Jennifer Higdon began her musical studies as a flutist at the age of 15. Her formal music studies did not begin until she was 18, and her compositional interest did not take flight until she was 21. These are considered late starts for a musician, but she has overcome them and is today one of the leading figures in contemporary classical music. In fact, the League of American Orchestras estimates that she is one of America’s most frequently performed composers. She has been commissioned by no fewer than 16 performing arts organizations including the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Chicago Symphony, the Cincinnati Symphony, the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the New Zealand Symphony, and the President’s Own Marine Band, among many others. In 2010 she received the Pulitzer Prize in Music for her Violin Concerto. She is also the recipient of awards from the Serge Koussevitzky Foundation, the Guggenheim Foundation, the American Academy of Arts & Letters, the Pew Fellowship in the Arts, the National Endowment for the Arts, and ASCAP. Between 2010 and 2011, she was the Eminent Artist-in-Residence at the University of Wyoming and has been a Featured Composer at festivals such as Tanglewood, Vail, and Grand Teton. Higdon has served the Pittsburgh Symphony, Green Bay Symphony, Fort Worth Symphony, and Philadelphia Orchestra as Composer-in Residence. Each year she is commissioned for 5-10 new works, and more than 45 CDs feature her compositions. Currently, she is writing an opera based on Cold Mountain, the 1997 novel by Charles Frazier, and serves as the Milton L. Rock Chair in Composition Studies at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Paul Hindemith [hin-duh-mit] (November 16, 1895-November 28, 1963) Paul Hindemith was a German composer who started his musical career as a violinist and a violist in chamber groups, and he studied composition with Arnold Schoenberg. As a musician living in Nazi Germany, his compositions received mixed reviews from the Third Reich. Joseph Goebbels, the Minister of Propaganda, denounced him as an “atonal noise-maker,” while others felt that he brought modern music to the German people. Shortly before WWII broke out, though, he and his part-Jewish wife immigrated to Switzerland. During the 1930’s, he was a major influence on the Turkish reform of music education, although he mostly shared the German view of music history and music education. This was convenient for the Nazi party who both sought to remove him from their sights and to spread Nazi idealism. In 1940, he immigrated to the US and taught at Yale University, and six years later he obtained American citizenship. He returned to Zurich in 1953 to conduct and teach at the local university. He continued composing until the end of his life, which was brought about by pancreatitis in 1963. His composition style is unique because it encompasses much of the atonality of the day, but it possesses many romantic qualities as well. Hindemith’s later pieces were mostly large orchestral works after he spent a great deal of time composing chamber works for unusual instrument combinations. In many ways it can be described as neoclassical, but it remains vastly different from his contemporaries who fall under that label (i.e.: Stravinsky). Some of his most popular pieces are his Gebrauchsmusik compositions, which were intended to have an everyday purpose rather than just for people to listen to for pleasure. He also composed sonatas for every orchestral instrument, and many of them are considered standard pieces in solo literature. They vary in levels of difficulty, and many of the pieces are tonal but non-diatonic. How you know him: The pieces Mathis der Maler and Symphonic Metamorphosis on a Theme by Carl Maria von Weber are Hindemith’s most recognizable works. They are great examples of his varying composition styles Gustav Holst (September 21 1874-May 24, 1934) Gustav Holst was a British composer most well-known for his suite The Planets. His mother died soon after giving birth to Holst’s sister when he was eight years old. His health was severely neglected as a child, and he suffered from poor eyesight, asthma, and neuritis in his hands. His father was determined that Holst should follow in his footsteps as a talented pianist, but Holst’s neuritis made practicing the piano very straining and painful. Despite this, he enjoyed the piano much more than the violin, which was his first attempt at a musical instrument. After his father married his student Mary Thorley Stone in 1885, Holst was sent to Cheltenham Grammar School. He continued to struggle with piano and instead began writing music. He made many attempts at composition, but none of the major British conservatories offered him any scholarships. In 1893, he began his first job as organist at Wick Rissington, a small village in Cotswold. He quickly earned a new position as organist and choirmaster of the choral society at Bourton-on-the-Water, and these early experiences helped instill in him a love of choral music. Holst’s two-act operetta Lansdowne Castle inspired his father Adolph to borrow money to send Holst to the Royal College of Music where he studied with Charles Stanford. He became closely acquainted with Fritz Hart, and the two went to a performance of Wagner’s Götterdämmerung conducted by Gustav Mahler. Holst quickly became a Wagner enthusiast. His hand problems continued to plague him to the point of giving up the piano altogether. He instead took up the trombone, which benefited him in three ways: it allowed him to play in an orchestra to gain extra income, improved his technique as a composer, and it strengthened his chest and lungs, which had been weak since childhood. Money was always tight for Holst. He changed his eating and drinking habits to accommodate his frugal lifestyle and walked or biked to the school each day with his trombone strapped to his back. An unexpected scholarship in 1895 allowed him to loosen his belt, particularly after his father stopped sending money and funding his studies. That same year, he began his lifelong friendship with Ralph Vaughan Williams with whom he shared his compositions and discussed matters of art and literature. By playing in an orchestra, he learned the inner-workings of the instruments, which allowed him to be a thoughtful orchestrator. After accepting a full-time position as first trombone for the Carl Rosa Opera Company, he left the Royal College of Music in 1898. A few years later he developed an interest in Hindu philosophy and Sanskrit, which inspired several works and a study of the Sanskrit language. His opera Sita was never performed live, though he worked on it until 1906. In 1901, he married Isobel Harrison, a soprano in the Hammersmith Socialist Choir at William Morris' house in Hammersmith Mall where he spent time working. It was some time before Holst achieved success as a composer. He gave up playing the trombone and spent many years writing songs that were good but not critically acclaimed. Holst inherited a small sum of money after his father’s death, but he and Isobel still struggled to make ends meet. In the early 20th-century, Holst accepted a position as a singing teacher at the James Allen School in Dulwich, and by 1905 he was appointed the Director of Music at St. Paul’s Girls School in Hammersmith. He was becoming more influenced by English folk music, which eradicated any trace of Wagner from his compositions. A setback of the loss of a competition sent Holst to Algeria where he bicycled through the desert and admired the warm and brightly-colored landscape. He became newly inspired and began composing new works that remained inspired by Sanskrit poetry and stories. He wasn’t able to enlist during WWI and spent his time teaching instead as the Musical Organizer for the YMCA. It was during this period that he began working on what would be his most well-known work: The Planets suite. A fall off the back of a podium in 1923 left him with a severe concussion, from which he never fully recovered. His music received wide acclaim in the United States but continued to be poorly received in England. When he returned from a trip to the US, his health continued to deteriorate. He suffered from sudden and frequent pains in his head, and a vacation funded by an anonymous donor did nothing to ease his suffering. He found that listening to anything was torture, and his doctor ordered him to take a one-year leave of absence from all work. When he returned to composing and teaching, his first two works were flops, but his lectures were well-attended. He continued to travel, teach, and compose, and his compositions were better received, particularly his commissioned works, but his health always held him back. He entered a nursing home in 1933 and underwent elective surgery, but he died just two days later on May 25, 1934. How you know him: The Jupiter movement from Holst’s Planets suite was used in this commercial for Reese’s peanut butter cups. His First Suite in E-flat is a great example of his later works which incorporated elements of traditional English folk melodies. Charles Ives (October 20, 1874-May 19, 1954) Ives was born in Danbury, Connecticut, two years before Brahms finished his First Symphony. Because of his father’s musical talents as a military band leader during the Civil War, Danbury prided itself on being the “most musical town in Connecticut.” The profession was still viewed with little understanding or respect, though. He began his musical education on the drums after his father heard him banging on the piano with his fists at the age of five (this technique of playing groups of notes without any chord structure together is today called tone clusters). He studied the organ and by the age of 14 was the youngest salaried church organist in Connecticut. His first compositions, written at age 13, were mostly marches, fiddle tunes, and church songs. His organ piece Variations on “America” became considerably more popular after he died. His father invested a lot of time educating Ives on traditional American songs such as “Tenting Tonight on the Old Camp Ground,” “Aura Lee,” marches, and bugle calls. In 1893, he attended the Hopkins Grammar School where he focused mostly on his compositions. After extra tutoring, he passed the Yale entrance exam and began studying with Horatio Parker, who did not appreciate Ives’s contemporary compositions including Fugue in Four Keys (a fugue where the hands and feet are all playing the same piece in four different keys). Shortly after his Yale education began, his father died of a stroke. The two were very close, and Ives never fully recovered from the shock. His academics outside of music suffered until his graduation, although he was very popular socially and pulled several humorous stunts involving putting popular tunes into different keys and meters. This became a source of inspiration for later works such as Decoration Day. Upon graduation, Ives went into the life insurance business with the Mutual Life Insurance Company. This allowed him a steady income with time on the side to compose because a more traditional path would have been to continue studying as an organist at a German conservatory. In 1902, he resigned his organist and choirmaster jobs and focused more on his experimental compositions. In 1906, he suffered a nervous breakdown and a probable heart attack, caused by his manically-paced lifestyle. He also began courting Harmony Twichell, the daughter of a well-known Hartford minister. The two courted for several years after knowing each other for about ten years previously. They were married in June 1908 and felt that their romance was a reflection of divine love. This marriage was a significant milestone in Ives’s compositions and allowed him to further develop into his mature style. His mature works are a symbol of human life, striving, and spirituality, and he found that his pieces Three Places in New England, Second String Quartet, Fourth Symphony, Second Orchestra Set, and Robert Browning Overture helped him seek and find the “music of the ages” for which he had been searching since his father’s death. His music was filled with quotes from Beethoven, Stephen Foster, and American hymns, and it seems to portray a more vivid visual landscape than the works of his contemporaries or predecessors. In 1917, he worked closely with the American war effort in addition to his growing insurance business, compositions, and raising a family. He suffered a heart attack in 1918 from which he never fully recovered. Despite this, he continued working and spent more time promoting his work, which was constantly being rejected by musicians. By 1930, he retired from his insurance business to focus on his compositions, but he remained an invalid for the rest of his life as his health slowly deteriorated. He didn’t receive wide acclaim until the late 1930s and early 1940s when Henry Cowell, Lou Harrison, Nicolas Slonimsky, among others, devoted significant parts of their lives in his work. Aaron Copland, Lou Harrison, and John Kirkpatrick gave performances of his music, which further spread his music and earned him a Pulitzer Prize in 1947. He died in 1954. How you know him: Variations on America was one of the first pieces to put Ives on the map as a significant American composer. It is a great example of his style. Erich Korngold (May 29, 1897-November 29, 1957) Erich Korngold was born in what is today part of the Czech Republic but in 1897 was part of Moravia. His father moved the family to Vienna in 1901 to take a job as a music critic for Neue Freie Presse. Korngold began piano lessons at a very young age and was considered by many, including Gustav Mahler, to be a prodigy who wrote his first composition at the age of eight. His father used his connections to arrange for young Korngold to study with Alexander von Zemlinsky, who wound up being Korngold’s only teacher, and to secretly publish and distribute his son’s compositions. Performances of his works continued to astound the composers and sponsors of the day, and he quickly received offers from people to promote his works. By the time he was 19, he had mastered a variety of styles from large orchestral works in the style of the Romantic composers to small, intimate chamber works. He even began to experiment with opera in 1916, and Der Ring des Polykrates and Violanta were instant successes. He began working on arranging and adapting pre-established pieces as a way of continuing to develop his composition skills. He re-worked several operettas while composing original works. Korngold was steadfast in his style despite the changing tastes of the public to more modern fare and his recently accepted title of Professor at the Vienna Academy of Music. In 1934 he traveled to Hollywood at the request of his close friend Max Reinhardt, and he quickly became one of the first composers to struggle with the disconnect between remaining true to their artistic vision of composing art music and the popularity of writing film scores. His exclusive contract with Warner Bros. led him write many film scores, the first established and world-famous composer to do so. His first score was for the Errol Flynn film Captain Blood, his first swash-buckling adventure. Korngold’s score for the film Anthony Adverse won him an Oscar in 1936. As WWII made its first threat to Austria, Korngold moved his Jewish family from Vienna to Hollywood. His substantial income allowed him to support his friends and family, and he vowed not to write another concert work until Hitler was removed from power. His music was unconventional and novel for the time because he used his compositions to enhance the moods of the films and used Richard Wagner’s concept of leitmotifs to further develop and illustrate characters. In 1943 he obtained US citizenship. After he returned to Vienna at the end of the WWII, he continued to use elements of his film scores in his concert works. After a less than successful radio broadcast of his Symphony in F-Sharp and a failed production of Die stumme Serenade, Korngold agreed to compose for the film Magic Fire, a biographical film of Richard Wagner produced by Republic Pictures. Instead he wound up overseeing arrangements of Wagner’s works for the film. At the age of 59, he suffered what would eventually be a fatal stroke, and just one year later, he died from cerebral thrombosis. He left a second symphony and a sixth opera unfinished. How you know him: The films The Adventures of Robin Hood , Captain Blood , and The Sea Hawk were some of Errol Flynn’s most successful films and all feature tremendous scores by Erich Korngold. Édouard Lalo (January 27, 1823 – April 22, 1892)was born in Lille, France, and began his musical studies at a very early age. In 1839, he moved to Paris to study with François Antoine Habeneck at the Paris Conservatoire. He was also a very accomplished violist and violinist and played in the Armingaud Quartet, a group he helped form. In 1865, he married Julie Besnier de Maligny, a contralto from Brittany. Her talents as a vocalist helped arouse Lalo’s interests in opera. Unfortunately, these works were not well-received because they resembled too closely the works of Richard Wagner, so instead he turned his attention to chamber music. He had a very distinctive composition style, despite not being one of the most well-known French composers. His music is filled with strong melodies, intricate orchestrations, and a strong Germanic flavor. Lalo did not gain fame for his compositions until his late 40s when he wrote his opera Le Roi d’Ys, based on the French legend of Ys. This is the same legend that inspired Debussy’s piano piece La cathédrale engloutie. It was not performed until Lalo was 65 years old. He received the Legion of Honor in 1880 and died in Paris 12 years later. He is well-remembered for his piece Symphonie espagnole for violin and orchestra. Magnus Lindberg (b. June 27, 1958) Magnus Lindberg’s career recently took off when he was hired as the composer-in-residence for the New York Philharmonic from 2009-2012. His studies began in Helsinki, Finland, at the Sibelius Academy where he studied piano with Einojuhani Rautavaara and Paavo Heininen. He has written many pieces for the Finnish group Toimii, which means “It Work” in Finnish, and he has even performed with the group as pianist. Franz Liszt [list] (October 22, 1811-July 31, 1886) Born in Hungary, Franz Liszt had a very musical upbringing. His father, who played piano, guitar, violin, and cello, was in the service of Prince Nikolas II Esterházy and was personally acquainted with composers Hummel, Beethoven, and Haydn. He began teaching his young son piano and composition at age 6 and 8, respectively, and Liszt began appearing in concerts at age 9, where he received sponsorship to study in Vienna. While there, he received lessons from Carl Czerny, a former student of Beethoven and Hummel, and Antonio Salieri, then music director of the Viennese court. Liszt was a huge success, and his father eventually left Prince Esterházy’s service to move the family permanently to Vienna. After his father’s death in 1827, Liszt moved to Paris, France, where he lived in an apartment with his mother and gave lessons to make ends meet. After falling in love with one of his pupils, Caroline de Saint-Cricq, the daughter of Charles X’s minister of commerce, the affair was called off by her father. Shortly thereafter, Liszt fell so ill that an obituary was printed in a Paris newspaper. It was at this time that Liszt suffered from religious doubts and sought to rejoin the church, which his mother discouraged. He spent a lot of time with Chrétien Urhan, who introduced him to a more romantic style of writing since he himself was a violinist and wrote anti-classical music with very suggestive titles (Elle et Moi, La Salvation angélique, and Les Regrets). Liszt also spent a lot of time reading to make up for his lack of education. During this time in 1830, the July Revolution occurred, and Liszt met Hector Berlioz, who inspired him to write more emotional works. Liszt and Berlioz became good friends. He became rather a champion of Berlioz’s work, transcribing Symphonie Fantastique among other works to try to help Berlioz become more recognized. Liszt also became good friends with Frédéric Chopin, who influenced his composition style into further lyricism and romanticism. In 1833 he developed two relationships: one with the Countess Marie d’Agoult, and one with Felicité de Lamennais. Both women greatly influenced his work, but his relationship with the countess took a turn for the romantic. She eventually left her husband to live in Geneva with Liszt, and they had three children. He started touring again after a time to raise awareness and money for a Beethoven monument, and became the Justin Bieber of the 1830s. Women flocked to his concerts, sought his affections, and instead of Bieber Fever, there was Lisztomania. In 1844, he and the countess separated. As a result of all his performances, he was able to donate much of the proceeds to charity (a Romantic era Bono, as it were). In 1847 he met Princess Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein, who encouraged him to give up performing and focus solely on composition. Their attempts to marry were thwarted by the Russian czar and the Russian Orthodox Church, since Princess Carolyne had been married to a Russian military officer who was still living. At the same time, he was appointed Kapellmeister Extraodinaire in Weimar, at the request and long-standing invitation of Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna. After leaving Weimar, he suffered a series of personal catastrophes, including the deaths of two of his children. In an effort to console himself, he moved to the monastery Madonna del Rosario, where he received tonsure and the minor orders of porter, lector, exorcist, and acolyte. During the last part of his life, Liszt traveled for performances at Weimar, Budapest, and Rome, in what he called his “three-part life.” Considering his age and the difficulty of traveling at this time, this was a considerable feat. His health deteriorated drastically during the last five years of his life. After falling down a set of stairs in Weimar in 1881, he developed a series of ailments including asthma, dropsy, insomnia, and a cataract, and he eventually died of pneumonia in 1886. In many ways, his music reflects what was happening in his personal life, and in the last years of his life when his health was failing him, he had a preoccupation with death. As he told Lina Ramann, “I carry a deep sadness of the heart which must now and then break out in sound.” How you know him: You’ve probably heard Liszt’s Transcendental Etude Liebestraum . He is also in the title of Phoenix’s hit song “ Lisztomania .” Gustav Mahler (July 7, 1860-May 18, 1911) Gustav Mahler was the second of six surviving children of Bernhard Mahler and his wife. The family was Jewish, which caused a lot of problems for Mahler later in life because Jews were so often shunned in society. He was a rather sickly child, a problem which plagued him throughout his life, but loved music from an early age. Growing up in Iglau, Bohemia (present-day Czech Republic), he was exposed to music in street songs, dance tunes, folk melodies, and the military music of the local militia. After the unexpected and traumatic death of his brother in 1874, he wrote his first opera, which did not survive. In 1875 he was accepted to the Vienna Conservatory and studied piano and composition. He became influenced by Bruckner during this time after hearing some of the composer’s lectures, though he never studied with him. No composer influenced him more than Wagner, though. After leaving the conservatory in 1878, he spent one year at the Vienna University pursuing his new interests in philosophy and literature. In 1880, he began his illustrious conducting career in Bad Hall, a spa town south of Linz. He quickly worked his way up in the conducting world, and within a year’s time he had premiered Verdi’s opera Il trovatore at the Landestheatre in Laibach. Two years after that, he began conducting in a run-down operahouse in Olmütz where he conducted five new operas including Bizet’s Carmen. His controlling and dictatorial style of conducting and rehearsing caused a great deal of friction, especially when he arrived in Leipzig after a brief stint in Prague. He was supposed to share the conducting responsibilities for a performance of Wagner’s Ring cycle with his colleague Arthur Nikisch, but, after a bitter and heated rivalry, Nikisch wound up getting sick. This left Mahler with complete responsibility and entitlement of conducting, which was greatly resented by the musicians because of his tyrannical rehearsal schedule and demanding conducting. They were particularly disgruntled after the performance received rave reviews. Mahler received further acclaim with his revival and completion of Carl Maria von Weber’s opera Die drei Pintos (The Three Pintos). He then went to Budapest where the citizens preferred non-German opera, forcing Mahler to travel to Italy where he found Mascagni’s opera Cavalleria rusticana to be a major success. In 1889, Mahler’s father, mother, and sister died, and in the same year his First Symphony premiered. The critics hated it, and it wasn’t until 1892 when Mahler was in England for a tour with the Hamburg singers that he began composing again. That summer he finished his second and third symphonies, and from then on, his summers were reserved only for composing. The following years were filled with composing and conducting all over Europe. In 1902 he married Alma Schindler and had two children with her. In 1907, his daughters fell ill with scarlet fever and diphtheria, and only one survived. In that same year, Mahler was diagnosed with a defective heart. He spent the last four years of his life conducting in New York at the Metropolitan Opera and the New York Philharmonic. In February 1911, he became quite ill with bacterial endocarditis, a common ailment for people with defective hearts and heart valves and without antibiotics the mortality rates were very high. After returning to Europe, he died on May 18, 1911 in Vienna. How you know him: Mahler’s Fifth Symphony is his most well-known and popular work. It was featured in the film Death in Venice , which is based on Thomas Mann's eponymous novella. Fanny Mendelssohn (November 14, 1805-May 14, 1847) Fanny Mendelssohn was Felix Mendelssohn’s older sister. She was raised in Berlin, Germany, after her family fled Hamburg. By the age of 13, she was a talented pianist, and her parents encouraged her to attend lectures and studies of physics. Since composing was not considered a respectable occupation for a young lady of the 19th century, many of her compositions were published under her brother’s name. In 1822, her family began giving Sunday afternoon concerts as a way to feature the compositions of Fanny and Felix. Though her father and brother discouraged her from composing, her husband, Wilhelm Hensel, and mother did not. She continued to compose and eventually several of her songs were published under her own name. She was a great positive influence on her brother’s works, and her fatal stroke in 1847 while preparing for a performance of one of his pieces for a Sunday concert was devastating to him. Felix Mendelssohn (February 3, 1809-November 4, 1847) Felix Mendelssohn was born into a wealthy German family who moved from Hamburg to Berlin in 1812 to escape a French invasion. He studied piano with his mother and other teachers in Berlin and began giving piano concerts at age 10. His compositional studies began at age 12 and he wrote several symphonies, string quartets, and two operas in his teens. In many ways he was a child prodigy, though his parents downplayed his talent for fear of exploiting him. Many of his early works were premiered for his parents and their wealthy friends. He was a strong supporter of J.S. Bach’s works, which were looked down upon at the time, and today without his insistence of their performance, they may never have resurfaced and become the baroque musical pillars that they are today. In 1835 he became the conductor of an orchestra in Leipzig, and two years later he married Cecile Jeanrenaud. During this time in Leipzig, he became very devoted to composing. For the rest of his life, he continued to compose, teach, and conduct and received many commissions from European orchestras. He even toured England, which inspired him to compose his Scottish Symphony. When his sister Fanny died, he became extremely depressed and died shortly thereafter from the sadness of her death and overwork from touring and composing. How you know him: A wedding ceremony staple, Mendelssohn is responsible for composing The Wedding March . José Moncayo [monk-eye-oh] (June 29, 1912-June 16, 1958) José Moncayo was a Mexican composer who began studying music when he was 14 years old. He studied formally at the National Conservatory while financing his education by playing jazz piano at local bars and taverns. At the conservatory, he studied a wide range of musical subjects including composition, which at that time was a course called Class of Musical Creation taught by Carlos Chávez. His debut as a composer was in 1931 at the Renovation Musical Society, and just a short while later he was admitted to the Symphony Orchestra of Mexico. With the change in administration in the Mexican government after the election of 1934, the composition course was canceled. Moncayo and his colleagues were labeled as Chavistas and consequently blacklisted from the conservatory from its new administration for their prior support of their professor. The group emerged as an avant-garde group of composers and organized their own concerts and classes to practice their composition skills and teach composition to young students. In the late 1930s, Moncayo began a relationship with the National Symphony Orchestra in Mexico City. Initially he was a percussionist, according to programs from the 1936 season, but he quickly began conducting and by 1941 he and his contemporary Contreras were commissioned to write for a festival featuring the orchestra. In 1942 he studied at Tanglewood (known then as Berkshire Music Institute) thanks to a scholarship from the Rockefeller Foundation, but the premiere of the symphony he was working on at the time was postponed. When he returned to Mexico, his conducting responsibilities increased and he was appointed to the position of assistant conductor and then Artistic Director. He died in his home at the age of 45. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (January 27, 1756-December 5, 1791) Mozart was the first recognized child prodigy and began composing at age 5. His father was a violinist and music teacher, so Mozart and his sister received an extensive musical education from a very early age. He and his sister (nicknamed Nannerl) traveled throughout Europe giving performances and meeting the composers of the age. Among the most influential on young Mozart was Johann Christian Bach. These trips, though beneficial, were very strenuous on the family because of the difficulty of getting from place to place, the expenses incurred, and the diseases they contracted. During non-touring times, Mozart and his father worked for the Archbishop of Salzburg, who allowed them to take leaves of absence to tour. In 1781, Mozart moved to Vienna full-time to focus on composing and teaching, but he realized quickly that there was more money in performing than there was in composing, even though several of his pieces had been published by that time. A year later he married Constanze Weber, the sister of a woman he had previously courted. Throughout his career, Mozart struggled to make ends meet, but he did find success in his operas The Marriage of Figaro and Don Giovanni. In 1787 he became a private musician to the Austrian emperor, which gave him a steady income and steady work composing. Unfortunately, it was likely too much for him to handle since he died from overwork just four years later. How you know him: Mozart and Beethoven are two of the most well-known composers of all time. Eine Kleine Nachtmusik is definitely a popular and easily recognizable piece by Mozart along with the overture to The Marriage of Figaro , which was mistakenly identified as a composition by Rachmaninoff in Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory. Modest Mussorgsky [moo-zorg-skee] (March 21, 1839-March 28, 1881) Modest Mussorgsky (originally spelled “Musorsky” but changed to “Mussorgsky” by his brother to avoid resemblance to the Russian word for "garbage") grew up south of St. Petersburg in Russia. His piano lessons began at age six with his mother, a trained pianist, and he began composing six years later after studying at the St. Petersburg School. Just one year later, he and his brother entered the Cadet School of the Guards to comply with their parents’ wish of continuing the family military tradition. At age 17, he began his friendship with Alexander Borodin, another Russian composer and contemporary of Mussorgsky. He also became acquainted with Alexander Dargomyzhsky, who was so impressed with Mussorgsky’s piano-playing that he frequently invited him to play at his house. Among the influential people he met at Dargomyzhsky’s home was Mily Balakirev who helped expose Mussorgsky to music outside the world of piano. He eventually gave up the military life altogether to devote himself to music and gained significant, valuable experience and knowledge through working on theatrical productions. By the early 1860s he stopped studying with Balakirev and mostly taught himself. To make ends meet, he worked as a civil servant in St. Petersburg, and this was surprisingly satisfying for him because he lived in a six-man commune where he had intellectual and artistic conversations. After the death of his mother in 1865, he suffered from his first bout of alcoholism (or dipsomania as it was known at that time). Despite the setbacks of working as a civil servant and the devastating loss of his mother, it was a surprisingly productive time for him. Two years later he finished his original orchestration for Night on Bald Mountain, a piece based on the premise of Bald Mountain as the location for satan and his cronies to meet at Halloween time. Sadly, the piece was not premiered in his lifetime because of Balakirev’s opposition to it. After a time, Mussorgsky sought Balakirev’s advice less and less and eventually not at all. He instead became closer to Dargomyzhsky, who was not as involved with the influential Russian composer group known as The Five, which comprised Mily Balakirev, César Cui, Modest Mussorgsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov and Alexander Borodin. After a few failed works, Mussorgsky began work on an opera based on Alexander Pushkin’s play Boris Godunov, but this was his last major work. His compositional output began a sharp and steady decline, and he became less social. Some of his friends remarked that he began to have fits of madness, and most sources agree that alcoholism was a trend of writers in Mussorgsky’s generation because it was a way to rebel against the establishment. There were a few plateaus during this time when he produced successful works such as Pictures at an Exhibition, but for the most part his alcoholism became a more severe problem until he was dismissed from civil service duty altogether. After a series of seizures during a dismal conversation with his friend, he checked into a hospital where he died just one week after having his portrait painted. How you know him: Though he is most well-known for Pictures at an Exhibition , the libretto for his opera Boris Godunov was very far ahead of its time. His piece Night on Bald Mountain was, like so much standard orchestral literature, was featured in Fantasia as a prelude to Ave Maria. Carl Nielsen (June 9, 1865-October 3, 1931) Carl Nielsen was the seventh of twelve children who grew up poor but musical on the Danish island of Funen. His father was an amateur musician who played fiddle and cornet and was in great demand for local celebrations. His mother came from a well-to-do family, and his uncle was a composer, though facts of his childhood were greatly romanticized in his autobiography. Despite having shown promise as a composer and pianist, he was apprenticed at age 14 to a local shopkeeper at his parents’ bequest. Within two years’ time the shopkeeper went bankrupt, so Nielsen went home to parents’ house and learned to play brass instruments. This skill led him to play bugle and alto trombone in the 16th Battalion, though he continued to play the violin at parties with his father. He did compose some short quartets and trios while in the military, though some studies suggest that he struggled with the transposing brass instruments. He eventually became more serious about his violin playing and started taking lessons from Carl Larsen, the sexton at the Odense Cathedral. In 1884, he left the military to study at the Royal Conservatory in Copenhagen, where he remained for two years. Though he did not progress much in composition at the conservatory, he excelled at violin and music theory. Three years after graduating, he joined the Royal Danish Orchestra’s second violin section, where he remained until 1905. He did compose some pieces during his time with the orchestra and taught violin lessons as a way to make ends meet. While traveling on scholarship, he discovered the music and art of other European composers and musicians and met an artist named Anne Marie Brodersen, his future wife. Her independence strained their marriage, especially when she left to be on location for months at a time leaving Nielsen to raise their three children alone in addition to composing. She denied him a divorce in 1905, and the couple remained married until Nielsen’s death. Things started to pick up for Nielsen at the turn of the century, and he was commissioned to write many incidental suites and cantatas. He also received a state pension, which allowed him more time to compose because he no longer had to teach privately. Because he spent much of his married life away from his wife, Nielsen suffered from periods of creative droughts. He did pick up conducting posts, but in 1925 he suffered from a heart attack that forced him to curtail his activities. He continued composing and published a memoir and several essays before his death in 1927. How you know him: Nielsen’s Wind Quintet is one of the most dreaded to play for woodwind quintets and often appears on orchestra auditions. Niccolò Paganini (October 27, 1782-May 27, 1840) Niccolò Paganini is best known as a violin virtuoso. He was born in Genoa, Italy, and began playing the mandolin at age five. Two years later he began playing the violin but struggled to find teachers who could keep up with his skills. In 1796, the Paganini family moved to their country estate near Bolzaneto, but just five years later, Paganini was appointed first violin of the Republic of Lucca. He still maintained a substantive freelance career, and he was as well-known for his gambling and womanizing as he was for his violin playing. He didn’t receive widespread European acclaim for his talent until a three-year tour started in Vienna in 1828 and hit every major city from Germany to Poland to Bohemia. He then traveled to Paris and Great Britain. He suffered all his life from various illnesses, and researchers today believe that he had Marfan syndrome. In 1822 he was diagnosed with syphilis, whose treatments at the time included mercury and opium, both of which had physical and psychological side-effects. Two years later he was diagnosed with tuberculosis, but these diseases did not cause major problems until later in his life when he had to cancel performances and tours to recover. In 1834, Paganini retired from public performance and returned to Genoa to focus on teaching and having his compositions published. Two years later, he opened a casino in Paris, which failed miserably, and he was forced to auction off his personal possessions (including his instruments) to make up for his financial loss. His health continued to deteriorate, and in 1838 he left for Nice. In 1840, a local parish priest was sent to give Paganini his last rites, but Paganini sent him away believing him to be too early. He died a week later in Nice from internal hemorrhaging without his last rites. This, and his rumored association with the devil, caused some trouble because the Catholic Church would not grant him a burial in Genoa. An appeal was made to the Pope who, in 1844, allowed the body to be transported to Genoa but not buried. His body was not laid to rest until 1873, 33 years after his death. How you know him: This recording of Jascha Heifetz playing Paganini’s Caprice No. 24 is an excellent example of the composer’s style and most well-known work. It was also used in Brahms’s Variations on a Theme of Paganini. Ástor Piazzolla [pee-ah-sole-ah] (March 11, 1921-July 4, 1992) Ástor Piazzolla grew up in Greenwich Village in New York City with his Italian immigrant parents. At that time, Greenwich Village was run by violent gangsters, and Piazzolla’s parents worked long hours leaving Piazzolla to fend for himself. In 1929, he began playing the bandoneón, courtesy of a purchase made by his grandfather a pawn shop. One year later he moved to Little Italy with his parents where he began taking lessons, and in 1934 he met Carlos Gardel, an influential figure in the world of tango music. He invited Piazzolla to join him on tour, but lucky for Piazzolla his father wouldn’t allow him to go. Gardel and his orchestra died in a plane crash while on that very tour. During a family vacation to Mar del Plata to visit his grandfather, Piazzolla discovered tango music, specifically that of Elvino Vardaro. This music inspired him to move to Argentina permanently when he was just 17 years old. He joined the Anibal Troilo’s orchestra as a temporary bandoneónist replacement who wound up being taken on full-time as a permanent musical fixture. Eventually things became very tense between Piazzolla and the Troilo because of Piazzolla’s progressive style so that in 1944 he left and joined another orchestra. Piazzolla’s mentor Ginastera encouraged him to continue composing, and in 1954 he won a competition to study in Paris with Nadia Boulanger. While studying in France, Piazzolla and his wife’s two daughters were raised by their grandparents. Piazzolla tried to break away from his tango-style music of the past, but it didn’t take long before he realized that there was no shame in being talented at this particular style. Upon his return to Argentina, Piazzolla formed a string orchestra, and his compositions became increasingly controversial because of their departure from tradition. Feeling that he didn’t receive the credit due to him, he moved with his family to New York City where things did not improve either. His father’s death in 1959 inspired his most well-known tango Adiós Nonino, and things began to slowly take off. He released an album called El Tango, introduced a new style called the tango song, and in 1966 left his wife and began a relationship with Amelita Baltar. His return to Paris in 1970 was followed by the formation and dissolution of his chamber group and a heart attack in 1973. Piazzolla moved to Italy where he made several recordings over the course of five years, and for the last few decades of his life, he devoted a great deal of time to touring and performing at various venues across Europe and South America with many tango ensembles. In 1990 he suffered a massive brain hemorrhage that left him in a coma for two years. He never recovered and died in 1992 in Buenos Aires. Sergei Prokofiev [pro-ko-fee-eff] (April 23, 1891-March 5, 1953) Sergei Prokofiev grew up in a very isolated, rural area called Sontsovka (now eastern Ukraine). His mother took piano lessons in Moscow and St. Petersburg for two months out of every year, and her practicing sparked Prokofiev’s initial love of music. He wrote his first composition at the age of five, two years before he discovered a love for chess. In 1902, when Prokofiev was 11, he began formal music lessons with Reinhold Glière. Eventually, his mother decided that he wasn’t receiving the musical education he so clearly desired in their rural home, so she arranged for him to apply to the St. Petersburg Conservatory. In 1904 he began his studies at the prestigious school, and the family moved to St. Petersburg. He was younger than many of his classmates and brought a sense of haughty arrogance with him. During his time at the conservatory, he studied with a variety of professors, most notably Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, a well-known composer and orchestrator. His compositions were considered very rebellious for the time. After his father died in 1910, he was completely unfunded to continue his studies. Luckily he had already graduated and was relatively well-known for his compositions. During his first trip abroad, Prokofiev met Sergei Diaghilev, who commissioned him to write a ballet score for Ala and Lolli but quickly rejected it and commissioned him for a ballet called Chout instead. After the outbreak of WWI, Prokofiev returned to the conservatory to avoid being dragged into the fighting. In 1917, the February Revolution broke out and that summer, Prokofiev composed his first symphony (Classical, so-called by Prokofiev because of the style in which it was written, but a more accurate title would be Neoclassical). In 1918, as the white forces (in this context meaning democratic forces working against communism) entered St. Petersburg, Prokofiev fled Russia for the US. Things did not go his way in the US due to the performance one of many failed operas, which resulted in a failed solo career as well, so he left for Paris in 1920 where he married a Spanish singer named Carolina Codina. He also found that his works were more well-received by the French people. It was around this time that he and Stravinsky rekindled their friendship, though Prokofiev still did not care for Stravinsky’s later works. This period of time was particularly successful for the composer, but eventually he returned to Russia after composing one of his most well-known works: the score for the ballet Romeo and Juliet, whose controversial happy ending caused a premiere delay of several years. In 1936, he returned permanently to the Soviet Union. By this time, the government had established the Union of Soviet Composers, which forced a tremendous amount of isolation on Prokofiev and Shostakovich, his contemporary. During this time, he composed one of his most well-known works Peter and the Wolf, which was part of a series of children’s music. When WWII broke out, Prokofiev decided that the time was right for him to compose an opera based on Leo Tolstoy’s epic novel War and Peace. After a fashion, his extramarital affair with Mira Mendelson came into the light and forced a separation of Prokofiev and his wife. During the war, Prokofiev was more free to compose in the style he preferred because the rules to which he and his contemporaries were confined were less severe. He moved to a composer’s colony outside of Moscow where he composed his Fifth Symphony and suffered a concussion. It is widely believed that the concussion led to his death in 1953 (the same day as Stalin). After the war ended, the creative freedom that Prokofiev so enjoyed was removed, and he was again forced to compose for the Soviet government. His declining health restricted the amount of physical activity he could enjoy, including composing. He was able to compose his cello sonata and concerto (later retitled a symphony-concerto) and his seventh symphony. On the day he died, Prokofiev’s body could not be carried out of his apartment because of the crowd gathered in Red Square mourning the death of Stalin. In the Soviet musical periodical, Prokofiev received a brief obituary preceded by 115 pages about Stalin’s death. How you know him: Though his ballet scores and symphonic works are phenomenal pieces of music, Prokofiev is most well-known for Peter and the Wolf. The horn and flute parts for this piece, which represent the wolf and bird in the original piece, were featured as the music for Scut Farkus ’s character in the holiday classic A Christmas Story. Sergei Rachmaninoff [rock-mahn-in-off] (April 1, 1873-March 28, 1943) Sergei Rachmaninoff was born into an aristocratic family whose money had all been squandered away. They had historically been in the service of the czars and had strong musical and military leanings. Rachmaninoff received his very first piano lessons from his mother, but his grandfather Arkady Alexandrovich brought Anna Ornatskaya from St. Petersburg to teach him. In 1883, after the family moved to St. Petersburg to save themselves from financial ruin, Ornatskaya arranged for Rachmaninoff to enter the St. Petersburg Conservatory. His grandmother took him to many Russian Orthodox services, which introduced him to the liturgical chants and church bells of the city. His sister died suddenly at the age of 18 before she could enter the Bolshoi Theater. She had been a great influence on Rachmaninoff, and his grandmother, in an attempt to shield him from further tragedy, took him to a retreat on the Volkhov River. Here, he became an avid rower but was very spoiled by his grandmother causing him to become very lazy and fail his general education classes. He did play at many important events while at the conservatory, but further educational disappointments led him eventually to take private piano lessons with Nikolai Zverev at the Moscow Conservatory. It was here that he met fellow student Alexander Scriabin, who would become a very close friend. He gave his first independent concert on February 11, 1892, where he premiered his Trio élégiaque No. 1, and a month later premiered his first piano concerto. For his final composition, he wrote an opera called Aleko. Rachmaninoff was sure it would flop, but the Bolshoi Theater loved it and offered to produce it. He graduated in May of 1892 with the title of “free artist.” After the death of Tchaikovsky in 1893, he was inspired to write a second Trio élégiaque, and four years later his First Symphony was premiered. Unfortunately, it was panned by the critic César Cui who said it was a depiction of the ten plagues of Egypt and suggested it would be admired by the "inmates" of a music conservatory in hell. In Rachmaninoff’s defense, the piece did not receive the full attention of the orchestra or its conductor who apparently made very poor use of his rehearsal time. This poor reception led to a period of writer’s block and deep depression. He eventually sought the aid of psychologist Nikolai Dahl who helped him recover his confidence through auto-suggestive therapy. It was wildly successful and encouraged him to write his Second Piano Concerto. His marriage to Natalia Satina in 1902, after three years of engagement and hindered only by the Russian Orthodox Church and Natalia’s parents, was another bolster in Rachmaninoff’s newly-found confidence and success. In 1909 he went on tour in the US, but he found himself very unhappy and only returned when he emigrated in 1917 during the Russian Revolution. Since he and his family were of the Russian bourgeois, they were heavily targeted in the revolution and fled the for the US by way of Helsinki. While in the United States, Rachmaninoff began to focus greatly on performing and touring, and the amount of compositions he produced dropped off tremendously. Between 1918 and 1943, he only completed six compositions. This was not only because he spent a great deal of time touring, but also because he found himself without inspiration after leaving his homeland behind. It wasn’t until 1932 when he built a second home on Lake Lucerne in Switzerland that he began to feel inspired again. In 1928, he befriended Vladimir Horowitz, through a Steinway artist representative; and after hearing Horowitz’s interpretation of his own Third Piano Concerto, the two became fast friends. During a concert tour in 1942, Rachmaninoff fell very ill and was diagnosed with melanoma. A year later, he and his wife became American citizens, and just sixteen days after that he gave his last recital. He died about a month later in his home in Beverly Hills, California. He is buried in Kensico Cemetery in Valhalla, New York, against his final wishes of being buried at his home in Switzerland. Due to the outbreak of WWII, this wish was impossible. His style is impossibly romantic and takes after that of Tchaikovsky, but his use of widely-spaced chords is all his own. How you know him: Rachmaninoff’s Piano Concerto No. 2 is by far his most well-known and widely-acclaimed composition. Maurice Ravel [ruh-vel] (March 7, 1875-December 28, 1937) Born near the French border of Spain, Maurice Ravel grew up in a happy home. His father was a notable and important inventor of an internal combustion engine and one of the first roller-coaster rides, which was very successful until a fatal accident at the Barnum & Bailey Circus in 1903. His parents were Catholic, but it was his mother’s Basque-Spanish heritage that had the most influence on him as a child. Encouraged by his parents, he attended the Paris Conservatoire and won first prize in a piano competition in 1891. During his time at the conservatory, before being expelled for failing to meet the requirement of earning a competitive medal in three consecutive years, he met Erik Satie, who became a significant influence for Ravel’s compositions. Satie had an unorthodox style of composing and living, which Ravel had never experienced before. He returned to the conservatory in 1898, a few years after his initial expulsion, and studied with Gabriel Fauré, Camille Saint-Saëns’s favorite student. He continued to not meet the standards of the conservatory and was promptly dismissed after two years. Ravel became very well-known for his orchestrations and transcriptions of his works, and his study of each instrument in the orchestra including its timbre, color, and capabilities is a likely explanation for his highly-developed skill in this area. Despite many attempts, he never won the Prix de Rome, probably because his composition style was considered too radical by the conservative judges. He instead spent time with a group called Apaches, comprising young artists, poets, critics, and musicians until WWI. Ravel also traveled frequently, and in the summer of 1905 a yachting trip sparked the beginning of his “Spanish period.” Claude Debussy’s influence was felt quite strongly among Ravel and his friends, particularly his opera Pelléas et Mélisande which was both loved and hated by critics. Two factions began to emerge in Paris: Ravel supporters and Debussy supporters. The two groups often fought in the streets over who was the superior composer. Eventually the feud strained their friendship, and Ravel and Debussy were forced to part company. After the end of WWI, during which Ravel drove trucks for the French and mourned the death of his mother, he found decreased inspiration for new compositions. This was further hindered by the death of Debussy and the emergence of composers such as Satie, Schoenberg, and Stravinsky. In 1921 he retired to the French countryside to continue writing and composing. Ravel continued his support and involvement with SMI (Société musicale indépendante), a group he helped found with his contemporaries in Paris who sought to support and promote new music, particularly from French and British composers. Though his own music was considered the height of sophistication in Britain, the French were more intrigued by the works of Erik Satie, and Ravel soon became the moderator between his generation of composers and Satie’s (known as Les Six). As jazz began taking over the music scene, Ravel incorporated many elements of it into his compositions. In 1922, he completed his most famous arrangement of Mussorgsky’s Pictures at an Exhibition. During the rest of the decade, he spent most of his time touring and recording his works and not much time composing. In 1928, he completed a tour of North America to rave reviews and positive acclaim, and he also became acquainted with George Gershwin, with whom he maintained a friendship for the rest of his life. Upon his return to France, he completed his most popular piece, Bolero, which was really an exercise in writing a piece with no thematic development, and he was blown away with surprise by its popularity. In 1932, he suffered a traumatic head injury in a taxi cab. It turned into a more significant injury in the long-run because it caused him to have brain surgery, which led to his death. Initially, his doctors suspected that he had a brain tumor like the one that killed his friend George Gershwin, but upon closer inspection, they determined that the left hemisphere had shrunk. They injected it with serous fluid, but he died just a few short weeks after the surgery was complete after slipping into a coma and never recovering. How you know him: Ravel’s most well-known work is Bolero . He also completed the most well-known arrangement and orchestration of Modest Mussorgsky’s piano piece Pictures at an Exhibition, which has one of the most famous trumpet solos in orchestral literature. Ottorino Respighi [res-pee-gee] (July 9, 1879-April 18, 1936) Ottorino Respighi began studying music as a child in Italy with his father, who taught piano in their town of Bologna. He studied music formally at the Liceo Musicale in Bologna, and a year after graduating with a diploma in violin he was hired as principal violinist for the Russian Imperial Theatre in St. Petersburg. During his time in St. Petersburg, he studied composition with Rimsky-Korsakov. This inspired him to return to Bologna to get a degree in composition. In 1913, after his compositions began to receive attention, he accepted a position as composition teacher at the Conservatorio di Santa Cecelia (today known as Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecelia). He retained this position for the rest of his life, while his Roman tone poems Fountains of Rome received world-wide acclaim. In 1919, he married his former student Elsa Olivieri-Sangiacomo, and in 1922 Benito Mussolini gained power in Italy. Respighi attempted to stay neutral during this period, and though his popularity allowed the government to exploit him, he also worked to allow outspoken critics and musicians, such as Arturo Toscanini, freedom from political persecution. The third part of his Roman trilogy was premiered by Arturo Toscanini and the New York Philharmonic in 1929. Respighi spent a considerable amount of time researching the music of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries and published editions of works by Claudio Monteverdi, Antonio Vivaldi, and Benedetto Marcello. This research also inspired him to compose works with styles and forms in the pre-classical styles but with harmonies and textures in late-19th-century styles. After his final tour in January 1936, his health began to fail, and he died from a cardiac infection on April 18 at age 56. His wife remained a champion of his music for the rest of her life, and she died at the age of 102 in 1996. How you know him: Respighi’s The Pines of Rome was featured in Fantasia: 2000. Silvestre Revueltas [ruh-vwell-tas] (December 31, 1899-October 5, 1940) Silvestre Revueltas was a Mexican composer, and he is considered by many to be the most influential composer of the Mexican Nationalist movement. He grew up in a very artistic family, the oldest of four children who all took careers in different artistic fields. He showed an interest in music from an early age, and he entered the National Conservatory in 1913. At age 18, he traveled to the US to continue his study of the violin. He began his time in America in San Antonio, Texas, but he soon moved to Chicago where he remained until 1924. He spent the next five years touring Mexico and the United States, and in 1929 he accepted a full-time position as conductor of the Symphony Orchestra of Mexico. Though he devoted a great deal of time to the orchestra, he also developed his skills as a composer. During the next eight years, he composed nine pieces that defined his style as an innovator and gave Mexican music a more reliable and significant identity. In 1937, he went on tour to Spain during the Spanish Civil War. Revueltas composed a score for the 1940 film La Noche de los Mayas, and the celebration party after caused severe complications for his health. He died shortly thereafter from pneumonia and alcoholism, brought on by his lack of financial success. Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov [rim-skee kor-sa-kov] (March 18, 1844-June 21, 1908) Rimsky-Korsakov grew up outside St. Petersburg, Russia in a family with a long history of naval and military service. His brother’s exploits as a naval officer and his love of literature instilled in him an interest and poetic love of the sea. Instead of taking formal piano lessons, he joined the Imperial Russian Navy at the age of 12 after encouraging from his older brother and his interest in the sea. He did take private piano lessons while studying at the School for Mathematical and Navigational Sciences in Saint Petersburg. Though he remained indifferent to the lessons, he began to develop a love of music while also developing social skills. His time at sea exposed him to many new cultures, but it also decreased his interest in music and caused him to neglect his musical studies. Once he returned to St. Petersburg in 1865, Balakirev encouraged him to take up writing again, and Rimsky-Korsakov was once again inspired to compose. He began spending a lot of time with the group known as The Five, five Russian composers (Mily Balakirev, César Cui, Modest Mussorgsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov and Alexander Borodin) who greatly influenced each other. This group further developed his skill as a composer and exposed him to varying opinions and styles of composition, and they came to regard him as a very skilled orchestrator. He and Mussorgsky became good friends and later roommates, and their arrangement of sharing the piano in their apartment led to very productive composition periods for both of them. In 1871, he was hired as Professor of Practical Composition and Instrumentation and leader of the Orchestra Class at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory while remaining active in the naval service. This new position further pointed out his shortcomings in music education, though, and he consulted Tchaikovsky for help in learning more about music theory. To combat his lack of education, he stopped composing for three years just to get caught up and stay ahead of his students. He used his new knowledge to revise his early works, including popular works such as Sadko and Antar. The financial stability he found in his new professorship allowed him to finally marry Nadezhda Purgold with whom he had developed a close relationship during weekly gatherings at her family’s home. She was very well educated in music and devoted much of her time to critiquing Rimsky-Korsakov’s compositions. His change in attitude regarding music education led to a change in his style of composition from wildly romantic to reserved, neo-classical, which his contemporaries greatly criticized him for. His collection of transcribed Russian folk songs and his edits of Mikhail Glinka’s orchestral scores helped bring him out of this conservative rut, which few of his contemporaries appreciated. Though he sometimes suffered from lack of inspiration, he kept busy with his transcripts and orchestrations. His increased familiarity with Mitrofan Belyayev, the Belyayev Circle, and correspondence and advice from Tchaikovsky led to a very productive time for Rimsky-Korsakov when he experimented more with his composition technique. This period was not without its own emotional struggles, though, because of his painful and difficult separation from The Five and the increased popularity of Tchaikovsky’s works brought on by his increased public appearances with the composer. He became very critical of the music of his contemporaries, particularly that of Claude Debussy, whose compositions he considered boring, requiring little to no technique to compose or perform. These feelings were followed by a creative slump and exacerbated by the illness of his wife and two of his sons, and the deaths of his mother and two of his children. The death of Tchaikovsky, however difficult to overcome, brought on a period of inspiration for Rimsky-Korsakov. The 1905 Revolution and Rimsky-Korsakov’s support of the rebelling students at the St. Petersburg Conservatory led to a ban on his music and his removal as professor of the conservatory. He continued teaching students from his home, and after a student production of his opera caused his works to be banned, 300 students and several faculty members left the conservatory. Rimsky-Korsakov was reinstated after an onslaught of sympathetic letters and monetary donations from the Russian people, but he retired from the conservatory in 1906. The controversy surrounding his compositions continued with his opera The Golden Cockerel. A 1907 Paris performance of collected Russian masterworks led to a resurgence in their popularity, but Rimsky-Korsakov was fully aware that his compositions were “behind the times.” In 1890, he was diagnosed with angina, and with the increased stress from the Revolution his condition worsened. He eventually stopped composing and working, and in 1908 he died at his home in Lubensk. How you know him: Scheherazade is a great example of Rimsky-Korsakov’s romantic and programmatic style. His piece Capriccio Espagnol is another very popular piece. Joaquín Rodrigo [wa-keen rod-ree-go] (November 22, 1901-July 6, 1999) Rodrigo contracted diphtheria at the age of three and was blind for the rest of his life. All his compositions were written in braille and transcribed. His musical studies began at age eight with solfege, piano, and violin, and by the age of sixteen they had progressed to harmony and composition. He studied music and musicology at the École Normale de Musique in Paris, and in 1943 he received Spain’s National Prize for Orchestra for his composition Cinco piezas infantiles ("Five Children's Pieces"). In 1939, he composed his most well-known work, Concierto de Aranjuez, for the guitarist Regino Sainz de la Maza. He later said that it was written as a response to his wife’s miscarriage. Gil Evans later arranged the piece’s adagio movement for Miles Davis’s album Sketches from Spain. In 1943 he received Spain's National Prize for Orchestra for his composition Cinco piezas infantiles ("Five Children's Pieces"), which was based on his earlier composition of the same piece for two pianos. Rodrigo was awarded Spain's highest award for composition, the Premio Nacional de Música, in 1983, and in 1991 the King Juan Carlos I gave him the hereditary title Marqués de los Jardines de Aranjuez. He died in 1999. How you know him: As a composer for guitar, his concerto for guitar Concierto de Aranjuez is a must-hear for those interested in guitar music. Christopher Rouse [rowse] (born February 15, 1949) Christopher Rouse grew up outside of Baltimore, Maryland and studied at Oberlin Conservatory and Cornell University. After graduating with his master’s and doctoral degrees, he was the 1976 recipient of a fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts. Throughout his life his musical interests have ranged from classical music to popular music, and he incorporated these interests in his teaching at the Eastman School of Music through his course in the history of rock and roll. His concerti have received particular acclaim, and his Trombone Concerto won the 1993 Pulitzer Prize. His concerti have been commissioned or performed by instrumental talents such as Yo-Yo Ma, Dawn Upshaw, Joseph Alessi, and Emmanuel Ax. He currently teaches composition at the Juilliard School and just last year began his two-year tenure as composer-in-residence for the New York Philharmonic. How you know him: The Houston Symphony recorded Rouse’s Flute Concerto, Symphony No. 2, and Phaethon under the baton of Christoph Eschenbach in 1994. Camille Saint-Saëns [cam-eel san sawn] (October 9, 1835-December 16, 1921) Saint-Saëns was born and raised in Paris, France by his aunt and mother after his father’s sudden death. By the age of two, he demonstrated perfect pitch, and his first public performance was accompanying a performance of a Beethoven violin sonata at the age of five. His debut recital was given at the age of 10. The performance received acclaim all over Europe and reached as far as Boston. His First Symphony was published when he was 16. In the 1840s he began studying at the Paris Conservatoire, and a short time later after his second symphony was published he became good friends with Hector Berlioz. He played organ as a source of income, and his public improvisations caused Liszt to rave that Saint-Saëns was the best organist in the world. During his only teaching position, he pushed the boundaries of traditional music education by teaching his students contemporary works by Liszt, Gounod, Schumann, Berlioz, and Wagner. His personal interests also lay outside of music in the world of acoustics, occult science, archaeology, geography, and the study of butterflies. He also loved astronomy and incorporated it into performances of his pieces so that they coincided with events such as solar eclipses. After the Franco-Prussian War ended in a brief six months, Saint-Saëns moved to London to avoid the Paris Commune siege on the city. When he returned to Paris in 1875, he married Marie Laure Emile Truffot, a woman nearly 20 years his junior. They had two sons, but both died a few years later: one from sickness and the other six weeks later from falling out of a fourth-story window. Saint-Saëns blamed his wife for the latter son’s death and left her while on vacation in 1881. Five years later he composed and published two of his most well-known works: Carnival of the Animals and his Third Symphony (the Organ Symphony), which was dedicated to Franz Liszt who had just died. He spent the next few years mourning his mother’s death while traveling around Europe, North Africa, Southeast Asia, and South America. He spent the last few years of his life writing articles and essays about music, scientific, and historical topics and traveling. He finally settled in Algiers, and in 1921 he died from pneumonia after receiving Grand-Croix de la Legion d'honneur, France’s highest honor. How you know him: The finale from Saint-Saëns’s Carnival of the Animals was featured in Fantasia: 2000 to the animation of flamingos . His Third Symphony is a great showcase for the organ . Alfred Schnittke [shnit-kuh] (November 24, 1934-August 3, 1998) Alfred Schnittke was born in the former Soviet Union and began studying counterpoint, composition, and instrumentation at the Moscow Conservatory in 1953. He graduated in 1961 from the post-graduate program and immediately joined the Union of Composers. The Moscow Conservatory appointed him to the position of instructor of instrumentation in 1962, and spent the next ten years at the conservatory. After he left his teaching position, he composed mainly film scores. He is most noted today for his “polystylistic” technique of composition. Schnittke composed 9 symphonies, 6 concerti grossi, 4 violin concertos, 2 cello concertos, concertos for piano and a triple concerto for violin, viola and cello, as well as 4 string quartets and much other chamber music, ballet scores, choral and vocal works. His works were premiered by the Cleveland Orchestra, the National Symphony, the Boston Symphony, and the New York Philharmonic. He won several prestigious awards including the Austrian State Prize, Japan’s Imperial Prize, and the Slava-Gloria-Prize. He suffered a massive stroke in 1985, and in 1998 the second stroke was fatal. He died at his home in Hamburg, Germany on August 3. Robert Schumann [shoe-mahn] (June 8, 1810-July 29, 1856) Robert Schumann, like his good friend Johannes Brahms, began his studies in law but left to pursue a career in music. He began as a pianist but permanently injured his right hand. There are several theories as to why this may have happened. One suggests that he created a machine to strengthen the weakest fingers by holding back the strong ones while the others were exercised. A second theory states that the injury was the result of medication for syphilis, and a third more wildly claims that he underwent surgery to separate the tendons of his third finger from those of his second. Whatever the cause, he abandoned his career as a pianist to pursue one of composition. His compositions were exclusively for piano until 1840 when he married Clara Wieck, the daughter of his former piano teacher. The marriage was quite a scandal at the time because Clara was not yet 21 years of age and still needed her father’s permission to get married. Clara was also a composer and performing pianist. Indeed, it is one of the great love stories of the musical world because they courted for many years in secret before marrying. During what is known as the Liederjahr (“Year of the Song”), Schumann wrote many songs influenced by and dedicated to Clara. They were married for 16 years until Schumann died, and they had eight children, of whom seven survived. After an attempted suicide, he checked himself into a mental institution where he remained for the last two years of his life. How you know him: Schumann’s Piano Concerto in A Minor and Kinderszenen are his most recognizable pieces. Dmitri Shostakovich (September 25, 1906-August 9, 1975) Shostakovich was born in St. Petersburg, Russia, the second of three children. He began composing at the age of nine. By the age of 13 he was a student at the Petrograd Conservatory. One of his teachers, Maximilian Steinberg, felt that Shostakovich was wasting his time imitating Prokofiev and Stravinsky. In 1926, his First Symphony was premiered and was his first musical achievement. When he graduated, he tried to make a living as a pianist and a composer, but his dry and unemotional style of playing was poorly received unlike his compositions. Any performances he did were strictly of his own works. In 1927, he became close friends with Ivan Sollertinsky who introduced him to the works of Gustav Mahler, which had a tremendous influence on Shostakovich’s future compositions. Despite rave reviews of his opera The Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District, Stalin attended a performance and hated it. As the leader of the Soviets, Stalin’s opinion was the only one that mattered, and Shostakovich fell out of his favor immediately. Thus began Shostakovich’s long and complicated relationship with Stalin and the Soviet government. As a result of Stalin’s poor review in Pravda, he experienced a dramatic decrease in the commissions he received and in the amount of money he was making. Reviews published in Pravda continued to be published, scolding Shostakovich for his progressive, forward-thinking works. In 1936, at the beginning of the Great Terror, many of the composer’s friends and relatives were killed or imprisoned, which further diminished his creative freedom as he wrote music to keep himself and his family alive. Shostakovich’s Fourth Symphony was composed between 1935 and 1936, but it wasn’t premiered until 1961 after Stalin’s death. Whether the work was voluntarily withdrawn or banned by the government remains debated today. His Fifth Symphony put him back in Stalin’s favor, though, and just in the nick of time. Between the Fourth and Fifth Symphonies, he had been composing film scores and fearing for his and his family’s lives. At the outbreak of WWII, Shostakovich returned to the conservatory and volunteered with the fire brigade (his poor eyesight prevented him from fighting with the army). It was during this time that he composed the Seventh Symphony followed by the Eighth Symphony a few years later, and the Ninth Symphony a few years after that. The Seventh was very well received, the Eighth less well, and the Ninth not well at all. Stalin was outraged by the Eighth Symphony’s apparent recollection of tragedy at the end of the war, and he was infuriated that the Ninth Symphony seemed to mock the Soviet Union’s victory. After the war in 1948, Shostakovich and many of his contemporaries’ works were banned, and they were publicly scorned for their so-called “formalist” compositions. In 1949, Shostakovich was sent to New York to attend the Cultural and Scientific Congress for World Peace. He was forced to go by Stalin and found himself publicly humiliated at the world’s realization that he was a pawn in Stalin’s government and merely repeated what the government wanted him to say. He didn’t feel creatively free again until Stalin’s death in 1953. His Tenth Symphony features a particularly aggressive second movement that is said to be a musical portrait of Stalin. In 1960, he joined the Communist Party in order to accept the position of General Secretary of the Composer’s Union. Whether he did this of his own free will, was blackmailed, or politically forced is not clear. Whatever the cause, he was now committed to writing the homage to Lenin that he had promised the party: his Twelfth Symphony. Since he now had the personal creative freedom that he so desperately needed, he was able to compose his own response to this requirement of his new position and wrote his Eighth String Quartet subtitled “To the victims of fascism and war.” This quartet was largely autobiographical as it included many quotations from his earlier works. Shostakovich’s health began failing him after his third marriage in 1962, although he refused to give up vodka and cigarettes. In 1965, he was diagnosed with polio, which diminished the use of his right hand, and he broke both his legs in a fall down a set of stairs. He had a preoccupation with his own mortality in the last years of his life, which is particularly evident in the Fourteenth Symphony (a song cycle based on poems with the theme of death). He eventually died of lung cancer. How you know him: Shostakovich’s Second Piano Concerto accompanies the animation for The Steadfast Tin Soldier in Fantasia 2000. Jean Sibelius [si-bay-lee-us] (December 8, 1865-September 20, 1957) Jean Sibelius was a Finnish composer whose father was a doctor. He attended Hämeenlinnan normaalilyseo, a Finnish-speaking school, but he was raised by Swedish-speaking parents. Thus, he spoke Swedish all his life. Romantic Nationalism swept Europe by storm, and this became a significant source of inspiration for him. Though he was an accomplished violinist, he studied law after graduating from high school in 1885. He soon quit his studies to practice music in Berlin and Vienna. During the 1890s he began to move away from the Wagnerian style he so loved, calling it pompous and vulgar. He turned instead to the music of Anton Bruckner and Peter Tchaikovsky for inspiration. In 1892, he married Aino Järnefelt, and the couple had six daughters. In 1908, he underwent an operation for suspected throat cancer, and this brush with death is what likely inspired the composition of Luonnotar and the Fourth Symphony a few years later. He spent long periods of time abroad in Vienna, Berlin, and Italy, and he was very active in the Scandinavian countries, UK, France, and Germany. He adored the Finnish countryside, and many of his pieces were inspired by nature. After 1926, he stopped composing as much, particularly after his Seventh Symphony, but two of his most influential and significant works were composed during this time: incidental music for Shakespeare’s The Tempest and the tone poem Tapiola. On New Year’s Day in 1939, he participated in what is the only known example of Sibelius’s interpretation of his own music during an international radio broadcast where he conducts his piece Andante Festivo. During this time, he and his wife lived in Helsinki, but he avoided speaking publicly about his music and that of other composers. He died in 1957 of a brain hemorrhage. How you know him: Though it may not be a familiar piece, Sibelius’s piece Finlandia is certainly his most well-known. His tone poem The Swan of Tuonela is the second part of his Opus 22, Lemminkäinen (Four legends), which was based on the Kalevala epic from Finnish mythology. In the piece, the English horn represents the swan which circles Tuonela, the island of the dead. Lemminkäinen has been charged with killing this swan, but he dies before his task is completed. Bedrich Smetana [bed-jheek smet-ahn-ah] (March 2, 1824-May 12, 1884) Bedrich Smetana was the first son of František Smetana and Barbora Lynková. His father, though uneducated, taught him music from a very early age, and Smetana gave his first public performance at the age of six. After learning about Beethoven and Mozart in his elementary school, he began his first early compositions around age eight. In 1839, he traveled to Prague where he attended school for a very brief period of time. His classmates made fun of him for his manners, which they considered country, and he skipped class most days to attend performances. When his father found out, he removed him from the school immediately. Eventually his cousin Josef took him under his wing, and through his guidance Smetana was able to complete his education in Pilsen. In 1843, he secured a formal music teacher for himself so that he would be able to make his dreams of being a professional musician a reality. His teacher in Prague used techniques established by Beethoven, Chopin, Berlioz, and Liszt, and by 1844 he had accepted a position as music teacher to Count Thun’s children. This did wonders to ease his financial difficulties, and a few years later he left the post to pursue a career as a concert pianist. His tour through Western Bohemia was fruitless, though, and he returned to Prague to continue teaching. For a brief period of time, Smetana was a revolutionary supporting the end of Habsburg rule, but this interest quickly faded as he opened his own music school. In a few years time, the institute became stable and successful. It attracted supporters of Czech nationalism, and this new-found financial stability allowed Smetana to marry Katerina Kolárová, a woman he had courted and loved for many years. They were married in 1851 and between then and 1855 had four daughters. During this time, he became increasingly devoted to composition, but the happiness was short-lived. In 1854, his first daughter died of scarlet fever, and a few years later his fourth daughter died just a year after being born. Shortly thereafter, his wife was diagnosed with tuberculosis, and his friend Karel Havlícek, a revolutionary who was sent to exile, died. The misery that had settled over Prague was exacerbated by the political turmoil that had come to roost. Smetana left Prague for Gothenberg, Sweden in the hopes of finding a more supportive environment to compose and teach. His first trip to Gothenberg forced him to leave his ailing wife and remaining daughter in Prague, but he established himself in a very positive way. The piano school he opened was immediately successful, and he became the conductor of the Gothenberg Society for Classical Choral Music. He didn’t have more time for composing, but he developed a positive social circle. The summer of 1857 found Smetana mourning his father’s death and attempting to deal with Katerina’s rapidly failing health. The family moved to Gothenberg after a brief visit to Weimar where Smetana’s good friend Franz Liszt lived. When he arrived in Gothenberg, his creativity was stimulated, and he churned out many successful compositions. Katerina died in the spring of 1859 in Dresden on her way back to Prague. Their daughter Žofie was raised by Katerina’s mother while Smetana returned to Weimar with Liszt. In 1860 he married his brother’s sister-in-law, a woman 16 years his junior. He made one final fleeting attempt at a career as a concert pianist, but again he was unsuccessful. He finally resigned himself to returning to Prague where he was still poorly received as a composer. A quick trip to Gothenberg reaffirmed, though, that he needed to remain in Prague, his homeland. Things were not easy for Smetana in Prague either because his mastery of the Czech language was very poor, having studied in Germany for so long. He began studying the language to better communicate with the singers in the choir he conducted. In March 1863 he was elected president of a local society for Czech artists, and by the next year he was hired as a music critic for the local newspaper. Despite encouragement from his friends, Smetana was not hired as the Director of the Prague Conservatory, but in 1866 he won the Harrach opera competition with The Brandenburgers. That same year he premiered his comedic opera The Bartered Bride, which was an instant success after several revisions due to the popularity of The Brandenburgers. Smetana left Prague to avoid any backlash that his operas might cause when Germany invaded the country. When he returned, he was appointed to the post of principal conductor of the Provisional Theatre. His third opera, Dalibor, was poorly received and led the people to try to drive him out of his conductorship position. Some of his peers, particularly Mily Balakirev and František Rieger, accused him of taking cues from Wagner’s style, focusing on an all-encompassing music-drama rather than an opera supported by an orchestral accompaniment. Eventually this led to division within the theater, and Smetana was forced to leave. Many subscribers, musicians, and composers (including Antonin Dvorák) signed a petition that reinstated him, though, so upon his return in 1873, Smetana began bringing in more works by Czech composers. His fourth opera The Two Widows was premiered in 1874 to positive acclaim, but his adversaries continued to degrade him and insult his work as a composer and a conductor. Smetana became extremely ill soon after his reappointment, suffering from a throat infection, rash, and ear blockage which eventually led to deafness in his right ear. A press release passively acknowledged the attacks that had been made by stating that Smetana had “become ill as a result of nervous strain caused by certain people recently.” He resigned completely from the theater after his health did not improve and agreed to let the theater continue to use his works for an annual sum almost equal to his annual salary. His former students organized a fundraiser which allowed Smetana to seek medical help outside of the Czech Republic, but nothing helped. His marriage with Bettina was quickly dissolving because of disputes about money, but they did not divorce. Smetana continued to compose and conduct to positive reviews, but by 1879 he was beginning to lose mental capacity. Within a few years he experienced depression, insomnia, hallucinations, giddiness, cramps, and a temporary loss of speech, which hindered his ability to compose. His family moved him to Katerinky Lunatic Asylum in Prague, where he died on 12 May 1884. Though the hospital diagnosed him with senile dementia, his family believed his mental instability was the result of syphilis, which was confirmed by an autopsy. Recent reports suggest otherwise, though. How you know him: The Overture to The Bartered Bride is pretty typical of Smetana’s style and those of his peers. Richard Strauss (June 11, 1864-September 8, 1949) Richard Strauss is most well-known for his symphonic works and tone poems. He was heavily influenced by the music of Richard Wagner, which was banned by his father, who was the principal horn player for the Court Opera in Munich. He began composing at the age of six and continued until his death at age 85. He studied philosophy and art history at the university in Munich for one year before leaving to study conducting in Berlin, where he quickly earned a position as assistant conductor to Hans von Bülow, who retired in 1885. It was at this time that he wrote his first horn concerto, and his style became heavily influenced by the works of Robert Schumann and Felix Mendelssohn. In 1894, he married soprano Pauline de Ahna, and together they had one child. In the same year that Hans von Bülow retired, Strauss met Alexander Ritter, who encouraged Strauss to branch out of his comfort zone of conservative chamber works and into tone poems. Death and Transfiguration was in fact inspired by a poem by Ritter, written at Strauss’s request. In 1933, during the rise of the Nazi party, Strauss aligned himself with Hitler, not because he admired his political ideals (Strauss’s daughter-in-law and two grandchildren were Jewish) but because he hoped that the political figure would support and promote German music and art. Hitler had in fact seen a performance of Strauss’s opera Salome in 1907 and been a fan ever since. In fact, by taking a position as president of the Reichsmusikkammer, he was able to protect his family from persecution and being sent to concentration camps. He died at the age of 85, and his wife died just eight months later. How you know him: Also sprach Zarathustra was used as the opening bars for Stanley Kubrick’s 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey . Igor Stravinsky (June 17, 1882-April 6, 1971) As a child, Stravinsky attended his father’s opera performances and began piano lessons at age nine. His parents insisted that he study to become a lawyer, so he spent several years studying law at the University of St. Petersburg. However, he also studied composition with Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. He preferred music to law but had concerns about his ability to make a living as a composer. After graduating he decided to try his hand at being a professional composer, and his first symphony was performed when he was 26. It sparked the interest of the Ballet Russe, which commissioned him to write several works for them, including Firebird and Petrushka. In 1913, his most famous work The Rite of Spring practically caused a riot because the audience was so far removed from what they were used to hearing. In 1919, he left Russia and moved to Paris to continue writing ballets for Ballet Russe. Since his wife was pregnant with their third child, they decided to remain in Paris, and eventually he became a French citizen. While pregnant with their fourth child, Maria was diagnosed with tuberculosis. The family thus spent the summer months in Russia and the winters in Switzerland, where Maria lived in a sanitorium. After the outbreak of WWI, Stravinsky struggled financially because he was unable to receive the royalties due to him for the Ballet Russe’s performances of his pieces. This was largely due to the facts that Russia did not adhere to the Berne Convention and Diaghilev did not adhere to his contract with Stravinsky. He turned to the Swiss philanthropist Werner Reinhart while writing Histoire du soldat, and Reinhart continued to financially support Stravinsky’s compositions. In 1939 he moved to Massachusetts after the death of his wife and the outbreak of WWII. A year later he remarried, obtained US citizenship, and moved to California. During his time in California, he was commissioned by many different organizations including Ringling Brothers Circus, jazz bands, and an opera company, and he continued to write ballets. He didn’t return to Russia until 1962 where Russian audiences welcomed him warmly. Toward the end of his life, he wrote fewer works for large orchestras and focused on short works for small ensembles. Stravinsky died of heart failure in California at the age of 88. He is very well-known for being a meticulous and precise person, and these traits come across very clearly in his composition style. He did not care whether critics or audiences liked his music and disregarded any advice or suggestions that people offered. For most of his life, he was a devout Roman Catholic. How you know him: Stravinsky’s ballet The Rite of Spring was featured in Disney’s Fantasia to the animation of dinosaurs. It has one of the most recognizable bassoon solos in orchestral literature. His music for The Firebird was also featured in Fantasia 2000. Peter Tchaikovsky [chigh-cough-skee] (May 7, 1840-November 6, 1893) When Tchaikovsky was growing up in Russia, there were very few opportunities for a musical education, so he went into the field of public service. When an opportunity for a musical education arose at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory, he jumped on it and in 1865 he graduated. Tchaikovsky had a distinctly western style of composition, which set him apart from his Russian contemporaries (at the time, Russia was divided on whether to adopt western philosophies and practices or to retain its historically Slavic culture). Russian critics either loved or hated this non-traditional facet of Tchaikovsky’s compositions. They either appreciated that he was branching out of normal Russian music or resented it and wished to stay with what was familiar. Though Tchaikovsky’s works are some of the most well-known in the world and remain a staple of modern orchestral literature, his life was plagued by unhappiness and emotional turmoil. Events that stand out are his family sending him away to boarding school, his mother’s sudden death, a long-term relationship with the widow Nadezhda von Meck, and -- to a certain extent -- his same-sex orientation. Many scholars now believe this had less to do with his emotional struggles than they initially thought, though. He was briefly engaged to Belgian soprano Désirée Artôt, but she left him for Spanish baritone Mariano Padilla y Ramos. He later married one of his students, Antonina Miliukova, but he quickly realized that he preferred a bachelor’s life and the company of men. They did not divorce because of the social implications, but Antonina did have three children with another man while Tchaikovsky continued to support her. In 1884 during his return to Russia, his opera Eugene Onegin, based on the novel in verse by Alexander Pushkin, premiered with much acclaim by the czar and the public. He did not relish his new-found fame but tolerated it in order to further support his students and Russian music. Tchaikovsky was terrified of the “curse of the ninth,” which proposed that no composer could write more than nine symphonies. This has been disproven by countless composers, though, namely Shostakovich who wrote 14 full symphonies, but at the time it seemed a very real thing. In fact, Tchaikovsky died from cholera just nine days after conducting the premiere of his Sixth Symphony Pathétique. How you know him: Tchaikovsky is the composer of the following extremely well-known ballets: The Nutcracker , Swan Lake , and The Sleeping Beauty . Giuseppe Verdi [you-sep-pee vair-dee] (October 10, 1813-January 27, 1901) Though he was technically born a Frenchman, Giuseppe Verdi is considered one of the most influential and prolific Italian composers of the Romantic era, particularly his operas. When he was 20 he began his formal music studies in Milan where he studied counterpoint and attended many opera performances. With the support of Antonio Barezzi, a local merchant, Verdi gave his first public performance in 1830. Barezzi also enlisted Verdi as his daughter’s private music teacher. The two quickly fell madly in love, and Verdi was devastated when she died of encephalitis. They had two children together, both of whom died in infancy. Verdi fell into despair in 1840 after the death of his beloved wife and the flop of his second opera. He vowed to give up composition altogether, but Bartolomeo Merelli convinced him to begin work on a new work called Nabucco. This opera launched Verdi’s career, and its chorus Va, pensiero stood out the most. For the next decade between 1843 and 1853 (the “galley years”), Verdi produced 14 operas. The most controversial of these masterpieces was Macbeth, which broke the Italian opera tradition of having a love story. During the end of the period, Verdi wrote his most famous opera, Rigoletto, which had to have its libretto revised many times to appease the censors. In the midst of the “galley years,” Verdi began an affair with the soprano Giuseppina Strepponi. They lived together before marrying in 1859, but in most of the places they lived, their out-of-wedlock cohabitation was quite scandalous. During his “middle period,” he composed the last two of his three most famous operas: La traviata and Il Trovatore. Between 1855 and 1867 he continued to compose successful, popular, and well-known operas. It was widely believed that he and the soprano Teresa Stolz had an affair while Verdi was married to Giuseppina. Whether this is true or not, the two were close companions after Giuseppina’s death, and a number of the soprano roles in Verdi’s opera were written specifically for her. Toward the end of his career, Verdi spent a great deal of time revising his earlier operas in addition to composing new works. His last opera, Falstaff, is a great example of Verdi’s skill in counterpoint, and it is a great comedic opera. He composed several sacred works before his fatal stroke on January 21, 1901. He died six days later. How you know him: Verdi wrote some of the most memorable operatic arias of all time. A short list includes: “La donna è mobile” from Rigoletto, “Brindisi” from La traviata, the “Dies irae” section from his Requiem. Antonio Vivaldi (March 4, 1678-July 28, 1741) Vivaldi was a Baroque composer who grew up in Venice, Italy. Despite his ill health (likely asthma), he learned to play the violin. He was ordained as a priest at the age of 25 but only served the church in a musical capacity. His red hair earned him the nickname “the red priest.” Around 1705 he began composing keyboard sonatas and developed a love for opera, of which he composed several. Since he was only supposed to compose music for the church, these were quite controversial works. For five years from 1709 until 1714, he was supported by an Italian prince in Mantua, but after the prince ended this support, Vivaldi became the orchestral conductor at St. Mark’s Cathedral in Venice. He stayed at the church for 27 years, and coincidentally, it was the same church where his father played violin. In 1719, Vivaldi received financial support from a new patron, which enabled him to compose operas for various opera companies through Italy. Within 6 years, his compositions were well-known throughout Europe, but his operas remained controversial in Italy. He remained affiliated with the church and continued conducting at St. Mark’s until 1741 when he moved to Vienna. While there he hoped to receive a position as a court musician or composer, but he died without receiving any offers. How you know him: Vivaldi’s Four Seasons are his most timeless work and have been used in countless films and commercials. They exhibit the repetitious style that is typical of Baroque and Classical pieces. Richard Wagner [reek-hard vahg-ner] (May 22, 1813-February 13, 1883) Wagner’s father died shortly after he was born, so he was raised by his mother and stepfather (though there is no evidence that they were officially married). Wagner suspected his whole life that his stepfather, Ludwig Geyer, was actually his birth-father and probably Jewish. His stepfather was a great supporter of the arts and took Wagner to see many performances, which was a tremendous influence on him. At the age of 15, he heard Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony and was forever affected by the composer’s work. He often referred to himself as Beethoven’s musical heir. In the early 1830s he began composing operas, and he held positions with regional opera companies in southern Germany and Latvia. Opera quickly became his most well-known and favorite medium of composition. After marrying Minna Planer, he spent a fair amount of time and money working as a critic and trying to sell his operas to various opera houses and companies. In 1842, he returned to Dresden where his operas Rienzi and Der Fliegende Holländer (The Flying Dutchman) were premiered. The following year he was appointed Second Kapellmeister for the king of Saxony in Dresden. He fled Germany after a warrant was issued for his arrest for insurrection, so he settled in Switzerland to write essays and his most famous work: The Ring of the Nibelungen (The Ring Cycle). During this time, he was supported by several wealthy patrons, particularly King Ludwig II who financed Tristan und Isolde and Die Meistersinger. In 1872 he began to build the Festival Theater in Bayreuth where several of his operas were premiered. In 1883, he died of a heart attack and was buried at Bayreuth. Richard Wagner is arguably one of the most influential and controversial composers in the history of classical music. His techniques were unsurpassed, and the techniques he introduced to the compositional world were completely new. As a person, though, he was unethical and completely deplorable. He was an open anti-Semitic who wrote essays on the nature of race, but his leitmotifs and chromaticism used in his operas (or music dramas) were state of the art. If composers didn’t write music to emulate his style, they wrote music to oppose his style, which created even more new music. In France, there was even an anti-Wagner movement. How you know him: Wagner wrote a slew of operas, many of which are still used today in everyday events and popular films. The most notable are Apocalypse Now ’s use of The Ride of the Valkyries and the wedding march from Lohengrin . William Walton (March 29, 1902-March 8, 1983) William Walton’s father was trained as a musician at the Royal Manchester College of Music, taught singing, and played organ at the local church, and his mother was a singer before her marriage to Walton’s father. Walton attended the local school, but in 1912 he was accepted to the Christ Church Cathedral School in Oxford, despite missing his original audition time. His mother had to beg and plead for them to listen to him anyway. He left the school in 1920 without a degree after failing all his final exams except for those in music. He had no prospects for employment despite his teachers believing him to have a promising future. While at school, though, he befriended several poets, the most important of whom was Sacheverell Sitwell who invited him to stay with him, his brother Osbert, and his sister Edith in London. Walton later recalled that he “went for a few weeks and stayed for about fifteen years.” The Sitwells provided Walton with a broad and encompassing cultural education including music lessons, trips to the ballet, and meeting influential composers such as Stravinsky and Gershwin. In 1923, he collaborated with Edith Sitwell to produce Façade, which was a success only in the sense that it further exposed Walton to the public. The piece comprised Edith reciting her original poetry behind a screen while a group of six musicians played an accompaniment that Walton composed. The musicians mostly detested the work, and Noël Coward, a well-known poet, walked out in the middle of the performance. Within 10 years, though, the work was used as the music for the ballet Façade and more well-thought-of than during its premiere. His Viola Concerto really launched his career as a classical composer. It was first performed by Paul Hindemith, a notable composer and viola player, although it was originally intended for Lionel Tertis. He received further success with his choral cantata Belshazzar’s Feast. BBC originally commissioned it for a small chorus, orchestra of no more than 15 musicians, and a soloist, but it quickly grew to a larger-scaled ensemble and had to be reprogrammed for the Leeds Festival. Osbert wrote text for the piece, much of which was pulled from the Old Testament. It was a major success and today is a significant part of choral repertoire. During the 1930s, Walton began to grow apart from the Sitwells due to a growing social circle and several love affairs, most notably Viscountess Alice Wimborne. During WWII, he composed music for war propaganda films and cinematic films. After the war and destruction of his house from bombs, he stayed with Alice Wimborne’s family in Northamptonshire where he composed pieces for his own enjoyment, the most well-known of which was a string quartet. This was his most significant work since his Violin Concerto, written for Jascha Heifetz. He also composed many film scores. The string quartet put him back on the map as a composer not just of film music. During a conference in Buenos Aires, he met Susana Gil Passo, and after some persistence from Walton the couple was married, despite a 24 year age difference. The couple spent most of their time on the Italian island of Ischia. After undergoing surgery for lung cancer in 1966, he continued to write. As his age progressed and his health regressed, though, he found it more difficult to compose. He died in 1983 after he and his wife played the cameo roles of King Frederick Augustus and Queen Maria of Saxony in Tony Palmer's nine-hour film Wagner. How you know him: Belshazzar’s Feast is an extremely popular choral work, and it was ahead of its time when it was composed. Carl Maria von Weber [carl maria fon vay-ber] (November 18 or 19, 1786-June 4 or 5, 1826) Carl Maria von Weber was an influential composer of the Romantic period of music. Historically, adding a “von” to a name meant that the person was aristocratic, but this was not the case with Weber’s father. He had been a military officer but was fired and went into music instead. In 1787 he founded a theatrical company after holding several music director positions. He was able to give his son a comprehensive education, but the family moved quite a bit, interrupting Weber’s instruction. After his mother died in 1798 from tuberculosis, Weber was sent to Salzburg to study with Joseph Haydn’s younger brother Michael. He also spent time studying in Munich in that same year. His first work was published at age 12, and his first opera, Das stumme Waldmädchen (The Silent Forest Maiden) was published at age 14. In 1806, he was hired as the director of the Breslau Opera, at the suggestion of his teacher Georg Joseph Vogler. Up until that point, Weber had been a talented pianist and singer, but after accidentally ingesting engraver’s acid (today known as nitric acid) that his father had stored in a wine bottle, his singing career was ruined. This incident marked the beginning of a long and unpleasant time in Weber’s life when he left the Breslau Opera, took on a tremendous amount of debt, and was arrested on charges of misappropriating his new employer Duke Ludwig’s money. His father was also arrested, and the matter quickly resolved itself into banishment from Württemberg. For the next few years he traveled around Europe working at various opera houses, and in 1817 he married Caroline Brandt, a singer who created the title role of his opera Silvana. In 1821, his opera Der Freischütz was successfully premiered in Berlin. He composed two more operas before his death: Euryanthe and Oberon. He traveled to London for the premiere of Oberon, which had been commissioned by The Royal Opera in London in 1826. At this time, he was already sick with tuberculosis, and he died in London. He was buried in the same city, but 18 years later his body was moved to Dresden. Richard Wagner gave the eulogy at the funeral. How you know him: Weber’s most well-known work is his opera Der Freischütz (The Marksman). Ralph Vaughan Williams [raiph von williams] (October 12, 1872-August 26, 1958) Though he was born into a family of wealth and privilege, Vaughan Williams was a tireless champion of preserving the English folk song tradition, which he incorporated into many of his compositions. In the early 20th century, he travelled throughout the countryside transcribing and recording the oral folk song tradition of his homeland. He studied piano and attended the Royal College of Music and Trinity College, Cambridge. After his time at Trinity College, he returned to the Royal College where he studied organ. He also became good friends with Gustav Holst and Leopold Stokowski at this time as well. Their friendships were a significant part of Vaughan Williams’s life and compositional career. During WWI when Vaughan Williams was 41, he enlisted in the Royal Army Medical Corps. Prolonged exposure to gunfire eventually led to deafness at the end of his life. His time in the armed forces inspired his Third Symphony in the trumpet cadenza which is based on a bugler warming up and repeatedly hitting a wrong note (a flat seventh). This “error” echoes throughout the symphony as well. After 1924, his compositions embodied much more of the dissonance that was typical of the day. His Fourth Symphony is particularly fraught with these tensions. His intimate friendship with Harriet Cohen, the Irish pianist, helped promote his works for piano as she traveled with them throughout Europe, America, and the USSR. He continued writing until his death in 1958 including three more symphonies, several choral works, a tuba concerto, and several unfinished works. He was married twice: first to Adeline Fisher and second to Ursula Wood. How you know him: Fantasia on Greensleeves and Fantasia on a Theme of Thomas Tallis are two of Vaughan Williams’s most recognizable works and best examples of his composition style because of their use of traditional English folk tunes.	i don't know
What was the name of the Manchester City international footballer who tragically died on the pitch on June 26th 2003 whilst playing for Cameroon against Columbia?	CRY Update Magazine Issue 64 by Cardiac Risk in the Young - issuu issuu Cardiac Risk in the Young News and Events \| Raising Awareness \| Our Fundraisers Update 64 \| May to August 2014 In this Newsletter BCS Conference and ESC Congress 2014 \| 14 CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 \| 17 Pixie School Tour for CRY \| 23 Tel: 01737 363222 Fax: 01737 363444 Email: [email protected] Visit our Websites: www.c-r-y.org.uk www.sads.org.uk @CRY_UK CRY Update 64 May to August 2014 Editor Alison Cox MBE Founder and Chief Executive Deputy Editor James Slade Newsletter Coordinator As Deputy Editor of the Update it is my responsibility to put together this newsletter, and it is my ambition that you should find all the CRY news, events and fundraising in the following pages to be of interest. I always endeavour to ensure the information printed in this newsletter is accurate, but please do not hesitate to get in touch with me if you notice something amiss. CRY receives an incredible amount of support and I know occasionally an error will slip through, however any fundraising corrections will be clearly demarcated at the beginning of the subsequent issue’s fundraising section. I would much appreciate hearing from you at [email protected] or on 01737 363222 if you have any feedback or comments regarding previous issues. Thank you for your help. Contributors Dr Steve Cox Fundraising Manager Head office: Unit 1140B The Axis Centre, Cleeve Road, Leatherhead, KT22 7RD Submission guidelines: We include activities in the “Our Fundraisers” section that raise £100 or more. If you could supply a write-up or photos for any fundraising activities that you have taken part in, please email the deputy editor at [email protected]. Entries appear in the “Our Fundraisers” section according to when CRY sends official receipt of monies raised. Articles can only appear in the “Raising Awareness in the Media” section if we receive permission from the publishers to reproduce the article. Images of CRY Patrons and Members of Parliament throughout have been highlighted in red. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means; electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the Editor. The Editor and Committee welcome letters but reserve the right to edit when necessary and to withhold publication. Any opinion or statement by the author of any article or letter published does not necessarily represent the opinion of the Editor or Officers of the Committee. Articles pertaining to health related topics are for information only. Readers should obtain advice from their own practitioner before attempting to diagnose or administer any medication. Mention of any products or procedure should not be considered an endorsement for said product or procedure. 2 Meet our County Representative News from the Chief Executive Newsletter from the Deputy Chief Executive CRY Screening Report Report from the CRY Centre for Cardiac Pathology (CRY CCP) Research News North Postcard Launch CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 Prudential RideLondon-Surrey 100 2014 Pixie School Tour for CRY Our Fundraisers Raising Awareness in the Media Fundraising Events 2015 3 4 10 11 13 14 16 17 20 23 26 82 94 Deputy Chief Executive Professor Mary Consultant Cardiac Sheppard Pathologist Rebecca Zouvani Inside Update 64 On the cover – for more details regarding the events shown, please turn to the corresponding page references below. Images are listed clockwise from top left: • • • • • • • • • • • • • myheart member Jennifer Hill embarks on a round the world yacht race, page 76 Premier League referees join teams for a golf day in memory of Richard Waight, page 70 Claire Prosser holds a book sale at the BBC in Shepherd’s Bush in memory of her son, Tom Clabburn, page 33 Why Not Run held at Farringtons School in memory of Ben Daniels, page 35 CRY Patron John Barrowman MBE starts Owen’s Ride in memory of Owen Morris, page 57 CRY Patron Matt Wells joins 37 CRY cyclists for the Prudential RideLondon-Surrey 100, page 20 1,154 CRY supporters take part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk, page 17 CRY Patron Pixie Lott raises awareness at schools in Kent and the Midlands, page 23 “Frocks and Fundraising” ladies’ night held in memory of Sam Wright, page 73 North “12 a Week” postcard launch, page 16 CRY screening at West Ham FC features on Sky Sports News, page 8 James King walks the Rob Roy Way in memory of his son, also named James King, page 48 Professor Mary Sheppard and CRY Patron Baroness Finlay at the CRY CCP launch at St George’s, University of London, page 14 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Meet Our County Representative were completed on John’s heart tissue. I also went on to receive telephone counselling through CRY. This was a huge benefit to me. The opportunity to talk through my experience with someone that had been through something similar – to realise that you are not alone – was invaluable. Rishka Magowan County Representative for West Sussex My husband, John Magowan, died due to sudden adult death syndrome (SADS) in May 2009. He died on his 30th birthday, I was 27 at the time. John was fit and healthy and had never experienced any cardiac symptoms. After John died it took approximately 10 days for us to get a cause of death and to begin to understand what had happened. We all experienced shock and confusion as well the sadness of loss. John’s story is included in the Partner’s Grief booklet produced by CRY earlier this year. This says a bit more about how we met, our time together and the devastating loss when John died. I found this story incredibly difficult to write because I wanted to be completely honest about the pain and sense of helplessness around sudden death – but not to create a sense of hopelessness. I am aware that it will be read by people going through those first awful days after losing someone so suddenly (when everything feels hopeless) and I wanted to make sure my story acknowledged this pain while also focussing on hope, the lives continuing of those left behind and the fact that this is okay! These are the reasons that I am a Representative for CRY. Raising awareness is such an important part of the charity’s work and I am proud to be a part of that. When someone dies from SADS we do not have the chance to provide care, to try to make things easier, to look after the ones we loved. They are just suddenly gone and that can feel like a very helpless position to be in. I believe that is why it is even more important that we work to raise awareness and funds for CRY – because we could not do anything for our loved one, but we can work towards reducing the frequency with which this everyday tragedy happens to other families. During those days my step-mum contacted CRY and I will always remember the phone call I had with Alison Cox (CRY Founder). It was so incredibly helpful to me to speak to someone who understood the complete shock and disbelief that I was feeling. It was helpful to be able to speak to someone who was able to provide an empathic and compassionate response, but also someone who was able to give me information and practical advice - someone who could discuss the process of obtaining a cause of death, the role of the coroner and how to ensure that specialist tests www.c-r-y.org.uk 3 News from the Chief Executive Alison Cox (MBE) CRY Founder & Chief Executive The CRY Update newsletter received a major overhaul with the 61st issue sent out in April 2014. New designers were contracted to make the Update clearer and more accessible and I’m sure you will agree they have achieved striking results. They have also, and most importantly, ensured the newsletter is no more expensive per page to produce than before. We were delighted to welcome James Slade to CRY’s Communications Team in January 2014 to take day-to-day responsibility for the Update, among other duties. James graduated from the University of Roehampton in 2011 with first-class honours in English, and has had personal experience of the impact of a young sudden cardiac death. You can find a short message from him on the inside cover of this issue. The Update has been delivering CRY news and information to our supporters since its first issue in 1996. The new CRY Update is another visible indication of CRY’s progress, following closely behind our move to larger offices. Our longawaited new website is a third major step forward this year. On the cusp of 2015, CRY’s 20th year, I hope you feel as proud as I do of what your support has accomplished. May “12 a Week” North Postcard Launch May 1 The final postcard of the “12 a Week” raising awareness campaign was unveiled in Leeds at the beginning of May, featuring the faces of 12 young people aged between 14 and 35 from Northern England who died of undiagnosed heart conditions. This marks the end of a series which began in July 2004 with the Midlands “8 a Week” postcard launched in the House of Commons. The statistic had to be revised as young sudden deaths in the UK have been increasingly identified to be the result of undiagnosed heart conditions. 4 Over the last decade, 12 different postcards for the “8 a Week” campaign was immediately followed by 12 new postcards for the “12 a Week” campaign, which were launched in Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and 9 regions across England to promote support amongst MPs for the CRY All Party Parliamentary Group – which currently has an encouraging 110 MPs as members. I would like to thank every family of those young people who featured on the North “12 a Week” postcard for helping us to spread our message so effectively, especially those who were able to attend the launch on the day. It was encouraging to receive the overwhelmingly positive feedback from the event, and that so many at the launch particularly relished the chance to meet and talk with other families attending. Ian Broughton attends Scottish Parliament May 8 Ian Broughton, CRY Representative for Scotland, reported: “I attended the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh recently where I was given an opportunity Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 News from the Chief Executive to speak to the Strategic Planning and Clinical Priorities Team for the Scottish Government regarding young sudden cardiac death (YSCD). Society of Cardiology (ESC) website on the morning of May 8, and subsequently, the leading story on the website of St George’s, University of London. During the meeting I told of the work that CRY does and gave them literature relating to CRY, plus copies of the CRY Medical DVD. I felt this was a very productive meeting in many ways. It should also be said that many of the items we spoke about are already established and being improved on.” For more details, you can read a report on the conference from myheart Network Cardiologist Dr Michael Papadakis at www.c-r-y.org.uk/cry-at-europrevent-2014 EuroPRevent Conference 2014 a huge success for CRY May 8 – 10 For 2014, the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation (EACPR) held their annual EuroPRevent Conference in Amsterdam. CRY Consultant Cardiologist Professor Sanjay Sharma and the CRY Research Fellows attended and presented their renowned research on sports cardiology and inherited cardiovascular conditions to great effect. Professor Sharma took on his new duties as Chair of Sports Cardiology – which recognises his reputation as the leading sports cardiologist in Europe – and his CRY Research Fellows excelled throughout the 3 day event. Dr Aneil Malhotra won a prize for “Best Original Work in Sports Cardiology” and Dr Sabiha Gati won a prize for “Best Poster in Sports Cardiology”. Midlands myheart Meeting May 11 The Midlands myheart Meeting was held at the Macdonald Burlington Hotel in Birmingham, with 7 young people aged between 14 and 35 registered to attend. This was the first myheart meeting for 2 new members. Counsellor Jayne Slack took the group to address any social problems created by their condition and cardiologist Dr Michael Griffith, with his cardiac nurse Lorraine Cadd, offered the opportunity for those attending to informally discuss any of their medical queries. Ewell Rotary Club donate Lifecard monitor May 12 CRY Deputy CEO Dr Steve Cox was invited by Ewell Rotary Club to speak about CRY, research and screening, and was presented by President Elect Mike Shone with a Lifecard holter monitor for the CRY Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Conditions and Sports Cardiology. Ewell Rotary Club previously donated cardiac equipment to CRY in February 2013 when they presented an ECG machine to Steve in partnership with Epsom Rotary Club. Dr Steve Cox gives talk at Aston University May 16 Dr Sabiha Gati with her prize-winning poster presentation Significantly, Dr Rajay Narain gave a detailed presentation using statistics from CRY’s screening of over 12,000 young people in 2012 as convincing evidence of the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of a national screening programme. An article reporting on Dr Narain’s presentation was the leading story on the European www.c-r-y.org.uk Dr Steve Cox gave a talk at Aston University, Birmingham, for the British Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation (BACPR) Exercise Professionals Group Study Day. Steve used his talk to discuss the significance of being diagnosed with a cardiac condition for young athletes. 5 News from the Chief Executive Pixie clothes sale hosted by Seema Sharma May 18 and June 29 Seema Sharma, whose husband is CRY Consultant Cardiologist Professor Sanjay Sharma, hosted another sale of terrific clothes donated by our Patron Pixie Lott in December. renowned CRY Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Conditions and Sports Cardiology. The new CRY CCP laboratory at St George’s I was most grateful to Professor Juan Carlos Kaski, Chair of Cardiovascular Science at St George’s, and Penny Schofield, HM Coroner for West Sussex, for finding the time to come and speak. I was also delighted that we were joined by Patron Baroness Ilora Finlay, who spoke passionately of the importance of the centre. The charity sales were held at Seema’s dental surgeries in Grays, Essex, and Lee, London – and raised £2,596 across the 2 events. CRY Consultant Pathologist Professor Mary Sheppard, HM Coroner for West Sussex Penny Schofield, CRY Patron Baroness Ilora Finlay and myself For more details, please see the article or visit www.c-r-y. org.uk/cry-consolidates-specialist-services-under-one-roof Professor Sharma taking a break from world-leading research to help sort some of Pixie’s clothes! The original sale, which Pixie organised, raised £1,652.50 for CRY, and the same amount for children’s charity Rays of Sunshine. Relaunch of the CRY Centre for Cardiac Pathology (CRY CCP) at St George’s May 22 The CRY CCP has now moved to St George’s Medical School, University of London, and after a challenging few months transferring files and setting up equipment (whilst continuing to operate our fast-track cardiac pathology service) a launch for the new pathology centre was organised with the university for May 2014. The move to St George’s is a crucial development as it facilitates collaboration with our internationally- 6 Melanie Webster and Dr Steve Cox interviewed on BBC Radio Suffolk May 23 CRY Representative Melanie Webster appeared on the early morning programme of BBC Radio Sussex to be interviewed by Etholle George regarding the sudden death of her daughter, Lily (pictured). Lily was 15 when she tragically died of a cardiac arrest during a PE lesson at Stowmarket High School in January 2012. Melanie had been raising funds for the Lily Webster Memorial Fund and appeared on the programme to promote scheduled screenings in Stowmarket on July 1 and 2. Two further screenings are due to be held in June 2015. Dr Steve Cox explained the ECG screening Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 News from the Chief Executive procedure, the expanding CRY National Screening Programme and the importance of diagnosing heart conditions with no apparent symptoms. June British Cardiovascular Society (BCS) Conference June 2 – 4 CRY Deputy CEO Dr Steve Cox and Screening Programme Manager Azra Loncarevic-Srmic travelled up to the Manchester Central conference centre for the BCS Conference 2014 to represent CRY and support Professor Sanjay Sharma and CRY’s Research Fellows. Research Fellow Dr Aneil Malhotra and former Fellow Dr Sabiha Gati gave poster presentations at the conference, while former Fellows Dr Abbas Zaidi, Dr Nabeel Sheikh and Dr Saqib Ghani were also present to discuss their research. CRY Patron Pixie Lott tours 5 schools across Kent and the Midlands June 24 – 25 and July 16 It was brilliant being at another of Pixie’s CRY performances during her visit to High Weald Academy, where she opened a sports hall in memory of Nicola Payne and raised awareness of young sudden cardiac death (YSCD). CRY Representative James Brown spoke at the event. This was the first of several “special events”, as Pixie visited another school in Kent, then 2 in the Midlands the following day, then a Folkestone CRY Patron Pixie Lott, CRY Representative James school in July. Brown and myself at High Weald Academy I am most grateful to our CRY speakers Peter Teale, James Brown, Stevie Rennie and Paul Daniels who gave up their time to tell of their own tragedy and help Pixie spread CRY’s message at the schools she visited. For more details and photos from the events, please see the article or visit www.c-r-y.org.uk/cry-visitsboa-pixie-lott for an interview with Pixie and a speech from CRY Representative Peter Teale at Birmingham Ormiston Academy. CRY Consultant Cardiologist Professor Sanjay Sharma and CRY Deputy CEO Dr Steve Cox at the CRY stand Peter Teale interviewed on Midlands radio stations June 4 Peter Teale, West Midlands CRY Representative, reported: “Just to let you know I was interviewed this morning for Heart FM, Smooth FM and Capital Radio regarding screenings this weekend. It will hit hourly news bulletins – not sure as of when today – but this will cover a massive catchment of young and middle aged people across the Midlands.” www.c-r-y.org.uk July CRY Patron John Barrowman MBE gives starters orders for “Owen’s Ride” July 5 In September 2013, 13 year old Owen Morris (pictured) suddenly died following rugby training from a previously undiagnosed heart condition. His family and friends set up a group called “Remembering Owen” – and just 10 months later, over 160 riders cycled from Cardiff City Stadium 7 News from the Chief Executive along the Taff Trail to Brecon, camped overnight, and then cycled back to Cardiff High School (where Owen was a pupil) the following day. CRY Patron John Barrowman MBE with Owen’s parents Melanie and Roger Morris CRY Patron John Barrowman, who had just been awarded an MBE, has strong connections to the local area. He joined the riders at 7.30am to officially open the event. Sky Sports report on West Ham FC cardiac screening July 14 A CRY sports screening at West Ham FC attracted the attention of Sky Sports News, who ran a short report on television later that evening. Our Consultant Cardiologist Professor Sanjay Sharma was interviewed for the report while the players were filmed being tested. CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk July 6 Our Patron Kathryn Harris led 1,154 walkers across Central London for the 8th annual CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk. A huge thank you to everyone who took part this year. After a worrying start the weather brightened as hundreds of CRY supporters took to the bridges for our largest participation event. I was so pleased to have the opportunity to talk to many of the walkers on the day and welcome hundreds of newcomers to this very important event. For more details and photos, please see the article or visit www.c-r-y.org.uk/cry-heart-of-london-bridgeswalk-july-2014 St John Ambulance launch of first aid programme July 7 I was invited to represent CRY at the launch of a St John Ambulance initiative at the House of Commons. St John Ambulance’s “Student First Aid” programme has been designed as a set of training courses to specifically teach saving skills to young people in both primary and secondary education. 8 West Ham TV also covered the screening event, and new signing Diego Poyet spoke about the health check up: “Monday was a new experience for me, it’s the first time I’ve done it, but apparently everything has gone fine so I’m pleased with that. The awareness when it comes to heart screening is growing all the time, especially when you think of cases like Fabrice Muamba’s. It’s important for players to know that they’re well whilst they’re playing, but also for when they stop.” You can find the article on West Ham’s website at www.whufc.com/articles/20140714/health-checks-forhammers_2236884_3995526 Danny from McFly and Georgia Horsley support CRY on “All Star Mr & Mrs” July 16 We were surprised and delighted when engaged couple Danny Jones and Georgia Horsley, Miss England 2007, nominated CRY to receive the prize money of £5,000 following their success on ITV’s “All Star Mr & Mrs”. Georgia said on the programme: “The charity is CRY, which is Cardiac Risk in the Young. We lost our friend 4 years ago in April this year to an undetected heart problem, and this Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 News from the Chief Executive charity supports families, does research, and lots of other things.” 25 year old Natalie Herbert died in her sleep in April 2010 from an undiagnosed heart condition and family and friends raised over £6,200 by climbing Snowdon in September 2011. The total included £600 from McFly fans alerted to the fundraising by Danny through Twitter. We hugely appreciate both Georgia and Danny’s support in Natalie’s memory. August RideLondon-Surrey 100 August 10 Stormy weather threatened the 2nd RideLondon-Surrey 100, but the fledgling cycling event went ahead with a shortened route to avoid risking the more dangerous stretches of the course. We were so proud of the 38 CRY cyclists who braved the rain and battled through to raise funds for CRY, but so very sorry to learn that 2 of our cyclists were injured whilst taking part and we offer our best wishes for their speedy recovery. Our Patron Matt Wells, who also participated last year, was 1 of 30 who joined us at the Green Park Hilton rendezvous point after the race – a brilliant chance to meet everyone. A big thank you to our intrepid cyclists! National coverage as teenager working with CRY Research Fellows makes important finding August 20 Henry Roth and CRY Research Fellow Dr Nabeel Sheikh were interviewed on ITV London News and a BBC News article was published online at www.bbc.co.uk/news/ health-28858511 While working under the CRY Research Fellows at St George’s Hospital, London, 18 year old Henry made a discovery that could help the diagnosis of hypertrophic www.c-r-y.org.uk cardiomyopathy (HCM) in athletes – the same condition that caused former footballer Fabrice Muamba to suffer a sudden cardiac arrest in 2012. Guardian article with Andrew Quew about the sudden death of his wife August 23 A high profile article was published in The Guardian about the death of 30 year old Gemma Quew (pictured with her daughter Caitlin) resulting in our website experiencing a massive surge of visitors in the days following the article’s publication, increasing from an average of 600 to 2,000. Gemma died suddenly in May 2011 from an undiagnosed heart condition, and her husband Andrew found her collapsed at home upon returning from work. Andrew is 1 of the 10 authors in the CRY Grief booklet “A Partner’s Grief”, and in the article discusses raising Caitlin without Gemma. Miccoli tour to raise awareness of CRY begins August 30 – 31 Sibling pop trio Miccoli began their raising awareness tour at the Whiteley Shopping Centre in Hampshire on August 30. The band was staged just outside the centre and had the elements to battle with, yet still managed to draw in the shoppers. Bereaved CRY supporters Linda and Bryan Stiller, whose son David suddenly died in March 2011, visited and said: “We found them to be three wonderful people who are a true inspiration to us all and we felt very privileged to have met them and enjoyed their lovely music. Everyone should go and see them if they get the chance, they are truly gifted and talented. They made our day!” For more details, including further reports on their performances, please visit www.c-r-y.org.uk/hotly-tippedband-sing-heart-embark-nationwide-tour 9 Newsletter from the Deputy Chief Executive Exercising after a diagnosis; what we can learn from sports cardiology One of the great challenges we face in the screening debate is to understand the impact on those young people who are identified with inherited cardiac conditions and are advised to stop playing competitive sport. Dr Steve Cox We know that CRY Deputy Chief Executive individualised exercise prescription will lead to improvements in exercise capacity and psychological state and we also know that regular physical exercise will lower the risk of future obesity. However, it is concerning that only a fifth of patients with congenital heart defects receive formal physical activity advice and this can lead to a more sedentary lifestyle due to overprotection and uncertainty around which physical activity and what intensity. There is also the converse of this where young patients in particular may reject exercise limitations and engage in unsafe sporting practices. “Could the consequence of a young person not exercising after a diagnosis outweigh the risks associated with the condition?” This is something the opponents of screenings sometimes suggest. Earlier this year I was asked to give a talk on “managing uncertainties around exercise” at the British Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation (BACPR) Exercise Professionals Spring Group Study Day “Pushing the Boundaries in Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation”. The main point I stressed was the importance of individualised care and the advice young people receive after a diagnosis, especially when it comes to exercise. Last year Dr Michael Papadakis (CRY myheart Network Cardiologist) co-authored a paper in the European Heart Journal titled “Physical activity in adolescents and adults with congenital heart defects; individualised exercise prescription”. This paper provides a framework for reassurance to patients and physicians. It highlights the importance of exercise prescription to maximise the benefit for health whilst 10 minimising the cardiovascular risk. The paper is a consensus document, informed by experts working in the field, and will inevitably lead to further research to benefit patients. Young people must understand their limitations after a diagnosis of a potentially life threatening cardiac condition. These limitations may require general avoidance of competitive sport or sometimes more specific advice like not swimming, or ensuring that particular drugs are not taken. Whatever the limitations are, the consequence of not following the advice can be very serious. One of the most important aspects of CRY’s myheart group is the creation of a forum where they can discuss their limitations with an expert like Dr Papadakis. Sports cardiology gives us an important insight into the impact of exercise on the heart. When I was told to stop playing competitive sport at the age of 18 I thought my world had fallen apart. Whilst I accepted I needed to avoid competitive sport I continued to ride my bike on a regular basis and I took up trekking. Neither activity was done competitively and so – significantly – was not fuelled by adrenalin. Looking back I can see this was important to keep my body in a reasonable state of health, maintaining a moderate level of physical activity, without pushing myself. I still recollect trying to play a game of “non-competitive” tennis with a heart rate monitor on, aiming to keep my pulse below 150. I found this was impossible, especially when the adrenalin kicked in, so for me tennis became a no-go sport as I was simply unable to restrain my competitive streak. The message I was stressing when I talked at the BACPR conference was the importance of balance when it comes to exercise. A regular routine of an easy jog should help to reduce the risk of suffering a premature coronary problem. On the other hand, running a marathon is My talk at the BACPR Exercise Professionals Group Study Day on 16th May 2014 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Newsletter from the Deputy Chief Executive CRY Screening Report not “normal” exercise and high intensity exercise for someone with a condition could be very dangerous. I was also trying to stress how important it was to take the individual circumstances into play. Previous guidelines made arbitrary distinctions between playing singles and doubles at tennis, the former should be avoided whilst the later was okay. I was lucky to have been seen by Professor Bill McKenna and to have had so much of his time as he explained why I needed to take my limitations seriously. I soon realised that this was the exception and not the norm and that most people have very limited access to their consultant, let alone being able to talk to such an outstanding expert. Almost 20 years ago I was fortunate enough to conduct research with Professor McKenna’s team at St George’s evaluating the important role of specialist units in how people with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy adjust to a diagnosis. It was clear that trusting your consultant, and them giving you enough time in the clinic to answer critical questions, contributed crucially to how patients viewed their condition. I personally found that adjusting to a life of uncertainty was more acceptable if it was the uncertainty of an expert. If uncertainty is due to a lack of knowledge and expertise, the decision is likely to be questioned. This is why ensuring families are referred to specialist units is still such a high priority, especially after a young sudden cardiac death. We know how important exercise is to people’s psychological and physiological health. It makes a considerable contribution to helping us live a healthy life and the younger the person is when these practices are implemented the more successful they are likely to be. It is therefore vital to understand the individual needs of young people who have been diagnosed, so that the best advice can be offered about the amount, type and intensity of exercise that can be enjoyed. Best wishes, CRY Screening Report Between May and August 2014 CRY screened nearly 5,000 people, mostly through family memorial screenings. At our regular CRY clinics 492 young people were screened. Clinics were held at the University of Ulster, Jordanstown campus, and Foyle College, Derry (funded by the Northern Ireland Fund). At the ICAP clinics 141 young people were screened. These screenings are held at the CRY Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Conditions and Sports Cardiology, at St George’s Hospital, London. www.c-r-y.org.uk Sports screenings included: GB Swimming Team, Lawn Tennis Association, Tottenham Hotspur FC, Millwall FC, Leeds RFC, Bolton Wanderers FC, Manchester City FC, Leicester Tigers RFC, West Ham FC, Saracens RFC, Exeter Chiefs RFC, London Irish RFC, Gloucester RFC, London Welsh RFC, London Wasps RFC, Harlequins RFC, Ipswich Town FC, Sale RFC, Northampton Saints RFC, Newcastle Falcons RFC, Bath RFC and Worcester Warriors RFC. A total of 657 athletes were screened. 3,519 people were screened at 24 family memorial screenings. These were held in memory of Matthew Dewhirst (Shropshire), Rebecca Phillips (Suffolk), Josh Fell (Hornsea), James Patterson (Essex), Jordan Grant (Preston), Andrew Gard (Colchester), Ian Bowen (Cheshire), Laura Hillier (Northampton), Jack Thomas (Blackwood), Zoe Teale (Birmingham), Gary Pope (Tooting), Simon Cullum (Great Yarmouth), Ben Daniels (Chislehurst), Christopher Parr (Leek), Richard Merriman (Hemel Hempstead), Lily Webster (Suffolk), Jack Boulton (Bristol), Lee Stables (Cumbria), Neil Ward (Derbyshire), Shamil Hamid (Bristol, Bath), Tom Reid (Leeds), Aaron Dixon (Cheshire), Gary Stewart (Aberdeenshire) and Andrew Macleod (Lewis). 165 young people were screened at 2 school screenings held at Queen Elizabeth Hospital School, Bristol, and Warwickshire University, Coventry. 11 CRY Screening Report CRY Screening Event in Chislehurst from June 20th – 22nd, funded by the Ben Daniels Memorial Fund Paul Daniels (far right), Ben’s dad, arranged the Friday to Sunday screenings at Old Elthamians Sports Club, Kent, where a CRY record of 300 young people were screened at a single event. Echocardiogram funded in memory of David Staff, Neil Wickers and by Four Pillars Hotels The David Staff and Neil Wickers Memorial Fund jointly funded the purchase of a Vivid i echocardiogram in June together with Four Pillars Hotels. Echocardiograms are ultrasound machines used to provide a detailed picture of the heart and are often the next stage in screening for cardiac abnormalities once an ECG has detected an anomaly. Katherine Swingler, Human Resources Director at Four Pillars Hotels, said: “This is a high-performance, battery-operated, ultra-portable diagnostic ultrasound system that provides exceptional image quality. The demand for screening with CRY has increased by 50% in the last year; such equipment is essential for CRY to continue with their screening programme to save as many lives as possible.” What happens at a screening? The basic test is an electrocardiogram (ECG) which is a simple non-invasive and painless test that examines the electrical activity within your heart. The ECG involves lying down quietly and only takes 5 to 10 minutes. Small stickers are placed at strategic points on the chest, arms and legs. Flexible leads (called electrodes) that extend from the ECG machine are then attached to these stickers. The electrical rhythm of the heart 12 is recorded and printed out. This part of the process only takes 2 to 3 minutes to perform. The ECG printout is then reviewed by a doctor in conjunction with a personal and family history questionnaire. If a more detailed image is needed (about 5% to 10% of individuals), an echocardiogram (ECHO) can be taken – this is similar to the ultrasound scan that is used for a pregnant woman to check the health of her baby. Soundwaves echo against various parts of the heart and they are recorded on a screen. This provides a detailed picture of the heart’s structure and how well it is functioning. This takes about 30 minutes to perform. The screening programme is under the aegis of Professor Sanjay Sharma. Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Report from the CRY Centre for Cardiac Pathology (CRY CCP) Professor Mary Sheppard, Consultant Cardiac Pathologist We were very glad to be able to celebrate the establishment of the CRY Centre for Cardiac Pathology at our new home at St George’s Medical School, University of London, on May 22nd this year. We had 82 cases from May to August 2014 with an average turnaround time of 14 days. The number of cases has increased from the first quarter of 2014 and there is also a dramatic improvement in turnaround time due to fact our staff are now fully trained and operational. Establishing a fully working laboratory with a rapid turnaround time has been achieved in a relatively short time given the complexity and the bureaucracy of the human tissue act, coroner rules and getting appropriate equipment and staff. Visitors Dr Jan Robertus, a pathologist from Struan Bourke, Senior Laboratory Technician Fiona Maleady Crowe, Laboratory Technician Zoha Hamza, Database Manager Rotterdam, joined the team in March for 6 months to train exclusively in cardiac pathology. He has helped us enormously in establishing the database and our functioning laboratory and returned to Rotterdam at the end of August. Students Daniel Eniade, Olivia Gibson and Giovanna Marrai joined the team for work experience in August and worked on the backlog of cases for database entry. Teaching/Academic Professor Sheppard held her annual Adult Cardiovascular Pathology course at Imperial College London on May 15th – 16th with 60 pathologists from across the world in attendance. Professor Sheppard’s teaching course emphasises the pathological investigation of sudden death and the taking of genetic material at autopsy in order to establish any genetic causes of sudden cardiac death, enabling the screening of any living family members at risk. We have seen a positive yearly increase in the amount of referred genetic material provided with cases. Lectures and Meetings • Guest speaker on sudden death in children to a paediatric cardiology group, Birmingham, May 15th • Spanish Society of Cardiology lecture on pathology of sudden cardiac death, Seville, Spain, June 13th – 14th • Chaired European Society of Pathology (ESP) oral and poster sessions, August 31st Inquests Professor Sheppard attended 4 inquests from May to August on sudden death cases from within the UK, at locations including Westminster and Southwark. Publications Papers: • de Noronha SV, Behr ER, Papadakis M, et al. “The importance of specialist cardiac histopathological examination in the investigation of young sudden cardiac deaths.” Europace. 2014. * a structurally normal heart, the most common finding, indicates a channelopathy (disease of the heart’s electrical impulses, impossible to detect post-mortem) was the cause of death www.c-r-y.org.uk • Beattie R, Booth K, Herron B, Sheppard MN, Parissis H. “Constrictive pericarditis and rheumatoid nodules with severe aortic incompetence.” Case Reports in Medicine. 2014. 13 Research News Launch of the CRY CCP at St George’s Medical School Thursday 22nd May 2014 was the official opening of the relocated CRY Centre for Cardiac Pathology (CRY CCP) at St George’s, University of London, alongside CRY’s worldrenowned Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Conditions and Sports Cardiology. Professor Mary Sheppard spoke of the centre’s progress since the unit was first opened 6 years ago at the world-famous Royal Brompton Hospital: “Over the years, the response we’ve had from coroners has been very encouraging and I believe we have played an important role in influencing coroners to understand how they can help families affected by a young sudden cardiac death and the crucial need to refer such cases to specialist pathology as a matter of urgency.” It is now estimated that at least 80% of all coroners in the UK refer to this fast-track service. CRY Patron Baroness Ilora Finlay of Llandaff, who spoke at the event, said: “CRY has had a huge impact in raising awareness of young sudden cardiac death with coroners and CRY’s Research Fellows are an integral part of the work at CRY. CRY funds doctors for 1 – 2 years who choose to specialise in the fields of inherited cardiac diseases, sudden cardiac death, screening and sports cardiology. Their research advances our understanding of conditions that can lead to sudden cardiac death. working to provide essential support services for those that have suffered a tragedy. Through the funding of this free, expert fast-track cardiac pathology, CRY has also helped to dramatically reduce the wait for a pathologist’s post-mortem report for the bereaved family, who are suffering so grievously. I am impressed at the expertise this unit brings in the complex and tragic area of sudden cardiac death. It truly will save lives by detecting silent risk.” Manager Azra Loncarevic-Srmic were both present to set up and man the expansive CRY stand, and received a great deal of attention from the many roaming cardiologists and health professionals at the event. British Cardiovascular Society (BCS) Conference 2014 The BCS Conference, the largest cardiology conference in the UK, opened at Manchester Central on Monday 2nd June and ran for 3 days, closing on Wednesday 4th. CRY’s strong presence at the 2013 conference was re-established this year with CRY Consultant Cardiologist Professor Sanjay Sharma and 5 current and former CRY Research Fellows attending to present their research. Following his hugely well-attended “Hot Topics” presentation on interpreting the athlete’s ECG at last year’s conference, Professor Sharma gave another extremely popular sports cardiology talk on differentiating between healthy changes in the heart due to exercise and pathological condition hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) – a common cause of young sudden cardiac death. CRY Deputy CEO Dr Steve Cox and Screening Programme 14 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Research News A Wednesday morning session chaired by Professor Greg Whyte OBE and Dr Amanda Varnava featured the CRY Research Group prominently. Former CRY Fellows Dr Nabeel Sheikh and Dr Abbas Zaidi joined Professor Sanjay Sharma and Dr John Buckley in successively presenting their research over the hour and a half session. Dr Sheikh discussed the 2013 Seattle criteria for correctly diagnosing cardiac conditions using the ECG, Dr Zaidi discussed the significance of enlarged left and right ventricles in athletes and Professor Sharma’s presentation directly addressed athletic sudden cardiac deaths. Professor Sanjay Sharma and Dr Steve Cox at the CRY stand Research Fellow Dr Aneil Malhotra and former Fellows Dr Sabiha Gati and Dr Saqib Ghani were also at the conference to discuss developments in their research, with Dr Malhotra and Dr Gati both exhibiting posters at the event. progress in investigating the causes and improving the methods of prevention of young sudden cardiac death. These included a presentation during a session titled “Cardiovascular prevention: interventions and outcomes” on highlights in the sports cardiology field from EuroPRevent 2014, the May conference in Amsterdam, throughout which the Research Fellows flourished and two of whom – Dr Aneil Malhotra and Dr Sabiha Gati – even won prizes for their contributions. Professor Sharma also gave a presentation specifically critiquing the ESCs current recommendations for interpretation of the athlete’s ECG, discussing conditions that may predispose to sudden cardiac death. Dr Nabeel Sheikh gave a talk in the aptly-named “How to practice sports cardiology” session – providing instruction based on his extensive research into various potentially sinister markers on a young athlete’s ECG. Dr Michael Papadakis, myheart Consultant Cardiologist, gave a detailed overview of how lessons have been learned following sporting tragedies such as the fatal cardiac arrest of Cameroon footballer Marc-Vivien Foé in 2003, CRY’s system of pathology and family support services following a sudden death or diagnosis – including familial screening for inherited cardiac conditions, and how general practice can be further improved to prevent loss of life. European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Congress 2014 This year’s ESC Congress, held in Barcelona from August 30th to September 3rd, focussed on “Innovation and the Heart”. The ESC Congress is the principal cardiology conference in Europe. Professor Sanjay Sharma was heavily involved in sessions dealing with sports cardiology and inherited cardiovascular conditions as a result of his and the CRY Research Fellows’ www.c-r-y.org.uk Dr Sheikh’s presentation at the ESC Congress 2014 Next year’s ESC Congress will be held in London from August 29th to September 2nd – a huge opportunity for the London-based CRY doctors at St George’s Hospital to further raise the profile of research into young sudden death amongst Europe’s cardiology community. 15 North Postcard Launch Barbara Hoggarth, whose son Ian features on the North postcard, speaks at the launch The “12 a Week” postcard campaign to raise awareness of young sudden cardiac death was launched on 14th October 2008 at the House of Commons, and was the flagship announcement at the CRY Parliamentary Reception that year. On 1st May 2014, the series of 12 successive regional postcards was brought to a conclusion with the launch of the North postcard at an event held at the Leeds Marriott Hotel. A poster-sized version of the postcard was unveiled featuring the photos of 12 young people from across the region who lost their lives to sudden 16 cardiac death, and many of their families joined together for the launch in Leeds. So far, more than 170,000 “12 a Week” postcards have been distributed by CRY families across the UK in a bid to raise awareness and lobby support amongst MPs. CRY Founder and Chief Executive Alison Cox MBE said, “As the charity enters its 20th year, we have decided that this postcard launch in Leeds will be our last and we want to take the opportunity of publically thanking every family, from every corner of the UK, who has agreed to become involved in this campaign.” Hundreds of postcards will be distributed by CRY families and supporters to people across the North (from Driffield to Doncaster, Leeds to Hornsea) urging them to send it back to their local MP. It is hoped the influx of postcards will encourage MPs to add their support to the campaign and join the CRY All Party Parliamentary Group (CRY APPG). Alison added, “We are confident that this final postcard will help us to target those MPs who are not yet aware of our commitment to prevent further needless deaths and encourage them to become involved with us as we embark on our next phase of awareness and campaigning.” Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 On Sunday 6th July 2014, 1,154 CRY supporters travelled to Central London from across the UK to take part in the annual CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk. Despite the drizzly start to the day and major events such as the men’s Wimbledon finals and a big concert in Hyde Park, our supporters again turned up in astonishing numbers for this trademark CRY event. This year was the 8th year the event had taken place. The hundreds of walkers, with the names of loved ones on the backs of their CRY T-shirts and white balloons held high – from families with youngsters in prams, to senior couples, to larger groups spanning whole generations – was, as ever, a greatly affecting sight. The walk will again have raised huge awareness across the capital of the tragic reality of young sudden cardiac death, and the camaraderie of the participants continues to be a touching dedication to all those for whom this event takes place. For many it was a valuable opportunity to meet up with friends and other CRY families, as well as CRY staff and volunteers who have helped over the years. As well as many of CRY’s long-standing participants in this flagship event (some of whom have taken part every year since 2007 – and travel www.c-r-y.org.uk considerable distances to do so) there were a great deal of new faces and supporters who had made the journey to London for the first time. The vast majority of walkers take part in remembrance of a friend or family member, but there are a growing number of families walking in support of a young person who has been identified with a heart condition – often through CRY’s cardiac screening service. There were several members of the myheart Network who took part in the walk, including Mallory Brand, Lucy Challis, Sian Donnelly, Rachael Marchant, Julie Robinson, Paula Simmonds and Bronwen Stringer. Each year there are also groups and individuals taking part who have not been personally affected by young sudden cardiac death or the diagnosis of a condition, but simply to support CRY and their work. Walkers began to gather at the Victoria Embankment Gardens from 9:30am onwards, but before the walk began there were introductions and speeches from CRY Founder and Chief Executive Alison Cox MBE and CRY Patron Kathryn Harries, who also led a minute’s silence. Kathryn first launched the event back in 2007 after becoming a keen supporter of CRY. The speeches and minute’s silence were followed by a warm up with fitness instructor and myheart member Paula Simmonds and her team from PB Fitness Training who kindly gave us their time and energy. At 11am the groups set off through the park gates, small groups at a time heading towards Golden Jubilee Bridge – the first of 7 Thames bridges – before making their way to Hays Galleria, where CRY’s welcoming party awaited. At the finish walkers were presented with a certificate of thanks and entertained by the Rock Choir – who performed a refreshing selection of pop and rock classics. For more details and photos from the event, visit www.c-r-y.org.uk/ cry-heart-of-london-bridges-walkjuly-2014 17 CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 18 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 As always, we rely on the goodwill and generosity of our dedicated volunteers, without whom we could not possibly run an event of this size. A huge thank you to: Martin Appleby, Denise Austin, Lisa Austin, Claire Baker, Nigel Bennett, Angie Bowling, Paul Clabburn, Brian Connell, Krisztina Cserhalmi, Chrysoula Dalageorgou, Philip Eastty, Timothy Edwards, Sabrina English, Karla Griffiths, Barbara Holland, Jim Holland, Jo Hunt, Carl Johnson, Eunice Johnson, Julie Lockton, Koula Louki, Rishka Magowan, Irena McCabe, Patsy Mourtzinos, Wendy Moss, Carol Nicholls, Tony Nicholls, Ashley Palmer, Jo Pickard, Janette Pollard, Coral Quelch, Nikki Quelch, Sam Quelch, Pete Robinson, Sue Robinson, Christine Rumley, Jagroop Sandhu, Mair Shepherd, Paula Simmonds, José Ramón Caamaño Sobrino, Paul Stevens, Alyson Stokes, Linda Taylor, Rob Trounce, Becci Upson, Dave Walton, Sue Walton, Gerry Wright and Kylie Wroe. www.c-r-y.org.uk 19 Prudential RideLondon-Surrey 100 2014 Thank you and congratulations to the brave 38 CRY cyclists who took part in the Prudential RideLondonSurrey 100 on Sunday 10th August 2014. The 100 mile route was shortened to 86 miles due to severe weather conditions, cutting out Box Hill and Leith Hill. The day started off with drizzle followed by strong gusts of wind and heavy rain, making it difficult for cyclists to see where they were going. They also experienced hailstones, thunder and lightning. There were some short sunny spells towards the end of the day but not early enough to help the cyclists. As always, we can never rely on the British weather. The 30 CRY cyclists who returned to the meeting point at the Hilton Green Park Hotel had a warm welcome from CRY staff and volunteers, including CRY Founder and CEO Alison Cox MBE. For the second year in a row, CRY Patron Matt Wells was the first to arrive. The cyclists were able to enjoy some snacks, drinks and a well-deserved massage and shower. The hot shower was especially welcome after such extreme weather conditions. We are very grateful to all of them for taking on this gruelling challenge and for choosing to do so for CRY. Despite the horrendous rain, aches, pains and extreme fatigue, there was a huge sense of achievement after the event. Sadly, 2 of our cyclists were injured and unable to make it back to the hotel, and we wish them all the best with their recovery. We would like to say a big thank you to our CRY volunteers: Lisa and Denise Austin, Nigel Bennett, Jose Sobrino, Linda Taylor, and massage therapists; Natalia Kwiecinska, Olga Mendes, Michelle Mendoza and Sabena Williams for making the day a great success. Thank you to the Hilton Green Park Hotel for hosting our post ride facilities and for donating an extra room for the bicycles and massages. We would also like to thank The Penny Black in Leatherhead for allowing us to have a stand and cheerers at their venue and The Tree on Box Hill for also offering a stand at their venue, even though we were unable to get to Box Hill on the day. 20 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Prudential RideLondon-Surrey 100 2014 Prudential RideLondon-Surrey 100 2014 CRY cyclists were: William Arkell (cycling in memory of Matt Hadfield) Morgan Bailey (cycling in memory of Jennifer Bucknell) Laura Balcombe Parminder Bansal (cycling in memory of Joshinder Singh Manku) Will Berney (cycling in memory of Malcolm Reed) James Clampin Andrew and Jo Crinson (cycling in memory of Jenni and David Paul) Patrick Dean (cycling in memory of Matt Hadfield) Steve Flight (cycling in memory of Benjamin Percival) Simon Gillett (cycling in memory of Tom Clabburn) Sarah Gilmore (cycling in memory of Joseph Horkan) Susan Gornall (cycling in memory of Lewis Barry) Gavin Lewis (cycling in memory of Marcus Armstrong) Andrew Smith (cycling in memory of Joseph Horkan) Ben Lloyd (cycling in memory of Matt Hadfield) (cycling in memory of Matt Hadfield) Kathryn Wass (cycling in support of Henry Hopkinson) The next Prudential RideLondon-Surrey 100 will take place on Sunday 2nd August 2015. If you would like to cycle for CRY next year please email [email protected] or visit www.c-r-y.org.uk/prudential-ridelondonsurrey-100-2nd-august-2015 Omission: Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 Apologies to Sacha Reeves, who ran the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 in memory of Jeremy Cole and crossed the line in a lightning 2 hours 50 minutes and 30 seconds. This was omitted from the article in Update 63. 22 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Pixie School Tour for CRY In the summer of 2014, singersongwriter and CRY Patron Pixie Lott performed her pop smash hits for students at 5 schools across the UK in order to spread the word about heart checks for young people. Pixie became a CRY Patron almost 4 years ago and has been a proactive supporter of the charity ever since. In March, Pixie delivered 2 electrifying performances at schools in Bromley and Eltham to raise awareness – and she was eager to increase her impact with a summer tour across schools in Kent and the Midlands. Pixie said, “I feel it’s so important to raise awareness and will continue to use my role as Patron to help spread the word about the charity’s vital work.” Pixie was accompanied by a representative of CRY to speak at each of the 5 school visits on the summer tour; James Brown, Paul Daniels (twice), Peter Teale and Stevie Rennie. Every CRY speaker has been personally affected by sudden cardiac death and told their story, urging the vital importance of cardiac screening. www.c-r-y.org.uk Kent – June 24th On the morning of Tuesday 24th June, Pixie joined the boys and girls of The High Weald Academy as they went purple to officially unveil their new £1.2 million sports hall. Alison Cox MBE, CRY Founder and CEO, and James Brown, CRY Representative for Kent, attended and spoke at the High Weald performance. James’s wife Katrina tragically collapsed aged 30 in 2006 whilst taking part in a 10K run. Nicola Payne, a teenage pupil at High Weald, suffered heart failure whilst playing sports in April. In tribute, the new sports hall was dedicated to Nicola, and pupils at the academy were all wearing Nicky’s favourite colour, purple, to mark the occasion. 23 Pixie School Tour for CRY CRY supporter Paul Daniels was present at a second Pixie performance later that day at Aylesford School Sports College. Paul’s son Ben died aged 15 from a previously undiagnosed heart condition in 2011 and he has been raising funds to screen local youngsters ever since. Paul reported: “The school gave a fabulous reception to Pixie Lott and rolled out the red carpet. The students were keen to hear about her career and her involvement with CRY. Pixie certainly raised awareness that young people can be screened for their cardiac health and Pixie’s visit put that opportunity on the map. The school have now committed to offer screening to the students of the school. It was a top performance by Pixie and she certainly won over many new fans.” our first phone chat, what Professor Mary Sheppard did for me, and of the outstanding CRY doctor Professor Sharma. I had teachers in tears, I did this twice, and at the end Pixie’s mom called me backstage and gave me a hug – she said, ‘Do you know how powerful that was?’ and, ‘When Alison said you were passionate I know what she means!’ Midlands – June 25th CRY Representative for the West Midlands, Peter Teale, attended the Birmingham Ormiston Academy (BOA) performance on June 25th and spoke about his involvement with CRY. Peter’s daughter Zoe died from sudden adult death syndrome (SADS) in 2009, aged 23. Peter described the occasion: “When they asked me to talk about my experience and about CRY I thought it would be to a class and that would be it. Instead, I had to stand on stage and talk to 2 whole age groups. Was I nervous? Yes, very. Pixie was great too, so was the principal and her deputy – who have since emailed me. So yes, without a doubt, this was a total success – and with such a young high profile entertainer it hit home hard.” I introduced myself and then gave a hard fact the CRY way; did they know 12 young adults a week die in the UK? Do you get their attention? – by God, you do. I had complete silence, then I went on and told my story, and how a certain Alison Cox helped me all the way from 24 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Pixie School Tour for CRY In the afternoon, CRY supporter Stevie Rennie spoke at Pixie’s second performance of the day at St Augustine’s Catholic High School, Redditch: “In early June CRY asked me if I would speak at St Augustine’s School during a visit by CRY Patron Pixie Lott. Rather a daunting task for a 60-something unaccustomed to public speaking! However, the staff and pupils were absolutely wonderful, they made me very welcome and looked after me but more importantly they listened to me; this I believe shows what an amazing school St Augustine’s is. I started my talk with a few facts about my son Scott; that he was a rowing athlete, super fit, incredibly healthy, a hopeful for the 2012 Olympics, and then briefly about how he died at 25 years of age in 2009. I continued by thanking CRY for their help in general and for the fasttrack pathology and research into the causes of these heart diseases. I emphasized the need for all young people to look into screening facilities and I encouraged everyone to look at CRY’s website, to read the literature handed out and to discuss what they read with other people – in so doing they would be spreading awareness. Pixie was amazing, she sang and included a Q&A. The questions varied from ‘What did you have for breakfast?’ to ‘How did you get involved with CRY?’. Pixie, her mother, make-up artist and tour manager were lovely people, I would like to thank them for their support. Between them www.c-r-y.org.uk they created a very relaxed atmosphere making it a most enjoyable and unique experience for everyone. I think nearly all the pupils at St Augustine’s managed to get a ‘selfie’ with Pixie – 600+ pupils! Well done Pixie!” The visit to St Augustine’s received national as well as regional coverage, with reports from both ITV Central News and BBC Midlands Today. Kent – July 16th CRY supporter Paul Daniels attended the final Pixie performance of the tour at Harvey Grammar School, describing again the anguish of losing his son Ben and the importance of being screened for cardiovascular conditions: “I’ve heard Pixie sing 3 times now in a school assembly and from a performance perspective this was her best yet. She was on top form. She was also incredibly engaging and attentive to the students, she caused quite a stir. The school has had 3 assemblies in prep for the visit and each time have been building knowledge of CRY and what it does.” The Birmingham Ormiston Academy’s student radio station, B2 Radio, interviewed Pixie about CRY and her support after her performance on June 24th. You can view the interview, which also features clips of Pixie’s performance and CRY Representative Peter Teale’s powerful speech, at www.c-r-y.org.uk/ cry-visits-boa-pixie-lott 25 Our Fundraisers In Memory of Alex Keith Taggart completed the Edinburgh Marathon and raised £1,285: “I managed to finish Sunday’s marathon, but it was a painful experience! It was my fifth marathon and I was really hoping to get under the 3h 30m mark for the first time. Up till half way things were going really well – I completed the first half in 1h 42m – on course to hit my target. However it was around then that my left quad, which had been niggling for a couple of weeks, gave way. I ended up having to walk/hobble the last 12 miles in a lot of pain – the second half of the race took me 3 hours. It really kept me going through all the pain to know that I was doing this in aid of such a fantastic cause – I’ve still got some funds to come in so will have raised over £1,000 for CRY. Many, many thanks to all those who have supported me. The runner alongside me in the picture is Tony Audenshaw – Bob Hope from Emmerdale!” In Memory of Diane and Michael Angela Dixon raised a total of £350 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • Jack Adamson took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £3,805. In Memory of Carmel Allen and Jo Wallace donated £2,017.10 raised in respect of the Hattie Jacques night. In Memory of Steven Allseybrook Sue Allseybrook sent in a donation of £320 raised from collection boxes; a donation of £576.95 raised from a 24 hour pool match; £96 from online donations and a further donation of £578.10, making a total raised of £1,571.05. In Memory of Luke Ashton Kerry, Nicholas and Jessica Lawrence took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 where they presented a cheque for £500. “In memory of my son Luke, who died on Christmas Day 2006. I recently married Nick – we raised £500 for CRY from donations at our wedding and wanted to present this at the event.” Kerry Lawrence. In Memory of Anne-Marie Turton took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £506. In Memory of • Dot Adamson took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £5,829.80. 26 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of Stuart Attridge Alexis Persaud raised a total of £1,345 through taking part in Run to the Beat Powered by Nike+ 2013. In Memory of Holly Fairclough took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £841.61. In Memory of In Memory of Lewis Barry James Benjamin Mrs Benjamin sent in a donation of £200. • Karen Flintoft raised a total of £515 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. In Memory of • Jack Witcher completed the Leeds Half Marathon and raised £220. Cassandra Hughes completed the Skydive Australia challenge and raised £300. In Memory of Matthew Beadle • Liam Saberi raised a total of £306 through taking part in the Bupa London 10,000. • Tony and Lynne Beadle sent in a donation of £439.90 in respect of the West End Fest. In Memory of Ben Birch • Tom Allen took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,596.20. • James Elderton raised £1,135 in respect of the Wokingham Half Marathon. In Memory of Jo Bedford took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £3,700.20. In Memory of In Memory of Darren Blanchard Mrs D Morrow sent in a donation of £100 in respect of a piece of artwork she received from Darren’s mum. Graeme “Tinka” Bell • Kelly Jayne Gleadow raised a total of £405 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • Gemma Cannell forwarded a donation of £600 from the 150 Club at West Denton Fire Station Social Club. www.c-r-y.org.uk In Memory of Graeme Blenkinsop • Richard Heywood, President of the National Association of Toastmasters, donated £350 in respect of a collection at the Christmas luncheon; and a further £150 from himself and his wife (Graeme’s aunt), making a total raised of £500. 27 Our Fundraisers • Jan and Paul Blenkinsop sent in a donation of £670: “We are pleased to inform you that an 8th annual football match was held on Sunday 25th May in our son’s memory, again organised by Graeme’s friends. It was a lovely sunny day and the lads had a great deal of fun playing the game and enjoyed catching up with each other afterwards.” • Matthew Bowler took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £541. In Memory of • Ian and Joan Tweedie sent in £570 donated in lieu of gifts for their golden wedding anniversary. • The Farmborough Talent and Trading ladies donated £765 raised at a coffee morning and sale. “Farmborough is a small village near Bath where I grew up and has a great local community, so the ladies wanted to support CRY as they knew me as a child.” June Boulton. • June Boulton sent in a total donations of £2,028.72 in respect of “Jack’s Day”, held at Saltford Football Club on Monday 5th May 2014. Sarah Booth Tasha Henderson completed the Belfast Marathon and raised £120. In Memory of Daniel Boreham Chelmer Valley High School held the annual Teachers vs 6th Formers football match and raised £643.36. Gary Watson sent in total donations of £519.68: the postmen and women from the Whitchurch delivery office, Shropshire, raised £368 from a football predictor; The Bulls Head, Whitchurch, raised £141.68 from the collection boxes on the bar and Aaron Millington donated £10 from his car cleaning. In Memory of Emma Broad Jack Boulton • Pat Marshall, Lady Captain of Saltford Golf Club, sent in a total of £2,868.60 in respect of a coffee morning. “The lady captain, Pat Marshall, chose CRY as her charity in memory of Jack Boulton. Pat had coached Jack at tennis as a boy and was delighted by the support of the local community in raising such a good total. The cheque was presented to me on the day.” June Boulton. 28 • Joel Aitken completed the Paris Marathon and raised £855. • Julie Wright sent in a donation of £12,601.75 raised through climbing Mount Toubkal in Morocco with 9 family and friends. In Memory of Carolyn Broussely • Daniel Tye raised a total of £1,101 through taking part in the Brighton Marathon. • Marc Broussely sent in a donation of £2,234.43 in memory of his wife; and a further 1,000 raised by the “Tribute Evening to Carolyn Broussely” event held on April 12th, making a total raised of £3,234.43. Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of David Brown Bay House School and 6th Form held a charity football and netball tournament and raised £106.22. In Memory of Katrina Brown CRY Patron Bill Neely took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,272.22. In Memory of Stephanie Browne • Maggie Herod sent in a donation of £210 raised through walking the Greensands Ridge long distance path in Bedfordshire with Maisy, her rescue Staffie. The path is 40 miles long and because Maisy has arthritis they did the walk over a week, covering 6 miles a day on average. Read Maggie and Maisy’s blog of the walk at www.c-r-y.org.uk/greensands-walkin-memory-of-stephanie-browne • Astrid Browne sent in a donation of £390 raised at a “welcome back” tea party for Maggie and Maisie after their Greensands Ridge walk. In Memory of Leanne Brownhill Elizabeth Stride raised a total amount of £417 through taking part in the Bupa London 10,000. In Memory of Nina Buck Eleri Buck sent in a donation of £1,121 in respect of the Pembrokeshire Talent Charity Showcase, dedicated to both Eleri’s mum, Nina, and her fellow organiser Laura’s dad, Nigel Venables, who suffers from MS: “Me and my best friend of 8 years, Laura Venables, decided to put on Pembrokeshire Talent Charity Showcase due to two particular experiences in our lives. My devastating experience was losing my mum when I was just 13 years old to sudden adult death syndrome. www.c-r-y.org.uk 29 Our Fundraisers Being so sudden, it made it extremely difficult to come to terms with. Now, being older, from the start of this year I decided I wanted to give something back to my lovely caring mum by raising money for CRY so I could help reduce the frequency of this happening to other families. I decided to join forces with Laura and raise money for my charity, CRY, for my mum, and her charity, HOPE MS Therapy Centre, for her dad. In Memory of Alex Buckler The show was put on at our local theatre, Milford Haven Torch Theatre, which had 300 seats to fill. The night was full of Pembrokeshire-based acts, dance companies, singers and bands. We knew all 10 acts in some way before the event which made the night even more special. My three younger sisters were also performing throughout the show: Daisy (11 years old), Lucy (16 years old) and Fleur (18 years old). At the show there was also a raffle, which had 30 different prizes, days out and vouchers to be won. Jan Juneman sent in total donations of £475: a recent coffee morning held in Bruton Community Hall raised £225 and a further £250 was donated by Caroline Macpherson. In Memory of Dr Jennifer Bucknell Veronica Bucknell sent in total donations of £235: a craft stall at Ilminster Victorian Evening raised £135 and Cleeve School, Cheltenham, donated £100. In Memory of Robert Burns Doreen Burns sent in £1,500 raised by herself, Jimmy and Paul in respect of the 5-a-side football tournament and a tombola stall. We managed to fill the whole theatre and raise over £2,820 (including collection boxes and online donations) which was then split between the two charities! It was an amazing experience and we were able to work with such an amazing technical team from the Torch Theatre. We received such amazing feedback after the night and everyone wants it to be a yearly event!” 30 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers seconds. Paul raised £190 through his JustGiving site.” Hollie Button. In Memory of Karen Wilds (Edwards) took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,524. In Memory of Caroline Bushell sent in donations of £1,898.44. In Memory of Nathan Butler • The Wednesday Club at Halmer End Methodist Chapel sent in a fundraising donation of £100. • Peter Bagnall completed a coast to coast walk from May 18th – 30th and raised £275. In Memory of Graham Button “On 2nd March, Paul Bishop took part in the Adidas Silverstone Half Marathon at the home of British motorsport in aid of CRY – fundraising for Graham Button’s memorial fund. This was Paul’s first half marathon and he did great completing the challenge in 2 hours, 17 minutes and 26 www.c-r-y.org.uk Arabella Campbell • Marie Connolly raised a total of £100 through taking part in the Bupa London 10,000. • Amy Dury and Chris Sampson raised a total of £1,917.20 together through taking part in the Brighton Marathon 2014. In Memory of Alison Lloyd completed the Great North Swim and raised £226. In Memory of Adele Cashman Lucy Woodthorpe and Emma Dyson raised a total of £1,732 together through taking part in the Brighton Marathon. In Memory of Earlsdon Ballet School, Coventry, held a production and raised £150. 31 Our Fundraisers In Memory of In Memory of • Bablake Senior School sent in a donation of £878.14 raised from various fundraising activities throughout the year. Tom Pickford donated £325 in respect of the Reading Half Marathon. Pippa Chowne • Lisa Chowne, Andrew Chowne, Nia Crockford, Simon Crockford and Julie Crockford took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £115. In Memory of Darren Chrimes In addition to £350 donated in lieu of floral tributes; Darren’s family and friends raised £60 through a football match in his memory, making a total raised of £410. In Memory of Katrina Christopher and Cheryl Christopher-Webber • Maggie Longstaff raised a total of £435 through taking part in the Bupa London 10,000. • “Team Trina and Cheryl”; Viv Christopher, James Webber, Alan Webber, Marian Webber, Dawn Welch, Tony Ashcroft, Angela Clarke, Andy Clarke, Julia Dickinson, Phil O’Rourke, Nicola Richardson, Stuart Richardson, Irene Forgie, Jim Forgie, Paul O’Rourke, Laura Gibbs, Harry Gibbs, Bobby Forgie, Tony Forgie, Ellen Hinton, Michael Hinton, Lindsey Miller, Chris Merchant, David Merchant, Daphne Merchant, Katharine Merchant, Natalie Sharp, Lorraine Heath, James Goodyer, Niamh Goodyer, Maggie Longstaff, Gary Longstaff, Jackie Stoves, Paul Nowak, Sally Nowak, Wilawan Gina Horsham, Kate Priest, Andrew Wright and Trina Taylor, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £3,635.50. 32 In Memory of Tom Clabburn • Inderpreet Sahota raised a total of £290 through taking part in the Bupa London 10,000. • Ella Brown donated £1,000 raised through competing in the Bath Half Marathon. • “An evening of song in aid of the Tom Clabburn Memorial Fund raised £500 at the LVS School in Ascot, Berkshire, on May 20th. The staff and parents’ choir put on a packed evening of entertainment and Headmistress Christine Cunniffe said: ‘I was incredibly impressed by the standard of the performances from the choir and soloists. Many of the performers were pushed out of their comfort zones and I can only praise them for the achievements. They came together so passionately and enthusiastically to raise money for Tom’s charity. Well done to everyone involved.’ Apart from singing, Mrs Cunniffe also performed a rendition of the first movement of Mozart’s piano concerto in D minor with piano teacher James Bryant. CRY and Tom’s Fund were brought to the school’s attention by family friends Juliet and Clive Matthews, whose son attends LVS.” Paul Clabburn. Paul Clabburn and Claire Prosser with Mrs Cunniffe, right, and choir. Image credit: Brighton Togs/Skye Brackpool Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers • Chris Cockburn climbed Mount Kilimanjaro and raised £820. • Paul Clabburn and Claire Prosser sent in total donations of £1,858. “More than £830 was raised at the December book and cake sale held at the BBC in Shepherd’s Bush. All the money raised will go towards funding heart screenings in West London. As everyone knows, it takes a lot of people to fundraise and thanks for help on the day goes to Ruth Akins, Vicky Pearson, Jacky Hems, Simon Wright, Sue Ellis, Angelique Halliburton, Lorna Donlan, Phill Thomas, Bridget Osborne, Sam Upton, Elspeth Morrison and Jane Kinghorn. Books were supplied by former BBC colleagues Annie Flury on Radio Five Live, Gillian Dear on Radio Four and the One Show. A number of friends donated homemade cakes which really attracted the customers; Ruth Akins, Gina Bentley, Elin Hale, Faith Howells, Shona MacMillan, Alison Montgomery, Elspeth Morrison, Linda Panzer, Elizabeth Porter, Anne-Marie Reilly, Isabel Turner and Debbie Young.” Claire Prosser. “With the help of a gazebo to ward off the rain and lots of volunteers, we managed to raise £870 at the May sale outside Munson’s cafe in South Ealing. A generous donation from Munson’s helped boost the total. So hugest thanks once again to Mario and the baristas, all the customers and helpers who made it such a successful day.” Claire Prosser. • “Team Tom VII”; Paul Clabburn, Claire Prosser, Ellen Clabburn, Gordon Prosser, Neil Prosser, Samantha Prosser, Stephanie Smith, Scarlett Young, Andy Howells, Sue Howells, James Ballantyne, Anne Marie Ballantyne, Joseph Ballantyn, Alan Rodney, Helen Lewis, Chris Pearson, Tim Carpenter, Baerbel Carpenter, Aaron Pearce, Jacky Hems, Polly Manser, Gina Bentley, David Bentley, Edward Bentley, Emma Ambrose, Javeen Bentley, Jamie Sanders, Linda Panzer, Gohfred Panzer, Isabel Turner, Ruth Arulanandam, John Stanton, Lisa Neaverson, Timor Onder, Megan Jones, Emma Ambrose-Crow, Nikita Samorukov and Alastair Clunas, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £170. In Memory of Sacha Reeves took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,052.50. www.c-r-y.org.uk Our Fundraisers In Memory of Stephen Connor Simon Croft completed the Manchester Marathon on April 6th and the Liverpool Marathon on May 25th and raised an additional £403, making a total raised of £1,353. In Memory of Alistair Macfarlane took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,273.40. In Memory of Bruce Cousins • Jackie Cousins sent in total donations of £380.50 raised at the annual spring plant sale and a collectables stall at the local church fête. • Shelley Bilston completed the Sheffield Half Marathon and raised £658.50. “Pleased to say that despite a total disaster by the organisers the ‘cancelled’ marathon went ahead and our niece Shelley Bilston completed the course and raised a substantial amount for CRY. In the second photo is our granddaughter Daisy (CRY’s youngest representative!) congratulating Shelley on her success.” Jackie Cousins. 34 In Memory of Richard Credland • Vicky Credland completed the “9am – 4pm School Day Swim/Cycle” event and raised £1,024.80: “Following a 5am breakfast of blueberry porridge and banana on toast, I was ready for the 8am start to my day’s challenge. I started with an hour’s cycling, to be followed by an hour’s swimming and then back to the bike – right through to 4pm. My local gym had lent me a spin bike for the event and this was set up on the poolside of Papplewick School, where I am a Year 4 teacher. The first cycle session flew by; I had plenty of visitors popping in and out of the pool, both staff and pupils, and by 9am I was jumping off the bike and making my way to a makeshift changing area on the poolside, ready for my hour’s swimming. I had 3 members of staff join me and before I knew it, it was time to revert to the bike once again. Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers Throughout the next few hours, I had numerous friends, parents and pupils come to visit and help pass the time. The bike slots gave me a welcome opportunity to refuel and take on fluids. The day went surprisingly well and my last cycle slot was almost pleasant. I think my legs were on auto pilot by this point! However, I was very glad to reach my last swim slot (3pm-4pm) and the last ten minutes in the water did seem to drag on forever! I was delighted to complete my challenge in memory of my brother Richard, an RAF officer, who passed away in his sleep at just 29 years old.” In Memory of Ben Daniels • Farringtons School held their annual Why Not Run charity fun run on May 11th and sent in total donations of £1,463: “Now in its third year, Why Not Run is a charity fun run for all the family which raises money for local children’s and young people’s charities. Set up by the Head of Junior PE Lavinia Long, the day offers a range of running events and distances for all ages and abilities.” • Jo-Anne Credland took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £930. In Memory of Mary Lovewell Blake sent in a donation of £100. In Memory of Stuart Cutler David and Natalie Cutler sent in total donations of £1,073 in respect of recent fundraising activities. www.c-r-y.org.uk “In addition to raising funds for this fantastic charity, we are also hoping to raise awareness of the importance of having young people screened. We are therefore delighted to announce that all funds raised from this year’s Why Not Run event will go towards screening at least 100 young people at a session on 20th June 2014. Our Why Not Run participants, aged between 14 and 35, will also receive priority booking invitations to this screening.” Jackie Baker, organiser. 35 Our Fundraisers In Memory of Matthew Dewhirst • Sue and Chris Dewhirst sent in total donations of £6,148: the Oswestry Lions raised £3,500 to pay for a day’s screening to be held at Ellesmere College, Shropshire; £2,518 was raised at the CRY for Matthew Golf Tournament and £130 was raised by the sale of The Hard Yards CDs. • Jenny Knott sent in a donation of £250 in respect of the Why Not Run event. • Ravens Wood School, Bromley, donated £2,739.86 raised through a CRY screening day and fundraising activities. In Memory of Neil Darby • Nicole Collingwood raised a total of £139 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • Heather Darby sent in a donation of £1,500. In Memory of Beth Watson raised a total of £495 through taking part in the Brighton Marathon. In Memory of Amanda Lysons took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,376. In Memory of Claire Dee Shapland Nick and Eve Dee-Shapland took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £1,000. 36 Clive Humphries, Oswestry Lions, presents a cheque for £3,500 to Sue Dewhirst and students of Ellesmere College • Sue and Chris Dewhirst sent in further total donations of £2,428: MBNA sent in a donation of £1,500; the Forward Ladies Networking raffle raised £84; the Weaver Rotarian Club, Nantwich, raised £235 and bag packing at Sainsbury, Oswestry, raised £609. • Mark Spurdens sent in a donation of £100. • Sue Dewhirst, Chris Dewhirst, Catherine GrayUpton, Alan Upton, Emily Gray-Upton, Chloe Gray-Upton and Kelvin Holt took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £630. Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of Stephen Donovan Rachel Braithwaite took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,565. In Memory of Bobby Dorka George and Matthew Carter raised a total of £2,126 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. In Memory of Adam Drawbridge Pat Dickinson sent in a donation of £100. Sarah and Les Drawbridge took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £770. In Memory of Aaron James Dixon • Gary Dixon sent in a donation of £120. • Michael Dawson completed the Lancashire cycling event and raised £215. • John Hassell took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £6,207.74. • Ryan Moroney took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £3,135. In Memory of Adam Donnelly “Team Donnelly”; Julie Donnelly, Jed Donnelly, Sian Donnelly, Lisa Donnelly, Cheryl Morgan, Rochelle Gibbs, Sandra Clark, Dave Clark, Gabbie Clark, Taylor Percival, Rachel Stuart, Anna Ruth, Natalie Purdue-Vollrath, Angela Adamson, Eric Adamson, Sue Arthur, Simon Webb, Rachel Hewitt, Jeff Hewitt, Kelle McDougal and Stuart McDougal took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £594.50. www.c-r-y.org.uk CRY received donations of £105 in lieu of floral tributes for the late Florence Drinkwater. In Memory of Joe Edwards • Jackie Edwards sent in a donation of £2,065 in respect of various fundraising. • Jackie Edwards held “A Night to Remember” to commemorate Joe’s birthday and sent in a total of £4,055. CRY volunteers Kevin and Linda Marsden attended the event on behalf of CRY. In Memory of Marcus Hunter took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £6,381.20. 37 Our Fundraisers In Memory of Amy Evans “Team Amy”; Michael Evans, Katherine Leach, Steve Leach, Imogen Rafferty, Alison Lister, Kasi McReddie, Amelia Waldock, Kim McGinty and Graeme, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £135. In Memory of Clare Everett-Allen • Cynthia and Clive Everett-Allen donated £1,405 in respect of the Snowdon climb on 26th April: “It was on a dry Saturday 26th April that we started out to climb Snowdon in memory of Clare. Mum and Dad, sister Kate, partner Kevin, grandson Ben and not forgetting Bella the Labrador who did not know she was on the walk of a lifetime! Clare had always said we must do it and indeed on one occasion we tried but weather forced us down. So it was a perfect reason to fulfil it thanks to Kate who pushed us to get dates in diary and organised a lovely cottage for weekend. We did it! It was quite demanding in parts but the views were amazing. The weather was kind apart from some hail halfway up. We followed the railway track and seeing people waving from the comfort of their seats was not easy! Reaching the top was very emotional, especially when we blew up CRY balloons and released them in her memory. Tying them up with frozen fingers was not easy – thanks Kev, who obliged. Amazing seeing them drift around the summit and then down the valley. We then took some food and walked back down along with bikers and stag parties dressed in superheroes gear. An amazing day never to be forgotten by this family.” • Cynthia and Clive Everett-Allen held a social memorial event, including a raffle, with friends and family and raised £1,725: “Two years ago I was taken away for a spa weekend with my daughter, Kate, and Clare’s friends – Hannah, Tracy and Mandy. We had a wonderful time with lots of time to eat, drink, laugh and chat about some of our treasured memories of Clare and the times we shared. We agreed we’d like to hold an event to remember Clare with all her friends and ours who knew her well. We held a party back where Clare and Kate grew up in Southwick, West Sussex, on 14th June 2014. It was a special evening and we were lucky enough to be given free use of a hotel by a friend. Over 90 guests arrived from far and wide; from Bristol, the West Midlands and Yorkshire. Kate gave a memorable welcoming speech and the eating, drinking and dancing ensued with lots of stories about Clare from family and friends, lots of which we hadn’t heard but as Mum and Dad you wouldn’t! Thanks to kind and generous donations we held a raffle for CRY with grandson Ben and Kate’s friend Cookie ‘MC-ing’ the event. We raised a fabulous amount of £1,725 for CRY – an amazing achievement – so thanks to all her friends for a really memorable night, the turnout and efforts friends went to in order to join us was a true reflection of how loved and treasured Clare was and is.” • Cynthia Everett-Allen and Colin Pratt took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £507. In Memory of Sean Farrell Kevin Houston raised a total of £250 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. In Memory of • Catherine Haigh and David Walton completed the Seville Marathon and raised a total of £2,542.29. 38 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers • Hudson Contract Services Ltd donated £250. • Donna and Rich Fell sent in total donations of £4,835: the Hornsea Lions raised £500 at their 47th annual charity dinner; £500 was donated by a local café, who won a prize at the rotary club dinner, and a total of £3,835 was raised in respect of an ex-Tigers charity football match and family fun day. “A year ago we lost a close friend of ours to sudden adult death syndrome (SADS). On February 23rd we ran the Seville Marathon – our first marathon – to raise money for CRY. Harry was always immensely sporty, so a marathon seemed like a fitting event in his memory. We trained for nearly 4 months, however nothing could prepare us for the Sevillian weather of 20 degrees! Although it was hotter than we were used to, the crowds and cheering from family and friends at the event spurred us on. The final few miles were especially tough, but running the finishing lap in Seville’s Olympic Stadium was well worth it.” Catherine Haigh. • Rich, Donna and Jasmine Fell took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £263.95. In Memory of Therese Field Amy Bevan nominated CRY to receive a £250 award from Three’s charity fund. Amy’s fundraising efforts included organising a “Stars in Their Eyes” show. In Memory of Nathan Foley • Paul Carter took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,117. • The Interact Club, Great Marlow School, Buckinghamshire, presented a cheque for £1,000 to CRY Representative Ulrike Rowbottom at a club presidency hand-over event. For the full article and more pictures from the event visit www.gms.bucks. sch.uk/?p=4542 In Memory of Harry Faulkner and Thomas Russell D Groves sent in a donation of £415. In Memory of Josh Fell • Donna and Rich Fell sent in a donation of £950 from the Yorkshire Building Society and £100 raised from a tombola stall at a vintage tea party, making a total raised of £1,050. www.c-r-y.org.uk “Interact is a group of 6th Form students who meet every Wednesday with their mentors from the Marlow Thames Rotary Club. The Interact team conducts itself professionally: the students select a president and vicepresident; decide which charities to raise money for; plan and organise the fundraising events and handle the financial aspects. All their hard work has resulted in raising the superb total of £2,000. Events included a fantastic quiz evening, refreshments at the sports day and cake sales throughout the year, including 900 39 Our Fundraisers doughnuts! At the hand-over event, representatives from the nominated charities were invited to the school to collect cheques for £1,000 each. In Memory of A huge thank you goes to the fantastic charity team: Sam Goodwin, Jody Grayston, Charlotte Money, Catherine Oliver, Madiyah Zeb, Haseena Khaliq, Kevin Bedford, Anila Iqbal, Hannah Styles and Finn Charlton. This group was led by president Aishling Hageman-Rowe and vice president Khatija Agha. The whole team dedicated their time and effort to ensure that the total raised was enormous. The Rotary Club mentors Jo Braybrooke and Peter Reynolds are thanked for giving their time and energy every week and for ensuring that the money raised by Interact was equalled with a generous donation from the Rotary Club. Mrs Wint has been a consistent support for the team who all appreciate her efforts. Julian Peukert raised £638 after being unable to compete in a marathon and fundraising in respect of an alternate event: Joanne Fotheringham “Unfortunately I had to pull out of the Edinburgh Marathon due to an injury. However, all was not lost as I contacted all my sponsors and, with their permission, I did an abseil of the Forth Bridge instead on 18th May 2014, a week before I was due to complete the marathon. It was pretty scary doing the abseil as it was 165 feet from top to bottom.” In 2014-15 Aisha Rana-Deshmukh will be president and Natasha Garry with be vice president. The new team welcome any Year 12 or 13 students to join them in meeting and, hopefully, exceeding the amounts raised this year.” • Owen Hollyman took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,587.99. In Memory of The Queen’s Head, Newton Regis, donated £235 raised from collection boxes. Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of In Memory of Salena German Jake Gallagher Jackie German sold candy floss at Felsted School fête raising £370; and £80 was raised at her brother’s shop, making a total raised of £450. • Mitsubishi Electric sent in a donation of £500. • “Jake’s Team”; Sarah Pyatt, Linda Holland, Sarah Day and Stephen Edwards, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £170. In Memory of Lauren Gallagher Blanche Gallagher sent in a donation of £130, which represents the proceeds from the charity box in Centra Grocery Store, Ballymagorry. In Memory of Peter Smith took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,800. Sheila Goldring sent in a donation of £500 in memory of her grandson. Andrew Gard In Memory of In Memory of Stephen Gately “Steo’s Superfanz”; Sarah Phillips, Jacqui King, Lenie Keizer, Catherine Mostyn Scott, Debbie Woolley, Bitter Olaf and Sheryl Chappell, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £178. In Memory of Alexander Christian Goodman Rosemary Goodman sent in £500 donated in lieu of gifts for Alex’s father Peter Goodman’s 70th birthday: “The photo shows Pete opening a ‘jokey’ present with some of our grandchildren, myself and daughter-in-law (Eilidh) looking on. Jaimie Gault James and Margaret Gault sent in total donations of £1,100: the Crooks family donated £739 in lieu of gifts for an 80th birthday; WRNS Assocation, Belfast, donated £50 and a total of £311 was raised through the farming community’s fundraising efforts. www.c-r-y.org.uk 41 Our Fundraisers In Memory of We managed to select 24th May – the worst weather imaginable. Our close family and friends all did us proud. They crowded into the house and garage without a moan. Two of our neighbours helped with cooking and music from an accordion and another guest played his guitar. We also had a school friend’s son to show some close up magic. A great day was had by all inspite of the weather.” David Green Gabby Broadhurst raised a total of £535 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. In Memory of In Memory of Lianne Gould “Team Lianne”; Sophie Thomas, Keirean Walker, Carole Walker, Taylor, Kai and Demi, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £350. Myra Gregory took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £337. In Memory of • Fergal Doyle took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £4,509.40. In Memory of Jordan Grant • Cardinal Newman Lancashire College donated £160 raised by 4 students. • “Team Olly”; Owen Griffin, Barbara Griffin, Jemma Wylde, Helen Arpino, Bernard Torry and Michelle Torry, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £100. • West View Climbing and Leisure Centre, Preston, donated £336 raised through a family fitness event. In Memory of • Lisa Grant sent in a donation of £2,150 from the Catenian Association. In Memory of • Tom Green sent in a donation of £2,065. Nick Guya Colin Dibbert and Matthew Green raised a total of £700 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. In Memory of Trinh-Ny Ha and Clive Squires Sarah Ball raised a total of £245 through taking part in Run to the Beat Powered by Nike+ 2013. • Bill Green sent in £1,113 raised in respect of the Cardiff Half Marathon. • Tom and Judy Green sent in total donations of £850: Dr Coleman shaved his beard off and raised £65; Rachel Durber ran the Shrewsbury 7 and raised £215; Adam’s mum Judy’s handmade cards raised £130 and donations made at a screening weekend, a cake sale and a raffle raised £440. 42 • Mary Haddrell donated £896.96 raised at a charity spinathon and cake sale. Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers • Stacy Westhead took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,294.85. In Memory of Matt Hadfield “Team Matt”; Diana Garretts, Marc Hadfield, Angie Hadfield, Louisa Hadfield, Andy Hunt, Eraldo D’Atri, James Hogan, Amanda Hogan, Haidee McAughtrie, Michael McAughtrie and Oliver Hunt, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £1,615. In Memory of Shamil Hamid • Shafiq and Farah Hamid sent in a donation of £1,040 raised through fundraising at the British Embassy in Kuwait. • The English School, Kuwait, sent in a donation of £2,096. • Farah Hamid sent in a donation of £1,113 raised at a cake sale. • Olivia Cole sent in a donation of £175 from her fundraising event. • “Team Shamil”; Farah Hamid, Omer Hamid, Simran Poole, Polly Richards, Lubna Baakza, Olivia Cole, Vicky Lees and Jennifer Dunne, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £385. In Memory of Thomas Hardman • Mark Kenny raised a total of £375 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • Will Purser, Middleton Cricket Club, sent in £7,477 raised at a fun run on March 29th: “March 29th 2014 saw 180 runners split across 33 teams take part in the first ever TH96 Run! The event was a 9 mile charity run split across 3 different stages to suit all fitness levels. The run started at Rochdale Cricket Club, where a group warm up was done, and runners then set off at staggered start times and passed through Norden Cricket Club, Heywood Cricket Club and then onto the finish point at Middleton Cricket Club, where Tom was a player. All runners ran in T-shirts with their team names on as well as the CRY logo and Tom’s own logo. There was evening entertainment in the form of a live band and disco at Middleton Cricket Club. There was also an auction, raffle and plenty of refreshments to refuel all runners, supporters and spectators alike. There was a presentation of awards to the winners of each category: • Fastest all male team – The Moonrakers (Veuve Cliquot Champagne) • Fastest all female team – Ham Legs (Veuve Cliquot Champagne) • Fastest mixed team – FPHS (meal voucher for Bella Sera, Heywood) • Team which raised the most money – Tommy Katchup (6 Exec Tickets for any Rochdale AFC game in 2014/15 season) In Memory of Daniel Allen raised a total of £690 through taking part in the Brighton Marathon. www.c-r-y.org.uk Organisers Will Purser and Grant Jones would like to thank everyone who helped make the day such a huge success; runners, volunteers, sponsors, spectators, 43 Our Fundraisers everyone who donated to the auction/raffle – and hope that you will help spread the word next year!” In Memory of Nikky Hart took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £4,984.60. David Hargrave Hannah Hargrave donated £1,803 raised through competing in the Royal Parks Half Marathon. In Memory of Matthew Harris “Team Matthew James Harris”; Carolyn Harris, Stanley Harris, Alexander Stewart, Kathryn Stewart, Stephen Coffey and Emma Coffey, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £1,055. Jason Hart In Memory of Sarah Hayes “Team Shayes”; Helen Hayes, Stephen Hayes, Rachael Hayes, Loretto Puckey, Daniel Menlock, Shaun Trill, Paul Proudfoot and Ros Fraser, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £500. In Memory of • Sealion Shipping Ltd held a raffle and raised £100. In Memory of David Harrop and Marjorie Harrop Mr M Harrop sent total donations of £575 in lieu of floral tributes for David’s mother, Marjorie. “Marjorie Harrop sadly passed away on April 2nd. Friends and family came together to celebrate her life and to share their memories as well as sadness at her passing. Marjorie had been a CRY supporter ever since the tragic day her son, David, died from arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy in 2007 aged just 30. The generous funds raised by those who will miss Marjorie have been donated so that CRY can continue to screen young at risk children and adults in the hope that no other mother will feel the pain that Marjorie, and her family did.” Jen Harrop. • Marion Hayman sent in a donation of £886.50 raised at a fashion show: “On 15th May 2014 we held a fashion show at Branscombe Village Hall in Devon. The garments consisted of good quality, secondhand clothing. We also had stalls for accessories. Tickets cost £10, which included the fashion show, a drink on arrival and canapés throughout the evening. We also held a raffle. We held the event to raise awareness of CRY and also the conditions of Raynaud’s and erythromelalgia. By the generosity of people offering raffle prizes, we were able to raise £332.50 on the raffle and silent auction alone. That evening we raised £1,773.10 for our chosen charities and were able to send a cheque to CRY to the value of £886.50 for the Jon Hayman Memorial Fund.” 44 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of In Memory of • Roebuck, Bilsborrow, donated £721.08 raised in a series of adverts quizzes. Grace Collins took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,676.38. • Paula Hesmondhalgh sent in a donation of £491 from a crafts sale: “Throughout January and February a small group of friends got together one night a week to make ‘Crafts for CRY’. We chose them of hearts and flowers and sold the items we made, along with other generously donated crafts and goodies, at a very busy coffee morning held in the United Reformed Church, Garstang. Mid-morning the proceedings were halted and we were invited by the church ladies to talk a little about CRY, Matt’s life, and our reasons for fundraising.” In Memory of Laura Hillier • Tony Hillier sent in a donation £129.50. • Councillor Claire Wright, The Worshipful Mayor, Tewkesbury, sent in a donation of £1,673.79 from general fundraising. • Tony and Joan Hillier sent in total donations of £130: Mrs Randell and her friends donated £100 from the annual whist drive and Mrs Hemshell donated £30. In Memory of Ian Hoggarth Barbara Hoggarth, Geoff Hoggarth, Gen Hoggarth, Jenny Prokop, Olwen Davies, Nicola Cook, Nicola Bennett, Jenny Bennett and Carol Fowle took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £590. In Memory of Nicholas Holland Gemma Holland sent in £450 raised by Spinney Motorhomes through a fundraising campaign in memory of her husband: • Paula Hesmondhalgh sent in a donation of £460.15 raised from the stall held in Garstang and a textile collection; £104.59 raised in respect of the collection boxes on the bar at Guy’s and Owd Nell’s Tavern, Bilsborrow; and a donation of £370 raised from the disco held in honour of Matthew’s 25th birthday, including a donation of £20 from Mr Lant, making a total raised of £934.74. www.c-r-y.org.uk “As of 1st March 2014 our business launched a campaign called Grace Bear Adventures which allows customers and friends to purchase a Grace Bear and take her on adventures with them in their motorhomes/ caravans. This is an ongoing campaign and all the money raised will be sent to CRY. We have had a lot of interest and support; Macclesfield Town Football Club has supported us in our fundraising and our story has appeared in the local newspaper.” 45 Our Fundraisers In Memory of Mark Hudson “The Boon Walkers”; Clare Hudson, Karin Rouse, Colin Rouse, Esther Bray, Phil Bray, Tina Cooper, John Cooper, Michael Pratt, Darren Cadle, Alan Coates, Richard Bale, Nicholas Beck, Astrid Wilson, George Wilson and Harry Wilson, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £605. In Memory of In Memory of Jonathan Hooper Diane Hooper, Peter Hooper, Simon Hooper, Jennifer Anthony, Doreen Jolly and David Jolly took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £165. In Memory of Stewart Howard Jane Howard sent in a total of £2,564 from a Tesco car boot sale and donations from Carlsburger. • Amanda Fair, Stenhousemuir Primary School, sent in a donation of £1,260: “The staff from Stenhousemuir Primary School in Larbert successfully completed the Glasgow Women’s 10K on Sunday 11th May in memory of Christopher, who sadly passed away in December 2011, aged only 19 years.” • Isabel Hynd sent in total donations of £1,100: Rosemary Gardiner and Carmel Gray walked the West Highland Way and raised £537; Douglas Gardiner and Willie Fotheringham cycled the West Highland Way and raised £653: “Willie Fotheringham (left) and Douglas Gardner (right) cycled 96 miles on the West Highland Way in Scotland in memory of their nephew Christopher Hynd. They had skinned knees and sore bottoms but enjoyed it. They have also walked it so they are going to do it again but are undecided whether to go by foot or by bike. It took them 3 days to complete.” In Memory of Fay Howell Claire Teeling completed the Bath Half Marathon and Great South Run and raised a total of £380. 46 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of In Memory of Sue Ibbotson sent in a donation of £1,795. • Keith Weston sent in total donations of £390 in respect of talks and donations from friends. John Ibbotson In Memory of • Philly Campbell took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £3,450. Wendy Irvine sent in £145 raised in lieu of gifts for Mr and Mrs Armstrong’s wedding anniversary. In Memory of Ethan Jones and Joanne Westmacott In Memory of Philip Jefferies Cathy Jefferies sent in a donation of £480. Lucy Westmacott, Ed Westmacott, Jack, Jack, Bella, Jamie, Rosie and Harry took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £325. In Memory of In Memory of Reece Jeffrey Lee Jordan Caroline Jordan sent in a donation of £7,887 raised during her year as Lady Captain of Broughton Golf Club. Landau Forte College sent in a donation of £516.16. In Memory of In Memory of Stevie Jivani Sarah Henry raised a total of £1,631.10 through taking part in Run to the Beat Powered by Nike+ 2013. Sarah Hoare completed the Kaiser Cardiomyopathy Challenge and sent in £21,733.18. In Memory of Our Fundraisers In Memory of In Memory of Michael Kentzer and Joanne Plumtree CRY Representative Jackie Cousins sent in £1,270 raised by Emma Godfrey of the Sheffield 4th Girls’ Brigade. “We were invited to attend a May Queen crowning ceremony of the Sheffield 4th Girls’ Brigade in Norton Lees, Sheffield. During the wonderful entertainment provided by the girls (some aged as young as 4) in form of nursery rhymes and pantomime and the actual crowning of the new May Queen we were presented with a cheque by the retiring May Queen – Miss Emma Godfrey – in the amount of £1,270 which she had collected in her year as Queen. Emma’s auntie Joanne Plumtree died suddenly in 2010 aged only 42 as did her school friend Michael Kentzer in 2011 who was only 14. Emma’s mum, Heather, who we also met on the night, explained that our charity was very much in Emma’s mind during her year as Queen due to these two people who were close to her. It was a pleasure to see such enthusiasm in young people and we enjoyed the evening immensely as well as being astounded Retiring Queen Emma Godfrey by the amount raised by with her mum, Heather Emma.” Jackie Cousins. James King James King Snr donated £1,365 raised by completing the Rob Roy Way, a 93 mile walk across the southern highlands of Scotland: “Day 1 – Drymen to Callander, 20 miles; started drizzly but as the day went on there was more sunshine. Day 2 – Callander to Lochearnhead, 14 miles; good sunshine, feet a bit sore but views great! Day 3 – Lochearnhead to Ardtalnaig, 17 miles; this was the worst day, rained from 9am until we finished at 7pm – very wet! Day 4 – Ardtalnaig to Amulree, 17 miles; great long day, warm sunshine and lots of climbing – very hard but saw two golden eagles and loads of deer and red kites. The scenery was fantastic. Day 5 – Amulree to Aberfeldy, 15 miles; another warm day, stunning views. Day 6 – Aberfeldy to Pitlochry, 10 miles; last day, good weather and not too long. Glad to get a rest, but what a great walk! Special mention to my daughter Marriann who came in at last minute – she was great.” In Memory of Jennifer Kerwood • Martin Kerwood sent in a donation of £215 representing the bucket collection at the Rock Choir performance held at St Mary’s College, Mile End, on July 5th. • Ross Kerwood took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £4,475.08. 48 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of Adam Lambert Mark Roberts completed the Watford 10K and raised £620. In Memory of Paul Steven Leach Paul Opie raised a total of £276 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. In Memory of Bradley Kinsey “Team Bradley”; Owen Kinsey, Leanne Brittain, Ade Brittain, Sue Kinsey, Greg Kinsey, Emma Kinsey, Terrie Kinsey, Robert Merrett, Chloe Merrett, Lucy Beeson and Tim Beeson, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £1,370. In Memory of Mrs FS Good raised £120 in memory of her niece. In Memory of Rishi Kukar Pavin Kukar sent in a donation of £775 raised by the 6th Form students of Upton Court Grammar School. In Memory of Hurlingham School, Putney, held a quiz night and raised £500. www.c-r-y.org.uk In Memory of Alison Linforth The staff at NatWest IB Services and Operations, Birmingham, held dress down days in January and raised £176.74. In Memory of Castletown Methodist Church sent in a donation of £200. In Memory of John-Paul Lipscomb- Stevens Victoria Lipscombe-Stevens donated £700 raised at the annual hockey tournament. “This was the fourth annual event to pay memory to a great personal friend of many, a team mate and an Aylesbury Hockey Club member JP Stevens who died whilst playing for the men’s 1st team in November 2010. JP died from arrhythmogenic right 49 Our Fundraisers ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) (a form of ‘sudden death syndrome’) and for the last four years Aylesbury Hockey Club have paid tribute to JP by organising and hosting a tournament in his memory. Each tournament has raised money for Cardiac Risk in the Young (CRY). In Memory of Wendy Lovelace Davis CRY received donations of £815 in lieu of floral tributes for the late Wendy Lovelace Davis. This year about 100 people attended, including players, friends and families of the club, as well as the friends and family of JP. In Memory of Martyn Luckett With lovely sunny weather the BBQ and bar was a great success, with a constant queue for burgers, hot dogs and cold soft and alcoholic drinks. The tournament was played between mixed teams of Aylesbury club members, and perhaps fittingly, was won by those playing in Aylesbury’s red and black colours. The tournament finished with an inter-club Veterans vs Juniors ‘grudge match’ - the Juniors letting their fitness and youth in the soaring heat show, winning 3-2 in baking sunshine. Charlotte Henderson, Anna Buck and Tamsin Winter raised a total of £800 in respect of the Bupa London 10,000. In Memory of Aaron Lundy Garry McGrotty took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £530. This year the club raised £575 from the bar, BBQ and entrance fees, whilst Phoebe and Chloe, JP and Vicki’s children did a sterling job collecting £125 in collection pots. This meant that a fantastic total of £700 was raised for CRY, and over the 4 years, £2,700. Aylesbury Hockey Club would like to thank all of the volunteers who showed up on the day and made it such a fantastic success; RAF Halton for offering the hire of the pitch at a discounted rate to maximise proceeds raised; JP’s parents, wife Vicki, and girls Phoebe and Chloe for all their support; and of course all of those who came along, made the day so special and dug deep to raise a fantastic amount of money for an inspirational cause. Aylesbury Hockey Club President Maurice Crump led the tributes to JP: ‘JP was a true gentleman on the pitch as well as off. I cannot recall JP ever having a go at another player, rather he encouraged and played hockey in the spirit it should be played. The wonderful weather and mixture of men, ladies and juniors playing together was really appropriate for the JP Tournament Day.’ Maurice then called for a minute’s silence, not in sadness, but in celebration of all that had JP had stood for.” Angela Dickson. 50 In Memory of Andrew Macleod • Murdo Macleod sent in total donations of £1,250: £300 was raised by Katie Macleod in respect of her 21st birthday celebrations; £650 from the account of the Hebridean Cycle Challenge was paid from a charity fund operated by the personnel employed on the British Gas “Armada” platform in the North Sea; £200 was donated by Stornoway Primary School and £100 represents individual donations. • Murdo Macleod forwarded a donation of £500 from Alasdair Macleod, AB Electronics. In Memory of Luke Macleod Deb Smith raised a total of £1,632 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of Jack Maddams • Pippa Parker donated £470 raised through competing in the Surrey Half Marathon: “I completed the race in 1 hour and 43 minutes, it was a beautiful day and I really enjoyed the event. Below are two photos of me coming to the end of my run.” • Janet Maddams, Anne Jones, Robert Willis and Mark Carter took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £450. In Memory of Lyra Maharaj • Rachel King took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £4,878. • Linda Treacy sent in of £820 representing donations in lieu of floral tributes and at a memorial day held at her school. • Alex Gentry-Maharaj and Jenny Lyons took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £100. • Mrs LJ Sellens sent in a donation of £860: “A big thank you to Faversham Mission Brass who held another concert in March 2014 in aid of CRY. A raffle and cake sale on the night and cakes made and sold by Jenny Hill, Jack’s nan, also contributed to the final total. The good folk of Faversham are great supporters.” www.c-r-y.org.uk In Memory of Fabian Maingot Elise Maingot sent in £1,390 in respect of the “Auction of Promises” held on March 29th: 51 Our Fundraisers “The Maingot family was 6: dad – Steve; mum – Jacqueline; sons – Stefan and Fabian (deceased) and daughters – Candice and Elise. The family connection with CRY was as a result of Fabian’s sudden death during a school football match at Twickenham 15 years ago. This year, with his school, The Vaughan Foundation and Vaughan Parents Association held an “Auction of Promises”. This event was supported by our family and friends and a share of the proceeds is being donated to CRY. In addition, the staff and boys of the school have given us money to add to our donation from the shared proceeds of the auction event. Watts, Sue Pitt, Candice Fletcher, Jon Pattinson and Karen Archer took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £105. In Memory of Jean Mary Marsden CRY received donations of £350 in lieu of floral tributes for the late Jean Mary Marsden. In Memory of Kevin Marsden donated £523 raised from a memorial match. In Memory of Lewis Marsh • Mary Campbell, Anna Moore, Fi Lawrence and Sarah Bennett completed the Surrey Half Marathon and raised a total of £2,253. Fabian was much loved by all; family, friends and his school as a whole. Fabian represented his school in sports and music, was a double instrumentalist and a founding member of the school jazz band. The Maingot family is a strong supporter of CRY and believes in the ethos of the charity; we will continue to support the charity in any way we can.” In Memory of Christine Smith, Ross Smith, Allison Britton, Amy Jewitt, Donna Gregory, Rebecca Phillips, Chloe Phillips, Kim 52 “We are a group of school mums with very busy lives struggling to fit in any sort of exercise around our jobs, young children and shift-working husbands. We all have varying levels of race experience which mostly centred around 5 and 10Ks. What better way than to challenge ourselves by entering the inaugural Surrey Half Marathon? We entered halfway through 2013, bought some new trainers, printed off our training plans and filed them away ready to dust them off in December. December greeted us with the endless rounds of Christmas parties (drinking compulsory!) and the worst weather – gales, rain, floods, hail stones and roads blocked by fallen trees. The weather really didn’t improve right up until race day. We trained separately but constantly compared notes and supported each other through illness, injuries and physio appointments. With such a big challenge putting us all right out of our comfort zone, it was time to choose our charity. It didn’t Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers take us long to decide on CRY as one of our very good friends, Chevaun, lost her brother Lewis Marsh just before his 14th birthday due to undetected cardiac abnormalities. So race day arrived and after very little sleep due to nerves we woke up to glorious sunshine! Poor Mary was determined to battle on through even though she had what we later discovered to be a chest infection and could hardly breathe! (Not recommended!) The atmosphere and organisation was first class. Running in the warm sunshine was somewhat alien to us after getting cold, wet and muddy during our training. We kept on going through lots of different emotions, especially when we saw Chevaun and her family there to support us. There was no better sight than that of the finish line after 13.1 miles! What a fantastic achievement, we are all so proud of ourselves and so pleased we managed to raise so much money for CRY. Will we do it again next year? Watch this space!” Sarah Bennett. In Memory of Dean Mason • Gwenfair Mason sent in a donation of £270.32 raised at an equestrian event by the Red Kite Trec Group. • Celtic Classic Car Rallies sent in a donation of £1,860.25 raised from a tour of Ireland. • Monmouth School, Pembrokeshire, sent in a donation of £152. In Memory of Dean Mason and Brian Morgan Gwenfair Mason sent in donations of £412.50 in lieu of floral tributes for the late Brian Morgan, Dean’s grandfather. In Memory of CRY received donations of £543.80 in lieu of floral tributes for the late Shaun Mason. In Memory of Dan Matthews Hartpury College sent in a donation of £388.47 raised by the football students. • Simon Locke and the Sandhurst Singers held a concert and raised £330. • Gill Weston sent in a donation of £6,000. In Memory of John Marshall • Maureen Marshall sent in total donations of £500 raised from the collection boxes at Edge Hill University. www.c-r-y.org.uk Brennan White took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,074. In Memory of Matthew Nicholson took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,050. 53 Our Fundraisers In Memory of Amanda McCarthy “The McCarthy Clan”; Peter McCarthy, Kerry McCarthy, Jim McCarthy, Karen McCarthy, Evelyn Kalmar, David Bentley and Stephen Choice, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £290. on behalf of the Nottingham City Lions. • Lincoln Minster Round Table sent in a donation of £1,500. • The Ravenshead Inner Wheel Club sent in a donation of £1,000. • Jennifer Livesey raised a total of £145 through taking part in Run to the Beat Powered by Nike+ 2013. In Memory of Karen Fleming completed the Belfast Marathon and raised £175. In Memory of In Memory of Ian Merchant Dennis Merchant sent in a donation of £120 raised from collection boxes and also including a personal donation. Stephanie McLean • Michael Carling took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £3,371.31. • Hannah Tobin took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £4,752.20. • Freya Wood took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £3,371.32. • Jo McLean, Lesley McLean, Katie McLean, Ashleigh Brennan, Alex Matthews, Paul Greener, James McCarthy, Kayleigh Dunn, Jon Davies, Olga Nuryaeva, Gemma Pearson, Mitesh Patel, Tom Garnell, Peter Mehtar, Dale Tabbitt, Diane Hardesty, Marc Goldstein, Johanna Gallant, Rosemary Challen, Harley Sawyer, Lesley Nicholas, Mary Kingsley and Aoife Garrigan took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £730. In Memory of Simon McNamara • Mike McNamara sent in £150 raised at a recent Nottinghamians RFC charity match. • Club President Martin Wynne-Jones sent in £500 54 In Memory of Josh Merrick • Julian Ross sent in a donation of £655 raised at a recent screening. • Marks & Spencer Foods, Manchester, donated £169.31. • Burnage Rugby Club donated £200.04 raised at a recent screening. • Carmel Merrick forwarded a donation of £450 from Shaun Webb. • Carol Parry completed the Bupa Manchester 10K and raised £110. • Sam Tracy completed the Bupa Manchester 10K and raised £187.50. • Miller Newsagents raised £124.72 from the collection box in the store. • Gav Smith took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £180. Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of Richard Merriman • Nicola Merriman donated £700 raised at a cake and craft sale: “These are pictures from our cake and craft sale this Easter. We raised £700 in total and we all had a great day raising money for CRY in memory of our son Richard. His favourite was lemon drizzle cake so we always make sure there is plenty!” • Hemel Hempstead Ladies Darts League raised £400. • Nicola Merriman, Paul Merriman, Dean Merriman, Janet Merriman, Russell Merriman and Sue Luck took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £205. In Memory of Adam Middleton Clare Everest, Warwickshire College, sent in an additional donation of £185 in respect of funding for the February school screening, making a total raised of £1,055. www.c-r-y.org.uk 55 Our Fundraisers “The Henley in Arden Centre has adopted CRY as their charity following the sudden death of our student Adam Middleton. Students took great pride in making gifts to sell and providing massages and nail treatments for visitors at the event. We had lots of stall holders selling a large variety of goods and seasonal gifts who each donated a prize for our big raffle at the end.” Amanda Austen-Jones, Henley in Arden Centre, Warwickshire College. In Memory of Cristian Mollerstrom “Team Cristian”; Lianne Frost, Michelle Frost, Shirley Frost, Darren Frost, Kerry Stephens and Liz Cauchi, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £1,751.98. In Memory of Rob Drag took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,664.20. In Memory of Florence Moore • Alison Moore took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £3,860. • Stewart Moore took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,679. In Memory of Jonathan Morgan • Sue Ainsworth sent in a donation of £1,000. • The Masonic North York Lodge sent in a donation of £500. In Memory of Levon Morland • Aran Morland raised a total of £230.60 when taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • Jeff Morland sent in a donation of £2,121.57 raised at Kelfest 2014: “People come from far and wide to have a great gettogether, a party and be entertained by a variety of acts 56 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers and bands. This year was a resounding success with music provided by boy/girl duo Shaken Lime; solo singer-songwriter Calina; local electric band Flight Level 60; Sugarwood – Steve Percival’s old band who hadn’t played together for 14 years but reunited for Kelfest and played a storm; and Barkin’ Billy and the Scrapyard Dogs who play at Kelfest every year. Resident DJ Steve Clayon provided the background and dancing music.” Judith and David Hassey did all the organising for the ride which not only made CRY a huge amount of money, but they also allowed all those people who felt so helpless after Owzy died so suddenly to be able to focus on something positive. An amazing demonstration of community spirit and togetherness, for such a bright, happy, sunny boy. Owzy would have been so proud.” Mel Morris. In Memory of Suzanne Sanguinetti completed the Greater Manchester Marathon and raised a total of £1,048. In Memory of Owen Morris • Roger Morris sent in a donation of £3,358.82 in respect of Owen’s Ride. “Owen’s ride was an incredible weekend, bringing so many people together to either ride or support a cycle from Cardiff to Brecon; camping overnight then cycling Brecon to Cardiff the next day. Most people did both ways. 164 cyclists included friends, family, school mates and teachers from Owzy’s school. “So many hearts have been touched by the loss of Owen and this cause. Men, women and children, including many of Owen’s friends, have got on their bikes and trained for Owen’s Ride. Up until now the vast majority of the cyclists have been no further than the end of their garden paths but they, and the whole community, have pulled together with determination to make this event a huge success for Owen.” Judith Hassey. CRY Patron John Barrowman MBE gave starters orders for the ride www.c-r-y.org.uk 57 Our Fundraisers • Judith Miller sent in a donation of £390.70 in respect of Owen’s Ride. • Alison Gorman sent in a donation of £395 in respect of Owen’s Ride. • Dawn Moss sent in further donations totalling £674: Martin Garside donated £120; Mrs Lythgoe donated £80; K Hinchcliffe donated £37, football cards raised £42 and a Stoke City shirt raffle raised £395. • Wales & West Utilities sent in a matched funding donation of £300 in respect of Joanne Sproul’s Owen’s Ride donation. In Memory of Paul Mulford • Maureen Roos and Andrey Guille donated £120. • Lisa Thomas sent in a donation of £100 in respect of Owen’s Ride. • Eloise Littlejohns sent in a donation of £125 in respect of Owen’s Ride. • Colin and Sandra Mulford took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £141. • Pentyrch RFC (Mini and Junior section) sent in a donation of £600 to be added to the funds raised by Owen’s Ride. In Memory of Andrew Murch • Four Elms Medical Centres, Cardiff, sent in a donation of £230 raised by the reception staff, who dressed as Easter bunnies and held a cake sale and raffle. Alison Edwards raised a total of £1,015 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • Helen Owen sent in a donation of £500 raised from church coffee mornings. In Memory of Luke Morton Suzanne Morton held a cream tea birthday garden party and concert and raised £1,251.85 in honour of Luke’s 22nd birthday. In Memory of Peter Shannon took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,605. In Memory of In Memory of David Moss • Dawn Moss sent in total donations of £1,477.84: a psychic evening raised £551.55; Biddulph Slimming World raised £140.19; Mr G Beardmore donated £200; Alex Snowden donated £15; collection boxes at Biddulph Slimming World raised £52.82; a Knypersley Slimming World Slimathon raised £96.80; a WAGS collection box raised £21.48 and a grant from the Biddulph Town Councillors was for £400. 58 • Kevin Nicholas raised a total of £3,664.50 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • The Santander Foundation held a fundraising evening and raised £2,408. In Memory of Richard James Northedge Pat and Derek Northedge sent in a donation of £100 to commemorate Richard’s birthday. Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of In Memory of Gary Horn took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £3,315.28. In Memory of Cambuslang Rugby Club donated £2,303.01 raised by holding a charity evening. In Memory of Alex Osborne Biddulph High School sent in a donation of £487.05. • Ruth Lowe sent in a donation of £1,741 raised at the charity ceilidh to mark the 10th anniversary of Andrew’s death and a futher £775, making a total raised of £2,516. • Ann Coles donated £373 raised through a fashion show. • Marks & Spencer, Preston, donated £657.34. • John Wiley & Sons Ltd sent in a donation of £129.78. • Ruth Lowe sent in a donation of £625 raised from a quiz night at the Ingol Golf Club: “90 people came to ‘exercise their little grey cells’. There were plenty of challenging quiz questions, a hot pot supper, guess the name of the teddy and a raffle. A good time was had by all.” In Memory of In Memory of Christopher Parr “Tommy’s Team”; Paul Padmore, Karen Padmore, Louise Padmore and Oliver Bailey, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £856. In Memory of Lewis James Page CRY received donations of £149.48 in lieu of floral tributes for the late Lewis James Page. • James Brunt took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,371.85. • Diane Parr sent in a donation of £140. Jan and Guy and the Congleton Football Club helped to raise the money. In Memory of Kevin Paterson In Memory of • Anna Semens raised a total of £200 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013 and Great Birmingham Run 2013. Kelly Barlow raised a total of £394 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • Damian Beard completed the London to Paris Bike Ride and raised £100. Stuart Parkinson Our Fundraisers • Katherine Howe completed the Kilimanjaro Climb and raised £105. In Memory of • Richard Bevan completed the Bupa Great Birmingham run and raised £1,163.13. Chloe Lewis and Sam Pickett raised a total amount of £380 through taking part in the Bupa London 10,000. • Nicola Green completed the Great North Run and raised £243. In Memory of • John Querstret took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,034.86. • Kathryn and Pete Cowen took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £260. Ben Peacock Adam Pearmine Jonathan and Sian Butcher raised a total of £1,195 through taking part in Run to the Beat Powered by Nike+ 2013. In Memory of In Memory of Lichfield Tae Kwon Do Club sent in a donation of £700. Lesley Clubb sent in a donation of £516 raised by her daughter Hannah who participated in the Born Survivor Run. Michael Patterson In Memory of Jenni and David Paul Gordon Paul forwarded total donations of £625 in respect of a charity day; and a further donation of £200, making a total raised of £825. In Memory of Nicola Payne The High Weald Academy, Kent, donated £500 following CRY Patron Pixie Lott’s performance in the new sports hall on June 24th. In Memory of Emily Hooper took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,242. In Memory of Duncan Phillips • Beth Phillips sent in a donation of £230 in respect of “A Day for Dunc”. • Jane Bartlett took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £205. In Memory of Sara Pilkington Briony Bell-Burrow sent in a donation of £200 in respect of the Perch Challenge. Pixie with Nicola’s sisters Charlotte and Emily at High Weald 60 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of In Memory of Gary Pope Mark Price • Carrie Jenner took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,600.50. • Hannah Secrett took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,601. • Fox Williams LLP sent in a totalling £888.98 in respect of recent fundraising activities. Lynne Roberts took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £928.71. In Memory of Robin Hambly took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,706. In Memory of Claire Reed David Pover sent in a donation of £100. • Slimming World, Botley and Hedge End, held a sponsored slim and extra exercise session and raised £210. In Memory of Craig Daniel Powell “Team Pringle”; Mark Powell, Luke Powell, Helen Fleming, Casey Evans, Rodney Upham, Lynda Evans, Karen Fleming, Rebekah Banard, Anne Rowe, Marlene Upham, Howard Williams, Michelle Davies, Michelle Sexton and James Rowe, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £245.50. • Andy Reed completed the Eastleigh Run and raised £818.73. • Michael Hunter completed a skydive and raised £425.74. In Memory of SE Graham sent in a donation of £200. In Memory of Northwood College, Middlesex, donated £1,486. In Memory of • Suzanne Middlemiss forwarded a donation of £200 from a family friend. Rhian Kingston completed a skydive and raised £816. • Suzanne Middlemiss raised a total of £365.10 by organising a book and cake sale and donations from friends and family: Matthew Price www.c-r-y.org.uk 61 Our Fundraisers “I organised a book and cake sale on April 9th. I took a day’s leave from my place of work, Derby Benefit Centre – I work for Jobcentre Plus – and spent the whole day selling books and cakes! I have been planning the event since the beginning of this year; collecting unwanted books from friends, family and colleagues. (I now live in Derby with my partner but I am originally from Newcastle upon Tyne and even collected books in the North East!) As well as books, colleagues donated handmade greetings cards and knitting magazines. As the big day arrived friends and family also baked cakes and made jam for me to sell. In Memory of Tom Reid David Brucie Morris donated £554.39 raised at a charity dodgeball tournament. “The annual University College London Union (UCLU) Interclub Dodgeball Tournament was a great success despite some adverse weather. The ever-popular dodgeball tournament was held in the main UCL quad on Wednesday 26th March 2014. A great effort from all involved culminated in a showpiece final (moved under the cover of the iconic UCL portico after rain and hail). With 38 teams quickly whittled down to 2, the final saw UCLU Skateboarding Club and UCLU Folk Society fight it out for bragging rights and a generous bar tab. I organised my event in memory of Mr David Ian Reid who died on Saturday 15th December 2012 aged 31. David was my partner’s brother. David collapsed playing rugby at Derby Rugby Club, Haslams Lane, Derby. This was obviously a huge shock to us all and we are all still adjusting to life without David. The inquest decided David’s death was due to sudden adult death syndrome. Due to this, my partner Thomas Reid, his younger brother Jonathan Sturgess and parents were all advised to undergo heart screening and various tests. One week before the first anniversary of David’s death my partner was told he may have a heart condition – long QT syndrome – and was prescribed daily medication. Tests to date are still ongoing as we have not yet been advised conclusively and await genetic testing results. It has been amazing to raise money in David’s memory and we now plan to hold an event every year for CRY in memory of David. I would like to say that I have viewed your website many times and it really does give so much information – and reading others’ stories helps.” 62 Folk Society quickly went 2-0 up in a best of 5 match. Skateboarding hit back to make it 2-2. Confusion in the final game meant that with a few seconds to go, a timeout was called. When play resumed, it was 1 vs 1, with Folk Society President Jimmy Grayburn against Skateboarding Club Treasurer Tom Harrington. Some extreme dodging, dipping, ducking, diving and umm… dodging in sudden death gave Folk Society the victory.” Nick Allen. Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers raise money for various charities. This year’s goal was to row over 1,000,000 meters on three rowing machines. The challenge involved some 80 children with the 5th and 6th form rowers keeping the machines going throughout the night. The King’s School Worcester Boat Club appreciates and values the work that CRY do. All members of the boat club enjoy doing the challenge every year in the memory of Scott Rennie, a former member of the boat club who had an undiagnosed heart condition.” Megan Glenn, Boathouse Manager. In Memory of Debbie Rendle Sylvia Pezzack sent in total donations of £964: the Inner Wheel Club, Isles of Scilly, donated £500 from fundraising throughout the year; the Camborne Old Boys Brigade donated £50; £374 was raised at a recent fundraising event and £35 was donated by two friends. In Memory of Scott Rennie • Matt Dodson completed the Polar Night Half Marathon and raised £1,215. • The King’s School, Worcester, held a 24 hour indoor rowing charity challenge and other activities throughout the year, and sent in £707.23. “In recent years the King’s School Worcester Boat Club has taken part in a 24 hour indoor rowing challenge to www.c-r-y.org.uk Colin Tuley took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £906.16. In Memory of Ian Dainlith sent in a donation of £400 in respect of a golf day. 63 Our Fundraisers In Memory of In Memory of Colin Rimmer and Ollie Marsden Rebecca Rimmer took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,797.40. In Memory of CRY received donations of £132.25 in lieu of floral tributes for the late Stuart Ritchie. In Memory of Alex Roberts • Danny Roberts took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,003. • Richard Harper took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,824.36. • Scott Taylor took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £550. In Memory of Evan Robertson “Team Robbo”; Chloe Robertson, Tracey Robertson, Lana Robertson, Mark Heighway, Jordan Lateward, Deborah Brown, Mark Brown, Zac Clarke, Dan Goulding, Rachel Hynes, Mike Hynes, Kieron Hynes, Francesca Eastman, Carmen Knight, Aidan Bambridge and David McGeachan, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £2,630. Adam Rowbottom “Team Adam”; Ulrike Rowbottom, Anthony Rowbottom, Lizzie Charlton, David Charlton, Josie Charlton, Jose Parau and Chris Thirkell, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £750. In Memory of Nathan Rudy Pauline Rudy, Nicholas Rudy, Louise Hacking, John Hacking and Lee Carter-Weber took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £723. In Memory of Mark Ryder • Mark Cunningham completed a 10K run and Dec completed a 2K fun run, raising £841.75. “Both Declan and I completed the races in good times: Dec did his 2K in 9 minutes and 37 seconds and I completed the 10K in a personal best for me of 52 minutes and 56 seconds. It was a cold day to start with, but we soon warmed up with the running. The sun came out and there was a great atmosphere as there were many runners and a lot of other fundraising going on.” Mark Cunningham. In Memory of Sion Jenkins took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,430. 64 • Sarah Eggington took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £300. Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of In Memory of Craig Salmon • Jacqueline Lanchester nominated CRY to receive £200 from British Gypsum. • Leah Howard took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,087. • Melanie Salmon sent in a donation of £309 in respect of a 5 mile sponsored walk with her children through the Wootton Estate: “We completed the Wootton Estate Rotary Walk for CRY, myself, my mother-in-law Joyce, sisters-in-law Vicky and Sarah and our children; Natalie – 9 years old, Chloe – 7 years old, Carla 4 – years old and Charlie and Abigail – both 2 years old. We completed 5 miles in 3 ½ hours, with 3 buggies, over very rough woodland pathways and lots of hills – so not bad going! Natalie walked the whole way, hoping to make her Uncle Craig, who we did the walk in honour of, very proud. We had the 5th anniversary of Craig’s passing at the weekend, so it has been an emotional time, but it’s great to continue to raise money for a wonderful charity.” Neil “Kyamatik” Schuyleman • Helen Davies sent in a donation of £100 to commemorate what would have been Neil’s 40th birthday. • “Team Neil Schuyleman”; Helen Davies, Peter Davies, Anna Georgakakos, Minas Georgakakos, Ann Edwards and Margaret Kiley, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £595. In Memory of Wendy Jane Scourfield • CRY received donations of £3,500 in lieu of floral tributes for the late Wendy Jane Scourfield. • William and Ursula Lloyd sent in a donation of £1,500 in memory of their daughter, Wendy, who died on 13th May 2014. • Nicola Bellarby held a tea party and raised £100. In Memory of Richard Shaw Molly Shaw and Wendy Akers took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £1,400. In Memory of • James Stephenson took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £3,073. In Memory of Jeff Nugent forwarded a donation of £253.40 raised through a ladies’ night. www.c-r-y.org.uk • Jo Parke donated £395 from local village event “Safari Supper”. • Elizabeth Sheriff sent in a donation of £100 in respect of the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014. • Kay Driscoll and the Maldon Saturday Slimming World Group completed a sponsored slim and raised £370. 65 Our Fundraisers CRY supporter Peter Patterson attended the group on March 1st and gave a short talk about the work of CRY. In Memory of Sarah Simpson Hilary Simpson and Lynne Patrick took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £200. In Memory of Adele Marie Shipley Linda Allcock donated £1,100 to CRY in lieu of floral tributes for her late daughter, Adele. In Memory of Andrew Coombe sent in a donation of £1,396.72 raised at a cake sale. In Memory of Gregg Shoults • The church in Hope Street, Sheerness (LEP United Reformed/Methodist), hosted a concert by the Faversham Mission Brass and raised £100. In Memory of • Kathy Gambell sent in total donations of £420.74, the majority raised at her Presidents’ Day event, with other donations from the Hope Street church and Kent County Bowling Club. • Lucy Hopkisson completed the Cranbrook Sprint Triathlon and raised £100. In Memory of Ben Simpson and Matt Beadle Lauren Hill raised £600 through competing in the Richmond Half Marathon. David Smiley • Seba Smiley took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,642. In Memory of Iain Scott completed the Great Winter Run and raised £300. In Memory of Leigh Smith Jodie Smith took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £213. In Memory of Robert Smith Julia Smith, Susan Camp and Gordon Huggett took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £590. 66 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of John Smithard Will Smithard took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,449.60. • Jane Howard sent in a donation of £1,877 in respect of the London to Paris Bike Ride, making a total raised of £35,657. In Memory of In Memory of Rupert Spurling • Darryl James Hayter raised a total of £641.17 through taking part in Run to the Beat Powered by Nike+ 2013. • Sir David Chapman sent in a donation of £500. In Memory of Andy Hartless sent in a donation of £200. Scott Cruickshank sent in a donation of £1,440. In Memory of Natalie Stewart “Nat’s Nutters”; Chloe Stewart, Helen Woods, Jenny Woods and John Sneed, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £280. In Memory of In Memory of Hannah Stanton Déjà vu Hair/Ashavan Beauty Salon sent total donations of £8,068.52: “On April 18th, Good Friday, we held a street party outside our salon. We had lots of food and drink, a raffle and auction, games, music and some members of the local football team had their heads shaved or chests waxed. We also provided mini manicures and purple dye streaks in hair and eyebrows – purple being Hannah’s favourite colour!” In Memory of Ben Steele • MINT Partners held a BGC Charity Day and raised £5,974.57. • CVC Credit Partners Investment Management Ltd held a charity cycle ride and raised £235. www.c-r-y.org.uk Ian Strange • Patricia Strange sent in a donation of £100 to commemorate Ian’s birthday. • Patricia Strange and Karen Wells took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £155. In Memory of Patrick Swinson • Campbell Baxter completed a 10,000ft solo bungee jump and raised £1,205.50. • Paola Harvey sent in a donation of £200: “Patrick Swinson very sadly died of a heart attack in July last year at the age of 17. Patrick was a much loved and valued member of our school and local community. This donation has been raised by friends who greatly 67 Our Fundraisers appreciate the work you do in supporting all the families so tragically affected, and also the research you carry out.” In Memory of Paul Sykes “Team Sykes 2014”; Carly SykesBlowers, Patricia Berry, Edward Blowers, David Dillon, Susan Dillon and Deborah Hyder, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £245. In Memory of Dan Taylor Alastair Taylor completed the Chester Half Marathon and raised £465: “I completed the Chester Half Marathon both to honour my brother who died last May, aged 25, and as something I could do to remember him that was completely personal. I chose to do a half marathon because I know Dan would have loved the idea of me going through the pain as he was a personal trainer. I also chose to do it in Chester as that is where Dan was born. The date of 18th May happened to be soon after the one year anniversary of his passing just as coincidence. It was an emotional experience and was exactly what I had wanted. It was hard, testing, but also individual. A connection between my brother and me. No one else could share this experience because no one else shared Dan as a brother. Yes, family and friends were very supportive as were people who shouted support as I ran by on the day but in the end it was about Dan and I and no one else. 68 I ran on behalf of CRY because Dan died of a heart attack that was completely out of the blue, one moment he was here the next he was gone. I have found reading through testimonies and accounts on both the CRY website and in the information I have been sent comforting and helpful. The knowledge that this will make a difference to someone is uplifting. I would recommend that anyone who has suffered the same agony as me consider doing something like this – not necessarily a run, but something you know they would have appreciated and that you can do as a personal oneto-one memory. As for me, I think I will continue to run as I know Dan would have remarked of my time of 2 hours and 19 minutes that it was okay but that I can do better than that. If you do consider doing something like this for your lost loved one then I would warn that the finish is a highly emotional moment and to be as best prepared as you can for it.” In Memory of James Taylor took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,156.57. In Memory of Anita Huddleston sent in a donation of £500 raised at a fashion show. In Memory of Richard Taylor took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,154. In Memory of Teresa Nickin donated £618.56 raised at a quiz night. Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of In Memory of Angela Tennent-Butler sent in a donation of £2,000 raised at a football tournament. Gareth Llywelyn Thomas • Andrew Regan sent in a donation of £100. • Anne Thomas, Trefor Thomas, Sian Regan, Andy Regan, Wayne Griffiths, Jayne Griffiths, Antony Jones, Rhys Griffiths, Jenny Skinner, Christopher Pascoe, Rebecca Williams, Catrin Edwards, Aled Hopkin, Eleri Hopkin, Roger Nutt, Angela Nutt and Stephen Nutt took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £645. In Memory of Oliver Thompson Mrs C Thompson sent in a donation of £500 in respect of Oliver’s brother and cousins running the Brussels 20K on May 18th. In Memory of Dean Thomas Kelly Reynolds-Lewis completed a sponsored walk with friends and family and raised £330. Behind The Scenes Aesthetic Skincare and Beauty Clinic donated £1,000 raised in respect of a charity dinner dance held at Horton Grange. In Memory of Scott Thurlow “Team Thurlow”; Michael Thurlow, Marcell Thurlow, Christopher Thurlow, Wendy Thurlow, Marc Thurlow, Cathryn Simpson, Csongi Wasas, Clare Wasas and Vanessa Gardezi, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £275. In Memory of • James Griffiths took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £3,677.60. www.c-r-y.org.uk 69 Our Fundraisers • Neal Wilkinson took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,000. In Memory of Kelly Sysum took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,866. In Memory of Chloe Waddell and Tommy Waddell CRY received donations of £283 in lieu of floral tributes for the late Tommy Waddell. In Memory of In Memory of Jayden Tullett • Martin Chambers donated £245 raised through a skydive. • Dawn Tullett donated £722.68 raised by her son Harrison with the help of some school friends; and £100 raised through a local amateur dramatic society called Peterbrook Players, making a total raised of £822.68. The Richard Waight Schools Golf Foundation donated £3,700 raised through a raffle and auction. “This year’s Richard Waight Memorial Golf Day was held at Doncaster Golf Club on Friday 16th May 2014 and raised £7,400 for 2 young persons’ heart charities, Cardiac Risk in the Young (CRY) and SADS UK. In 4 years, our golf days have now raised in excess of £25,000 for these charities, with a small amount used for our SchoolsGolf initiative to fund golf tuition in local schools. Thanks to all who played, who sponsored and who supported us on yet another fantastic day for all involved. In Memory of Les Bewick took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,895. In Memory of CRY received donations of £451 in lieu of floral tributes for the late Maisie Turpin. In Memory of Chloe Waddell Fiona Waddell sent in a donation of £1,500 in respect of a sponsored swim; and a further donation of £120, making a total raised of £1,620. 70 The weather was the hottest day of the year so far and proceedings commenced as usual at 1pm, with teams teeing off on the 1st and 10th holes. This continued until all 21 teams had started by 2.45pm. We were again supported by 4 Premier League referees; Mike Dean, Martin Atkinson, Neil Swarbrick and Jon Moss, each in a different team. The competition was won by the team from ProAktive, with Mike Dean, each taking home a new Ping putter. Neil Pratt and his team from Henshaw Pratt were runners up, with the Brewster Pratap team finishing third. Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of Matthew Steven Wallbank For the first time, thanks to sponsorship from Evans Halshaw Nissan, players had the chance to win a brand new Nissan Micra car for a hole in one at the 11th. No one did, but Dave Brammer came nearest at 5ft and won a bottle of whisky! This initiative raised £375 of our total proceeds. Lesley Wallbank sent in total donations of £171: £161 was raised by a friend and ex-colleague, Ian Tomlinson, who completed the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 in April, and £10 was donated by Catherine Becan to commemorate the 6th anniversary of Matthew’s death. In Memory of Lloyd Walsh Wayne Corcoran raised a total of £518.10 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. In Memory of Neil Ward As usual, we offered players hot or cold drinks and a cake half way through their round, with Marianne, Jackie, Sue and Lynn raising £86 from donations. These included a golf holiday donated by Algarve Sports, a BAFTA souvenir, sports tickets and signed football/rugby shirts, raising over £2,700 of our total. By popular demand, next year’s event is already booked, for Friday 15th May 2015, again at Doncaster Golf Club. Get your entries in early, it should be a sell out!” Ken Waight. In Memory of Neil Walden “Team Neil”; Anna Jackson, Zoe Connor, Andrea Chappell, James Jackson, Zoe Connor, Tony King, Dorothy Burrows, Linda Jackson, Amanda Stephens, Amee Prendergast Moon, Eve Dustin, Amy Solder and Tim Miller, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £780. www.c-r-y.org.uk Elaine Ward sent in a donation of £155 raised by the Dronfield Scouts at a St George’s Day church service. In Memory of Melissa Rose Watts CRY received donations of £398.96 in lieu of floral tributes for the late Melissa Rose Watts. In Memory of Lily Webster “Lily’s Lovelies”; Melanie Webster, Gordon Salt, Margaret Salt, Jenni Salt, Barry Baxter, Judy Booth, Carol Holmes, Robbie Salt, Lauren Harper, Rebecca Salt and Katie Salt took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £160. 71 Our Fundraisers In Memory of In Memory of Kevin Wilson Sally Wells “Team Sally Wells”; Simon Wells, Margaret Wells, Tim Wells, Charlotte Wells, Kayleigh Watts, Carol Duncombe, Gemma Bentley-Major, Diane Lambert, John Lambert, Victoria Hayden, Lucy Piosek, Alison Bentley, Gary Bentley, Chris Norris, Mo Norris, Julie Robinson, Emma Woodford, Ian Childs, Laeticia Walker, Katie Townsend and Katrina Bridgman, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £1,407. In Memory of Emlyn Wibberley • Ben Brook completed a London to Brighton cycle ride and raised £216. • Eimear Burke took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £3,273.74. Max Thompson took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,648.82. In Memory of Claire Wind Eryl and Jim Chant took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £121. In Memory of Charlotte Winters Belinda Stokes, Steve Stokes and Sarah Wakelam took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £345. In Memory of In Memory of Joe Williams • Annette Roberts completed a coast to coast walk and raised £500. • Paul Miles took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £3,549.08. • Nicola Quelch took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,800. • Tom Williams took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,873.20. In Memory of Craig Wilson • Tony Wheatman raised a total of £645 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • Matthew Pullan took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £150. 72 Jason Mitchell raised a total of £1,320 through taking part in the Brighton Marathon 2014. In Memory of James Wood Gill Wood sent in a donation of £400 raised at the annual Broxbourne Tennis Club Family Day: “It is a day when parents and their children are encouraged to play together in a fun way without any pressure. Since we lost James, the membership of the club has changed drastically as new families join and the older children move on. When James was playing for the club, he played alongside Dominic, who himself was a very young man. Dominic has now become the head coach at the Broxbourne Tennis Club and is very keen to continue with James’s cup, and his young son of just 3 years old played this year.” Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of Julian Wort Shirley Wort sent in total donations of £301.81: Kingfisher Takeaway raised £31.20; Chung Ying Takewaway raised £20.61 and Frome Town Football Club raised £250. In Memory of Louise Worth • Sue Jarvis sent in a donation of £650 raised in respect of an evening of music and entertainment. The event was organised by Alexandra Melvin-Birchall, owner of the Enjoy! Wellness Centre at at Clayton Green Leisure Centre. In Memory of Sam Wright • Dani West sent in a donation of £3,084 raised at the “Frocks and Fundraising” ladies’ night, held on April 4th. “At 7pm on Friday 4th April our event had officially opened and tables were laden with welcome drinks and goody bags ready to give out to our guests. As all of our 120 ladies arrived we encouraged them to visit our selection of stalls which included tarot card readings, Ann Summers, Caramelo Beauty offering nail treatments in return for a donation, and Temple Spa who provided complimentary relaxing hand massages. The ladies all enjoyed food from our buffet and a gossip with friends before the raffle winners were announced and the entertainment began. • 41 members of a local gym took part in the No Ego Mud Challenge and raised £810: “The No Ego Mud Challenge was a 10K obstacle/ assault course. There was lots of mud, ditches, trenches, barbed wire, 10ft walls to climb over, water slides, tunnels and lots more. The gymnasium team aged from 19 to 60 completed it brilliantly! Madly, everyone loved every minute and can’t wait for the next one! We also did 2 weeks free at the gymnasium where all the classes could be attended for a donation. There were challenges, raffles and lots of prizes. We did all this in the remembrance of Louise Worth as it will be the 10th anniversary of her passing on 1st June 2014.” Grace Monks. We first welcomed comedy Charleston duo Florrie and Fanny who performed a wonderful dance routine, followed by the tall, dark and handsome Lee Jackson as Elvis Presley, who blew the girls away with his impressive moves, and of course his spectacular voice… Elvis kindly posed for photographs after his performance and our fabulous disco kept the party atmosphere alive until the early hours. Feedback consisted mainly of requests for a second ladies’ night and a huge appreciation for the total amount of money raised, which was £3,084.” Dani West. www.c-r-y.org.uk 73 Our Fundraisers General Fundraising General Fundraising • Abcam Plc Charities Committee sent in a donation of £300. • Aliman Ltd sent in a donation of £100. • Asda, Bexleyheath, sent in a donation of £200 in respect of the Community Life green token scheme. • Asda, Leeds, donated £200 as winners of “Chosen By You”. • Great Aunt Patricia Wightman donated £12,000. • Dani West donated £3,000 from fundraising activities throughout Christmas. • Dani West donated £295.26 raised at a bring and buy sale at Cherry Tree Hill Primary School. In Memory of Michael David Yendall Tracey Yendall donated £1,400 raised by her husband, family and friends taking part in a 3 Peaks charity walk. • Averdeen Central Fire Station held a charity car wash and raised £531.10. • Simon Bailey took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,346.92. • Kim Baker sent in total donations of £584.50 for the Russell Baker Screening Fund: a workplace collection raised £34; a collection at Toys R Us raised £62; an Easter Bunny lunch raised £202; a Toys R Us Good Friday event raised £36.50; a pampering evening raised £215 and a craft sale raised £35. • Graham and Jo Barlow took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £151. • Campbell Baxter completed an accelerated freefall skydive and raised £511. • The Berkeley Partnership sent in a donation of £105. In Memory of Daniel Young • Atherton Community School sent in a donation of £550 from various fundraising activities. • Wigan Council sent in a donation from the Brighter Borough Grant of £2,700. In Memory of Ediz Zekayi took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £3,133. 74 • Owain Bevan took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,486.20. • Scott Gabeille, The Billericay Round Table, sent in a donation for the Tim Butt myheart Fund of £2,500 raised in respect of the CRYathlon. • Bella Binns took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £165. • Chris Blackburn rasied a total of £400 through taking part in Run to the Beat Powered by Nike+ 2013. • BlackRock International Ltd sent in a matched funding donation of £500 in respect of Yvonne Scott completing the 10K Glasgow Run. Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 General Fundraising • Frances Borer sent in donations totalling £146.33 (including matched funding from Legal & General) in respect of the book exchange library. • Sally Borrows forwarded a donation of £500 from The Borrows Charitable Trust. • Bradfield College, sent in a donation of £890.54 from fundraising activities throughout the year. • “Team Quiche”; myheart member Mallory Brand, Luca Napolitano, Catherine Hay, Susan Shoobert and Jonathan Shoobert, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £580. • Lynn Brannan sent in total donations of £388.79 in respect of supermarket bag packing and collections. • Jane Brennand-Roper took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,156. • Mr GV Brooks, Masonic Aquarius Lodge, sent in a donation of £500. • Carnforth High School, Lancashire, donated £534 from a recent 6th Form sponsored walk. • Paul Chawner sent in a donation of £250 raised from the auction of a signed Brian O’Driscoll rugby ball. Marathon 2014 and raised £350. • Rebecca Coxhead took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £127.50. • Andrea Curran completed the Manchester Marathon and raised £108. • Dalriada School, Ballymoney, sent in a donation of £300. “We have fundraised through a variety of ways during the year, including school discos, ‘wear a Christmas item day’, a staff/pupil coffee morning, our annual talent show, non-uniform days and teacher/ pupil quizzes, to name a few!” Louise Crawford, Teacher in Charge. • Yvonne Wemyss sent in a donation of £135 raised by Damson Jam, a rock and blues band, at a fundraiser at the Tyneside Tavern. • Teresa Debono sent in a donation of £350 in respect of a card payment taken at the charity event on Sunday 18th May. • Gary Donnelly took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £3,661. • Michael Downes completed the Bath Half Marathon and sent in online donations of £425. • Michelle Clarke completed the Coventry Half Marathon and sent in a total of £1,235. • Dudley Sports Juniors and Girls Club sent in a donation of £1,000. • Kerryn Clements took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,263.38. • The Edinburgh University Hare and Hounds Race raised £151, which they presented to CRY Representative Shelagh Green. • Chrissie Cocker donated £611 in respect of a barn dance. • Adam Cook raised a total of £370 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • Electric Word Plc sent in a donation of £100. CRY was nominated by Jason Mitchell to receive this donation. • Vera Emeny-Smith sent in a donation of £100. • John Cooper donated £105 in respect of his skydive. • Anita Farnworth, Tuxford Academy, sent in a donation of £225. • Coopers School, Kent, sent in a donation of £489.49. • Katie Francis sent in a donation of £200.53 in respect of the “Big Breakfast”. • Tom Coyle took part in the Virgin Money London www.c-r-y.org.uk 75 General Fundraising • Tim Hall took part in a football tournament against the Leicester Legends and raised £215. • CRY Patron Simon Halliday sent in a donation of £250 in respect of a royalty payment for sales of his autobiography “City Centre”. • Kelly and Jo Gardner raised a total of £150 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • Alexander Gerver sent in a donation of £100. • Global MP&L Communications donated £285 raised through competing in the 24 hour spinathon. • Mick Glynn raised a total of £412 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • Jo Green and Kate Brouwer sent in a donation of £575 raised at the live music night aboard The Albatross. • Karen Gwynne raised a total of £455 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. 76 • James Harte completed the Moonjumper skydive and raised £117. • Martin Hayes took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,791.40. • Hereford Charity Pool League sent in a donation of £200 from various fundraising activities throughout the year. • Gill, Edward and Catherine Hilditch sent in a donation of £120 to celebrate the marriage of Ruth Hobbs and CRY Patron Andy Scott. • myheart member Jennifer Hill completed the Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 General Fundraising Clipper Round the World yacht race and raised £4,648.57. “My name is Jennifer Hill, I’m 32 and I have long QT syndrome (LQTS). I was diagnosed in 2011 during an unrelated visit to my GP. I know it is rare to discover an isolated case of LQTS but despite feeling incredibly lucky, the diagnosis was a shock and a scare and I struggled to accept it. I was an active 29 year old and all of a sudden, everything I loved either had to stop or carried new parameters. At the start of last year, I applied to take part in the Clipper Round the World yacht race. I needed to prove to myself that having LQTS and living with an ICD didn’t have to hold me back – whilst the Clipper race was something I knew about, I had never seriously considered doing it! Then came the launch of my ‘Clipper for CRY’ campaign: in light of my personal motivations for taking part, I decided that throughout my Clipper journey I would raise awareness of and raise money for CRY. In the lead up to the race I organised a series of themed events with all proceeds going to CRY. Local businesses and friends were incredibly generous with their time, products and services and all the events were a huge success. ‘Last Team Standing’ fitness challenge: together with my personal trainer we ran a sports event for members of SW Fitness. In teams, participants ran 5K and then completed an obstacle course, helping each other along the way so that the team finished as a collective. Pure Beauty pampering event: together with my local beauty salon we hosted a private Clipper for CRY event whereby guests received a glass of bubbly, a series of mini beauty treatments and a goody bag. The salon also donated a raffle prize and my friend baked delicious cupcakes to sell. Hill house pamper event: my mum, my sisters and I hosted an open house pamper event. With support from friends and local businesses we transformed my parents’ home into a luxurious ladies boudoir. Guests could sign up for massages, beauty treatments and hair services, or indulge in bubbles and delicious baked goodies, along with a spot of clothing and jewellery retail therapy. Car boot sales: my Clipper race luggage allowance was a mere 20kg, which sounds a lot but doesn’t go far when carrying heavy boots and wet weather gear. I had to be ruthless with my packing and the training taught me well; I soon realised how simply I could live when I really needed to. As a result I decided to de-clutter my flat and sell all my old/unwanted items. Together with a friend we went to 2 car boot sales. Bon Voyage party: to mark my departure and as a way to involve all my friends in my challenge, I hosted a farewell party. The party was themed ‘at the heart of the ocean’ and involved a number of nautical fundraising activities: a nautical dress code, ‘guess the weight of the yacht cake’, a silly sailing Polaroid photo experience, Clipper cocktails and a fabulous raffle. In addition I wore CRY T-shirts whilst on the yacht, placed posters and collection tins in location businesses and set up a Virgin Money Giving page which I circulated amongst friends and fellow Clipper crew.” www.c-r-y.org.uk 77 General Fundraising • Larbert East Church of Scotland held a retiring offering and raised £183.80. • The Leach Fourteenth Trust sent in a donation of £500. • Leeds Metropolitan Carnegie Athletic Union sent in a donation of £272.02 in respect of a raffle prize fund for the annual sports award. • Francine Leonida and Stephen Smith took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £850. • Alex Holt took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,306. • Shane Hopper sent in a donation from Aon which represents 25% of the money he raised by completing the PruHealth Triathlon in Hyde Park on June 1st. • CRY Patron Pixie Lott organised and held a Christmas charity clothes sale on December 8th raising £1,652.50; and Pixie also donated an additional £100 in respect of a pub gig, making a total raised of £1,752.50. • Gilbert Allen & Co sent in a donation of £1,000 from the H A Holliday Charitable Trust. • Nikki Howes took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,645.28. • Hull University Union sent in a donation of £232.54. • Liam McGhee, IRIS Young Enteprise Company, sent in a donation of £643: “I am writing on behalf of IRIS, a small fledgling business, run by a group of students from Hockerill Anglo-European College. We raised money primarily through the selling of beanie hats but we have also products such as masks, balloons and sweets.” • “Team James”; Melissa, Karen and Reanna James, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 in support of Andrew James and raised £1,050. • JLT Benefit Solutions Ltd sent in a donation of £110.05 from fundraising activites throughout the year. • Clare Kilcullen took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,790. • Kimberley Knibbs completed a 10K run and raised £290. 78 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 General Fundraising • Ivan Thomas sent in a donation of £750 from Loughborough University. • Martin McColl Ltd, Brentwood, Essex, donated £2,000 raised through the MRG charity dinner. • Sarah Lovell raised a total of £490 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • Jennifer McKenna raised a total of £581.36 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • John Lundy forwarded a donation of £470.33 in respect of screenings in Coleraine. • Andrew McMahon sent in total donations of £310.50 in respect of the Manchester 10K. • Maidstone Grammar School for Girls sent in a donation of £182.10. • James and Ethel Merry took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £105. • Dr Aneil Malhotra, CRY Research Fellow, took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,064. • Midlands Area Child Support Agency sent in a donation of £100. • Marks & Spencer, Essex, held various fundraising throughout the Chelmsford store and raised £1,832.54. • Hannah Mills took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £4,672.50. • Monmouth School sent in a donation of £230.75. • Ralph Marnham completed the Madrid Half Marathon and raised £1,845. • Morden College, Blackheath, sent in a donation of £747.70. • Anthea Martin raised £100 in respect of the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014. • John Murrell sent in a donation of £100. • Emma Mayho sent in £170 raised through competing in the second round of the Shrosphire Mud Run Series: “On April 26th I completed Round 2 of the Shropshire Mud Run Series at Bomere Lake, near Condover, Shrewsbury. It was a 10K mud-run challenge, involving running on a very muddy motoX track, around a lake, wading waist-deep through a swamp, through lovely smelly marshland and ending with a plunge in the lake at the end! We also raised money by doing an Easter egg raffle in the lead up to the mud run. Thank you to the CardioRespiratory Dept at Royal Shrewsbury Hospital, and to all my friends and colleagues who helped raise money for this excellent charity.” • Sarah Neely took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,697.42. • Barbara O’Boyle took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £4,047. • Chris Pascall sent in a donation of £250 for the Tim Butt myheart Fund. • Alex Peacock, Managing Director of Zoom Media, raised a total of £369.42 through taking part in Run to the Beat Powered by Nike+ 2013. • “Team Peagam”; Mark Rayner, Jane Rayner, Leslie Rayner, Caroline Peagam, Ricky Peagam, Joe Peagam, James Peagam, Denise Dimmick, Chris Dimmick, Aaron Dimmick and Megan Dimmick took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £747. • Isabel Peters took part in the London to Brighton Run and the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £465. • Isabelle Peters sent in a donation of £1,512.01 raised from her classical music concert in Redland, www.c-r-y.org.uk 79 General Fundraising Bristol, on April 11th. CRY Representatives Geoff and Linda Goodwin attended the event on behalf of CRY. • Adam Robson raised a total of £232 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • The Royal Bank of Scotland, Edinburgh, sent in a matched funding donation of £151.04. • Jackie Saunders and Anna Bignell took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £150. • Sebastian Saboune took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,736.20. • Georgie-Lou Sales took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,724. • Sidnie Sales took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,533. • Santander, Milton Keynes, sent in a matched funding donation of £700 in respect of David Halladay’s quiz night. • The Sevenoaks & District Football League sent in a donation of £100 from the proceeds of this year’s Sevenoaks Charity Cup Competition. • Teresa Debono, Smile Impressions, Grays, sent in a donation of £350 in respect of the sale of clothes donated by CRY Patron Pixie Lott on May 18th. • Mark Reid and the Mudscrubbers completed the Born Survivor 10K Obstacle Race and sent in total donations of £537. • St John’s Church, Sheepscombe, sent in a donation of £265. • St Mary’s Catholic School, Bishops Stortford, sent in a donation of £500 raised through various fundraising activities. • The pupils of St Nicholas CE VA Primary School held a book stall and raised £100. • Josh Steer took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,187.48. • The pupils of Repton School, Derbyshire, sent in a donation of £400 in respect of a “Sale of Work Day”, including the sale of merchandise and the hosting of gala dinners for their parents and peers. • Sarah Rippon raised a total of £433.96 through taking part in the Brighton Marathon 2014. 80 • Hayley Stockford took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,864.50. • Sheila Storey sent in a donation of £100. • Mark Sullivan took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £836. Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 General Fundraising • Flora Summerfield took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,010. • Denis Tailor sent in a donation of £1,817.79 raised from Welsh 3’s challenge. • Joseph Tanner completed the Spartan Race and raised £560. • Thomson Reuters sent in a matched giving donation of £606.50 in respect of sponsorship for John Geddie, who ran the Edinburgh Half Marathon. • Total E&P UK held a variety of fundraising events and raised £300. Andrew Wardell nominated CRY to receive this donation. • Trinity Hall Cambridge donated £204.41 raised through admission charges, plant sales, tea and cake sales and general donations at the garden. • Janice Tuite sent in a donation of £600 raised from the collection boxes. • Ulverston Rotary Club sent in a donation of £100. • Unum sent in total donations of £2,008.70: the Southern Sales Goof Day raised £245; a Regatta Raffle raised £12; the Dorking 5K raised £35; the Basingstoke Regatta raffle raised £37; the Basingstoke quiz raised £116, the Basingstoke Work Cup event raised £215; the Basingstoke donuts raised £55; the Manchester Sales Office raised £100; matched funding donations amounted to £523 and Unum sent a further donation of £670.70. • Vantec Europe Ltd donated £550.60 raised at a quiz night. “Vantec hosted its first charity fundraising night for CRY on 22nd April at Nissan Sport and Social Club. The evening included a quiz, raffle, bingo and races. This first event was held as a pilot activity for the company, and was received well by those who attended. Prizes continued to flow throughout the night, with the biggest winner being the charity, for which more than £550 was raised! (Thanks to POT 20 for raising more than £65 on raffle ticket sales and collection tins alone – the most out of all the sites!) www.c-r-y.org.uk Vantec would like to say a massive thank you to all of those who kindly donated prizes for the evening: MTrec for the MetroCentre vouchers; Benfield Gateshead for the car makeover; Baked Cupcakery in Sunderland for the beautiful cupcake bouquet; GEM Premium People for the Seaham Hall voucher; and many more! One attendee commented: ‘We all enjoyed ourselves last night and would definitely come to any other nights that are arranged.’ Casey Barlow, HR Officer and Head of the CSR steering committee, said: ‘Firstly, we would like to thank all those who attended and bought raffle tickets for the charity quiz night on the 22nd April 2014. A special thanks to one of the teams who graciously handed their 1st place quiz prize back to be auctioned off to raise further funds for the charity.’” • Mark Vardy took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,267.53. • M Vernon sent in a donation of £970.50. • The Vernon N Ely Charitable Settlement sent in a donation of £4,000. • Nikki Vince sent in total donations of £450.50 in respect of the Manchester Marathon. • Anthony Webb sent in a donation of £100. • Wellington College, Belfast, sent in a donation of £220. • Sarah Whale took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,426.20. • Sophie Wharton raised a total of £235 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • The Year 6 pupils at Whitfield Aspen School, Kent, held a cake sale and raised £141.41. 81 General Fundraising Raising Awareness in the Media • Pete Whitmore took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,172.22. • Martin Woodcock sent in a donation of £500 in respect of sponsorship for John Geddie, who ran the Edinburgh Marathon on behalf of Sophie Macmillan. • The Wilderness Oak Charitable Trust donated £100. • Natasha Woodgate and Liz Newman took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £125. • Tom Williams sent in a donation of £1,510 in respect of the Men Shall Cycle: Three Peaks Challenge. Nick Keating, Jonny Cazaly, Ben Griffiths, Dan Ampaw and Tom Williams also took part in the event, with Ben Marchant supporting. • Ellen Newby, on behalf of the World First team, sent in a donation of £1,000: • Sam Wilson sent in a donation of £300 raised at the 90th birthday party of Bob Wilson. “At the beginning of this year, World First, the company I work for, asked me to nominate a charity I would like to support. My nomination was for CRY because a friend’s sister sadly passed away due to an undiagnosed heart condition when she was just 15.” • Woldgate College, York, donated £293.93 raised by the Year 8 pupils at a recent fundrasing event in school. • William Wright raised a total of £202 through taking part in the Bupa London 10,000. • Greg Wilson completed the Three Peaks Challenge and raised £200. Raising Awareness in the Media Headline page index National articles are highlighted in red Page 83 Page 83 Page 83 Page 84 Page 84 Page 85 Page 85 Page 86 Page 86 Page 87 Page 87 Page 88 Page 88 Page 89 Page 89 Page 90 Page 90 Page 91 Page 91 Page 92 Page 92 Page 93 Page 93 82 For more national and regional articles relating to CRY and young sudden death syndrome (YSCD) in the media, visit www.c-r-y.org.uk/inthemedia ‘Blind’ Rough is still top of the stops Evening News (Edinburgh) 11.06.14 Kicking off The Sentinel (Stoke) 12.08.14 Superhero skydive for heart charity Sleaford Standard 13.08.14 ‘I’m honoured they would think about Nate like this’ Bucks Free Press 09.05.14 Tragic former pupil’s heart-screen legacy Romford Recorder 16.05.14 Simple £35 heart test will save young lives The Scotsman 09.05.14 Why Eleanor’s legacy lives on The Press (York) 21.07.14 Hearts are checked in memory of teen South Wales Argus 09.06.14 Free cardiac screening for young people in Derry Derry Journal 11.07.14 A whole Lott-a love in tribute to tragic Nicky Kent & Sussex Courier 27.06.14 Celebrity singers hit the right pitch Bromley News Shopper 06.08.14 Family raise charity cash after double loss tragedy Wimbledon Guardian 17.07.14 West end stars raise fund cash Surrey Advertiser 01.08.14 ‘If Jordan had come to a screening he might still be alive today’ Lancashire Evening Post 20.05.14 Cardiac arrest survivor scales three tallest peaks Aberdeen Evening Express 11.08.14 James’ family set goal to save lives St Helens Star 21.08.14 Cyclists’ island charity challenges Stornoway Gazette 19.06.14 Mum’s mission sees success at screening event Eastern Daily Press 21.06.14 Friends get on their bikes for tragic Owen South Wales Echo 03.07.14 Celebrity couple in £5,000 charity win Leicester Mercury 17.07.14 Luke Morton memorial event raises £1,150 for charity appeal Ashfield Chad 16.07.14 Family raises £35k as legacy of heart victim, 19 Manchester Evening News 31.05.14 Swim in memory of Joseph Stockport Express 04.06.14 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Raising Awareness in the Media www.c-r-y.org.uk Raising Awareness in the Media 84 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Raising Awareness in the Media NATIONAL - The Scotsman All articles reproduced with permission www.c-r-y.org.uk Raising Awareness in the Media 86 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Raising Awareness in the Media All articles reproduced with permission www.c-r-y.org.uk Raising Awareness in the Media 88 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Raising Awareness in the Media All articles reproduced with permission www.c-r-y.org.uk Raising Awareness in the Media 90 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Raising Awareness in the Media All articles reproduced with permission www.c-r-y.org.uk Raising Awareness in the Media 92 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Raising Awareness in the Media All articles reproduced with permission www.c-r-y.org.uk 93 Fundraising Events 2015 Please contact Ben, Cara or Nicola on 01737 363222 or e-mail [email protected] if you are interested in any of the following events. For more information and a full list of events, visit www.c-r-y.org.uk/category/upcomingcryevents All participants in mass-participation events who contact the CRY fundraising team (whether they have their “own place” or a CRY charity place) will receive a “welcome pack” containing sponsor forms, information, helpful tips and either a T-shirt or vest (depending on the type of event). 2015 The Big Heart Bike Ride in India Bupa London 10,000 Sure Run to the Beat The 2015 event entails five days of consecutive cycling for a distance of 470km across rural Rajasthan. This amazing challenge starts with a visit to the stunning Taj Mahal and finishes in the famous Pink City of Jaipur. There will be a huge amount of fun and friendship along the way as cyclists of all abilities come together to take up this special challenge. The Bupa London 10,000 starts and finishes in St James’s Park and uses Green Park as its assembly area. CRY has charity places for the Bupa London 10,000 and also welcomes any “own place” runners who would like to run for CRY. The Sure Run to the Beat 10K is London’s unique music running event set at Wembley Park. CRY will have a number of charity places and also welcomes any “own place” runners who would like to run for CRY. CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk September 13 February 6 – 15 Brighton Marathon April 12 Please get in touch if you are interested in a CRY charity place for 2015, or you have your “own place” and would like to run for CRY. All runners will receive a technical t-shirt or vest or t-shirt, fundraising pack and support throughout the event. Virgin Money London Marathon April 26 CRY welcomes anyone who has been successful in the public ballot who would like to run for CRY. Please get in touch if you are interested in a CRY place for 2016 and we will advise you when the public ballot opens and when we are taking applications via CRunCH. Demand for Golden Bond places always exceeds the number of places we have available so please apply early. London 2 Brighton Challenge May 23 – 24 Now one of the UK’s greatest endurance events – most of this year’s 3,000 challengers will walk the 100km, many will jog, and some will run it as an ultramarathon. However you take it on, it’s a test of determination and stamina. It’s real, no gimmicks, is achievable, and could be the most rewarding experience you’ve had for ages! Contact CRY for more info or to register for a place. 94 May 25 June 28 (TBC) Join us on the 9th CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk to raise awareness and funds. The walk’s 8km (5 mile) route will start at Victoria Embankment Gardens and finish at Hays Galleria, near London Bridge. Please get in touch to register your interest and we will advise you when online registration opens. Prudential RideLondonSurrey 100 August 2 The Prudential RideLondon-Surrey 100 starts in Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park and then follows a 100 mile route on closed roads through the capital and into Surrey’s stunning countryside. CRY has a number of charity places for this event and welcomes any “own place” cyclists. Spartan Race Series August – October (Dates TBC) The Spartan Race series integrates obstacles with the natural terrain to create the best racing experience possible. There are three levels of adult races, as well as a range of races for children. CRY has places for these events so if you would like to register or find out more information please contact us. September (Date TBC) Bupa Great North Run This event is firmly established as the world’s greatest half marathon! CRY has a number of charity places and also welcomes any “own place” runners who would like to run for CRY. Windsor Running Festival September 26 – 27 The setting for the Windsor Running Festival is one of the most beautiful in the UK, the start and finish being the Long Walk with Windsor Castle as the backdrop. CRY has charity places for the Running 4 Women Windsor 10K and the Windsor Half Marathon, and also welcomes any “own place” runners who would like to run for CRY. CRY Durham Riverside Walk October 3 / 4 (TBC) The 6th CRY Durham Riverside Walk will start and finish at Durham Amateur Rowing Club. The 7km walk is in the beautiful Wear Valley, following the river, with views of the city and cathedral. Please get in touch to register your interest and we will advise you when online registration opens. Parachute Jumps Assorted dates For further details, please visit www.c-r-y.org.uk/charity-fundraisingchallenge-events Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 CRY Update 64 May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers The involvement of our fundraisers has been crucial to helping CRY raise awareness about young sudden cardiac death (YSCD). By fundraising for CRY our supporters have, in addition to highlighting our cause, helped to finance and develop our Bereavement Support Programme, the CRY Centre for Cardiac Pathology (CRY CCP) and the CRY Centre for Inherited Cardiac Conditions and Sports Cardiology at St George’s Hospital, and the CRY myheart Network to support young people living with potentially fatal cardiac conditions. CRY has also required funding to support medical research into YSCD, to subsidise and expand our national screening programme, our education programme and our campaign for ECG testing of the nation’s youth. Whether you are carrying out your own activity or taking part in an organised event such as the Virgin London Marathon or the Bupa Great North Run, remember that CRY will always support your effort with posters, literature, sponsor forms and other resources. If you would like to join our fundraisers, CRY also offers a range of free fundraising challenge events, including parachute jumps, white Our Patrons The urgency of CRY’s mission and the quality of our work has compelled many high profile personalities to give their time to become Patrons of our charity. Current Patrons of CRY: Rob Andrew MBE, John Barrowman MBE, Jeremy Bates, Ben Brown, Mark Carruthers, Clive Clarke, James Cracknell OBE, Brian Dooher, Nick Easter, Jonny Evans, Baroness Finlay of Llandaff, Simon Halliday, Kathryn Harries, Michael Hoey, John Inverdale, Tom James MBE, Pat Jennings OBE KSG, Rob Key, Gary Longwell, Pixie Lott, Emily Maitlis, Graeme McDowell MBE, Professor William McKenna, Lee Mears, Bill Neely, Lawrence Okoye, Phil Packer MBE, Sir Steven Redgrave CBE, Joe Root, Andy Scott, Roger Taylor MBE, Professor Gaetano Thiene, Gregor Townsend MBE, Andrew Triggs-Hodge MBE, Andrew Trimble, David Walliams, Alison Waters, Matt Wells, Ray Wilkins MBE, Sir Clive Woodward OBE. water rafting and a selection of trekking and cycling events. For more information visit www.c-r-y.org.uk/charityfundraising-challenge-events or contact the CRY office to request a fundraising ideas pack. There are many different ways you can donate to CRY. Online and cheque donations are the most popular methods, and we can also accept credit card donations over the phone. For further information telephone 01737 363222 or go to: www.c-r-y.org.uk/donate All your help is greatly appreciated. We can send regular information to CRY supporters via 3 distribution/mailing lists: 1. CRY Update magazine – postal mailing of CRY’s regular (3 issues a year) news and events magazine. Includes reports from the CRY CEO and Deputy CEO; many pages of supporters’ fundraising; articles about screening, research, pathology, raising awareness initiatives, mass participation fundraising events, etc; and much more 2. CRY enewsletter – sent monthly via email; includes a link to an electronic version of the CRY Update magazine, as-and-when each new issue of the Update is published 3. CRY myheart newsletter – postal mailing of CRY’s regular newsletter (3 - 4 issues a year) with news, events and stories relating to CRY’s myheart Network, which supports young people diagnosed with life-threatening heart conditions If you would like to subscribe to, or unsubscribe from, any of these 3 distribution/mailing lists, please let us know by: • Going to the CRY website and completing the online subscribe / unsubscribe form at www.c-r-y.org.uk/contact-form • Calling the CRY office on 01737 363222 • Emailing the CRY office at [email protected] Sir Ian Botham OBE Honorary President of CRY “It is not just athletes who are at risk of these heart disorders – it can happen to anyone. The problem has been swept under the carpet for too long and there have been too many excuses. I am a parent and a grandparent and I want to know that my kids and grandkids will be screened as a matter of course. It’s the only way we can prevent these sudden deaths occurring.” To read more from CRY’s Patrons, please go to www.c-r-y.org.uk/about-us/patrons www.c-r-y.org.uk 95 Cardiac Risk in the Young Our Mission When Cardiac Risk in the Young (CRY) was founded in 1995 it was the first organisation to draw attention to the range of conditions that can cause young sudden cardiac death (YSCD). These include arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) and other abnormalities leading to sudden arrhythmic death syndrome (SADS). Every week in the UK at least 12 apparently fit and healthy young people die of undiagnosed heart conditions. CRY aims to reduce the frequency of YSCD by working with cardiologists and family doctors to establish good practice and appropriate screening facilities to promote and protect the cardiac health of our young. CRY believes cardiac screening should be accessible to all young people aged between 14 and 35. CRY also works to guide and support families and close friends affected by YSCD. The Charity aims to put them in touch with people who have the appropriate knowledge and experience to answer their questions. We provide information to explain what the coroner does, practical guidelines to help with NHS referrals and advice on the procedures that usually follow a YSCD. In addition, CRY publishes a range of medical information written by leading cardiologists that is easy to understand and made available to the public free of charge. Detailed information about cardiac abnormalities and the range of literature available from CRY can be found on our website at www.cr-y.org.uk/medical_conditions.htm CRY is extremely grateful for grants or donations from Trusts and Foundations. We would like to thank the following Trusts and Foundations for the very generous support they have given us: ABBA Trust • Albert Hunt Trust • Artie White Foundation • Aspen Insurance UK Charity Committee • Biggart Trust • The Black Family Charitable Trust • The Celtic Charity Fund • Charlotte Marshall Charitable Trust • Sir Cliff Richard Charitable Trust • The Christopher H R Reeves Charitable Trust • The Davy Foundation • Edward Joseph Colclough Trust • Fitton Trust • The Freemasons’ Grand Charity• Gordon Fraser Charitable Trust • Gwyneth Forrester Trust • Hasluck Charitable Trust • Holbeck Charitable Trust • Hospital Saturday Fund Charitable Trust • James Tudor Foundation • Miss W E Lawrence 1973 Settlement• Mrs H C Beer Charitable Trust • Munro Charitable Trust • Muriel Edith Rickman Trust • Pennycress Trust • Pharsalia Charitable Trust • The Sobell Foundation • Shuttlewood Clarke Foundation • Sir James Roll Charitable Trust • Sir Jules Thorn Charitable Trust • Tudor Foundation Inc • The Whitehead Monckton Charitable Foundation Tel: 01737 363222 Fax: 01737 363444 Email: [email protected] Visit our Websites: www.c-r-y.org.uk www.sads.org.uk @CRY_UK	Marc-Vivien Foé
Who did John Bercow replace as Speaker of the House of Commons on june 22nd 2009?	CRY Update Magazine Issue 64 by Cardiac Risk in the Young - issuu issuu Cardiac Risk in the Young News and Events \| Raising Awareness \| Our Fundraisers Update 64 \| May to August 2014 In this Newsletter BCS Conference and ESC Congress 2014 \| 14 CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 \| 17 Pixie School Tour for CRY \| 23 Tel: 01737 363222 Fax: 01737 363444 Email: [email protected] Visit our Websites: www.c-r-y.org.uk www.sads.org.uk @CRY_UK CRY Update 64 May to August 2014 Editor Alison Cox MBE Founder and Chief Executive Deputy Editor James Slade Newsletter Coordinator As Deputy Editor of the Update it is my responsibility to put together this newsletter, and it is my ambition that you should find all the CRY news, events and fundraising in the following pages to be of interest. I always endeavour to ensure the information printed in this newsletter is accurate, but please do not hesitate to get in touch with me if you notice something amiss. CRY receives an incredible amount of support and I know occasionally an error will slip through, however any fundraising corrections will be clearly demarcated at the beginning of the subsequent issue’s fundraising section. I would much appreciate hearing from you at [email protected] or on 01737 363222 if you have any feedback or comments regarding previous issues. Thank you for your help. Contributors Dr Steve Cox Fundraising Manager Head office: Unit 1140B The Axis Centre, Cleeve Road, Leatherhead, KT22 7RD Submission guidelines: We include activities in the “Our Fundraisers” section that raise £100 or more. If you could supply a write-up or photos for any fundraising activities that you have taken part in, please email the deputy editor at [email protected]. Entries appear in the “Our Fundraisers” section according to when CRY sends official receipt of monies raised. Articles can only appear in the “Raising Awareness in the Media” section if we receive permission from the publishers to reproduce the article. Images of CRY Patrons and Members of Parliament throughout have been highlighted in red. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means; electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the Editor. The Editor and Committee welcome letters but reserve the right to edit when necessary and to withhold publication. Any opinion or statement by the author of any article or letter published does not necessarily represent the opinion of the Editor or Officers of the Committee. Articles pertaining to health related topics are for information only. Readers should obtain advice from their own practitioner before attempting to diagnose or administer any medication. Mention of any products or procedure should not be considered an endorsement for said product or procedure. 2 Meet our County Representative News from the Chief Executive Newsletter from the Deputy Chief Executive CRY Screening Report Report from the CRY Centre for Cardiac Pathology (CRY CCP) Research News North Postcard Launch CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 Prudential RideLondon-Surrey 100 2014 Pixie School Tour for CRY Our Fundraisers Raising Awareness in the Media Fundraising Events 2015 3 4 10 11 13 14 16 17 20 23 26 82 94 Deputy Chief Executive Professor Mary Consultant Cardiac Sheppard Pathologist Rebecca Zouvani Inside Update 64 On the cover – for more details regarding the events shown, please turn to the corresponding page references below. Images are listed clockwise from top left: • • • • • • • • • • • • • myheart member Jennifer Hill embarks on a round the world yacht race, page 76 Premier League referees join teams for a golf day in memory of Richard Waight, page 70 Claire Prosser holds a book sale at the BBC in Shepherd’s Bush in memory of her son, Tom Clabburn, page 33 Why Not Run held at Farringtons School in memory of Ben Daniels, page 35 CRY Patron John Barrowman MBE starts Owen’s Ride in memory of Owen Morris, page 57 CRY Patron Matt Wells joins 37 CRY cyclists for the Prudential RideLondon-Surrey 100, page 20 1,154 CRY supporters take part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk, page 17 CRY Patron Pixie Lott raises awareness at schools in Kent and the Midlands, page 23 “Frocks and Fundraising” ladies’ night held in memory of Sam Wright, page 73 North “12 a Week” postcard launch, page 16 CRY screening at West Ham FC features on Sky Sports News, page 8 James King walks the Rob Roy Way in memory of his son, also named James King, page 48 Professor Mary Sheppard and CRY Patron Baroness Finlay at the CRY CCP launch at St George’s, University of London, page 14 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Meet Our County Representative were completed on John’s heart tissue. I also went on to receive telephone counselling through CRY. This was a huge benefit to me. The opportunity to talk through my experience with someone that had been through something similar – to realise that you are not alone – was invaluable. Rishka Magowan County Representative for West Sussex My husband, John Magowan, died due to sudden adult death syndrome (SADS) in May 2009. He died on his 30th birthday, I was 27 at the time. John was fit and healthy and had never experienced any cardiac symptoms. After John died it took approximately 10 days for us to get a cause of death and to begin to understand what had happened. We all experienced shock and confusion as well the sadness of loss. John’s story is included in the Partner’s Grief booklet produced by CRY earlier this year. This says a bit more about how we met, our time together and the devastating loss when John died. I found this story incredibly difficult to write because I wanted to be completely honest about the pain and sense of helplessness around sudden death – but not to create a sense of hopelessness. I am aware that it will be read by people going through those first awful days after losing someone so suddenly (when everything feels hopeless) and I wanted to make sure my story acknowledged this pain while also focussing on hope, the lives continuing of those left behind and the fact that this is okay! These are the reasons that I am a Representative for CRY. Raising awareness is such an important part of the charity’s work and I am proud to be a part of that. When someone dies from SADS we do not have the chance to provide care, to try to make things easier, to look after the ones we loved. They are just suddenly gone and that can feel like a very helpless position to be in. I believe that is why it is even more important that we work to raise awareness and funds for CRY – because we could not do anything for our loved one, but we can work towards reducing the frequency with which this everyday tragedy happens to other families. During those days my step-mum contacted CRY and I will always remember the phone call I had with Alison Cox (CRY Founder). It was so incredibly helpful to me to speak to someone who understood the complete shock and disbelief that I was feeling. It was helpful to be able to speak to someone who was able to provide an empathic and compassionate response, but also someone who was able to give me information and practical advice - someone who could discuss the process of obtaining a cause of death, the role of the coroner and how to ensure that specialist tests www.c-r-y.org.uk 3 News from the Chief Executive Alison Cox (MBE) CRY Founder & Chief Executive The CRY Update newsletter received a major overhaul with the 61st issue sent out in April 2014. New designers were contracted to make the Update clearer and more accessible and I’m sure you will agree they have achieved striking results. They have also, and most importantly, ensured the newsletter is no more expensive per page to produce than before. We were delighted to welcome James Slade to CRY’s Communications Team in January 2014 to take day-to-day responsibility for the Update, among other duties. James graduated from the University of Roehampton in 2011 with first-class honours in English, and has had personal experience of the impact of a young sudden cardiac death. You can find a short message from him on the inside cover of this issue. The Update has been delivering CRY news and information to our supporters since its first issue in 1996. The new CRY Update is another visible indication of CRY’s progress, following closely behind our move to larger offices. Our longawaited new website is a third major step forward this year. On the cusp of 2015, CRY’s 20th year, I hope you feel as proud as I do of what your support has accomplished. May “12 a Week” North Postcard Launch May 1 The final postcard of the “12 a Week” raising awareness campaign was unveiled in Leeds at the beginning of May, featuring the faces of 12 young people aged between 14 and 35 from Northern England who died of undiagnosed heart conditions. This marks the end of a series which began in July 2004 with the Midlands “8 a Week” postcard launched in the House of Commons. The statistic had to be revised as young sudden deaths in the UK have been increasingly identified to be the result of undiagnosed heart conditions. 4 Over the last decade, 12 different postcards for the “8 a Week” campaign was immediately followed by 12 new postcards for the “12 a Week” campaign, which were launched in Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and 9 regions across England to promote support amongst MPs for the CRY All Party Parliamentary Group – which currently has an encouraging 110 MPs as members. I would like to thank every family of those young people who featured on the North “12 a Week” postcard for helping us to spread our message so effectively, especially those who were able to attend the launch on the day. It was encouraging to receive the overwhelmingly positive feedback from the event, and that so many at the launch particularly relished the chance to meet and talk with other families attending. Ian Broughton attends Scottish Parliament May 8 Ian Broughton, CRY Representative for Scotland, reported: “I attended the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh recently where I was given an opportunity Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 News from the Chief Executive to speak to the Strategic Planning and Clinical Priorities Team for the Scottish Government regarding young sudden cardiac death (YSCD). Society of Cardiology (ESC) website on the morning of May 8, and subsequently, the leading story on the website of St George’s, University of London. During the meeting I told of the work that CRY does and gave them literature relating to CRY, plus copies of the CRY Medical DVD. I felt this was a very productive meeting in many ways. It should also be said that many of the items we spoke about are already established and being improved on.” For more details, you can read a report on the conference from myheart Network Cardiologist Dr Michael Papadakis at www.c-r-y.org.uk/cry-at-europrevent-2014 EuroPRevent Conference 2014 a huge success for CRY May 8 – 10 For 2014, the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation (EACPR) held their annual EuroPRevent Conference in Amsterdam. CRY Consultant Cardiologist Professor Sanjay Sharma and the CRY Research Fellows attended and presented their renowned research on sports cardiology and inherited cardiovascular conditions to great effect. Professor Sharma took on his new duties as Chair of Sports Cardiology – which recognises his reputation as the leading sports cardiologist in Europe – and his CRY Research Fellows excelled throughout the 3 day event. Dr Aneil Malhotra won a prize for “Best Original Work in Sports Cardiology” and Dr Sabiha Gati won a prize for “Best Poster in Sports Cardiology”. Midlands myheart Meeting May 11 The Midlands myheart Meeting was held at the Macdonald Burlington Hotel in Birmingham, with 7 young people aged between 14 and 35 registered to attend. This was the first myheart meeting for 2 new members. Counsellor Jayne Slack took the group to address any social problems created by their condition and cardiologist Dr Michael Griffith, with his cardiac nurse Lorraine Cadd, offered the opportunity for those attending to informally discuss any of their medical queries. Ewell Rotary Club donate Lifecard monitor May 12 CRY Deputy CEO Dr Steve Cox was invited by Ewell Rotary Club to speak about CRY, research and screening, and was presented by President Elect Mike Shone with a Lifecard holter monitor for the CRY Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Conditions and Sports Cardiology. Ewell Rotary Club previously donated cardiac equipment to CRY in February 2013 when they presented an ECG machine to Steve in partnership with Epsom Rotary Club. Dr Steve Cox gives talk at Aston University May 16 Dr Sabiha Gati with her prize-winning poster presentation Significantly, Dr Rajay Narain gave a detailed presentation using statistics from CRY’s screening of over 12,000 young people in 2012 as convincing evidence of the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of a national screening programme. An article reporting on Dr Narain’s presentation was the leading story on the European www.c-r-y.org.uk Dr Steve Cox gave a talk at Aston University, Birmingham, for the British Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation (BACPR) Exercise Professionals Group Study Day. Steve used his talk to discuss the significance of being diagnosed with a cardiac condition for young athletes. 5 News from the Chief Executive Pixie clothes sale hosted by Seema Sharma May 18 and June 29 Seema Sharma, whose husband is CRY Consultant Cardiologist Professor Sanjay Sharma, hosted another sale of terrific clothes donated by our Patron Pixie Lott in December. renowned CRY Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Conditions and Sports Cardiology. The new CRY CCP laboratory at St George’s I was most grateful to Professor Juan Carlos Kaski, Chair of Cardiovascular Science at St George’s, and Penny Schofield, HM Coroner for West Sussex, for finding the time to come and speak. I was also delighted that we were joined by Patron Baroness Ilora Finlay, who spoke passionately of the importance of the centre. The charity sales were held at Seema’s dental surgeries in Grays, Essex, and Lee, London – and raised £2,596 across the 2 events. CRY Consultant Pathologist Professor Mary Sheppard, HM Coroner for West Sussex Penny Schofield, CRY Patron Baroness Ilora Finlay and myself For more details, please see the article or visit www.c-r-y. org.uk/cry-consolidates-specialist-services-under-one-roof Professor Sharma taking a break from world-leading research to help sort some of Pixie’s clothes! The original sale, which Pixie organised, raised £1,652.50 for CRY, and the same amount for children’s charity Rays of Sunshine. Relaunch of the CRY Centre for Cardiac Pathology (CRY CCP) at St George’s May 22 The CRY CCP has now moved to St George’s Medical School, University of London, and after a challenging few months transferring files and setting up equipment (whilst continuing to operate our fast-track cardiac pathology service) a launch for the new pathology centre was organised with the university for May 2014. The move to St George’s is a crucial development as it facilitates collaboration with our internationally- 6 Melanie Webster and Dr Steve Cox interviewed on BBC Radio Suffolk May 23 CRY Representative Melanie Webster appeared on the early morning programme of BBC Radio Sussex to be interviewed by Etholle George regarding the sudden death of her daughter, Lily (pictured). Lily was 15 when she tragically died of a cardiac arrest during a PE lesson at Stowmarket High School in January 2012. Melanie had been raising funds for the Lily Webster Memorial Fund and appeared on the programme to promote scheduled screenings in Stowmarket on July 1 and 2. Two further screenings are due to be held in June 2015. Dr Steve Cox explained the ECG screening Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 News from the Chief Executive procedure, the expanding CRY National Screening Programme and the importance of diagnosing heart conditions with no apparent symptoms. June British Cardiovascular Society (BCS) Conference June 2 – 4 CRY Deputy CEO Dr Steve Cox and Screening Programme Manager Azra Loncarevic-Srmic travelled up to the Manchester Central conference centre for the BCS Conference 2014 to represent CRY and support Professor Sanjay Sharma and CRY’s Research Fellows. Research Fellow Dr Aneil Malhotra and former Fellow Dr Sabiha Gati gave poster presentations at the conference, while former Fellows Dr Abbas Zaidi, Dr Nabeel Sheikh and Dr Saqib Ghani were also present to discuss their research. CRY Patron Pixie Lott tours 5 schools across Kent and the Midlands June 24 – 25 and July 16 It was brilliant being at another of Pixie’s CRY performances during her visit to High Weald Academy, where she opened a sports hall in memory of Nicola Payne and raised awareness of young sudden cardiac death (YSCD). CRY Representative James Brown spoke at the event. This was the first of several “special events”, as Pixie visited another school in Kent, then 2 in the Midlands the following day, then a Folkestone CRY Patron Pixie Lott, CRY Representative James school in July. Brown and myself at High Weald Academy I am most grateful to our CRY speakers Peter Teale, James Brown, Stevie Rennie and Paul Daniels who gave up their time to tell of their own tragedy and help Pixie spread CRY’s message at the schools she visited. For more details and photos from the events, please see the article or visit www.c-r-y.org.uk/cry-visitsboa-pixie-lott for an interview with Pixie and a speech from CRY Representative Peter Teale at Birmingham Ormiston Academy. CRY Consultant Cardiologist Professor Sanjay Sharma and CRY Deputy CEO Dr Steve Cox at the CRY stand Peter Teale interviewed on Midlands radio stations June 4 Peter Teale, West Midlands CRY Representative, reported: “Just to let you know I was interviewed this morning for Heart FM, Smooth FM and Capital Radio regarding screenings this weekend. It will hit hourly news bulletins – not sure as of when today – but this will cover a massive catchment of young and middle aged people across the Midlands.” www.c-r-y.org.uk July CRY Patron John Barrowman MBE gives starters orders for “Owen’s Ride” July 5 In September 2013, 13 year old Owen Morris (pictured) suddenly died following rugby training from a previously undiagnosed heart condition. His family and friends set up a group called “Remembering Owen” – and just 10 months later, over 160 riders cycled from Cardiff City Stadium 7 News from the Chief Executive along the Taff Trail to Brecon, camped overnight, and then cycled back to Cardiff High School (where Owen was a pupil) the following day. CRY Patron John Barrowman MBE with Owen’s parents Melanie and Roger Morris CRY Patron John Barrowman, who had just been awarded an MBE, has strong connections to the local area. He joined the riders at 7.30am to officially open the event. Sky Sports report on West Ham FC cardiac screening July 14 A CRY sports screening at West Ham FC attracted the attention of Sky Sports News, who ran a short report on television later that evening. Our Consultant Cardiologist Professor Sanjay Sharma was interviewed for the report while the players were filmed being tested. CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk July 6 Our Patron Kathryn Harris led 1,154 walkers across Central London for the 8th annual CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk. A huge thank you to everyone who took part this year. After a worrying start the weather brightened as hundreds of CRY supporters took to the bridges for our largest participation event. I was so pleased to have the opportunity to talk to many of the walkers on the day and welcome hundreds of newcomers to this very important event. For more details and photos, please see the article or visit www.c-r-y.org.uk/cry-heart-of-london-bridgeswalk-july-2014 St John Ambulance launch of first aid programme July 7 I was invited to represent CRY at the launch of a St John Ambulance initiative at the House of Commons. St John Ambulance’s “Student First Aid” programme has been designed as a set of training courses to specifically teach saving skills to young people in both primary and secondary education. 8 West Ham TV also covered the screening event, and new signing Diego Poyet spoke about the health check up: “Monday was a new experience for me, it’s the first time I’ve done it, but apparently everything has gone fine so I’m pleased with that. The awareness when it comes to heart screening is growing all the time, especially when you think of cases like Fabrice Muamba’s. It’s important for players to know that they’re well whilst they’re playing, but also for when they stop.” You can find the article on West Ham’s website at www.whufc.com/articles/20140714/health-checks-forhammers_2236884_3995526 Danny from McFly and Georgia Horsley support CRY on “All Star Mr & Mrs” July 16 We were surprised and delighted when engaged couple Danny Jones and Georgia Horsley, Miss England 2007, nominated CRY to receive the prize money of £5,000 following their success on ITV’s “All Star Mr & Mrs”. Georgia said on the programme: “The charity is CRY, which is Cardiac Risk in the Young. We lost our friend 4 years ago in April this year to an undetected heart problem, and this Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 News from the Chief Executive charity supports families, does research, and lots of other things.” 25 year old Natalie Herbert died in her sleep in April 2010 from an undiagnosed heart condition and family and friends raised over £6,200 by climbing Snowdon in September 2011. The total included £600 from McFly fans alerted to the fundraising by Danny through Twitter. We hugely appreciate both Georgia and Danny’s support in Natalie’s memory. August RideLondon-Surrey 100 August 10 Stormy weather threatened the 2nd RideLondon-Surrey 100, but the fledgling cycling event went ahead with a shortened route to avoid risking the more dangerous stretches of the course. We were so proud of the 38 CRY cyclists who braved the rain and battled through to raise funds for CRY, but so very sorry to learn that 2 of our cyclists were injured whilst taking part and we offer our best wishes for their speedy recovery. Our Patron Matt Wells, who also participated last year, was 1 of 30 who joined us at the Green Park Hilton rendezvous point after the race – a brilliant chance to meet everyone. A big thank you to our intrepid cyclists! National coverage as teenager working with CRY Research Fellows makes important finding August 20 Henry Roth and CRY Research Fellow Dr Nabeel Sheikh were interviewed on ITV London News and a BBC News article was published online at www.bbc.co.uk/news/ health-28858511 While working under the CRY Research Fellows at St George’s Hospital, London, 18 year old Henry made a discovery that could help the diagnosis of hypertrophic www.c-r-y.org.uk cardiomyopathy (HCM) in athletes – the same condition that caused former footballer Fabrice Muamba to suffer a sudden cardiac arrest in 2012. Guardian article with Andrew Quew about the sudden death of his wife August 23 A high profile article was published in The Guardian about the death of 30 year old Gemma Quew (pictured with her daughter Caitlin) resulting in our website experiencing a massive surge of visitors in the days following the article’s publication, increasing from an average of 600 to 2,000. Gemma died suddenly in May 2011 from an undiagnosed heart condition, and her husband Andrew found her collapsed at home upon returning from work. Andrew is 1 of the 10 authors in the CRY Grief booklet “A Partner’s Grief”, and in the article discusses raising Caitlin without Gemma. Miccoli tour to raise awareness of CRY begins August 30 – 31 Sibling pop trio Miccoli began their raising awareness tour at the Whiteley Shopping Centre in Hampshire on August 30. The band was staged just outside the centre and had the elements to battle with, yet still managed to draw in the shoppers. Bereaved CRY supporters Linda and Bryan Stiller, whose son David suddenly died in March 2011, visited and said: “We found them to be three wonderful people who are a true inspiration to us all and we felt very privileged to have met them and enjoyed their lovely music. Everyone should go and see them if they get the chance, they are truly gifted and talented. They made our day!” For more details, including further reports on their performances, please visit www.c-r-y.org.uk/hotly-tippedband-sing-heart-embark-nationwide-tour 9 Newsletter from the Deputy Chief Executive Exercising after a diagnosis; what we can learn from sports cardiology One of the great challenges we face in the screening debate is to understand the impact on those young people who are identified with inherited cardiac conditions and are advised to stop playing competitive sport. Dr Steve Cox We know that CRY Deputy Chief Executive individualised exercise prescription will lead to improvements in exercise capacity and psychological state and we also know that regular physical exercise will lower the risk of future obesity. However, it is concerning that only a fifth of patients with congenital heart defects receive formal physical activity advice and this can lead to a more sedentary lifestyle due to overprotection and uncertainty around which physical activity and what intensity. There is also the converse of this where young patients in particular may reject exercise limitations and engage in unsafe sporting practices. “Could the consequence of a young person not exercising after a diagnosis outweigh the risks associated with the condition?” This is something the opponents of screenings sometimes suggest. Earlier this year I was asked to give a talk on “managing uncertainties around exercise” at the British Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation (BACPR) Exercise Professionals Spring Group Study Day “Pushing the Boundaries in Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation”. The main point I stressed was the importance of individualised care and the advice young people receive after a diagnosis, especially when it comes to exercise. Last year Dr Michael Papadakis (CRY myheart Network Cardiologist) co-authored a paper in the European Heart Journal titled “Physical activity in adolescents and adults with congenital heart defects; individualised exercise prescription”. This paper provides a framework for reassurance to patients and physicians. It highlights the importance of exercise prescription to maximise the benefit for health whilst 10 minimising the cardiovascular risk. The paper is a consensus document, informed by experts working in the field, and will inevitably lead to further research to benefit patients. Young people must understand their limitations after a diagnosis of a potentially life threatening cardiac condition. These limitations may require general avoidance of competitive sport or sometimes more specific advice like not swimming, or ensuring that particular drugs are not taken. Whatever the limitations are, the consequence of not following the advice can be very serious. One of the most important aspects of CRY’s myheart group is the creation of a forum where they can discuss their limitations with an expert like Dr Papadakis. Sports cardiology gives us an important insight into the impact of exercise on the heart. When I was told to stop playing competitive sport at the age of 18 I thought my world had fallen apart. Whilst I accepted I needed to avoid competitive sport I continued to ride my bike on a regular basis and I took up trekking. Neither activity was done competitively and so – significantly – was not fuelled by adrenalin. Looking back I can see this was important to keep my body in a reasonable state of health, maintaining a moderate level of physical activity, without pushing myself. I still recollect trying to play a game of “non-competitive” tennis with a heart rate monitor on, aiming to keep my pulse below 150. I found this was impossible, especially when the adrenalin kicked in, so for me tennis became a no-go sport as I was simply unable to restrain my competitive streak. The message I was stressing when I talked at the BACPR conference was the importance of balance when it comes to exercise. A regular routine of an easy jog should help to reduce the risk of suffering a premature coronary problem. On the other hand, running a marathon is My talk at the BACPR Exercise Professionals Group Study Day on 16th May 2014 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Newsletter from the Deputy Chief Executive CRY Screening Report not “normal” exercise and high intensity exercise for someone with a condition could be very dangerous. I was also trying to stress how important it was to take the individual circumstances into play. Previous guidelines made arbitrary distinctions between playing singles and doubles at tennis, the former should be avoided whilst the later was okay. I was lucky to have been seen by Professor Bill McKenna and to have had so much of his time as he explained why I needed to take my limitations seriously. I soon realised that this was the exception and not the norm and that most people have very limited access to their consultant, let alone being able to talk to such an outstanding expert. Almost 20 years ago I was fortunate enough to conduct research with Professor McKenna’s team at St George’s evaluating the important role of specialist units in how people with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy adjust to a diagnosis. It was clear that trusting your consultant, and them giving you enough time in the clinic to answer critical questions, contributed crucially to how patients viewed their condition. I personally found that adjusting to a life of uncertainty was more acceptable if it was the uncertainty of an expert. If uncertainty is due to a lack of knowledge and expertise, the decision is likely to be questioned. This is why ensuring families are referred to specialist units is still such a high priority, especially after a young sudden cardiac death. We know how important exercise is to people’s psychological and physiological health. It makes a considerable contribution to helping us live a healthy life and the younger the person is when these practices are implemented the more successful they are likely to be. It is therefore vital to understand the individual needs of young people who have been diagnosed, so that the best advice can be offered about the amount, type and intensity of exercise that can be enjoyed. Best wishes, CRY Screening Report Between May and August 2014 CRY screened nearly 5,000 people, mostly through family memorial screenings. At our regular CRY clinics 492 young people were screened. Clinics were held at the University of Ulster, Jordanstown campus, and Foyle College, Derry (funded by the Northern Ireland Fund). At the ICAP clinics 141 young people were screened. These screenings are held at the CRY Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Conditions and Sports Cardiology, at St George’s Hospital, London. www.c-r-y.org.uk Sports screenings included: GB Swimming Team, Lawn Tennis Association, Tottenham Hotspur FC, Millwall FC, Leeds RFC, Bolton Wanderers FC, Manchester City FC, Leicester Tigers RFC, West Ham FC, Saracens RFC, Exeter Chiefs RFC, London Irish RFC, Gloucester RFC, London Welsh RFC, London Wasps RFC, Harlequins RFC, Ipswich Town FC, Sale RFC, Northampton Saints RFC, Newcastle Falcons RFC, Bath RFC and Worcester Warriors RFC. A total of 657 athletes were screened. 3,519 people were screened at 24 family memorial screenings. These were held in memory of Matthew Dewhirst (Shropshire), Rebecca Phillips (Suffolk), Josh Fell (Hornsea), James Patterson (Essex), Jordan Grant (Preston), Andrew Gard (Colchester), Ian Bowen (Cheshire), Laura Hillier (Northampton), Jack Thomas (Blackwood), Zoe Teale (Birmingham), Gary Pope (Tooting), Simon Cullum (Great Yarmouth), Ben Daniels (Chislehurst), Christopher Parr (Leek), Richard Merriman (Hemel Hempstead), Lily Webster (Suffolk), Jack Boulton (Bristol), Lee Stables (Cumbria), Neil Ward (Derbyshire), Shamil Hamid (Bristol, Bath), Tom Reid (Leeds), Aaron Dixon (Cheshire), Gary Stewart (Aberdeenshire) and Andrew Macleod (Lewis). 165 young people were screened at 2 school screenings held at Queen Elizabeth Hospital School, Bristol, and Warwickshire University, Coventry. 11 CRY Screening Report CRY Screening Event in Chislehurst from June 20th – 22nd, funded by the Ben Daniels Memorial Fund Paul Daniels (far right), Ben’s dad, arranged the Friday to Sunday screenings at Old Elthamians Sports Club, Kent, where a CRY record of 300 young people were screened at a single event. Echocardiogram funded in memory of David Staff, Neil Wickers and by Four Pillars Hotels The David Staff and Neil Wickers Memorial Fund jointly funded the purchase of a Vivid i echocardiogram in June together with Four Pillars Hotels. Echocardiograms are ultrasound machines used to provide a detailed picture of the heart and are often the next stage in screening for cardiac abnormalities once an ECG has detected an anomaly. Katherine Swingler, Human Resources Director at Four Pillars Hotels, said: “This is a high-performance, battery-operated, ultra-portable diagnostic ultrasound system that provides exceptional image quality. The demand for screening with CRY has increased by 50% in the last year; such equipment is essential for CRY to continue with their screening programme to save as many lives as possible.” What happens at a screening? The basic test is an electrocardiogram (ECG) which is a simple non-invasive and painless test that examines the electrical activity within your heart. The ECG involves lying down quietly and only takes 5 to 10 minutes. Small stickers are placed at strategic points on the chest, arms and legs. Flexible leads (called electrodes) that extend from the ECG machine are then attached to these stickers. The electrical rhythm of the heart 12 is recorded and printed out. This part of the process only takes 2 to 3 minutes to perform. The ECG printout is then reviewed by a doctor in conjunction with a personal and family history questionnaire. If a more detailed image is needed (about 5% to 10% of individuals), an echocardiogram (ECHO) can be taken – this is similar to the ultrasound scan that is used for a pregnant woman to check the health of her baby. Soundwaves echo against various parts of the heart and they are recorded on a screen. This provides a detailed picture of the heart’s structure and how well it is functioning. This takes about 30 minutes to perform. The screening programme is under the aegis of Professor Sanjay Sharma. Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Report from the CRY Centre for Cardiac Pathology (CRY CCP) Professor Mary Sheppard, Consultant Cardiac Pathologist We were very glad to be able to celebrate the establishment of the CRY Centre for Cardiac Pathology at our new home at St George’s Medical School, University of London, on May 22nd this year. We had 82 cases from May to August 2014 with an average turnaround time of 14 days. The number of cases has increased from the first quarter of 2014 and there is also a dramatic improvement in turnaround time due to fact our staff are now fully trained and operational. Establishing a fully working laboratory with a rapid turnaround time has been achieved in a relatively short time given the complexity and the bureaucracy of the human tissue act, coroner rules and getting appropriate equipment and staff. Visitors Dr Jan Robertus, a pathologist from Struan Bourke, Senior Laboratory Technician Fiona Maleady Crowe, Laboratory Technician Zoha Hamza, Database Manager Rotterdam, joined the team in March for 6 months to train exclusively in cardiac pathology. He has helped us enormously in establishing the database and our functioning laboratory and returned to Rotterdam at the end of August. Students Daniel Eniade, Olivia Gibson and Giovanna Marrai joined the team for work experience in August and worked on the backlog of cases for database entry. Teaching/Academic Professor Sheppard held her annual Adult Cardiovascular Pathology course at Imperial College London on May 15th – 16th with 60 pathologists from across the world in attendance. Professor Sheppard’s teaching course emphasises the pathological investigation of sudden death and the taking of genetic material at autopsy in order to establish any genetic causes of sudden cardiac death, enabling the screening of any living family members at risk. We have seen a positive yearly increase in the amount of referred genetic material provided with cases. Lectures and Meetings • Guest speaker on sudden death in children to a paediatric cardiology group, Birmingham, May 15th • Spanish Society of Cardiology lecture on pathology of sudden cardiac death, Seville, Spain, June 13th – 14th • Chaired European Society of Pathology (ESP) oral and poster sessions, August 31st Inquests Professor Sheppard attended 4 inquests from May to August on sudden death cases from within the UK, at locations including Westminster and Southwark. Publications Papers: • de Noronha SV, Behr ER, Papadakis M, et al. “The importance of specialist cardiac histopathological examination in the investigation of young sudden cardiac deaths.” Europace. 2014. * a structurally normal heart, the most common finding, indicates a channelopathy (disease of the heart’s electrical impulses, impossible to detect post-mortem) was the cause of death www.c-r-y.org.uk • Beattie R, Booth K, Herron B, Sheppard MN, Parissis H. “Constrictive pericarditis and rheumatoid nodules with severe aortic incompetence.” Case Reports in Medicine. 2014. 13 Research News Launch of the CRY CCP at St George’s Medical School Thursday 22nd May 2014 was the official opening of the relocated CRY Centre for Cardiac Pathology (CRY CCP) at St George’s, University of London, alongside CRY’s worldrenowned Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Conditions and Sports Cardiology. Professor Mary Sheppard spoke of the centre’s progress since the unit was first opened 6 years ago at the world-famous Royal Brompton Hospital: “Over the years, the response we’ve had from coroners has been very encouraging and I believe we have played an important role in influencing coroners to understand how they can help families affected by a young sudden cardiac death and the crucial need to refer such cases to specialist pathology as a matter of urgency.” It is now estimated that at least 80% of all coroners in the UK refer to this fast-track service. CRY Patron Baroness Ilora Finlay of Llandaff, who spoke at the event, said: “CRY has had a huge impact in raising awareness of young sudden cardiac death with coroners and CRY’s Research Fellows are an integral part of the work at CRY. CRY funds doctors for 1 – 2 years who choose to specialise in the fields of inherited cardiac diseases, sudden cardiac death, screening and sports cardiology. Their research advances our understanding of conditions that can lead to sudden cardiac death. working to provide essential support services for those that have suffered a tragedy. Through the funding of this free, expert fast-track cardiac pathology, CRY has also helped to dramatically reduce the wait for a pathologist’s post-mortem report for the bereaved family, who are suffering so grievously. I am impressed at the expertise this unit brings in the complex and tragic area of sudden cardiac death. It truly will save lives by detecting silent risk.” Manager Azra Loncarevic-Srmic were both present to set up and man the expansive CRY stand, and received a great deal of attention from the many roaming cardiologists and health professionals at the event. British Cardiovascular Society (BCS) Conference 2014 The BCS Conference, the largest cardiology conference in the UK, opened at Manchester Central on Monday 2nd June and ran for 3 days, closing on Wednesday 4th. CRY’s strong presence at the 2013 conference was re-established this year with CRY Consultant Cardiologist Professor Sanjay Sharma and 5 current and former CRY Research Fellows attending to present their research. Following his hugely well-attended “Hot Topics” presentation on interpreting the athlete’s ECG at last year’s conference, Professor Sharma gave another extremely popular sports cardiology talk on differentiating between healthy changes in the heart due to exercise and pathological condition hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) – a common cause of young sudden cardiac death. CRY Deputy CEO Dr Steve Cox and Screening Programme 14 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Research News A Wednesday morning session chaired by Professor Greg Whyte OBE and Dr Amanda Varnava featured the CRY Research Group prominently. Former CRY Fellows Dr Nabeel Sheikh and Dr Abbas Zaidi joined Professor Sanjay Sharma and Dr John Buckley in successively presenting their research over the hour and a half session. Dr Sheikh discussed the 2013 Seattle criteria for correctly diagnosing cardiac conditions using the ECG, Dr Zaidi discussed the significance of enlarged left and right ventricles in athletes and Professor Sharma’s presentation directly addressed athletic sudden cardiac deaths. Professor Sanjay Sharma and Dr Steve Cox at the CRY stand Research Fellow Dr Aneil Malhotra and former Fellows Dr Sabiha Gati and Dr Saqib Ghani were also at the conference to discuss developments in their research, with Dr Malhotra and Dr Gati both exhibiting posters at the event. progress in investigating the causes and improving the methods of prevention of young sudden cardiac death. These included a presentation during a session titled “Cardiovascular prevention: interventions and outcomes” on highlights in the sports cardiology field from EuroPRevent 2014, the May conference in Amsterdam, throughout which the Research Fellows flourished and two of whom – Dr Aneil Malhotra and Dr Sabiha Gati – even won prizes for their contributions. Professor Sharma also gave a presentation specifically critiquing the ESCs current recommendations for interpretation of the athlete’s ECG, discussing conditions that may predispose to sudden cardiac death. Dr Nabeel Sheikh gave a talk in the aptly-named “How to practice sports cardiology” session – providing instruction based on his extensive research into various potentially sinister markers on a young athlete’s ECG. Dr Michael Papadakis, myheart Consultant Cardiologist, gave a detailed overview of how lessons have been learned following sporting tragedies such as the fatal cardiac arrest of Cameroon footballer Marc-Vivien Foé in 2003, CRY’s system of pathology and family support services following a sudden death or diagnosis – including familial screening for inherited cardiac conditions, and how general practice can be further improved to prevent loss of life. European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Congress 2014 This year’s ESC Congress, held in Barcelona from August 30th to September 3rd, focussed on “Innovation and the Heart”. The ESC Congress is the principal cardiology conference in Europe. Professor Sanjay Sharma was heavily involved in sessions dealing with sports cardiology and inherited cardiovascular conditions as a result of his and the CRY Research Fellows’ www.c-r-y.org.uk Dr Sheikh’s presentation at the ESC Congress 2014 Next year’s ESC Congress will be held in London from August 29th to September 2nd – a huge opportunity for the London-based CRY doctors at St George’s Hospital to further raise the profile of research into young sudden death amongst Europe’s cardiology community. 15 North Postcard Launch Barbara Hoggarth, whose son Ian features on the North postcard, speaks at the launch The “12 a Week” postcard campaign to raise awareness of young sudden cardiac death was launched on 14th October 2008 at the House of Commons, and was the flagship announcement at the CRY Parliamentary Reception that year. On 1st May 2014, the series of 12 successive regional postcards was brought to a conclusion with the launch of the North postcard at an event held at the Leeds Marriott Hotel. A poster-sized version of the postcard was unveiled featuring the photos of 12 young people from across the region who lost their lives to sudden 16 cardiac death, and many of their families joined together for the launch in Leeds. So far, more than 170,000 “12 a Week” postcards have been distributed by CRY families across the UK in a bid to raise awareness and lobby support amongst MPs. CRY Founder and Chief Executive Alison Cox MBE said, “As the charity enters its 20th year, we have decided that this postcard launch in Leeds will be our last and we want to take the opportunity of publically thanking every family, from every corner of the UK, who has agreed to become involved in this campaign.” Hundreds of postcards will be distributed by CRY families and supporters to people across the North (from Driffield to Doncaster, Leeds to Hornsea) urging them to send it back to their local MP. It is hoped the influx of postcards will encourage MPs to add their support to the campaign and join the CRY All Party Parliamentary Group (CRY APPG). Alison added, “We are confident that this final postcard will help us to target those MPs who are not yet aware of our commitment to prevent further needless deaths and encourage them to become involved with us as we embark on our next phase of awareness and campaigning.” Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 On Sunday 6th July 2014, 1,154 CRY supporters travelled to Central London from across the UK to take part in the annual CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk. Despite the drizzly start to the day and major events such as the men’s Wimbledon finals and a big concert in Hyde Park, our supporters again turned up in astonishing numbers for this trademark CRY event. This year was the 8th year the event had taken place. The hundreds of walkers, with the names of loved ones on the backs of their CRY T-shirts and white balloons held high – from families with youngsters in prams, to senior couples, to larger groups spanning whole generations – was, as ever, a greatly affecting sight. The walk will again have raised huge awareness across the capital of the tragic reality of young sudden cardiac death, and the camaraderie of the participants continues to be a touching dedication to all those for whom this event takes place. For many it was a valuable opportunity to meet up with friends and other CRY families, as well as CRY staff and volunteers who have helped over the years. As well as many of CRY’s long-standing participants in this flagship event (some of whom have taken part every year since 2007 – and travel www.c-r-y.org.uk considerable distances to do so) there were a great deal of new faces and supporters who had made the journey to London for the first time. The vast majority of walkers take part in remembrance of a friend or family member, but there are a growing number of families walking in support of a young person who has been identified with a heart condition – often through CRY’s cardiac screening service. There were several members of the myheart Network who took part in the walk, including Mallory Brand, Lucy Challis, Sian Donnelly, Rachael Marchant, Julie Robinson, Paula Simmonds and Bronwen Stringer. Each year there are also groups and individuals taking part who have not been personally affected by young sudden cardiac death or the diagnosis of a condition, but simply to support CRY and their work. Walkers began to gather at the Victoria Embankment Gardens from 9:30am onwards, but before the walk began there were introductions and speeches from CRY Founder and Chief Executive Alison Cox MBE and CRY Patron Kathryn Harries, who also led a minute’s silence. Kathryn first launched the event back in 2007 after becoming a keen supporter of CRY. The speeches and minute’s silence were followed by a warm up with fitness instructor and myheart member Paula Simmonds and her team from PB Fitness Training who kindly gave us their time and energy. At 11am the groups set off through the park gates, small groups at a time heading towards Golden Jubilee Bridge – the first of 7 Thames bridges – before making their way to Hays Galleria, where CRY’s welcoming party awaited. At the finish walkers were presented with a certificate of thanks and entertained by the Rock Choir – who performed a refreshing selection of pop and rock classics. For more details and photos from the event, visit www.c-r-y.org.uk/ cry-heart-of-london-bridges-walkjuly-2014 17 CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 18 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 As always, we rely on the goodwill and generosity of our dedicated volunteers, without whom we could not possibly run an event of this size. A huge thank you to: Martin Appleby, Denise Austin, Lisa Austin, Claire Baker, Nigel Bennett, Angie Bowling, Paul Clabburn, Brian Connell, Krisztina Cserhalmi, Chrysoula Dalageorgou, Philip Eastty, Timothy Edwards, Sabrina English, Karla Griffiths, Barbara Holland, Jim Holland, Jo Hunt, Carl Johnson, Eunice Johnson, Julie Lockton, Koula Louki, Rishka Magowan, Irena McCabe, Patsy Mourtzinos, Wendy Moss, Carol Nicholls, Tony Nicholls, Ashley Palmer, Jo Pickard, Janette Pollard, Coral Quelch, Nikki Quelch, Sam Quelch, Pete Robinson, Sue Robinson, Christine Rumley, Jagroop Sandhu, Mair Shepherd, Paula Simmonds, José Ramón Caamaño Sobrino, Paul Stevens, Alyson Stokes, Linda Taylor, Rob Trounce, Becci Upson, Dave Walton, Sue Walton, Gerry Wright and Kylie Wroe. www.c-r-y.org.uk 19 Prudential RideLondon-Surrey 100 2014 Thank you and congratulations to the brave 38 CRY cyclists who took part in the Prudential RideLondonSurrey 100 on Sunday 10th August 2014. The 100 mile route was shortened to 86 miles due to severe weather conditions, cutting out Box Hill and Leith Hill. The day started off with drizzle followed by strong gusts of wind and heavy rain, making it difficult for cyclists to see where they were going. They also experienced hailstones, thunder and lightning. There were some short sunny spells towards the end of the day but not early enough to help the cyclists. As always, we can never rely on the British weather. The 30 CRY cyclists who returned to the meeting point at the Hilton Green Park Hotel had a warm welcome from CRY staff and volunteers, including CRY Founder and CEO Alison Cox MBE. For the second year in a row, CRY Patron Matt Wells was the first to arrive. The cyclists were able to enjoy some snacks, drinks and a well-deserved massage and shower. The hot shower was especially welcome after such extreme weather conditions. We are very grateful to all of them for taking on this gruelling challenge and for choosing to do so for CRY. Despite the horrendous rain, aches, pains and extreme fatigue, there was a huge sense of achievement after the event. Sadly, 2 of our cyclists were injured and unable to make it back to the hotel, and we wish them all the best with their recovery. We would like to say a big thank you to our CRY volunteers: Lisa and Denise Austin, Nigel Bennett, Jose Sobrino, Linda Taylor, and massage therapists; Natalia Kwiecinska, Olga Mendes, Michelle Mendoza and Sabena Williams for making the day a great success. Thank you to the Hilton Green Park Hotel for hosting our post ride facilities and for donating an extra room for the bicycles and massages. We would also like to thank The Penny Black in Leatherhead for allowing us to have a stand and cheerers at their venue and The Tree on Box Hill for also offering a stand at their venue, even though we were unable to get to Box Hill on the day. 20 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Prudential RideLondon-Surrey 100 2014 Prudential RideLondon-Surrey 100 2014 CRY cyclists were: William Arkell (cycling in memory of Matt Hadfield) Morgan Bailey (cycling in memory of Jennifer Bucknell) Laura Balcombe Parminder Bansal (cycling in memory of Joshinder Singh Manku) Will Berney (cycling in memory of Malcolm Reed) James Clampin Andrew and Jo Crinson (cycling in memory of Jenni and David Paul) Patrick Dean (cycling in memory of Matt Hadfield) Steve Flight (cycling in memory of Benjamin Percival) Simon Gillett (cycling in memory of Tom Clabburn) Sarah Gilmore (cycling in memory of Joseph Horkan) Susan Gornall (cycling in memory of Lewis Barry) Gavin Lewis (cycling in memory of Marcus Armstrong) Andrew Smith (cycling in memory of Joseph Horkan) Ben Lloyd (cycling in memory of Matt Hadfield) (cycling in memory of Matt Hadfield) Kathryn Wass (cycling in support of Henry Hopkinson) The next Prudential RideLondon-Surrey 100 will take place on Sunday 2nd August 2015. If you would like to cycle for CRY next year please email [email protected] or visit www.c-r-y.org.uk/prudential-ridelondonsurrey-100-2nd-august-2015 Omission: Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 Apologies to Sacha Reeves, who ran the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 in memory of Jeremy Cole and crossed the line in a lightning 2 hours 50 minutes and 30 seconds. This was omitted from the article in Update 63. 22 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Pixie School Tour for CRY In the summer of 2014, singersongwriter and CRY Patron Pixie Lott performed her pop smash hits for students at 5 schools across the UK in order to spread the word about heart checks for young people. Pixie became a CRY Patron almost 4 years ago and has been a proactive supporter of the charity ever since. In March, Pixie delivered 2 electrifying performances at schools in Bromley and Eltham to raise awareness – and she was eager to increase her impact with a summer tour across schools in Kent and the Midlands. Pixie said, “I feel it’s so important to raise awareness and will continue to use my role as Patron to help spread the word about the charity’s vital work.” Pixie was accompanied by a representative of CRY to speak at each of the 5 school visits on the summer tour; James Brown, Paul Daniels (twice), Peter Teale and Stevie Rennie. Every CRY speaker has been personally affected by sudden cardiac death and told their story, urging the vital importance of cardiac screening. www.c-r-y.org.uk Kent – June 24th On the morning of Tuesday 24th June, Pixie joined the boys and girls of The High Weald Academy as they went purple to officially unveil their new £1.2 million sports hall. Alison Cox MBE, CRY Founder and CEO, and James Brown, CRY Representative for Kent, attended and spoke at the High Weald performance. James’s wife Katrina tragically collapsed aged 30 in 2006 whilst taking part in a 10K run. Nicola Payne, a teenage pupil at High Weald, suffered heart failure whilst playing sports in April. In tribute, the new sports hall was dedicated to Nicola, and pupils at the academy were all wearing Nicky’s favourite colour, purple, to mark the occasion. 23 Pixie School Tour for CRY CRY supporter Paul Daniels was present at a second Pixie performance later that day at Aylesford School Sports College. Paul’s son Ben died aged 15 from a previously undiagnosed heart condition in 2011 and he has been raising funds to screen local youngsters ever since. Paul reported: “The school gave a fabulous reception to Pixie Lott and rolled out the red carpet. The students were keen to hear about her career and her involvement with CRY. Pixie certainly raised awareness that young people can be screened for their cardiac health and Pixie’s visit put that opportunity on the map. The school have now committed to offer screening to the students of the school. It was a top performance by Pixie and she certainly won over many new fans.” our first phone chat, what Professor Mary Sheppard did for me, and of the outstanding CRY doctor Professor Sharma. I had teachers in tears, I did this twice, and at the end Pixie’s mom called me backstage and gave me a hug – she said, ‘Do you know how powerful that was?’ and, ‘When Alison said you were passionate I know what she means!’ Midlands – June 25th CRY Representative for the West Midlands, Peter Teale, attended the Birmingham Ormiston Academy (BOA) performance on June 25th and spoke about his involvement with CRY. Peter’s daughter Zoe died from sudden adult death syndrome (SADS) in 2009, aged 23. Peter described the occasion: “When they asked me to talk about my experience and about CRY I thought it would be to a class and that would be it. Instead, I had to stand on stage and talk to 2 whole age groups. Was I nervous? Yes, very. Pixie was great too, so was the principal and her deputy – who have since emailed me. So yes, without a doubt, this was a total success – and with such a young high profile entertainer it hit home hard.” I introduced myself and then gave a hard fact the CRY way; did they know 12 young adults a week die in the UK? Do you get their attention? – by God, you do. I had complete silence, then I went on and told my story, and how a certain Alison Cox helped me all the way from 24 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Pixie School Tour for CRY In the afternoon, CRY supporter Stevie Rennie spoke at Pixie’s second performance of the day at St Augustine’s Catholic High School, Redditch: “In early June CRY asked me if I would speak at St Augustine’s School during a visit by CRY Patron Pixie Lott. Rather a daunting task for a 60-something unaccustomed to public speaking! However, the staff and pupils were absolutely wonderful, they made me very welcome and looked after me but more importantly they listened to me; this I believe shows what an amazing school St Augustine’s is. I started my talk with a few facts about my son Scott; that he was a rowing athlete, super fit, incredibly healthy, a hopeful for the 2012 Olympics, and then briefly about how he died at 25 years of age in 2009. I continued by thanking CRY for their help in general and for the fasttrack pathology and research into the causes of these heart diseases. I emphasized the need for all young people to look into screening facilities and I encouraged everyone to look at CRY’s website, to read the literature handed out and to discuss what they read with other people – in so doing they would be spreading awareness. Pixie was amazing, she sang and included a Q&A. The questions varied from ‘What did you have for breakfast?’ to ‘How did you get involved with CRY?’. Pixie, her mother, make-up artist and tour manager were lovely people, I would like to thank them for their support. Between them www.c-r-y.org.uk they created a very relaxed atmosphere making it a most enjoyable and unique experience for everyone. I think nearly all the pupils at St Augustine’s managed to get a ‘selfie’ with Pixie – 600+ pupils! Well done Pixie!” The visit to St Augustine’s received national as well as regional coverage, with reports from both ITV Central News and BBC Midlands Today. Kent – July 16th CRY supporter Paul Daniels attended the final Pixie performance of the tour at Harvey Grammar School, describing again the anguish of losing his son Ben and the importance of being screened for cardiovascular conditions: “I’ve heard Pixie sing 3 times now in a school assembly and from a performance perspective this was her best yet. She was on top form. She was also incredibly engaging and attentive to the students, she caused quite a stir. The school has had 3 assemblies in prep for the visit and each time have been building knowledge of CRY and what it does.” The Birmingham Ormiston Academy’s student radio station, B2 Radio, interviewed Pixie about CRY and her support after her performance on June 24th. You can view the interview, which also features clips of Pixie’s performance and CRY Representative Peter Teale’s powerful speech, at www.c-r-y.org.uk/ cry-visits-boa-pixie-lott 25 Our Fundraisers In Memory of Alex Keith Taggart completed the Edinburgh Marathon and raised £1,285: “I managed to finish Sunday’s marathon, but it was a painful experience! It was my fifth marathon and I was really hoping to get under the 3h 30m mark for the first time. Up till half way things were going really well – I completed the first half in 1h 42m – on course to hit my target. However it was around then that my left quad, which had been niggling for a couple of weeks, gave way. I ended up having to walk/hobble the last 12 miles in a lot of pain – the second half of the race took me 3 hours. It really kept me going through all the pain to know that I was doing this in aid of such a fantastic cause – I’ve still got some funds to come in so will have raised over £1,000 for CRY. Many, many thanks to all those who have supported me. The runner alongside me in the picture is Tony Audenshaw – Bob Hope from Emmerdale!” In Memory of Diane and Michael Angela Dixon raised a total of £350 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • Jack Adamson took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £3,805. In Memory of Carmel Allen and Jo Wallace donated £2,017.10 raised in respect of the Hattie Jacques night. In Memory of Steven Allseybrook Sue Allseybrook sent in a donation of £320 raised from collection boxes; a donation of £576.95 raised from a 24 hour pool match; £96 from online donations and a further donation of £578.10, making a total raised of £1,571.05. In Memory of Luke Ashton Kerry, Nicholas and Jessica Lawrence took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 where they presented a cheque for £500. “In memory of my son Luke, who died on Christmas Day 2006. I recently married Nick – we raised £500 for CRY from donations at our wedding and wanted to present this at the event.” Kerry Lawrence. In Memory of Anne-Marie Turton took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £506. In Memory of • Dot Adamson took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £5,829.80. 26 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of Stuart Attridge Alexis Persaud raised a total of £1,345 through taking part in Run to the Beat Powered by Nike+ 2013. In Memory of Holly Fairclough took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £841.61. In Memory of In Memory of Lewis Barry James Benjamin Mrs Benjamin sent in a donation of £200. • Karen Flintoft raised a total of £515 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. In Memory of • Jack Witcher completed the Leeds Half Marathon and raised £220. Cassandra Hughes completed the Skydive Australia challenge and raised £300. In Memory of Matthew Beadle • Liam Saberi raised a total of £306 through taking part in the Bupa London 10,000. • Tony and Lynne Beadle sent in a donation of £439.90 in respect of the West End Fest. In Memory of Ben Birch • Tom Allen took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,596.20. • James Elderton raised £1,135 in respect of the Wokingham Half Marathon. In Memory of Jo Bedford took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £3,700.20. In Memory of In Memory of Darren Blanchard Mrs D Morrow sent in a donation of £100 in respect of a piece of artwork she received from Darren’s mum. Graeme “Tinka” Bell • Kelly Jayne Gleadow raised a total of £405 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • Gemma Cannell forwarded a donation of £600 from the 150 Club at West Denton Fire Station Social Club. www.c-r-y.org.uk In Memory of Graeme Blenkinsop • Richard Heywood, President of the National Association of Toastmasters, donated £350 in respect of a collection at the Christmas luncheon; and a further £150 from himself and his wife (Graeme’s aunt), making a total raised of £500. 27 Our Fundraisers • Jan and Paul Blenkinsop sent in a donation of £670: “We are pleased to inform you that an 8th annual football match was held on Sunday 25th May in our son’s memory, again organised by Graeme’s friends. It was a lovely sunny day and the lads had a great deal of fun playing the game and enjoyed catching up with each other afterwards.” • Matthew Bowler took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £541. In Memory of • Ian and Joan Tweedie sent in £570 donated in lieu of gifts for their golden wedding anniversary. • The Farmborough Talent and Trading ladies donated £765 raised at a coffee morning and sale. “Farmborough is a small village near Bath where I grew up and has a great local community, so the ladies wanted to support CRY as they knew me as a child.” June Boulton. • June Boulton sent in a total donations of £2,028.72 in respect of “Jack’s Day”, held at Saltford Football Club on Monday 5th May 2014. Sarah Booth Tasha Henderson completed the Belfast Marathon and raised £120. In Memory of Daniel Boreham Chelmer Valley High School held the annual Teachers vs 6th Formers football match and raised £643.36. Gary Watson sent in total donations of £519.68: the postmen and women from the Whitchurch delivery office, Shropshire, raised £368 from a football predictor; The Bulls Head, Whitchurch, raised £141.68 from the collection boxes on the bar and Aaron Millington donated £10 from his car cleaning. In Memory of Emma Broad Jack Boulton • Pat Marshall, Lady Captain of Saltford Golf Club, sent in a total of £2,868.60 in respect of a coffee morning. “The lady captain, Pat Marshall, chose CRY as her charity in memory of Jack Boulton. Pat had coached Jack at tennis as a boy and was delighted by the support of the local community in raising such a good total. The cheque was presented to me on the day.” June Boulton. 28 • Joel Aitken completed the Paris Marathon and raised £855. • Julie Wright sent in a donation of £12,601.75 raised through climbing Mount Toubkal in Morocco with 9 family and friends. In Memory of Carolyn Broussely • Daniel Tye raised a total of £1,101 through taking part in the Brighton Marathon. • Marc Broussely sent in a donation of £2,234.43 in memory of his wife; and a further 1,000 raised by the “Tribute Evening to Carolyn Broussely” event held on April 12th, making a total raised of £3,234.43. Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of David Brown Bay House School and 6th Form held a charity football and netball tournament and raised £106.22. In Memory of Katrina Brown CRY Patron Bill Neely took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,272.22. In Memory of Stephanie Browne • Maggie Herod sent in a donation of £210 raised through walking the Greensands Ridge long distance path in Bedfordshire with Maisy, her rescue Staffie. The path is 40 miles long and because Maisy has arthritis they did the walk over a week, covering 6 miles a day on average. Read Maggie and Maisy’s blog of the walk at www.c-r-y.org.uk/greensands-walkin-memory-of-stephanie-browne • Astrid Browne sent in a donation of £390 raised at a “welcome back” tea party for Maggie and Maisie after their Greensands Ridge walk. In Memory of Leanne Brownhill Elizabeth Stride raised a total amount of £417 through taking part in the Bupa London 10,000. In Memory of Nina Buck Eleri Buck sent in a donation of £1,121 in respect of the Pembrokeshire Talent Charity Showcase, dedicated to both Eleri’s mum, Nina, and her fellow organiser Laura’s dad, Nigel Venables, who suffers from MS: “Me and my best friend of 8 years, Laura Venables, decided to put on Pembrokeshire Talent Charity Showcase due to two particular experiences in our lives. My devastating experience was losing my mum when I was just 13 years old to sudden adult death syndrome. www.c-r-y.org.uk 29 Our Fundraisers Being so sudden, it made it extremely difficult to come to terms with. Now, being older, from the start of this year I decided I wanted to give something back to my lovely caring mum by raising money for CRY so I could help reduce the frequency of this happening to other families. I decided to join forces with Laura and raise money for my charity, CRY, for my mum, and her charity, HOPE MS Therapy Centre, for her dad. In Memory of Alex Buckler The show was put on at our local theatre, Milford Haven Torch Theatre, which had 300 seats to fill. The night was full of Pembrokeshire-based acts, dance companies, singers and bands. We knew all 10 acts in some way before the event which made the night even more special. My three younger sisters were also performing throughout the show: Daisy (11 years old), Lucy (16 years old) and Fleur (18 years old). At the show there was also a raffle, which had 30 different prizes, days out and vouchers to be won. Jan Juneman sent in total donations of £475: a recent coffee morning held in Bruton Community Hall raised £225 and a further £250 was donated by Caroline Macpherson. In Memory of Dr Jennifer Bucknell Veronica Bucknell sent in total donations of £235: a craft stall at Ilminster Victorian Evening raised £135 and Cleeve School, Cheltenham, donated £100. In Memory of Robert Burns Doreen Burns sent in £1,500 raised by herself, Jimmy and Paul in respect of the 5-a-side football tournament and a tombola stall. We managed to fill the whole theatre and raise over £2,820 (including collection boxes and online donations) which was then split between the two charities! It was an amazing experience and we were able to work with such an amazing technical team from the Torch Theatre. We received such amazing feedback after the night and everyone wants it to be a yearly event!” 30 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers seconds. Paul raised £190 through his JustGiving site.” Hollie Button. In Memory of Karen Wilds (Edwards) took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,524. In Memory of Caroline Bushell sent in donations of £1,898.44. In Memory of Nathan Butler • The Wednesday Club at Halmer End Methodist Chapel sent in a fundraising donation of £100. • Peter Bagnall completed a coast to coast walk from May 18th – 30th and raised £275. In Memory of Graham Button “On 2nd March, Paul Bishop took part in the Adidas Silverstone Half Marathon at the home of British motorsport in aid of CRY – fundraising for Graham Button’s memorial fund. This was Paul’s first half marathon and he did great completing the challenge in 2 hours, 17 minutes and 26 www.c-r-y.org.uk Arabella Campbell • Marie Connolly raised a total of £100 through taking part in the Bupa London 10,000. • Amy Dury and Chris Sampson raised a total of £1,917.20 together through taking part in the Brighton Marathon 2014. In Memory of Alison Lloyd completed the Great North Swim and raised £226. In Memory of Adele Cashman Lucy Woodthorpe and Emma Dyson raised a total of £1,732 together through taking part in the Brighton Marathon. In Memory of Earlsdon Ballet School, Coventry, held a production and raised £150. 31 Our Fundraisers In Memory of In Memory of • Bablake Senior School sent in a donation of £878.14 raised from various fundraising activities throughout the year. Tom Pickford donated £325 in respect of the Reading Half Marathon. Pippa Chowne • Lisa Chowne, Andrew Chowne, Nia Crockford, Simon Crockford and Julie Crockford took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £115. In Memory of Darren Chrimes In addition to £350 donated in lieu of floral tributes; Darren’s family and friends raised £60 through a football match in his memory, making a total raised of £410. In Memory of Katrina Christopher and Cheryl Christopher-Webber • Maggie Longstaff raised a total of £435 through taking part in the Bupa London 10,000. • “Team Trina and Cheryl”; Viv Christopher, James Webber, Alan Webber, Marian Webber, Dawn Welch, Tony Ashcroft, Angela Clarke, Andy Clarke, Julia Dickinson, Phil O’Rourke, Nicola Richardson, Stuart Richardson, Irene Forgie, Jim Forgie, Paul O’Rourke, Laura Gibbs, Harry Gibbs, Bobby Forgie, Tony Forgie, Ellen Hinton, Michael Hinton, Lindsey Miller, Chris Merchant, David Merchant, Daphne Merchant, Katharine Merchant, Natalie Sharp, Lorraine Heath, James Goodyer, Niamh Goodyer, Maggie Longstaff, Gary Longstaff, Jackie Stoves, Paul Nowak, Sally Nowak, Wilawan Gina Horsham, Kate Priest, Andrew Wright and Trina Taylor, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £3,635.50. 32 In Memory of Tom Clabburn • Inderpreet Sahota raised a total of £290 through taking part in the Bupa London 10,000. • Ella Brown donated £1,000 raised through competing in the Bath Half Marathon. • “An evening of song in aid of the Tom Clabburn Memorial Fund raised £500 at the LVS School in Ascot, Berkshire, on May 20th. The staff and parents’ choir put on a packed evening of entertainment and Headmistress Christine Cunniffe said: ‘I was incredibly impressed by the standard of the performances from the choir and soloists. Many of the performers were pushed out of their comfort zones and I can only praise them for the achievements. They came together so passionately and enthusiastically to raise money for Tom’s charity. Well done to everyone involved.’ Apart from singing, Mrs Cunniffe also performed a rendition of the first movement of Mozart’s piano concerto in D minor with piano teacher James Bryant. CRY and Tom’s Fund were brought to the school’s attention by family friends Juliet and Clive Matthews, whose son attends LVS.” Paul Clabburn. Paul Clabburn and Claire Prosser with Mrs Cunniffe, right, and choir. Image credit: Brighton Togs/Skye Brackpool Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers • Chris Cockburn climbed Mount Kilimanjaro and raised £820. • Paul Clabburn and Claire Prosser sent in total donations of £1,858. “More than £830 was raised at the December book and cake sale held at the BBC in Shepherd’s Bush. All the money raised will go towards funding heart screenings in West London. As everyone knows, it takes a lot of people to fundraise and thanks for help on the day goes to Ruth Akins, Vicky Pearson, Jacky Hems, Simon Wright, Sue Ellis, Angelique Halliburton, Lorna Donlan, Phill Thomas, Bridget Osborne, Sam Upton, Elspeth Morrison and Jane Kinghorn. Books were supplied by former BBC colleagues Annie Flury on Radio Five Live, Gillian Dear on Radio Four and the One Show. A number of friends donated homemade cakes which really attracted the customers; Ruth Akins, Gina Bentley, Elin Hale, Faith Howells, Shona MacMillan, Alison Montgomery, Elspeth Morrison, Linda Panzer, Elizabeth Porter, Anne-Marie Reilly, Isabel Turner and Debbie Young.” Claire Prosser. “With the help of a gazebo to ward off the rain and lots of volunteers, we managed to raise £870 at the May sale outside Munson’s cafe in South Ealing. A generous donation from Munson’s helped boost the total. So hugest thanks once again to Mario and the baristas, all the customers and helpers who made it such a successful day.” Claire Prosser. • “Team Tom VII”; Paul Clabburn, Claire Prosser, Ellen Clabburn, Gordon Prosser, Neil Prosser, Samantha Prosser, Stephanie Smith, Scarlett Young, Andy Howells, Sue Howells, James Ballantyne, Anne Marie Ballantyne, Joseph Ballantyn, Alan Rodney, Helen Lewis, Chris Pearson, Tim Carpenter, Baerbel Carpenter, Aaron Pearce, Jacky Hems, Polly Manser, Gina Bentley, David Bentley, Edward Bentley, Emma Ambrose, Javeen Bentley, Jamie Sanders, Linda Panzer, Gohfred Panzer, Isabel Turner, Ruth Arulanandam, John Stanton, Lisa Neaverson, Timor Onder, Megan Jones, Emma Ambrose-Crow, Nikita Samorukov and Alastair Clunas, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £170. In Memory of Sacha Reeves took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,052.50. www.c-r-y.org.uk Our Fundraisers In Memory of Stephen Connor Simon Croft completed the Manchester Marathon on April 6th and the Liverpool Marathon on May 25th and raised an additional £403, making a total raised of £1,353. In Memory of Alistair Macfarlane took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,273.40. In Memory of Bruce Cousins • Jackie Cousins sent in total donations of £380.50 raised at the annual spring plant sale and a collectables stall at the local church fête. • Shelley Bilston completed the Sheffield Half Marathon and raised £658.50. “Pleased to say that despite a total disaster by the organisers the ‘cancelled’ marathon went ahead and our niece Shelley Bilston completed the course and raised a substantial amount for CRY. In the second photo is our granddaughter Daisy (CRY’s youngest representative!) congratulating Shelley on her success.” Jackie Cousins. 34 In Memory of Richard Credland • Vicky Credland completed the “9am – 4pm School Day Swim/Cycle” event and raised £1,024.80: “Following a 5am breakfast of blueberry porridge and banana on toast, I was ready for the 8am start to my day’s challenge. I started with an hour’s cycling, to be followed by an hour’s swimming and then back to the bike – right through to 4pm. My local gym had lent me a spin bike for the event and this was set up on the poolside of Papplewick School, where I am a Year 4 teacher. The first cycle session flew by; I had plenty of visitors popping in and out of the pool, both staff and pupils, and by 9am I was jumping off the bike and making my way to a makeshift changing area on the poolside, ready for my hour’s swimming. I had 3 members of staff join me and before I knew it, it was time to revert to the bike once again. Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers Throughout the next few hours, I had numerous friends, parents and pupils come to visit and help pass the time. The bike slots gave me a welcome opportunity to refuel and take on fluids. The day went surprisingly well and my last cycle slot was almost pleasant. I think my legs were on auto pilot by this point! However, I was very glad to reach my last swim slot (3pm-4pm) and the last ten minutes in the water did seem to drag on forever! I was delighted to complete my challenge in memory of my brother Richard, an RAF officer, who passed away in his sleep at just 29 years old.” In Memory of Ben Daniels • Farringtons School held their annual Why Not Run charity fun run on May 11th and sent in total donations of £1,463: “Now in its third year, Why Not Run is a charity fun run for all the family which raises money for local children’s and young people’s charities. Set up by the Head of Junior PE Lavinia Long, the day offers a range of running events and distances for all ages and abilities.” • Jo-Anne Credland took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £930. In Memory of Mary Lovewell Blake sent in a donation of £100. In Memory of Stuart Cutler David and Natalie Cutler sent in total donations of £1,073 in respect of recent fundraising activities. www.c-r-y.org.uk “In addition to raising funds for this fantastic charity, we are also hoping to raise awareness of the importance of having young people screened. We are therefore delighted to announce that all funds raised from this year’s Why Not Run event will go towards screening at least 100 young people at a session on 20th June 2014. Our Why Not Run participants, aged between 14 and 35, will also receive priority booking invitations to this screening.” Jackie Baker, organiser. 35 Our Fundraisers In Memory of Matthew Dewhirst • Sue and Chris Dewhirst sent in total donations of £6,148: the Oswestry Lions raised £3,500 to pay for a day’s screening to be held at Ellesmere College, Shropshire; £2,518 was raised at the CRY for Matthew Golf Tournament and £130 was raised by the sale of The Hard Yards CDs. • Jenny Knott sent in a donation of £250 in respect of the Why Not Run event. • Ravens Wood School, Bromley, donated £2,739.86 raised through a CRY screening day and fundraising activities. In Memory of Neil Darby • Nicole Collingwood raised a total of £139 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • Heather Darby sent in a donation of £1,500. In Memory of Beth Watson raised a total of £495 through taking part in the Brighton Marathon. In Memory of Amanda Lysons took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,376. In Memory of Claire Dee Shapland Nick and Eve Dee-Shapland took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £1,000. 36 Clive Humphries, Oswestry Lions, presents a cheque for £3,500 to Sue Dewhirst and students of Ellesmere College • Sue and Chris Dewhirst sent in further total donations of £2,428: MBNA sent in a donation of £1,500; the Forward Ladies Networking raffle raised £84; the Weaver Rotarian Club, Nantwich, raised £235 and bag packing at Sainsbury, Oswestry, raised £609. • Mark Spurdens sent in a donation of £100. • Sue Dewhirst, Chris Dewhirst, Catherine GrayUpton, Alan Upton, Emily Gray-Upton, Chloe Gray-Upton and Kelvin Holt took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £630. Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of Stephen Donovan Rachel Braithwaite took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,565. In Memory of Bobby Dorka George and Matthew Carter raised a total of £2,126 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. In Memory of Adam Drawbridge Pat Dickinson sent in a donation of £100. Sarah and Les Drawbridge took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £770. In Memory of Aaron James Dixon • Gary Dixon sent in a donation of £120. • Michael Dawson completed the Lancashire cycling event and raised £215. • John Hassell took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £6,207.74. • Ryan Moroney took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £3,135. In Memory of Adam Donnelly “Team Donnelly”; Julie Donnelly, Jed Donnelly, Sian Donnelly, Lisa Donnelly, Cheryl Morgan, Rochelle Gibbs, Sandra Clark, Dave Clark, Gabbie Clark, Taylor Percival, Rachel Stuart, Anna Ruth, Natalie Purdue-Vollrath, Angela Adamson, Eric Adamson, Sue Arthur, Simon Webb, Rachel Hewitt, Jeff Hewitt, Kelle McDougal and Stuart McDougal took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £594.50. www.c-r-y.org.uk CRY received donations of £105 in lieu of floral tributes for the late Florence Drinkwater. In Memory of Joe Edwards • Jackie Edwards sent in a donation of £2,065 in respect of various fundraising. • Jackie Edwards held “A Night to Remember” to commemorate Joe’s birthday and sent in a total of £4,055. CRY volunteers Kevin and Linda Marsden attended the event on behalf of CRY. In Memory of Marcus Hunter took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £6,381.20. 37 Our Fundraisers In Memory of Amy Evans “Team Amy”; Michael Evans, Katherine Leach, Steve Leach, Imogen Rafferty, Alison Lister, Kasi McReddie, Amelia Waldock, Kim McGinty and Graeme, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £135. In Memory of Clare Everett-Allen • Cynthia and Clive Everett-Allen donated £1,405 in respect of the Snowdon climb on 26th April: “It was on a dry Saturday 26th April that we started out to climb Snowdon in memory of Clare. Mum and Dad, sister Kate, partner Kevin, grandson Ben and not forgetting Bella the Labrador who did not know she was on the walk of a lifetime! Clare had always said we must do it and indeed on one occasion we tried but weather forced us down. So it was a perfect reason to fulfil it thanks to Kate who pushed us to get dates in diary and organised a lovely cottage for weekend. We did it! It was quite demanding in parts but the views were amazing. The weather was kind apart from some hail halfway up. We followed the railway track and seeing people waving from the comfort of their seats was not easy! Reaching the top was very emotional, especially when we blew up CRY balloons and released them in her memory. Tying them up with frozen fingers was not easy – thanks Kev, who obliged. Amazing seeing them drift around the summit and then down the valley. We then took some food and walked back down along with bikers and stag parties dressed in superheroes gear. An amazing day never to be forgotten by this family.” • Cynthia and Clive Everett-Allen held a social memorial event, including a raffle, with friends and family and raised £1,725: “Two years ago I was taken away for a spa weekend with my daughter, Kate, and Clare’s friends – Hannah, Tracy and Mandy. We had a wonderful time with lots of time to eat, drink, laugh and chat about some of our treasured memories of Clare and the times we shared. We agreed we’d like to hold an event to remember Clare with all her friends and ours who knew her well. We held a party back where Clare and Kate grew up in Southwick, West Sussex, on 14th June 2014. It was a special evening and we were lucky enough to be given free use of a hotel by a friend. Over 90 guests arrived from far and wide; from Bristol, the West Midlands and Yorkshire. Kate gave a memorable welcoming speech and the eating, drinking and dancing ensued with lots of stories about Clare from family and friends, lots of which we hadn’t heard but as Mum and Dad you wouldn’t! Thanks to kind and generous donations we held a raffle for CRY with grandson Ben and Kate’s friend Cookie ‘MC-ing’ the event. We raised a fabulous amount of £1,725 for CRY – an amazing achievement – so thanks to all her friends for a really memorable night, the turnout and efforts friends went to in order to join us was a true reflection of how loved and treasured Clare was and is.” • Cynthia Everett-Allen and Colin Pratt took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £507. In Memory of Sean Farrell Kevin Houston raised a total of £250 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. In Memory of • Catherine Haigh and David Walton completed the Seville Marathon and raised a total of £2,542.29. 38 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers • Hudson Contract Services Ltd donated £250. • Donna and Rich Fell sent in total donations of £4,835: the Hornsea Lions raised £500 at their 47th annual charity dinner; £500 was donated by a local café, who won a prize at the rotary club dinner, and a total of £3,835 was raised in respect of an ex-Tigers charity football match and family fun day. “A year ago we lost a close friend of ours to sudden adult death syndrome (SADS). On February 23rd we ran the Seville Marathon – our first marathon – to raise money for CRY. Harry was always immensely sporty, so a marathon seemed like a fitting event in his memory. We trained for nearly 4 months, however nothing could prepare us for the Sevillian weather of 20 degrees! Although it was hotter than we were used to, the crowds and cheering from family and friends at the event spurred us on. The final few miles were especially tough, but running the finishing lap in Seville’s Olympic Stadium was well worth it.” Catherine Haigh. • Rich, Donna and Jasmine Fell took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £263.95. In Memory of Therese Field Amy Bevan nominated CRY to receive a £250 award from Three’s charity fund. Amy’s fundraising efforts included organising a “Stars in Their Eyes” show. In Memory of Nathan Foley • Paul Carter took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,117. • The Interact Club, Great Marlow School, Buckinghamshire, presented a cheque for £1,000 to CRY Representative Ulrike Rowbottom at a club presidency hand-over event. For the full article and more pictures from the event visit www.gms.bucks. sch.uk/?p=4542 In Memory of Harry Faulkner and Thomas Russell D Groves sent in a donation of £415. In Memory of Josh Fell • Donna and Rich Fell sent in a donation of £950 from the Yorkshire Building Society and £100 raised from a tombola stall at a vintage tea party, making a total raised of £1,050. www.c-r-y.org.uk “Interact is a group of 6th Form students who meet every Wednesday with their mentors from the Marlow Thames Rotary Club. The Interact team conducts itself professionally: the students select a president and vicepresident; decide which charities to raise money for; plan and organise the fundraising events and handle the financial aspects. All their hard work has resulted in raising the superb total of £2,000. Events included a fantastic quiz evening, refreshments at the sports day and cake sales throughout the year, including 900 39 Our Fundraisers doughnuts! At the hand-over event, representatives from the nominated charities were invited to the school to collect cheques for £1,000 each. In Memory of A huge thank you goes to the fantastic charity team: Sam Goodwin, Jody Grayston, Charlotte Money, Catherine Oliver, Madiyah Zeb, Haseena Khaliq, Kevin Bedford, Anila Iqbal, Hannah Styles and Finn Charlton. This group was led by president Aishling Hageman-Rowe and vice president Khatija Agha. The whole team dedicated their time and effort to ensure that the total raised was enormous. The Rotary Club mentors Jo Braybrooke and Peter Reynolds are thanked for giving their time and energy every week and for ensuring that the money raised by Interact was equalled with a generous donation from the Rotary Club. Mrs Wint has been a consistent support for the team who all appreciate her efforts. Julian Peukert raised £638 after being unable to compete in a marathon and fundraising in respect of an alternate event: Joanne Fotheringham “Unfortunately I had to pull out of the Edinburgh Marathon due to an injury. However, all was not lost as I contacted all my sponsors and, with their permission, I did an abseil of the Forth Bridge instead on 18th May 2014, a week before I was due to complete the marathon. It was pretty scary doing the abseil as it was 165 feet from top to bottom.” In 2014-15 Aisha Rana-Deshmukh will be president and Natasha Garry with be vice president. The new team welcome any Year 12 or 13 students to join them in meeting and, hopefully, exceeding the amounts raised this year.” • Owen Hollyman took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,587.99. In Memory of The Queen’s Head, Newton Regis, donated £235 raised from collection boxes. Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of In Memory of Salena German Jake Gallagher Jackie German sold candy floss at Felsted School fête raising £370; and £80 was raised at her brother’s shop, making a total raised of £450. • Mitsubishi Electric sent in a donation of £500. • “Jake’s Team”; Sarah Pyatt, Linda Holland, Sarah Day and Stephen Edwards, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £170. In Memory of Lauren Gallagher Blanche Gallagher sent in a donation of £130, which represents the proceeds from the charity box in Centra Grocery Store, Ballymagorry. In Memory of Peter Smith took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,800. Sheila Goldring sent in a donation of £500 in memory of her grandson. Andrew Gard In Memory of In Memory of Stephen Gately “Steo’s Superfanz”; Sarah Phillips, Jacqui King, Lenie Keizer, Catherine Mostyn Scott, Debbie Woolley, Bitter Olaf and Sheryl Chappell, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £178. In Memory of Alexander Christian Goodman Rosemary Goodman sent in £500 donated in lieu of gifts for Alex’s father Peter Goodman’s 70th birthday: “The photo shows Pete opening a ‘jokey’ present with some of our grandchildren, myself and daughter-in-law (Eilidh) looking on. Jaimie Gault James and Margaret Gault sent in total donations of £1,100: the Crooks family donated £739 in lieu of gifts for an 80th birthday; WRNS Assocation, Belfast, donated £50 and a total of £311 was raised through the farming community’s fundraising efforts. www.c-r-y.org.uk 41 Our Fundraisers In Memory of We managed to select 24th May – the worst weather imaginable. Our close family and friends all did us proud. They crowded into the house and garage without a moan. Two of our neighbours helped with cooking and music from an accordion and another guest played his guitar. We also had a school friend’s son to show some close up magic. A great day was had by all inspite of the weather.” David Green Gabby Broadhurst raised a total of £535 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. In Memory of In Memory of Lianne Gould “Team Lianne”; Sophie Thomas, Keirean Walker, Carole Walker, Taylor, Kai and Demi, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £350. Myra Gregory took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £337. In Memory of • Fergal Doyle took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £4,509.40. In Memory of Jordan Grant • Cardinal Newman Lancashire College donated £160 raised by 4 students. • “Team Olly”; Owen Griffin, Barbara Griffin, Jemma Wylde, Helen Arpino, Bernard Torry and Michelle Torry, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £100. • West View Climbing and Leisure Centre, Preston, donated £336 raised through a family fitness event. In Memory of • Lisa Grant sent in a donation of £2,150 from the Catenian Association. In Memory of • Tom Green sent in a donation of £2,065. Nick Guya Colin Dibbert and Matthew Green raised a total of £700 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. In Memory of Trinh-Ny Ha and Clive Squires Sarah Ball raised a total of £245 through taking part in Run to the Beat Powered by Nike+ 2013. • Bill Green sent in £1,113 raised in respect of the Cardiff Half Marathon. • Tom and Judy Green sent in total donations of £850: Dr Coleman shaved his beard off and raised £65; Rachel Durber ran the Shrewsbury 7 and raised £215; Adam’s mum Judy’s handmade cards raised £130 and donations made at a screening weekend, a cake sale and a raffle raised £440. 42 • Mary Haddrell donated £896.96 raised at a charity spinathon and cake sale. Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers • Stacy Westhead took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,294.85. In Memory of Matt Hadfield “Team Matt”; Diana Garretts, Marc Hadfield, Angie Hadfield, Louisa Hadfield, Andy Hunt, Eraldo D’Atri, James Hogan, Amanda Hogan, Haidee McAughtrie, Michael McAughtrie and Oliver Hunt, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £1,615. In Memory of Shamil Hamid • Shafiq and Farah Hamid sent in a donation of £1,040 raised through fundraising at the British Embassy in Kuwait. • The English School, Kuwait, sent in a donation of £2,096. • Farah Hamid sent in a donation of £1,113 raised at a cake sale. • Olivia Cole sent in a donation of £175 from her fundraising event. • “Team Shamil”; Farah Hamid, Omer Hamid, Simran Poole, Polly Richards, Lubna Baakza, Olivia Cole, Vicky Lees and Jennifer Dunne, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £385. In Memory of Thomas Hardman • Mark Kenny raised a total of £375 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • Will Purser, Middleton Cricket Club, sent in £7,477 raised at a fun run on March 29th: “March 29th 2014 saw 180 runners split across 33 teams take part in the first ever TH96 Run! The event was a 9 mile charity run split across 3 different stages to suit all fitness levels. The run started at Rochdale Cricket Club, where a group warm up was done, and runners then set off at staggered start times and passed through Norden Cricket Club, Heywood Cricket Club and then onto the finish point at Middleton Cricket Club, where Tom was a player. All runners ran in T-shirts with their team names on as well as the CRY logo and Tom’s own logo. There was evening entertainment in the form of a live band and disco at Middleton Cricket Club. There was also an auction, raffle and plenty of refreshments to refuel all runners, supporters and spectators alike. There was a presentation of awards to the winners of each category: • Fastest all male team – The Moonrakers (Veuve Cliquot Champagne) • Fastest all female team – Ham Legs (Veuve Cliquot Champagne) • Fastest mixed team – FPHS (meal voucher for Bella Sera, Heywood) • Team which raised the most money – Tommy Katchup (6 Exec Tickets for any Rochdale AFC game in 2014/15 season) In Memory of Daniel Allen raised a total of £690 through taking part in the Brighton Marathon. www.c-r-y.org.uk Organisers Will Purser and Grant Jones would like to thank everyone who helped make the day such a huge success; runners, volunteers, sponsors, spectators, 43 Our Fundraisers everyone who donated to the auction/raffle – and hope that you will help spread the word next year!” In Memory of Nikky Hart took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £4,984.60. David Hargrave Hannah Hargrave donated £1,803 raised through competing in the Royal Parks Half Marathon. In Memory of Matthew Harris “Team Matthew James Harris”; Carolyn Harris, Stanley Harris, Alexander Stewart, Kathryn Stewart, Stephen Coffey and Emma Coffey, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £1,055. Jason Hart In Memory of Sarah Hayes “Team Shayes”; Helen Hayes, Stephen Hayes, Rachael Hayes, Loretto Puckey, Daniel Menlock, Shaun Trill, Paul Proudfoot and Ros Fraser, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £500. In Memory of • Sealion Shipping Ltd held a raffle and raised £100. In Memory of David Harrop and Marjorie Harrop Mr M Harrop sent total donations of £575 in lieu of floral tributes for David’s mother, Marjorie. “Marjorie Harrop sadly passed away on April 2nd. Friends and family came together to celebrate her life and to share their memories as well as sadness at her passing. Marjorie had been a CRY supporter ever since the tragic day her son, David, died from arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy in 2007 aged just 30. The generous funds raised by those who will miss Marjorie have been donated so that CRY can continue to screen young at risk children and adults in the hope that no other mother will feel the pain that Marjorie, and her family did.” Jen Harrop. • Marion Hayman sent in a donation of £886.50 raised at a fashion show: “On 15th May 2014 we held a fashion show at Branscombe Village Hall in Devon. The garments consisted of good quality, secondhand clothing. We also had stalls for accessories. Tickets cost £10, which included the fashion show, a drink on arrival and canapés throughout the evening. We also held a raffle. We held the event to raise awareness of CRY and also the conditions of Raynaud’s and erythromelalgia. By the generosity of people offering raffle prizes, we were able to raise £332.50 on the raffle and silent auction alone. That evening we raised £1,773.10 for our chosen charities and were able to send a cheque to CRY to the value of £886.50 for the Jon Hayman Memorial Fund.” 44 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of In Memory of • Roebuck, Bilsborrow, donated £721.08 raised in a series of adverts quizzes. Grace Collins took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,676.38. • Paula Hesmondhalgh sent in a donation of £491 from a crafts sale: “Throughout January and February a small group of friends got together one night a week to make ‘Crafts for CRY’. We chose them of hearts and flowers and sold the items we made, along with other generously donated crafts and goodies, at a very busy coffee morning held in the United Reformed Church, Garstang. Mid-morning the proceedings were halted and we were invited by the church ladies to talk a little about CRY, Matt’s life, and our reasons for fundraising.” In Memory of Laura Hillier • Tony Hillier sent in a donation £129.50. • Councillor Claire Wright, The Worshipful Mayor, Tewkesbury, sent in a donation of £1,673.79 from general fundraising. • Tony and Joan Hillier sent in total donations of £130: Mrs Randell and her friends donated £100 from the annual whist drive and Mrs Hemshell donated £30. In Memory of Ian Hoggarth Barbara Hoggarth, Geoff Hoggarth, Gen Hoggarth, Jenny Prokop, Olwen Davies, Nicola Cook, Nicola Bennett, Jenny Bennett and Carol Fowle took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £590. In Memory of Nicholas Holland Gemma Holland sent in £450 raised by Spinney Motorhomes through a fundraising campaign in memory of her husband: • Paula Hesmondhalgh sent in a donation of £460.15 raised from the stall held in Garstang and a textile collection; £104.59 raised in respect of the collection boxes on the bar at Guy’s and Owd Nell’s Tavern, Bilsborrow; and a donation of £370 raised from the disco held in honour of Matthew’s 25th birthday, including a donation of £20 from Mr Lant, making a total raised of £934.74. www.c-r-y.org.uk “As of 1st March 2014 our business launched a campaign called Grace Bear Adventures which allows customers and friends to purchase a Grace Bear and take her on adventures with them in their motorhomes/ caravans. This is an ongoing campaign and all the money raised will be sent to CRY. We have had a lot of interest and support; Macclesfield Town Football Club has supported us in our fundraising and our story has appeared in the local newspaper.” 45 Our Fundraisers In Memory of Mark Hudson “The Boon Walkers”; Clare Hudson, Karin Rouse, Colin Rouse, Esther Bray, Phil Bray, Tina Cooper, John Cooper, Michael Pratt, Darren Cadle, Alan Coates, Richard Bale, Nicholas Beck, Astrid Wilson, George Wilson and Harry Wilson, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £605. In Memory of In Memory of Jonathan Hooper Diane Hooper, Peter Hooper, Simon Hooper, Jennifer Anthony, Doreen Jolly and David Jolly took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £165. In Memory of Stewart Howard Jane Howard sent in a total of £2,564 from a Tesco car boot sale and donations from Carlsburger. • Amanda Fair, Stenhousemuir Primary School, sent in a donation of £1,260: “The staff from Stenhousemuir Primary School in Larbert successfully completed the Glasgow Women’s 10K on Sunday 11th May in memory of Christopher, who sadly passed away in December 2011, aged only 19 years.” • Isabel Hynd sent in total donations of £1,100: Rosemary Gardiner and Carmel Gray walked the West Highland Way and raised £537; Douglas Gardiner and Willie Fotheringham cycled the West Highland Way and raised £653: “Willie Fotheringham (left) and Douglas Gardner (right) cycled 96 miles on the West Highland Way in Scotland in memory of their nephew Christopher Hynd. They had skinned knees and sore bottoms but enjoyed it. They have also walked it so they are going to do it again but are undecided whether to go by foot or by bike. It took them 3 days to complete.” In Memory of Fay Howell Claire Teeling completed the Bath Half Marathon and Great South Run and raised a total of £380. 46 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of In Memory of Sue Ibbotson sent in a donation of £1,795. • Keith Weston sent in total donations of £390 in respect of talks and donations from friends. John Ibbotson In Memory of • Philly Campbell took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £3,450. Wendy Irvine sent in £145 raised in lieu of gifts for Mr and Mrs Armstrong’s wedding anniversary. In Memory of Ethan Jones and Joanne Westmacott In Memory of Philip Jefferies Cathy Jefferies sent in a donation of £480. Lucy Westmacott, Ed Westmacott, Jack, Jack, Bella, Jamie, Rosie and Harry took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £325. In Memory of In Memory of Reece Jeffrey Lee Jordan Caroline Jordan sent in a donation of £7,887 raised during her year as Lady Captain of Broughton Golf Club. Landau Forte College sent in a donation of £516.16. In Memory of In Memory of Stevie Jivani Sarah Henry raised a total of £1,631.10 through taking part in Run to the Beat Powered by Nike+ 2013. Sarah Hoare completed the Kaiser Cardiomyopathy Challenge and sent in £21,733.18. In Memory of Our Fundraisers In Memory of In Memory of Michael Kentzer and Joanne Plumtree CRY Representative Jackie Cousins sent in £1,270 raised by Emma Godfrey of the Sheffield 4th Girls’ Brigade. “We were invited to attend a May Queen crowning ceremony of the Sheffield 4th Girls’ Brigade in Norton Lees, Sheffield. During the wonderful entertainment provided by the girls (some aged as young as 4) in form of nursery rhymes and pantomime and the actual crowning of the new May Queen we were presented with a cheque by the retiring May Queen – Miss Emma Godfrey – in the amount of £1,270 which she had collected in her year as Queen. Emma’s auntie Joanne Plumtree died suddenly in 2010 aged only 42 as did her school friend Michael Kentzer in 2011 who was only 14. Emma’s mum, Heather, who we also met on the night, explained that our charity was very much in Emma’s mind during her year as Queen due to these two people who were close to her. It was a pleasure to see such enthusiasm in young people and we enjoyed the evening immensely as well as being astounded Retiring Queen Emma Godfrey by the amount raised by with her mum, Heather Emma.” Jackie Cousins. James King James King Snr donated £1,365 raised by completing the Rob Roy Way, a 93 mile walk across the southern highlands of Scotland: “Day 1 – Drymen to Callander, 20 miles; started drizzly but as the day went on there was more sunshine. Day 2 – Callander to Lochearnhead, 14 miles; good sunshine, feet a bit sore but views great! Day 3 – Lochearnhead to Ardtalnaig, 17 miles; this was the worst day, rained from 9am until we finished at 7pm – very wet! Day 4 – Ardtalnaig to Amulree, 17 miles; great long day, warm sunshine and lots of climbing – very hard but saw two golden eagles and loads of deer and red kites. The scenery was fantastic. Day 5 – Amulree to Aberfeldy, 15 miles; another warm day, stunning views. Day 6 – Aberfeldy to Pitlochry, 10 miles; last day, good weather and not too long. Glad to get a rest, but what a great walk! Special mention to my daughter Marriann who came in at last minute – she was great.” In Memory of Jennifer Kerwood • Martin Kerwood sent in a donation of £215 representing the bucket collection at the Rock Choir performance held at St Mary’s College, Mile End, on July 5th. • Ross Kerwood took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £4,475.08. 48 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of Adam Lambert Mark Roberts completed the Watford 10K and raised £620. In Memory of Paul Steven Leach Paul Opie raised a total of £276 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. In Memory of Bradley Kinsey “Team Bradley”; Owen Kinsey, Leanne Brittain, Ade Brittain, Sue Kinsey, Greg Kinsey, Emma Kinsey, Terrie Kinsey, Robert Merrett, Chloe Merrett, Lucy Beeson and Tim Beeson, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £1,370. In Memory of Mrs FS Good raised £120 in memory of her niece. In Memory of Rishi Kukar Pavin Kukar sent in a donation of £775 raised by the 6th Form students of Upton Court Grammar School. In Memory of Hurlingham School, Putney, held a quiz night and raised £500. www.c-r-y.org.uk In Memory of Alison Linforth The staff at NatWest IB Services and Operations, Birmingham, held dress down days in January and raised £176.74. In Memory of Castletown Methodist Church sent in a donation of £200. In Memory of John-Paul Lipscomb- Stevens Victoria Lipscombe-Stevens donated £700 raised at the annual hockey tournament. “This was the fourth annual event to pay memory to a great personal friend of many, a team mate and an Aylesbury Hockey Club member JP Stevens who died whilst playing for the men’s 1st team in November 2010. JP died from arrhythmogenic right 49 Our Fundraisers ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) (a form of ‘sudden death syndrome’) and for the last four years Aylesbury Hockey Club have paid tribute to JP by organising and hosting a tournament in his memory. Each tournament has raised money for Cardiac Risk in the Young (CRY). In Memory of Wendy Lovelace Davis CRY received donations of £815 in lieu of floral tributes for the late Wendy Lovelace Davis. This year about 100 people attended, including players, friends and families of the club, as well as the friends and family of JP. In Memory of Martyn Luckett With lovely sunny weather the BBQ and bar was a great success, with a constant queue for burgers, hot dogs and cold soft and alcoholic drinks. The tournament was played between mixed teams of Aylesbury club members, and perhaps fittingly, was won by those playing in Aylesbury’s red and black colours. The tournament finished with an inter-club Veterans vs Juniors ‘grudge match’ - the Juniors letting their fitness and youth in the soaring heat show, winning 3-2 in baking sunshine. Charlotte Henderson, Anna Buck and Tamsin Winter raised a total of £800 in respect of the Bupa London 10,000. In Memory of Aaron Lundy Garry McGrotty took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £530. This year the club raised £575 from the bar, BBQ and entrance fees, whilst Phoebe and Chloe, JP and Vicki’s children did a sterling job collecting £125 in collection pots. This meant that a fantastic total of £700 was raised for CRY, and over the 4 years, £2,700. Aylesbury Hockey Club would like to thank all of the volunteers who showed up on the day and made it such a fantastic success; RAF Halton for offering the hire of the pitch at a discounted rate to maximise proceeds raised; JP’s parents, wife Vicki, and girls Phoebe and Chloe for all their support; and of course all of those who came along, made the day so special and dug deep to raise a fantastic amount of money for an inspirational cause. Aylesbury Hockey Club President Maurice Crump led the tributes to JP: ‘JP was a true gentleman on the pitch as well as off. I cannot recall JP ever having a go at another player, rather he encouraged and played hockey in the spirit it should be played. The wonderful weather and mixture of men, ladies and juniors playing together was really appropriate for the JP Tournament Day.’ Maurice then called for a minute’s silence, not in sadness, but in celebration of all that had JP had stood for.” Angela Dickson. 50 In Memory of Andrew Macleod • Murdo Macleod sent in total donations of £1,250: £300 was raised by Katie Macleod in respect of her 21st birthday celebrations; £650 from the account of the Hebridean Cycle Challenge was paid from a charity fund operated by the personnel employed on the British Gas “Armada” platform in the North Sea; £200 was donated by Stornoway Primary School and £100 represents individual donations. • Murdo Macleod forwarded a donation of £500 from Alasdair Macleod, AB Electronics. In Memory of Luke Macleod Deb Smith raised a total of £1,632 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of Jack Maddams • Pippa Parker donated £470 raised through competing in the Surrey Half Marathon: “I completed the race in 1 hour and 43 minutes, it was a beautiful day and I really enjoyed the event. Below are two photos of me coming to the end of my run.” • Janet Maddams, Anne Jones, Robert Willis and Mark Carter took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £450. In Memory of Lyra Maharaj • Rachel King took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £4,878. • Linda Treacy sent in of £820 representing donations in lieu of floral tributes and at a memorial day held at her school. • Alex Gentry-Maharaj and Jenny Lyons took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £100. • Mrs LJ Sellens sent in a donation of £860: “A big thank you to Faversham Mission Brass who held another concert in March 2014 in aid of CRY. A raffle and cake sale on the night and cakes made and sold by Jenny Hill, Jack’s nan, also contributed to the final total. The good folk of Faversham are great supporters.” www.c-r-y.org.uk In Memory of Fabian Maingot Elise Maingot sent in £1,390 in respect of the “Auction of Promises” held on March 29th: 51 Our Fundraisers “The Maingot family was 6: dad – Steve; mum – Jacqueline; sons – Stefan and Fabian (deceased) and daughters – Candice and Elise. The family connection with CRY was as a result of Fabian’s sudden death during a school football match at Twickenham 15 years ago. This year, with his school, The Vaughan Foundation and Vaughan Parents Association held an “Auction of Promises”. This event was supported by our family and friends and a share of the proceeds is being donated to CRY. In addition, the staff and boys of the school have given us money to add to our donation from the shared proceeds of the auction event. Watts, Sue Pitt, Candice Fletcher, Jon Pattinson and Karen Archer took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £105. In Memory of Jean Mary Marsden CRY received donations of £350 in lieu of floral tributes for the late Jean Mary Marsden. In Memory of Kevin Marsden donated £523 raised from a memorial match. In Memory of Lewis Marsh • Mary Campbell, Anna Moore, Fi Lawrence and Sarah Bennett completed the Surrey Half Marathon and raised a total of £2,253. Fabian was much loved by all; family, friends and his school as a whole. Fabian represented his school in sports and music, was a double instrumentalist and a founding member of the school jazz band. The Maingot family is a strong supporter of CRY and believes in the ethos of the charity; we will continue to support the charity in any way we can.” In Memory of Christine Smith, Ross Smith, Allison Britton, Amy Jewitt, Donna Gregory, Rebecca Phillips, Chloe Phillips, Kim 52 “We are a group of school mums with very busy lives struggling to fit in any sort of exercise around our jobs, young children and shift-working husbands. We all have varying levels of race experience which mostly centred around 5 and 10Ks. What better way than to challenge ourselves by entering the inaugural Surrey Half Marathon? We entered halfway through 2013, bought some new trainers, printed off our training plans and filed them away ready to dust them off in December. December greeted us with the endless rounds of Christmas parties (drinking compulsory!) and the worst weather – gales, rain, floods, hail stones and roads blocked by fallen trees. The weather really didn’t improve right up until race day. We trained separately but constantly compared notes and supported each other through illness, injuries and physio appointments. With such a big challenge putting us all right out of our comfort zone, it was time to choose our charity. It didn’t Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers take us long to decide on CRY as one of our very good friends, Chevaun, lost her brother Lewis Marsh just before his 14th birthday due to undetected cardiac abnormalities. So race day arrived and after very little sleep due to nerves we woke up to glorious sunshine! Poor Mary was determined to battle on through even though she had what we later discovered to be a chest infection and could hardly breathe! (Not recommended!) The atmosphere and organisation was first class. Running in the warm sunshine was somewhat alien to us after getting cold, wet and muddy during our training. We kept on going through lots of different emotions, especially when we saw Chevaun and her family there to support us. There was no better sight than that of the finish line after 13.1 miles! What a fantastic achievement, we are all so proud of ourselves and so pleased we managed to raise so much money for CRY. Will we do it again next year? Watch this space!” Sarah Bennett. In Memory of Dean Mason • Gwenfair Mason sent in a donation of £270.32 raised at an equestrian event by the Red Kite Trec Group. • Celtic Classic Car Rallies sent in a donation of £1,860.25 raised from a tour of Ireland. • Monmouth School, Pembrokeshire, sent in a donation of £152. In Memory of Dean Mason and Brian Morgan Gwenfair Mason sent in donations of £412.50 in lieu of floral tributes for the late Brian Morgan, Dean’s grandfather. In Memory of CRY received donations of £543.80 in lieu of floral tributes for the late Shaun Mason. In Memory of Dan Matthews Hartpury College sent in a donation of £388.47 raised by the football students. • Simon Locke and the Sandhurst Singers held a concert and raised £330. • Gill Weston sent in a donation of £6,000. In Memory of John Marshall • Maureen Marshall sent in total donations of £500 raised from the collection boxes at Edge Hill University. www.c-r-y.org.uk Brennan White took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,074. In Memory of Matthew Nicholson took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,050. 53 Our Fundraisers In Memory of Amanda McCarthy “The McCarthy Clan”; Peter McCarthy, Kerry McCarthy, Jim McCarthy, Karen McCarthy, Evelyn Kalmar, David Bentley and Stephen Choice, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £290. on behalf of the Nottingham City Lions. • Lincoln Minster Round Table sent in a donation of £1,500. • The Ravenshead Inner Wheel Club sent in a donation of £1,000. • Jennifer Livesey raised a total of £145 through taking part in Run to the Beat Powered by Nike+ 2013. In Memory of Karen Fleming completed the Belfast Marathon and raised £175. In Memory of In Memory of Ian Merchant Dennis Merchant sent in a donation of £120 raised from collection boxes and also including a personal donation. Stephanie McLean • Michael Carling took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £3,371.31. • Hannah Tobin took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £4,752.20. • Freya Wood took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £3,371.32. • Jo McLean, Lesley McLean, Katie McLean, Ashleigh Brennan, Alex Matthews, Paul Greener, James McCarthy, Kayleigh Dunn, Jon Davies, Olga Nuryaeva, Gemma Pearson, Mitesh Patel, Tom Garnell, Peter Mehtar, Dale Tabbitt, Diane Hardesty, Marc Goldstein, Johanna Gallant, Rosemary Challen, Harley Sawyer, Lesley Nicholas, Mary Kingsley and Aoife Garrigan took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £730. In Memory of Simon McNamara • Mike McNamara sent in £150 raised at a recent Nottinghamians RFC charity match. • Club President Martin Wynne-Jones sent in £500 54 In Memory of Josh Merrick • Julian Ross sent in a donation of £655 raised at a recent screening. • Marks & Spencer Foods, Manchester, donated £169.31. • Burnage Rugby Club donated £200.04 raised at a recent screening. • Carmel Merrick forwarded a donation of £450 from Shaun Webb. • Carol Parry completed the Bupa Manchester 10K and raised £110. • Sam Tracy completed the Bupa Manchester 10K and raised £187.50. • Miller Newsagents raised £124.72 from the collection box in the store. • Gav Smith took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £180. Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of Richard Merriman • Nicola Merriman donated £700 raised at a cake and craft sale: “These are pictures from our cake and craft sale this Easter. We raised £700 in total and we all had a great day raising money for CRY in memory of our son Richard. His favourite was lemon drizzle cake so we always make sure there is plenty!” • Hemel Hempstead Ladies Darts League raised £400. • Nicola Merriman, Paul Merriman, Dean Merriman, Janet Merriman, Russell Merriman and Sue Luck took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £205. In Memory of Adam Middleton Clare Everest, Warwickshire College, sent in an additional donation of £185 in respect of funding for the February school screening, making a total raised of £1,055. www.c-r-y.org.uk 55 Our Fundraisers “The Henley in Arden Centre has adopted CRY as their charity following the sudden death of our student Adam Middleton. Students took great pride in making gifts to sell and providing massages and nail treatments for visitors at the event. We had lots of stall holders selling a large variety of goods and seasonal gifts who each donated a prize for our big raffle at the end.” Amanda Austen-Jones, Henley in Arden Centre, Warwickshire College. In Memory of Cristian Mollerstrom “Team Cristian”; Lianne Frost, Michelle Frost, Shirley Frost, Darren Frost, Kerry Stephens and Liz Cauchi, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £1,751.98. In Memory of Rob Drag took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,664.20. In Memory of Florence Moore • Alison Moore took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £3,860. • Stewart Moore took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,679. In Memory of Jonathan Morgan • Sue Ainsworth sent in a donation of £1,000. • The Masonic North York Lodge sent in a donation of £500. In Memory of Levon Morland • Aran Morland raised a total of £230.60 when taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • Jeff Morland sent in a donation of £2,121.57 raised at Kelfest 2014: “People come from far and wide to have a great gettogether, a party and be entertained by a variety of acts 56 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers and bands. This year was a resounding success with music provided by boy/girl duo Shaken Lime; solo singer-songwriter Calina; local electric band Flight Level 60; Sugarwood – Steve Percival’s old band who hadn’t played together for 14 years but reunited for Kelfest and played a storm; and Barkin’ Billy and the Scrapyard Dogs who play at Kelfest every year. Resident DJ Steve Clayon provided the background and dancing music.” Judith and David Hassey did all the organising for the ride which not only made CRY a huge amount of money, but they also allowed all those people who felt so helpless after Owzy died so suddenly to be able to focus on something positive. An amazing demonstration of community spirit and togetherness, for such a bright, happy, sunny boy. Owzy would have been so proud.” Mel Morris. In Memory of Suzanne Sanguinetti completed the Greater Manchester Marathon and raised a total of £1,048. In Memory of Owen Morris • Roger Morris sent in a donation of £3,358.82 in respect of Owen’s Ride. “Owen’s ride was an incredible weekend, bringing so many people together to either ride or support a cycle from Cardiff to Brecon; camping overnight then cycling Brecon to Cardiff the next day. Most people did both ways. 164 cyclists included friends, family, school mates and teachers from Owzy’s school. “So many hearts have been touched by the loss of Owen and this cause. Men, women and children, including many of Owen’s friends, have got on their bikes and trained for Owen’s Ride. Up until now the vast majority of the cyclists have been no further than the end of their garden paths but they, and the whole community, have pulled together with determination to make this event a huge success for Owen.” Judith Hassey. CRY Patron John Barrowman MBE gave starters orders for the ride www.c-r-y.org.uk 57 Our Fundraisers • Judith Miller sent in a donation of £390.70 in respect of Owen’s Ride. • Alison Gorman sent in a donation of £395 in respect of Owen’s Ride. • Dawn Moss sent in further donations totalling £674: Martin Garside donated £120; Mrs Lythgoe donated £80; K Hinchcliffe donated £37, football cards raised £42 and a Stoke City shirt raffle raised £395. • Wales & West Utilities sent in a matched funding donation of £300 in respect of Joanne Sproul’s Owen’s Ride donation. In Memory of Paul Mulford • Maureen Roos and Andrey Guille donated £120. • Lisa Thomas sent in a donation of £100 in respect of Owen’s Ride. • Eloise Littlejohns sent in a donation of £125 in respect of Owen’s Ride. • Colin and Sandra Mulford took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £141. • Pentyrch RFC (Mini and Junior section) sent in a donation of £600 to be added to the funds raised by Owen’s Ride. In Memory of Andrew Murch • Four Elms Medical Centres, Cardiff, sent in a donation of £230 raised by the reception staff, who dressed as Easter bunnies and held a cake sale and raffle. Alison Edwards raised a total of £1,015 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • Helen Owen sent in a donation of £500 raised from church coffee mornings. In Memory of Luke Morton Suzanne Morton held a cream tea birthday garden party and concert and raised £1,251.85 in honour of Luke’s 22nd birthday. In Memory of Peter Shannon took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,605. In Memory of In Memory of David Moss • Dawn Moss sent in total donations of £1,477.84: a psychic evening raised £551.55; Biddulph Slimming World raised £140.19; Mr G Beardmore donated £200; Alex Snowden donated £15; collection boxes at Biddulph Slimming World raised £52.82; a Knypersley Slimming World Slimathon raised £96.80; a WAGS collection box raised £21.48 and a grant from the Biddulph Town Councillors was for £400. 58 • Kevin Nicholas raised a total of £3,664.50 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • The Santander Foundation held a fundraising evening and raised £2,408. In Memory of Richard James Northedge Pat and Derek Northedge sent in a donation of £100 to commemorate Richard’s birthday. Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of In Memory of Gary Horn took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £3,315.28. In Memory of Cambuslang Rugby Club donated £2,303.01 raised by holding a charity evening. In Memory of Alex Osborne Biddulph High School sent in a donation of £487.05. • Ruth Lowe sent in a donation of £1,741 raised at the charity ceilidh to mark the 10th anniversary of Andrew’s death and a futher £775, making a total raised of £2,516. • Ann Coles donated £373 raised through a fashion show. • Marks & Spencer, Preston, donated £657.34. • John Wiley & Sons Ltd sent in a donation of £129.78. • Ruth Lowe sent in a donation of £625 raised from a quiz night at the Ingol Golf Club: “90 people came to ‘exercise their little grey cells’. There were plenty of challenging quiz questions, a hot pot supper, guess the name of the teddy and a raffle. A good time was had by all.” In Memory of In Memory of Christopher Parr “Tommy’s Team”; Paul Padmore, Karen Padmore, Louise Padmore and Oliver Bailey, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £856. In Memory of Lewis James Page CRY received donations of £149.48 in lieu of floral tributes for the late Lewis James Page. • James Brunt took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,371.85. • Diane Parr sent in a donation of £140. Jan and Guy and the Congleton Football Club helped to raise the money. In Memory of Kevin Paterson In Memory of • Anna Semens raised a total of £200 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013 and Great Birmingham Run 2013. Kelly Barlow raised a total of £394 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • Damian Beard completed the London to Paris Bike Ride and raised £100. Stuart Parkinson Our Fundraisers • Katherine Howe completed the Kilimanjaro Climb and raised £105. In Memory of • Richard Bevan completed the Bupa Great Birmingham run and raised £1,163.13. Chloe Lewis and Sam Pickett raised a total amount of £380 through taking part in the Bupa London 10,000. • Nicola Green completed the Great North Run and raised £243. In Memory of • John Querstret took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,034.86. • Kathryn and Pete Cowen took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £260. Ben Peacock Adam Pearmine Jonathan and Sian Butcher raised a total of £1,195 through taking part in Run to the Beat Powered by Nike+ 2013. In Memory of In Memory of Lichfield Tae Kwon Do Club sent in a donation of £700. Lesley Clubb sent in a donation of £516 raised by her daughter Hannah who participated in the Born Survivor Run. Michael Patterson In Memory of Jenni and David Paul Gordon Paul forwarded total donations of £625 in respect of a charity day; and a further donation of £200, making a total raised of £825. In Memory of Nicola Payne The High Weald Academy, Kent, donated £500 following CRY Patron Pixie Lott’s performance in the new sports hall on June 24th. In Memory of Emily Hooper took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,242. In Memory of Duncan Phillips • Beth Phillips sent in a donation of £230 in respect of “A Day for Dunc”. • Jane Bartlett took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £205. In Memory of Sara Pilkington Briony Bell-Burrow sent in a donation of £200 in respect of the Perch Challenge. Pixie with Nicola’s sisters Charlotte and Emily at High Weald 60 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of In Memory of Gary Pope Mark Price • Carrie Jenner took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,600.50. • Hannah Secrett took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,601. • Fox Williams LLP sent in a totalling £888.98 in respect of recent fundraising activities. Lynne Roberts took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £928.71. In Memory of Robin Hambly took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,706. In Memory of Claire Reed David Pover sent in a donation of £100. • Slimming World, Botley and Hedge End, held a sponsored slim and extra exercise session and raised £210. In Memory of Craig Daniel Powell “Team Pringle”; Mark Powell, Luke Powell, Helen Fleming, Casey Evans, Rodney Upham, Lynda Evans, Karen Fleming, Rebekah Banard, Anne Rowe, Marlene Upham, Howard Williams, Michelle Davies, Michelle Sexton and James Rowe, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £245.50. • Andy Reed completed the Eastleigh Run and raised £818.73. • Michael Hunter completed a skydive and raised £425.74. In Memory of SE Graham sent in a donation of £200. In Memory of Northwood College, Middlesex, donated £1,486. In Memory of • Suzanne Middlemiss forwarded a donation of £200 from a family friend. Rhian Kingston completed a skydive and raised £816. • Suzanne Middlemiss raised a total of £365.10 by organising a book and cake sale and donations from friends and family: Matthew Price www.c-r-y.org.uk 61 Our Fundraisers “I organised a book and cake sale on April 9th. I took a day’s leave from my place of work, Derby Benefit Centre – I work for Jobcentre Plus – and spent the whole day selling books and cakes! I have been planning the event since the beginning of this year; collecting unwanted books from friends, family and colleagues. (I now live in Derby with my partner but I am originally from Newcastle upon Tyne and even collected books in the North East!) As well as books, colleagues donated handmade greetings cards and knitting magazines. As the big day arrived friends and family also baked cakes and made jam for me to sell. In Memory of Tom Reid David Brucie Morris donated £554.39 raised at a charity dodgeball tournament. “The annual University College London Union (UCLU) Interclub Dodgeball Tournament was a great success despite some adverse weather. The ever-popular dodgeball tournament was held in the main UCL quad on Wednesday 26th March 2014. A great effort from all involved culminated in a showpiece final (moved under the cover of the iconic UCL portico after rain and hail). With 38 teams quickly whittled down to 2, the final saw UCLU Skateboarding Club and UCLU Folk Society fight it out for bragging rights and a generous bar tab. I organised my event in memory of Mr David Ian Reid who died on Saturday 15th December 2012 aged 31. David was my partner’s brother. David collapsed playing rugby at Derby Rugby Club, Haslams Lane, Derby. This was obviously a huge shock to us all and we are all still adjusting to life without David. The inquest decided David’s death was due to sudden adult death syndrome. Due to this, my partner Thomas Reid, his younger brother Jonathan Sturgess and parents were all advised to undergo heart screening and various tests. One week before the first anniversary of David’s death my partner was told he may have a heart condition – long QT syndrome – and was prescribed daily medication. Tests to date are still ongoing as we have not yet been advised conclusively and await genetic testing results. It has been amazing to raise money in David’s memory and we now plan to hold an event every year for CRY in memory of David. I would like to say that I have viewed your website many times and it really does give so much information – and reading others’ stories helps.” 62 Folk Society quickly went 2-0 up in a best of 5 match. Skateboarding hit back to make it 2-2. Confusion in the final game meant that with a few seconds to go, a timeout was called. When play resumed, it was 1 vs 1, with Folk Society President Jimmy Grayburn against Skateboarding Club Treasurer Tom Harrington. Some extreme dodging, dipping, ducking, diving and umm… dodging in sudden death gave Folk Society the victory.” Nick Allen. Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers raise money for various charities. This year’s goal was to row over 1,000,000 meters on three rowing machines. The challenge involved some 80 children with the 5th and 6th form rowers keeping the machines going throughout the night. The King’s School Worcester Boat Club appreciates and values the work that CRY do. All members of the boat club enjoy doing the challenge every year in the memory of Scott Rennie, a former member of the boat club who had an undiagnosed heart condition.” Megan Glenn, Boathouse Manager. In Memory of Debbie Rendle Sylvia Pezzack sent in total donations of £964: the Inner Wheel Club, Isles of Scilly, donated £500 from fundraising throughout the year; the Camborne Old Boys Brigade donated £50; £374 was raised at a recent fundraising event and £35 was donated by two friends. In Memory of Scott Rennie • Matt Dodson completed the Polar Night Half Marathon and raised £1,215. • The King’s School, Worcester, held a 24 hour indoor rowing charity challenge and other activities throughout the year, and sent in £707.23. “In recent years the King’s School Worcester Boat Club has taken part in a 24 hour indoor rowing challenge to www.c-r-y.org.uk Colin Tuley took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £906.16. In Memory of Ian Dainlith sent in a donation of £400 in respect of a golf day. 63 Our Fundraisers In Memory of In Memory of Colin Rimmer and Ollie Marsden Rebecca Rimmer took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,797.40. In Memory of CRY received donations of £132.25 in lieu of floral tributes for the late Stuart Ritchie. In Memory of Alex Roberts • Danny Roberts took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,003. • Richard Harper took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,824.36. • Scott Taylor took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £550. In Memory of Evan Robertson “Team Robbo”; Chloe Robertson, Tracey Robertson, Lana Robertson, Mark Heighway, Jordan Lateward, Deborah Brown, Mark Brown, Zac Clarke, Dan Goulding, Rachel Hynes, Mike Hynes, Kieron Hynes, Francesca Eastman, Carmen Knight, Aidan Bambridge and David McGeachan, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £2,630. Adam Rowbottom “Team Adam”; Ulrike Rowbottom, Anthony Rowbottom, Lizzie Charlton, David Charlton, Josie Charlton, Jose Parau and Chris Thirkell, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £750. In Memory of Nathan Rudy Pauline Rudy, Nicholas Rudy, Louise Hacking, John Hacking and Lee Carter-Weber took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £723. In Memory of Mark Ryder • Mark Cunningham completed a 10K run and Dec completed a 2K fun run, raising £841.75. “Both Declan and I completed the races in good times: Dec did his 2K in 9 minutes and 37 seconds and I completed the 10K in a personal best for me of 52 minutes and 56 seconds. It was a cold day to start with, but we soon warmed up with the running. The sun came out and there was a great atmosphere as there were many runners and a lot of other fundraising going on.” Mark Cunningham. In Memory of Sion Jenkins took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,430. 64 • Sarah Eggington took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £300. Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of In Memory of Craig Salmon • Jacqueline Lanchester nominated CRY to receive £200 from British Gypsum. • Leah Howard took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,087. • Melanie Salmon sent in a donation of £309 in respect of a 5 mile sponsored walk with her children through the Wootton Estate: “We completed the Wootton Estate Rotary Walk for CRY, myself, my mother-in-law Joyce, sisters-in-law Vicky and Sarah and our children; Natalie – 9 years old, Chloe – 7 years old, Carla 4 – years old and Charlie and Abigail – both 2 years old. We completed 5 miles in 3 ½ hours, with 3 buggies, over very rough woodland pathways and lots of hills – so not bad going! Natalie walked the whole way, hoping to make her Uncle Craig, who we did the walk in honour of, very proud. We had the 5th anniversary of Craig’s passing at the weekend, so it has been an emotional time, but it’s great to continue to raise money for a wonderful charity.” Neil “Kyamatik” Schuyleman • Helen Davies sent in a donation of £100 to commemorate what would have been Neil’s 40th birthday. • “Team Neil Schuyleman”; Helen Davies, Peter Davies, Anna Georgakakos, Minas Georgakakos, Ann Edwards and Margaret Kiley, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £595. In Memory of Wendy Jane Scourfield • CRY received donations of £3,500 in lieu of floral tributes for the late Wendy Jane Scourfield. • William and Ursula Lloyd sent in a donation of £1,500 in memory of their daughter, Wendy, who died on 13th May 2014. • Nicola Bellarby held a tea party and raised £100. In Memory of Richard Shaw Molly Shaw and Wendy Akers took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £1,400. In Memory of • James Stephenson took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £3,073. In Memory of Jeff Nugent forwarded a donation of £253.40 raised through a ladies’ night. www.c-r-y.org.uk • Jo Parke donated £395 from local village event “Safari Supper”. • Elizabeth Sheriff sent in a donation of £100 in respect of the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014. • Kay Driscoll and the Maldon Saturday Slimming World Group completed a sponsored slim and raised £370. 65 Our Fundraisers CRY supporter Peter Patterson attended the group on March 1st and gave a short talk about the work of CRY. In Memory of Sarah Simpson Hilary Simpson and Lynne Patrick took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £200. In Memory of Adele Marie Shipley Linda Allcock donated £1,100 to CRY in lieu of floral tributes for her late daughter, Adele. In Memory of Andrew Coombe sent in a donation of £1,396.72 raised at a cake sale. In Memory of Gregg Shoults • The church in Hope Street, Sheerness (LEP United Reformed/Methodist), hosted a concert by the Faversham Mission Brass and raised £100. In Memory of • Kathy Gambell sent in total donations of £420.74, the majority raised at her Presidents’ Day event, with other donations from the Hope Street church and Kent County Bowling Club. • Lucy Hopkisson completed the Cranbrook Sprint Triathlon and raised £100. In Memory of Ben Simpson and Matt Beadle Lauren Hill raised £600 through competing in the Richmond Half Marathon. David Smiley • Seba Smiley took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,642. In Memory of Iain Scott completed the Great Winter Run and raised £300. In Memory of Leigh Smith Jodie Smith took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £213. In Memory of Robert Smith Julia Smith, Susan Camp and Gordon Huggett took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £590. 66 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of John Smithard Will Smithard took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,449.60. • Jane Howard sent in a donation of £1,877 in respect of the London to Paris Bike Ride, making a total raised of £35,657. In Memory of In Memory of Rupert Spurling • Darryl James Hayter raised a total of £641.17 through taking part in Run to the Beat Powered by Nike+ 2013. • Sir David Chapman sent in a donation of £500. In Memory of Andy Hartless sent in a donation of £200. Scott Cruickshank sent in a donation of £1,440. In Memory of Natalie Stewart “Nat’s Nutters”; Chloe Stewart, Helen Woods, Jenny Woods and John Sneed, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £280. In Memory of In Memory of Hannah Stanton Déjà vu Hair/Ashavan Beauty Salon sent total donations of £8,068.52: “On April 18th, Good Friday, we held a street party outside our salon. We had lots of food and drink, a raffle and auction, games, music and some members of the local football team had their heads shaved or chests waxed. We also provided mini manicures and purple dye streaks in hair and eyebrows – purple being Hannah’s favourite colour!” In Memory of Ben Steele • MINT Partners held a BGC Charity Day and raised £5,974.57. • CVC Credit Partners Investment Management Ltd held a charity cycle ride and raised £235. www.c-r-y.org.uk Ian Strange • Patricia Strange sent in a donation of £100 to commemorate Ian’s birthday. • Patricia Strange and Karen Wells took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £155. In Memory of Patrick Swinson • Campbell Baxter completed a 10,000ft solo bungee jump and raised £1,205.50. • Paola Harvey sent in a donation of £200: “Patrick Swinson very sadly died of a heart attack in July last year at the age of 17. Patrick was a much loved and valued member of our school and local community. This donation has been raised by friends who greatly 67 Our Fundraisers appreciate the work you do in supporting all the families so tragically affected, and also the research you carry out.” In Memory of Paul Sykes “Team Sykes 2014”; Carly SykesBlowers, Patricia Berry, Edward Blowers, David Dillon, Susan Dillon and Deborah Hyder, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £245. In Memory of Dan Taylor Alastair Taylor completed the Chester Half Marathon and raised £465: “I completed the Chester Half Marathon both to honour my brother who died last May, aged 25, and as something I could do to remember him that was completely personal. I chose to do a half marathon because I know Dan would have loved the idea of me going through the pain as he was a personal trainer. I also chose to do it in Chester as that is where Dan was born. The date of 18th May happened to be soon after the one year anniversary of his passing just as coincidence. It was an emotional experience and was exactly what I had wanted. It was hard, testing, but also individual. A connection between my brother and me. No one else could share this experience because no one else shared Dan as a brother. Yes, family and friends were very supportive as were people who shouted support as I ran by on the day but in the end it was about Dan and I and no one else. 68 I ran on behalf of CRY because Dan died of a heart attack that was completely out of the blue, one moment he was here the next he was gone. I have found reading through testimonies and accounts on both the CRY website and in the information I have been sent comforting and helpful. The knowledge that this will make a difference to someone is uplifting. I would recommend that anyone who has suffered the same agony as me consider doing something like this – not necessarily a run, but something you know they would have appreciated and that you can do as a personal oneto-one memory. As for me, I think I will continue to run as I know Dan would have remarked of my time of 2 hours and 19 minutes that it was okay but that I can do better than that. If you do consider doing something like this for your lost loved one then I would warn that the finish is a highly emotional moment and to be as best prepared as you can for it.” In Memory of James Taylor took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,156.57. In Memory of Anita Huddleston sent in a donation of £500 raised at a fashion show. In Memory of Richard Taylor took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,154. In Memory of Teresa Nickin donated £618.56 raised at a quiz night. Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of In Memory of Angela Tennent-Butler sent in a donation of £2,000 raised at a football tournament. Gareth Llywelyn Thomas • Andrew Regan sent in a donation of £100. • Anne Thomas, Trefor Thomas, Sian Regan, Andy Regan, Wayne Griffiths, Jayne Griffiths, Antony Jones, Rhys Griffiths, Jenny Skinner, Christopher Pascoe, Rebecca Williams, Catrin Edwards, Aled Hopkin, Eleri Hopkin, Roger Nutt, Angela Nutt and Stephen Nutt took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £645. In Memory of Oliver Thompson Mrs C Thompson sent in a donation of £500 in respect of Oliver’s brother and cousins running the Brussels 20K on May 18th. In Memory of Dean Thomas Kelly Reynolds-Lewis completed a sponsored walk with friends and family and raised £330. Behind The Scenes Aesthetic Skincare and Beauty Clinic donated £1,000 raised in respect of a charity dinner dance held at Horton Grange. In Memory of Scott Thurlow “Team Thurlow”; Michael Thurlow, Marcell Thurlow, Christopher Thurlow, Wendy Thurlow, Marc Thurlow, Cathryn Simpson, Csongi Wasas, Clare Wasas and Vanessa Gardezi, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £275. In Memory of • James Griffiths took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £3,677.60. www.c-r-y.org.uk 69 Our Fundraisers • Neal Wilkinson took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,000. In Memory of Kelly Sysum took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,866. In Memory of Chloe Waddell and Tommy Waddell CRY received donations of £283 in lieu of floral tributes for the late Tommy Waddell. In Memory of In Memory of Jayden Tullett • Martin Chambers donated £245 raised through a skydive. • Dawn Tullett donated £722.68 raised by her son Harrison with the help of some school friends; and £100 raised through a local amateur dramatic society called Peterbrook Players, making a total raised of £822.68. The Richard Waight Schools Golf Foundation donated £3,700 raised through a raffle and auction. “This year’s Richard Waight Memorial Golf Day was held at Doncaster Golf Club on Friday 16th May 2014 and raised £7,400 for 2 young persons’ heart charities, Cardiac Risk in the Young (CRY) and SADS UK. In 4 years, our golf days have now raised in excess of £25,000 for these charities, with a small amount used for our SchoolsGolf initiative to fund golf tuition in local schools. Thanks to all who played, who sponsored and who supported us on yet another fantastic day for all involved. In Memory of Les Bewick took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,895. In Memory of CRY received donations of £451 in lieu of floral tributes for the late Maisie Turpin. In Memory of Chloe Waddell Fiona Waddell sent in a donation of £1,500 in respect of a sponsored swim; and a further donation of £120, making a total raised of £1,620. 70 The weather was the hottest day of the year so far and proceedings commenced as usual at 1pm, with teams teeing off on the 1st and 10th holes. This continued until all 21 teams had started by 2.45pm. We were again supported by 4 Premier League referees; Mike Dean, Martin Atkinson, Neil Swarbrick and Jon Moss, each in a different team. The competition was won by the team from ProAktive, with Mike Dean, each taking home a new Ping putter. Neil Pratt and his team from Henshaw Pratt were runners up, with the Brewster Pratap team finishing third. Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of Matthew Steven Wallbank For the first time, thanks to sponsorship from Evans Halshaw Nissan, players had the chance to win a brand new Nissan Micra car for a hole in one at the 11th. No one did, but Dave Brammer came nearest at 5ft and won a bottle of whisky! This initiative raised £375 of our total proceeds. Lesley Wallbank sent in total donations of £171: £161 was raised by a friend and ex-colleague, Ian Tomlinson, who completed the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 in April, and £10 was donated by Catherine Becan to commemorate the 6th anniversary of Matthew’s death. In Memory of Lloyd Walsh Wayne Corcoran raised a total of £518.10 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. In Memory of Neil Ward As usual, we offered players hot or cold drinks and a cake half way through their round, with Marianne, Jackie, Sue and Lynn raising £86 from donations. These included a golf holiday donated by Algarve Sports, a BAFTA souvenir, sports tickets and signed football/rugby shirts, raising over £2,700 of our total. By popular demand, next year’s event is already booked, for Friday 15th May 2015, again at Doncaster Golf Club. Get your entries in early, it should be a sell out!” Ken Waight. In Memory of Neil Walden “Team Neil”; Anna Jackson, Zoe Connor, Andrea Chappell, James Jackson, Zoe Connor, Tony King, Dorothy Burrows, Linda Jackson, Amanda Stephens, Amee Prendergast Moon, Eve Dustin, Amy Solder and Tim Miller, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £780. www.c-r-y.org.uk Elaine Ward sent in a donation of £155 raised by the Dronfield Scouts at a St George’s Day church service. In Memory of Melissa Rose Watts CRY received donations of £398.96 in lieu of floral tributes for the late Melissa Rose Watts. In Memory of Lily Webster “Lily’s Lovelies”; Melanie Webster, Gordon Salt, Margaret Salt, Jenni Salt, Barry Baxter, Judy Booth, Carol Holmes, Robbie Salt, Lauren Harper, Rebecca Salt and Katie Salt took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £160. 71 Our Fundraisers In Memory of In Memory of Kevin Wilson Sally Wells “Team Sally Wells”; Simon Wells, Margaret Wells, Tim Wells, Charlotte Wells, Kayleigh Watts, Carol Duncombe, Gemma Bentley-Major, Diane Lambert, John Lambert, Victoria Hayden, Lucy Piosek, Alison Bentley, Gary Bentley, Chris Norris, Mo Norris, Julie Robinson, Emma Woodford, Ian Childs, Laeticia Walker, Katie Townsend and Katrina Bridgman, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £1,407. In Memory of Emlyn Wibberley • Ben Brook completed a London to Brighton cycle ride and raised £216. • Eimear Burke took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £3,273.74. Max Thompson took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,648.82. In Memory of Claire Wind Eryl and Jim Chant took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £121. In Memory of Charlotte Winters Belinda Stokes, Steve Stokes and Sarah Wakelam took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £345. In Memory of In Memory of Joe Williams • Annette Roberts completed a coast to coast walk and raised £500. • Paul Miles took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £3,549.08. • Nicola Quelch took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,800. • Tom Williams took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,873.20. In Memory of Craig Wilson • Tony Wheatman raised a total of £645 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • Matthew Pullan took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £150. 72 Jason Mitchell raised a total of £1,320 through taking part in the Brighton Marathon 2014. In Memory of James Wood Gill Wood sent in a donation of £400 raised at the annual Broxbourne Tennis Club Family Day: “It is a day when parents and their children are encouraged to play together in a fun way without any pressure. Since we lost James, the membership of the club has changed drastically as new families join and the older children move on. When James was playing for the club, he played alongside Dominic, who himself was a very young man. Dominic has now become the head coach at the Broxbourne Tennis Club and is very keen to continue with James’s cup, and his young son of just 3 years old played this year.” Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers In Memory of Julian Wort Shirley Wort sent in total donations of £301.81: Kingfisher Takeaway raised £31.20; Chung Ying Takewaway raised £20.61 and Frome Town Football Club raised £250. In Memory of Louise Worth • Sue Jarvis sent in a donation of £650 raised in respect of an evening of music and entertainment. The event was organised by Alexandra Melvin-Birchall, owner of the Enjoy! Wellness Centre at at Clayton Green Leisure Centre. In Memory of Sam Wright • Dani West sent in a donation of £3,084 raised at the “Frocks and Fundraising” ladies’ night, held on April 4th. “At 7pm on Friday 4th April our event had officially opened and tables were laden with welcome drinks and goody bags ready to give out to our guests. As all of our 120 ladies arrived we encouraged them to visit our selection of stalls which included tarot card readings, Ann Summers, Caramelo Beauty offering nail treatments in return for a donation, and Temple Spa who provided complimentary relaxing hand massages. The ladies all enjoyed food from our buffet and a gossip with friends before the raffle winners were announced and the entertainment began. • 41 members of a local gym took part in the No Ego Mud Challenge and raised £810: “The No Ego Mud Challenge was a 10K obstacle/ assault course. There was lots of mud, ditches, trenches, barbed wire, 10ft walls to climb over, water slides, tunnels and lots more. The gymnasium team aged from 19 to 60 completed it brilliantly! Madly, everyone loved every minute and can’t wait for the next one! We also did 2 weeks free at the gymnasium where all the classes could be attended for a donation. There were challenges, raffles and lots of prizes. We did all this in the remembrance of Louise Worth as it will be the 10th anniversary of her passing on 1st June 2014.” Grace Monks. We first welcomed comedy Charleston duo Florrie and Fanny who performed a wonderful dance routine, followed by the tall, dark and handsome Lee Jackson as Elvis Presley, who blew the girls away with his impressive moves, and of course his spectacular voice… Elvis kindly posed for photographs after his performance and our fabulous disco kept the party atmosphere alive until the early hours. Feedback consisted mainly of requests for a second ladies’ night and a huge appreciation for the total amount of money raised, which was £3,084.” Dani West. www.c-r-y.org.uk 73 Our Fundraisers General Fundraising General Fundraising • Abcam Plc Charities Committee sent in a donation of £300. • Aliman Ltd sent in a donation of £100. • Asda, Bexleyheath, sent in a donation of £200 in respect of the Community Life green token scheme. • Asda, Leeds, donated £200 as winners of “Chosen By You”. • Great Aunt Patricia Wightman donated £12,000. • Dani West donated £3,000 from fundraising activities throughout Christmas. • Dani West donated £295.26 raised at a bring and buy sale at Cherry Tree Hill Primary School. In Memory of Michael David Yendall Tracey Yendall donated £1,400 raised by her husband, family and friends taking part in a 3 Peaks charity walk. • Averdeen Central Fire Station held a charity car wash and raised £531.10. • Simon Bailey took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,346.92. • Kim Baker sent in total donations of £584.50 for the Russell Baker Screening Fund: a workplace collection raised £34; a collection at Toys R Us raised £62; an Easter Bunny lunch raised £202; a Toys R Us Good Friday event raised £36.50; a pampering evening raised £215 and a craft sale raised £35. • Graham and Jo Barlow took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £151. • Campbell Baxter completed an accelerated freefall skydive and raised £511. • The Berkeley Partnership sent in a donation of £105. In Memory of Daniel Young • Atherton Community School sent in a donation of £550 from various fundraising activities. • Wigan Council sent in a donation from the Brighter Borough Grant of £2,700. In Memory of Ediz Zekayi took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £3,133. 74 • Owain Bevan took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,486.20. • Scott Gabeille, The Billericay Round Table, sent in a donation for the Tim Butt myheart Fund of £2,500 raised in respect of the CRYathlon. • Bella Binns took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £165. • Chris Blackburn rasied a total of £400 through taking part in Run to the Beat Powered by Nike+ 2013. • BlackRock International Ltd sent in a matched funding donation of £500 in respect of Yvonne Scott completing the 10K Glasgow Run. Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 General Fundraising • Frances Borer sent in donations totalling £146.33 (including matched funding from Legal & General) in respect of the book exchange library. • Sally Borrows forwarded a donation of £500 from The Borrows Charitable Trust. • Bradfield College, sent in a donation of £890.54 from fundraising activities throughout the year. • “Team Quiche”; myheart member Mallory Brand, Luca Napolitano, Catherine Hay, Susan Shoobert and Jonathan Shoobert, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £580. • Lynn Brannan sent in total donations of £388.79 in respect of supermarket bag packing and collections. • Jane Brennand-Roper took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,156. • Mr GV Brooks, Masonic Aquarius Lodge, sent in a donation of £500. • Carnforth High School, Lancashire, donated £534 from a recent 6th Form sponsored walk. • Paul Chawner sent in a donation of £250 raised from the auction of a signed Brian O’Driscoll rugby ball. Marathon 2014 and raised £350. • Rebecca Coxhead took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £127.50. • Andrea Curran completed the Manchester Marathon and raised £108. • Dalriada School, Ballymoney, sent in a donation of £300. “We have fundraised through a variety of ways during the year, including school discos, ‘wear a Christmas item day’, a staff/pupil coffee morning, our annual talent show, non-uniform days and teacher/ pupil quizzes, to name a few!” Louise Crawford, Teacher in Charge. • Yvonne Wemyss sent in a donation of £135 raised by Damson Jam, a rock and blues band, at a fundraiser at the Tyneside Tavern. • Teresa Debono sent in a donation of £350 in respect of a card payment taken at the charity event on Sunday 18th May. • Gary Donnelly took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £3,661. • Michael Downes completed the Bath Half Marathon and sent in online donations of £425. • Michelle Clarke completed the Coventry Half Marathon and sent in a total of £1,235. • Dudley Sports Juniors and Girls Club sent in a donation of £1,000. • Kerryn Clements took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,263.38. • The Edinburgh University Hare and Hounds Race raised £151, which they presented to CRY Representative Shelagh Green. • Chrissie Cocker donated £611 in respect of a barn dance. • Adam Cook raised a total of £370 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • Electric Word Plc sent in a donation of £100. CRY was nominated by Jason Mitchell to receive this donation. • Vera Emeny-Smith sent in a donation of £100. • John Cooper donated £105 in respect of his skydive. • Anita Farnworth, Tuxford Academy, sent in a donation of £225. • Coopers School, Kent, sent in a donation of £489.49. • Katie Francis sent in a donation of £200.53 in respect of the “Big Breakfast”. • Tom Coyle took part in the Virgin Money London www.c-r-y.org.uk 75 General Fundraising • Tim Hall took part in a football tournament against the Leicester Legends and raised £215. • CRY Patron Simon Halliday sent in a donation of £250 in respect of a royalty payment for sales of his autobiography “City Centre”. • Kelly and Jo Gardner raised a total of £150 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • Alexander Gerver sent in a donation of £100. • Global MP&L Communications donated £285 raised through competing in the 24 hour spinathon. • Mick Glynn raised a total of £412 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • Jo Green and Kate Brouwer sent in a donation of £575 raised at the live music night aboard The Albatross. • Karen Gwynne raised a total of £455 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. 76 • James Harte completed the Moonjumper skydive and raised £117. • Martin Hayes took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,791.40. • Hereford Charity Pool League sent in a donation of £200 from various fundraising activities throughout the year. • Gill, Edward and Catherine Hilditch sent in a donation of £120 to celebrate the marriage of Ruth Hobbs and CRY Patron Andy Scott. • myheart member Jennifer Hill completed the Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 General Fundraising Clipper Round the World yacht race and raised £4,648.57. “My name is Jennifer Hill, I’m 32 and I have long QT syndrome (LQTS). I was diagnosed in 2011 during an unrelated visit to my GP. I know it is rare to discover an isolated case of LQTS but despite feeling incredibly lucky, the diagnosis was a shock and a scare and I struggled to accept it. I was an active 29 year old and all of a sudden, everything I loved either had to stop or carried new parameters. At the start of last year, I applied to take part in the Clipper Round the World yacht race. I needed to prove to myself that having LQTS and living with an ICD didn’t have to hold me back – whilst the Clipper race was something I knew about, I had never seriously considered doing it! Then came the launch of my ‘Clipper for CRY’ campaign: in light of my personal motivations for taking part, I decided that throughout my Clipper journey I would raise awareness of and raise money for CRY. In the lead up to the race I organised a series of themed events with all proceeds going to CRY. Local businesses and friends were incredibly generous with their time, products and services and all the events were a huge success. ‘Last Team Standing’ fitness challenge: together with my personal trainer we ran a sports event for members of SW Fitness. In teams, participants ran 5K and then completed an obstacle course, helping each other along the way so that the team finished as a collective. Pure Beauty pampering event: together with my local beauty salon we hosted a private Clipper for CRY event whereby guests received a glass of bubbly, a series of mini beauty treatments and a goody bag. The salon also donated a raffle prize and my friend baked delicious cupcakes to sell. Hill house pamper event: my mum, my sisters and I hosted an open house pamper event. With support from friends and local businesses we transformed my parents’ home into a luxurious ladies boudoir. Guests could sign up for massages, beauty treatments and hair services, or indulge in bubbles and delicious baked goodies, along with a spot of clothing and jewellery retail therapy. Car boot sales: my Clipper race luggage allowance was a mere 20kg, which sounds a lot but doesn’t go far when carrying heavy boots and wet weather gear. I had to be ruthless with my packing and the training taught me well; I soon realised how simply I could live when I really needed to. As a result I decided to de-clutter my flat and sell all my old/unwanted items. Together with a friend we went to 2 car boot sales. Bon Voyage party: to mark my departure and as a way to involve all my friends in my challenge, I hosted a farewell party. The party was themed ‘at the heart of the ocean’ and involved a number of nautical fundraising activities: a nautical dress code, ‘guess the weight of the yacht cake’, a silly sailing Polaroid photo experience, Clipper cocktails and a fabulous raffle. In addition I wore CRY T-shirts whilst on the yacht, placed posters and collection tins in location businesses and set up a Virgin Money Giving page which I circulated amongst friends and fellow Clipper crew.” www.c-r-y.org.uk 77 General Fundraising • Larbert East Church of Scotland held a retiring offering and raised £183.80. • The Leach Fourteenth Trust sent in a donation of £500. • Leeds Metropolitan Carnegie Athletic Union sent in a donation of £272.02 in respect of a raffle prize fund for the annual sports award. • Francine Leonida and Stephen Smith took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £850. • Alex Holt took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,306. • Shane Hopper sent in a donation from Aon which represents 25% of the money he raised by completing the PruHealth Triathlon in Hyde Park on June 1st. • CRY Patron Pixie Lott organised and held a Christmas charity clothes sale on December 8th raising £1,652.50; and Pixie also donated an additional £100 in respect of a pub gig, making a total raised of £1,752.50. • Gilbert Allen & Co sent in a donation of £1,000 from the H A Holliday Charitable Trust. • Nikki Howes took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,645.28. • Hull University Union sent in a donation of £232.54. • Liam McGhee, IRIS Young Enteprise Company, sent in a donation of £643: “I am writing on behalf of IRIS, a small fledgling business, run by a group of students from Hockerill Anglo-European College. We raised money primarily through the selling of beanie hats but we have also products such as masks, balloons and sweets.” • “Team James”; Melissa, Karen and Reanna James, took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 in support of Andrew James and raised £1,050. • JLT Benefit Solutions Ltd sent in a donation of £110.05 from fundraising activites throughout the year. • Clare Kilcullen took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,790. • Kimberley Knibbs completed a 10K run and raised £290. 78 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 General Fundraising • Ivan Thomas sent in a donation of £750 from Loughborough University. • Martin McColl Ltd, Brentwood, Essex, donated £2,000 raised through the MRG charity dinner. • Sarah Lovell raised a total of £490 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • Jennifer McKenna raised a total of £581.36 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • John Lundy forwarded a donation of £470.33 in respect of screenings in Coleraine. • Andrew McMahon sent in total donations of £310.50 in respect of the Manchester 10K. • Maidstone Grammar School for Girls sent in a donation of £182.10. • James and Ethel Merry took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £105. • Dr Aneil Malhotra, CRY Research Fellow, took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,064. • Midlands Area Child Support Agency sent in a donation of £100. • Marks & Spencer, Essex, held various fundraising throughout the Chelmsford store and raised £1,832.54. • Hannah Mills took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £4,672.50. • Monmouth School sent in a donation of £230.75. • Ralph Marnham completed the Madrid Half Marathon and raised £1,845. • Morden College, Blackheath, sent in a donation of £747.70. • Anthea Martin raised £100 in respect of the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014. • John Murrell sent in a donation of £100. • Emma Mayho sent in £170 raised through competing in the second round of the Shrosphire Mud Run Series: “On April 26th I completed Round 2 of the Shropshire Mud Run Series at Bomere Lake, near Condover, Shrewsbury. It was a 10K mud-run challenge, involving running on a very muddy motoX track, around a lake, wading waist-deep through a swamp, through lovely smelly marshland and ending with a plunge in the lake at the end! We also raised money by doing an Easter egg raffle in the lead up to the mud run. Thank you to the CardioRespiratory Dept at Royal Shrewsbury Hospital, and to all my friends and colleagues who helped raise money for this excellent charity.” • Sarah Neely took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,697.42. • Barbara O’Boyle took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £4,047. • Chris Pascall sent in a donation of £250 for the Tim Butt myheart Fund. • Alex Peacock, Managing Director of Zoom Media, raised a total of £369.42 through taking part in Run to the Beat Powered by Nike+ 2013. • “Team Peagam”; Mark Rayner, Jane Rayner, Leslie Rayner, Caroline Peagam, Ricky Peagam, Joe Peagam, James Peagam, Denise Dimmick, Chris Dimmick, Aaron Dimmick and Megan Dimmick took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised a total of £747. • Isabel Peters took part in the London to Brighton Run and the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £465. • Isabelle Peters sent in a donation of £1,512.01 raised from her classical music concert in Redland, www.c-r-y.org.uk 79 General Fundraising Bristol, on April 11th. CRY Representatives Geoff and Linda Goodwin attended the event on behalf of CRY. • Adam Robson raised a total of £232 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • The Royal Bank of Scotland, Edinburgh, sent in a matched funding donation of £151.04. • Jackie Saunders and Anna Bignell took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £150. • Sebastian Saboune took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,736.20. • Georgie-Lou Sales took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,724. • Sidnie Sales took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,533. • Santander, Milton Keynes, sent in a matched funding donation of £700 in respect of David Halladay’s quiz night. • The Sevenoaks & District Football League sent in a donation of £100 from the proceeds of this year’s Sevenoaks Charity Cup Competition. • Teresa Debono, Smile Impressions, Grays, sent in a donation of £350 in respect of the sale of clothes donated by CRY Patron Pixie Lott on May 18th. • Mark Reid and the Mudscrubbers completed the Born Survivor 10K Obstacle Race and sent in total donations of £537. • St John’s Church, Sheepscombe, sent in a donation of £265. • St Mary’s Catholic School, Bishops Stortford, sent in a donation of £500 raised through various fundraising activities. • The pupils of St Nicholas CE VA Primary School held a book stall and raised £100. • Josh Steer took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £2,187.48. • The pupils of Repton School, Derbyshire, sent in a donation of £400 in respect of a “Sale of Work Day”, including the sale of merchandise and the hosting of gala dinners for their parents and peers. • Sarah Rippon raised a total of £433.96 through taking part in the Brighton Marathon 2014. 80 • Hayley Stockford took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,864.50. • Sheila Storey sent in a donation of £100. • Mark Sullivan took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £836. Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 General Fundraising • Flora Summerfield took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,010. • Denis Tailor sent in a donation of £1,817.79 raised from Welsh 3’s challenge. • Joseph Tanner completed the Spartan Race and raised £560. • Thomson Reuters sent in a matched giving donation of £606.50 in respect of sponsorship for John Geddie, who ran the Edinburgh Half Marathon. • Total E&P UK held a variety of fundraising events and raised £300. Andrew Wardell nominated CRY to receive this donation. • Trinity Hall Cambridge donated £204.41 raised through admission charges, plant sales, tea and cake sales and general donations at the garden. • Janice Tuite sent in a donation of £600 raised from the collection boxes. • Ulverston Rotary Club sent in a donation of £100. • Unum sent in total donations of £2,008.70: the Southern Sales Goof Day raised £245; a Regatta Raffle raised £12; the Dorking 5K raised £35; the Basingstoke Regatta raffle raised £37; the Basingstoke quiz raised £116, the Basingstoke Work Cup event raised £215; the Basingstoke donuts raised £55; the Manchester Sales Office raised £100; matched funding donations amounted to £523 and Unum sent a further donation of £670.70. • Vantec Europe Ltd donated £550.60 raised at a quiz night. “Vantec hosted its first charity fundraising night for CRY on 22nd April at Nissan Sport and Social Club. The evening included a quiz, raffle, bingo and races. This first event was held as a pilot activity for the company, and was received well by those who attended. Prizes continued to flow throughout the night, with the biggest winner being the charity, for which more than £550 was raised! (Thanks to POT 20 for raising more than £65 on raffle ticket sales and collection tins alone – the most out of all the sites!) www.c-r-y.org.uk Vantec would like to say a massive thank you to all of those who kindly donated prizes for the evening: MTrec for the MetroCentre vouchers; Benfield Gateshead for the car makeover; Baked Cupcakery in Sunderland for the beautiful cupcake bouquet; GEM Premium People for the Seaham Hall voucher; and many more! One attendee commented: ‘We all enjoyed ourselves last night and would definitely come to any other nights that are arranged.’ Casey Barlow, HR Officer and Head of the CSR steering committee, said: ‘Firstly, we would like to thank all those who attended and bought raffle tickets for the charity quiz night on the 22nd April 2014. A special thanks to one of the teams who graciously handed their 1st place quiz prize back to be auctioned off to raise further funds for the charity.’” • Mark Vardy took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,267.53. • M Vernon sent in a donation of £970.50. • The Vernon N Ely Charitable Settlement sent in a donation of £4,000. • Nikki Vince sent in total donations of £450.50 in respect of the Manchester Marathon. • Anthony Webb sent in a donation of £100. • Wellington College, Belfast, sent in a donation of £220. • Sarah Whale took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,426.20. • Sophie Wharton raised a total of £235 through taking part in the Bupa Great North Run 2013. • The Year 6 pupils at Whitfield Aspen School, Kent, held a cake sale and raised £141.41. 81 General Fundraising Raising Awareness in the Media • Pete Whitmore took part in the Virgin Money London Marathon 2014 and raised £1,172.22. • Martin Woodcock sent in a donation of £500 in respect of sponsorship for John Geddie, who ran the Edinburgh Marathon on behalf of Sophie Macmillan. • The Wilderness Oak Charitable Trust donated £100. • Natasha Woodgate and Liz Newman took part in the CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk 2014 and raised £125. • Tom Williams sent in a donation of £1,510 in respect of the Men Shall Cycle: Three Peaks Challenge. Nick Keating, Jonny Cazaly, Ben Griffiths, Dan Ampaw and Tom Williams also took part in the event, with Ben Marchant supporting. • Ellen Newby, on behalf of the World First team, sent in a donation of £1,000: • Sam Wilson sent in a donation of £300 raised at the 90th birthday party of Bob Wilson. “At the beginning of this year, World First, the company I work for, asked me to nominate a charity I would like to support. My nomination was for CRY because a friend’s sister sadly passed away due to an undiagnosed heart condition when she was just 15.” • Woldgate College, York, donated £293.93 raised by the Year 8 pupils at a recent fundrasing event in school. • William Wright raised a total of £202 through taking part in the Bupa London 10,000. • Greg Wilson completed the Three Peaks Challenge and raised £200. Raising Awareness in the Media Headline page index National articles are highlighted in red Page 83 Page 83 Page 83 Page 84 Page 84 Page 85 Page 85 Page 86 Page 86 Page 87 Page 87 Page 88 Page 88 Page 89 Page 89 Page 90 Page 90 Page 91 Page 91 Page 92 Page 92 Page 93 Page 93 82 For more national and regional articles relating to CRY and young sudden death syndrome (YSCD) in the media, visit www.c-r-y.org.uk/inthemedia ‘Blind’ Rough is still top of the stops Evening News (Edinburgh) 11.06.14 Kicking off The Sentinel (Stoke) 12.08.14 Superhero skydive for heart charity Sleaford Standard 13.08.14 ‘I’m honoured they would think about Nate like this’ Bucks Free Press 09.05.14 Tragic former pupil’s heart-screen legacy Romford Recorder 16.05.14 Simple £35 heart test will save young lives The Scotsman 09.05.14 Why Eleanor’s legacy lives on The Press (York) 21.07.14 Hearts are checked in memory of teen South Wales Argus 09.06.14 Free cardiac screening for young people in Derry Derry Journal 11.07.14 A whole Lott-a love in tribute to tragic Nicky Kent & Sussex Courier 27.06.14 Celebrity singers hit the right pitch Bromley News Shopper 06.08.14 Family raise charity cash after double loss tragedy Wimbledon Guardian 17.07.14 West end stars raise fund cash Surrey Advertiser 01.08.14 ‘If Jordan had come to a screening he might still be alive today’ Lancashire Evening Post 20.05.14 Cardiac arrest survivor scales three tallest peaks Aberdeen Evening Express 11.08.14 James’ family set goal to save lives St Helens Star 21.08.14 Cyclists’ island charity challenges Stornoway Gazette 19.06.14 Mum’s mission sees success at screening event Eastern Daily Press 21.06.14 Friends get on their bikes for tragic Owen South Wales Echo 03.07.14 Celebrity couple in £5,000 charity win Leicester Mercury 17.07.14 Luke Morton memorial event raises £1,150 for charity appeal Ashfield Chad 16.07.14 Family raises £35k as legacy of heart victim, 19 Manchester Evening News 31.05.14 Swim in memory of Joseph Stockport Express 04.06.14 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Raising Awareness in the Media www.c-r-y.org.uk Raising Awareness in the Media 84 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Raising Awareness in the Media NATIONAL - The Scotsman All articles reproduced with permission www.c-r-y.org.uk Raising Awareness in the Media 86 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Raising Awareness in the Media All articles reproduced with permission www.c-r-y.org.uk Raising Awareness in the Media 88 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Raising Awareness in the Media All articles reproduced with permission www.c-r-y.org.uk Raising Awareness in the Media 90 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Raising Awareness in the Media All articles reproduced with permission www.c-r-y.org.uk Raising Awareness in the Media 92 Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 Raising Awareness in the Media All articles reproduced with permission www.c-r-y.org.uk 93 Fundraising Events 2015 Please contact Ben, Cara or Nicola on 01737 363222 or e-mail [email protected] if you are interested in any of the following events. For more information and a full list of events, visit www.c-r-y.org.uk/category/upcomingcryevents All participants in mass-participation events who contact the CRY fundraising team (whether they have their “own place” or a CRY charity place) will receive a “welcome pack” containing sponsor forms, information, helpful tips and either a T-shirt or vest (depending on the type of event). 2015 The Big Heart Bike Ride in India Bupa London 10,000 Sure Run to the Beat The 2015 event entails five days of consecutive cycling for a distance of 470km across rural Rajasthan. This amazing challenge starts with a visit to the stunning Taj Mahal and finishes in the famous Pink City of Jaipur. There will be a huge amount of fun and friendship along the way as cyclists of all abilities come together to take up this special challenge. The Bupa London 10,000 starts and finishes in St James’s Park and uses Green Park as its assembly area. CRY has charity places for the Bupa London 10,000 and also welcomes any “own place” runners who would like to run for CRY. The Sure Run to the Beat 10K is London’s unique music running event set at Wembley Park. CRY will have a number of charity places and also welcomes any “own place” runners who would like to run for CRY. CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk September 13 February 6 – 15 Brighton Marathon April 12 Please get in touch if you are interested in a CRY charity place for 2015, or you have your “own place” and would like to run for CRY. All runners will receive a technical t-shirt or vest or t-shirt, fundraising pack and support throughout the event. Virgin Money London Marathon April 26 CRY welcomes anyone who has been successful in the public ballot who would like to run for CRY. Please get in touch if you are interested in a CRY place for 2016 and we will advise you when the public ballot opens and when we are taking applications via CRunCH. Demand for Golden Bond places always exceeds the number of places we have available so please apply early. London 2 Brighton Challenge May 23 – 24 Now one of the UK’s greatest endurance events – most of this year’s 3,000 challengers will walk the 100km, many will jog, and some will run it as an ultramarathon. However you take it on, it’s a test of determination and stamina. It’s real, no gimmicks, is achievable, and could be the most rewarding experience you’ve had for ages! Contact CRY for more info or to register for a place. 94 May 25 June 28 (TBC) Join us on the 9th CRY Heart of London Bridges Walk to raise awareness and funds. The walk’s 8km (5 mile) route will start at Victoria Embankment Gardens and finish at Hays Galleria, near London Bridge. Please get in touch to register your interest and we will advise you when online registration opens. Prudential RideLondonSurrey 100 August 2 The Prudential RideLondon-Surrey 100 starts in Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park and then follows a 100 mile route on closed roads through the capital and into Surrey’s stunning countryside. CRY has a number of charity places for this event and welcomes any “own place” cyclists. Spartan Race Series August – October (Dates TBC) The Spartan Race series integrates obstacles with the natural terrain to create the best racing experience possible. There are three levels of adult races, as well as a range of races for children. CRY has places for these events so if you would like to register or find out more information please contact us. September (Date TBC) Bupa Great North Run This event is firmly established as the world’s greatest half marathon! CRY has a number of charity places and also welcomes any “own place” runners who would like to run for CRY. Windsor Running Festival September 26 – 27 The setting for the Windsor Running Festival is one of the most beautiful in the UK, the start and finish being the Long Walk with Windsor Castle as the backdrop. CRY has charity places for the Running 4 Women Windsor 10K and the Windsor Half Marathon, and also welcomes any “own place” runners who would like to run for CRY. CRY Durham Riverside Walk October 3 / 4 (TBC) The 6th CRY Durham Riverside Walk will start and finish at Durham Amateur Rowing Club. The 7km walk is in the beautiful Wear Valley, following the river, with views of the city and cathedral. Please get in touch to register your interest and we will advise you when online registration opens. Parachute Jumps Assorted dates For further details, please visit www.c-r-y.org.uk/charity-fundraisingchallenge-events Issue 64 \| May to August 2014 CRY Update 64 May to August 2014 Our Fundraisers The involvement of our fundraisers has been crucial to helping CRY raise awareness about young sudden cardiac death (YSCD). By fundraising for CRY our supporters have, in addition to highlighting our cause, helped to finance and develop our Bereavement Support Programme, the CRY Centre for Cardiac Pathology (CRY CCP) and the CRY Centre for Inherited Cardiac Conditions and Sports Cardiology at St George’s Hospital, and the CRY myheart Network to support young people living with potentially fatal cardiac conditions. CRY has also required funding to support medical research into YSCD, to subsidise and expand our national screening programme, our education programme and our campaign for ECG testing of the nation’s youth. Whether you are carrying out your own activity or taking part in an organised event such as the Virgin London Marathon or the Bupa Great North Run, remember that CRY will always support your effort with posters, literature, sponsor forms and other resources. If you would like to join our fundraisers, CRY also offers a range of free fundraising challenge events, including parachute jumps, white Our Patrons The urgency of CRY’s mission and the quality of our work has compelled many high profile personalities to give their time to become Patrons of our charity. Current Patrons of CRY: Rob Andrew MBE, John Barrowman MBE, Jeremy Bates, Ben Brown, Mark Carruthers, Clive Clarke, James Cracknell OBE, Brian Dooher, Nick Easter, Jonny Evans, Baroness Finlay of Llandaff, Simon Halliday, Kathryn Harries, Michael Hoey, John Inverdale, Tom James MBE, Pat Jennings OBE KSG, Rob Key, Gary Longwell, Pixie Lott, Emily Maitlis, Graeme McDowell MBE, Professor William McKenna, Lee Mears, Bill Neely, Lawrence Okoye, Phil Packer MBE, Sir Steven Redgrave CBE, Joe Root, Andy Scott, Roger Taylor MBE, Professor Gaetano Thiene, Gregor Townsend MBE, Andrew Triggs-Hodge MBE, Andrew Trimble, David Walliams, Alison Waters, Matt Wells, Ray Wilkins MBE, Sir Clive Woodward OBE. water rafting and a selection of trekking and cycling events. For more information visit www.c-r-y.org.uk/charityfundraising-challenge-events or contact the CRY office to request a fundraising ideas pack. There are many different ways you can donate to CRY. Online and cheque donations are the most popular methods, and we can also accept credit card donations over the phone. For further information telephone 01737 363222 or go to: www.c-r-y.org.uk/donate All your help is greatly appreciated. We can send regular information to CRY supporters via 3 distribution/mailing lists: 1. CRY Update magazine – postal mailing of CRY’s regular (3 issues a year) news and events magazine. Includes reports from the CRY CEO and Deputy CEO; many pages of supporters’ fundraising; articles about screening, research, pathology, raising awareness initiatives, mass participation fundraising events, etc; and much more 2. CRY enewsletter – sent monthly via email; includes a link to an electronic version of the CRY Update magazine, as-and-when each new issue of the Update is published 3. CRY myheart newsletter – postal mailing of CRY’s regular newsletter (3 - 4 issues a year) with news, events and stories relating to CRY’s myheart Network, which supports young people diagnosed with life-threatening heart conditions If you would like to subscribe to, or unsubscribe from, any of these 3 distribution/mailing lists, please let us know by: • Going to the CRY website and completing the online subscribe / unsubscribe form at www.c-r-y.org.uk/contact-form • Calling the CRY office on 01737 363222 • Emailing the CRY office at [email protected] Sir Ian Botham OBE Honorary President of CRY “It is not just athletes who are at risk of these heart disorders – it can happen to anyone. The problem has been swept under the carpet for too long and there have been too many excuses. I am a parent and a grandparent and I want to know that my kids and grandkids will be screened as a matter of course. It’s the only way we can prevent these sudden deaths occurring.” To read more from CRY’s Patrons, please go to www.c-r-y.org.uk/about-us/patrons www.c-r-y.org.uk 95 Cardiac Risk in the Young Our Mission When Cardiac Risk in the Young (CRY) was founded in 1995 it was the first organisation to draw attention to the range of conditions that can cause young sudden cardiac death (YSCD). These include arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) and other abnormalities leading to sudden arrhythmic death syndrome (SADS). Every week in the UK at least 12 apparently fit and healthy young people die of undiagnosed heart conditions. CRY aims to reduce the frequency of YSCD by working with cardiologists and family doctors to establish good practice and appropriate screening facilities to promote and protect the cardiac health of our young. CRY believes cardiac screening should be accessible to all young people aged between 14 and 35. CRY also works to guide and support families and close friends affected by YSCD. The Charity aims to put them in touch with people who have the appropriate knowledge and experience to answer their questions. We provide information to explain what the coroner does, practical guidelines to help with NHS referrals and advice on the procedures that usually follow a YSCD. In addition, CRY publishes a range of medical information written by leading cardiologists that is easy to understand and made available to the public free of charge. Detailed information about cardiac abnormalities and the range of literature available from CRY can be found on our website at www.cr-y.org.uk/medical_conditions.htm CRY is extremely grateful for grants or donations from Trusts and Foundations. We would like to thank the following Trusts and Foundations for the very generous support they have given us: ABBA Trust • Albert Hunt Trust • Artie White Foundation • Aspen Insurance UK Charity Committee • Biggart Trust • The Black Family Charitable Trust • The Celtic Charity Fund • Charlotte Marshall Charitable Trust • Sir Cliff Richard Charitable Trust • The Christopher H R Reeves Charitable Trust • The Davy Foundation • Edward Joseph Colclough Trust • Fitton Trust • The Freemasons’ Grand Charity• Gordon Fraser Charitable Trust • Gwyneth Forrester Trust • Hasluck Charitable Trust • Holbeck Charitable Trust • Hospital Saturday Fund Charitable Trust • James Tudor Foundation • Miss W E Lawrence 1973 Settlement• Mrs H C Beer Charitable Trust • Munro Charitable Trust • Muriel Edith Rickman Trust • Pennycress Trust • Pharsalia Charitable Trust • The Sobell Foundation • Shuttlewood Clarke Foundation • Sir James Roll Charitable Trust • Sir Jules Thorn Charitable Trust • Tudor Foundation Inc • The Whitehead Monckton Charitable Foundation Tel: 01737 363222 Fax: 01737 363444 Email: [email protected] Visit our Websites: www.c-r-y.org.uk www.sads.org.uk @CRY_UK	i don't know
Listed at number 69 on the Periodic Table, which chemical element has the symbol Tm?	ELEMENT: THULIUM View Isotopic & Isomeric Data History (Thule, the earliest name for Scandinavia) Discovered in 1879 by Cleve. Thulium occurs in small quantities along with other rare earths in a number of minerals. It is obtained commercially from monazite, which contains about 0.007% of the element. Thulium is the least abundant of the rare earth elements, but with new sources recently discovered, it is now considered to be about as rare as silver, gold, or cadmium. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques have recently permitted much easier separation of the rare earths, with much lower costs. Only a few years ago, thulium metal was not obtainable at any cost; in 1985 the oxide sold for $3400/kg. Thulium metal costs $50/g. Thulium can be isolated by reduction of the oxide with lanthanum metal or by calcium reduction of a closed container. The element is silver-gray, soft, malleable, and ductile, and can be cut with a knife. Twenty five isotopes are known, with atomic masses ranging from 152 to 176. Natural thulium, which is 100% 169Tm, is stable. Because of the relatively high price of the metal, thulium has not yet found many practical applications. 169Tm bombarded in a nuclear reactor can be used as a radiation source in portable X-ray equipment. 171Tm is potentially useful as an energy source. Natural thulium also has possible use in ferrites (ceramic magnetic materials) used in microwave equipment. As with other lanthanides, thulium has a low-to-moderate acute toxic rating. It should be handled with care. Sources: Los Alamos National Laboratory; CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics; American Chemical Society Element image from www.element-collection.com used with permission	Thulium
Specifically, what would a person have a fear of if they suffered from Gynophobia?	Thulium»the essentials [WebElements Periodic Table] This sample is from The Elements Collection , an attractive and safely packaged collection of the 92 naturally occurring elements that is available for sale. Thulium: historical information Thulium was discovered by Per Theodore Cleve in 1879 at Sweden. Origin of name : named after ""Thule", an ancient name for Scandinavia. Per Theodor Cleve of Sweden discovered holmium in 1879 while working on erbia earth (erbium oxide). Thulium oxide (holmia) was present as an impurity in the erbia. The element is named after Thule, the ancient name for Scandinavia. Thulium around us Read more » Thulium has no biological role but is said to stimulate the metabolism. Thulium is never found in nature as the free element. Thulium is found in the ores monazite sand [(Ce, La, etc.)PO4] and bastn°site [(Ce, La, etc.)(CO3)F], ores containing small amounts of all the rare earth metals. It is difficult to separate from other rare earth elements. Abundances for thulium in a number of different environments. More abundance data » Location Second ionisation energy : 1160 kJ mol‑1 Isolation Isolation : thulium metal is available commercially so it is not normally necessary to make it in the laboratory, which is just as well as it is difficult to isolate as the pure metal. This is largely because of the way it is found in nature. The lanthanoids are found in nature in a number of minerals. The most important are xenotime, monazite, and bastnaesite. The first two are orthophosphate minerals LnPO4 (Ln deonotes a mixture of all the lanthanoids except promethium which is vanishingly rare) and the third is a fluoride carbonate LnCO3F. Lanthanoids with even atomic numbers are more common. The most comon lanthanoids in these minerals are, in order, cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, and praseodymium. Monazite also contains thorium and ytrrium which makes handling difficult since thorium and its decomposition products are radioactive. For many purposes it is not particularly necessary to separate the metals, but if separation into individual metals is required, the process is complex. Initially, the metals are extracted as salts from the ores by extraction with sulphuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Modern purification techniques for these lanthanoid salt mixtures are ingenious and involve selective complexation techniques, solvent extractions, and ion exchange chromatography. Pure thulium is available through the reduction of TmF3 with calcium metal. 2TmF3 + 3Ca → 2Tm + 3CaF2 This would work for the other calcium halides as well but the product CaF2 is easier to handle under the reaction conditions (heat to 50°C above the melting point of the element in an argon atmosphere). Excess calcium is removed from the reaction mixture under vacuum. Thulium isotopes	i don't know
Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin were the first two men to walk on the moon in 1969, but which fellow American became the third man to achieve this feat on November 19th 1969 along with fellow astronaut Alan Bean in the Apollo 12 mission?	UFOs in Space - UFOlogy: Science of UFOs UFOlogy: Science of UFOs Rohn DeSilva Russians Encounter UFOs in Space Ever since our first venture into space the UFOs and their occupants have kept close watch on our progress into space. In October 4th, 1957 the Russian launched the first probe/satellite, Sputnik I, into space. Seven years before this historic event, in 1949 the famed astronomer Clyde Tombough who discovered Pluto officially reported that he had tracked "Mysterious Satellites" orbiting the earth. The first radar detection was in April 1949, by Naval Commander Robert McLaughlin, a rocket expert. "Aviation Week" report ("Satellite Scare," Aug. 23, 1954) stated that Dr. Lincoln La Paz (a government expert on meteors) had discovered of two large satellites orbiting at 400 to 600 miles out. After the announcement Adler Planetarium in Chicago successfully tracked this satellite. Then only three months before launch of Sputnik I, the Italian press reported that their astronomers had tracked a large mystery satellite. Navy's Space Surveillance Radar tracked a satellite in retrograde orbit from late 1959 to mid 1960. This was photographed by Grumman Aircraft Company's tracking camera. It was traveling in an east to west direction at incredible speed of 25,000 mph. Satellites launched by earth travels in an eastwardly direction thus taking advantage of the earth's spin. It requires an unbelievable velocity for a satellite to travel in the opposite direction as this did and maintain 25,000 mph speed. Then in 1960 N.A.A.D.S. (North American Air Defense System) spotted a satellite orbiting the earth on polar orbit. They knew that it didn't belong to the Russians since their satellites orbited close to the equator inclined at 65 degrees. NAADS estimated that it had an estimated mass of 15 metric tons and traveled three times faster than any known satellites. They tracked it for three years before vanishing it as suddenly as it had appeared. On April 12th, 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first human to travel into space on board Vostok I. Yuri Gagarin stated that a UFO kept pace with his rocket through the entire journey. He is know to have said, "UFOs are real, they fly at incredible speeds and that he would tell more about what he had seen in orbit - provided he be given permission to do so." Major Yuri Gagarin actively involved himself in the study of UFOs. But in March 27th, 1968 he was killed when his MIG-15 crashed while on a routine training flight near Moscow. It has never been proven (and this author is incline to believe the official reason due to lack of proof), but the conspiracy theorists believe that his MIG crashed when he encountered a UFO. In 1964 Voskhod I was launched on a 5 day mission, but lasted barely 24 hours. The exact circumstance behind the abrupt termination of the mission is unclear and has never being released to the public. A German newspaper reported that they have evidence that indicate, Voskhod I was constantly buzzed by a UFO at extremely high speed. As the UFO repeatedly overtook Voskhod I, their powerful magnetic fields struck the craft with violent shattering blows. The story goes on to say that the crew panic and aborted the mission. Only a year latter Voskhod II crew reported a peculiar shaped object close to their craft. Moments later all communication with ground control was severed and remained so for several hours. In another mission in the early day of their flight, a pair of Russian cosmonauts was lost without any trace. An intercepted message claimed the following exchange: "It's closing on us ..... it is truly massive...if we don't get back the world will never know of this". At this point transmission was abruptly severed and the story has it the pair was never heard from again! Most of this information emerged out of Russia after the fall of the communist regime and the open policy adopted thereafter (glasnost). The amazing extent of their intelligence gathering became evident when many of the UFO report that took place in the US space program came to light from the Russian sources rather than American. The true story of the ill-fated Apollo 13 which came out of Russian UFO researchers is a perfect example of their excellent intelligence gathering; which I will fully describe later. Mercury Missions and UFOs It has being more than 40 years since Allan Sheppard ventured into space into space in Mercury 3 (names Freedom 7) on a 15 minutes and 28 second sub orbital hop. But it was recently that Jeff Challender noticed the UFO trailing the spacecraft while studying the films of the Mercury3 descent. Upon closer examination, it displays the "saucer skipping on water" behavior as reported by Mr. Kenneth Arnold of his UFO sighting of 24th June 1947. Some have suggested that it was a bird but this is absurd since the altitude at which this object was sighted (3km above the earth's surface) is well above the ability of any bird known to us today. On 20th February 1961 John Glen became the first American to orbit earth on aboard the Mercury 6 (named Friendship 7). He piloted his ship three time around earth, and it was while over Hawaii that he sighted 3 objects follow him and then overtake him at varying speed. At first NASA assumed that Mercury 6 had lost its heat shield. This was proved to be wrong after NASA examined the spacecraft after its return. The sighting remains unexplained till today. Almost a month later Scott Carpenter went into space piloting Mercury 7 (Aurora 7). During his orbit around he photographed a round shaped UFO. When Scott Carpenter was asked about UFOs, he replied "At no time, when the astronauts were in space where they alone: there was a constant surveillance by UFOs" There are unconfirmed rumors that Scott Carpenter have radioed Houston and said, ï¿½It is true they exist. They are here, let Glenn Knowï¿½. During Mercury 7 return flight, when he used manual control, he made an error of four hundred kilometers (402km to be exact) with the radio off. The official reason was that he was distracted while watching the "fire flies" or the UFOs that were following him. UFOlogists had suggested that he made this error from panic and fear of the UFOs that came too close to his spaceship. This might be the real reason especially when considering what happened next and what Carpenter have rumored to have uttered as the hatch to the capsule was opened. When he finally landed on sea, and as the exit opened, he shouted, "Who are you? Where do you come from?". In April 2001 Scott Carpenter said to a newspaper journalist in Cincinnati, "UFOs absolutely do exist". The during the next mission Mercury 8 (Sigma 7), only a few months after Mercury 7, astronaut Wally Schirra spotted a green glowing object over the India ocean. James Oberg have suggested that he saw night time lightning clouds. Meanwhile Condon Report that studied the case explained it as a "tropical airglow". Neither explanation explained what Wally Schirra saw, since the object he saw stars underneath the object. This means the object was well above clouds or well above the 250km where airglow phenomenon takes place. Thus this also remains explained so far. Wally Schirra also coined the code name "Santa Claus" to indicate a UFO near their spacecraft. Gordon Cooper was one of the best trained US astronauts having flown on Mercury 9 and Gemini 5. Yet he was not selected to fly an Apollo mission. It is speculated that Cooper did not play the game correctly when it comes to the UFO situation. A fellow officer once said of Cooper. "We all knew where Gordon was going to end up in ten years. He was going to be Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff. (what happened that he didn't?) Major Gordon Cooper was one of the original seven mercury astronauts. He was also the youngest and as Wally Schirra pointed out, "the most cockiest" member. On May 15th and 16th of 1963 Major Gordon Cooper piloted the Faith 7 Mercury capsule thus becoming the last person to travel into space alone and the last of the Mercury missions. While making his fourth pass (of 22-orbit mission) over Hawaii, Cooper claims he heard strange voices transmissions which he described as being "unintelligible foreign language". Later these tapes were analyzed by the world's best linguistic experts and none of them could identify it any known language. Then on his final orbit around the Earth he was over the Muchea Tracking Station near Perth, Australia when he spotted a strange greenish looking object approach. Sworn letter of testament was written and sent to HBCC UFO Research by an individual that claimed that his father and others had witness a formation of three UFOs on May 16th of 1963 (same day the Faith 7 splashed down in the Pacific Ocean) while on aboard the Carrier USS Kearsarge which was used for the recovery of Faith 7 mercury capsule and astronaut. Gemini Missions The Mercury missions were followed by 12 Gemini mission. According to the astronauts every one of the Gemini missions into space was followed by a UFO or more than one UFO. In 1964 Gemini I, the first unmanned spacecraft was sent into orbit. During the first orbit of this unmanned spacecraft it was joined by four apparently controlled objects. The RCA tracking station observed two objects take up station above Gemini I, with one behind and one below. These relative positions were maintained for one orbit after which they sped off into space. In his recent book "The UFO Evidence" Clark McClelland states that the RCA tracking team was ordered by NASA to recheck to be certain they weren't ghost images. NASA and the Martin-Marietta who built the Titan II were puzzled, and after much discussion the intelligent determination was that we had other physical objects up there with our Gemini capsule. On June 3rd 1965, Gemini IV lifted piloted by James McDivitt and Ed White. Edward White became the first American to walk into space with a 20 minutes EVA (extra vehicular activity). During their 62 orbit around the earth, they were two separate UFO sightings. The Gemini IV capsule was over Hawaii when James McDivitt (Whitet was sleeping at this time) saw a cylindrical object with arms sticking out. When was unable to determine the exact size of the object he saw. The object was silvery and according to McDivitt it was closing in on Gemini very fast. He grabbed one of the free floating cameras and snapped a picture and then prepared to evasive action. At that time Gemini IV was drifting free in space with all the engines shut down. After making appropriate maneuvers to avoiding hitting the object, again looked through the window and the object was gone. The film was sent to NASA and reviewed by NASA technicians. One of them selected what he thought was what McDivitt saw before he had chance to review it. It was not the picture, it was the picture of the sun reflecting on the window. To this day James McDivitt is adamant that the NASA released the wrong picture. In 1975 McDivitt adds, "It was something I definitely couldn't identify". NASA at first explained that what he saw was Pegasus. UFO researcher quickly dispelled this explanation after studying the McDivitt conversation with control. Capcom: roger, could you give us an estimate as to how far that satellite was from you yesterday? Gemini IV(McDivitt): I couldn't really tell, it looked like quite a large object. It looked like I was approaching it rather rapidly. I'd say ten miles or so. Capcom: Ten miles? McDivitt: That would be only a guess. It was close enough that I could see ... Capcom: See what? Capcom: You're coming off pretty bad there. I couldn't read that. McDivitt: OK. Capcom: That came through good. McDivitt: All right. I said I got close enough to ... Capcom: Close enough to it ... to what? The nearest we can tell, there wasnï¿½t anything that close to you. Pegasus was about 1200 miles away. McDivitt: No, not that close. That far away. Capcom: Pretty good eyeball, all right. McDivitt: I took a picture. I just hope it comes out. Capcom: So do we. As we can seem from the conversation between NASA and the astronauts, the object sighted by McDivitt was not a satellite since the nearest one was about 1,200 miles away. The second UFO was observed by both White and McDivitt while they were over the Caribbean Islands. The object was an egg shaped object with a comet like trail or glow coming out of it and yellow-white in color, which had being dubbed the "tadpole" by UFOlogists. Gemini V lifted off the launch pad on August 21st 1965 on 120 orbital mission lasting 7 days, 22 hours and 55 minutes piloted by Gordon Cooper and Pete Conrad. Only 3 days into their mission, Houston reported that they were tracking another object next to their spacecraft and asked the astronauts to look for this object. Capcom: Gemini 5, Gemini 5, this is Houston. Over. Cooper (Gemini V): . . . Houston, Gemini 5. Capcom: Roger, Gemini 5, this is Houston. Be advised that we tracked another object with you on your pass across the States. Range was 2 to 10,000 yards from the spacecraft. You might look around and see if you can see anything. Unfortunately, I can't tell you which direction to look. Cooper: What time is this? Capcom: Did you say what size or what time? Cooper: Time. Capcom: Well, it seems to be going right along with you. So we're tracking it right with you. Cooper: Roger. Capcom: We're going to lose you here shortly but if you see anything, why don't you let us know at the next station. Cooper: Okay. Capcom: The radar return was approximately the same as yours as far as magnitude. Cooper: Roger. On December 4th 1965 James Lovell and Frank Borman was on aboard the Gemini VII on a record breaking 14 day flight. One of their mission goals was to "station keep", fly in formation with the Titan II booster. During this flight they spotted a cigar shaped UFO, bogey at 10 o'clock, and photographed it. The photos has never being released to the public. Frank Borman later said in an interview years later, "We were flying formation and taking photographs and infrared measurements and I started calling it a "bogey,' which is an old fighter pilot term. Well, a lot of the UFO freaks on the ground picked this up and said we had seen a UFO because we had referred to our booster as a bogey." This seems to contradict with what his fellow Gemini 7 astronaut, James Lovell, is quoted in saying during the actual space mission. Lovell: Bogey at 10 o'clock high. Capcom: This is Houston. Say again 7. Lovell: Said we have bogey at 10 o'clock high. Capcom: Gemini 7, is that the booster or is that an actual sighting? Lovell: We have several ... actual sightings. Capcom: ...Estimated distance or size? Lovell: We also have the booster in sight ... According to the NASA transcripts, booster can be ruled out as the UFO since they spotted both the booster and the UFO at the same time. During their flight the Lovell is reported to have taken photographs of two mushroom shaped UFOs. The pictures seem to show the glow of a propulsion system on the underside. The pictures were taken at a range of several hundred yards. Originally the Gemini IX was scheduled for May. The flight was canceled due to what was claimed as ï¿½interferenceï¿½ with the radio hook-up. This position was later changed, with NASA admitting that astronauts had seen unidentified flying objects on several occasions. So Gemini IX took of on June 3rd 1966, piloted by Thomas Stafford and Eugene Cernan, many on the ground that watched the capsule take off saw the UFO spacing the craft. The astronauts inside the capsule also reported the same UFO spacing them next to their craft. Once Gemini IX attained orbital altitude the UFO speed of into space, again reported by the astronauts and confirmed by NASAï¿½s tracking station. The mission was prematurely canceled due to what was claimed as ï¿½interferenceï¿½ with the radio hook-up. This position was later changed, with NASA admitting that astronauts had seen unidentified flying objects on several occasions. A day after the lunch of Gemini X piloted by John W. Young and Michael Collins, on July 19th 1965 reported by disc shaped object traveling together in orbit with their craft. The two astronauts also photographed a large cylindrical shaped object. Again the this photographed in never released to the public. Here is the dialog between Gemini X and Houston. Gemini X: This is 10, Houston. We have two bright objects up here in our orbital path. I donï¿½t think they are stars ï¿½ they look like we are going right along with them. Mission Control: Roger 10, Houston. Gemini X: 10:10, go. Mission Control: Where are the objects from you? Gemini X: Roger. Mission Control: If you can get us bearing, maybe we can track them down. Gemini X: They Just disappeared guess they were ï¿½guess they were satellites of some kind. Later in the flight another UFO sighted. Gemini X: To the east we have an extremely bright object. I believe itï¿½s too bright to be a planet. Itï¿½s north of Orion about six or eight degrees. Right now itï¿½s approximately eight degrees. Is it Gemini VIII Agena? Over. Mission Control: Roger, we copy. Stand by. Gemini X: Picture that it makes just about an equilateral triangle with the belt stars in Orion and with Pleides. Itï¿½s aï¿½ Mission Control: Do you notice anything moving relative to the stars? Gemini X: Possible. I havenï¿½t noticed any movements so far and unfortunately the starts are disappearing now and I can only see this object and one or two other first magnitude ï¿½ sun starting to come up." On their next mission, Gemini XI, the astronauts Richard Gordon and Charles Conrad spotted a large UFO only on their second day (September 12, 1966). NORAD first claimed that it was Soviet PROTON 3 but it turns out that that satellite would have been over 350 miles away at the time of observation. Three pictures were taken by the astronauts. However the NASA Photo Evaluation lab claims that this is actually rubbish that had been discarded from the spacecraft itself. If so, it is remarkably large and bright rubbish! While the astronauts claimed that the fuzzy picture released by NASA doesn't look like what they sighted visually. Gemini XII mission was launched on November 11 1966 and carried James Lovell and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin. One of their mission objectives was to perform rendezvous and docking with the Agena target vehicle. On November 12, The two astronauts spotted three glowing UFOs about 1/2 mile from their spacecraft. Buzz Aldrin took fifteen photographs in a three-minute period. The objects were observed for considerable period of time. NASA, however, claimed that the objects or lights were merely reflections from the instrumentation lights on a nearby docking vehicle; however this is hardly plausible and somewhat discourteous to Aldrin's intelligence. Apollo Missions and Moon As Apollo 8 lifted off the launch pad on December 21 1968 piloted by 3-man crew of Frank Borman, James A. Lovell and William A. Anders, it became the second Apollo mission. Apollo 8 mission objectives were to travel to the moon, orbit around it and return home safely. Numerous hardware, software and technical aspect of the actual moon missions later to follow was conducted flawlessly. Apollo 8 became historic flight since they became the first human to leave earthï¿½s orbit and the first to travel to moon. Between December 24 and December 25 the Apollo 8 crew completed a total of 10 moon orbit. During their orbit around the NASA decided to broadcast live feed from inside the Apollo 8 to rest of the world. It became the most watched broadcasts of all time. During the broadcast Lovell decided to read from the Bible, "In the beginning God created the heavens and the Earth. And the Earth was without form and void, and darkness was upon the face of the deep ï¿½". They were emerging from the moon as he read when they spotted "disc shaped object" swooping by them several times and a ï¿½blinding lightï¿½ glaring into their eyes. They also claimed they felt a "wave of internal heat within the space capsule" and they estimated the size of the object to be about ten square miles. When Lovell saw the UFO he said for everyone to hear, "We have been informed that Santa Claus does exist!ï¿½. Since it was Christmas many misunderstood the real meaning behind his word. It was a code name Schirra used on Mercury 8 flight in order to indicate any UFO they spotted. The astronauts also heard strange language and it was picked up by one of the NASA frequencies used during the mission. The next trip to the Moon was the Apollo 10 mission that took place between 18th ï¿½ 26th The task for astronauts Thomas P Stafford, John W Young and Eugene A Cernan (right), was to test the lunar landing vehicle in the skies above the moonï¿½s surface and duplicate every maneuver that the subsequent Apollo 11 would carry out, except the landing itself. They achieved lunar orbit on 22nd May 1969 and descended to within nine miles of the lunar surface. As they dropped down, an object suddenly rose vertically from directly below them. 16mm movie footage in addition to still photographs were taken of this event. A UFO was also seen on the homeward bound trip. Many have dedicated chapter and book to the UFO sightings that were reported by the astronauts and the Apollo 11 mission. The Apollo 11 mission took off from the Cape Canaveral in Florida on exactly 12:32 UTC on July 16, 1969 . Apollo 11 mission was destined to full Presidents Kennedyï¿½s expectation of landing a man on the moon and bringing them back safely. Apollo 11 was commanded by Neil Armstrong, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin, Lunar module pilot, and Michael Collins, command module pilot. Only a day after leaving earth they spotted they first UFO, an unusual object between them and the moon. At first they thought it was the Saturn V booster rocket, however after calling Houston for a confirmation, they were advised that the booster was 6000 miles away in the opposite direction. The technical debriefing held after the astronauts returned home clearly indicates that what they saw wasnï¿½t the Saturn V booster rocket, S-IVB. During the debriefing Collins also indicated that they felt a bump as the UFO buzzed past them. Aldrin: The first unusual thing that we saw I guess, was one day out or something pretty close to the moon. It had a sizeable dimension to it, so we put the monocular on it. Collins: Howï¿½s we seen this thing? Did we just look out of the window and there it was? Aldrin: Yes, and we weren't sure but what it might be the S-IVB. We called the ground and were told the S-IVB was 6000 miles away. We had a problem with the high gain about this time, didn't we? Collins: There was something. We felt a bump or maybe I just imagined it. Armstrong: He was wondering whether the MESA had come off ï¿½ It should be noted that Aldrin commenced the interview by referring to the "first unusual thing that we saw." And sure enough, there was more to come. It should be also noted that the crew was wary of reporting anything unusual in space. In an interview latter Buzz Aldrin was asked about this UFOs and he said, "Now, obviously, the three of us were not going to blurt out, 'Hey Houston we got something moving along side of us and we don't know what it is, you know, can you tell us what it is?'. We weren't about to do that, cause we know that those transmissions would be heard by all sorts of people and who knows what somebody would have demanded that we turn back because of Aliens or whatever the reason is, so we didn't do that but we did decide we'd just cautiously ask Houston where, how far away was the S-IVB?ï¿½ Dr. David Baker (Apollo 11 Senior Scientist) states that the NASA knew every little about the object spotted by the astronauts. As Apollo 11 approached the moon the astronauts, like their predecessors on Apollo 8 and 10, also began hear strange voices that interfered with the space communication hook up. The mission controlled even asked, "Are you sure you donï¿½t have anybody else up there with you?" On July 19, the Apollo 11 entered into a Lunar orbit around the moon. The astronauts witnessed circular object streaking across the surface of the Moon the day before Armstrong was to place man's foot on the Moon for the first time. NASA photograph, catalogue number 11-37-5438 (above) suggests that something at least was with them above the lunar surface. The same object was later captured on film by astronauts of the Apollo 12 mission. Then exactly at 10:56PM ( Florida time) on Sunday 20th 1969 Neil Armstrong set foot on the surface of the Moon with the historic words "thatï¿½s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." Shortly after being joined on the surface by Aldrin, they unveiled a plaque inscribed with the words "Here men from the planet earth first set foot on the Moon, July 1969 AD. We came in peace for all mankind." It is reported that 2 saucer shaped UFO hovered over them as Armstrong prepared to step down the ladder of the LEM at the Sea of Tranquility . Aldrin is reported to have taken several pictures of them. Modern People magazine published some of these photographs in their June 1975 issue. During the live broadcast the Canadian network, unlike the American TV networks, discussed these UFOs in detailed. Their analysis was unable to explain them thoroughly. During their 2 hours 31 minutes and 40 seconds EVA on the moon, Armstrong and Aldrin reported even more bizarre UFO encounters. Shortly after the astronauts returned to earth, a bootleg "tape" and voice transcript of what was really said on the moon has been circulating clandestinely in UFO circles. National Bulletin magazine in September 29, 1969 carried a story stating that Apollo 11 discovered an alien base under the moon. The article went on to state that during these 2 minutes the following astonishing conversation was picked up by ham radio operators that had their own VHF receiving facilities that bypassed NASA's broadcasting outlets. At this time, the live television broadcast was also interrupted for two minutes due to a supposed "overheated camera", but the transmission below was received loud and clear by hundreds of ham radio operators. This unexpected problem surprised even the most qualified of viewers who were unable to explain how in such a costly project, one of the most essential elements could break down. Some time after the historic Moon landing, Christopher Craft, director of the base in Houston, made some surprising comments when he left NASA. Richard Watson in his book "Celestial Raise" confirmed this mysterious 2-minute interruption that NASA has not explained satisfactorily till this day. Author and ex-NASA worker, Sam Pepper, released top secret transcripts of the conversation between Houston and the Apollo 11 astronauts that has now known as the "moon conversations". Otto Binder, who was a member of the NASA space team, confirmed these transcripts when he stated in his book that hen the two moon-walkers, Aldrin and Armstrong were making their rounds some distance from the LEM, Armstrong clutched Aldrin's arm excitedly and exclaimed: Armstrong: What was it? What the hell was it? That's all I want to know!" Mission Control: What's there?... malfunction (garble) ... Mission Control calling Apollo 11 ... Apollo 11: These babies were huge, sir!... Enormous!... Oh, God! You wouldn't believe it! ... I'm telling you there are other space-craft out there ... lined up on the far side of the crater edge! ... They're on the Moon watching us! Here is reproduced completely the dialogue between the American astronauts and Control Center: Armstrong & Aldrin: Those are giant things. No, no, no - this is not an optical illusion. No one is going to believe this! Houston (Christopher Craft): What ... what ... what? What the hell is happening? What's wrong with you? Armstrong & Aldrin: They're here under the surface. Houston: What's there? (muffled noise) Emission interrupted; interference control calling 'Apollo 11'. Armstrong & Aldrin: We saw some visitors. They were here for a while, observing the instruments. Houston: Repeat your last information! Armstrong & Aldrin: I say that there were other spaceships. They're lined up in the other side of the crater! Houston: Repeat, repeat! Armstrong & Aldrin: Let us sound this orbita ... in 625 to 5 ... Automatic relay connected ... My hands are shaking so badly I can't do anything. Film it? God, if these damned cameras have picked up anything - what then? Houston: Have you picked up anything? Armstrong & Aldrin: I didn't have any film at hand. Three shots of the saucers or whatever they were that were ruining the film Houston: Control, control here. Are you on your way? What is the uproar with the UFOs over? Armstrong & Aldrin: They've landed here. There they are and they're watching us. Houston: The mirrors, the mirrors - have you set them up? Armstrong & Aldrin: Yes, they're in the right place. But whoever made those spaceships surely can come tomorrow and remove them. Over and out. In 1979 Maurice Chatelain, former chief of NASA Communications Systems confirmed that Armstrong had indeed reported seeing two UFOs on the rim of a crater. "The encounter was common knowledge in NASA," he revealed, "but nobody has talked about it until now." Maurice Chatelain also confirmed that Apollo 11's radio transmissions were interrupted on several occasions in order to hide the news from the public. Before dismissing Chatelain's sensational claims, it is worth noting his impressive background in the aerospace industry and space program. His first job after moving from France was as an electronics engineer with Convair, specializing in telecommunications, telemetry and radar. In 1959 he was in charge of an electromagnetic research group, developing new radar and telecommunications systems for Ryan. One of his eleven patents was an automatic radar landing system that ignited retro rockets at a given altitude, used in the Ranger and Surveyor flights to the Moon. Later, at North American Aviation, Chatelain was offered the job of designing and building the Apollo communications and data-processing systems. A certain professor, who wished to remain anonymous, was engaged in a discussion with Neil Armstrong during a NASA symposium. Professor: What REALLY happened out there with Apollo 11? Armstrong: It was incredible, of course we had always known there was a possibility - the fact is, we were warned off! There was never any question then of a space station or a moon city. Professor: How do you mean "warned off"? Armstrong: I can't go into details, except to say that their ships were far superior to ours both in size and technology - Boy, were they big!...and menacing! No, there is no question of a space station. Professor: But NASA had other missions after Apollo 11? Armstrong: Naturally - NASA was committed at that time, and couldn't risk panic on Earth. But it really was a quick scoop and back again. The soviet scientist also confirmed these incidents on the moon. "According to our information, the encounter was reported immediately after the landing of the module," said Dr. Vladimir Azhazha, a physicist and Professor of Mathematics at Moscow University. According to another Soviet scientist, Dr. Aleksandr Kazantsev, Buss Aldrin took color movie film of the UFOs from inside the module, and continued filming them after he and Armstrong went outside. Dr. Azhazha claims that the UFOs departed minutes after the astronauts came out on to the lunar surface. It was also Dr. Vladimir Azhazha that first broke the mystery of the Apollo 13 incident. And I later confirmed his story using NASA's own data and simulation software written by me. This will be covered in more details later in the section titled, What Really Happned to Apollo 13. The second manned moon mission to moon was Apollo 12 commanded by Pete Conrad, Richard Gordon and Alan Bean. Apollo 12 lifted off the Kennedy Space Center on November 14th, 1969. The couple of months prior to lift off was quiet period in term on UFO activity in the Southern United States . But there was lot of UFO activity in Russian and in the northern part of Europe . Almost 30 years later we would learn that a UFO crashed in Russia and was recovered by the Russian military. Although this incident has not direct connection to Apollo 12 or the NASA space program, it is a good indication of what is happening in 1969 in the field of UFOs. Less than a minute after blast off, NASA reposted that a bolt of lightening struck the spacecraft. As result Apollo 12 lost virtual all it’s electronic equipment for 3 minutes. After three minutes all the power was mysteriously restored. Till this day the bolt of lightening remain a mystery and has never being adequately explained by NASA. Cirro- or cirrus cloud which are high altitude clouds forms at approximately 3 km to 5 km above sea level. In another words for Apollo 12 to be struck by lightening, the spacecraft would have to be between 3 to 5 km above earth. Even if Apollo 12 was struck by lightening after one minute of take off, the spacecraft would be well cumulonimbus clouds. Many UFO researchers has dismissed this incident as nothing more than an unusual event. But when we compare this incident to what happened to Apollo 13, we see a ominous similarity between the two incidents. The second manned moon mission to moon was Apollo 12 commanded by Pete Conrad, Richard Gordon and Alan Bean. Apollo 12 lifted off the Kennedy Space Center on November 14th, 1969. Couple of months prior to lift off was quiet period in term of UFO activity in the Southern United States . But there was a lot of UFO activity in Russia and in the northern part of Europe . Almost 30 years later we would learn that a UFO crashed in Russia and was recovered by the Russian military. Although this incident has not direct connection to Apollo 12 or the NASA space program, it is a good indication of what is happening in 1969 in the field of UFOs. Less than a minute after blast off, NASA reposted that a bolt of lightening struck the spacecraft. As result Apollo 12 lost virtual all it’s electronic equipment for 3 minutes. After three minutes all the power was mysteriously restored. Till this day the bolt of lightening remain a mystery and has never being adequately explained by NASA. Cirro- or cirrus cloud which are high altitude clouds forms at approximately 3 km to 5 km above sea level. In another words for Apollo 12 to be struck by lightening, the spacecraft would have to be between 3 to 5 km above earth. Even if Apollo 12 was struck by lightening after one minute of take off, the spacecraft would be well cumulonimbus clouds. Many UFO researchers have dismissed this incident as nothing more than an unusual event. But when we compare this incident to what happened to Apollo 13, we see an ominous similarity between the two incidents. Up till this mission, Apollo crew were a mixture of civilian and military astronauts. However Apollo 12 was strictly a Naval affair, compromising of 3 naval fighter pilots. This is the same branch of the military that captured a down UFO in 1947 and tried to invade the Antarctica in order to capture "flying objects which could fly from pole to pole at incredible speeds." Am hour after Apollo 12 journey got underway, observatories from all over Europe began reporting that they had sighted two bright flashing unknown objects in the spacecraft’s vicinity, and that these objects could even be sighted through large telescopes. One of the objects appeared to be following Apollo 12, the other in front of it. Both objects appeared to be blinking on and off rapidly. The day following their launch, and 132,000 miles into their mission, the astronauts reported to mission control: "We have had an object which is in the same place all the time and appears to be tumbling. We have had it with us ever since yesterday and it just seems to be tagging along with us ... Its usually out our center hatch window when our roll angle is about 35 ... maybe that will give you a clue and somebody can figure out what we are really looking at." No solution was forthcoming, and the journey to the Moon continued. The Apollo 12 and Mission Control discussed the sighting further. Apollo 12: OK. I wonder what that could be then? Mission Control: OK. We’ll go back to the drawing board. Apollo 12: The object is very bright and it is obviously something that is tumbling. It is tumbling one and one-half revs per second or at least it is flashing us about that. Dick is going to tell you what star it is nearing. Later in the same conversation; Mission Control: … it’s kind of tough to say just what the heck that could be Apollo 12: We’ll assume its friendly anyway, OK? As was during Apollo 11 and other previous missions, Apollo 12 picked up strange noises and recorded it in the log. Alan Bean: Do you hear a lot of background noises Pete? Pete Conrad: Kind of static and things? Alan Bean: I keep hearing a whistle. Pete Conrad: That’s what I hear. Okay. Dick Gordon: (Ten minutes later) Hey, Houston , do you hear this constant beep in the background? Mission Control: That’s affirmative. We’ve heard it now for about the past 45 minutes. Dick Gordon: That’s right, so have we. What is it? No cause for the noise was ever publicly released, if indeed it ever became known. What is known, however, is that the astronauts not only encountered white orbs speeding across the lunar surface but they also saw a strange orange object or light over the Moon’s surface. They were able to take a photograph of this anomaly as it ‘hovered’ over the lunar landscape. (NASA Catalogue No. AS 12-51 –7553.) Another object was photographed from the command module of Apollo 12, the ‘Yankee Clipper.’ On the original NASA print the object is very small, however, an enlargement highlights what appear to be control panels and lights. On their return to Earth, the following transmission was made in respect of a bright red object flashing below them over India : Apollo 12: Also right in the centre of the Earth, now we have some real bright light shining, staying on that, Dick is looking at it with binoculars. It’s real bright. Mission Control: Roger. Understand. Does it appear to be coming from your nadir point, which should be just off the eastern coast now? Apollo 12: Yes. It looks like its coming just about out of the centre of what we’re looking at. I would say down from Burma and east of India. Mission Control: We can’t either. We’re checking the possibilities. Apollo 12: (As checks were being carried out.) It’s a steady light and it appears in size to be as big as any of the thunderstorms flashing. Mission Control: Roger. Understand. Apollo 12: Its hard to tell if it is exactly in the centre of the Earth or not. It’s pretty close to being right in the centre. Maybe just a little bit to our right – whatever that means. Just a little to the side that the Sun did not go behind the Earth on." Yet again, the space program had encountered something it could not explain; this time something as large as a thunderstorm flashing up at the spacecraft from lower down in the Earth’s atmosphere. Again, no solution has ever been publicly forthcoming. On November 20, 1969, the Apollo 12 crew jettisoned the lunar module ascent stage causing it to crash onto the moon. The LM’s impact (about 40 miles from the Apollo 12 landing site) created an artificial moonquake with startling characteristics—the moon reverberated like a bell for more than an hour. This phenomenon was repeated with Apollo 13 (intentionally commanding the third stage to impact the moon), with even more startling results. Seismic instruments recorded that the reverberations lasted for three hours and twenty minutes and traveled to a depth of twenty-five miles, leading to the conclusion that the moon has an unusually light—or even no—core. It was this fact (whether the moon is hollow) that Apollo 13 tried to verify. What Really Happned to Apollo 13 On Saturday April 11th 1970 exactly at 13:13 CST Apollo 13 lifted off Cape Canaveral on its way to the moon. The crew consisted of Jim Lovell, the commander, Jack Swigert, command module pilot and Fred Haise, lunar module pilot. Approximately 8:30pm, a few minutes after Kennedy Space Center handed over to Houston this conversation between Apollo 13 and Houston was overheard, Apollo: "We have company."	Charles Conrad
On First Looking Into Chapman's House in 1816 and The Eve of St Agnes in 1820 are works by which British poet?	UFOs in Space - UFOlogy: Science of UFOs UFOlogy: Science of UFOs Rohn DeSilva Russians Encounter UFOs in Space Ever since our first venture into space the UFOs and their occupants have kept close watch on our progress into space. In October 4th, 1957 the Russian launched the first probe/satellite, Sputnik I, into space. Seven years before this historic event, in 1949 the famed astronomer Clyde Tombough who discovered Pluto officially reported that he had tracked "Mysterious Satellites" orbiting the earth. The first radar detection was in April 1949, by Naval Commander Robert McLaughlin, a rocket expert. "Aviation Week" report ("Satellite Scare," Aug. 23, 1954) stated that Dr. Lincoln La Paz (a government expert on meteors) had discovered of two large satellites orbiting at 400 to 600 miles out. After the announcement Adler Planetarium in Chicago successfully tracked this satellite. Then only three months before launch of Sputnik I, the Italian press reported that their astronomers had tracked a large mystery satellite. Navy's Space Surveillance Radar tracked a satellite in retrograde orbit from late 1959 to mid 1960. This was photographed by Grumman Aircraft Company's tracking camera. It was traveling in an east to west direction at incredible speed of 25,000 mph. Satellites launched by earth travels in an eastwardly direction thus taking advantage of the earth's spin. It requires an unbelievable velocity for a satellite to travel in the opposite direction as this did and maintain 25,000 mph speed. Then in 1960 N.A.A.D.S. (North American Air Defense System) spotted a satellite orbiting the earth on polar orbit. They knew that it didn't belong to the Russians since their satellites orbited close to the equator inclined at 65 degrees. NAADS estimated that it had an estimated mass of 15 metric tons and traveled three times faster than any known satellites. They tracked it for three years before vanishing it as suddenly as it had appeared. On April 12th, 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first human to travel into space on board Vostok I. Yuri Gagarin stated that a UFO kept pace with his rocket through the entire journey. He is know to have said, "UFOs are real, they fly at incredible speeds and that he would tell more about what he had seen in orbit - provided he be given permission to do so." Major Yuri Gagarin actively involved himself in the study of UFOs. But in March 27th, 1968 he was killed when his MIG-15 crashed while on a routine training flight near Moscow. It has never been proven (and this author is incline to believe the official reason due to lack of proof), but the conspiracy theorists believe that his MIG crashed when he encountered a UFO. In 1964 Voskhod I was launched on a 5 day mission, but lasted barely 24 hours. The exact circumstance behind the abrupt termination of the mission is unclear and has never being released to the public. A German newspaper reported that they have evidence that indicate, Voskhod I was constantly buzzed by a UFO at extremely high speed. As the UFO repeatedly overtook Voskhod I, their powerful magnetic fields struck the craft with violent shattering blows. The story goes on to say that the crew panic and aborted the mission. Only a year latter Voskhod II crew reported a peculiar shaped object close to their craft. Moments later all communication with ground control was severed and remained so for several hours. In another mission in the early day of their flight, a pair of Russian cosmonauts was lost without any trace. An intercepted message claimed the following exchange: "It's closing on us ..... it is truly massive...if we don't get back the world will never know of this". At this point transmission was abruptly severed and the story has it the pair was never heard from again! Most of this information emerged out of Russia after the fall of the communist regime and the open policy adopted thereafter (glasnost). The amazing extent of their intelligence gathering became evident when many of the UFO report that took place in the US space program came to light from the Russian sources rather than American. The true story of the ill-fated Apollo 13 which came out of Russian UFO researchers is a perfect example of their excellent intelligence gathering; which I will fully describe later. Mercury Missions and UFOs It has being more than 40 years since Allan Sheppard ventured into space into space in Mercury 3 (names Freedom 7) on a 15 minutes and 28 second sub orbital hop. But it was recently that Jeff Challender noticed the UFO trailing the spacecraft while studying the films of the Mercury3 descent. Upon closer examination, it displays the "saucer skipping on water" behavior as reported by Mr. Kenneth Arnold of his UFO sighting of 24th June 1947. Some have suggested that it was a bird but this is absurd since the altitude at which this object was sighted (3km above the earth's surface) is well above the ability of any bird known to us today. On 20th February 1961 John Glen became the first American to orbit earth on aboard the Mercury 6 (named Friendship 7). He piloted his ship three time around earth, and it was while over Hawaii that he sighted 3 objects follow him and then overtake him at varying speed. At first NASA assumed that Mercury 6 had lost its heat shield. This was proved to be wrong after NASA examined the spacecraft after its return. The sighting remains unexplained till today. Almost a month later Scott Carpenter went into space piloting Mercury 7 (Aurora 7). During his orbit around he photographed a round shaped UFO. When Scott Carpenter was asked about UFOs, he replied "At no time, when the astronauts were in space where they alone: there was a constant surveillance by UFOs" There are unconfirmed rumors that Scott Carpenter have radioed Houston and said, ï¿½It is true they exist. They are here, let Glenn Knowï¿½. During Mercury 7 return flight, when he used manual control, he made an error of four hundred kilometers (402km to be exact) with the radio off. The official reason was that he was distracted while watching the "fire flies" or the UFOs that were following him. UFOlogists had suggested that he made this error from panic and fear of the UFOs that came too close to his spaceship. This might be the real reason especially when considering what happened next and what Carpenter have rumored to have uttered as the hatch to the capsule was opened. When he finally landed on sea, and as the exit opened, he shouted, "Who are you? Where do you come from?". In April 2001 Scott Carpenter said to a newspaper journalist in Cincinnati, "UFOs absolutely do exist". The during the next mission Mercury 8 (Sigma 7), only a few months after Mercury 7, astronaut Wally Schirra spotted a green glowing object over the India ocean. James Oberg have suggested that he saw night time lightning clouds. Meanwhile Condon Report that studied the case explained it as a "tropical airglow". Neither explanation explained what Wally Schirra saw, since the object he saw stars underneath the object. This means the object was well above clouds or well above the 250km where airglow phenomenon takes place. Thus this also remains explained so far. Wally Schirra also coined the code name "Santa Claus" to indicate a UFO near their spacecraft. Gordon Cooper was one of the best trained US astronauts having flown on Mercury 9 and Gemini 5. Yet he was not selected to fly an Apollo mission. It is speculated that Cooper did not play the game correctly when it comes to the UFO situation. A fellow officer once said of Cooper. "We all knew where Gordon was going to end up in ten years. He was going to be Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff. (what happened that he didn't?) Major Gordon Cooper was one of the original seven mercury astronauts. He was also the youngest and as Wally Schirra pointed out, "the most cockiest" member. On May 15th and 16th of 1963 Major Gordon Cooper piloted the Faith 7 Mercury capsule thus becoming the last person to travel into space alone and the last of the Mercury missions. While making his fourth pass (of 22-orbit mission) over Hawaii, Cooper claims he heard strange voices transmissions which he described as being "unintelligible foreign language". Later these tapes were analyzed by the world's best linguistic experts and none of them could identify it any known language. Then on his final orbit around the Earth he was over the Muchea Tracking Station near Perth, Australia when he spotted a strange greenish looking object approach. Sworn letter of testament was written and sent to HBCC UFO Research by an individual that claimed that his father and others had witness a formation of three UFOs on May 16th of 1963 (same day the Faith 7 splashed down in the Pacific Ocean) while on aboard the Carrier USS Kearsarge which was used for the recovery of Faith 7 mercury capsule and astronaut. Gemini Missions The Mercury missions were followed by 12 Gemini mission. According to the astronauts every one of the Gemini missions into space was followed by a UFO or more than one UFO. In 1964 Gemini I, the first unmanned spacecraft was sent into orbit. During the first orbit of this unmanned spacecraft it was joined by four apparently controlled objects. The RCA tracking station observed two objects take up station above Gemini I, with one behind and one below. These relative positions were maintained for one orbit after which they sped off into space. In his recent book "The UFO Evidence" Clark McClelland states that the RCA tracking team was ordered by NASA to recheck to be certain they weren't ghost images. NASA and the Martin-Marietta who built the Titan II were puzzled, and after much discussion the intelligent determination was that we had other physical objects up there with our Gemini capsule. On June 3rd 1965, Gemini IV lifted piloted by James McDivitt and Ed White. Edward White became the first American to walk into space with a 20 minutes EVA (extra vehicular activity). During their 62 orbit around the earth, they were two separate UFO sightings. The Gemini IV capsule was over Hawaii when James McDivitt (Whitet was sleeping at this time) saw a cylindrical object with arms sticking out. When was unable to determine the exact size of the object he saw. The object was silvery and according to McDivitt it was closing in on Gemini very fast. He grabbed one of the free floating cameras and snapped a picture and then prepared to evasive action. At that time Gemini IV was drifting free in space with all the engines shut down. After making appropriate maneuvers to avoiding hitting the object, again looked through the window and the object was gone. The film was sent to NASA and reviewed by NASA technicians. One of them selected what he thought was what McDivitt saw before he had chance to review it. It was not the picture, it was the picture of the sun reflecting on the window. To this day James McDivitt is adamant that the NASA released the wrong picture. In 1975 McDivitt adds, "It was something I definitely couldn't identify". NASA at first explained that what he saw was Pegasus. UFO researcher quickly dispelled this explanation after studying the McDivitt conversation with control. Capcom: roger, could you give us an estimate as to how far that satellite was from you yesterday? Gemini IV(McDivitt): I couldn't really tell, it looked like quite a large object. It looked like I was approaching it rather rapidly. I'd say ten miles or so. Capcom: Ten miles? McDivitt: That would be only a guess. It was close enough that I could see ... Capcom: See what? Capcom: You're coming off pretty bad there. I couldn't read that. McDivitt: OK. Capcom: That came through good. McDivitt: All right. I said I got close enough to ... Capcom: Close enough to it ... to what? The nearest we can tell, there wasnï¿½t anything that close to you. Pegasus was about 1200 miles away. McDivitt: No, not that close. That far away. Capcom: Pretty good eyeball, all right. McDivitt: I took a picture. I just hope it comes out. Capcom: So do we. As we can seem from the conversation between NASA and the astronauts, the object sighted by McDivitt was not a satellite since the nearest one was about 1,200 miles away. The second UFO was observed by both White and McDivitt while they were over the Caribbean Islands. The object was an egg shaped object with a comet like trail or glow coming out of it and yellow-white in color, which had being dubbed the "tadpole" by UFOlogists. Gemini V lifted off the launch pad on August 21st 1965 on 120 orbital mission lasting 7 days, 22 hours and 55 minutes piloted by Gordon Cooper and Pete Conrad. Only 3 days into their mission, Houston reported that they were tracking another object next to their spacecraft and asked the astronauts to look for this object. Capcom: Gemini 5, Gemini 5, this is Houston. Over. Cooper (Gemini V): . . . Houston, Gemini 5. Capcom: Roger, Gemini 5, this is Houston. Be advised that we tracked another object with you on your pass across the States. Range was 2 to 10,000 yards from the spacecraft. You might look around and see if you can see anything. Unfortunately, I can't tell you which direction to look. Cooper: What time is this? Capcom: Did you say what size or what time? Cooper: Time. Capcom: Well, it seems to be going right along with you. So we're tracking it right with you. Cooper: Roger. Capcom: We're going to lose you here shortly but if you see anything, why don't you let us know at the next station. Cooper: Okay. Capcom: The radar return was approximately the same as yours as far as magnitude. Cooper: Roger. On December 4th 1965 James Lovell and Frank Borman was on aboard the Gemini VII on a record breaking 14 day flight. One of their mission goals was to "station keep", fly in formation with the Titan II booster. During this flight they spotted a cigar shaped UFO, bogey at 10 o'clock, and photographed it. The photos has never being released to the public. Frank Borman later said in an interview years later, "We were flying formation and taking photographs and infrared measurements and I started calling it a "bogey,' which is an old fighter pilot term. Well, a lot of the UFO freaks on the ground picked this up and said we had seen a UFO because we had referred to our booster as a bogey." This seems to contradict with what his fellow Gemini 7 astronaut, James Lovell, is quoted in saying during the actual space mission. Lovell: Bogey at 10 o'clock high. Capcom: This is Houston. Say again 7. Lovell: Said we have bogey at 10 o'clock high. Capcom: Gemini 7, is that the booster or is that an actual sighting? Lovell: We have several ... actual sightings. Capcom: ...Estimated distance or size? Lovell: We also have the booster in sight ... According to the NASA transcripts, booster can be ruled out as the UFO since they spotted both the booster and the UFO at the same time. During their flight the Lovell is reported to have taken photographs of two mushroom shaped UFOs. The pictures seem to show the glow of a propulsion system on the underside. The pictures were taken at a range of several hundred yards. Originally the Gemini IX was scheduled for May. The flight was canceled due to what was claimed as ï¿½interferenceï¿½ with the radio hook-up. This position was later changed, with NASA admitting that astronauts had seen unidentified flying objects on several occasions. So Gemini IX took of on June 3rd 1966, piloted by Thomas Stafford and Eugene Cernan, many on the ground that watched the capsule take off saw the UFO spacing the craft. The astronauts inside the capsule also reported the same UFO spacing them next to their craft. Once Gemini IX attained orbital altitude the UFO speed of into space, again reported by the astronauts and confirmed by NASAï¿½s tracking station. The mission was prematurely canceled due to what was claimed as ï¿½interferenceï¿½ with the radio hook-up. This position was later changed, with NASA admitting that astronauts had seen unidentified flying objects on several occasions. A day after the lunch of Gemini X piloted by John W. Young and Michael Collins, on July 19th 1965 reported by disc shaped object traveling together in orbit with their craft. The two astronauts also photographed a large cylindrical shaped object. Again the this photographed in never released to the public. Here is the dialog between Gemini X and Houston. Gemini X: This is 10, Houston. We have two bright objects up here in our orbital path. I donï¿½t think they are stars ï¿½ they look like we are going right along with them. Mission Control: Roger 10, Houston. Gemini X: 10:10, go. Mission Control: Where are the objects from you? Gemini X: Roger. Mission Control: If you can get us bearing, maybe we can track them down. Gemini X: They Just disappeared guess they were ï¿½guess they were satellites of some kind. Later in the flight another UFO sighted. Gemini X: To the east we have an extremely bright object. I believe itï¿½s too bright to be a planet. Itï¿½s north of Orion about six or eight degrees. Right now itï¿½s approximately eight degrees. Is it Gemini VIII Agena? Over. Mission Control: Roger, we copy. Stand by. Gemini X: Picture that it makes just about an equilateral triangle with the belt stars in Orion and with Pleides. Itï¿½s aï¿½ Mission Control: Do you notice anything moving relative to the stars? Gemini X: Possible. I havenï¿½t noticed any movements so far and unfortunately the starts are disappearing now and I can only see this object and one or two other first magnitude ï¿½ sun starting to come up." On their next mission, Gemini XI, the astronauts Richard Gordon and Charles Conrad spotted a large UFO only on their second day (September 12, 1966). NORAD first claimed that it was Soviet PROTON 3 but it turns out that that satellite would have been over 350 miles away at the time of observation. Three pictures were taken by the astronauts. However the NASA Photo Evaluation lab claims that this is actually rubbish that had been discarded from the spacecraft itself. If so, it is remarkably large and bright rubbish! While the astronauts claimed that the fuzzy picture released by NASA doesn't look like what they sighted visually. Gemini XII mission was launched on November 11 1966 and carried James Lovell and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin. One of their mission objectives was to perform rendezvous and docking with the Agena target vehicle. On November 12, The two astronauts spotted three glowing UFOs about 1/2 mile from their spacecraft. Buzz Aldrin took fifteen photographs in a three-minute period. The objects were observed for considerable period of time. NASA, however, claimed that the objects or lights were merely reflections from the instrumentation lights on a nearby docking vehicle; however this is hardly plausible and somewhat discourteous to Aldrin's intelligence. Apollo Missions and Moon As Apollo 8 lifted off the launch pad on December 21 1968 piloted by 3-man crew of Frank Borman, James A. Lovell and William A. Anders, it became the second Apollo mission. Apollo 8 mission objectives were to travel to the moon, orbit around it and return home safely. Numerous hardware, software and technical aspect of the actual moon missions later to follow was conducted flawlessly. Apollo 8 became historic flight since they became the first human to leave earthï¿½s orbit and the first to travel to moon. Between December 24 and December 25 the Apollo 8 crew completed a total of 10 moon orbit. During their orbit around the NASA decided to broadcast live feed from inside the Apollo 8 to rest of the world. It became the most watched broadcasts of all time. During the broadcast Lovell decided to read from the Bible, "In the beginning God created the heavens and the Earth. And the Earth was without form and void, and darkness was upon the face of the deep ï¿½". They were emerging from the moon as he read when they spotted "disc shaped object" swooping by them several times and a ï¿½blinding lightï¿½ glaring into their eyes. They also claimed they felt a "wave of internal heat within the space capsule" and they estimated the size of the object to be about ten square miles. When Lovell saw the UFO he said for everyone to hear, "We have been informed that Santa Claus does exist!ï¿½. Since it was Christmas many misunderstood the real meaning behind his word. It was a code name Schirra used on Mercury 8 flight in order to indicate any UFO they spotted. The astronauts also heard strange language and it was picked up by one of the NASA frequencies used during the mission. The next trip to the Moon was the Apollo 10 mission that took place between 18th ï¿½ 26th The task for astronauts Thomas P Stafford, John W Young and Eugene A Cernan (right), was to test the lunar landing vehicle in the skies above the moonï¿½s surface and duplicate every maneuver that the subsequent Apollo 11 would carry out, except the landing itself. They achieved lunar orbit on 22nd May 1969 and descended to within nine miles of the lunar surface. As they dropped down, an object suddenly rose vertically from directly below them. 16mm movie footage in addition to still photographs were taken of this event. A UFO was also seen on the homeward bound trip. Many have dedicated chapter and book to the UFO sightings that were reported by the astronauts and the Apollo 11 mission. The Apollo 11 mission took off from the Cape Canaveral in Florida on exactly 12:32 UTC on July 16, 1969 . Apollo 11 mission was destined to full Presidents Kennedyï¿½s expectation of landing a man on the moon and bringing them back safely. Apollo 11 was commanded by Neil Armstrong, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin, Lunar module pilot, and Michael Collins, command module pilot. Only a day after leaving earth they spotted they first UFO, an unusual object between them and the moon. At first they thought it was the Saturn V booster rocket, however after calling Houston for a confirmation, they were advised that the booster was 6000 miles away in the opposite direction. The technical debriefing held after the astronauts returned home clearly indicates that what they saw wasnï¿½t the Saturn V booster rocket, S-IVB. During the debriefing Collins also indicated that they felt a bump as the UFO buzzed past them. Aldrin: The first unusual thing that we saw I guess, was one day out or something pretty close to the moon. It had a sizeable dimension to it, so we put the monocular on it. Collins: Howï¿½s we seen this thing? Did we just look out of the window and there it was? Aldrin: Yes, and we weren't sure but what it might be the S-IVB. We called the ground and were told the S-IVB was 6000 miles away. We had a problem with the high gain about this time, didn't we? Collins: There was something. We felt a bump or maybe I just imagined it. Armstrong: He was wondering whether the MESA had come off ï¿½ It should be noted that Aldrin commenced the interview by referring to the "first unusual thing that we saw." And sure enough, there was more to come. It should be also noted that the crew was wary of reporting anything unusual in space. In an interview latter Buzz Aldrin was asked about this UFOs and he said, "Now, obviously, the three of us were not going to blurt out, 'Hey Houston we got something moving along side of us and we don't know what it is, you know, can you tell us what it is?'. We weren't about to do that, cause we know that those transmissions would be heard by all sorts of people and who knows what somebody would have demanded that we turn back because of Aliens or whatever the reason is, so we didn't do that but we did decide we'd just cautiously ask Houston where, how far away was the S-IVB?ï¿½ Dr. David Baker (Apollo 11 Senior Scientist) states that the NASA knew every little about the object spotted by the astronauts. As Apollo 11 approached the moon the astronauts, like their predecessors on Apollo 8 and 10, also began hear strange voices that interfered with the space communication hook up. The mission controlled even asked, "Are you sure you donï¿½t have anybody else up there with you?" On July 19, the Apollo 11 entered into a Lunar orbit around the moon. The astronauts witnessed circular object streaking across the surface of the Moon the day before Armstrong was to place man's foot on the Moon for the first time. NASA photograph, catalogue number 11-37-5438 (above) suggests that something at least was with them above the lunar surface. The same object was later captured on film by astronauts of the Apollo 12 mission. Then exactly at 10:56PM ( Florida time) on Sunday 20th 1969 Neil Armstrong set foot on the surface of the Moon with the historic words "thatï¿½s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." Shortly after being joined on the surface by Aldrin, they unveiled a plaque inscribed with the words "Here men from the planet earth first set foot on the Moon, July 1969 AD. We came in peace for all mankind." It is reported that 2 saucer shaped UFO hovered over them as Armstrong prepared to step down the ladder of the LEM at the Sea of Tranquility . Aldrin is reported to have taken several pictures of them. Modern People magazine published some of these photographs in their June 1975 issue. During the live broadcast the Canadian network, unlike the American TV networks, discussed these UFOs in detailed. Their analysis was unable to explain them thoroughly. During their 2 hours 31 minutes and 40 seconds EVA on the moon, Armstrong and Aldrin reported even more bizarre UFO encounters. Shortly after the astronauts returned to earth, a bootleg "tape" and voice transcript of what was really said on the moon has been circulating clandestinely in UFO circles. National Bulletin magazine in September 29, 1969 carried a story stating that Apollo 11 discovered an alien base under the moon. The article went on to state that during these 2 minutes the following astonishing conversation was picked up by ham radio operators that had their own VHF receiving facilities that bypassed NASA's broadcasting outlets. At this time, the live television broadcast was also interrupted for two minutes due to a supposed "overheated camera", but the transmission below was received loud and clear by hundreds of ham radio operators. This unexpected problem surprised even the most qualified of viewers who were unable to explain how in such a costly project, one of the most essential elements could break down. Some time after the historic Moon landing, Christopher Craft, director of the base in Houston, made some surprising comments when he left NASA. Richard Watson in his book "Celestial Raise" confirmed this mysterious 2-minute interruption that NASA has not explained satisfactorily till this day. Author and ex-NASA worker, Sam Pepper, released top secret transcripts of the conversation between Houston and the Apollo 11 astronauts that has now known as the "moon conversations". Otto Binder, who was a member of the NASA space team, confirmed these transcripts when he stated in his book that hen the two moon-walkers, Aldrin and Armstrong were making their rounds some distance from the LEM, Armstrong clutched Aldrin's arm excitedly and exclaimed: Armstrong: What was it? What the hell was it? That's all I want to know!" Mission Control: What's there?... malfunction (garble) ... Mission Control calling Apollo 11 ... Apollo 11: These babies were huge, sir!... Enormous!... Oh, God! You wouldn't believe it! ... I'm telling you there are other space-craft out there ... lined up on the far side of the crater edge! ... They're on the Moon watching us! Here is reproduced completely the dialogue between the American astronauts and Control Center: Armstrong & Aldrin: Those are giant things. No, no, no - this is not an optical illusion. No one is going to believe this! Houston (Christopher Craft): What ... what ... what? What the hell is happening? What's wrong with you? Armstrong & Aldrin: They're here under the surface. Houston: What's there? (muffled noise) Emission interrupted; interference control calling 'Apollo 11'. Armstrong & Aldrin: We saw some visitors. They were here for a while, observing the instruments. Houston: Repeat your last information! Armstrong & Aldrin: I say that there were other spaceships. They're lined up in the other side of the crater! Houston: Repeat, repeat! Armstrong & Aldrin: Let us sound this orbita ... in 625 to 5 ... Automatic relay connected ... My hands are shaking so badly I can't do anything. Film it? God, if these damned cameras have picked up anything - what then? Houston: Have you picked up anything? Armstrong & Aldrin: I didn't have any film at hand. Three shots of the saucers or whatever they were that were ruining the film Houston: Control, control here. Are you on your way? What is the uproar with the UFOs over? Armstrong & Aldrin: They've landed here. There they are and they're watching us. Houston: The mirrors, the mirrors - have you set them up? Armstrong & Aldrin: Yes, they're in the right place. But whoever made those spaceships surely can come tomorrow and remove them. Over and out. In 1979 Maurice Chatelain, former chief of NASA Communications Systems confirmed that Armstrong had indeed reported seeing two UFOs on the rim of a crater. "The encounter was common knowledge in NASA," he revealed, "but nobody has talked about it until now." Maurice Chatelain also confirmed that Apollo 11's radio transmissions were interrupted on several occasions in order to hide the news from the public. Before dismissing Chatelain's sensational claims, it is worth noting his impressive background in the aerospace industry and space program. His first job after moving from France was as an electronics engineer with Convair, specializing in telecommunications, telemetry and radar. In 1959 he was in charge of an electromagnetic research group, developing new radar and telecommunications systems for Ryan. One of his eleven patents was an automatic radar landing system that ignited retro rockets at a given altitude, used in the Ranger and Surveyor flights to the Moon. Later, at North American Aviation, Chatelain was offered the job of designing and building the Apollo communications and data-processing systems. A certain professor, who wished to remain anonymous, was engaged in a discussion with Neil Armstrong during a NASA symposium. Professor: What REALLY happened out there with Apollo 11? Armstrong: It was incredible, of course we had always known there was a possibility - the fact is, we were warned off! There was never any question then of a space station or a moon city. Professor: How do you mean "warned off"? Armstrong: I can't go into details, except to say that their ships were far superior to ours both in size and technology - Boy, were they big!...and menacing! No, there is no question of a space station. Professor: But NASA had other missions after Apollo 11? Armstrong: Naturally - NASA was committed at that time, and couldn't risk panic on Earth. But it really was a quick scoop and back again. The soviet scientist also confirmed these incidents on the moon. "According to our information, the encounter was reported immediately after the landing of the module," said Dr. Vladimir Azhazha, a physicist and Professor of Mathematics at Moscow University. According to another Soviet scientist, Dr. Aleksandr Kazantsev, Buss Aldrin took color movie film of the UFOs from inside the module, and continued filming them after he and Armstrong went outside. Dr. Azhazha claims that the UFOs departed minutes after the astronauts came out on to the lunar surface. It was also Dr. Vladimir Azhazha that first broke the mystery of the Apollo 13 incident. And I later confirmed his story using NASA's own data and simulation software written by me. This will be covered in more details later in the section titled, What Really Happned to Apollo 13. The second manned moon mission to moon was Apollo 12 commanded by Pete Conrad, Richard Gordon and Alan Bean. Apollo 12 lifted off the Kennedy Space Center on November 14th, 1969. The couple of months prior to lift off was quiet period in term on UFO activity in the Southern United States . But there was lot of UFO activity in Russian and in the northern part of Europe . Almost 30 years later we would learn that a UFO crashed in Russia and was recovered by the Russian military. Although this incident has not direct connection to Apollo 12 or the NASA space program, it is a good indication of what is happening in 1969 in the field of UFOs. Less than a minute after blast off, NASA reposted that a bolt of lightening struck the spacecraft. As result Apollo 12 lost virtual all it’s electronic equipment for 3 minutes. After three minutes all the power was mysteriously restored. Till this day the bolt of lightening remain a mystery and has never being adequately explained by NASA. Cirro- or cirrus cloud which are high altitude clouds forms at approximately 3 km to 5 km above sea level. In another words for Apollo 12 to be struck by lightening, the spacecraft would have to be between 3 to 5 km above earth. Even if Apollo 12 was struck by lightening after one minute of take off, the spacecraft would be well cumulonimbus clouds. Many UFO researchers has dismissed this incident as nothing more than an unusual event. But when we compare this incident to what happened to Apollo 13, we see a ominous similarity between the two incidents. The second manned moon mission to moon was Apollo 12 commanded by Pete Conrad, Richard Gordon and Alan Bean. Apollo 12 lifted off the Kennedy Space Center on November 14th, 1969. Couple of months prior to lift off was quiet period in term of UFO activity in the Southern United States . But there was a lot of UFO activity in Russia and in the northern part of Europe . Almost 30 years later we would learn that a UFO crashed in Russia and was recovered by the Russian military. Although this incident has not direct connection to Apollo 12 or the NASA space program, it is a good indication of what is happening in 1969 in the field of UFOs. Less than a minute after blast off, NASA reposted that a bolt of lightening struck the spacecraft. As result Apollo 12 lost virtual all it’s electronic equipment for 3 minutes. After three minutes all the power was mysteriously restored. Till this day the bolt of lightening remain a mystery and has never being adequately explained by NASA. Cirro- or cirrus cloud which are high altitude clouds forms at approximately 3 km to 5 km above sea level. In another words for Apollo 12 to be struck by lightening, the spacecraft would have to be between 3 to 5 km above earth. Even if Apollo 12 was struck by lightening after one minute of take off, the spacecraft would be well cumulonimbus clouds. Many UFO researchers have dismissed this incident as nothing more than an unusual event. But when we compare this incident to what happened to Apollo 13, we see an ominous similarity between the two incidents. Up till this mission, Apollo crew were a mixture of civilian and military astronauts. However Apollo 12 was strictly a Naval affair, compromising of 3 naval fighter pilots. This is the same branch of the military that captured a down UFO in 1947 and tried to invade the Antarctica in order to capture "flying objects which could fly from pole to pole at incredible speeds." Am hour after Apollo 12 journey got underway, observatories from all over Europe began reporting that they had sighted two bright flashing unknown objects in the spacecraft’s vicinity, and that these objects could even be sighted through large telescopes. One of the objects appeared to be following Apollo 12, the other in front of it. Both objects appeared to be blinking on and off rapidly. The day following their launch, and 132,000 miles into their mission, the astronauts reported to mission control: "We have had an object which is in the same place all the time and appears to be tumbling. We have had it with us ever since yesterday and it just seems to be tagging along with us ... Its usually out our center hatch window when our roll angle is about 35 ... maybe that will give you a clue and somebody can figure out what we are really looking at." No solution was forthcoming, and the journey to the Moon continued. The Apollo 12 and Mission Control discussed the sighting further. Apollo 12: OK. I wonder what that could be then? Mission Control: OK. We’ll go back to the drawing board. Apollo 12: The object is very bright and it is obviously something that is tumbling. It is tumbling one and one-half revs per second or at least it is flashing us about that. Dick is going to tell you what star it is nearing. Later in the same conversation; Mission Control: … it’s kind of tough to say just what the heck that could be Apollo 12: We’ll assume its friendly anyway, OK? As was during Apollo 11 and other previous missions, Apollo 12 picked up strange noises and recorded it in the log. Alan Bean: Do you hear a lot of background noises Pete? Pete Conrad: Kind of static and things? Alan Bean: I keep hearing a whistle. Pete Conrad: That’s what I hear. Okay. Dick Gordon: (Ten minutes later) Hey, Houston , do you hear this constant beep in the background? Mission Control: That’s affirmative. We’ve heard it now for about the past 45 minutes. Dick Gordon: That’s right, so have we. What is it? No cause for the noise was ever publicly released, if indeed it ever became known. What is known, however, is that the astronauts not only encountered white orbs speeding across the lunar surface but they also saw a strange orange object or light over the Moon’s surface. They were able to take a photograph of this anomaly as it ‘hovered’ over the lunar landscape. (NASA Catalogue No. AS 12-51 –7553.) Another object was photographed from the command module of Apollo 12, the ‘Yankee Clipper.’ On the original NASA print the object is very small, however, an enlargement highlights what appear to be control panels and lights. On their return to Earth, the following transmission was made in respect of a bright red object flashing below them over India : Apollo 12: Also right in the centre of the Earth, now we have some real bright light shining, staying on that, Dick is looking at it with binoculars. It’s real bright. Mission Control: Roger. Understand. Does it appear to be coming from your nadir point, which should be just off the eastern coast now? Apollo 12: Yes. It looks like its coming just about out of the centre of what we’re looking at. I would say down from Burma and east of India. Mission Control: We can’t either. We’re checking the possibilities. Apollo 12: (As checks were being carried out.) It’s a steady light and it appears in size to be as big as any of the thunderstorms flashing. Mission Control: Roger. Understand. Apollo 12: Its hard to tell if it is exactly in the centre of the Earth or not. It’s pretty close to being right in the centre. Maybe just a little bit to our right – whatever that means. Just a little to the side that the Sun did not go behind the Earth on." Yet again, the space program had encountered something it could not explain; this time something as large as a thunderstorm flashing up at the spacecraft from lower down in the Earth’s atmosphere. Again, no solution has ever been publicly forthcoming. On November 20, 1969, the Apollo 12 crew jettisoned the lunar module ascent stage causing it to crash onto the moon. The LM’s impact (about 40 miles from the Apollo 12 landing site) created an artificial moonquake with startling characteristics—the moon reverberated like a bell for more than an hour. This phenomenon was repeated with Apollo 13 (intentionally commanding the third stage to impact the moon), with even more startling results. Seismic instruments recorded that the reverberations lasted for three hours and twenty minutes and traveled to a depth of twenty-five miles, leading to the conclusion that the moon has an unusually light—or even no—core. It was this fact (whether the moon is hollow) that Apollo 13 tried to verify. What Really Happned to Apollo 13 On Saturday April 11th 1970 exactly at 13:13 CST Apollo 13 lifted off Cape Canaveral on its way to the moon. The crew consisted of Jim Lovell, the commander, Jack Swigert, command module pilot and Fred Haise, lunar module pilot. Approximately 8:30pm, a few minutes after Kennedy Space Center handed over to Houston this conversation between Apollo 13 and Houston was overheard, Apollo: "We have company."	i don't know
What name links a former British Prime Minister, a big screen cop first seen in 1971 and a Liverpool footballer who first played for the club in 1960?	A comprehensive timeline of Cardiff's history - Cardiffians.co.uk The first Neolithic migrants crossed southern Britain into South Wales at around this time. 1500 BC ⁄ BCE Welsh was the dominant language of all of northern Europe. 55 BC ⁄ BCE The Roman Empire invaded Britain for the first time. The famous Roman general, Julius Caesar wanted revenge for the fact that Britons helped the French fight against the invasion. He was also looking to impress his Commanders, and thought that conquering Britain would be a way of earning respect. Caesar was unsuccessful in his attempt as most of his troops were lost in the crossing of the English Channel. Further attacks later in the year and in 54 BC ⁄ BCE were also fruitless. 1st to 11th Century (0 - 1099) Anno Domini ⁄ Common Era ↓ ♦ ↑ 43 AD ⁄ CE The Roman general, Didius Gallus, was amongst the invasion force that finally managed to overcome the Welsh tribes in South Wales. Didius arranged for the building of a small wooden fort where the Castle now stands and some historians believe that this is where the City gets its name from - "Fort of Didius" (Caer Didi). The Roman Empire, once in control of Britain, brought an era of peace and expansion to Wales. Many of the roads we drive on today, closely follow the original Roman trade routes (namely the A48 that runs from Gloucester to Carmarthen via Newport, Cardiff, Bridgend and Neath and the A470 which runs from Cardiff to Llandudno) 45 - 300 AD ⁄ CE The era of peace led to the fort being reduced in size, however during the 3rd Century, Irish raiders were beginning to make frequent hits on South Wales. The fort was rebuilt and strengthened to help repel the attacks. 445 AD ⁄ CE Apart from the first written reference of Cardiff in the Annates Cambriae (The Welsh Annals) there is not much mention of Cardiff between now and the 1st millennium, although we do know that the Romans started losing their grasp on Britain when they were overrun by Barbarians. Add to this the fact that the dreary climate was so different to where the Roman Soldiers were from (Romania, Spain and North Africa) that not only were the Romans finding it difficult to fight off the Barbarians, they were generally losing interest in this cold, isolated island. 850 AD ⁄ CE The first recorded Viking attack is made on the Welsh coast. 1081 - 1090 Some 20 years after William, Duke of Normandy (AKA William the Conqueror) wins the Battle of Hastings in 1066, he marches on into Cardiff for his first and only visit after conquering Glamorgan. He commissioned the building of a wooden fortification very close to the River Taff, and used the original Roman defences as the base of the building. Robert FitzHamon, William's Kinsman and Earl of Gloucester, took charge of the area, and was responsible for the construction at this time. He built the motte (mound) with a wooden stockade within the site. In the 12th century his son-in-law, Robert the Consul, built the stone keep which is visible today. 12th Century (1100 - 1199) ↓ ♦ ↑ 1100 A small town had begun to establish itself outside the castle, and was primarily made up of settlers from England. St. Mary's Church (where the Prince of Wales pub now stands) was to become a Priory of Tewkesbury Abbey in Gloucestershire around this year. 1107 Robert FitzHamon was killed fighting in Normandy and his Daughter, Mabel, married Robert the Consul. Bishop Urban of Llandaff, was appointed to the position by the Normans, became the first bishop of a Welsh diocese to profess obedience to the Archbishop of Canterbury. 1111 The first town wall, a wooden palisade, is erected this year. 1126 Bishop Urban and Robert the Consul signed an agreement on settling disputes between them and the first record of a mayor of Cardiff, Ralph, dates from this year. Ralph is described as Prepositus de Kardi, Prevost of Cardiff. The title may have some German or French links, but I cannot confirm this for sure. Robert, Duke of Normandy was imprisoned in Cardiff Castle. 1136 The building of the Polygonal stone keep in Cardiff Castle was probably begun this year on the orders of Robert the Consul and at 35 feet was the highest ever built anywhere in Wales. 1147 Geoffrey of Monmouth, famous for his book 'History of the Kings of Britain' published in 1136 and which first popularised the stories of King Arthur and his knights, became Archdeacon of Llandaff until his death in 1154. He may also have lived there during this time. Geoffrey had dedicated his book to Robert the Consul who died this year. 1175 Records of the time indicate that St. Mary's Church may have been rebuilt and enlarged at this time. 1180 St. John's Church was probably built about now, and was intended as a independent chapel within the town walls. It acted as a chapel of ease for St. Mary's, allowing parishioners a wider choice of places of worship. 1185 The borough of Cardiff was burnt, and the castle damaged during a widespread uprising of the Welsh under the formidable Lord Rhys (Rhys ap Gruffydd), ruler of Deheubarth. 1188 Accompanied by Gerald of Wales, Archbishop Baldwin of Canterbury on a tour of Wales called the volunteers for the third crusade at Llandaff, reputedly by the medieval Cross there. Gerald described Cardiff Castle as having high walls and 120 men-at-arms with a larger number of archers. 1189 13th Century (1200 - 1299) ↓ ♦ ↑ 1206 John, now King, confirmed Cardiff's charters, including the right to hold two weekly markets and two annual fairs. 1211 Cadwallon ab Ifor Bach raided the lands around Cardiff from his lordship of Senghenydd. The monks of St Mary's Church were withdrawn to Tewksbury Abbey. 1217 Cardiff came into the hands of the powerful Clare family. 1218 The establishment of Llandaff Cathedral chapter has been completed by now. 1233 Cardiff Castle was captured by Richard de Burgh, the earl marshal, during the course of a power struggle with Henry III. 1242 The Dominican Priory of the Black Friars was founded on the western side of the castle next to the present Cooper's Fields and outside the town walls. 1266 The rebuilt Llandaff Cathedral was dedicated this year. 1267 Gilbert de Clare, 'the Red Earl', captured Gruffydd ap Rhys, lord of Senghenydd and great-grandson of Ifor Bach, holding him in Cardiff Castle before exiling him to imprisonment in Kilkenny Castle, Ireland. 1270 The construction of Castell Coch by Gilbert de Clare may have begun this year following an attack on his Caerphilly Castle by Prince Llewellyn ap Gruffydd of Gwynedd. Gilbert probably also had the Black Tower at the South Gate of Cardiff Castle built about now as well as ordering the town wall to be rebuilt in stone. 1284 In or about this year, the Franciscan Friary of the Grey Friars, with the largest church in Cardiff 154 feet long, was founded on the eastern side of the castle outside the town walls on the side of the present Capital Tower. By about this date the bishop's palace or castle had been constructed at Llandaff by Bishop William de Braose. Cardiff was attacked and badly damaged by Llawelyn Bren, son of Gruffydd ap Rhys. 1318 Llewellyn Bren was executed in Cardiff Castle by Hugh Despenser after being captured in the Brecon Beacons and reputedly his body was buried in Grey Friars. Hugh Despenser had married Eleanor whose brother Gilbert de Clare - son of 'the Red Earl' - had been killed at the battle of Bannockburn in Scotland in 1314. 1324 The earliest craft guilde in Cardiff, the Cordwainers and Glovers (workers in leather), had its privileges confirmed by Edward II. 1326 Cardiff was made a stable port for the export of wool and hides but, as it was not a royal borough, Carmarthen took over this role eight years later. 1331 About this year, the Town Hall was built in High Street for the administration of the borough and it was also used as Cardiff's first market hall. It continued in use for some 400 years and included a court room with a gaol beneath it and about this time the leper hospital of St Mary Magdalen was founded outside the town's East Gate. 1340 The oldest existing charter for Cardiff dates from this year when the town had a population of 2,000 - 3,000 making it the largest borough in Wales. 1349 The Black Death first appeared in the area at this time. 1373 The first reference to Flat Holm in Cardiff records stated it belonged to the Lord of Glamorgan. Owain Glyndŵr attacked Cardiff during his Welsh rebellion. 1404 Owain Glyndŵr's troops attacked Cardiff again, capturing the castle and inflicted great damage on the town. The bishop's palace or castle at Llandaff was destroyed at the same time, and was afterwards abandoned. 1425 It was probably in this year that Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, built the Octagonal Tower in Cardiff Castle. 1451 Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, issued a charter in which he praised the burgesses for their efforts to fortify and defend Cardiff. 1473 The rebuilding of St John's Church with its 130-feet high tower was completed after about 20 years' work as Cardiff recovered from the Glyndŵr attack. The tower was paid for by Anne Nevill who was later to marry Richard III. 1480 About now the death occurred of the poet Deio ab leuan Du who wrote the words which appear on Cardiff's coat of arms: 'Y ddraig goch ddyry cychwyn' ('The red dragon will show the way'). 1486 The marcher lordship of Glamorgan, including Cardiff, was confiscated by the crown after Henry Tudor's Lancastrian victory at the previous year's Battle of Bosworth in which Richard III of the House of York was killed. The triumphant Henry VII granted the lordship to his uncle, Jasper Tudor. 1495 16th Century (1500 - 1599) ↓ ♦ ↑ 1536 Wales was united with England from this year, the marcher lordship of Glamorgan was abolished and Cardiff became part of the new shire of Glamorgan and its county town. The Herbert family quickly became a powerful force in the town and, with the ending of the medieval restrictions on them, Welsh people now began making their homes and established businesses in Cardiff. 1537 Thomas Howell left money to found a girls' school in Llandaff, but a dispute over the will delayed its opening for three centuries. 1538 Cardiff's two friaries, with a total of 15 friars, were dissolved by Henry VIII. The Franciscan Grey Friars was converted to a mansion by the Herbert's but the Dominican Black Friars was left to deteriorate into ruins. 1542 Thomas Capper was burnt at the stake in Cardiff for heresy. A radical Protestant, he was the first religious martyr in Wales since Roman times. From this year Cardiff became represented by a Member of Parliament. 1543 The year saw the introduction of the English militia system with regular musters of all males aged 16 to 60. 1551 William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, was created the first Baron Cardiff. 1552 On a visit to Cardiff, the antiquary John Leland described it as well-walled with five gates and a mile in circumference. 1555 The Protestant martyr and local fisherman, Rawlins White, was burnt at the stake for heresy during the reign of the Catholic Queen Mary. 1564 At Tongwynlais, an iron foundry was established by the Sussex ironmaster Sir Henry Sidney. 1570 A congress of Welsh bards was held at Cardiff Castle at the invitation of William Herbert to order 'the bardic rules' 1573 Cardiff was made a head port for the collection of customs duties, one of four such ports in Wales. 1574 Henry Herbert carried out extensive restoration work on Cardiff Castle. 1576 The notorious local pirate, John Callice, brought a captured Spanish vessel into Cardiff and sold its contents. 1577 A successful campaign to stamp out piracy in the Bristol Channel based on Cardiff was started. 1578 The contemporary Glamorgan historian, Rice Merrick (Rhys Meurig), described Cardiff Castle as having been rebuilt by the Herberts, containing luxurious apartments and attractive gardens with many fair houses and large streets in the town. 1581 The first royal charter was granted to Cardiff by Elizabeth I. 1582 The centuries old timber bridge across the River Taff in Cardiff was replaced by one made of stone. 1595 William Morgan, translator of the Bible into Welsh in 1588 became Bishop of Llandaff, a position he held until 1601. 1596 1602 The Pembrokeshire historian, George Owen, described Cardiff as 'the fayrest towne in Wales yett not the welthiest'. 1607 'The Great Flood' occurred in January causing devastation along the coast of South Wales. The foundations of the old St Mary's Church (on the site of the former Prince of Wales Theatre) were fatally weakened and St Johns become the parish church as a result. St Mary Street is named after the ancient church. 1608 James I confirmed Cardiff's royal charter and a new annual fair was introduced on November 30th in addition to those starting on June 24th and September 8th of this year. 1610 The first known maps of Cardiff and Llandaff were published. They were the work of John Speed, the famous cartographer. 1614 Thirteen people were drowned attempting to cross the River Ely in Cardiff by ferryboat. 1631 The Puritan vicar of St Mary's, William Erbery, was forced to resign and his curate, Walter Cradock, had his licence revoked because of their extreme evangelical views. 1635 The famous buccaneer, Sir Henry Morgan, is thought to have been born in Llanrumney. 1642 At the start of the Civil War, Cardiff Castle was occupied for Charles I by William Seymour, the Marquis of Hereford. At the Battle of Edgehill, the Royalist MP for Cardiff, William Herbert was killed. 1643 Books and documentary records from Llandaff Cathedral were burnt by Parliamentary soldiers on Cardiff Castle green. 1645 In the summer Charles I spent a week at Cardiff Castle trying unsuccessfully to raise financial support for his course. Later this summer the castle and town surrendered to a Parliamentary army. 1646 According to the parliamentary sources, 'the Battle of the Heath' took place to the North of the town for control of Cardiff and its castle. Some 250 Royalists were claimed to have been killed. 1648 In May at St Fagans, in the last major battle ever to occur in Wales, some 8,000 Royalists were defeated in a two hour fight by 3,000 Parliamentary troops of the New Model Army with about 200 soldiers, mainly Royalists, killed. Of the 3,000 Royalist prisoners taken, four officers were executed and 240 men were transported to Barbados, Oliver Cromwell visited Cardiff eight days after the battle. 1650 The first state school in Cardiff was established by Cromwell's Commonwealth government but was closed in 1660 with the restoration of Charles II. 1653 The first warship to be given the name Cardiff was a 360 ton 18-gun frigate. 1657 The noted Quaker leader Charles Fox preached in the Town Hall. 1661 A Quaker meeting in the town was broken up and some 40 local Quakers, suspected of disloyalty to the newly restored monarch, Charles II, were imprisoned. 1666 Cardiff's first Angel Hotel was opened a short distance from the present hotel next to the Cardiff Castle. 1667 A Quaker burial ground came into use outside the town's South Gate. 1678 Francis Place drew the first known depiction of Cardiff, a pen and wash drawing from the west bank of the River Taff. The Celtic scholar Edward Lhuyd also visited Cardiff now and described St Mary's church as being in ruins. 1679 Philip Evans, born in Monmouth, became a Jesuit at Saint Omer and after his ordination in 1675 ministered to Catholics in South Wales for four years. In the national frenzy occasioned by the Oates plot he was apprehended and imprisoned in Cardiff, where he was joined by John Lloyd of Brecon, a secular priest trained at Valladolid. They were hung, drawn and quartered at Gallows Field near the junction of today's City Road, on July 22nd. They were both canonised by the Pope in 1970. 1685 An English Quaker, Thomas Briggs, is recorded as having walked naked through Cardiff to emphasise the virtues of simplicity. 1688 Charlotte, daughter and heiress of Philip Herbert last of the male Herbert's of Cardiff Castle, married John Jeffreys, son of the notorious 'Hanging Judge' George Jeffreys. In Llandaff and Whitchurch, 84 parishioners requested the removal of the vicar because he couldn't speak Welsh. 1696 Part of the wall of Llandaff Cathedral collapsed and its bell fell to the ground, an indication of the ruinous condition it was in at this time, but a Presbyterian chapel was built in Womanby Street. 1698 The battlements of the north-west tower of Llandaff cathedral collapsed during a gale. 1708 The oldest of the bells of St John's Church was cast this year and the cattle market was moved from inside the town walls to a site near the East Gate. 1713 The Old Brewery in St Mary Street, originally Williams Malthouse, was opened. 1723 Part of the south-west tower of Llandaff Cathedral collapsed, adding to its dilapidated state. 1725 Daniel Dafoe, author of Robinson Crusoe, on a visit to Llandaff, noted that the cathedral had no steeple or bells. 1729 Eight men and three women died of fever in the towns County Gaol. 1731 A pub was first opened on the site now occupied by the Owain Glyndwr. The pub was initially called the 'Mably Arms' (or possibly the Buccaneer), and over the centuries has been called the 'Kemys Tynte Arms', 'The Tennis Court' and 'The Buccanneer' before its current name. 1736 In a shipwreck on Flat Holm about 60 soldiers were drowned. 1737 Because of the previous year's disaster, a permanent lighthouse was established on Flat Holm by the Society of Merchant Ventures of Bristol. 1739 The tower of St John's Church began to be used as the town's fire station. 1740 The great Methodist leader, John Wesley, preached in Cardiff on the first of many visits he was to make to the town. 1746 Llandaff Court, now part of the Cathedral School, was built for Admiral Thomas Matthew. 1747 A new Guildhall was completed in St Mary Street, continuing in use for over a century. A local smuggler, Owen Williams, was hanged for murder. 1750 Melingriffith tinplate works in Whitchurch was opened on the site of an old iron forge. 1755 In November, the Bristol Channel including the Cardiff area was affected by the 'tsunami' tidal wave from the great Lisbon earthquake. 1759 In a running fight between seamen from two vessels in September in Womanby Street, a Royal Navy sailor was killed by a musket shot. 1760 Town Quay or Old Quay, the bigger of the two quays where Westgate Street is now, was rebuilt and extended to about 50 yards, the latest in a series of reconstructions dating back to the Middle Ages. The Taff was also dredged to assist the movement of ships from the mouth of the river, some two miles away, to the quays. 1763 In April, serious rioting occurred in the town in a dispute following a cock fight. 1765 Howell Harris, leader of the Methodist Revival 'the Great Awakening', preached in Cardiff and the first record of horse racing on the Great Heath dates from this year. 1766 The Scottish Earl of Bute married into the great local landowning family of the Herberts and a Cardiff Turnpike Trust was set up to construct a toll road between Bonvilston and Rumney. 1767 A road was built between Cardiff and the new town of Merthyr Tydfil, reputedly largely financed by the ironmaster Anthony Bacon. 1770 The bridge over the River Taff at Llandaff was rebuilt. 1773 Following a shipwreck on Flat Holm, seven passengers and two crewmen were buried on the island. 1774 An Act was passed for 'the better paving, cleansing and lighting of the streets of Cardiff'. The leading prison reformer, John Howard, recorded Cardiff County Gaol as having in August 16 prisoners - 14 debtors and two felons. The centuries-old Radyr Weir was rebuilt, around this year. 1775 A traveller from London, Francis Grose, described Cardiff as 'a neat, pleasant town just paved'. 1776 John Stuart, Earl of Bute, was created Baron Cardiff of Cardiff Castle. 1777 The famous landscape architect Lancelot 'Capability' Brown laid out the grounds of Cardiff Castle and Cardiff Workhouse was opened with accommodation for 200 people. 1781 To ease the movement of traffic in the town, Cardiff's East Gate and the West Gate were demolished. 1782 Crockherbtown Street - now Queen Street - was paved for the first time. A local customs officer reported that coal would never be shipped from Cardiff because of the expense of bringing it down to the coast. He was proven wrong with the advent of the railway network that would soon appear in the next century. 1786 More of Cardiff's medieval past disappeared when both the North Gate and Blount's Gate were demolished. 1788 John Wesley, the Methodist leader, made the last of his numerous visits to Cardiff and a Cardiff-built brig began regular trading between the town and Cork. 1792 Cardiff's bridge over the Taff and part of the town walls were swept away in a major flood. The first bank was opened in the on the site now occupied by Lloyds Bank in High Street and the Cardiff Arms Hotel was also opened. The Cardiff Arms Hotel gave its name to Cardiff's famous sports stadium, the Arms Park. This mail-coach house was known earlier as Red House, when it was constructed for Sir Thomas Morgan at the time of Charles I. 1793 John Stuart, later the second Marquis of Bute and who came to be called 'the creator of Cardiff', was born in Scotland. 1794 In February, the 25-mile-long Glamorganshire Canal was opened between Cardiff and Merthyr Tydfil to bring iron products down to the coast. For nearly 50 years, the canal was unchallenged as the main transport link between the two towns. Also known as 'the Merthyr Canal', it incorporated in Cardiff some of the medieval moat defenses and ran through a tunnel beneath the town centre (namely under the subway by the castle, and then down Mill Lane and the bottom of St. Mary Street). 1796 A new stone bridge was built over the Taff in Cardiff and John Stuart, Baron Cardiff, was made the first Marquis of Bute. 1798 The Glamorganshire Canal was extended one mile with a sea-lock, thus giving Cardiff its first harbour. Custom House was built near East Canal Wharf. 1799 The end of the century saw the end of lines of pack-horses bringing coal down from the mines north of Cardiff to the town. 1870 - 1879 ¦ 1880 - 1889 ¦ 1890 - 1899 1800 Following food riots at Merthyr Tydfil this year, two men were sentenced to death in Cardiff and another was transported to Australia for life. 1801 The first official census was held and showed Cardiff to have a population of 1,870 - much smaller than other Welsh towns like Merthyr Tydfil (7,700) and Swansea (6,000). 1802 The last of Cardiff's five medieval gates, South Gate (or Moor Gate) was demolished. 1806 Cardiff's oldest craft guild - The Cordwainers - was wound up after 500 years when their hall in Duke Street was sold. 1807 The Melingriffith water pump at Whitchurch came into operation to lift water to the Glamorganshire Canal. It is still in its original position. 1808 A works school for the children of Melingriffith tinplate workers was opened in Whitchurch with 62 pupils. 1809 The Rhondda Valleys were linked to Cardiff by a tramway connecting with the Glamorganshire Canal at Pontypridd. The second census showed at Cardiff population of 2,457. 1812 The two ancient parishes of St John and St Mary were combined and Aberdare became linked to Cardiff by a branch of the Glamorganshire Canal. 1813 Tabernacle Welsh Baptist Chapel in The Hayes was founded and the first record of Jewish settlers in Cardiff dates from this year. The Goat Major pub in High Street, originally called The Blue Bell, was opened. 1814 The sea lock of the Glamorganshire Canal was extended and the death occurred of the first Marquis of Bute. 1816 The first coal was shipped from Cardiff through the seal lock of the Glamorganshire Canal, previously used mainly for handling iron products. 1817 Near Flat Holm, 54 people were drowned when a sailing ship sank. 1818 After some 80 years, St John's Church tower ceased being used as the town's fire station. 1819 Cardiff Savings Bank was established. Flat Holm lighthouse was heightened and converted from coal-burning to oil. A daily four-horse coach service to Merthyr Tydfil was started. 1821 The third census showed that Cardiff had a population of 3,251. Gas lighting became available in the town with a gasometer in the Hayes. 1822 The Cardiff reporter, the town's first newspaper, was founded. A Cardiff pilot boat crossing from Somerset was swamped near Flat Holm, drowning all seven people aboard it. 1823 The Glamorgan and Monmouthshire Dispensary was opened near St Johns Church. Flat Holm lighthouse was bought by Trinity House from its private owners. 1826 Cardiff's first purpose-built theatre, the Theatre Royal was opened where the Park Hotel now stands. Ebeneser Welsh Chapel was founded. Cardiff's Mechanics' Institute was established in the Town Hall. 1827 Cardiff Bridge was swept away by floods. 1828 The first known balloon flight from Cardiff took place but its pilot, Charles Green, disappeared over the Bristol Channel. 1829 1830 There were now 15 pilots based at Cardiff compared with just four in 1800. The tonnage of coal carried on the Glamorganshire Canal exceeded that of iron for the first time, with coal increasing in importance from here on. A private house which had stood on the Black Friars site was demolished. 1831 The census showed Cardiff had 6,187 inhabitants. Dic Penderyn (Richard Lewis) was hanged outside Cardiff Gaol, then located where the Central Market now stands, because of his alleged involvement in this years Merthyr Riots. 1832 Cymreigyddion Caerdydd Welsh Society was founded in the town. 1833 Cardiff's first Eisteddfod was held in a Queen Street pub. The Cardiff and Merthyr Gazette was first published. A new County Prison was opened in Adamsdown, and the old gaol in St Mary Street became the Town Gaol. 1834 At the invitation of the second Marquis of Bute, an Eisteddfod was held in Cardiff Castle and the money raised at the event was donated for a new dispensary. 1835 Cardiff became a corporation with an elected council, the first elected mayor and two wards under local government reform. The town's ancient Piepowder Court, for settling disputes at Cardiff's three annual fairs, was abolished. The first covered market was opened. One of Cardiff's most famous public houses, the Old Arcade, was reportedly also opened in this year. It is thought that that it was built in 1844 as the Birdcage Inn. It was renamed to the Arcade and Post Office, and finally the Old Arcade, after the name of the arcade that runs alongside it, leading into the covered market. I am unable to verify the actual opening date, and would welcome information relating to this. Bull-baiting - held between St John's Church and Kingsway - was made illegal. The first coal from the Cynon Valley was shipped out. The first branch of a National Bank to be established in Cardiff was that of the National Provincial (now Westminster) Bank. 1836 A small Police force was formed in the town and Jones Court off Womanby Street was probably built this year. A Cardiff Board of Guardians was established to administer the Poor Law and soon built a new workhouse on Cowbridge Road, later St. David's hospital. The first Mayor of Cardiff was Thomas Revel Guest elected this year. 1837 A new Glamorgan and Monmouthshire Dispensary with 20 beds was opened in Queen Street, on the site of the medieval leper hospital. 1839 In October the Bute West Dock covering 19 acres with 9,400 feet of quays was opened, and the construction of the Dock Feeder to regulate the water supply to the dock from the River Taff was completed. Entirely paid for by the second Marquis of Bute, this new dock set in motion Cardiff's amazing growth to become the world's biggest coal exporting port. The future Prime Minister, Benjamin Disraeli, married Mary Ann Evans of Tongwynlais. Horse racing ended at the Great Heath after about 80 years. 1840 - 1849 ↓ ♦ ↑ 1840 The Taff Vale Railway was opened between Cardiff and Abercynon and soon overtook the Glamorganshire Canal in economic importance. Cardiff now became an independent port able to register its own vessels. 1841 The census showed Cardiff's population to have grown to 10,079. The Taff Vale Railway was extended to Merthyr Tydfil. A Jewish burial ground was opened at Highfield this year. 1842 As a result of the settlement of Irish people in Cardiff, the Roman Catholic church of St. David was founded in Bute Terrace. The first of the century Cholera epidemics struck Cardiff and killed many people. 1843 St. Mary's Anglican Church in Bute Street was opened. A commission met in Cardiff to try prisoners arrested during the West Wales Rebecca Riots. 1844 Cardiff Turnpike Trust was abolished as responsibility for highways was taken over by a county road board for Glamorgan. 1845 Cardiff Cricket Club was formed. 1846 Aberdare became linked to Cardiff by an extension of the Taff Vale Railway into the Cynon Valley. 1847 A year after it started, an epidemic of Typhus had killed nearly 200 people in Cardiff. 1848 The second Marquis of Bute died in Cardiff Castle this year, and left his fortune to his son. The ground which was to become 'Cardiff Arms Park' held it's first ever sporting event - a game of Cricket. The second Marquis of Bute gave two acres of land to Adamsdown to be used a public cemetery, due to St. Johns being filled to capacity. 1849 Over 350 people were killed by an outbreak of Cholera in Cardiff, and led to Adamsdown cemetery being filled to capacity in a very short time. Work was started on diverting the course of the River Taff, which at the time ran down what is now Westgate Street (Quay Street used to actually lead to the only quay in the town, which is why it slopes downwards slightly towards Westgate Street) The Rhondda Valleys became linked to Cardiff by an extension of the Taff Vale Railway. The South Wales Railway from Chepstow to Swansea through Cardiff was opened. The last mail coach for London left Cardiff in August. A Board of Health was established for the town. A reservoir was constructed at Penhill to supply water to Cardiff. By now, there were 20 foreign consulates in Cardiff - a sign of the towns increasing international importance. Cardiff General Railway Station, currently the biggest station in Wales and a Grade II listed structure, was built in this year. [REF] 1851 The census showed that the population of Cardiff had reached 18,351. About 60 per cent had been born in Wales while just under 15 per cent had been born in Ireland. This year coal shipments from Cardiff exceeded one million tons for the first time. 1852 The first direct trains ran between Cardiff and London. Walter Coffin, the owner of the first coal pit in Dinas, retired from active control of his businesses to go into politics, and was elected MP for Cardiff boroughs; thus becoming the first Nonconformist MP in Wales. 1853 The diverting of the River Taff was completed, which reduced flood threats in Central Cardiff. Cardiff's oldest statue, that of the second Marquis of Bute, was erected at the bottom of High Street, near the Central Hotel. 1854 Cardiff's new Town Hall was opened in High Street. Another Cholera epidemic claimed well over 200 hundred lives in the town. Spillers' Mill was opened on Bute West Dock. 1855 In December the first historical trainload of Rhondda steam coal arrived at Cardiff where the Bute East Dock was opened. The first horse races were held at Ely, 16 years after they had ended at the Great Heath. 1856 A tidal harbour was constructed at the mouth of the Taff. The Royal Arcade in the City Centre, was designed and built by Peter Price this year. It is the oldest arcade in the Capital. 1857 The last public execution in Cardiff took place outside the prison. 150 deaths resulted from a smallpox infection in the area around Caroline Street. The Cardiff Times weekly newspaper was founded in September. Tidal coal berths were built on the River Ely. Bute East Dock was extended while the Lady Bute, the first Cardiff-built steamship, was launched. At Llandaff Cathedral the Lady Chapel was rebuilt and the presbytery was rededicated. A steamboat ferry service began operating between Cardiff and Penarth. 1858 The Rhymney Railway was completed connecting Cardiff with the mines of the Rhymney Valley. Cardiff's oldest arcade, the Royal Arcade, was opened. The Bute family made Sophia Gardens available to the public and in doing so, created Cardiff's first park. The first Jewish synagogue was opened near Charles Street. 1859 To cope with the increasing coal trade, the Bute East Dock was extended again to cover a total of 45 acres. The first hansom cabs ran in Cardiff. Howells School for Girls in Llandaff was founded. Cardiff Bridge was rebuilt. Sophia Gardens were the namesake of Lady Sophia who died this year. She was the second Marquis of Bute's second wife. A cemetery at Fairoak Road was opened. It is better known as Cathays Cemetery, and the Cardiff Times predicted that it ‘would form the principal walk of the inhabitants of Cardiff’. 1860 The Principality Building Society was founded in the town. An old sailing ship, the Hamadryad, was converted to the permanent seamen's hospital. Another old vessel, the Havannah, became a school for poor children. A reservoir was built at Cogan to supply water to Cardiff. 420 prostitutes were listed as working in Butetown this year. 1861 The census showed that the population was 48,965. In the Royal Arcade, the first voluntary library was opened. The Bonded Warehouse on Bute East Dock was opened. Nearly two million tons of coal were shipped out of Cardiff Docks this year, compared with 87,000 tons only 20 years before. 1862 Cardiff set up its own Pilotage Authority in January of this year. Queen Street was widened with the demolition of old buildings. Cardiff docks exported 2,000,000 tons of coal. 1863 The first Cardiff Horse Show and the first Horticultural Show took place. Grangetown Gasworks opened. St. Andrew's Church, now Eglwys Dewi Sant, was consecrated. 1864 The building of a reservoir at Lisvane was completed. An amphitheater music hall was opened in Wood Street in Temperance Town, later becoming the Wood Street Congregational Church. With seating for almost 3,000, it was one of the biggest churches in Wales. The City Planning Offices replaced the Church in the 1960's, and occupied the area until 2005 when it was demolished. The site is still empty today. The present Masonic Hall in Guildford Crescent was opened as a church. 1865 After a long dispute between the South Wales Railway and the town council over cost, the reclaimed bed of the River Taff was completely filled in, and is where the Millennium Stadium, and Cardiff Arms Park now stand. An electric telegraph service reached Cardiff. James Howell opened a shop in the town. The paper mill at Ely was founded. Bethany Baptist Chapel was built. Part of the building was incorporated in a large store when Howells took over the site. 1866 The Royal Hotel in St Mary's Street and Queen Street Arcade opened. The last Cholera outbreak of the century claimed many lives. The first pleasure boat trips from Cardiff to Weston-super Mare began in a converted tug, the Joseph Hazell. The 'Breaksea' lightship came into service off Cardiff. The Cardiff Chamber of Commerce was founded. Another new church, the United Reform Church, was opened in Windsor Place. 1867 The Cardiff Naturalist Society was founded. The building of the octagonal spire of Llandaff Cathedral was completed. 1868 The third Marquis of Bute (21 at the time) and his architect William Burges began their transformation of Cardiff Castle. To mark his coming-of-age, the Marquis laid on elaborate celebrations in Cardiff with special trains run from the valleys. The Norwegian Church was built near Bute West Dock entrance. The Riot Act had to be read during general election disturbances. Cardiff Docks exported 2,099,707 tons of coal this year. 1869 In May the Western Mail was founded by the third Marquis of Bute. After four years of preparation, Flat Holm was fortified against a possible French invasion. By now, the Butetown area had acquired its multi-racial character, and the name 'Tiger Bay'. Most of its homes were built in the past 20 years. The Castle Mews, now part of the Welsh College of Music and Drama, were built as stables in the Butes' Home park. A Thanksgiving Service was held at Llandaff Cathedral to mark its restoration. Cardiff Technical Institute was founded. Three million tonnes of coal were shipped out of Cardiff Docks. The 370 yard long 'Low Water Pier' was opened on the Taff estuary for passenger services. The Cardiff Medical Society, one of the oldest in Britain, was established. The first school for the children of Llanedeyrn was built. 1871 The census showed that Cardiff now had a population of 57,363. The mile long Caerphilly Tunnel on the Rumney Railway was opened. The third Marquis of Bute ordered the rebuilding of Castell Coch in Tongwynlais. 1872 A new newspaper, the South Wales Daily News, was launched. A horse-drawn tram service was formally begun by Cardiff Tramway. Castle Street was widened with the demolition of old buildings. Building of the Cardiff Castle's Clock Tower was completed in this year. 1873 The Wood Street Bridge in the City Centre was opened. Public wash houses became available in Guildford Crescent. 1874 The Salvation Army's first mission in Wales was opened in Canton. Cardiff Arms Park hosted its first Rugby game. Now known as 'Burges House', the 'Park House' in Park Place was built. The 'Park House Club' is based there now. Cardiff Rowing Club was formed in this year. 1875 Cardiff's boundaries were extended to include Canton, Cathays and Roath. The newly founded Cardiff School Board brought elementary education to the Town for the first time. In the docks, a Victorian Railway warehouse was built. Much later, the warehouse was skillfully redesigned and converted into the 'Cardiff Bay Hotel'. The hotel incorporated elements of the old building into the new. The "Convent of Poor Sisters of Nazareth" moved to the church building "Nazareth House" in North road after three years at Tyndall Street. "Nazareth House" was designed by John Prichard, and was built in around 1847 for the third Marquis of Bute. 1876 Cardiff Arms Park hosted the first game between the newly formed Cardiff Rugby Club and Swansea. The Philharmonic Hall and the Great Western Hotel in St Mary's street were opened. The first privately conducted execution in Cardiff took place in the recently enlarged gaol in April. 1877 The original Theatre Royal burnt down, but fortunately two new Theatres, the Empire Theatre and the Grand Theatre, were opened this year. Canton bridge was widened. The first public telephone service was launched in the Town. Cardiff Corinthians Football Club was formed, with which Jack Sandiford, one of the pioneers of football in South Wales, was involved. 1878 A new Theatre Royal opened (later renamed The Prince of Wales). Cardiff Racquets and Fives Club (later Jackson Hall, and afterwards Jackson's Disco) was opened on Westgate Street, on land reclaimed from the River Taff. The first Secretary of the club was Chas. Chalk. The old Cardiff Arms Hotel, the park's namesake, was demolished. Cardiff Police Fire Brigade was formed. Cardiff's first purpose-built board school was opened in Eleanor Street in Butetown. Cardiff RFC became one of the founding members of the Welsh Rugby Union. Cardiff Docks exported 4,100,221 tons of coal this year. Cardiff Bowling Club (the oldest club in Bowling Club in Wales) in Sophia Gardens was founded. 1879 David Morgan opened a shop in Cardiff. The town's oldest statue, that of the Marquis of Bute was moved from High Street to the southern end of St Mary's Street. The third Marquis of Bute sold the Western Mail this year. The Town council took over responsibility for the water supply from a private company. The Cardiff Ship-owners' Association was formed. 1881 The census showed that the population had risen to 93,637. The Cardiff Exhibition was held to raise funds for a Free Library and Art Gallery. The first grandstand - with seats for 300 - was built at Cardiff Arms Park. The first gas storage unit was built on Ferry Road in Grangetown. The Welsh Regiment now became based at the newly opened Maindy Barracks. The passing of the Sunday Closing Act this year led to an increase in the number of licensed private clubs from 31 to 141 within just five years. Cardiff Workhouse (later St. David's Hospital) in Cowbridge Road was extended. 1882 The first Central Library was opened. The building of the Llanishen reservoir was started. 1883 Cardiff University College was founded. The National Eisteddfod was held in Cardiff for the first time. Construction began on the new Glamorgan and Monmouthshire Infirmary, on Glossop Road, Roath, which was to be later renamed to the Cardiff Royal Infirmary. In 1911 it was renamed to King Edward XVII Hospital, and later still in 1923, back to Cardiff Royal Infirmary. The present Angel Hotel was opened. The docks handled six million tons of coal. 1884 The first editions of the South Wales Echo rolled off the press in this year. Wales defeated Ireland in the first international game played at Cardiff Arms Park. Cremation was made legal in Britain after the Welsh Druid Dr Williams Price was put on trial in Cardiff, for the burning his deceased infant son's (Iesu Grist Price (Jesus Christ Price)) body. Dr. Price argued that the burial of human bodies was damaging to the environment and as a result, was cleared of all charges. Flat Holm was used for the first time to isolate cholera patients. Cardiff Indoor Market was badly damaged by fire. Heathfield House School for girls was opened. [REF] 1886 After 16 years of construction work the 4.5 mile long Severn Tunnel, the longest undersea tunnel in the world at the time, was completed this year. As a result, Cardiff was finally connected to the rest of the Great Western Railway network, and the tunnel reduced journey times to London from Cardiff, by up to an hour. Cardiff Coal Exchange was founded to handle the enormous coal trade. Cardiff Savings Bank collapsed after £30,000 had been embezzled from its funds. The Market Building was opened in St Mary's Street and the Grand Hotel was opened in Westgate Street. In the Hayes, the statue of the Liberal (and one time Mayor of Cardiff) John Bachelor was unveiled. Construction of Llanishen reservoir was completed. 1887 Roath Dock was opened to provide additional docking space for the increasing coal shipments from Cardiff. The Castle Arcade was opened. Built this year as an ordinary church, St David's Roman Catholic Church had become a Cathedral by 1916 and was also seat of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Cardiff. 1888 Glamorganshire County Cricket Club was founded in this year. Cardiff's coal shipments reached seven million tons. Housing in Splott started, with four rows of terraced houses using a design from Dowlais, Merthyr. Hence; Dowlais cottages, which stood alone opposite the emerging Blast Furnaces of GKN. These rows of houses were built for the mainly Irish navvies that erected the Blast Furnaces [REF] The Cardiff Coal Trimmers' Union was founded and within a year grew to a 1,000 members. The Welsh sailing ship "County of Merioneth" (built in 1880) and under the command of Captain Robert Thomas of Caernarvonshire, made the fastest voyage ever from Cardiff to San Francisco (in 96 days). 1889 William Gladstone, a former and a future Prime Minister, was made a freeman of Cardiff. Cardiff was officially recognised as a county borough, which made it independent of the new Glamorgan County Council. Cardiff Castle's Roman walls were discovered during excavations. Cory's Building in the docks was opened. Much later the ''Cardiff Chapter of Commerce' and also 'Craft in the Bay' (the centre for the Makers Guild in Wales), were to make the building their home. The building was named after the famous coal shipper, John Cory. Cardiff's Bute Docks met its first real competition this year in the form of the Barry Docks built by David Davies, born in Llandinam in 1818. 1890 - 1899 ↓ ♦ ↑ 1890 The Clarence Road Bridge in Grangetown was opened by the Duke of Clarence on September 17, which replaced a wooden toll swing bridge. The Animal Wall was erected in front of the castle. The third Marquis of Bute, was elected mayor this year. The Cardiff and County Club in Westgate Street was founded. 1891 The year's census showed Cardiff to have a population of 128,915. The British Association for the Advancement of Science held its annual meeting in the town for the first time. Dowlais Works began production on East Moors in Tremorfa. The Central Market was opened. The domestic science college was established. The Co-operative Wholesale Society was also established in this year in Cardiff. 1892 The Merchants' Exchange building in the docks was completely destroyed by fire. The first reservoir to supply water in Cardiff from the Brecon Beacons was completed. The first 3-yearly Cardiff Festival of Music was held. The Welsh Baseball Union was founded in Cardiff. 1893 University College in Cardiff became part of the new University of Wales. The Western Mail building, then in St Mary Street, was seriously damaged by fire. The South Wales Institute of Engineers building in Park Place, now Brannigans, was completed. The institute is now based in West Bute Street, in Cardiff Bay. 1894 Cardiff's first municipally-owned park, Roath Park, was opened. The Salvation Army took over Stuart Hall in The Hayes which had been previously used as a theatre. Cardiff's first local branch library was opened in Splott. 1895 The first Welsh Grand National steeplechase was run at Ely Racecourse. Cardiff's first parks bandstand was erected in Grange Gardens. Lord Tredegar gave Waterloo Gardens in Roath to the town. The Glamorgan and Monmouthshire Infirmary changed its name to the Cardiff Infirmary. Lansdowne Road Hospital was opened. Cardiff High School for Girls was founded. 1896 The first public exhibition of films in the town took place in the Empire Theatre and in the same year the first news film ever shot in Britain showed the Prince and the Princess of Wales in Cardiff, where the Prince opened an extension to the Central Library. A new cholera hospital was opened on Flat Holm island. The General Post Office in Westgate Street opened. The Guildford Crescent Turkish Baths, on the site of the present Ibis Hotel, were also opened this year. 1897 The Pierhead Building was completed. Guglielmo Marconi successfully transmitted the world's first radio signals across water between Flat Holm and Lavernock. The second reservoir in the Brecon Beacons to supply water to Cardiff was completed. The Second Jewish Synagogue was opened in Cardiff in Cathedral Road and is now the Temple Court Office Site. 1898 The town council bought Cathays Park and part of the Bute Home Park from the Third Marquis of Bute for £161,000, thus enabling the Civic Centre to be built there. The Marquis sold the land on the condition that there would be large tracts of land between the Civic Buildings. This condition led to the many Civic Buildings being spared severe damage during the 1st and 2nd World Wars, due to the buildings being widely spaced. A new Custom House was built in Bute Street. Cardiff High School for Boys was opened. 1899 The National Eisteddfod was held in Cathays Park. The Empire Theatre was burnt down. Riverside Football Club - later to be renamed Cardiff City - was formed. The building of the Morgan Arcade was completed. The docks handled some eight million tons of coal. The first Cardiff owned and registered steamship, the Llandaff, was wrecked off Lands End. 1970 - 1979 ¦ 1980 - 1989 ¦ 1990 - 1999 1900 The Taff Vale Railway strike, based on Cardiff, took place in the autumn and was a milestone in trade union history as it was to lead to new legal rights for unions. The Third Marquis of Bute, one of the worlds richest men, passed away this year. A pedestrian tunnel was constructed under the River Ely from Ferry Road to Penarth Dock. The heaviest snowfall for 14 years occurred in February. In Victoria Park, a small zoo was opened. 1901 The census showed Cardiff's population had ballooned to 164,333. On the site of The Hayes where Miller and Carter (2014) now stands, one of the last sections of Cardiff's old town wall was demolished to make way for a fish market. The final remaining sections are near to the castle on Kingsway. Lord Tredegar gave Splott Park to the town. 1902 The last horse-drawn trams ceased to operate in the Town, and the first electric trams came into service with power provided by a new power station in Colchester Avenue, close to where Sainsbury's Superstore is now. Duke Street Arcade was opened this year. 1903 The first building in the new Cathays Park civic centre was completed. The University of Wales Registry, was opened. 18 men received prison sentences following a riot in the docks area between rival groups of seamen over jobs. 1904 The Town Hall was opened in Cathays Park. The Gothic Park House in Park Place (which is now the home to Bar Burges) was used as a local government office. The County Court building in Westgate Street was opened. Cardiff School Board was abolished and the town council took over its responsibilities. 1905 King Edward VII granted Cardiff its City Status. This cost the City £104 in old money, including the fees to the Home and Crown Offices. In December, the Welsh Rugby Team were declared 'unofficial champions of the world' when the Welsh Triple Crowns defeated the previously all conquering All Blacks, in the Wales v New Zealand game in the Arms Park. However; New Zealanders still dispute the score, and say that one of their players - Bob Deans - scored a try for the All Blacks, but the referee disallowed it! Regardless of the outcome, the win was still a fitting way to end such a successful year for Cardiff. 1906 The Hamadryad Hospital was opened in the docks to replace the badly ageing hospital ship of the same name. The Law Courts and Museum Avenue in Cathays Park were opened. The New Theatre in Park Place also opened this year. A statue of John Cory, the famous Coal Dealer and Shipper, was unveiled in the Gorsedd Gardens. 1907 King Edward VII Avenue in Cathays Park was opened by the King during his visit to Cardiff. Queen Alexandra dock, the largest in Cardiff, were opened. Rhoda Willis was the last woman to be hanged in Cardiff after being found guilty of murder. The first aircraft to be designed and built in Wales, a monoplane called the 'Robin Goch', was constructed in Cardiff this year by Charles Horace Watkins, who built the aircraft at his home. The South African rugby union tourists were beaten 17-0 by Cardiff. 1908 Olympic gold medals were won by Cardiff swimmer, Paulo Radmilovich. The Roller Rink was opened in Westgate Street. Whitchurch Hospital was opened. Cardiff's first Boy Scout troop was formed. At the Arms Park, Wales beat the Australian rugby tourists. Riverside Football Club changed its name to Cardiff City. 1909 Keeping with the overall design of the Civic Centre, The University College building in Cathays Park was opened. The Electra Cinema was opened in the City Centre. The War Memorial and the statue of Lord Tredegar were unveiled in Cathays Park. The yearly tonnage handled by the docks had gone up to 9,000,000. James Howell, the man who brought to Cardiff his Howells Department Store, passed away this year. 1910 - 1919 ↓ ♦ ↑ 1910 Captain Robert Scott's expedition left Cardiff in the Terra Nova, on a voyage to the Antarctic. Tragically, Scott never made the return journey. Ernest T. Willows (which the pub in City Road is named after) made the first airship crossing from England to France. The airship was called "The City of Cardiff". Cardiff City became a professional club and the first match was played at Ninian Park. Alexandra Gardens in Cathays Park were opened. The Globe Cinema in Albany Road opened its doors to the public this year. 1911 The census showed Cardiff to have a population of 182,259. The Cardiff Railway was opened with a 108-yard tunnel at Tongwynlais. Charles Thompson gave Thompson Park in Canton to the city. The first plane flight across the Bristol Channel was made from Weston-super-Mare to Cardiff. 1912 Olympic gold medals were won by Paulo Radmilovich and Irene Steer for swimming and David Jacobs in the track relay. Glamorgan County Hall in the civic centre, now Glamorgan House, was completed. The foundation stone of the National Museum of Wales was laid by King George V. Cardiff City won the Welsh Cup for the first time. Billy the seal began her long residence in Victoria Park, after being accidentally caught by a trawler. Dredging for aggregates (Sand, gravel, crushed rock and other bulk materials used by the construction industry) in the Bristol Channel began with vessels based at Cardiff. The Gaiety Cinema (now a defunct Bowling Alley) in City Road opened. 1913 Roughly 10.7 million tons of coal were exported through the docks. This figure was never topped. The building of Rhiwbina Garden Village began. The Cardiff Coal Trimmers' Union, founded in 1888, had over 2,000 members. Mrs Emily Pankhurst spoke to a suffragette rally in the city and was afterwards charged with incitement to cause damage and imprisoned. The Mansion House in Richmond Road now became the official residence of the Lord Mayor. 1914 Thousands of men volunteered for the forces, including 'The Cardiff Pals' 11th Battalion of the Welch Regiment, when the first World War started. [REF] The tolling of the curfew bell at St John's Church at 8 p.m. ended. The Principality Buildings in Queen Street were opened and the Town Hall in St Mary Street was demolished. 1915 The second son of the third Marquis of Bute, the Cardiff Boroughs MP Lord Ninian Crichton Stuart after whom Ninian Park is named, was killed in action. For the first time, women were employed on the Cardiff trams as drivers and conductors. On the site of the former Town Hall in St Mary Street the Co-operative Wholesale Society building (now Hodge House) was opened. 1916 Cardiff became a Roman Catholic archdiocese giving Cardiff a new cathedral, St David's. The statues of 11 Welsh national heroes in the City Hall were unveiled by David Lloyd George, soon to be Britain's first Welsh Prime Minister. The Cardiff Technical College was open in Cathays. Roald Dahl - author of many famous children's books including 'Charlie and the Chocolate Factory', 'The Witches', and my personal favourite, 'Danny the champion of the World' - was born on September 13th, in Llandaff this year. 1917 A new fire station was opened in Westgate Street. HMS Cardiff was launched on the Clyde. Cardiff became one of the first places in Britain to employ women as taxi drivers this year. 1918 United States Navy took over the Angel Hotel, renaming it the USS Chatinouka. American troops paraded for the first time ever in the city in July. The memorial lighthouse to Captain Scott was unveiled in Roath Park Lake. Cardiff's representation in Parliament was enlarged when it was increased from one MP to three. 1919 Race riots resulted in the death of three people. Hundreds of Cardiffians died as a result of the 'Spanish 'flu' pandemic which had started in the previous year. Twelve men lost their lives in an oil tanker explosion in Cardiff Docks. The Council ordered water cuts during the long summer drought this year. A statue of Lord Ninian Crichton Stuart was unveiled in Gorsedd Gardens. The first motor buses began running in Cardiff. The Llandaff diocese became part of the new disestablished Church in Wales. Paulo Radmilovich won another Olympic swimming gold medal. Cardiff City joined the Football League. 1921 The census showed Cardiff's population was 222,827, an increase of over 40,000 people in just 10 years. The Capitol Cinema in Queen Street opened and was the largest purpose-built cinema in Britain at the time. Also on Queen Street, the Dominion Building and Arcade were completed. Ninian Park's Canton Stand was opened. The Trades Union Congress held its annual conference in Cardiff for the first time. The chapel at Cardiff Infirmary was built. The fourth Marquis of Bute had a replica of the medieval West Gate built on its former site. The first women jurors in Cardiff were sworn in during January. 1922 The Bute Docks, the Taff Vale Railway and the Cardiff Railway were sold to the Great Western Railway, which for a short time made it the busiest and most important rail system in the world. Cardiff's boundaries were extended to include Llandaff and Llanishen. Splott Swimming Pool were opened this year. Plymouth Great Woods, to the North of Ely, were given to the city by the Earl of Plymouth. 1923 On 13th February, the BBC began Broadcasting in Cardiff from studios in Castle Street with Station 5WA. The Park Cinema was opened. Cardiff Infirmary became the Cardiff Royal Infirmary. Reconstruction work on Cardiff Castle this year included the North Gate being built in Roman style. Cardiff's first Labour MP, Arthur Henderson was elected. Cardiff Golf Club in Cyncoed was opened. The Roman Catholic St Illtyd's College for Boys was opened. [REF] 1924 The widening of Duke Street, and knocking down of old buildings near the Castle, provided much more space for the increasing traffic through the City Centre. Legend has it that Duke Street was named after Robert, Duke of Normandy, who was imprisoned in Cardiff Castle in 1126. BBC studios were opened in Park Place. The first Taff Swim was held between Cardiff Bridge and Clarence Road Bridge, in Grangetown. 1925 The popular Cardiff featherweight boxer Jim Driscoll died, and an estimated 100,000 people gathered along the his funeral route to watch the procession. The Cardiff based Welsh School of Architecture was founded. Cardiff City lost 0-1 to Sheffield United in the FA Cup Final. 1926 Cardiff was one of the many Cities in the UK that fell victim to the nation-wide General Strike in May. The Animal Wall was moved from in front of the castle to its present position opposite Westgate Street. Hailey Park in Llandaff North was opened. 1927 The National Museum of Wales in Cathays Park was opened by King George V. Cardiff City won the FA Cup beating Arsenal 1-0. 1928 The Welsh National War Memorial was unveiled by the Prince of Wales in Cathays Park. The South Wales Daily News of Cardiff ceased publication. Greyhound racing started at the Arms Park and Ninian Stadium, as did Speedway racing at Sloper Road. The Plaza Cinema in North Road was opened. In November hundreds of homes in Cardiff were damaged when a twister hit the city. 1929 A blizzard in mid-February disrupted city life for a week. Hundreds of homes were damaged after severe gales and rain hit the City during the Christmas period. The first movie with sound, The Jazz Singer, was shown at the Queen's Cinema in Queen Street. The Cardiff Board of Guardians, formed in 1836 to administer the Poor Law, was abolished. The Cardiff Evening Post merged with the South Wales Echo. R.G. Hill-Snook gave 26 acres of Wenallt hill to the city. The statue of the third Marquis of Bute was unveiled in Friary Gardens. The use of tramcars in Cardiff began to be phased out. 1931 This year's census showed Cardiff to have a population of 226,937. The Welsh National School of Medicine was founded. Cardiff Airport was opened on Pengam Moors. The Taff Swim was moved from the river to Roath Park Lake because of the widening of Cardiff Bridge. The City's coal export tonnage was in serious decline by this year. Cardiff experienced a deluge in May of this year, which flooded properties on Newport Road. [REF] 1932 The first miners' hunger march from Cardiff to London to protest about unemployment took place. The Grand Theatre in Westgate Street was closed but Cardiff's Little Theatre was founded. Cardiff's Valerie Davies won an Olympic swimming bronze medal. 1933 1934 Cardiff Central Station was re-opened after reconstruction. The first traffic roundabout in Cardiff come into operation at the junction of Cardiff Road and Western Avenue. Dowlais Works on East Moors were improved to make it capable of using iron and steel. 1935 The first RAC Welsh Rally started from Cardiff. The Olympia Cinema (later the ABC) was opened in Queen Street. The isolation hospital on Flat Holm was closed. A fire badly damaged Cardiff Market. 1936 The Western Mail and the South Wales Echo were bought by Lord Kemsley. The first pedestrian crossings in the City came into use in Queen Street and St Mary Street. Speedway racing ended at Sloper Road Stadium. The Odeon Cinema was opened in Queen Street. 1937 Grandstands at both Ninian Park and Ely Racecourse were destroyed by fire in separate incidents. Temperance Town - where the Bus Station in Central Square recently stood - was demolished. Unemployment in the city reached over 20 percent due to the huge drop in shipping in the docks, and the tonnage of coal exported was on a downward spiral. Shirley Bassey was born in Bute Street. The BBC Welsh Home Service in Cardiff was established. The first family planning clinic in Cardiff was opened despite Police opposing the plans. The last town crier of Cardiff, Thomas Kenefick, was appointed this year. 1938 In Cathays Park the Welsh Board of Health building and the Temple of Peace were opened. The National Eisteddfod of Wales was held in Cardiff for the third time. The fourth Marquis of Bute sold a substantial part of his Cardiff landholdings to Western Ground Rents. The first Commonwealth Games gold medals for Wales were won by two Cardiff men. The future US president, John F. Kennedy, visited Cardiff in the summer and attended Mass at St David's Cathedral. Despite worldwide recession, there were 8,300 cars owners in Cardiff. Gas masks were distributed throughout the City in preparation for the impending Second World War. 1939 The flats in Westgate Street were completed. Ely Racecourse was closed. Billy, the Victoria Park seal, died. Her bones are stored in the National Museum of Wales, in Cathays Park. Coal shipments had now dropped to five-and-a-half million tons, a fall of 50 per cent in just 25 years. The first four months of World War Two saw large numbers of private and public air raid shelters constructed in Cardiff. Air raid wardens began patrolling and the Auxiliary Fire Service recruited nearly 3,000 volunteers. In the second year of the war, food rationing was introduced in January. There were a number of raids on the city in which 20 people died. The Royal Ordnance Factory at Llanishen was opened. World-famous show jumping champion David Broome was born in Fairwater this year. 1941 No census data is available for this year at present. I would be grateful if someone could supply this. The heaviest German raid of the war on Cardiff occurred in January when 156 people were killed. Llandaff Cathedral was very severely damaged, Dewi Sant Church in Howard Gardens was destroyed and Cardiff Arms Park was also hit. In a later March raid, some 50 people were killed and St David's Roman Catholic Cathedral was also badly damaged. King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, visited the city after these raids. The small Victoria Park zoo was closed this year. 1942 The first trolley buses ran in the city and the last barge travelled on the Glamorganshire Canal. Six people died in a March air raid. Services were resumed at Llandaff Cathedral in April. 1943 In a German air raid on the city in May 46 people were killed, mainly in the Heath area. Another three were killed in a March attack. The City Council bought the Glamorganshire Canal this year. 1944 Nine people died in Llanishen in March during a German air raid. The last raid on the city took place in May. About 75 per cent of the supplies for the American forces in Europe were shipped out through Cardiff docks following the D-Day landings in June. The docks were so busy at this time that about 15,000 people were employed there. The wartime blackout restrictions were now eased and a gun site on Flat Holm became non-operational. By this time 30,000 homes in Cardiff had been damaged and about 600 destroyed: 345 people, including 47 children, had been killed and over 900 injured, some 430 seriously. This year, Parc Cefn Onn was given to the city by George Williams. 1945 VE Day and VJ were celebrated as World War Two ended. 200 survivors of the 77th Heavy Artillery Regiment returned to the city after four years as prisoners-of-war of the Japanese. 1946 Welsh National Opera put on its first staged productions at the Prince of Wales Theatre. Just one million tons of coal were shipped out of Cardiff this year. The records of many leading coal mining and shipping companies were lost in a fire in the docks which destroyed Merthyr House. The light cruiser HMS Cardiff was broken up. 1947 The ever generous Bute family gave Cardiff Castle and over 400 acres of parkland to the city. The Winter period brought Arctic weather to the City for over six weeks, which made the post-war food and fuel rationing very difficult to maintain. The last case and death from diphtheria occurred in the City this year. The Taff Swim was held in Roath Park Lake after being postponed since 1939. 1948 The Welsh Folk Museum was opened at St Fagans on land given by the Earl of Plymouth. The famous Hayes Island Snack Bar was opened. 1949 Churchill Way was opened with the covering of the Dock Feeder. The Cardiff (later Welsh) College of Music and Drama was founded. A Bishop of Llandaff became Archbishop of Wales for the first time. The first Welsh-language primary school in Cardiff was opened. Castell Coch was given to the state by the Bute family. The last electric tram in Cardiff ran from St Mary Street to Whitchurch Road. The last shipment of coal left Bute East Dock. The world's first regular helicopter service began between Cardiff, Wrexham and Liverpool. Speedway racing was resumed at Penarth Road. A Ministry of Labour office, later a Jobcentre, was opened in Westgate Street. 1951 The census showed Cardiff had a population of 243,632. Sophia Gardens Pavilion was erected. Maindy Stadium was opened. The Glamorganshire Canal was finally closed. Cardiff's boundaries were extended to include Rumney and St Mellons. 1952 The last execution took place in Cardiff Prison with the hanging of Mahmoud Mattan, but his conviction was quashed in 1998 after new evidence came to light. The Wenvoe transmitter was opened bringing BBC television to the Cardiff area. Cinemas were allowed to open on Sundays for the first time. The Prudential Building - now the Hilton Cardiff Hotel - was built. 1953 Cardiff Institute for the Blind on Newport Road was built. Trelai Park in Caerau was opened. Thornhill Crematorium was also opened. The open air market was moved from Hayes Island to Mill Lane. Speedway racing finally ended at Penarth Road. 1954 Cardiff Airport was moved from Pengam Moors to its current home in Rhoose. Sloper Road Stadium was closed. Central Square bus station was opened. 1955 After a 10 year campaign, Cardiff was officially recognised as the capital city of Wales, building on its 50 year contribution as a city. HMS Llandaff was launched on the Clyde. 1956 Cardiff ceased being a fishing port after 70 years. Velindre Hospital in Whitchurch was opened. 1957 The Prince of Wales (now Wetherspoons) closed as a theatre but continued to show films. The former Cardiff Technical College in Cathays Park became the Welsh College of Advanced Technology and later became part of the University of Wales. After 100 years, the Cardiff Times ceased publication. 1958 The Commonwealth Games came to Cardiff for eight days in July, and the Wales Empire Pool was built for the event. Opened in April, it was originally 55 yards long, it was later reduced to 50 metres. [REF] Commercial television arrived in the area with TWW (Television Wales and the West) having studios at Pontcanna. The Labour Party gained control of the City Council for the first time this year. A major redevelopment scheme got under way in Butetown. The Glamorganshire Canal in the city was filled in. The ruins of Herbert House in Greyfriars Road were demolished, and the Pearl Assurance Building (now Capital Tower) was built on the site. 1959 This year Cardiff had its first woman Lord Mayor, Helena Evans. There was no South Wales Echo or Western Mail for six weeks due to a printers strike. Both papers were sold by Lord Kemsley to the Thomson Organisation this year. Manor Way, which runs through Whitchurch, was opened. Tiger Bay, the movie partly shot in Cardiff was in cinemas this year. St David's Roman Catholic Cathedral was reopened after repairs to damage caused by the War. 1960 There was serious flooding at the end of the year when the River Taff burst its banks. The statue of David Lloyd George outside the National Museum was unveiled. 1961 This year's census showed that Cardiff had a population of 283,998. Pubs in Cardiff were allowed to open again on Sundays for the first time since the 1880's. The first betting shops started trading in the City. There was a record crowd of 61,506 at Ninian Park for a Wales-England international. Due to Health and Safety issues, the last Taff Swim was held in Roath Park Lake. After being based in St Mary Street for over 80 years, the South Wales Echo and the Western Mail moved to Thomson House in Havelock Street. The city's first multi-storey car park was opened in Greyfriars Road. Cardiff's first bingo club was opened in on Cowbridge Road in Canton. 1962 A severe blizzard in December interrupted city life. The main building of the University College in Cathays Park was completed. An outbreak of smallpox led to a mass vaccination programme in the city. 1963 The pedestrian subway under the River Ely linking Ferry Road with Penarth was closed. The new Arts Building of the University College in Cathays Park was opened. In Bute Terrace the Gas Board Snelling House - later the The Big Sleep hotel - was completed. The Rover car factory was opened in Tremorfa. This was a sign of the City's change from shipping and exports to becoming more of an Industrial town, due to docks no longer providing employment 1964 The restoration of Llandaff Cathedral after wartime damage was completed. The Welsh Office was established in the former Welsh Board of Health building in Cathays Park. After nearly 150 yearsn of operations, the last coal shipment of just only 229,000 tons, left Bute West Dock before it was closed in August. The first traffic wardens in the city went on duty. James Callaghan MP, became Chancellor of the Exchequer. 1965 The Urdd Gobaith Cymru National Eisteddfod was held in Cardiff for the first time. The Samaritans opened a branch in Cardiff. The Salvation Army's Stuart Hall in The Hayes was demolished. The West Wing extension of the National Museum was opened. Bessemer Road wholesale fruit and vegetable market began trading, after being moved from Mill Lane. 1966 The Dental Hospital at the Heath was opened. The last county cricket match was played at Cardiff Arms Park. The controversial Buchanan Plan for the redevelopment of Central Cardiff was published. 1967 The BBC moved from Park Place to new studios in Llandaff and colour television was broadcast for the first time in the City. The remains of Grey Friars were demolished. Cardiff's boundaries were extended to include Llanedeyrn, Whitchurch, Radyr and Rhiwbina. The 12-storey tower block of the University College in Cathays Park was completed. The first county cricket game was played at Sophia Gardens. James Callaghan became Home Secretary. An extremist bomb badly damaged the Temple of Peace in Cathays Park. 1968 Churchill House office block in Churchill Way was opened. The new police headquarters building in Cathays Park was completed. Cardiff West MP, George Thomas, was appointed Secretary of State for Wales. HTV (Harlech Television) replaced TWW (Television Wales and the West) as the commercial television station for the area. 1969 The Royal Pageant of Wales was held in the city to mark the investiture of the Prince of Wales. The city police force was merged with Glamorgan to form the South Wales Police. Fairwater ski slope was opened. Peacocks were reintroduced to Cardiff Castle grounds for the first time since the War. Glamorgan won the county championship for a second time in a game at Sophia Gardens. 1970 The last trolley bus ran in Cardiff, and buses without a conductor started to come into service. Bute East Dock was finally closed. The first Plaid Cymru councillor was elected to Cardiff City Council. The 25-storey Pearl Building (now Capital Tower) was completed on the site of the former Franciscan friary. 1971 This year's census showed that Cardiff had a population of 293,220. The University Hospital of Wales at the Heath was opened. In order to deal with the massive increase in traffic to the area and the Hospital, the Gabalfa flyover, Eastern and Northern Avenues were opened. The Commercial Bank of Wales was founded by Sir Julian Hodge. The Crest Hotel (now the Holiday Inn) in Castle Street was opened. 1972 The newly straightened River Ely was completed after two years. Bute West Dock was filled. St Dyfrig's Anglican Church was demolished to make place for the City Planning Offices. [REF] Chapter Arts Centre in Canton opened. The National Sports Centre in Sophia Gardens also opened this year. The two cooling towers of the disused Cardiff Power Station on Colchester Avenue (which my Father climbed up in his youth!) were demolished. 1973 The Cardiff-born scientist Brian Josephson was joint winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics. The Inland Revenue tower block in Llanishen was completed. Cardiff General Station was officially renamed to became Cardiff Central. The Westgate Street Fire Station was demolished to make way for a multi-storey car park. 1974 Brunel House (then the regional headquarters of the 'Valley Lines' train service) was opened. The city's main fire station was moved from Westgate Street to Adamsdown, opposite the Prison. Cardiff became part of the new county of South Glamorgan in local government reorganisation, losing the independent 'County Borough' status it had gained in 1889. Cardiff's boundaries were extended to include Lisvane, St Fagans and Tongwynlais. James Callaghan became Foreign Secretary. The Students' Union building was opened in Park Place. 1975 The Welsh College of Music and Drama was moved from the castle after 26 years there, to new premises on North Road. The pedestrianisation of Queen Street began. The first bus lanes were introduced to Cardiff's City centre. Companies House in Maindy was opened. 1976 James Callaghan became Prime Minister. The Panasonic factory in Pentwyn started manufacturing electrical components. [REF] A new Salvation Army hostel was opened in Bute Street. There were water cuts in the Summer due to a prolonged drought. The frigate HMS Llandaff was decommissioned. Cardiff celebrated its 1,900th birthday this year. Cardiff Rugby Club celebrated its centenary. In Splott, a new covered swimming pool was opened. 1977 The last greyhound races took place at Cardiff Arms Park. Welsh Industrial and Maritime Museum was opened in the docks. The first Royal Variety Show in Wales was held at the New Theatre. Seccombes department store (based in Queen Street) closed this year. The Council's City Planning Offices were constructed this year. 1978 East Moors steelworks closed with the loss of over 3,000 jobs, a signal of the end of Cardiff industrial connections. The original Capitol Cinema closed. The 150-year-old Ebeneser Welsh Chapel in the city centre was demolished. A February blizzard disrupted the city. Many of the mature trees in Cathays Park had to be cut down because of an outbreak of Dutch elm disease. The National Eisteddfod of Wales was held in Cardiff for the fifth time. The city's first Welsh language comprehensive school, Ysgol Glantaf, was opened in Llandaff North. The Western Leisure centre was opened in Ely. At the bottom of Cathedral Road near Sophia Gardens, Transport House was opened. It now houses the Unite union. 1979 The Welsh Office extension in Cathays Park was completed. Concorde landed at Cardiff-Wales Airport for the first time. A fire in the City Hall dome caused major damage. Serious flooding occurred at the end of the year as the River Taff overflowed again. The third warship called Cardiff was launched in Portsmouth. The Devolution Proposal for Wales was defeated in a referendum. Cardiff voters were against the idea of a Welsh Assembly. Commercial radio first started broadcasted in the City. The M4 around the city was completed. The new Llandaff Bridge over the Taff was opened. Llandaff Cathedral a demonstration took place in protest at the ordination of the first woman deacon. 1981 This year's census showed that Cardiff had a population of 285,740. St Fagans won cricket's Village Championship Trophy at Lords. Cardiff won the WRU Cup Final for the first time. Wales lost to England in the first rugby league international to be played at the Arms Park. The Plaza Cinema in North Road, Gabalfa were closed. A new YMCA was opened in The Walk. The open air market was moved to Bridge Street from Mill Lane. Princess Diana became a city Freeman. 1982 Heavy snow caused the roof of Sophia Gardens Pavilion to collapse. Pope John Paul II made the first-ever Papal visit to Wales in June, celebrated Mass in Pontcanna Fields and was made a Freeman of Cardiff. The giant wooden structure that he spoke from was built in the months before and left unguarded. It was burnt down weeks before the Pope's visit, then rebuilt quickly with security guards protecting it until the Pope's visit. [REF] The Welsh-language television channel S4C was established in the city. St David's Centre was opened followed by St David's Hall. In Ely, Crosswell's Brewery closed. Two Cardiff-based journals, Rebecca and Arcade, both ceased publication. A flood protection scheme was inaugurated in April to protect the City from the River Taff. In Pentwyn, the private BUPA Hospital was opened. 1983 The Cory Hall and the YMCA in Station Terrace were demolished. Cardiff Singer of the World competition was launched by the BBC in St David's Hall. The Ely Link section of the Peripheral Distributor Road and the East Moors viaduct with the South way Link were opened. A major reconstruction of the Central Square Bus Station was completed. Valley Lines took over from the Taff Vale Railway to operate train services in Cardiff and the Vale. 1984 Guildford Crescent Baths, now the site of the Ibis Hotel, were closed. The National Stadium, Cardiff Arms Park, was opened. This was the last year in which corporal punishment was allowed in schools in Cardiff. The Celtic Film and Television Festival was held in Cardiff this year - the first time that Wales had hosted the event. The Prince of Wales Theatre became a disco. 1985 Cardiff Heliport was opened on East Moors. Red Dragon Radio took over Cardiff Broadcasting as the principle commercial radio station in Cardiff. The first Techniquest exhibition centre was opened in Castle Street. A well-known shipping company, Reardon Smith, went out of business this year after 80 years in the port. 1986 Wales National Ice Rink was opened and Cardiff Devils ice hockey team formed. The Royal Mail sorting office was moved from Westgate Street to Penarth Road. British Rail introduced the City Line between Coryton and Radyr. In the Hayes, the Holiday Inn - now the Marriott Hotel - was opened. 1987 Cardiff Bay Development Corporation was established to transform largely derelict land in the south of the city, which was to become Cardiff Bay. Queen's West shopping arcade and the St David's open-air Market were opened. David Bowie fronted the first music concert held in the Arms Park. 1988 The Grangetown Link was constructed. The new County Hall was completed at Atlantic Wharf - the first building in the new Cardiff Bay. The Central Library was moved to new premises in St David's Link. HTV moved its studios from Pontcanna to Culverhouse Cross. Techniquest moved from the city centre to the Bay. In July, Michael Jackson, on his Bad World Tour, fronted a concert in the Cardiff Arms Park, to a crowd of 55,000 people. [REF] The University College merged with the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology to form the University of Wales, Cardiff. Cardif-born Colin Jackson won an Olympic silver medal. The lighthouse on Flat Holm ceased being manned after 250 years as it switched to automatic control. Wales's first ten-pin bowling centre was opened on Newport Road. Cardiff, already well known for producing quality animation, played host to the British Animation Awards. 1989 Leckwith Athletics Stadium was opened. The Cardiff Bay Hotel (in the late 90's the Hanover Hotel, now the Novotel Hotel) was opened, which had carefully been built into an old dockside railway warehouse. The Wales on Sunday newspaper was launched. The Central Link Road from Adam Street (Adamsdown) came into use. The Bank of Wales building on Kingsway was completed. 'The Tube' - a tourist attraction and visitor centre in Cardiff Bay, was opened this year. Jury's Hotel in Mary Ann Street was opened. The Capitol shopping centre was also opened. A Rolling Stones concert was held at Cardiff Arms Park. The Magistrates' Courts in Fitzalan Place were opened in March. 1991 The census showed that Cardiff's population had risen to 296,900. Rising racial tensions on the estate of Ely came to a head, and the ensuing 'Ely Riots' were the result. The reported trigger for those riots was a dispute between two shopkeepers, one Asian, who had starting to sell bread which was seen to be taking trade away from the other. The escalation of the riots, which took place at the top end of Wilson Road, were fuelled by high unemployment and crime. In addition to this, immigrants were being given housing in the area, and the local residents argued that the Council were allegedly treating locals on the housing waiting list as non-priority cases. [REF] The Norwegian Church was moved to its present position in Cardiff Bay. 1992 Cardiff's first multi-screen cinema, the five screen Odeon in Queen Street, was opened this year. In August, Michael Jackson, on his Dangerous World Tour, fronted a concert in the Cardiff Arms Park, to a crowd of 50,000 people. [REF] 1993 The Dalai Lama of Tibet visited Cardiff in May. The Queen opened the Courtyard Galleries in the National Museum and the Cardiff International Arena. Lennox Lewis beat Frank Bruno at Cardiff Arms Park. The Celtic Ring sculpture was unveiled in Cardiff Bay to mark the start of the 55-mile-long Taff Trail between Cardiff and Brecon. Cardiff City won the Welsh Cup for the 22nd time. 1994 One million passengers were handled in a year for the first time at Cardiff Airport. The weekday South Wales Echo changed from broadsheet size to tabloid. Construction began on the Cardiff Bay barrage. The Station Hotel (once the Merchant Navy Hotel) near the Central Station was demolished. The Pentwyn link road to the M4 was opened in June. The Celtic Challenger, the last ocean-going ship registered in Cardiff, sailed on its maiden voyage. 1995 The Bute Tunnel and the Taff Viaduct were opened in March. Harry Ramsden's fish restaurant welcomed its first customers in October. A new building housing the revamped Techniquest proved to be very successful. Nippon Electric Glass located a plant in the Bay. Sunday shopping was introduced in Cardiff. The Cafe Quarter in Mill Lane opened. Plans for a Cardiff Bay Opera House were rejected - but performing arts would still have a home in the Bay when the Wales Millennium Centre was built a few years later. The Welsh National Tennis Centre, Ocean Way, was opened on the site of the former East Moors Steel and Iron works. Nicky Piper of Ely won two titles in the city - the World Boxing Organisation's Intercontinental and the Commonwealth light-heavyweight titles. 1996 Local government reorganisation saw Cardiff revert to the unitary status it had enjoyed from 1889 to 1974, which meant it was now a County of its own, and a Capital City. Cardiff's boundaries were extended to take in Creigiau, Pentyrch and Gwaelod-y-Garth. The Merchant Navy Memorial was unveiled in Cardiff Bay. A Tina Turner concert was held in Cardiff Arms Park. 1997 A 26-lane ten-pin bowling Hollywood Bowl and the 3,000 seat 12-screen UCI Cinema opened in the Atlantic Wharf Leisure Village in Cardiff Bay. A new retail park was also opened in the Bay, and is home to Asda, Argos, and Ikea amongst others. Cardiff increased its representation in Parliament from three to four MPs, one of whom was the city's first woman MP, Julie Morgan. The Royal Ordnance Factory at Llanishen, where parts for British nuclear warheads had been made was closed by the Ministry of Defence. Cardiff Devils won ice hockey's Superleague title. A statue of the champion boxer 'Peerless' Jim Driscoll was unveiled in Bute Terrace, while a statue of Billy the seal was unveiled in Victoria Park. In September, Cardiff again voted against the establishment of a National Assembly for Wales. Barry Jones of Cardiff won the World Boxing Organisation's super-featherweight title in the city. In Adam Street, the new Territorial Army centre was opened after the old TA building near the Millennium Stadium was demolished. 1998 The most important diplomatic event in Cardiff's history to date occurred in June when the city was host to the European Union summit meeting. President Nelson Mandela of South Africa visited the city during the meeting and was made a Freeman of Cardiff. Cardiff was also visited by the Emperor and Empress of Japan in May. Bank One International of Chicago decided on Cardiff as the site of its European headquarters. The Welsh Industrial and Maritime Museum in the Bay was closed after 21 years to make way for the Mermaid Quay complex. The museum was transferred to Swansea. The Wales Empire Pool was demolished after 40 years as the site was needed for the Millennium Stadium development. The city's second Welsh-language comprehensive school was opened at Plasmawr. The Cardiff-based band Catatonia were enjoying their success this year, while 12-year-old Cardiffian soprano Charlotte Church, was a huge success with her first CD. Red Dragon radio station was sold to Capitol Radio of London. 1999 Cardiff City celebrated its centenary. The final stages of the Rugby Union World Cup were held in the Millennium Stadium. In the opening game at the stadium in June, Wales defeated the world champions, South Africa for the first time. St David's Hotel in the Bay and the Hilton Cardiff in the city centre, both 5-star hotels, were opened. The election of the first National Assembly for Wales took place in May. The Cardiff Bay barrage was completed after over five years' work to create a permanent fresh water lake and provide eight miles of waterfront. In the centre of the city there was a major refurbishment of the Central Station. The Centre for Visual Arts was opened in the converted Old Library. Ely Paper Mill closed after over 130 years with the loss of almost 500 jobs. There were now almost 20,000 university students studying in the city. The Mermaid Quay leisure complex was opened. The new mile-long Bute Avenue connected the city centre with its new waterfront. In March, regardless of the public outrage, Cardiff Royal Infirmary closed, and the emergency services transferred to a brand new state of the art emergency unit on the University Hospital of Wales campus. 2010 - 2019 ¦ 2020 - 2029 2000 In December, Businesses and deprived communities in Cardiff, were approved to receive a share of about £70,000,000 of the Objective 2 European Funding programme for South East Wales. Welsh peer Lord Cledwyn of Penrhos was given the Freedom of Cardiff City in December. Lord Cledwyn had previously supported Cardiff to become Capital of Wales in the 1950's, and campaigned for the City to be the home of the Welsh Assembly, in 1998. Lord Cledwyn passed away in 2001. 2001 This year's census showed that Cardiff had a population of 305,353. Welsh singing sensation Tom Jones, performed to a huge crowd from inside Cardiff Castle. 7.5 million pounds worth of Televisions and Microwaves were destroyed in a fire at Panasonics' Warehouse in Pentwyn. The County Council's free newspaper, the Capital Times, conducted a major survey in Cardiff asking residents about what they thought about the City. The second survey of its kind, revealed that an overwhelming 97 percent of respondents rated Cardiff a good or very good place to live. During the construction of the new Wembley Stadium, the Millennium Stadium hosted the FA Cup final for six years, beginning in 2001 and ending in 2006 In November, The Cardiff Bay Barrage won the best civil engineering scheme in The Concrete Society's 2001 awards in London. This was the Barrage's fourth major award. 2002 Cardiff celebrated the Queen's Golden Jubilee in June. Cardiff was one of six UK cities short listed to be the 2008 European Capital of Culture. Liverpool eventually won the title. 2003 In December, Arriva Train Wales took over the train service franchise in South Wales - this signalled the end of Valleylines which had faithfully served the South Wales area since 1983. Cardiff University and the University of Wales College of Medicine merged this year. The merger created nearly 3,000 jobs, and became the home to more than 20,000 students. Plans to build Cardiff's £700 million International Sports Village were given the green light, five years after the Empire Pool was demolished. 2004 BBC Wales started filming the first new series of Doctor Who for 16 years, in Cardiff this year. Queens Arcade, the Hayes, and the UGC Cinema in Mary Ann Street were some of the landmarks that could be spotted in the very first episode. The Wales Millennium Centre for the performing arts was opened. 2005 This year Cardiff celebrated its 100th year as a City, and 50th Year as Capital of Wales. Popes Photo Service in Canton, closed its doors for the last time at the end of the year, after 81 years of trading. After just 11 years in Cardiff Bay, Nippon Electric Glass (NEG), which made old style TV screens, closed down this year due to a severe drop in demand, fuelled by the lower cost of LCD and Plasma Screen technology which are fast becoming the standard. After 125 years in trading, once of the few remaining family owned stores in Cardiff, David Morgans, closed in January of this year. The City Planning Offices were demolished. The site was been empty for 9 years, but developments are taking place in 2015 2006 The first works began in the Hayes for the new development of the St. David's 2 project. The 120 year-old Central Hotel at the end of St. Mary Street was demolished after the building was damaged beyond repair, as a result of a serious fire in 2005. A new hotel was constructed on the site. Sophia Gardens joined an exclusive list of just 8 venues able to hold Test Matches. The home of the Glamorgan County Cricket Club is also the only venue in Wales, the other 7 being in England. On 1st March 2006 (St. David's Day) Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II arrived in a snow covered Cardiff to open the new debating chamber for the Welsh Assembly. The old Docks (now Cardiff Bay) branch of Barclays Bank in Mount Stuart Square closed it's doors to customers after serving the community for over 125 years. All was not lost as the bank moved to Mermaid Quay to take advantage of improved access. Barclays' former building (the 'Exchange Building') is still empty, and its listed status prevents it from being demolished. Cardiff was one of many cities in the UK that sweltered during a three week heat wave that broke temperature records across Wales. There were also water shortages still in force from the warm winter, which led to water supplies in Cardiff being temporarily affected. The Main Post Office in the Oxford Arcade (The Hayes) served its final customers on 9th August. The office moved to a new site in the Queens Arcade shopping centre (off Queen Street), which had been created with a Royal Mail investment of over £1 million. The move helped make way for the £650m St. David's 2 redevelopment of the City Centre. In December, South West England and South Wales bore the brunt of a number of successive Winter Storms, which damaged homes, brought down power lines, delayed transport networks and uprooted many trees in Cardiff. 2007 Seeing in the New Year across the UK were more 80mph gales. After a brief respite of a few weeks, Cardiff had one of it's heaviest snowfalls in decades in mid February which lasted for two days and got up to 8 inches in many places. Also in February, demolition began of the Southern end of the Hayes and Oxford Arcade, not long after the nearby Toys 'Я' Us was razed to the ground. On April 2nd, the National Assembly for Wales introduced a ban on smoking in public places, and places of work. 2008 In October, Cardiff Bay was rocked by a large 'explosion' created by the destruction of the fictional base in BBC Wales' sci-fi drama, Torchwood. [REF] 2009 Sophia Gardens hosted the Ashes Test match between England and Australia. In October, the Victorian Public Toilets in the Hayes were closed for a 7-week long restoration, costing £148,000. [REF] In April, Cardiff’s first water buses celebrated their 10th anniversary. [REF] 2011 This year's census showed that Cardiff had a population of 346,000. [REF] 2012 On the 19th January, the International Organisation for Standards has re-classified the nation of Wales as a Country instead of a Principality. This means that Cardiff is officially the capital of a Country, rather than a Principality. [REF] In April, the popular archaeology programme Time Team was invited by Caerau and Ely Rediscovering Heritage Project (CAER), to help dig and uncover the mysteries of Caerau's ancient hillfort. Finds included 3,000 year old homes and artefacts. [REF] After years of campaigning, the Vulcan Pub in Adamsdown was closed down this year. It had served customers for over 100 years. Fortunately, the building was carefully deconstructed rather than demolished, ready for restoration and rebuilding at the St Fagans National History Museum. 2013 The city's main fire station in Adamsdown, was demolished. A smaller, but more advanced station was built next door to the huge student accommodation complex, which was constructed on the site of the old station. The New Addie and the Splottlands pubs in Adamsdown were closed down. 2014 September saw a historic NATO summit come to Newport, South Wales. President Obama, Chancellor Merkel and President Hollande attended along with leaders and senior ministers from around 60 other countries. Part of the proceedings saw delegates from the 28 Nato nations dining together in Cardiff Castle, following the first day of the summit at the Celtic Manor. [REF] In October, the first meeting of the 'Save the Coal Exchange Working Group' took place. This action group, formed by Labour MP for Cardiff South and Penarth, Stephen Doughty, is calling on urgent action to secure the future of the historic Coal Exchange building in Mount Stuart Square. [REF] In December, the Victorian Public Toilets in the Hayes were reopened after Cardiff Council closed them the previous year. By scanning QR barcodes at the top of the toilets' steps with their smartphones, people can learn more about their history. [REF] 2015	Callaghan
Specifically, what would a person have a fear of if they suffered from Pediophobia?	A comprehensive timeline of Cardiff's history - Cardiffians.co.uk The first Neolithic migrants crossed southern Britain into South Wales at around this time. 1500 BC ⁄ BCE Welsh was the dominant language of all of northern Europe. 55 BC ⁄ BCE The Roman Empire invaded Britain for the first time. The famous Roman general, Julius Caesar wanted revenge for the fact that Britons helped the French fight against the invasion. He was also looking to impress his Commanders, and thought that conquering Britain would be a way of earning respect. Caesar was unsuccessful in his attempt as most of his troops were lost in the crossing of the English Channel. Further attacks later in the year and in 54 BC ⁄ BCE were also fruitless. 1st to 11th Century (0 - 1099) Anno Domini ⁄ Common Era ↓ ♦ ↑ 43 AD ⁄ CE The Roman general, Didius Gallus, was amongst the invasion force that finally managed to overcome the Welsh tribes in South Wales. Didius arranged for the building of a small wooden fort where the Castle now stands and some historians believe that this is where the City gets its name from - "Fort of Didius" (Caer Didi). The Roman Empire, once in control of Britain, brought an era of peace and expansion to Wales. Many of the roads we drive on today, closely follow the original Roman trade routes (namely the A48 that runs from Gloucester to Carmarthen via Newport, Cardiff, Bridgend and Neath and the A470 which runs from Cardiff to Llandudno) 45 - 300 AD ⁄ CE The era of peace led to the fort being reduced in size, however during the 3rd Century, Irish raiders were beginning to make frequent hits on South Wales. The fort was rebuilt and strengthened to help repel the attacks. 445 AD ⁄ CE Apart from the first written reference of Cardiff in the Annates Cambriae (The Welsh Annals) there is not much mention of Cardiff between now and the 1st millennium, although we do know that the Romans started losing their grasp on Britain when they were overrun by Barbarians. Add to this the fact that the dreary climate was so different to where the Roman Soldiers were from (Romania, Spain and North Africa) that not only were the Romans finding it difficult to fight off the Barbarians, they were generally losing interest in this cold, isolated island. 850 AD ⁄ CE The first recorded Viking attack is made on the Welsh coast. 1081 - 1090 Some 20 years after William, Duke of Normandy (AKA William the Conqueror) wins the Battle of Hastings in 1066, he marches on into Cardiff for his first and only visit after conquering Glamorgan. He commissioned the building of a wooden fortification very close to the River Taff, and used the original Roman defences as the base of the building. Robert FitzHamon, William's Kinsman and Earl of Gloucester, took charge of the area, and was responsible for the construction at this time. He built the motte (mound) with a wooden stockade within the site. In the 12th century his son-in-law, Robert the Consul, built the stone keep which is visible today. 12th Century (1100 - 1199) ↓ ♦ ↑ 1100 A small town had begun to establish itself outside the castle, and was primarily made up of settlers from England. St. Mary's Church (where the Prince of Wales pub now stands) was to become a Priory of Tewkesbury Abbey in Gloucestershire around this year. 1107 Robert FitzHamon was killed fighting in Normandy and his Daughter, Mabel, married Robert the Consul. Bishop Urban of Llandaff, was appointed to the position by the Normans, became the first bishop of a Welsh diocese to profess obedience to the Archbishop of Canterbury. 1111 The first town wall, a wooden palisade, is erected this year. 1126 Bishop Urban and Robert the Consul signed an agreement on settling disputes between them and the first record of a mayor of Cardiff, Ralph, dates from this year. Ralph is described as Prepositus de Kardi, Prevost of Cardiff. The title may have some German or French links, but I cannot confirm this for sure. Robert, Duke of Normandy was imprisoned in Cardiff Castle. 1136 The building of the Polygonal stone keep in Cardiff Castle was probably begun this year on the orders of Robert the Consul and at 35 feet was the highest ever built anywhere in Wales. 1147 Geoffrey of Monmouth, famous for his book 'History of the Kings of Britain' published in 1136 and which first popularised the stories of King Arthur and his knights, became Archdeacon of Llandaff until his death in 1154. He may also have lived there during this time. Geoffrey had dedicated his book to Robert the Consul who died this year. 1175 Records of the time indicate that St. Mary's Church may have been rebuilt and enlarged at this time. 1180 St. John's Church was probably built about now, and was intended as a independent chapel within the town walls. It acted as a chapel of ease for St. Mary's, allowing parishioners a wider choice of places of worship. 1185 The borough of Cardiff was burnt, and the castle damaged during a widespread uprising of the Welsh under the formidable Lord Rhys (Rhys ap Gruffydd), ruler of Deheubarth. 1188 Accompanied by Gerald of Wales, Archbishop Baldwin of Canterbury on a tour of Wales called the volunteers for the third crusade at Llandaff, reputedly by the medieval Cross there. Gerald described Cardiff Castle as having high walls and 120 men-at-arms with a larger number of archers. 1189 13th Century (1200 - 1299) ↓ ♦ ↑ 1206 John, now King, confirmed Cardiff's charters, including the right to hold two weekly markets and two annual fairs. 1211 Cadwallon ab Ifor Bach raided the lands around Cardiff from his lordship of Senghenydd. The monks of St Mary's Church were withdrawn to Tewksbury Abbey. 1217 Cardiff came into the hands of the powerful Clare family. 1218 The establishment of Llandaff Cathedral chapter has been completed by now. 1233 Cardiff Castle was captured by Richard de Burgh, the earl marshal, during the course of a power struggle with Henry III. 1242 The Dominican Priory of the Black Friars was founded on the western side of the castle next to the present Cooper's Fields and outside the town walls. 1266 The rebuilt Llandaff Cathedral was dedicated this year. 1267 Gilbert de Clare, 'the Red Earl', captured Gruffydd ap Rhys, lord of Senghenydd and great-grandson of Ifor Bach, holding him in Cardiff Castle before exiling him to imprisonment in Kilkenny Castle, Ireland. 1270 The construction of Castell Coch by Gilbert de Clare may have begun this year following an attack on his Caerphilly Castle by Prince Llewellyn ap Gruffydd of Gwynedd. Gilbert probably also had the Black Tower at the South Gate of Cardiff Castle built about now as well as ordering the town wall to be rebuilt in stone. 1284 In or about this year, the Franciscan Friary of the Grey Friars, with the largest church in Cardiff 154 feet long, was founded on the eastern side of the castle outside the town walls on the side of the present Capital Tower. By about this date the bishop's palace or castle had been constructed at Llandaff by Bishop William de Braose. Cardiff was attacked and badly damaged by Llawelyn Bren, son of Gruffydd ap Rhys. 1318 Llewellyn Bren was executed in Cardiff Castle by Hugh Despenser after being captured in the Brecon Beacons and reputedly his body was buried in Grey Friars. Hugh Despenser had married Eleanor whose brother Gilbert de Clare - son of 'the Red Earl' - had been killed at the battle of Bannockburn in Scotland in 1314. 1324 The earliest craft guilde in Cardiff, the Cordwainers and Glovers (workers in leather), had its privileges confirmed by Edward II. 1326 Cardiff was made a stable port for the export of wool and hides but, as it was not a royal borough, Carmarthen took over this role eight years later. 1331 About this year, the Town Hall was built in High Street for the administration of the borough and it was also used as Cardiff's first market hall. It continued in use for some 400 years and included a court room with a gaol beneath it and about this time the leper hospital of St Mary Magdalen was founded outside the town's East Gate. 1340 The oldest existing charter for Cardiff dates from this year when the town had a population of 2,000 - 3,000 making it the largest borough in Wales. 1349 The Black Death first appeared in the area at this time. 1373 The first reference to Flat Holm in Cardiff records stated it belonged to the Lord of Glamorgan. Owain Glyndŵr attacked Cardiff during his Welsh rebellion. 1404 Owain Glyndŵr's troops attacked Cardiff again, capturing the castle and inflicted great damage on the town. The bishop's palace or castle at Llandaff was destroyed at the same time, and was afterwards abandoned. 1425 It was probably in this year that Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, built the Octagonal Tower in Cardiff Castle. 1451 Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, issued a charter in which he praised the burgesses for their efforts to fortify and defend Cardiff. 1473 The rebuilding of St John's Church with its 130-feet high tower was completed after about 20 years' work as Cardiff recovered from the Glyndŵr attack. The tower was paid for by Anne Nevill who was later to marry Richard III. 1480 About now the death occurred of the poet Deio ab leuan Du who wrote the words which appear on Cardiff's coat of arms: 'Y ddraig goch ddyry cychwyn' ('The red dragon will show the way'). 1486 The marcher lordship of Glamorgan, including Cardiff, was confiscated by the crown after Henry Tudor's Lancastrian victory at the previous year's Battle of Bosworth in which Richard III of the House of York was killed. The triumphant Henry VII granted the lordship to his uncle, Jasper Tudor. 1495 16th Century (1500 - 1599) ↓ ♦ ↑ 1536 Wales was united with England from this year, the marcher lordship of Glamorgan was abolished and Cardiff became part of the new shire of Glamorgan and its county town. The Herbert family quickly became a powerful force in the town and, with the ending of the medieval restrictions on them, Welsh people now began making their homes and established businesses in Cardiff. 1537 Thomas Howell left money to found a girls' school in Llandaff, but a dispute over the will delayed its opening for three centuries. 1538 Cardiff's two friaries, with a total of 15 friars, were dissolved by Henry VIII. The Franciscan Grey Friars was converted to a mansion by the Herbert's but the Dominican Black Friars was left to deteriorate into ruins. 1542 Thomas Capper was burnt at the stake in Cardiff for heresy. A radical Protestant, he was the first religious martyr in Wales since Roman times. From this year Cardiff became represented by a Member of Parliament. 1543 The year saw the introduction of the English militia system with regular musters of all males aged 16 to 60. 1551 William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, was created the first Baron Cardiff. 1552 On a visit to Cardiff, the antiquary John Leland described it as well-walled with five gates and a mile in circumference. 1555 The Protestant martyr and local fisherman, Rawlins White, was burnt at the stake for heresy during the reign of the Catholic Queen Mary. 1564 At Tongwynlais, an iron foundry was established by the Sussex ironmaster Sir Henry Sidney. 1570 A congress of Welsh bards was held at Cardiff Castle at the invitation of William Herbert to order 'the bardic rules' 1573 Cardiff was made a head port for the collection of customs duties, one of four such ports in Wales. 1574 Henry Herbert carried out extensive restoration work on Cardiff Castle. 1576 The notorious local pirate, John Callice, brought a captured Spanish vessel into Cardiff and sold its contents. 1577 A successful campaign to stamp out piracy in the Bristol Channel based on Cardiff was started. 1578 The contemporary Glamorgan historian, Rice Merrick (Rhys Meurig), described Cardiff Castle as having been rebuilt by the Herberts, containing luxurious apartments and attractive gardens with many fair houses and large streets in the town. 1581 The first royal charter was granted to Cardiff by Elizabeth I. 1582 The centuries old timber bridge across the River Taff in Cardiff was replaced by one made of stone. 1595 William Morgan, translator of the Bible into Welsh in 1588 became Bishop of Llandaff, a position he held until 1601. 1596 1602 The Pembrokeshire historian, George Owen, described Cardiff as 'the fayrest towne in Wales yett not the welthiest'. 1607 'The Great Flood' occurred in January causing devastation along the coast of South Wales. The foundations of the old St Mary's Church (on the site of the former Prince of Wales Theatre) were fatally weakened and St Johns become the parish church as a result. St Mary Street is named after the ancient church. 1608 James I confirmed Cardiff's royal charter and a new annual fair was introduced on November 30th in addition to those starting on June 24th and September 8th of this year. 1610 The first known maps of Cardiff and Llandaff were published. They were the work of John Speed, the famous cartographer. 1614 Thirteen people were drowned attempting to cross the River Ely in Cardiff by ferryboat. 1631 The Puritan vicar of St Mary's, William Erbery, was forced to resign and his curate, Walter Cradock, had his licence revoked because of their extreme evangelical views. 1635 The famous buccaneer, Sir Henry Morgan, is thought to have been born in Llanrumney. 1642 At the start of the Civil War, Cardiff Castle was occupied for Charles I by William Seymour, the Marquis of Hereford. At the Battle of Edgehill, the Royalist MP for Cardiff, William Herbert was killed. 1643 Books and documentary records from Llandaff Cathedral were burnt by Parliamentary soldiers on Cardiff Castle green. 1645 In the summer Charles I spent a week at Cardiff Castle trying unsuccessfully to raise financial support for his course. Later this summer the castle and town surrendered to a Parliamentary army. 1646 According to the parliamentary sources, 'the Battle of the Heath' took place to the North of the town for control of Cardiff and its castle. Some 250 Royalists were claimed to have been killed. 1648 In May at St Fagans, in the last major battle ever to occur in Wales, some 8,000 Royalists were defeated in a two hour fight by 3,000 Parliamentary troops of the New Model Army with about 200 soldiers, mainly Royalists, killed. Of the 3,000 Royalist prisoners taken, four officers were executed and 240 men were transported to Barbados, Oliver Cromwell visited Cardiff eight days after the battle. 1650 The first state school in Cardiff was established by Cromwell's Commonwealth government but was closed in 1660 with the restoration of Charles II. 1653 The first warship to be given the name Cardiff was a 360 ton 18-gun frigate. 1657 The noted Quaker leader Charles Fox preached in the Town Hall. 1661 A Quaker meeting in the town was broken up and some 40 local Quakers, suspected of disloyalty to the newly restored monarch, Charles II, were imprisoned. 1666 Cardiff's first Angel Hotel was opened a short distance from the present hotel next to the Cardiff Castle. 1667 A Quaker burial ground came into use outside the town's South Gate. 1678 Francis Place drew the first known depiction of Cardiff, a pen and wash drawing from the west bank of the River Taff. The Celtic scholar Edward Lhuyd also visited Cardiff now and described St Mary's church as being in ruins. 1679 Philip Evans, born in Monmouth, became a Jesuit at Saint Omer and after his ordination in 1675 ministered to Catholics in South Wales for four years. In the national frenzy occasioned by the Oates plot he was apprehended and imprisoned in Cardiff, where he was joined by John Lloyd of Brecon, a secular priest trained at Valladolid. They were hung, drawn and quartered at Gallows Field near the junction of today's City Road, on July 22nd. They were both canonised by the Pope in 1970. 1685 An English Quaker, Thomas Briggs, is recorded as having walked naked through Cardiff to emphasise the virtues of simplicity. 1688 Charlotte, daughter and heiress of Philip Herbert last of the male Herbert's of Cardiff Castle, married John Jeffreys, son of the notorious 'Hanging Judge' George Jeffreys. In Llandaff and Whitchurch, 84 parishioners requested the removal of the vicar because he couldn't speak Welsh. 1696 Part of the wall of Llandaff Cathedral collapsed and its bell fell to the ground, an indication of the ruinous condition it was in at this time, but a Presbyterian chapel was built in Womanby Street. 1698 The battlements of the north-west tower of Llandaff cathedral collapsed during a gale. 1708 The oldest of the bells of St John's Church was cast this year and the cattle market was moved from inside the town walls to a site near the East Gate. 1713 The Old Brewery in St Mary Street, originally Williams Malthouse, was opened. 1723 Part of the south-west tower of Llandaff Cathedral collapsed, adding to its dilapidated state. 1725 Daniel Dafoe, author of Robinson Crusoe, on a visit to Llandaff, noted that the cathedral had no steeple or bells. 1729 Eight men and three women died of fever in the towns County Gaol. 1731 A pub was first opened on the site now occupied by the Owain Glyndwr. The pub was initially called the 'Mably Arms' (or possibly the Buccaneer), and over the centuries has been called the 'Kemys Tynte Arms', 'The Tennis Court' and 'The Buccanneer' before its current name. 1736 In a shipwreck on Flat Holm about 60 soldiers were drowned. 1737 Because of the previous year's disaster, a permanent lighthouse was established on Flat Holm by the Society of Merchant Ventures of Bristol. 1739 The tower of St John's Church began to be used as the town's fire station. 1740 The great Methodist leader, John Wesley, preached in Cardiff on the first of many visits he was to make to the town. 1746 Llandaff Court, now part of the Cathedral School, was built for Admiral Thomas Matthew. 1747 A new Guildhall was completed in St Mary Street, continuing in use for over a century. A local smuggler, Owen Williams, was hanged for murder. 1750 Melingriffith tinplate works in Whitchurch was opened on the site of an old iron forge. 1755 In November, the Bristol Channel including the Cardiff area was affected by the 'tsunami' tidal wave from the great Lisbon earthquake. 1759 In a running fight between seamen from two vessels in September in Womanby Street, a Royal Navy sailor was killed by a musket shot. 1760 Town Quay or Old Quay, the bigger of the two quays where Westgate Street is now, was rebuilt and extended to about 50 yards, the latest in a series of reconstructions dating back to the Middle Ages. The Taff was also dredged to assist the movement of ships from the mouth of the river, some two miles away, to the quays. 1763 In April, serious rioting occurred in the town in a dispute following a cock fight. 1765 Howell Harris, leader of the Methodist Revival 'the Great Awakening', preached in Cardiff and the first record of horse racing on the Great Heath dates from this year. 1766 The Scottish Earl of Bute married into the great local landowning family of the Herberts and a Cardiff Turnpike Trust was set up to construct a toll road between Bonvilston and Rumney. 1767 A road was built between Cardiff and the new town of Merthyr Tydfil, reputedly largely financed by the ironmaster Anthony Bacon. 1770 The bridge over the River Taff at Llandaff was rebuilt. 1773 Following a shipwreck on Flat Holm, seven passengers and two crewmen were buried on the island. 1774 An Act was passed for 'the better paving, cleansing and lighting of the streets of Cardiff'. The leading prison reformer, John Howard, recorded Cardiff County Gaol as having in August 16 prisoners - 14 debtors and two felons. The centuries-old Radyr Weir was rebuilt, around this year. 1775 A traveller from London, Francis Grose, described Cardiff as 'a neat, pleasant town just paved'. 1776 John Stuart, Earl of Bute, was created Baron Cardiff of Cardiff Castle. 1777 The famous landscape architect Lancelot 'Capability' Brown laid out the grounds of Cardiff Castle and Cardiff Workhouse was opened with accommodation for 200 people. 1781 To ease the movement of traffic in the town, Cardiff's East Gate and the West Gate were demolished. 1782 Crockherbtown Street - now Queen Street - was paved for the first time. A local customs officer reported that coal would never be shipped from Cardiff because of the expense of bringing it down to the coast. He was proven wrong with the advent of the railway network that would soon appear in the next century. 1786 More of Cardiff's medieval past disappeared when both the North Gate and Blount's Gate were demolished. 1788 John Wesley, the Methodist leader, made the last of his numerous visits to Cardiff and a Cardiff-built brig began regular trading between the town and Cork. 1792 Cardiff's bridge over the Taff and part of the town walls were swept away in a major flood. The first bank was opened in the on the site now occupied by Lloyds Bank in High Street and the Cardiff Arms Hotel was also opened. The Cardiff Arms Hotel gave its name to Cardiff's famous sports stadium, the Arms Park. This mail-coach house was known earlier as Red House, when it was constructed for Sir Thomas Morgan at the time of Charles I. 1793 John Stuart, later the second Marquis of Bute and who came to be called 'the creator of Cardiff', was born in Scotland. 1794 In February, the 25-mile-long Glamorganshire Canal was opened between Cardiff and Merthyr Tydfil to bring iron products down to the coast. For nearly 50 years, the canal was unchallenged as the main transport link between the two towns. Also known as 'the Merthyr Canal', it incorporated in Cardiff some of the medieval moat defenses and ran through a tunnel beneath the town centre (namely under the subway by the castle, and then down Mill Lane and the bottom of St. Mary Street). 1796 A new stone bridge was built over the Taff in Cardiff and John Stuart, Baron Cardiff, was made the first Marquis of Bute. 1798 The Glamorganshire Canal was extended one mile with a sea-lock, thus giving Cardiff its first harbour. Custom House was built near East Canal Wharf. 1799 The end of the century saw the end of lines of pack-horses bringing coal down from the mines north of Cardiff to the town. 1870 - 1879 ¦ 1880 - 1889 ¦ 1890 - 1899 1800 Following food riots at Merthyr Tydfil this year, two men were sentenced to death in Cardiff and another was transported to Australia for life. 1801 The first official census was held and showed Cardiff to have a population of 1,870 - much smaller than other Welsh towns like Merthyr Tydfil (7,700) and Swansea (6,000). 1802 The last of Cardiff's five medieval gates, South Gate (or Moor Gate) was demolished. 1806 Cardiff's oldest craft guild - The Cordwainers - was wound up after 500 years when their hall in Duke Street was sold. 1807 The Melingriffith water pump at Whitchurch came into operation to lift water to the Glamorganshire Canal. It is still in its original position. 1808 A works school for the children of Melingriffith tinplate workers was opened in Whitchurch with 62 pupils. 1809 The Rhondda Valleys were linked to Cardiff by a tramway connecting with the Glamorganshire Canal at Pontypridd. The second census showed at Cardiff population of 2,457. 1812 The two ancient parishes of St John and St Mary were combined and Aberdare became linked to Cardiff by a branch of the Glamorganshire Canal. 1813 Tabernacle Welsh Baptist Chapel in The Hayes was founded and the first record of Jewish settlers in Cardiff dates from this year. The Goat Major pub in High Street, originally called The Blue Bell, was opened. 1814 The sea lock of the Glamorganshire Canal was extended and the death occurred of the first Marquis of Bute. 1816 The first coal was shipped from Cardiff through the seal lock of the Glamorganshire Canal, previously used mainly for handling iron products. 1817 Near Flat Holm, 54 people were drowned when a sailing ship sank. 1818 After some 80 years, St John's Church tower ceased being used as the town's fire station. 1819 Cardiff Savings Bank was established. Flat Holm lighthouse was heightened and converted from coal-burning to oil. A daily four-horse coach service to Merthyr Tydfil was started. 1821 The third census showed that Cardiff had a population of 3,251. Gas lighting became available in the town with a gasometer in the Hayes. 1822 The Cardiff reporter, the town's first newspaper, was founded. A Cardiff pilot boat crossing from Somerset was swamped near Flat Holm, drowning all seven people aboard it. 1823 The Glamorgan and Monmouthshire Dispensary was opened near St Johns Church. Flat Holm lighthouse was bought by Trinity House from its private owners. 1826 Cardiff's first purpose-built theatre, the Theatre Royal was opened where the Park Hotel now stands. Ebeneser Welsh Chapel was founded. Cardiff's Mechanics' Institute was established in the Town Hall. 1827 Cardiff Bridge was swept away by floods. 1828 The first known balloon flight from Cardiff took place but its pilot, Charles Green, disappeared over the Bristol Channel. 1829 1830 There were now 15 pilots based at Cardiff compared with just four in 1800. The tonnage of coal carried on the Glamorganshire Canal exceeded that of iron for the first time, with coal increasing in importance from here on. A private house which had stood on the Black Friars site was demolished. 1831 The census showed Cardiff had 6,187 inhabitants. Dic Penderyn (Richard Lewis) was hanged outside Cardiff Gaol, then located where the Central Market now stands, because of his alleged involvement in this years Merthyr Riots. 1832 Cymreigyddion Caerdydd Welsh Society was founded in the town. 1833 Cardiff's first Eisteddfod was held in a Queen Street pub. The Cardiff and Merthyr Gazette was first published. A new County Prison was opened in Adamsdown, and the old gaol in St Mary Street became the Town Gaol. 1834 At the invitation of the second Marquis of Bute, an Eisteddfod was held in Cardiff Castle and the money raised at the event was donated for a new dispensary. 1835 Cardiff became a corporation with an elected council, the first elected mayor and two wards under local government reform. The town's ancient Piepowder Court, for settling disputes at Cardiff's three annual fairs, was abolished. The first covered market was opened. One of Cardiff's most famous public houses, the Old Arcade, was reportedly also opened in this year. It is thought that that it was built in 1844 as the Birdcage Inn. It was renamed to the Arcade and Post Office, and finally the Old Arcade, after the name of the arcade that runs alongside it, leading into the covered market. I am unable to verify the actual opening date, and would welcome information relating to this. Bull-baiting - held between St John's Church and Kingsway - was made illegal. The first coal from the Cynon Valley was shipped out. The first branch of a National Bank to be established in Cardiff was that of the National Provincial (now Westminster) Bank. 1836 A small Police force was formed in the town and Jones Court off Womanby Street was probably built this year. A Cardiff Board of Guardians was established to administer the Poor Law and soon built a new workhouse on Cowbridge Road, later St. David's hospital. The first Mayor of Cardiff was Thomas Revel Guest elected this year. 1837 A new Glamorgan and Monmouthshire Dispensary with 20 beds was opened in Queen Street, on the site of the medieval leper hospital. 1839 In October the Bute West Dock covering 19 acres with 9,400 feet of quays was opened, and the construction of the Dock Feeder to regulate the water supply to the dock from the River Taff was completed. Entirely paid for by the second Marquis of Bute, this new dock set in motion Cardiff's amazing growth to become the world's biggest coal exporting port. The future Prime Minister, Benjamin Disraeli, married Mary Ann Evans of Tongwynlais. Horse racing ended at the Great Heath after about 80 years. 1840 - 1849 ↓ ♦ ↑ 1840 The Taff Vale Railway was opened between Cardiff and Abercynon and soon overtook the Glamorganshire Canal in economic importance. Cardiff now became an independent port able to register its own vessels. 1841 The census showed Cardiff's population to have grown to 10,079. The Taff Vale Railway was extended to Merthyr Tydfil. A Jewish burial ground was opened at Highfield this year. 1842 As a result of the settlement of Irish people in Cardiff, the Roman Catholic church of St. David was founded in Bute Terrace. The first of the century Cholera epidemics struck Cardiff and killed many people. 1843 St. Mary's Anglican Church in Bute Street was opened. A commission met in Cardiff to try prisoners arrested during the West Wales Rebecca Riots. 1844 Cardiff Turnpike Trust was abolished as responsibility for highways was taken over by a county road board for Glamorgan. 1845 Cardiff Cricket Club was formed. 1846 Aberdare became linked to Cardiff by an extension of the Taff Vale Railway into the Cynon Valley. 1847 A year after it started, an epidemic of Typhus had killed nearly 200 people in Cardiff. 1848 The second Marquis of Bute died in Cardiff Castle this year, and left his fortune to his son. The ground which was to become 'Cardiff Arms Park' held it's first ever sporting event - a game of Cricket. The second Marquis of Bute gave two acres of land to Adamsdown to be used a public cemetery, due to St. Johns being filled to capacity. 1849 Over 350 people were killed by an outbreak of Cholera in Cardiff, and led to Adamsdown cemetery being filled to capacity in a very short time. Work was started on diverting the course of the River Taff, which at the time ran down what is now Westgate Street (Quay Street used to actually lead to the only quay in the town, which is why it slopes downwards slightly towards Westgate Street) The Rhondda Valleys became linked to Cardiff by an extension of the Taff Vale Railway. The South Wales Railway from Chepstow to Swansea through Cardiff was opened. The last mail coach for London left Cardiff in August. A Board of Health was established for the town. A reservoir was constructed at Penhill to supply water to Cardiff. By now, there were 20 foreign consulates in Cardiff - a sign of the towns increasing international importance. Cardiff General Railway Station, currently the biggest station in Wales and a Grade II listed structure, was built in this year. [REF] 1851 The census showed that the population of Cardiff had reached 18,351. About 60 per cent had been born in Wales while just under 15 per cent had been born in Ireland. This year coal shipments from Cardiff exceeded one million tons for the first time. 1852 The first direct trains ran between Cardiff and London. Walter Coffin, the owner of the first coal pit in Dinas, retired from active control of his businesses to go into politics, and was elected MP for Cardiff boroughs; thus becoming the first Nonconformist MP in Wales. 1853 The diverting of the River Taff was completed, which reduced flood threats in Central Cardiff. Cardiff's oldest statue, that of the second Marquis of Bute, was erected at the bottom of High Street, near the Central Hotel. 1854 Cardiff's new Town Hall was opened in High Street. Another Cholera epidemic claimed well over 200 hundred lives in the town. Spillers' Mill was opened on Bute West Dock. 1855 In December the first historical trainload of Rhondda steam coal arrived at Cardiff where the Bute East Dock was opened. The first horse races were held at Ely, 16 years after they had ended at the Great Heath. 1856 A tidal harbour was constructed at the mouth of the Taff. The Royal Arcade in the City Centre, was designed and built by Peter Price this year. It is the oldest arcade in the Capital. 1857 The last public execution in Cardiff took place outside the prison. 150 deaths resulted from a smallpox infection in the area around Caroline Street. The Cardiff Times weekly newspaper was founded in September. Tidal coal berths were built on the River Ely. Bute East Dock was extended while the Lady Bute, the first Cardiff-built steamship, was launched. At Llandaff Cathedral the Lady Chapel was rebuilt and the presbytery was rededicated. A steamboat ferry service began operating between Cardiff and Penarth. 1858 The Rhymney Railway was completed connecting Cardiff with the mines of the Rhymney Valley. Cardiff's oldest arcade, the Royal Arcade, was opened. The Bute family made Sophia Gardens available to the public and in doing so, created Cardiff's first park. The first Jewish synagogue was opened near Charles Street. 1859 To cope with the increasing coal trade, the Bute East Dock was extended again to cover a total of 45 acres. The first hansom cabs ran in Cardiff. Howells School for Girls in Llandaff was founded. Cardiff Bridge was rebuilt. Sophia Gardens were the namesake of Lady Sophia who died this year. She was the second Marquis of Bute's second wife. A cemetery at Fairoak Road was opened. It is better known as Cathays Cemetery, and the Cardiff Times predicted that it ‘would form the principal walk of the inhabitants of Cardiff’. 1860 The Principality Building Society was founded in the town. An old sailing ship, the Hamadryad, was converted to the permanent seamen's hospital. Another old vessel, the Havannah, became a school for poor children. A reservoir was built at Cogan to supply water to Cardiff. 420 prostitutes were listed as working in Butetown this year. 1861 The census showed that the population was 48,965. In the Royal Arcade, the first voluntary library was opened. The Bonded Warehouse on Bute East Dock was opened. Nearly two million tons of coal were shipped out of Cardiff Docks this year, compared with 87,000 tons only 20 years before. 1862 Cardiff set up its own Pilotage Authority in January of this year. Queen Street was widened with the demolition of old buildings. Cardiff docks exported 2,000,000 tons of coal. 1863 The first Cardiff Horse Show and the first Horticultural Show took place. Grangetown Gasworks opened. St. Andrew's Church, now Eglwys Dewi Sant, was consecrated. 1864 The building of a reservoir at Lisvane was completed. An amphitheater music hall was opened in Wood Street in Temperance Town, later becoming the Wood Street Congregational Church. With seating for almost 3,000, it was one of the biggest churches in Wales. The City Planning Offices replaced the Church in the 1960's, and occupied the area until 2005 when it was demolished. The site is still empty today. The present Masonic Hall in Guildford Crescent was opened as a church. 1865 After a long dispute between the South Wales Railway and the town council over cost, the reclaimed bed of the River Taff was completely filled in, and is where the Millennium Stadium, and Cardiff Arms Park now stand. An electric telegraph service reached Cardiff. James Howell opened a shop in the town. The paper mill at Ely was founded. Bethany Baptist Chapel was built. Part of the building was incorporated in a large store when Howells took over the site. 1866 The Royal Hotel in St Mary's Street and Queen Street Arcade opened. The last Cholera outbreak of the century claimed many lives. The first pleasure boat trips from Cardiff to Weston-super Mare began in a converted tug, the Joseph Hazell. The 'Breaksea' lightship came into service off Cardiff. The Cardiff Chamber of Commerce was founded. Another new church, the United Reform Church, was opened in Windsor Place. 1867 The Cardiff Naturalist Society was founded. The building of the octagonal spire of Llandaff Cathedral was completed. 1868 The third Marquis of Bute (21 at the time) and his architect William Burges began their transformation of Cardiff Castle. To mark his coming-of-age, the Marquis laid on elaborate celebrations in Cardiff with special trains run from the valleys. The Norwegian Church was built near Bute West Dock entrance. The Riot Act had to be read during general election disturbances. Cardiff Docks exported 2,099,707 tons of coal this year. 1869 In May the Western Mail was founded by the third Marquis of Bute. After four years of preparation, Flat Holm was fortified against a possible French invasion. By now, the Butetown area had acquired its multi-racial character, and the name 'Tiger Bay'. Most of its homes were built in the past 20 years. The Castle Mews, now part of the Welsh College of Music and Drama, were built as stables in the Butes' Home park. A Thanksgiving Service was held at Llandaff Cathedral to mark its restoration. Cardiff Technical Institute was founded. Three million tonnes of coal were shipped out of Cardiff Docks. The 370 yard long 'Low Water Pier' was opened on the Taff estuary for passenger services. The Cardiff Medical Society, one of the oldest in Britain, was established. The first school for the children of Llanedeyrn was built. 1871 The census showed that Cardiff now had a population of 57,363. The mile long Caerphilly Tunnel on the Rumney Railway was opened. The third Marquis of Bute ordered the rebuilding of Castell Coch in Tongwynlais. 1872 A new newspaper, the South Wales Daily News, was launched. A horse-drawn tram service was formally begun by Cardiff Tramway. Castle Street was widened with the demolition of old buildings. Building of the Cardiff Castle's Clock Tower was completed in this year. 1873 The Wood Street Bridge in the City Centre was opened. Public wash houses became available in Guildford Crescent. 1874 The Salvation Army's first mission in Wales was opened in Canton. Cardiff Arms Park hosted its first Rugby game. Now known as 'Burges House', the 'Park House' in Park Place was built. The 'Park House Club' is based there now. Cardiff Rowing Club was formed in this year. 1875 Cardiff's boundaries were extended to include Canton, Cathays and Roath. The newly founded Cardiff School Board brought elementary education to the Town for the first time. In the docks, a Victorian Railway warehouse was built. Much later, the warehouse was skillfully redesigned and converted into the 'Cardiff Bay Hotel'. The hotel incorporated elements of the old building into the new. The "Convent of Poor Sisters of Nazareth" moved to the church building "Nazareth House" in North road after three years at Tyndall Street. "Nazareth House" was designed by John Prichard, and was built in around 1847 for the third Marquis of Bute. 1876 Cardiff Arms Park hosted the first game between the newly formed Cardiff Rugby Club and Swansea. The Philharmonic Hall and the Great Western Hotel in St Mary's street were opened. The first privately conducted execution in Cardiff took place in the recently enlarged gaol in April. 1877 The original Theatre Royal burnt down, but fortunately two new Theatres, the Empire Theatre and the Grand Theatre, were opened this year. Canton bridge was widened. The first public telephone service was launched in the Town. Cardiff Corinthians Football Club was formed, with which Jack Sandiford, one of the pioneers of football in South Wales, was involved. 1878 A new Theatre Royal opened (later renamed The Prince of Wales). Cardiff Racquets and Fives Club (later Jackson Hall, and afterwards Jackson's Disco) was opened on Westgate Street, on land reclaimed from the River Taff. The first Secretary of the club was Chas. Chalk. The old Cardiff Arms Hotel, the park's namesake, was demolished. Cardiff Police Fire Brigade was formed. Cardiff's first purpose-built board school was opened in Eleanor Street in Butetown. Cardiff RFC became one of the founding members of the Welsh Rugby Union. Cardiff Docks exported 4,100,221 tons of coal this year. Cardiff Bowling Club (the oldest club in Bowling Club in Wales) in Sophia Gardens was founded. 1879 David Morgan opened a shop in Cardiff. The town's oldest statue, that of the Marquis of Bute was moved from High Street to the southern end of St Mary's Street. The third Marquis of Bute sold the Western Mail this year. The Town council took over responsibility for the water supply from a private company. The Cardiff Ship-owners' Association was formed. 1881 The census showed that the population had risen to 93,637. The Cardiff Exhibition was held to raise funds for a Free Library and Art Gallery. The first grandstand - with seats for 300 - was built at Cardiff Arms Park. The first gas storage unit was built on Ferry Road in Grangetown. The Welsh Regiment now became based at the newly opened Maindy Barracks. The passing of the Sunday Closing Act this year led to an increase in the number of licensed private clubs from 31 to 141 within just five years. Cardiff Workhouse (later St. David's Hospital) in Cowbridge Road was extended. 1882 The first Central Library was opened. The building of the Llanishen reservoir was started. 1883 Cardiff University College was founded. The National Eisteddfod was held in Cardiff for the first time. Construction began on the new Glamorgan and Monmouthshire Infirmary, on Glossop Road, Roath, which was to be later renamed to the Cardiff Royal Infirmary. In 1911 it was renamed to King Edward XVII Hospital, and later still in 1923, back to Cardiff Royal Infirmary. The present Angel Hotel was opened. The docks handled six million tons of coal. 1884 The first editions of the South Wales Echo rolled off the press in this year. Wales defeated Ireland in the first international game played at Cardiff Arms Park. Cremation was made legal in Britain after the Welsh Druid Dr Williams Price was put on trial in Cardiff, for the burning his deceased infant son's (Iesu Grist Price (Jesus Christ Price)) body. Dr. Price argued that the burial of human bodies was damaging to the environment and as a result, was cleared of all charges. Flat Holm was used for the first time to isolate cholera patients. Cardiff Indoor Market was badly damaged by fire. Heathfield House School for girls was opened. [REF] 1886 After 16 years of construction work the 4.5 mile long Severn Tunnel, the longest undersea tunnel in the world at the time, was completed this year. As a result, Cardiff was finally connected to the rest of the Great Western Railway network, and the tunnel reduced journey times to London from Cardiff, by up to an hour. Cardiff Coal Exchange was founded to handle the enormous coal trade. Cardiff Savings Bank collapsed after £30,000 had been embezzled from its funds. The Market Building was opened in St Mary's Street and the Grand Hotel was opened in Westgate Street. In the Hayes, the statue of the Liberal (and one time Mayor of Cardiff) John Bachelor was unveiled. Construction of Llanishen reservoir was completed. 1887 Roath Dock was opened to provide additional docking space for the increasing coal shipments from Cardiff. The Castle Arcade was opened. Built this year as an ordinary church, St David's Roman Catholic Church had become a Cathedral by 1916 and was also seat of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Cardiff. 1888 Glamorganshire County Cricket Club was founded in this year. Cardiff's coal shipments reached seven million tons. Housing in Splott started, with four rows of terraced houses using a design from Dowlais, Merthyr. Hence; Dowlais cottages, which stood alone opposite the emerging Blast Furnaces of GKN. These rows of houses were built for the mainly Irish navvies that erected the Blast Furnaces [REF] The Cardiff Coal Trimmers' Union was founded and within a year grew to a 1,000 members. The Welsh sailing ship "County of Merioneth" (built in 1880) and under the command of Captain Robert Thomas of Caernarvonshire, made the fastest voyage ever from Cardiff to San Francisco (in 96 days). 1889 William Gladstone, a former and a future Prime Minister, was made a freeman of Cardiff. Cardiff was officially recognised as a county borough, which made it independent of the new Glamorgan County Council. Cardiff Castle's Roman walls were discovered during excavations. Cory's Building in the docks was opened. Much later the ''Cardiff Chapter of Commerce' and also 'Craft in the Bay' (the centre for the Makers Guild in Wales), were to make the building their home. The building was named after the famous coal shipper, John Cory. Cardiff's Bute Docks met its first real competition this year in the form of the Barry Docks built by David Davies, born in Llandinam in 1818. 1890 - 1899 ↓ ♦ ↑ 1890 The Clarence Road Bridge in Grangetown was opened by the Duke of Clarence on September 17, which replaced a wooden toll swing bridge. The Animal Wall was erected in front of the castle. The third Marquis of Bute, was elected mayor this year. The Cardiff and County Club in Westgate Street was founded. 1891 The year's census showed Cardiff to have a population of 128,915. The British Association for the Advancement of Science held its annual meeting in the town for the first time. Dowlais Works began production on East Moors in Tremorfa. The Central Market was opened. The domestic science college was established. The Co-operative Wholesale Society was also established in this year in Cardiff. 1892 The Merchants' Exchange building in the docks was completely destroyed by fire. The first reservoir to supply water in Cardiff from the Brecon Beacons was completed. The first 3-yearly Cardiff Festival of Music was held. The Welsh Baseball Union was founded in Cardiff. 1893 University College in Cardiff became part of the new University of Wales. The Western Mail building, then in St Mary Street, was seriously damaged by fire. The South Wales Institute of Engineers building in Park Place, now Brannigans, was completed. The institute is now based in West Bute Street, in Cardiff Bay. 1894 Cardiff's first municipally-owned park, Roath Park, was opened. The Salvation Army took over Stuart Hall in The Hayes which had been previously used as a theatre. Cardiff's first local branch library was opened in Splott. 1895 The first Welsh Grand National steeplechase was run at Ely Racecourse. Cardiff's first parks bandstand was erected in Grange Gardens. Lord Tredegar gave Waterloo Gardens in Roath to the town. The Glamorgan and Monmouthshire Infirmary changed its name to the Cardiff Infirmary. Lansdowne Road Hospital was opened. Cardiff High School for Girls was founded. 1896 The first public exhibition of films in the town took place in the Empire Theatre and in the same year the first news film ever shot in Britain showed the Prince and the Princess of Wales in Cardiff, where the Prince opened an extension to the Central Library. A new cholera hospital was opened on Flat Holm island. The General Post Office in Westgate Street opened. The Guildford Crescent Turkish Baths, on the site of the present Ibis Hotel, were also opened this year. 1897 The Pierhead Building was completed. Guglielmo Marconi successfully transmitted the world's first radio signals across water between Flat Holm and Lavernock. The second reservoir in the Brecon Beacons to supply water to Cardiff was completed. The Second Jewish Synagogue was opened in Cardiff in Cathedral Road and is now the Temple Court Office Site. 1898 The town council bought Cathays Park and part of the Bute Home Park from the Third Marquis of Bute for £161,000, thus enabling the Civic Centre to be built there. The Marquis sold the land on the condition that there would be large tracts of land between the Civic Buildings. This condition led to the many Civic Buildings being spared severe damage during the 1st and 2nd World Wars, due to the buildings being widely spaced. A new Custom House was built in Bute Street. Cardiff High School for Boys was opened. 1899 The National Eisteddfod was held in Cathays Park. The Empire Theatre was burnt down. Riverside Football Club - later to be renamed Cardiff City - was formed. The building of the Morgan Arcade was completed. The docks handled some eight million tons of coal. The first Cardiff owned and registered steamship, the Llandaff, was wrecked off Lands End. 1970 - 1979 ¦ 1980 - 1989 ¦ 1990 - 1999 1900 The Taff Vale Railway strike, based on Cardiff, took place in the autumn and was a milestone in trade union history as it was to lead to new legal rights for unions. The Third Marquis of Bute, one of the worlds richest men, passed away this year. A pedestrian tunnel was constructed under the River Ely from Ferry Road to Penarth Dock. The heaviest snowfall for 14 years occurred in February. In Victoria Park, a small zoo was opened. 1901 The census showed Cardiff's population had ballooned to 164,333. On the site of The Hayes where Miller and Carter (2014) now stands, one of the last sections of Cardiff's old town wall was demolished to make way for a fish market. The final remaining sections are near to the castle on Kingsway. Lord Tredegar gave Splott Park to the town. 1902 The last horse-drawn trams ceased to operate in the Town, and the first electric trams came into service with power provided by a new power station in Colchester Avenue, close to where Sainsbury's Superstore is now. Duke Street Arcade was opened this year. 1903 The first building in the new Cathays Park civic centre was completed. The University of Wales Registry, was opened. 18 men received prison sentences following a riot in the docks area between rival groups of seamen over jobs. 1904 The Town Hall was opened in Cathays Park. The Gothic Park House in Park Place (which is now the home to Bar Burges) was used as a local government office. The County Court building in Westgate Street was opened. Cardiff School Board was abolished and the town council took over its responsibilities. 1905 King Edward VII granted Cardiff its City Status. This cost the City £104 in old money, including the fees to the Home and Crown Offices. In December, the Welsh Rugby Team were declared 'unofficial champions of the world' when the Welsh Triple Crowns defeated the previously all conquering All Blacks, in the Wales v New Zealand game in the Arms Park. However; New Zealanders still dispute the score, and say that one of their players - Bob Deans - scored a try for the All Blacks, but the referee disallowed it! Regardless of the outcome, the win was still a fitting way to end such a successful year for Cardiff. 1906 The Hamadryad Hospital was opened in the docks to replace the badly ageing hospital ship of the same name. The Law Courts and Museum Avenue in Cathays Park were opened. The New Theatre in Park Place also opened this year. A statue of John Cory, the famous Coal Dealer and Shipper, was unveiled in the Gorsedd Gardens. 1907 King Edward VII Avenue in Cathays Park was opened by the King during his visit to Cardiff. Queen Alexandra dock, the largest in Cardiff, were opened. Rhoda Willis was the last woman to be hanged in Cardiff after being found guilty of murder. The first aircraft to be designed and built in Wales, a monoplane called the 'Robin Goch', was constructed in Cardiff this year by Charles Horace Watkins, who built the aircraft at his home. The South African rugby union tourists were beaten 17-0 by Cardiff. 1908 Olympic gold medals were won by Cardiff swimmer, Paulo Radmilovich. The Roller Rink was opened in Westgate Street. Whitchurch Hospital was opened. Cardiff's first Boy Scout troop was formed. At the Arms Park, Wales beat the Australian rugby tourists. Riverside Football Club changed its name to Cardiff City. 1909 Keeping with the overall design of the Civic Centre, The University College building in Cathays Park was opened. The Electra Cinema was opened in the City Centre. The War Memorial and the statue of Lord Tredegar were unveiled in Cathays Park. The yearly tonnage handled by the docks had gone up to 9,000,000. James Howell, the man who brought to Cardiff his Howells Department Store, passed away this year. 1910 - 1919 ↓ ♦ ↑ 1910 Captain Robert Scott's expedition left Cardiff in the Terra Nova, on a voyage to the Antarctic. Tragically, Scott never made the return journey. Ernest T. Willows (which the pub in City Road is named after) made the first airship crossing from England to France. The airship was called "The City of Cardiff". Cardiff City became a professional club and the first match was played at Ninian Park. Alexandra Gardens in Cathays Park were opened. The Globe Cinema in Albany Road opened its doors to the public this year. 1911 The census showed Cardiff to have a population of 182,259. The Cardiff Railway was opened with a 108-yard tunnel at Tongwynlais. Charles Thompson gave Thompson Park in Canton to the city. The first plane flight across the Bristol Channel was made from Weston-super-Mare to Cardiff. 1912 Olympic gold medals were won by Paulo Radmilovich and Irene Steer for swimming and David Jacobs in the track relay. Glamorgan County Hall in the civic centre, now Glamorgan House, was completed. The foundation stone of the National Museum of Wales was laid by King George V. Cardiff City won the Welsh Cup for the first time. Billy the seal began her long residence in Victoria Park, after being accidentally caught by a trawler. Dredging for aggregates (Sand, gravel, crushed rock and other bulk materials used by the construction industry) in the Bristol Channel began with vessels based at Cardiff. The Gaiety Cinema (now a defunct Bowling Alley) in City Road opened. 1913 Roughly 10.7 million tons of coal were exported through the docks. This figure was never topped. The building of Rhiwbina Garden Village began. The Cardiff Coal Trimmers' Union, founded in 1888, had over 2,000 members. Mrs Emily Pankhurst spoke to a suffragette rally in the city and was afterwards charged with incitement to cause damage and imprisoned. The Mansion House in Richmond Road now became the official residence of the Lord Mayor. 1914 Thousands of men volunteered for the forces, including 'The Cardiff Pals' 11th Battalion of the Welch Regiment, when the first World War started. [REF] The tolling of the curfew bell at St John's Church at 8 p.m. ended. The Principality Buildings in Queen Street were opened and the Town Hall in St Mary Street was demolished. 1915 The second son of the third Marquis of Bute, the Cardiff Boroughs MP Lord Ninian Crichton Stuart after whom Ninian Park is named, was killed in action. For the first time, women were employed on the Cardiff trams as drivers and conductors. On the site of the former Town Hall in St Mary Street the Co-operative Wholesale Society building (now Hodge House) was opened. 1916 Cardiff became a Roman Catholic archdiocese giving Cardiff a new cathedral, St David's. The statues of 11 Welsh national heroes in the City Hall were unveiled by David Lloyd George, soon to be Britain's first Welsh Prime Minister. The Cardiff Technical College was open in Cathays. Roald Dahl - author of many famous children's books including 'Charlie and the Chocolate Factory', 'The Witches', and my personal favourite, 'Danny the champion of the World' - was born on September 13th, in Llandaff this year. 1917 A new fire station was opened in Westgate Street. HMS Cardiff was launched on the Clyde. Cardiff became one of the first places in Britain to employ women as taxi drivers this year. 1918 United States Navy took over the Angel Hotel, renaming it the USS Chatinouka. American troops paraded for the first time ever in the city in July. The memorial lighthouse to Captain Scott was unveiled in Roath Park Lake. Cardiff's representation in Parliament was enlarged when it was increased from one MP to three. 1919 Race riots resulted in the death of three people. Hundreds of Cardiffians died as a result of the 'Spanish 'flu' pandemic which had started in the previous year. Twelve men lost their lives in an oil tanker explosion in Cardiff Docks. The Council ordered water cuts during the long summer drought this year. A statue of Lord Ninian Crichton Stuart was unveiled in Gorsedd Gardens. The first motor buses began running in Cardiff. The Llandaff diocese became part of the new disestablished Church in Wales. Paulo Radmilovich won another Olympic swimming gold medal. Cardiff City joined the Football League. 1921 The census showed Cardiff's population was 222,827, an increase of over 40,000 people in just 10 years. The Capitol Cinema in Queen Street opened and was the largest purpose-built cinema in Britain at the time. Also on Queen Street, the Dominion Building and Arcade were completed. Ninian Park's Canton Stand was opened. The Trades Union Congress held its annual conference in Cardiff for the first time. The chapel at Cardiff Infirmary was built. The fourth Marquis of Bute had a replica of the medieval West Gate built on its former site. The first women jurors in Cardiff were sworn in during January. 1922 The Bute Docks, the Taff Vale Railway and the Cardiff Railway were sold to the Great Western Railway, which for a short time made it the busiest and most important rail system in the world. Cardiff's boundaries were extended to include Llandaff and Llanishen. Splott Swimming Pool were opened this year. Plymouth Great Woods, to the North of Ely, were given to the city by the Earl of Plymouth. 1923 On 13th February, the BBC began Broadcasting in Cardiff from studios in Castle Street with Station 5WA. The Park Cinema was opened. Cardiff Infirmary became the Cardiff Royal Infirmary. Reconstruction work on Cardiff Castle this year included the North Gate being built in Roman style. Cardiff's first Labour MP, Arthur Henderson was elected. Cardiff Golf Club in Cyncoed was opened. The Roman Catholic St Illtyd's College for Boys was opened. [REF] 1924 The widening of Duke Street, and knocking down of old buildings near the Castle, provided much more space for the increasing traffic through the City Centre. Legend has it that Duke Street was named after Robert, Duke of Normandy, who was imprisoned in Cardiff Castle in 1126. BBC studios were opened in Park Place. The first Taff Swim was held between Cardiff Bridge and Clarence Road Bridge, in Grangetown. 1925 The popular Cardiff featherweight boxer Jim Driscoll died, and an estimated 100,000 people gathered along the his funeral route to watch the procession. The Cardiff based Welsh School of Architecture was founded. Cardiff City lost 0-1 to Sheffield United in the FA Cup Final. 1926 Cardiff was one of the many Cities in the UK that fell victim to the nation-wide General Strike in May. The Animal Wall was moved from in front of the castle to its present position opposite Westgate Street. Hailey Park in Llandaff North was opened. 1927 The National Museum of Wales in Cathays Park was opened by King George V. Cardiff City won the FA Cup beating Arsenal 1-0. 1928 The Welsh National War Memorial was unveiled by the Prince of Wales in Cathays Park. The South Wales Daily News of Cardiff ceased publication. Greyhound racing started at the Arms Park and Ninian Stadium, as did Speedway racing at Sloper Road. The Plaza Cinema in North Road was opened. In November hundreds of homes in Cardiff were damaged when a twister hit the city. 1929 A blizzard in mid-February disrupted city life for a week. Hundreds of homes were damaged after severe gales and rain hit the City during the Christmas period. The first movie with sound, The Jazz Singer, was shown at the Queen's Cinema in Queen Street. The Cardiff Board of Guardians, formed in 1836 to administer the Poor Law, was abolished. The Cardiff Evening Post merged with the South Wales Echo. R.G. Hill-Snook gave 26 acres of Wenallt hill to the city. The statue of the third Marquis of Bute was unveiled in Friary Gardens. The use of tramcars in Cardiff began to be phased out. 1931 This year's census showed Cardiff to have a population of 226,937. The Welsh National School of Medicine was founded. Cardiff Airport was opened on Pengam Moors. The Taff Swim was moved from the river to Roath Park Lake because of the widening of Cardiff Bridge. The City's coal export tonnage was in serious decline by this year. Cardiff experienced a deluge in May of this year, which flooded properties on Newport Road. [REF] 1932 The first miners' hunger march from Cardiff to London to protest about unemployment took place. The Grand Theatre in Westgate Street was closed but Cardiff's Little Theatre was founded. Cardiff's Valerie Davies won an Olympic swimming bronze medal. 1933 1934 Cardiff Central Station was re-opened after reconstruction. The first traffic roundabout in Cardiff come into operation at the junction of Cardiff Road and Western Avenue. Dowlais Works on East Moors were improved to make it capable of using iron and steel. 1935 The first RAC Welsh Rally started from Cardiff. The Olympia Cinema (later the ABC) was opened in Queen Street. The isolation hospital on Flat Holm was closed. A fire badly damaged Cardiff Market. 1936 The Western Mail and the South Wales Echo were bought by Lord Kemsley. The first pedestrian crossings in the City came into use in Queen Street and St Mary Street. Speedway racing ended at Sloper Road Stadium. The Odeon Cinema was opened in Queen Street. 1937 Grandstands at both Ninian Park and Ely Racecourse were destroyed by fire in separate incidents. Temperance Town - where the Bus Station in Central Square recently stood - was demolished. Unemployment in the city reached over 20 percent due to the huge drop in shipping in the docks, and the tonnage of coal exported was on a downward spiral. Shirley Bassey was born in Bute Street. The BBC Welsh Home Service in Cardiff was established. The first family planning clinic in Cardiff was opened despite Police opposing the plans. The last town crier of Cardiff, Thomas Kenefick, was appointed this year. 1938 In Cathays Park the Welsh Board of Health building and the Temple of Peace were opened. The National Eisteddfod of Wales was held in Cardiff for the third time. The fourth Marquis of Bute sold a substantial part of his Cardiff landholdings to Western Ground Rents. The first Commonwealth Games gold medals for Wales were won by two Cardiff men. The future US president, John F. Kennedy, visited Cardiff in the summer and attended Mass at St David's Cathedral. Despite worldwide recession, there were 8,300 cars owners in Cardiff. Gas masks were distributed throughout the City in preparation for the impending Second World War. 1939 The flats in Westgate Street were completed. Ely Racecourse was closed. Billy, the Victoria Park seal, died. Her bones are stored in the National Museum of Wales, in Cathays Park. Coal shipments had now dropped to five-and-a-half million tons, a fall of 50 per cent in just 25 years. The first four months of World War Two saw large numbers of private and public air raid shelters constructed in Cardiff. Air raid wardens began patrolling and the Auxiliary Fire Service recruited nearly 3,000 volunteers. In the second year of the war, food rationing was introduced in January. There were a number of raids on the city in which 20 people died. The Royal Ordnance Factory at Llanishen was opened. World-famous show jumping champion David Broome was born in Fairwater this year. 1941 No census data is available for this year at present. I would be grateful if someone could supply this. The heaviest German raid of the war on Cardiff occurred in January when 156 people were killed. Llandaff Cathedral was very severely damaged, Dewi Sant Church in Howard Gardens was destroyed and Cardiff Arms Park was also hit. In a later March raid, some 50 people were killed and St David's Roman Catholic Cathedral was also badly damaged. King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, visited the city after these raids. The small Victoria Park zoo was closed this year. 1942 The first trolley buses ran in the city and the last barge travelled on the Glamorganshire Canal. Six people died in a March air raid. Services were resumed at Llandaff Cathedral in April. 1943 In a German air raid on the city in May 46 people were killed, mainly in the Heath area. Another three were killed in a March attack. The City Council bought the Glamorganshire Canal this year. 1944 Nine people died in Llanishen in March during a German air raid. The last raid on the city took place in May. About 75 per cent of the supplies for the American forces in Europe were shipped out through Cardiff docks following the D-Day landings in June. The docks were so busy at this time that about 15,000 people were employed there. The wartime blackout restrictions were now eased and a gun site on Flat Holm became non-operational. By this time 30,000 homes in Cardiff had been damaged and about 600 destroyed: 345 people, including 47 children, had been killed and over 900 injured, some 430 seriously. This year, Parc Cefn Onn was given to the city by George Williams. 1945 VE Day and VJ were celebrated as World War Two ended. 200 survivors of the 77th Heavy Artillery Regiment returned to the city after four years as prisoners-of-war of the Japanese. 1946 Welsh National Opera put on its first staged productions at the Prince of Wales Theatre. Just one million tons of coal were shipped out of Cardiff this year. The records of many leading coal mining and shipping companies were lost in a fire in the docks which destroyed Merthyr House. The light cruiser HMS Cardiff was broken up. 1947 The ever generous Bute family gave Cardiff Castle and over 400 acres of parkland to the city. The Winter period brought Arctic weather to the City for over six weeks, which made the post-war food and fuel rationing very difficult to maintain. The last case and death from diphtheria occurred in the City this year. The Taff Swim was held in Roath Park Lake after being postponed since 1939. 1948 The Welsh Folk Museum was opened at St Fagans on land given by the Earl of Plymouth. The famous Hayes Island Snack Bar was opened. 1949 Churchill Way was opened with the covering of the Dock Feeder. The Cardiff (later Welsh) College of Music and Drama was founded. A Bishop of Llandaff became Archbishop of Wales for the first time. The first Welsh-language primary school in Cardiff was opened. Castell Coch was given to the state by the Bute family. The last electric tram in Cardiff ran from St Mary Street to Whitchurch Road. The last shipment of coal left Bute East Dock. The world's first regular helicopter service began between Cardiff, Wrexham and Liverpool. Speedway racing was resumed at Penarth Road. A Ministry of Labour office, later a Jobcentre, was opened in Westgate Street. 1951 The census showed Cardiff had a population of 243,632. Sophia Gardens Pavilion was erected. Maindy Stadium was opened. The Glamorganshire Canal was finally closed. Cardiff's boundaries were extended to include Rumney and St Mellons. 1952 The last execution took place in Cardiff Prison with the hanging of Mahmoud Mattan, but his conviction was quashed in 1998 after new evidence came to light. The Wenvoe transmitter was opened bringing BBC television to the Cardiff area. Cinemas were allowed to open on Sundays for the first time. The Prudential Building - now the Hilton Cardiff Hotel - was built. 1953 Cardiff Institute for the Blind on Newport Road was built. Trelai Park in Caerau was opened. Thornhill Crematorium was also opened. The open air market was moved from Hayes Island to Mill Lane. Speedway racing finally ended at Penarth Road. 1954 Cardiff Airport was moved from Pengam Moors to its current home in Rhoose. Sloper Road Stadium was closed. Central Square bus station was opened. 1955 After a 10 year campaign, Cardiff was officially recognised as the capital city of Wales, building on its 50 year contribution as a city. HMS Llandaff was launched on the Clyde. 1956 Cardiff ceased being a fishing port after 70 years. Velindre Hospital in Whitchurch was opened. 1957 The Prince of Wales (now Wetherspoons) closed as a theatre but continued to show films. The former Cardiff Technical College in Cathays Park became the Welsh College of Advanced Technology and later became part of the University of Wales. After 100 years, the Cardiff Times ceased publication. 1958 The Commonwealth Games came to Cardiff for eight days in July, and the Wales Empire Pool was built for the event. Opened in April, it was originally 55 yards long, it was later reduced to 50 metres. [REF] Commercial television arrived in the area with TWW (Television Wales and the West) having studios at Pontcanna. The Labour Party gained control of the City Council for the first time this year. A major redevelopment scheme got under way in Butetown. The Glamorganshire Canal in the city was filled in. The ruins of Herbert House in Greyfriars Road were demolished, and the Pearl Assurance Building (now Capital Tower) was built on the site. 1959 This year Cardiff had its first woman Lord Mayor, Helena Evans. There was no South Wales Echo or Western Mail for six weeks due to a printers strike. Both papers were sold by Lord Kemsley to the Thomson Organisation this year. Manor Way, which runs through Whitchurch, was opened. Tiger Bay, the movie partly shot in Cardiff was in cinemas this year. St David's Roman Catholic Cathedral was reopened after repairs to damage caused by the War. 1960 There was serious flooding at the end of the year when the River Taff burst its banks. The statue of David Lloyd George outside the National Museum was unveiled. 1961 This year's census showed that Cardiff had a population of 283,998. Pubs in Cardiff were allowed to open again on Sundays for the first time since the 1880's. The first betting shops started trading in the City. There was a record crowd of 61,506 at Ninian Park for a Wales-England international. Due to Health and Safety issues, the last Taff Swim was held in Roath Park Lake. After being based in St Mary Street for over 80 years, the South Wales Echo and the Western Mail moved to Thomson House in Havelock Street. The city's first multi-storey car park was opened in Greyfriars Road. Cardiff's first bingo club was opened in on Cowbridge Road in Canton. 1962 A severe blizzard in December interrupted city life. The main building of the University College in Cathays Park was completed. An outbreak of smallpox led to a mass vaccination programme in the city. 1963 The pedestrian subway under the River Ely linking Ferry Road with Penarth was closed. The new Arts Building of the University College in Cathays Park was opened. In Bute Terrace the Gas Board Snelling House - later the The Big Sleep hotel - was completed. The Rover car factory was opened in Tremorfa. This was a sign of the City's change from shipping and exports to becoming more of an Industrial town, due to docks no longer providing employment 1964 The restoration of Llandaff Cathedral after wartime damage was completed. The Welsh Office was established in the former Welsh Board of Health building in Cathays Park. After nearly 150 yearsn of operations, the last coal shipment of just only 229,000 tons, left Bute West Dock before it was closed in August. The first traffic wardens in the city went on duty. James Callaghan MP, became Chancellor of the Exchequer. 1965 The Urdd Gobaith Cymru National Eisteddfod was held in Cardiff for the first time. The Samaritans opened a branch in Cardiff. The Salvation Army's Stuart Hall in The Hayes was demolished. The West Wing extension of the National Museum was opened. Bessemer Road wholesale fruit and vegetable market began trading, after being moved from Mill Lane. 1966 The Dental Hospital at the Heath was opened. The last county cricket match was played at Cardiff Arms Park. The controversial Buchanan Plan for the redevelopment of Central Cardiff was published. 1967 The BBC moved from Park Place to new studios in Llandaff and colour television was broadcast for the first time in the City. The remains of Grey Friars were demolished. Cardiff's boundaries were extended to include Llanedeyrn, Whitchurch, Radyr and Rhiwbina. The 12-storey tower block of the University College in Cathays Park was completed. The first county cricket game was played at Sophia Gardens. James Callaghan became Home Secretary. An extremist bomb badly damaged the Temple of Peace in Cathays Park. 1968 Churchill House office block in Churchill Way was opened. The new police headquarters building in Cathays Park was completed. Cardiff West MP, George Thomas, was appointed Secretary of State for Wales. HTV (Harlech Television) replaced TWW (Television Wales and the West) as the commercial television station for the area. 1969 The Royal Pageant of Wales was held in the city to mark the investiture of the Prince of Wales. The city police force was merged with Glamorgan to form the South Wales Police. Fairwater ski slope was opened. Peacocks were reintroduced to Cardiff Castle grounds for the first time since the War. Glamorgan won the county championship for a second time in a game at Sophia Gardens. 1970 The last trolley bus ran in Cardiff, and buses without a conductor started to come into service. Bute East Dock was finally closed. The first Plaid Cymru councillor was elected to Cardiff City Council. The 25-storey Pearl Building (now Capital Tower) was completed on the site of the former Franciscan friary. 1971 This year's census showed that Cardiff had a population of 293,220. The University Hospital of Wales at the Heath was opened. In order to deal with the massive increase in traffic to the area and the Hospital, the Gabalfa flyover, Eastern and Northern Avenues were opened. The Commercial Bank of Wales was founded by Sir Julian Hodge. The Crest Hotel (now the Holiday Inn) in Castle Street was opened. 1972 The newly straightened River Ely was completed after two years. Bute West Dock was filled. St Dyfrig's Anglican Church was demolished to make place for the City Planning Offices. [REF] Chapter Arts Centre in Canton opened. The National Sports Centre in Sophia Gardens also opened this year. The two cooling towers of the disused Cardiff Power Station on Colchester Avenue (which my Father climbed up in his youth!) were demolished. 1973 The Cardiff-born scientist Brian Josephson was joint winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics. The Inland Revenue tower block in Llanishen was completed. Cardiff General Station was officially renamed to became Cardiff Central. The Westgate Street Fire Station was demolished to make way for a multi-storey car park. 1974 Brunel House (then the regional headquarters of the 'Valley Lines' train service) was opened. The city's main fire station was moved from Westgate Street to Adamsdown, opposite the Prison. Cardiff became part of the new county of South Glamorgan in local government reorganisation, losing the independent 'County Borough' status it had gained in 1889. Cardiff's boundaries were extended to include Lisvane, St Fagans and Tongwynlais. James Callaghan became Foreign Secretary. The Students' Union building was opened in Park Place. 1975 The Welsh College of Music and Drama was moved from the castle after 26 years there, to new premises on North Road. The pedestrianisation of Queen Street began. The first bus lanes were introduced to Cardiff's City centre. Companies House in Maindy was opened. 1976 James Callaghan became Prime Minister. The Panasonic factory in Pentwyn started manufacturing electrical components. [REF] A new Salvation Army hostel was opened in Bute Street. There were water cuts in the Summer due to a prolonged drought. The frigate HMS Llandaff was decommissioned. Cardiff celebrated its 1,900th birthday this year. Cardiff Rugby Club celebrated its centenary. In Splott, a new covered swimming pool was opened. 1977 The last greyhound races took place at Cardiff Arms Park. Welsh Industrial and Maritime Museum was opened in the docks. The first Royal Variety Show in Wales was held at the New Theatre. Seccombes department store (based in Queen Street) closed this year. The Council's City Planning Offices were constructed this year. 1978 East Moors steelworks closed with the loss of over 3,000 jobs, a signal of the end of Cardiff industrial connections. The original Capitol Cinema closed. The 150-year-old Ebeneser Welsh Chapel in the city centre was demolished. A February blizzard disrupted the city. Many of the mature trees in Cathays Park had to be cut down because of an outbreak of Dutch elm disease. The National Eisteddfod of Wales was held in Cardiff for the fifth time. The city's first Welsh language comprehensive school, Ysgol Glantaf, was opened in Llandaff North. The Western Leisure centre was opened in Ely. At the bottom of Cathedral Road near Sophia Gardens, Transport House was opened. It now houses the Unite union. 1979 The Welsh Office extension in Cathays Park was completed. Concorde landed at Cardiff-Wales Airport for the first time. A fire in the City Hall dome caused major damage. Serious flooding occurred at the end of the year as the River Taff overflowed again. The third warship called Cardiff was launched in Portsmouth. The Devolution Proposal for Wales was defeated in a referendum. Cardiff voters were against the idea of a Welsh Assembly. Commercial radio first started broadcasted in the City. The M4 around the city was completed. The new Llandaff Bridge over the Taff was opened. Llandaff Cathedral a demonstration took place in protest at the ordination of the first woman deacon. 1981 This year's census showed that Cardiff had a population of 285,740. St Fagans won cricket's Village Championship Trophy at Lords. Cardiff won the WRU Cup Final for the first time. Wales lost to England in the first rugby league international to be played at the Arms Park. The Plaza Cinema in North Road, Gabalfa were closed. A new YMCA was opened in The Walk. The open air market was moved to Bridge Street from Mill Lane. Princess Diana became a city Freeman. 1982 Heavy snow caused the roof of Sophia Gardens Pavilion to collapse. Pope John Paul II made the first-ever Papal visit to Wales in June, celebrated Mass in Pontcanna Fields and was made a Freeman of Cardiff. The giant wooden structure that he spoke from was built in the months before and left unguarded. It was burnt down weeks before the Pope's visit, then rebuilt quickly with security guards protecting it until the Pope's visit. [REF] The Welsh-language television channel S4C was established in the city. St David's Centre was opened followed by St David's Hall. In Ely, Crosswell's Brewery closed. Two Cardiff-based journals, Rebecca and Arcade, both ceased publication. A flood protection scheme was inaugurated in April to protect the City from the River Taff. In Pentwyn, the private BUPA Hospital was opened. 1983 The Cory Hall and the YMCA in Station Terrace were demolished. Cardiff Singer of the World competition was launched by the BBC in St David's Hall. The Ely Link section of the Peripheral Distributor Road and the East Moors viaduct with the South way Link were opened. A major reconstruction of the Central Square Bus Station was completed. Valley Lines took over from the Taff Vale Railway to operate train services in Cardiff and the Vale. 1984 Guildford Crescent Baths, now the site of the Ibis Hotel, were closed. The National Stadium, Cardiff Arms Park, was opened. This was the last year in which corporal punishment was allowed in schools in Cardiff. The Celtic Film and Television Festival was held in Cardiff this year - the first time that Wales had hosted the event. The Prince of Wales Theatre became a disco. 1985 Cardiff Heliport was opened on East Moors. Red Dragon Radio took over Cardiff Broadcasting as the principle commercial radio station in Cardiff. The first Techniquest exhibition centre was opened in Castle Street. A well-known shipping company, Reardon Smith, went out of business this year after 80 years in the port. 1986 Wales National Ice Rink was opened and Cardiff Devils ice hockey team formed. The Royal Mail sorting office was moved from Westgate Street to Penarth Road. British Rail introduced the City Line between Coryton and Radyr. In the Hayes, the Holiday Inn - now the Marriott Hotel - was opened. 1987 Cardiff Bay Development Corporation was established to transform largely derelict land in the south of the city, which was to become Cardiff Bay. Queen's West shopping arcade and the St David's open-air Market were opened. David Bowie fronted the first music concert held in the Arms Park. 1988 The Grangetown Link was constructed. The new County Hall was completed at Atlantic Wharf - the first building in the new Cardiff Bay. The Central Library was moved to new premises in St David's Link. HTV moved its studios from Pontcanna to Culverhouse Cross. Techniquest moved from the city centre to the Bay. In July, Michael Jackson, on his Bad World Tour, fronted a concert in the Cardiff Arms Park, to a crowd of 55,000 people. [REF] The University College merged with the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology to form the University of Wales, Cardiff. Cardif-born Colin Jackson won an Olympic silver medal. The lighthouse on Flat Holm ceased being manned after 250 years as it switched to automatic control. Wales's first ten-pin bowling centre was opened on Newport Road. Cardiff, already well known for producing quality animation, played host to the British Animation Awards. 1989 Leckwith Athletics Stadium was opened. The Cardiff Bay Hotel (in the late 90's the Hanover Hotel, now the Novotel Hotel) was opened, which had carefully been built into an old dockside railway warehouse. The Wales on Sunday newspaper was launched. The Central Link Road from Adam Street (Adamsdown) came into use. The Bank of Wales building on Kingsway was completed. 'The Tube' - a tourist attraction and visitor centre in Cardiff Bay, was opened this year. Jury's Hotel in Mary Ann Street was opened. The Capitol shopping centre was also opened. A Rolling Stones concert was held at Cardiff Arms Park. The Magistrates' Courts in Fitzalan Place were opened in March. 1991 The census showed that Cardiff's population had risen to 296,900. Rising racial tensions on the estate of Ely came to a head, and the ensuing 'Ely Riots' were the result. The reported trigger for those riots was a dispute between two shopkeepers, one Asian, who had starting to sell bread which was seen to be taking trade away from the other. The escalation of the riots, which took place at the top end of Wilson Road, were fuelled by high unemployment and crime. In addition to this, immigrants were being given housing in the area, and the local residents argued that the Council were allegedly treating locals on the housing waiting list as non-priority cases. [REF] The Norwegian Church was moved to its present position in Cardiff Bay. 1992 Cardiff's first multi-screen cinema, the five screen Odeon in Queen Street, was opened this year. In August, Michael Jackson, on his Dangerous World Tour, fronted a concert in the Cardiff Arms Park, to a crowd of 50,000 people. [REF] 1993 The Dalai Lama of Tibet visited Cardiff in May. The Queen opened the Courtyard Galleries in the National Museum and the Cardiff International Arena. Lennox Lewis beat Frank Bruno at Cardiff Arms Park. The Celtic Ring sculpture was unveiled in Cardiff Bay to mark the start of the 55-mile-long Taff Trail between Cardiff and Brecon. Cardiff City won the Welsh Cup for the 22nd time. 1994 One million passengers were handled in a year for the first time at Cardiff Airport. The weekday South Wales Echo changed from broadsheet size to tabloid. Construction began on the Cardiff Bay barrage. The Station Hotel (once the Merchant Navy Hotel) near the Central Station was demolished. The Pentwyn link road to the M4 was opened in June. The Celtic Challenger, the last ocean-going ship registered in Cardiff, sailed on its maiden voyage. 1995 The Bute Tunnel and the Taff Viaduct were opened in March. Harry Ramsden's fish restaurant welcomed its first customers in October. A new building housing the revamped Techniquest proved to be very successful. Nippon Electric Glass located a plant in the Bay. Sunday shopping was introduced in Cardiff. The Cafe Quarter in Mill Lane opened. Plans for a Cardiff Bay Opera House were rejected - but performing arts would still have a home in the Bay when the Wales Millennium Centre was built a few years later. The Welsh National Tennis Centre, Ocean Way, was opened on the site of the former East Moors Steel and Iron works. Nicky Piper of Ely won two titles in the city - the World Boxing Organisation's Intercontinental and the Commonwealth light-heavyweight titles. 1996 Local government reorganisation saw Cardiff revert to the unitary status it had enjoyed from 1889 to 1974, which meant it was now a County of its own, and a Capital City. Cardiff's boundaries were extended to take in Creigiau, Pentyrch and Gwaelod-y-Garth. The Merchant Navy Memorial was unveiled in Cardiff Bay. A Tina Turner concert was held in Cardiff Arms Park. 1997 A 26-lane ten-pin bowling Hollywood Bowl and the 3,000 seat 12-screen UCI Cinema opened in the Atlantic Wharf Leisure Village in Cardiff Bay. A new retail park was also opened in the Bay, and is home to Asda, Argos, and Ikea amongst others. Cardiff increased its representation in Parliament from three to four MPs, one of whom was the city's first woman MP, Julie Morgan. The Royal Ordnance Factory at Llanishen, where parts for British nuclear warheads had been made was closed by the Ministry of Defence. Cardiff Devils won ice hockey's Superleague title. A statue of the champion boxer 'Peerless' Jim Driscoll was unveiled in Bute Terrace, while a statue of Billy the seal was unveiled in Victoria Park. In September, Cardiff again voted against the establishment of a National Assembly for Wales. Barry Jones of Cardiff won the World Boxing Organisation's super-featherweight title in the city. In Adam Street, the new Territorial Army centre was opened after the old TA building near the Millennium Stadium was demolished. 1998 The most important diplomatic event in Cardiff's history to date occurred in June when the city was host to the European Union summit meeting. President Nelson Mandela of South Africa visited the city during the meeting and was made a Freeman of Cardiff. Cardiff was also visited by the Emperor and Empress of Japan in May. Bank One International of Chicago decided on Cardiff as the site of its European headquarters. The Welsh Industrial and Maritime Museum in the Bay was closed after 21 years to make way for the Mermaid Quay complex. The museum was transferred to Swansea. The Wales Empire Pool was demolished after 40 years as the site was needed for the Millennium Stadium development. The city's second Welsh-language comprehensive school was opened at Plasmawr. The Cardiff-based band Catatonia were enjoying their success this year, while 12-year-old Cardiffian soprano Charlotte Church, was a huge success with her first CD. Red Dragon radio station was sold to Capitol Radio of London. 1999 Cardiff City celebrated its centenary. The final stages of the Rugby Union World Cup were held in the Millennium Stadium. In the opening game at the stadium in June, Wales defeated the world champions, South Africa for the first time. St David's Hotel in the Bay and the Hilton Cardiff in the city centre, both 5-star hotels, were opened. The election of the first National Assembly for Wales took place in May. The Cardiff Bay barrage was completed after over five years' work to create a permanent fresh water lake and provide eight miles of waterfront. In the centre of the city there was a major refurbishment of the Central Station. The Centre for Visual Arts was opened in the converted Old Library. Ely Paper Mill closed after over 130 years with the loss of almost 500 jobs. There were now almost 20,000 university students studying in the city. The Mermaid Quay leisure complex was opened. The new mile-long Bute Avenue connected the city centre with its new waterfront. In March, regardless of the public outrage, Cardiff Royal Infirmary closed, and the emergency services transferred to a brand new state of the art emergency unit on the University Hospital of Wales campus. 2010 - 2019 ¦ 2020 - 2029 2000 In December, Businesses and deprived communities in Cardiff, were approved to receive a share of about £70,000,000 of the Objective 2 European Funding programme for South East Wales. Welsh peer Lord Cledwyn of Penrhos was given the Freedom of Cardiff City in December. Lord Cledwyn had previously supported Cardiff to become Capital of Wales in the 1950's, and campaigned for the City to be the home of the Welsh Assembly, in 1998. Lord Cledwyn passed away in 2001. 2001 This year's census showed that Cardiff had a population of 305,353. Welsh singing sensation Tom Jones, performed to a huge crowd from inside Cardiff Castle. 7.5 million pounds worth of Televisions and Microwaves were destroyed in a fire at Panasonics' Warehouse in Pentwyn. The County Council's free newspaper, the Capital Times, conducted a major survey in Cardiff asking residents about what they thought about the City. The second survey of its kind, revealed that an overwhelming 97 percent of respondents rated Cardiff a good or very good place to live. During the construction of the new Wembley Stadium, the Millennium Stadium hosted the FA Cup final for six years, beginning in 2001 and ending in 2006 In November, The Cardiff Bay Barrage won the best civil engineering scheme in The Concrete Society's 2001 awards in London. This was the Barrage's fourth major award. 2002 Cardiff celebrated the Queen's Golden Jubilee in June. Cardiff was one of six UK cities short listed to be the 2008 European Capital of Culture. Liverpool eventually won the title. 2003 In December, Arriva Train Wales took over the train service franchise in South Wales - this signalled the end of Valleylines which had faithfully served the South Wales area since 1983. Cardiff University and the University of Wales College of Medicine merged this year. The merger created nearly 3,000 jobs, and became the home to more than 20,000 students. Plans to build Cardiff's £700 million International Sports Village were given the green light, five years after the Empire Pool was demolished. 2004 BBC Wales started filming the first new series of Doctor Who for 16 years, in Cardiff this year. Queens Arcade, the Hayes, and the UGC Cinema in Mary Ann Street were some of the landmarks that could be spotted in the very first episode. The Wales Millennium Centre for the performing arts was opened. 2005 This year Cardiff celebrated its 100th year as a City, and 50th Year as Capital of Wales. Popes Photo Service in Canton, closed its doors for the last time at the end of the year, after 81 years of trading. After just 11 years in Cardiff Bay, Nippon Electric Glass (NEG), which made old style TV screens, closed down this year due to a severe drop in demand, fuelled by the lower cost of LCD and Plasma Screen technology which are fast becoming the standard. After 125 years in trading, once of the few remaining family owned stores in Cardiff, David Morgans, closed in January of this year. The City Planning Offices were demolished. The site was been empty for 9 years, but developments are taking place in 2015 2006 The first works began in the Hayes for the new development of the St. David's 2 project. The 120 year-old Central Hotel at the end of St. Mary Street was demolished after the building was damaged beyond repair, as a result of a serious fire in 2005. A new hotel was constructed on the site. Sophia Gardens joined an exclusive list of just 8 venues able to hold Test Matches. The home of the Glamorgan County Cricket Club is also the only venue in Wales, the other 7 being in England. On 1st March 2006 (St. David's Day) Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II arrived in a snow covered Cardiff to open the new debating chamber for the Welsh Assembly. The old Docks (now Cardiff Bay) branch of Barclays Bank in Mount Stuart Square closed it's doors to customers after serving the community for over 125 years. All was not lost as the bank moved to Mermaid Quay to take advantage of improved access. Barclays' former building (the 'Exchange Building') is still empty, and its listed status prevents it from being demolished. Cardiff was one of many cities in the UK that sweltered during a three week heat wave that broke temperature records across Wales. There were also water shortages still in force from the warm winter, which led to water supplies in Cardiff being temporarily affected. The Main Post Office in the Oxford Arcade (The Hayes) served its final customers on 9th August. The office moved to a new site in the Queens Arcade shopping centre (off Queen Street), which had been created with a Royal Mail investment of over £1 million. The move helped make way for the £650m St. David's 2 redevelopment of the City Centre. In December, South West England and South Wales bore the brunt of a number of successive Winter Storms, which damaged homes, brought down power lines, delayed transport networks and uprooted many trees in Cardiff. 2007 Seeing in the New Year across the UK were more 80mph gales. After a brief respite of a few weeks, Cardiff had one of it's heaviest snowfalls in decades in mid February which lasted for two days and got up to 8 inches in many places. Also in February, demolition began of the Southern end of the Hayes and Oxford Arcade, not long after the nearby Toys 'Я' Us was razed to the ground. On April 2nd, the National Assembly for Wales introduced a ban on smoking in public places, and places of work. 2008 In October, Cardiff Bay was rocked by a large 'explosion' created by the destruction of the fictional base in BBC Wales' sci-fi drama, Torchwood. [REF] 2009 Sophia Gardens hosted the Ashes Test match between England and Australia. In October, the Victorian Public Toilets in the Hayes were closed for a 7-week long restoration, costing £148,000. [REF] In April, Cardiff’s first water buses celebrated their 10th anniversary. [REF] 2011 This year's census showed that Cardiff had a population of 346,000. [REF] 2012 On the 19th January, the International Organisation for Standards has re-classified the nation of Wales as a Country instead of a Principality. This means that Cardiff is officially the capital of a Country, rather than a Principality. [REF] In April, the popular archaeology programme Time Team was invited by Caerau and Ely Rediscovering Heritage Project (CAER), to help dig and uncover the mysteries of Caerau's ancient hillfort. Finds included 3,000 year old homes and artefacts. [REF] After years of campaigning, the Vulcan Pub in Adamsdown was closed down this year. It had served customers for over 100 years. Fortunately, the building was carefully deconstructed rather than demolished, ready for restoration and rebuilding at the St Fagans National History Museum. 2013 The city's main fire station in Adamsdown, was demolished. A smaller, but more advanced station was built next door to the huge student accommodation complex, which was constructed on the site of the old station. The New Addie and the Splottlands pubs in Adamsdown were closed down. 2014 September saw a historic NATO summit come to Newport, South Wales. President Obama, Chancellor Merkel and President Hollande attended along with leaders and senior ministers from around 60 other countries. Part of the proceedings saw delegates from the 28 Nato nations dining together in Cardiff Castle, following the first day of the summit at the Celtic Manor. [REF] In October, the first meeting of the 'Save the Coal Exchange Working Group' took place. This action group, formed by Labour MP for Cardiff South and Penarth, Stephen Doughty, is calling on urgent action to secure the future of the historic Coal Exchange building in Mount Stuart Square. [REF] In December, the Victorian Public Toilets in the Hayes were reopened after Cardiff Council closed them the previous year. By scanning QR barcodes at the top of the toilets' steps with their smartphones, people can learn more about their history. [REF] 2015	i don't know
OVER SHREWD FAT is an anagram of which Welsh town?	Stephen Crabb gets Wales secretary job - BBC News BBC News Stephen Crabb gets Wales secretary job 15 July 2014 Read more about sharing. Close share panel Media captionStephen Crabb takes over the top role after a period as junior minister in the Wales Office Stephen Crabb MP has been appointed as Welsh secretary, after the serving minister David Jones was sacked. The Preseli Pembrokeshire MP was Mr Jones's deputy, but was promoted in a cabinet reshuffle. Mr Crabb said he was "very pleased" and would be "working hard for Wales" and was described by First Minister Carwyn Jones as "pragmatic and reasonable". Vale of Glamorgan MP Alun Cairns takes over as junior minister at the Wales Office . Shortly after leaving Downing Street Mr Crabb - who had been widely tipped to replace Clwyd West MP David Jones - paid tribute to his predecessor. He tweeted: "I will build on the excellent work of David Jones. He achieved so much during his time as Welsh secretary & leaves a strong legacy to Wales." Image copyright Twitter In further tweets, he said: "Wales deserves the best and I look forward to providing a strong voice for Wales around the Cabinet table." He said it was a "huge privilege" to join the cabinet. Mr Crabb added: "This Gov is ambitious for Wales, working to ensure Wales at front of the economic recovery". Entering Gwydyr House, the Whitehall headquarters of the Wales Office, Mr Crabb said he was "looking forward to getting on with the job right now". David Jones was seen by Labour ministers in Cardiff as someone instinctively hostile to devolution, and during First Minister's Questions Carwyn Jones said he now hoped for a "new approach and a new attitude" from the Wales Office. Image caption Stephen Crabb met David Cameron at Downing Street on Tuesday "I do have to say that I know that my colleagues have dealt with the new secretary of state in the past and have found him to be pragmatic and reasonable, if I can put it that way, remembering of course the obvious political difficulties and differences that are there..." Welsh Conservative leader Andrew RT Davies congratulated his "close colleague" on his promotion. Mr Davies has had a number of public disagreements with David Jones, including over the form of income tax raising powers UK ministers are making available to the Welsh assembly. "Stephen Crabb has been an effective and hardworking minister and will be a powerful advocate for Wales around the cabinet table," said Mr Davies. Analysis By David CornockBBC Wales Parliamentary correspondent And now it's official, as the newspapers used to say... Shadow Welsh Secretary Owen Smith urged Mr Crabb to "break free" from what he called the "ceaseless negativity" of his predecessors' attitude to Wales and the Welsh government. The new secretary of state should "go into the new job with the aim of standing up for our nation, rather than indulging in politicised attacks on Wales, with the aim of winning votes in England", said Mr Smith. Raised by a single parent in a council house, Stephen Crabb was first elected as Preseli Pembrokeshire MP in 2005 and re-elected in 2010. He previously a government whip and David Jones's deputy at the Wales Office. Mr Crabb grew up in Haverfordwest and attended the town's Tasker Milward School. Image caption Stephen Crabb entering the Wales Office as secretary of state for the first time Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire MP Simon Hart MP said: "From my point of view as a Pembrokeshire colleague I think it will put a bit of an important spotlight on our part of south west Wales. "All the years I've known Stephen, he's got a very shrewd brain. He understands business, he understands politics, he understands Wales and I think he will bring just a nice refreshing and different approach to the way politics is seen in Wales." Mr Jones had succeeded his former Wales Office boss, Cheryl Gillan, in September 2012, and was the 16th secretary of state and the first to have been an AM, having sat in the Welsh assembly from 2002 to 2003. Former Cardiff barrister Robert Buckland, MP for Swindon, has been made Solicitor General in the reshuffle.	Haverfordwest
Listed at number 96 in the Periodic Table, which chemical element has the symbol Cm?	Stephen Crabb gets Wales secretary job - BBC News BBC News Stephen Crabb gets Wales secretary job 15 July 2014 Read more about sharing. Close share panel Media captionStephen Crabb takes over the top role after a period as junior minister in the Wales Office Stephen Crabb MP has been appointed as Welsh secretary, after the serving minister David Jones was sacked. The Preseli Pembrokeshire MP was Mr Jones's deputy, but was promoted in a cabinet reshuffle. Mr Crabb said he was "very pleased" and would be "working hard for Wales" and was described by First Minister Carwyn Jones as "pragmatic and reasonable". Vale of Glamorgan MP Alun Cairns takes over as junior minister at the Wales Office . Shortly after leaving Downing Street Mr Crabb - who had been widely tipped to replace Clwyd West MP David Jones - paid tribute to his predecessor. He tweeted: "I will build on the excellent work of David Jones. He achieved so much during his time as Welsh secretary & leaves a strong legacy to Wales." Image copyright Twitter In further tweets, he said: "Wales deserves the best and I look forward to providing a strong voice for Wales around the Cabinet table." He said it was a "huge privilege" to join the cabinet. Mr Crabb added: "This Gov is ambitious for Wales, working to ensure Wales at front of the economic recovery". Entering Gwydyr House, the Whitehall headquarters of the Wales Office, Mr Crabb said he was "looking forward to getting on with the job right now". David Jones was seen by Labour ministers in Cardiff as someone instinctively hostile to devolution, and during First Minister's Questions Carwyn Jones said he now hoped for a "new approach and a new attitude" from the Wales Office. Image caption Stephen Crabb met David Cameron at Downing Street on Tuesday "I do have to say that I know that my colleagues have dealt with the new secretary of state in the past and have found him to be pragmatic and reasonable, if I can put it that way, remembering of course the obvious political difficulties and differences that are there..." Welsh Conservative leader Andrew RT Davies congratulated his "close colleague" on his promotion. Mr Davies has had a number of public disagreements with David Jones, including over the form of income tax raising powers UK ministers are making available to the Welsh assembly. "Stephen Crabb has been an effective and hardworking minister and will be a powerful advocate for Wales around the cabinet table," said Mr Davies. Analysis By David CornockBBC Wales Parliamentary correspondent And now it's official, as the newspapers used to say... Shadow Welsh Secretary Owen Smith urged Mr Crabb to "break free" from what he called the "ceaseless negativity" of his predecessors' attitude to Wales and the Welsh government. The new secretary of state should "go into the new job with the aim of standing up for our nation, rather than indulging in politicised attacks on Wales, with the aim of winning votes in England", said Mr Smith. Raised by a single parent in a council house, Stephen Crabb was first elected as Preseli Pembrokeshire MP in 2005 and re-elected in 2010. He previously a government whip and David Jones's deputy at the Wales Office. Mr Crabb grew up in Haverfordwest and attended the town's Tasker Milward School. Image caption Stephen Crabb entering the Wales Office as secretary of state for the first time Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire MP Simon Hart MP said: "From my point of view as a Pembrokeshire colleague I think it will put a bit of an important spotlight on our part of south west Wales. "All the years I've known Stephen, he's got a very shrewd brain. He understands business, he understands politics, he understands Wales and I think he will bring just a nice refreshing and different approach to the way politics is seen in Wales." Mr Jones had succeeded his former Wales Office boss, Cheryl Gillan, in September 2012, and was the 16th secretary of state and the first to have been an AM, having sat in the Welsh assembly from 2002 to 2003. Former Cardiff barrister Robert Buckland, MP for Swindon, has been made Solicitor General in the reshuffle.	i don't know
Released in 1965, who was the director of the film 'The Sound of Music'	The Sound of Music (1965) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) G \| A woman leaves an Austrian convent to become a governess to the children of a Naval officer widower. Director: Robert Wise Writers: George Hurdalek (with the partial use of ideas by) (as Georg Hurdalek), Howard Lindsay (from the stage musical book by) \| 2 more credits » Stars: From $13.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 27 titles created 14 Dec 2013 a list of 44 titles created 19 Jan 2014 a list of 36 titles created 05 Oct 2015 a list of 39 titles created 12 Dec 2015 a list of 30 images created 1 month ago Title: The Sound of Music (1965) 8/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won 5 Oscars. Another 12 wins & 13 nominations. See more awards » Videos A magical nanny helps bring the two children she's in charge of closer to their father through songs and magical adventures. Director: Robert Stevenson A misogynistic and snobbish phonetics professor agrees to a wager that he can take a flower girl and make her presentable in high society. Director: George Cukor Young Oliver Twist runs away from an orphanage and meets a group of boys trained to be pickpockets by an elderly mentor. Director: Carol Reed Directors: Victor Fleming, George Cukor, and 3 more credits » Stars: Judy Garland, Frank Morgan, Ray Bolger A down-on-his-luck inventor turns a broken-down Grand Prix car into a fancy vehicle for his children, and then they go off on a magical fantasy adventure to save their grandfather in a far-off land. Director: Ken Hughes Charlie receives a golden ticket to a factory, his sweet tooth wants going into the lushing candy, it turns out there's an adventure in everything. Director: Mel Stuart Directors: William Cottrell, David Hand, and 4 more credits » Stars: Adriana Caselotti, Harry Stockwell, Lucille La Verne After inadvertently wreaking havoc on the elf community due to his ungainly size, a man raised as an elf at the North Pole is sent to the U.S. in search of his true identity. Director: Jon Favreau When a street urchin vies for the love of a beautiful princess, he uses a genie's magic power to make himself off as a prince in order to marry her. Directors: Ron Clements, John Musker Stars: Scott Weinger, Robin Williams, Linda Larkin An angel is sent from Heaven to help a desperately frustrated businessman by showing him what life would have been like if he had never existed. Director: Frank Capra A young woman whose father has been imprisoned by a terrifying beast offers herself in his place, unaware that her captor is actually a prince, physically altered by a magic spell. Directors: Gary Trousdale, Kirk Wise Stars: Paige O'Hara, Robby Benson, Jesse Corti An 8-year old troublemaker must protect his home from a pair of burglars when he is accidentally left home alone by his family during Christmas vacation. Director: Chris Columbus Edit Storyline In 1930's Austria, a young woman named Maria is failing miserably in her attempts to become a nun. When the Navy captain Georg Von Trapp writes to the convent asking for a governess that can handle his seven mischievous children, Maria is given the job. The Captain's wife is dead, and he is often away, and runs the household as strictly as he does the ships he sails on. The children are unhappy and resentful of the governesses that their father keeps hiring, and have managed to run each of them off one by one. When Maria arrives, she is initially met with the same hostility, but her kindness, understanding, and sense of fun soon draws them to her and brings some much-needed joy into all their lives -- including the Captain's. Eventually he and Maria find themselves falling in love, even though Georg is already engaged to a Baroness and Maria is still a postulant. The romance makes them both start questioning the decisions they have made. Their personal conflicts soon become ... Written by LOTUS73 Did You Know? Trivia Robert Wise went on to direct Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979), while Christopher Plummer appeared in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (1991). See more » Goofs When Maria runs away from the Von Trapp Villa just before the intermission, she's carrying her carpetbag and her guitar, so that means she's taking them with her back to the Abbey. After the intermission, the scene is the children playing ball with the Baroness and then singing a song. Max asks Liesl to get the guitar, and it's the exact same Goya guitar that Maria had. It is highly unlikely me that the Von Trapps just happened to have the same make and model guitar that Maria had. See more » Quotes [first lines] Maria : [singing] The hills are alive with the sound of music / With songs they have sung for a thousand years. / The hills fill my heart with the sound of music. / My heart wants to sing every song it hears.	Robert Wise
What name links a former US President, an actor who starred in the film 'The Dirty Dozen' and a Liverpool footballer who first played for the club in 1974?	'The Sound of Music:' The Story Behind Its 4K Restoration \| Hollywood Reporter 3:19pm PT by Carolyn Giardina 'The Sound of Music:' The Story Behind Its 4K Restoration Courtesy of Twentieth Century Fox The restored version will open the TCM Classic Film Festival with a special screening of the film, which will be attended by Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer. In celebration of The Sound of Music’s 50th anniversary, a restored 4K version of the 20th Century Fox classic will be screened Thursday at the TCL Chinese Theatre IMAX to open the sixth-annual TCM Classic Film Festival. Scheduled to attend are the film’s stars, Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer. Originally released in 1965, the iconic musical had been restored once previously in 2000, when Fox completed a photochemical restoration working with the Academy Film Archive. Director Robert Wise, who died in 2005, had approved that 70mm print. Schawn Belston, executive vp media and library services at Fox Filmed Entertainment, recalled that Wise chose to review the restoration during an Academy screening at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater that he attended along with castmembers who played the von Trapp children — and the director’s response was “celebratory,” as he had no changes. “My take was that [Wise] seemed enormously proud of it,” Belston told The Hollywood Reporter. “He said, ‘It looks better than it did when it was new. I haven’t seen it look like that since the premiere.’ ” Since Wise and cinematographer Ted D. McCord are no longer alive, that restored print was used as the guide for this new 4K restoration, which was supervised by Belston and completed at Burbank-based postproduction house FotoKem (which also happens to be the last remaining motion-picture lab in Southern California).	i don't know
I wondered lonely as a cloud (also known as 'Daffodils') in 1807 and 'Lucy Gray' in 1798 are works by which British poet?	SparkNotes: Wordsworth’s Poetry: Themes, Motifs & Symbols Themes, Motifs & Symbols Themes The Beneficial Influence of Nature Throughout Wordsworth’s work, nature provides the ultimate good influence on the human mind. All manifestations of the natural world—from the highest mountain to the simplest flower—elicit noble, elevated thoughts and passionate emotions in the people who observe these manifestations. Wordsworth repeatedly emphasizes the importance of nature to an individual’s intellectual and spiritual development. A good relationship with nature helps individuals connect to both the spiritual and the social worlds. As Wordsworth explains in The Prelude, a love of nature can lead to a love of humankind. In such poems as “The World Is Too Much with Us” (1807) and “London, 1802” (1807) people become selfish and immoral when they distance themselves from nature by living in cities. Humanity’s innate empathy and nobility of spirit becomes corrupted by artificial social conventions as well as by the squalor of city life. In contrast, people who spend a lot of time in nature, such as laborers and farmers, retain the purity and nobility of their souls. The Power of the Human Mind Wordsworth praised the power of the human mind. Using memory and imagination, individuals could overcome difficulty and pain. For instance, the speaker in “Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey” (1798) relieves his loneliness with memories of nature, while the leech gatherer in “Resolution and Independence” (1807) perseveres cheerfully in the face of poverty by the exertion of his own will. The transformative powers of the mind are available to all, regardless of an individual’s class or background. This democratic view emphasizes individuality and uniqueness. Throughout his work, Wordsworth showed strong support for the political, religious, and artistic rights of the individual, including the power of his or her mind. In the 1802 preface to Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth explained the relationship between the mind and poetry. Poetry is “emotion recollected in tranquility”—that is, the mind transforms the raw emotion of experience into poetry capable of giving pleasure. Later poems, such as “Ode: Intimations of Immortality” (1807), imagine nature as the source of the inspiring material that nourishes the active, creative mind. The Splendor of Childhood In Wordsworth’s poetry, childhood is a magical, magnificent time of innocence. Children form an intense bond with nature, so much so that they appear to be a part of the natural world, rather than a part of the human, social world. Their relationship to nature is passionate and extreme: children feel joy at seeing a rainbow but great terror at seeing desolation or decay. In 1799, Wordsworth wrote several poems about a girl named Lucy who died at a young age. These poems, including “She dwelt among the untrodden ways” (1800) and “Strange fits of passion have I known” (1800), praise her beauty and lament her untimely death. In death, Lucy retains the innocence and splendor of childhood, unlike the children who grow up, lose their connection to nature, and lead unfulfilling lives. The speaker in “Ode: Intimations of Immortality” believes that children delight in nature because they have access to a divine, immortal world. As children age and reach maturity, they lose this connection but gain an ability to feel emotions, both good and bad. Through the power of the human mind, particularly memory, adults can recollect the devoted connection to nature of their youth. Motifs Wandering and Wanderers The speakers of Wordsworth’s poems are inveterate wanderers: they roam solitarily, they travel over the moors, they take private walks through the highlands of Scotland. Active wandering allows the characters to experience and participate in the vastness and beauty of the natural world. Moving from place to place also allows the wanderer to make discoveries about himself. In “I travelled among unknown men” (1807), the speaker discovers his patriotism only after he has traveled far from England. While wandering, speakers uncover the visionary powers of the mind and understand the influence of nature, as in “I wandered lonely as a cloud” (1807). The speaker of this poem takes comfort in a walk he once took after he has returned to the grit and desolation of city life. Recollecting his wanderings allows him to transcend his present circumstances. Wordsworth’s poetry itself often wanders, roaming from one subject or experience to another, as in The Prelude. In this long poem, the speaker moves from idea to idea through digressions and distractions that mimic the natural progression of thought within the mind. Memory Memory allows Wordsworth’s speakers to overcome the harshness of the contemporary world. Recollecting their childhoods gives adults a chance to reconnect with the visionary power and intense relationship they had with nature as children. In turn, these memories encourage adults to re-cultivate as close a relationship with nature as possible as an antidote to sadness, loneliness, and despair. The act of remembering also allows the poet to write: Wordsworth argued in the 1802 preface to Lyrical Ballads that poetry sprang from the calm remembrance of passionate emotional experiences. Poems cannot be composed at the moment when emotion is first experienced. Instead, the initial emotion must be combined with other thoughts and feelings from the poet’s past experiences using memory and imagination. The poem produced by this time-consuming process will allow the poet to convey the essence of his emotional memory to his readers and will permit the readers to remember similar emotional experiences of their own. Vision and Sight Throughout his poems, Wordsworth fixates on vision and sight as the vehicles through which individuals are transformed. As speakers move through the world, they see visions of great natural loveliness, which they capture in their memories. Later, in moments of darkness, the speakers recollect these visions, as in “I wandered lonely as a cloud.” Here, the speaker daydreams of former jaunts through nature, which “flash upon that inward eye / which is the bliss of solitude” (21–22). The power of sight captured by our mind’s eye enables us to find comfort even in our darkest, loneliest moments. Elsewhere, Wordsworth describes the connection between seeing and experiencing emotion, as in “My heart leaps up” (1807), in which the speaker feels joy as a result of spying a rainbow across the sky. Detailed images of natural beauty abound in Wordsworth’s poems, including descriptions of daffodils and clouds, which focus on what can be seen, rather than touched, heard, or felt. In Book Fourteenth of The Prelude, climbing to the top of a mountain in Wales allows the speaker to have a prophetic vision of the workings of the mind as it thinks, reasons, and feels. Symbols Light Light often symbolizes truth and knowledge. In “The Tables Turned” (1798), Wordsworth contrasts the barren light of reason available in books with the “sweet” (11) and “freshening” (6) light of the knowledge nature brings. Sunlight literally helps people see, and sunlight also helps speakers and characters begin to glimpse the wonders of the world. In “Expostulation and Reply” (1798), the presence of light, or knowledge, within an individual prevents dullness and helps the individual to see, or experience. Generally, the light in Wordsworth’s poems represents immortal truths that can’t be entirely grasped by human reason. In “Ode: Imitations of Immortality,” the speaker remembers looking at a meadow as a child and imagining it gleaming in “celestial light” (4). As the speaker grows and matures, the light of his youth fades into the “light of common day” (78) of adulthood. But the speaker also imagines his remembrances of the past as a kind of light, which illuminate his soul and give him the strength to live. The Leech Gatherer In “Resolution and Independence,” the ancient leech gatherer who spends his days wandering the moors looking for leeches represents the strong-minded poet who perseveres in the face of poverty, obscurity, and solitude. As the poem begins, a wanderer travels along a moor, feeling elated and taking great pleasure in the sights of nature around him but also remembering that despair is the twin of happiness. Eventually he comes upon an old man looking for leeches, even though the work is dangerous and the leeches have become increasingly hard to find. As the speaker chats with the old man, he realizes the similarities between leech gathering and writing poetry. Like a leech gather, a poet continues to search his or her mind and the landscape of the natural world for poems, even though such intense emotions can damage one’s psyche, the work pays poorly and poverty is dangerous to one’s health, and inspiration sometimes seems increasingly hard to find. The speaker resolves to think of the leech gatherer whenever his enthusiasm for poetry or belief in himself begins to wane. More Help	William Wordsworth
In the House of Lords, which seven letter word is used by members supporting a motion vote?	William Wordsworth - iSnare Free Encyclopedia William Wordsworth For the Scottish composer, see William Wordsworth (composer) . William Wordsworth Portrait of William Wordsworth by Benjamin Robert Haydon ( National Portrait Gallery ). Born Lyrical Ballads , Poems in Two Volumes, The Excursion , The Prelude , I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 – 23 April 1850) was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge , helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their joint publication Lyrical Ballads (1798). Wordsworth's magnum opus is generally considered to be The Prelude , a semiautobiographical poem of his early years that he revised and expanded a number of times. It was posthumously titled and published, before which it was generally known as "the poem to Coleridge". [1] Wordsworth was Britain's Poet Laureate from 1843 until his death from pleurisy on 23 April 1850. [2] Contents Main article: Early life of William Wordsworth The second of five children born to John Wordsworth and Ann Cookson, William Wordsworth was born on 7 April 1770 in Wordsworth House in Cockermouth, Cumberland, [3] part of the scenic region in northwestern England known as the Lake District . His sister, the poet and diarist Dorothy Wordsworth , to whom he was close all his life, was born the following year, and the two were baptised together. They had three other siblings: Richard, the eldest, who became a lawyer; John, born after Dorothy, who went to sea and died in 1805 when the ship of which he was captain, the Earl of Abergavenny , was wrecked off the south coast of England; and Christopher , the youngest, who entered the Church and rose to be Master of Trinity College, Cambridge . [4] Wordsworth's father was a legal representative of James Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale and, through his connections, lived in a large mansion in the small town. He was frequently away from home on business, so the young William and his siblings had little involvement with him and remained distant from him until his death in 1783. [5] However, he did encourage William in his reading, and in particular set him to commit to memory large portions of verse, including works by Milton , Shakespeare and Spenser . William was also allowed to use his father's library. William also spent time at his mother's parents' house in Penrith , Cumberland, where he was exposed to the moors, but did not get along with his grandparents or his uncle, who also lived there. His hostile interactions with them distressed him to the point of contemplating suicide. [6] Wordsworth was taught to read by his mother and attended, first, a tiny school of low quality in Cockermouth, then a school in Penrith for the children of upper-class families, where he was taught by Ann Birkett, who insisted on instilling in her students traditions that included pursuing both scholarly and local activities, especially the festivals around Easter, May Day and Shrove Tuesday . Wordsworth was taught both the Bible and the Spectator, but little else. It was at the school in Penrith that he met the Hutchinsons, including Mary, who later became his wife. [7] After the death of his mother, in 1778, Wordsworth's father sent him to Hawkshead Grammar School in Lancashire (now in Cumbria ) and sent Dorothy to live with relatives in Yorkshire . She and William did not meet again for another nine years. Wordsworth made his debut as a writer in 1787 when he published a sonnet in The European Magazine . That same year he began attending St John's College, Cambridge . He received his BA degree in 1791. [8] He returned to Hawkshead for the first two summers of his time at Cambridge, and often spent later holidays on walking tours , visiting places famous for the beauty of their landscape . In 1790 he went on a walking tour of Europe, during which he toured the Alps extensively, and visited nearby areas of France, Switzerland, and Italy. Relationship with Annette Vallon In November 1791, Wordsworth visited Revolutionary France and became enchanted with the Republican movement. He fell in love with a French woman, Annette Vallon, who in 1792 gave birth to their daughter Caroline. Financial problems and Britain 's tense relations with France forced him to return to England alone the following year. [9] The circumstances of his return and his subsequent behaviour raised doubts as to his declared wish to marry Annette, but he supported her and his daughter as best he could in later life. The Reign of Terror left Wordsworth thoroughly disillusioned with the French Revolution and the outbreak of armed hostilities between Britain and France prevented him from seeing Annette and his daughter for some years. With the Peace of Amiens again allowing travel to France, in 1802 Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy visited Annette and Caroline in Calais . The purpose of the visit was to prepare Annette for the fact of his forthcoming marriage to Mary Hutchinson. [9] Afterwards he wrote the sonnet " It is a beauteous evening, calm and free ," recalling a seaside walk with the 9-year-old Caroline, whom he had never seen before that visit. Mary was anxious that Wordsworth should do more for Caroline and upon Caroline's marriage, in 1816, when Wordsworth settled £30 a year on her (equivalent to £1360 as of the year 2000). The payments continued until 1835, when they were replaced by a capital settlement. [10] [11] First publication and Lyrical Ballads Wordsworth in 1798, about the time he began The Prelude . [12] The year 1793 saw the first publication of poems by Wordsworth, in the collections An Evening Walk and Descriptive Sketches. In 1795 he received a legacy of 900 pounds from Raisley Calvert and became able to pursue a career as a poet. It was also in 1795 that he met Samuel Taylor Coleridge in Somerset. The two poets quickly developed a close friendship. In 1797, Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy moved to Alfoxton House , Somerset, just a few miles away from Coleridge's home in Nether Stowey . Together Wordsworth and Coleridge (with insights from Dorothy) produced Lyrical Ballads (1798), an important work in the English Romantic movement . It was augmented significantly in the next edition, published in 1802. The Borderers Between 1795-97, Wordsworth wrote his only play, The Borderers, a verse tragedy set during the reign of King Henry III of England , when Englishmen in the North Country came into conflict with Scottish rovers. He attempted to get the play staged in November 1797, but it was rejected by Thomas Harris , the manager of the Covent Garden Theatre , who proclaimed it "impossible that the play should succeed in the representation". The rebuff was not received lightly by Wordsworth and the play was not published until 1842, after substantial revision. [17] Germany and move to the Lake District Wordsworth, Dorothy and Coleridge travelled to Germany in the autumn of 1798. While Coleridge was intellectually stimulated by the journey, its main effect on Wordsworth was to produce homesickness. [9] During the harsh winter of 1798–99 Wordsworth lived with Dorothy in Goslar , and, despite extreme stress and loneliness, began work on the autobiographical piece that was later titled The Prelude. He wrote a number of other famous poems in Goslar, including " The Lucy poems ". In the Autumn of 1799, Wordsworth and his sister returned to England and visited the Hutchinson family at Sockburn. When Coleridge arrived back in England he travelled to the North with their publisher Joseph Cottle to meet Wordsworth and undertake a proposed tour of the Lake District. This was the immediate cause of the siblings settling at Dove Cottage in Grasmere in the Lake District, this time with another poet, Robert Southey nearby. Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey came to be known as the " Lake Poets ". [18] Throughout this period many of Wordsworth's poems revolved around themes of death, endurance, separation and grief. Dove Cottage (Town End, Grasmere) – home of William and Dorothy Wordsworth, 1799–1808; home of Thomas De Quincey, 1809–1820 Marriage and children In 1802 Lowther's heir, William Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale , paid the 4,000 pounds owed to Wordsworth's father through Lowther's failure to pay his aide. [19] It was this repayment that afforded Wordsworth the financial means to marry. On 4 October, following his visit with Dorothy to France to arrange matters with Annette, Wordsworth married his childhood friend Mary Hutchinson. [9] Dorothy continued to live with the couple and grew close to Mary. The following year Mary gave birth to the first of five children, three of whom predeceased her and William: John Wordsworth (18 June 1803 – 1875). Married four times: Isabella Curwen (d. 1848) had six children: Jane, Henry, William, John, Charles and Edward. Helen Ross (d. 1854). No children Mary Ann Dolan (d. after 1858) had one daughter Dora (b. 1858). Mary Gamble. No children Dora Wordsworth (16 August 1804 – 9 July 1847). Married Edward Quillinan in 1843. Thomas Wordsworth (15 June 1806 – 1 December 1812). Catherine Wordsworth (6 September 1808 – 4 June 1812). William "Willy" Wordsworth (12 May 1810 – 1883). Married Fanny Graham and had four children: Mary Louisa, William, Reginald, Gordon Autobiographical work and Poems in Two Volumes Wordsworth had for years been making plans to write a long philosophical poem in three parts, which he intended to call The Recluse. In 1798–99 he started an autobiographical poem, which he referred to as the " poem to Coleridge " and which he planned would serve as an appendix to a larger work called The Recluse. In 1804 he began expanding this autobiographical work, having decided to make it a prologue rather than an appendix. He completed this work, now generally referred to as the first version of The Prelude , in 1805, but refused to publish such a personal work until he had completed the whole of The Recluse. The death of his brother John, also in 1805, affected him strongly and may have influenced his decisions about these works. Wordsworth's philosophical allegiances as articulated in The Prelude and in such shorter works as " Lines written a few miles above Tintern Abbey " have been a source of critical debate. It was long supposed that Wordsworth relied chiefly on Coleridge for philosophical guidance, but more recently scholars have suggested that Wordsworth's ideas may have been formed years before he and Coleridge became friends in the mid-1790s. In particular, while he was in revolutionary Paris in 1792 the 22-year-old Wordsworth made the acquaintance of the mysterious traveler John "Walking" Stewart (1747–1822), [20] who was nearing the end of his thirty years of wandering, on foot, from Madras , India, through Persia and Arabia , across Africa and Europe, and up through the fledgling United States. By the time of their association Stewart had published an ambitious work of original materialist philosophy entitled The Apocalypse of Nature (London, 1791), to which many of Wordsworth's philosophical sentiments may well be indebted. In 1807 Wordsworth published Poems in Two Volumes , including " Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood ". Up to this point Wordsworth was known only for Lyrical Ballads, and he hoped that this new collection would cement his reputation. Its reception was lukewarm, however. Rydal Mount – home to Wordsworth 1813–1850. Hundreds of visitors came here to see him over the years In 1810, Wordsworth and Coleridge were estranged over the latter's opium addiction, [9] and in 1812, his son Thomas died at the age of 6 followed six months later by the death of 3-year-old Catherine. The following year he received an appointment as Distributor of Stamps for Westmorland, and the stipend of £400 a year made him financially secure. In 1813, he and his family, including Dorothy, moved to Rydal Mount , Ambleside (between Grasmere and Rydal Water), where he spent the rest of his life. [9] The Prospectus In 1814 Wordsworth published The Excursion as the second part of the three-part work The Recluse, even though he had not completed the first part or the third part, and never did. He did, however, write a poetic Prospectus to "The Recluse" in which he laid out the structure and intention of the whole work. The Prospectus contains some of Wordsworth's most famous lines on the relation between the human mind and nature: My voice proclaims How exquisitely the individual Mind (And the progressive powers perhaps no less Of the whole species) to the external World Is fitted:—and how exquisitely, too, Theme this but little heard of among Men, The external World is fitted to the Mind. Some modern critics [21] suggest that there was a decline in his work beginning around the mid-1810s, perhaps because most of the concerns that characterised his early poems (loss, death, endurance, separation and abandonment) has been resolved in his writings and his life. By 1820, he was enjoying considerable success accompanying a reversal in the contemporary critical opinion of his earlier works. Following the death of his friend the painter William Green in 1823, Wordsworth also mended his relations with Coleridge. [22] The two were fully reconciled by 1828, when they toured the Rhineland together. [9] Dorothy suffered from a severe illness in 1829 that rendered her an invalid for the remainder of her life. Coleridge and Charles Lamb both died in 1834, their loss being a difficult blow to Wordsworth. The following year saw the passing of James Hogg . Despite the death of many contemporaries, the popularity of his poetry ensured a steady stream of young friends and admirers to replace those he lost. Laureateship and other honours Wordsworth remained a formidable presence in his later years. In 1837, the Scottish poet and playwright Joanna Baillie reflected on her long acquaintance with Wordsworth. "He looks like a man that one must not speak to unless one has some sensible thing to say. however he does occasionally converse cheerfully & well; and when one knows how benevolent & excellent he is, it disposes one to be very much pleased with him." [23] In 1838, Wordsworth received an honorary doctorate in Civil Law from the University of Durham and the following year he was awarded the same honorary degree by the University of Oxford. [9] In 1842, the government awarded him a Civil List pension of £300 a year. Following the death of Robert Southey in 1843 Wordsworth became Poet Laureate . He initially refused the honour, saying that he was too old, but accepted when the Prime Minister, Robert Peel , assured him that "you shall have nothing required of you". Wordsworth thus became the only poet laureate to write no official verses. The sudden death of his daughter Dora in 1847 at the age of only 42 was difficult for the aging poet to take and in his depression, he completely gave up writing new material. Death Gravestone of William Wordsworth, Grasmere , Cumbria William Wordsworth died at home at Rydal Mount from an aggravated case of pleurisy on 23 April 1850, [24] and was buried at St Oswald's Church, Grasmere . His widow Mary published his lengthy autobiographical "poem to Coleridge" as The Prelude several months after his death. Though it failed to arouse much interest at that time, it has since come to be widely recognised as his masterpiece. In popular culture Wordsworth has appeared as a character in works of fiction, including: William Kinsolving – Mister Christian. 1996 Val McDermid – The Grave Tattoo. 2006 Major works Baillie, Joanna (2010). Thomas McLean, ed. Further Letters of Joanna Baillie . Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-8386-4149-1 . ^ Stephen Gill, William Wordsworth: A Life, Oxford University Press , 1989, pp. 422—3. ^ a b c d e M. H. Abrams, editor of The Norton Anthology of English Literature: The Romantic Period, writes of these five poems: "This and the four following pieces are often grouped by editors as the 'Lucy poems,' even though 'A slumber did my spirit seal' does not identify the 'she' who is the subject of that poem. All but the last were written in 1799, while Wordsworth and his sister were in Germany, and homesick. There has been diligent speculation about the identity of Lucy, but it remains speculation. The one certainty is that she is not the girl of Wordsworth's 'Lucy Gray'" (Abrams 2000). Further reading Hunter Davies, William Wordsworth: A Biography, Frances Lincoln, London, 2009, ISBN 978-0-7112-3045-3 Stephen Gill, William Wordsworth: A Life, Oxford University Press, 1989, ISBN 978-0192827470 Emma Mason, The Cambridge Introduction to William Wordsworth (Cambridge University Press, 2010) Mary Moorman, William Wordsworth, A Biography: The Early Years, 1770–1803 v. 1, Oxford University Press, 1957, ISBN 978-0198115656 Mary Moorman, William Wordsworth: A Biography: The Later Years, 1803–1850 v. 2, Oxford University Press, 1965, ISBN 978-0198116172 M. R. Tewari, One Interior Life—A Study of the Nature of Wordsworth's Poetic Experience (New Delhi: S. Chand & Company Ltd, 1983) Report to Wordsworth, Written by Boey Kim Cheng, as a direct reference to his poems "Composed Upon Westminster Bridge" and "The World Is Too Much with Us" External links	i don't know
What was the name of the British Army officer who, in 1953, gained recognition as the leader of the successful British expedition to Mount Everest?	Henry Cecil John Hunt, KG, CBE, DSO, PC (1910 - 1998) - Genealogy Henry Cecil John Hunt, KG, CBE, DSO, PC Birthdate: Husband of Joy Mowbray-Green Occupation: British army officer who is best known as the leader of the successful 1953 British Expedition to Mount Everest. Managed by: Brigadier Henry Cecil John Hunt, Baron Hunt KG, PC, CBE, DSO, (22 June 1910 – 8 November 1998) was a British army officer who is best known as the leader of the successful 1953 British Expedition to Mount Everest. Early life and career Hunt was born in Simla, British India on 22 June 1910, the son of Captain Cecil Edwin Hunt MC, of the Indian Army, and a great-great-nephew of the explorer Sir Richard Burton. His father was killed in action during the First World War. As a child, Hunt, from the age of ten, spent much holiday time in the Alps, learning some of the mountaineering skills he would later hone while taking part in several expeditions in the Himalayas while serving in India. He made a guided ascent of Piz Palu at fourteen. He was educated at Marlborough College, Wiltshire, and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, where he was awarded the King's Gold Medal and the Anson Memorial Sword. After Sandhurst, Hunt was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the King's Royal Rifle Corps (KRRC) in 1930. In 1931, the regiment was posted to India. He was promoted lieutenant in 1933. Despite his background he seems not to have been entirely comfortable with the prevailing social climate of the Raj. He preferred Rugby to Polo, and having already gained fluency in German and French he added Urdu and some Bengali. In 1934 he became a Military Intelligence officer in the Indian Army, with the local rank of captain, and was seconded to the Indian police. At this time the Indian independence movement was gaining ground, and Bengal was particularly affected. Hunt even worked undercover, gathering intelligence in Chittagong whilst dressed in Indian clothing. He returned to his regiment in 1935, having been awarded the Indian police medal. Throughout this period Hunt continued to climb in the Himalayas. In 1935, with James Waller's group, he attempted Saltoro Kangri, reaching 24,500 feet (7,470 m). This exploit led to his election to the Alpine Club and the Royal Geographical Society. He applied to join the 1936 Everest Expedition, but was turned down when an RAF medical discovered a minor heart problem. He married Joy Mowbray-Green on 3 September 1936, and she also took part (along with Reggie Cooke), in Hunt's 1937 Himalayan trip which included reconnaissance of Kangchenjunga, the south-western summit of Nepal Peak, and only the third ascent of the Zemu Gap, between Kangchenjunga and Simvo. Here they saw tracks that one of the party's Sherpas told them were those of the Yeti. 1938 saw a further period of secondment to Military Intelligence, and promotion to substantive captain. Second World War Upon returning to the United Kingdom in 1940, Hunt became chief instructor at the Commando Mountain and Snow Warfare School, Braemar. He returned to regimental duty in 1943 as a war substantive major and acting lieutenant-colonel, commanding officer of the 11th battalion of the KRRC, leading them in the Italian Campaign. In 1944, Hunt received an immediate award of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) for his leadership in bitter fighting on the Sangro river, in addition to his battalion, he commanded attached troops from other arms, and the recommendation for his DSO shows that he was constantly in the forefront of the fighting, organising raids and ambushes to keep the enemy forces on the back foot, and himself leading reconnaissance patrols deep behind enemy lines. In October 1944 his battalion was transferred to Greece, just as the tensions that would lead to the Greek Civil War were becoming evident. In Greece he was appointed temporary brigadier and given command of the 11th Indian Infantry Brigade at Patras. He described attempting to keep the peace between the various factions as, "the most tense and difficult period in all my experience, before or since" For his efforts there he was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in June 1945. In contrast to Italy, he was ordered not to take the initiative, and had to cope with large hostile forces threatening him, and infiltration by armed civilians and increasing numbers of insults to his troops. He kept the situation calm, and when finally allowed to act, and reinforced he planned and executed a successful operation. He then attended Staff College in 1946, followed by various staff appointments in the Middle East and Europe. He was granted the substantive rank of major in 1946, and substantive colonel in 1952. Mount Everest Main article: 1953 British Mount Everest Expedition http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_British_Mount_Everest_Expedition Hunt was employed on the staff at Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) when he received the surprise invitation to lead the 1953 British Mount Everest expedition. It had been expected that Eric Shipton would lead the expedition, as he had led the (unsuccessful) British attempt on Cho Oyu the previous year from which the majority of the climbers were drawn. However, the Joint Himalayan Committee of the Alpine Club and Royal Geographic Society which oversaw British attempts on Everest decided that Hunt's military leadership experience and undoubted climbing credentials would provide the best hope for success. It was felt to be critical that this expedition should be successful as the French had permission to mount an expedition in 1954 and the Swiss in 1955, meaning that the British would not have another opportunity until 1956 at the earliest. Many members of the expedition felt a strong loyalty to Shipton, and were unhappy with his replacement. Edmund Hillary was one of those most opposed to the change, but was soon won round by Hunt's personality and frank admission that the change had been badly handled. Base Camp was established on 12 April 1953. The next few days were taken up with establishing a route through the Khumbu Icefall, and once opened, teams of Sherpas moved tons of supplies up the mountain. A succession of advanced camps were created, slowly forging higher up the mountain. By 21 May, Wilfrid Noyce and Annullu had reached the psychological milestone of the South Col. Hunt had selected two climbing pairs to attempt the summit. The first pair (Tom Bourdillon and Charles Evans) set out on 26 May but were forced to turn back after becoming exhausted high on the mountain. On the same day Hunt himself climbed to 8,350 metres (27,395 ft) with Da Namgyal Sherpa to leave a cache of equipment on the Southeast Ridge for the second summit party. On 28 May, the expedition made its second and final assault on the summit with the second climbing pair. The summit was eventually reached at 11:30 am on 29 May 1953 by the New Zealander Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay from Nepal (Norgay had previously ascended to a record mark on Everest with a Swiss expedition of 1952). News of the expedition's success reached London on the morning of Queen Elizabeth II's coronation. Returning to Kathmandu a few days later, they discovered that Hillary was made a KBE, and Hunt a Knight Bachelor for their efforts. He received his knighthood on his return to London, in July 1953. Further honours were showered on Hunt and the expedition team: the Hubbard Medal of the National Geographic Society, the first time the medal was awarded on a collective basis, though individual bronze replicas were made for Hunt, Hillary and Norgay; the Founder's medal of the Royal Geographical Society; the Lawrence medal of the Royal Central Asian Society; and honorary degrees from Aberdeen, Durham, and London universities. Later life[edit] Hunt returned to active duty in the army, being posted as assistant commandant of Sandhurst. Following his retirement from the army in 1956, when he was granted the honorary rank of brigadier, he became the first Director of the Duke of Edinburgh Award Scheme, a post he held for ten years. In the 1966 Queen's Birthday Honours he was made a life peer for his work with young people. His title was gazetted as Baron Hunt, of Llanfair Waterdine in Shropshire. He also became the first Chairman of the Parole Board, and his advisory work on policing in Northern Ireland led to the Hunt Report with its recommendation for the disbanding of the B-Specials and creation of a purely military reserve force, which was created as the Ulster Defence Regiment. In 1974 he was appointed to the Royal Commission on the Press.[28] He was created a Knight of the Garter in 1979. Lord Hunt died on 8 November 1998 aged 88 in Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire. Bibliography	John Hunt
With which song did Clodagh Rogers represent the UK in the 1971 Eurovision Song Contest?	EVEREST FACTS EVEREST FACTS: Check EverestHistory.com for much more than is listed here... Mt. Everest 8848 meters or 29,029 ft* *Note the National Geographic Society has determined the height as being 29,035 feet. However, this "new" height is not yet determined as official to our knowledge. As the norm with Everest, nothing is simple. Longitude: 86�55�40" E Latitude: 27�59�16" N Nepal Name: Sagarmatha Tibetan Name: Chomolungma Time Line 1841: Sir George Everest, Surveyor General of India from 1830 to 1843, records the location of Everest. 1848: Peak b is surveyed the British, which ruled India; The height is calculated at 30,200 feet from measurements taken 110 miles away. 1852: The Great Trigonmetrical Survey of India determines the Peak XV is the highest mountain in the world. 1854: Peak b renamed Peak XV. 1856: Surveyor Andrew Waugh completes the first height measurement, declaring Everest to be 8840 meters high. (29,002 feet). 1865: Peak XV re-named Mt. Everest to honor Sir George Everest, the Surveyor General of India. Everest is known as Chomolungma in Tibet and Sagarmatha in Nepal. 1903: The Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon, concerned about possible Russian influence inside Tibet, sends Sir Francis Younghusband to ostensibly negotiate "frontiers and trade". The Tibetans refuse to enter negotiations, so Younghusband leads a British Army Expedition to Lhasa. A treaty is eventually signed in September, 1904, after the Dalai Lama flees to Mongolia. 1904: A member of Younghusband's staff, J. Claude White, photographs the Eastern side of Everest from Kampa Dzong, 94 miles away. While not the first photograph of Everest ever taken, it's the first to show any significant details of the mountain. 1907: Natha Singh, a member of the British Indian Survey, obtains permission to enter the Mount Everest region from the Nepalese side. He maps the Dudh Kosi valley - gateway to the southern route up the mountain - all the way to the end of the Khumbu Glacier. 1913: Captain John Noel, a British military officer, travels to Tibet in disguise (at the time foreigners were forbidden in Tibet) to find the best way to approach Everest. He comes to within 60 miles of Everest, only to find his way blocked by an unexpected mountain range that did not appear on his faulty maps. Noel is able to view the top 1000 feet (300 meters) of Everest when it appears out of the shifting mists, a "glittering spire of rock fluted with snow". 1920: The Dalai Lama opens Tibet to outsiders after the political situation involving China and Russia relaxes somewhat. The Royal Geographic Society and the Alpine Club hold a joint meeting to discuss how to proceed with an expedition to Mount Everest. Explorers had reached both the North and South Poles, so the next "feat" was Everest. The Mount Everest Committee is established by Younghusband, and a formal resolution is passed stating that an expedition would take place the following year with reconnaissance as the first priority, (although a summit attempt was not discouraged). A full-scale summit attempt was to be launched the following year in 1922. 1921: The First British Everest Reconnaissance Expedition to the mountain, led by Lt. Colonel Charles Howard-Bury. This is George Leigh Mallory's first trip to the mountain. After spending ten weeks exploring the northern and eastern reaches of the mountain, on September 24, 1921, Guy Bullock and George Mallory were the first climbers to reach the North Col of Everest at an altitude of around 23,000 feet (7000 meters). The northern route up the mountain had now been established. 1922: The Second British Everest Expedition to the mountain, led by Brigadier General C.G. Bruce, following the same route reconnoitered the previous year. George Mallory returns along with climbers George Finch, Geoffrey Bruce, Henry Morshead, Edward Norton, Howard Somervell, and John Noel as expedition filmmaker. On May 22nd, Mallory, Norton, Somervell and Morshead make the first assault, and climb to 26,800 feet (8170 m) on the North Ridge before retreating. On May 23rd, George Finch and Geoffrey Bruce climb up the North Ridge and Face to 27,300 (8320 meters) feet using oxygen. On June 7th, Mallory leads a third attempt on the summit that claims the lives of seven Sherpa climbers in an avalanche below the North Col, the first reported deaths on Everest. 1923: While on a lecture tour in the United States, a reporter asks Mallory why he wants to climb Everest, and Mallory immortally replies "Because it's there". 1924: The Third British Everest Expedition to the mountain, led by Acting Leader Lt. Colonel Edward Norton after Brigadier General C.G. Bruce is indisposed due to a flare-up of malaria. As a result George Mallory is promoted to Climbing Leader. Geoffrey Bruce, Howard Somervell, and John Noel return from the previous year, along with newcomers Noel E. Odell and Andrew Comyn Irvine. 1924: June 4th: After weeks of appalling weather, a string of camps are established on the northern side of the mountain, culminating in Camp 6 at 26,700 feet (8140 meters) on the North Ridge. Norton and Somervell attempt an oxygenless ascent, following an ascending diagonal line across the North Face of the mountain towards the Great Couloir. After Somervell is forced to give up at about 28,000 feet (8500 meters), Norton continues alone, reaching a high point of 28,126 feet (8570 meters) near the top of the Great Couloir, a height record not exceeded by anyone for the next 29 years! 1924: June 8th: George Mallory and Andrew Irvine attempt the summit using oxygen and Irvine's modified oxygen apparatus. Noel Odell, climbing in support below, catches a glimpse of the climbers at 12:50 pm ascending a "great rock step" on the NE Ridge above. According to Odell they were behind schedule but climbing "with alacrity"; the first of many climbers on Everest to go for the summit too late. Odell originally thought he spotted the two climbers ascending the Second Step, but later changed his mind to the First Step when told how difficult the Second Step looked to a later generation of Everest climbers (the 1933 British Expedition). During the 1933 expedition, Andrew Irvine's ice ax is found on the upper slopes of the mountain at about 27,690 feet (8440 meters) and approximately 250 yards (meters) east of the First Step. Eric Simonson's 1999 Mallory & Irvine Research Expedition discovers an oxygen bottle that belonged to the pair near the base of the First Step, and Mallory's remains were found at 26,750 feet (8150 meters), on a line vertically below the ice ax position. No evidence of a successful summit bid has been found, nor have any signs of the two climbers been found above the Second Step, the key to the route. Despite the lack of hard evidence, the debate on whether they reached the summit of Everest continues to this day. 1931: March 19: The Mount Everest Committee is re-established with Sir William Goodenough as Chair. Concerned of the growing reputation of American and German climbers - the latter having gained much experience on Kangchenjunga - the Committee makes inquiries into the possibility of another British expedition to Everest. Eventually the Dalai Lama gives "reluctant permission" so that "friendly relations may not be ruptured". 1933: April 3: First flight over Mount Everest by two British Westland biplanes powered by turbocharged Pegasus engines. The planes take off from Purneah, India. Buffeted by downdrafts and Everest's plume, the flight fails to obtain a photo of the summit when the photographer blacks out due to a ruptured oxygen line. The flight is successfully repeated on April 19th, although the actual summit wasn't flown over this time. 1933: The Fourth British Expedition. A new generation of climbers attempts Everest under the Leadership of Hugh Ruttledge. These new climbers include Jack Longland, Frank Smythe, Eric Shipton, P. Wyn Harris, and L.R. Wager. Along with a powerful and spirited team of Sherpa "Tigers", Camp 6 is established on a ledge half-way up the Yellow Band at a height of 27,300 feet (8320 meters) - the Sherpas wanted to continue higher to a campsite at the base of the First Step, but it is wisely decided that they would not get back to the North Col before dark. Longland leads the Sherpas back down, but they are caught in a fierce and unexpected storm. Longland manages to keep his bearings and keeps the party en route down the spine of the North Arete. During the descent they discover the remains of the 1924 Camp 6, and even find a working battery-operated torch in the debris. May 30th: The first oxygenless summit attempt by Wyn Harris and Wager. Their plan is to reconnoiter Mallory's ridge route, and if not feasible, attempt Norton's Great Couloir route instead. Early in the ascent they find Andrew Irvine's ice ax at 27,690 feet (8440 meters), some 250 yards (meters) east of the First Step. The pair continues traversing below the NE Ridge, but are unable to gain the Ridge via a shallow gully below the Second Step, having missed their only chance to gain the Ridge by ascending a 4th class gully on the north side of the First Step. They continue traversing into and across the Great Couloir, and manage to reach Norton's high point before admitting defeat. June 1st: A second oxygenless attempt is made by Eric Shipton and Frank Smythe. In a truly superhuman effort, they make an attempt after spending two nights in the Death Zone without oxygen waiting for good weather. They follow essentially the same ascending line taken by Wyn Harris and Wager to the base of the First Step, but continue along Norton's traversing Great Couloir route. Shipton is forced to give up a little past the First Step, and Smythe continues alone, crossing the Great Couloir somewhat lower down than his predecessors where the ledges were more favorable. Smythe too gives up at Norton's high point, so the 1933 Expedition ends up unsuccessful. 1934: The eccentric Maurice Wilson attempts to solo Everest, having no mountaineering experience but possessing an inner faith to succeed. Camped at the base of the North Col, Wilson asks his Sherpas to wait ten days for him to return, after which they would be free to leave. He doesn't return, so the Sherpas return to Darjeeling, where Tenzing Norgay reports seeing them with large amounts of money. Wilson's body is later found at approximately 21,000 feet (6400 meters) below the North Col by members of the 1935 Reconnaissance Expedition. He was found in the remains of his tent; apparently he had died while in the act of taking off his boots. How far did he get? No one knows... His body was buried in a crevasse and it periodically resurfaces over the years as the East Rongbuk Glacier continues its steady advance downhill. 1935: Fifth British Expedition (Reconnaissance). A small post-monsoon expedition led by Eric Shipton, that was Tenzing Norgay's first trip to the mountain as a young porter. Expedition members include Bill Tilman, Dr. C.B.M. Warren, E.G.H. Kempson, L.V. Bryant, and E.H.L. Wigram. The expedition concentrates on exploring, surveying, and climbing in the Everest region (where off in the distance they can see that Everest is in perfect condition to climb). The party doesn't reach Rongbuk until early July, where coated in monsoon snow, the mountain is out of condition to climb. Nevertheless, since investigating the possibility of a post-monsoon attempt is one of the charges of the reconnaissance, they establish Camp III at the base of the North Col, where they find the remains of Maurice Wilson. On July 12 they reach the North Col with enough supplies for two weeks. Continuous monsoon snows prevent any further advance up the mountain, so the expedition splits into several groups that engage in an orgy of climbing and exploring in the region before returning to Darjeeling. 1936: Sixth British Expedition with Hugh Ruttledge returning as Leader. Also returning to Everest are Frank Smythe, Eric Shipton, P. Wyn Harris, E.G.H. Kempson, Dr. C.B.M. Warren, and E.H.L. Wigram along with two newcomers, P.R. Oliver and J.M.L. Gavin. Tenzing Norgay returns for his second expedition as a porter. For the first time, lightweight radio sets are taken to Everest. A large, strong, and experienced expedition with many hopes of reaching the top, it failed because of the early onset of the monsoon on May 25th. Interestingly enough, the only two expeditions to Everest that had a late monsoon were the '21 and '35 Reconnaissance! 1938: Seventh British Expedition. Led by Bill Tilman who advocated smaller, less expensive expeditions (although he is convinced to bring four oxygen sets along). Accompanying Tilman are Eric Shipton, Frank Smythe, C.B.M. Warren, P. Floyd, P.R. Oliver, and Noel Odell from the tragic 1924 expedition. Odell is now 47 years old, but extremely fit after climbing Nanda Devi in 1936 with Tilman. Returning yet again as a porter is the persistent Tenzing Norgay. Remembering the early onset of the monsoon suffered by the 1936 expedition, they arrive at Rongbuk early on April 6th and surprisingly find the mountain already clear of winter snow. Three weeks later Camp III is established below the North Col, but the weather is too cold and the party too ill to continue. They retreat to the Kharta Valley to recuperate at the lower altitude. When they returned to Everest a week later, the monsoon had unbelievably broken on May 5th and the mountain was covered in snow. Nevertheless a camp is placed on the North Col, and then Camp 6 is established on a scree slope below the Yellow Band at 27,200 feet (8290 meters). In back-to-back assaults, Smythe and Shipton are turned back by the deep snow, as are Tilman and Lloyd the next day. The expedition fails, but it had proved that a small expedition could place climbers in position for a serious summit bid. 1947: A successor to the old Everest Committee is formed - the Himalayan Committee of the Alpine Club and Royal Geographical Society. 1947: Canadian-born Brit Earl Denman attempts to illegally climb Everest from the North along with Sherpas Ang Dawa and Tenzing Norgay, the latter back after nine years for his fourth attempt on the mountain. After nearly being arrested by a Tibetan patrol en route, the trio reach the Rongbuk Monastery. Using Denman's woefully inadequate equipment, and suffering terribly from the cold, they reach the foot of the North Col but in a terribly weakened condition. After a feeble attempt on the lower slopes of the Col, they admit defeat and turn back. Denman is forced to walk part of the way back to Darjeeling in bare feet after his boots wear out. Amazingly the whole 600-plus mile (1000 km) roundtrip from Darjeeling to Everest and back took only five weeks by foot. 1950: In October the Communist Chinese invade Tibet, and Tibet falls under Chinese rule. Everest expeditions from the North are prohibited. 1950: After a palace revolution in which the ruling Rana family are overthrown, Nepal opens up to the West, partially as a result of the Chinese takeover in Tibet. Foreign expeditions are allowed access to the southern side of Everest for the first time. 1950: Anglo-American Nepal Reconnaissance. Organized and led by the American Dr. Charles Houston and including Bill Tilman. The group enters the Solu Khumbu region - homeland of the Sherpas - and explores to the base of the Khumbu Icefall. Tilman concludes that the route up into the Western Cwm is not a viable one! 1951: Without official permission from Nepal, and only a few months after the 1950 Anglo-American Nepal Reconnaissance, the Dane Klavs Becker-Larsen attempts to climb the Northern pre-war Everest route but via a southern approach. With a party of Sherpa porters and guides, he attempts to enter Tibet via the Lho La, and actually climbs about halfway up before being turned back by rockfall and his lack of experience (it was the first time he had ever used an ice ax!). Undeterred, Larsen crosses the Nampa La instead and reaches the Rongbuk Monastery. Several days later Larsen and two Sherpas attempt to climb the North Col but turn back after yet more rockfall. Larsen wisely gives up the attempt and returns to Nepal. 1951: British Reconnaissance supported by the Alpine Club and the Royal Geographic Society. A post-monsoon exploration led by Eric Shipton with M.P. Ward, T. Bourdillon, W.H. Murray, and New Zealanders Edmund Hillary and H. Riddiford, the expedition was forced to contend with swollen streams, washed-out bridges, leeches, and reluctant porters. On the 22nd of September they reached Namche Bazaar, and three days later left with the objective of scaling the Khumbu Icefall and entering the Western Cwm. From a vantagepoint on the lower slopes of Pumori, they could see that the route up to the South Col looked feasible. Eventually the expedition pushed the route almost completely through to the top of the Icefall before retreating. 1952: Swiss Expeditions sponsored by the Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research Spring Attempt: led by Dr. E. Wyss-Dunant with climbers G. Chevalley, R. Lambert, R. Dittert, L. Flory, R. Aubert, A. Roch, J. Asper, E. Hofstetter, and Tenzing Norgay as Sirdar. The party ascends the Geneva Spur and places Camp VI on the South Col. Camp VII is placed at approximately 27,500 feet (8382 meters) on the SE Ridge. After a miserable night without sleeping bags or a stove, Tenzing Norgay and Raymond Lambert make an attempt using oxygen but fail below the South Summit at an altitude of 28,210 feet (8595 meters), beating Norton's height record by only 84 feet (25 meters)! Post-Monsoon Attempt: led by G. Chevalley with climbers R. Lambert, E. Reiss, J. Buzio, A. Spohel, G. Gross, N.G. Dyhrenfurth. The indomitable Tenzing returns again as expedition Sirdar. Instead of climbing the Geneva Spur, the route is pushed up the Lhotse Face instead, now the standard route. Unfortunately the expedition is fraught with bad luck and the Sherpa Mingma Dorje is killed on the Lhotse Face by falling ice, the first Everest fatality in twenty years since Maurice Wilson. Climbing along with the same party, incredibly a second rope slips on the ice and falls 600 feet (180 meters) to the bottom of the slope. Miraculously no one else is injured. A camp is established on the South Col, but the arrival of winter's bitter cold and fierce gales puts an end to the attempt. The expedition lays the groundwork for 1953. 1952: Rumors of a post-monsoon Russian attempt from the North led by Dr. Pawel Datschnolian, possibly with the hope of beating the Swiss to the top and scoring major propaganda points in an age of Sputnik. There are reports that this expedition left Moscow on October 16th and eventually placed Camp VII at 26,800 feet (8170 meters) before six climbers (including Datschnolian) simply disappeared. The Russians deny the expedition ever took place and the Chinese have never made any mention of it. Interestingly enough, in an interview with the Tibetan Gonbu (also known as Gonpa), a member of the successful 1960 Chinese first ascent of the North Ridge, a "mystery camp" was encountered at 27,900 feet (8500 meters). Located above the Yellow Band, this camp could not have been placed there by any of the British pre-war expeditions. Was the camp placed there by this "mystery" Soviet expedition? 1953: British Expedition and FIRST SUMMIT. Led by Colonel John Hunt and consisting of climbers Dr. R.C. Evans, G. Band, T. Bourdillon, A. Gregory, Edmund Hillary, W.G. Lowe, C. Noyce, M.P. Ward, M. Westmacott, and C.G. Wylie. Returning as Sirdar from the Swiss attempts is yet again Tenzing Norgay. The route through the Icefall is completed by April 22, Camp VI is established at the foot of the Lhotse face at 23,000 feet (7000 meters), and after a lengthy delay, the South Col is reached via the Lhotse Face route pioneered by the Swiss the year before. May 26: First Assault by Evans and Bourdillon from the South Col using closed-circuit oxygen sets. The same day Hunt leads a party of Sherpas from the South Col with the intent to establish Camp IX on the SE Ridge for the second assault party consisting of Hillary and Tenzing. Evans and Bourdillon reach the South Summit at 1 PM at an elevation of 28,750 feet (8770 meters), but are forced to descend due to the lateness of the hour, strong winds, and lack of oxygen. May 29: Second Assault by Hillary and Tenzing using open-circuit oxygen sets. They leave Camp IX at approximately 27,900 feet (8500 meters) by 6:30 AM, and reach the S. Summit by 9 AM. After negotiating the 40 foot (12 meter) Hillary Step, they are the first to reach the summit of Everest, reaching the top at 11:30 AM. After descending to the South Col, they are met by George Lowe where Hillary states: "Well, George, we knocked the bastard off!" 1955: The height of Everest is adjusted by 26 feet to 29,028 feet (8848 meters). 1956: Swiss Everest/Lhotse Expedition led by A. Eggler with W. Diehl, H. Grimm, Dr E. Leuchtold, F. Luchsinger, J. Marmet, F. Muller, E. Reiss, A. Reist, E. Schmied, H. Von Gunten and Sirdar Pasang Dawa Lama. The South Col was reached by the middle of May, and a successful summit bid was done on Lhotse via the very difficult North ridge on May 18 by Reiss and Von Gunten. On May 23 from a high camp at 27,500 feet (8400 meters) on the SE Ridge, Schmied and Marmet reach the summit. The following day Reist and Von Gunten also reach the summit. 1958: Joint Chinese/Russian reconnaissance from the North that reaches 21,000 feet (6,400 meters) below the North Col. The plan was for the two countries to return later for a joint assault, but this expedition never materialized after relations between the two states deteriorate. 1960: Chinese and Tibetan team of 214 men and women, led by Shih Chan- chun, makes the first summit of Everest via the North Col and Northeast Ridge. Long doubted by Western mountaineers because of the lack of a summit photo and the claim of summiting at night, the photos and film the Chinese did release reveal that they at least climbed the Second Step, the key to the route (although Reinhold Messner claims he possesses documentation proving they didn't climb it, so far this evidence has not been produced). The final assault party of Wang Fu-chou, Liu Lien-man, Chu Yin-hua, and the Tibetan Gonbu (also known as Gonpa) assaulted the final 15 foot (5 meter) Second Step headwall using pitons and team tactics. After Liu Lien- man repeatedly falls off attempting to lead the pitch, Chu Yin-hua takes off his boots and socks, and using a shoulder stand climbs the last vertical pitch in bare feet! Exhausted by his effort, Liu Lien- man is forced to halt at 28,600 feet (8,700 meters), but the remaining three climbers make it to the summit where they purportedly leave a plaster bust of Chairman Mao by a rock outcrop. 1960: First Indian Expedition led by Brigadier G. Singh. Climbers Capt. N. Kumar, Sonam Gyatso, and Sherpa Nawang Gombu reach 28,300 feet (8625 meters) just below the South Summit before retreating in a violent storm and driving snow. 1962: Illegal four-man expedition led by the American Woodrow Wilson Sayre following the pre-war British route up the North Col and NE Ridge. Possessing a permit to climb Gyanchung Kang from the Nepalese side, the party ascends the Ngozumpa Icefall with Sherpa support, but then surreptitiously crosses the Nup La into Tibet. Without porters and relying on a grueling schedule of load-shuttling that covers the same ground three times daily, the group reaches the base of the North Col in nineteen days. They climb the North Col, but a fall lands Sayre and partner Roger Hart in a crevasse where they survive the night by wrapping themselves up in a tent. Undeterred, Sayre and Norman Hansen set off the very next day up the North Ridge, but can only climb 1,200 feet (400 meters) in the next two days. Realizing that they are beaten, they turn back but Sayre slips and falls 600 feet (200 meters) down the North Ridge snowfield before stopping. Incredibly, the now emaciated and half-starved expedition is able to return back over the Nup La into Nepal without encountering Chinese patrols. 1962: Second Indian Expedition with Major John Dias as leader. Returning to the SE Ridge route, climbers Sonam Gyatso, Hari Dang, and Mohan Kohli are forced to retreat from a high point of 28,600 feet (8720 meters) because of bad weather. 1963: American Expedition with Norman Dyhrenfurth as leader and including A. Auten, Barry Bishop, Jake Breitenbach, J. Corbet, D. Dingman, D. Doody, R. Emerson, Tom Hornbein, Lute Jerstad, J. Lester, Willi Unsoeld, and Jim Whittaker. A huge expedition, costing almost $400,000 and supported by the National Geographic Society, over 900 porters carry 29 tons of food and equipment to the base of the mountain. Base Camp is established at the foot of the Khumbu Icefall on Mar 21 and the route through the icefall prepared soon after. Jake Breitenbach is killed by collapsing seracs in the Icefall but the expedition continues. The expedition splits into two parties - the West Ridgers and the South Collers. First Assault: May 1 From Camp 6 at 27,450 feet (8370 meters) on the SE Ridge, Jim Whittaker and Sherpa Nawang Gombu reach the summit in strong winds at 1 PM. Whittaker becomes the first American to summit Everest. Second Assault: After a tent at Camp 4W - including occupants - is nearly blown off the West Shoulder by hurricane force winds, Camp 5W is placed in the Hornbien Couloir at the foot of the Yellow Band at 27,250 feet (8300 meters). Tom Hornbein and Willi Unsoeld squeeze their way through the couloir and ascend a 60 foot (20 meter) headwall before emerging onto the upper summit pyramid at 27,900 feet (8500 meters). The pair then traverse across to the West Ridge proper, reaching the summit at 6:15 PM. They are forced to descend the SE Ridge where they meet Jerstad and Bishop who had summited at 3:30 PM. The four men descend to around 28,000 feet (8500 meters) before having to bivouac for the night on the ridge proper. They survive a long, cold night out in the open and descend safely to the South Col the next day. Unsoeld later loses most of his toes to frostbite. The first new route and the first traverse of Everest. 1965: Third Indian Expedition, with Commander M.S Kohli as leader. On May 20, 1965 they succeed when A.S. Cheema and Sherpa Nawang Gombu ascend the SE Ridge. Gombu becomes the first person to summit Everest twice (the 11th and 17th summit). Out of the first seventeen summits of Everest, Nawang had two of them! Additional summits were achieved by Sonam Gyatso, Sonam Wangyal, C.P. Vohra, Ang Kami, H.P.S. Ahluwalia, H.C.S. Rawat, and Phu Dorje. 1966-1969: Nepal is closed to mountaineering during this politically tense period involving antagonists India and China. 1969: Japanese SW Face Reconnaissance Expeditions. In the Spring, a party including Naomi Uemura enters the Western Cwm and probes the lower slopes. The Japanese return in the autumn with Uemura and Masatsugu Konishi, and the route is pushed up the Central Gully to the base of the Rock Band before the expedition returns home, convinced that a full-scale expedition could succeed. 1970: Japanese SW Face Expedition led by the seventy-year old veteran Saburo Matsukata. A massive expedition with 39 climbers, seventy-seven Sherpas and a woman, Setsuko Watanabe. Unable to improve on the previous year's reconnaissance efforts due to poor snow conditions and rockfall, the expedition switches to the standard South Col route. Teruo Matsuura and Naomi Uemura reach the summit on May 11, followed by K. Hirabayashi and Chottare Sherpa on the next day. Watanabe sets an altitude record for women by climbing to the South Col. 1970: Japanese Ski Expedition. Climbing along with the SW Face expedition, Yuichiro Miura skis from the South Col to the bottom of the Lhotse Face on May 6. Reaching speeds of 100 mph (160 kph), Miura slows himself with a parachute but loses control after hitting some rocks. He slides unconscious about 600 feet (200 meters) down the icy slopes, and fortunately stops just short of a huge crevasse. 1971: International Expedition. Norman Dyhrenfurth leads an expedition with thirty climbers from thirteen different countries including Don Whillans, Dougal Haston, Naomi Uemura, Pierre Mazeaud, and H. Bahuguna. This optimistic expedition hopes to simultaneously climb the SW Face and the West Ridge Direct, but is fraught with one- upsmanship, personality conflicts, and organizational problems. Bahuguna is caught out in a storm at Camp 3W. A rescue party climbs up to help him and he is found clipped onto the fixed ropes, missing a glove, his bare midriff exposed to the storm, and his face coated in ice. When it proves impossible to move him horizontally, they try to lower him vertically into the shelter of a crevasse, but the rope runs out before they can reach it a la Tony Kurtz on the Eiger Nordwald. Whillans utters his famous remark, "Sorry Harsh old son, you've had it." The expedition falters after his death, but Whillans and Haston push the SW Face route to 27,400 feet (8,350 meters) before lack of equipment forces an end to the expedition. 1971: Argentine Post-Monsoon Expedition. A post-monsoon expedition where J. Peterek and U. Vitale reach 26,600 feet (8,100 meters) before being defeated by high winds and an unfavorable weather forecast. 1972: European Expedition to the SW Face led by Dr. Karl Herrligkoffer and including climbers Don Whillans, Doug Scott, Hamish MacInnes, Felix Kuen, Adolf Huber, Werner Haim, and Leo Breitenberger. The expedition is plagued by personality conflicts and the withdrawal of many of the climbers, but the route is pushed as high as 27,200 feet (8,300 meters) before the attempt is abandoned. 1972: British SW Face Expedition led by Chris Bonington including climbers Mick Burke, Nick Estcourt, Dougal Haston, K. Kent, Hamish MacInnes, Tony Tighe, and Doug Scott. A post-monsoon expedition confronted with terrible weather, an elevation of 27,200 feet (8,300 meters) is reached below the Rock Band before retreating. Tragically, Tony Tighe is killed in the Icefall during the descent. 1973: Italian Expedition. Another huge expedition with sixty-four members led by Guido Monzino. Helicopters are used to shuttle equipment past the Khumbu Icefall and one hundred Sherpas are also employed. Eight climbers succeed via the South Col Route, including 16 year old Sambhu Tamang of Nepal. It is later revealed that Sambhu was actually 18. Italian Summiters were Rinaldo Carrel , Mirko Minuzzo , Fabrizio Innamorati , Virginio Epis , and Claudio Benedetti . 1973: Japanese Expedition. Led by Michio Yuasa, this large forty- eight man expedition attempted both the SW Face and South Col route. The SW Face party reaches 27,200 feet (8,300 meters) before giving up. Success is achieved on the South Col route when Hisahi Ishiguro and Yasuo Kato reach the summit, the first post-monsoon success on the mountain. 1974: Spanish Expedition attempts the South Col route. A high camp is placed on the SE Ridge, and twice teams were in position for a summit attempt, but both times are defeated by high winds. The second summit team manages to reach 27,900 feet (8,500 meters) before retreating. 1974: French West Ridge Expedition. Led by Gerald Devouassoux, a post- monsoon attempt to climb the West Ridge Direct starting from the Lho La. Because of political considerations, they don't climb the slopes leading up to the Lho La directly, but start from the base of the Khumbu Icefall; the expedition eventually reaches the West Shoulder by September 9. A major lapse in monitoring weather reports prevents them from learning that an unexpected return of warm monsoon weather is about to occur. The tragic result is that Gerald Devouassoux and five Sherpas are swept away in an immense avalanche, after which the expedition is called off. 1975: Japanese Ladies Expedition led by Mrs Eiko Hisana. On May 16 Junko Tabei of Japan became the first woman to reach the summit via the South-East Ridge. 1975: Chinese Expedition led by Shih Chan-chun, leader of the 1960 Chinese ascent, and organized by a "Party Committee" that included Wang Fu-chou, one of the 1960 summiters. A military-style expedition that uses soldiers to carry supplies to the North Col and siege tactics to progressively reposition camps higher and higher up the mountain. A final assault camp is established between the First and Second Steps at 28,500 feet (8,680 meters) by the Mushroom Rock, and the Second Step is prepared with an aluminum ladder to overcome the final vertical headwall pitch. A team of nine climbers - eight Tibetan and one Chinese - reaches the summit on May 27, including the Tibetan woman, Phantog. Phantog becomes the second woman to summit Everest, losing this honor to Junko Tabei by only a few days. She is the first woman to summit from the Tibetan side. 1975: British SW Face Expedition (post-monsoon). Leader Chris Bonington and including H. MacInnes, Peter Boardman, Martin Boysen, P. Braithwaite, Micke Burke, M. Cheney, C. Clarke, Nick Estcourt, Dougal Haston, and Doug Scott. Base Camp is reached on August 22 and Advance Base is established on September 2. The expedition is blessed with good weather and smooth logistics, resulting in the steady placement of camps up the Central Gully to Camp 5 at 25,500 feet (7800 meters). The Rock Band is ascended via a gully on the left side by Estcourt and Braithwaite, who have some sporty moments when their oxygen runs out on dicey pitches at 27,000 feet (8200 meters). The upper icefield is reached via an awkward outward-sloping ramp; Haston and Scott establish Camp 6 a few days later at an elevation of 27,300 feet (8300 meters). The next day they fix 1,500 feet of rope on the upper snowfield, extending the route towards a gully leading up to the South Summit. First Assault: Sept 24: Haston and Scott reach the South Summit at 3 PM after 11 hours of climbing. After preparing a snow cave and drinking a brew, they continue on to the summit which they reach at 6 PM. They descend to the South Summit and bivouac in the snowcave. After a freezing, oxygenless night complete with hypoxic conversations with feet, toes, and imaginary companions, the pair descend to Camp 6 safely, passing the second assault party on their way up. Second Assault: Sept 26: Boardman and Sirdar Pertemba reach the summit and descend in a gathering storm, where they encounter Mick Burke just below the summit. They wait for him as long as possible before descending, but Burke is never seen alive again. He probably made the top but fell off of the heavily corniced summit ridge while descending in the deteriorating conditions. 1978: First Ascent without bottled oxygen: Peter Habeler (Austria) and Reinhold Messner (Italy) 5/8/78 via the South-East Ridge 1978: The first European woman and the third woman to summit Everest, Wanda Rutkiewicz, reaches the top. Wanda goes on to become known as the greatest woman climber ever. 1979: The first woman, Hannelore Schmatz, dies on Everest descending from the Summit after becoming only the 4th woman to Summit Everest. 1979: China opens up the north side (Tibet) again to western climbers. 1979: Andrej Stremfeli and Nejc Zaplotnik Summit via the true West ridge and descend via the Hornbein Couloir on 5/13/79. 1980: First Winter ascent Krzysztof Wielicki (Poland) 2/17/80 1980: Solo: Reinhold Messner (Italy) 8/20/80 via the North Col to the North Face and the Great Couloir. He climbed for three days entirely alone from his base camp at 6500 meters without the use of artificial oxygen via the North Col/North Face route. 1982: Laurie Skreslet first Canadian to reach the Summit. 1983: Lou Reichardt, Kim Momb, and Carlos Buhler reached the Summit via the East or Kangshung face on 10/8/83. 1984: Tim Macartney-Snape and Greg Mortimer reached the Summit via the North Couloir. 1988: Marc Batard, a Frenchman, sets the speed record on Everest on the South East ridge route from EBC to the Summit in 22.5 hours. 1988: The First American Woman, Stacey Allison reaches the Summit of Everest. 1990: First Married Couple to summit together: Andrej & Marija Stremfelj (Slovenia), 10/7/90. 1990: First Son of a summiter to Summit Everest: Peter Hillary (New Zealand) 5/10/90 1990: First father and son to summit together: Jean Noel Roche and his son Roche Bertrand aka Zebulon. They flew together on a tandem paraglider from the south Col. They landed at base camp on the 7th of October 1990. Roche Bertrand was 17 at the time and became the youngest person to ever climb Everest at the time. 1992: First case of two brothers to reach the Summit together: Alberto and Felix Inurrategui September 25, 1992. 1993: The first Nepalese woman, Pasang Lhamu Sherpa, summits Everest but dies descending from the Summit on 4/23/93. 1995: The first ascent of the Northeast Ridge, completed by Kiyoshi Furuno (Japan), Shigeki Imoto (Japan), Dawa Tshering Sherpa, Pasang Sherpa, and Nima Sherpa. 1995: George Mallory, grandson of George Leigh Mallory, reaches the Summit of Everest. 1996: 15 die on Everest, the most in a single year, including the most successful guide of his time, the great climber Rob Hall. 1996: Ang Rita Sherpa (born 1947), Summits Everest for the 10th time. (1983,1984,1985,1987,1988,1990,1992,1993,1995,and 1996 all ascents without bottled oxygen.) 1996: The first ascent of the North-Northeast couloir by Peter Kuznetzov, Valeri Kohanov and Grigori Semikolenkov on 5/20/96. 1996: North Side: Fastest Ascent via the standard North Col-north ridge-north face Route: Hans Kammerlander (Italian) 5/24/96, 16 hours 45 minutes from base camp. He left BC at 6400 meters at 5pm on May 23, 1996 and was on the Summit 16 hours 45 minutes later at 9:45am the next day. He descended most of the route on skis. 1999: May 6, 1999: Babu Chiri Sherpa spent 21 hours and 30 minutes on the Summit of Everest. 1999: George Mallory's body is found by and expedition lead by Eric Simonson. The mystery remains unanswered. 1999: The National Geographic Society revised the elevation of Everest to 29,035 feet (8850 meters). Nepal does not accept the revised elevation. 2000: New Speed Record Nepal Side: Babu Chiri Sherpa ; from Everest base camp to the Summit via the South East ridge in 16 hours and 56 minutes on May 21st, 2000. 2000: Apa Sherpa Summits for the 11th time. 2000: Oldest woman: Anna Czerwinska (born 7/10/49) climbed Everest from Nepal side on 5/22/2000. 2000: First true Ski descent: Davo Karnicar 2001: Roche Bertrand and his wife Claire Bernier Roche flew together on a tandem paraglider from the North side Summit of Everest. The paraglider arrived at ABC 8 minutes later...This first husband and wife to fly from the Summit together !	i don't know
What is the name of the notorious villain who, in 1996, fled to Spain after killing a fellow motorist named Stephen Cameron following an altercation near the M25 motorway?	Gangsters Archives - The Lads Room The Lads Room A Website for the Lads Menu All the information on some of the worlds most notorious gangsters and much more. Posted on John Gotti – “The Teflon Don” John Joseph Gotti, Jr. (October 27, 1940 – June 10, 2002) was an American mobster who became the boss of the Gambino crime family in New York City. Gotti and his brothers grew up in poverty and turned to a life of crime at an early age. Operating out of the Ozone Park neighborhood of Queens, Gotti quickly rose to prominence, becoming one of the crime family’s biggest earners and a protégé of Gambino family underboss Aniello Dellacroce. After the FBI indicted members of Gotti’s crew for selling narcotics, Gotti took advantage of growing dissent over the leadership of the crime family. Fearing he would be killed along with his brother and best friend by Gambino crime family boss Paul Castellano for selling drugs, Gotti organized the murder of Castellano in December 1985 and took over the family shortly thereafter. This left Gotti as the boss of one of the most powerful crime families in America, one that made hundreds of millions of dollars a year from construction, hijacking, loan sharking, gambling, extortion and other criminal activities. Gotti was one of the most powerful crime bosses during his era and became widely known for his outspoken personality and flamboyant style, which gained him favor with much of the general public. While his peers avoided attracting attention, especially from the media, Gotti became known as “The Dapper Don” for his expensive clothes and personality in front of news cameras. He was later given the nickname “The Teflon Don” after three high-profile trials in the 1980s resulted in his acquittal, though it was later revealed that the trials had been tainted by jury tampering, juror misconduct and witness intimidation. Law enforcement authorities continued gathering evidence against Gotti that helped lead to his downfall. Gotti’s underboss Salvatore “Sammy the Bull” Gravano is credited with the FBI’s success in finally convicting Gotti. In 1991, Gravano agreed to turn state’s evidence and testify for the prosecution against Gotti after hearing Gotti on wiretap making several disparaging remarks about Gravano that implicated them both in several murders. In 1992, Gotti was convicted of five murders, conspiracy to commit murder, racketeering, obstruction of justice, illegal gambling,extortion, tax evasion, and loansharking. He was sentenced to life in prison without parole and was transferred to United States Penitentiary, Marion. Gotti died of throat cancer on June 10, 2002, at the United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri. According to former Lucchese crime family boss Anthony “Gaspipe” Casso, “What John Gotti did was the beginning of the end of ‘Cosa Nostra'”. Contents 6 Portrayal in popular media Early Life John Gotti was born in an Italian American enclave in the Bronx on October 27, 1940. His ancestors came from San Giuseppe Vesuviano, in the province of Naples. He was the fifth of the thirteen children of John Joseph Gotti, Sr. and John Sr.’s wife Philomena (referred to as Fannie), and one of five brothers who would become made men in the Gambino Family: Eugene “Gene” Gotti was initiated before John due to the latter’s incarceration, Peter Gotti was initiated under John’s leadership in 1988, and Richard V. Gotti was identified as a capo by 2002. The fifth, Vincent, was initiated in 2002. Gotti grew up in poverty. His father worked irregularly as a day laborer and indulged in gambling. As an adult, John Gotti came to resent his father for being unable to provide for his family. In school, Gotti had a history of truancy and bullying other students, and ultimately dropped out of Franklin K. Lane High School, at the age of 16. Gotti was involved in street gangs associated with New York City mafiosi from the age of 12. When he was 14, he was attempting to steal a cement mixer from a construction site when it fell, crushing his toes; this injury left him with a permanent limp. After leaving school he devoted himself to working with the Mafia-associated Fulton-Rockaway Boys gang, where he met and befriended fellow futureGambino mobsters Angelo Ruggiero and Wilfred “Willie Boy” Johnson. Gotti met his future wife, Victoria DiGiorgio, in 1958. The couple had their first child, a daughter named Angel, in April 1961 and were married on March 6, 1962. They would have four more children: another daughter (Victoria) and three sons (John, Frank (b. 18 October 1967 k. 18 March 1980), and Peter). Gotti attempted to work legitimately in 1962 as a presser in a coat factory and as an assistant truck driver. However, he could not stay crime free and by 1966 had been jailed twice.[citation needed] Gambino crime family Associate As early as his teens, Gotti was running errands for Carmine Fatico, a capo in the Anastasia crime family, which became the Gambino family following the murder of boss Albert Anastasia. Together with his brother Gene and friend Ruggiero, Gotti carried out truck hijackings at Idlewild Airport (subsequently renamed John F. Kennedy International Airport). During this time, Gotti befriended fellow mob hijacker and future Bonanno family boss Joseph Massino, and was given the nicknames “Black John” and “Crazy Horse”. It was also around this time that Gotti met Gambino underboss Aniello “Neil” Dellacroce. In February 1968, United Airlines employees identified Gotti as the man who had signed for stolen merchandise; the FBI arrested him for the United hijacking soon after. Two months later, while out on bail, Gotti was arrested a third time for hijacking—this time for stealing a load of cigarettes worth $50,000, on the New Jersey Turnpike. Later that year, Gotti plead guilty to the Northwest Airlineshijacking and was sentenced to three years at Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary. Prosecutors dropped the charges for the cigarette hijacking. Gotti also pleaded guilty to the United hijacking and spent less than three years at Lewisburg. Gotti and Ruggiero were paroled in 1972 and returned to their old crew at the Bergin Hunt and Fish Club, still working under caporegime Carmine Fatico. Gotti was transferred to management of the Bergin crew’s illegal gambling, where he proved himself to be an effective enforcer. Fatico was indicted on loansharking charges in 1972. As a condition of his release, he could not associate with known felons. Although Gotti was not yet a made man in the Mafia due to the membership books’ having been closed since 1957, Fatico named Gotti the acting capo of the Bergin Crew soon after Gotti was paroled. In this new role, Gotti frequently traveled to Dellacroce’s headquarters at the Ravenite Social Club to brief the underboss on the crew’s activities. Dellacroce had already taken a liking to Gotti, and the two became even closer during this time. The two were very similar—both had strong violent streaks, cursed a lot, and were heavy gamblers. In 1973, after Carlo Gambino’s nephew Emanuel Gambino was kidnapped and murdered, John Gotti was assigned to the hit team alongside Ruggiero and Ralph Galione for the main suspect, Irish-American gangster James McBratney. The team botched their attempt to abduct McBratney at a Staten Island bar, and Galione shot McBratney dead when his accomplices managed to restrain him. Identified by eyewitnesses as a police Bergin insider, Gotti was arrested for the killing in June 1974. With the help of attorney Roy Cohn, however, he was able to strike a plea bargain and received a four-year sentence for attempted manslaughter for his part in the hit. After Gotti’s death, he was also identified by Joseph Massino as the killer of Vito Borelli, a Gambino associate killed in 1975 for insulting Paul Castellano Captain Gotti was released in July 1977 after two years imprisonment. He was subsequently initiated into the Gambino family, now under the command of Paul Castellano, and immediately promoted to replace Fatico as capo of the Bergin crew. He and his crew reported directly to Dellacroce as part of the concessions given by Castellano to keep Dellacroce as underboss, and Gotti was regarded as Dellacroce’s protégé. Under Gotti, the Bergin crew were the biggest earners of Dellacroce’s crews. Besides his cut of his subordinates’ earnings, Gotti ran his own loan sharking operation and held a no-show job as aplumbing supply salesman. Unconfirmed allegations by FBI informants in the Bergin Hunt and Fish Club claimed Gotti also financed drug deals. Gotti would try to keep most of his family uninvolved with his life of crime, with the exception of his son John Angelo Gotti, commonly known as John Gotti Jr., who by 1982 was a mob associate. In December of 1978, Gotti assisted in the largest unrecovered cash robbery in history, the infamous Lufthansa Heist at Kennedy Airport. Gotti had made arrangements for the getaway van to be crushed and bailed at a scrap metal yard in Brooklyn, New York. The driver of the van, failed to follow orders, and rather than driving the vehicle to the scrap yard he parked it near a fire hydrant and went to sleep at his girlfriend’s apartment. The NYPD recovered the getaway van and lifted the fingerprints of several perpetrators who partook in the robbery, giving rise to the unraveling of the Lufthansa caper. On March 18, 1980, Gotti’s youngest son, 12-year-old Frank Gotti, was run over and killed on a family friend’s minibike by John Favara, a neighbor. While Frank’s death was ruled an accident, Favara subsequently received death threats and, when he visited the Gottis to apologize, was attacked by Victoria Gotti with a baseball bat. On July 28, 1980, he was abducted and disappeared, presumed murdered. While the Gottis were on vacation in Florida at the time, John Gotti is still presumed to have ordered the killing, an allegation considered probable by John, Jr., while denied by his daughter Victoria. In his last two years as the Bergin Capo, Gotti was indicted on two occasions, with both cases coming to trial after his ascension to Gambino Boss. In September 1984 Gotti was in an altercation with refrigerator mechanic Romual Piecyk, and was subsequently charged with assault and robbery. In 1985 he was indicted alongside Dellacroce and several Bergin crew members in a racketeering case by Assistant US Attorney Diane Giacalone. The indictment also revealed that Gotti’s friend “Willie Boy” Johnson, one of his co-defendants, had been an FBI informant. Taking over the Gambino family Gotti rapidly became dissatisfied with Paul Castellano’s leadership, considering the new boss too isolated and greedy. Like other members of the family, Gotti also personally disliked Castellano. Castellano lacked street credibility, and those who had paid their dues running street level jobs did not respect him. Gotti also had an economic interest; he had a running beef with Castellano on the split Gotti took from hijackings at JFK Airport. Gotti was also rumored to be expanding into drug dealing, a lucrative trade Castellano had banned. In August 1983, Ruggiero and Gene Gotti were arrested for dealing heroin, based primarily on recordings from a bug in Ruggiero’s house. Castellano, who had banned made men from his family from dealing drugs under threat of death, demanded transcripts of the tapes, and when Ruggiero refused he threatened to demote Gotti. In 1984, Castellano was arrested and indicted in a RICO case for the crimes of Gambino hitman Roy DeMeo’s crew. The following year he received a second indictment for his role in the American Mafia’s Commission. Facing life imprisonment for either case, Castellano arranged for John Gotti to serve as an acting boss alongside Thomas Bilotti, Castellano’s favorite capo, and Thomas Gambinoin his absence. Gotti, meanwhile, began conspiring with fellow disgruntled capos Frank DeCicco and Joseph “Joe Piney” Armone and soldiers Sammy Gravano and Robert “DiB” DiBernardo(collectively dubbed “the Fist” by themselves) to overthrow Castellano, insisting despite the boss’ inaction that Castellano would eventually try to kill him. Armone’s support was critical; as a member of the family for more than half a century, he would lend needed credibility to the conspirators’ cause. It has long been a hard and fast rule in the American Mafia that killing a boss is forbidden without the support of a majority of the Commission. Indeed, Gotti’s planned hit would have been the first off-the-record hit on a boss since Frank Costello was nearly killed in 1957. Gotti knew that it would be too risky to solicit support from the other four bosses, since they had longstanding ties to Castellano. To get around this, he got the support of several important figures of his generation in the Lucchese, Colombo and Bonanno families. He did not even consider approaching the Genoveses; Castellano had especially close ties with Genovese boss Vincent “Chin” Gigante, and approaching any major Genovese figure could have been a tipoff. Gotti could thus claim he had the support of “off-the-record contacts” from three out of five families. He could also count on the complicity of Gambino consigliere Joseph N. Gallo. After Dellacroce died of cancer on December 2, 1985, Castellano revised his succession plan: appointing Bilotti as underboss to Thomas Gambino as the sole acting boss, while making plans to break up Gotti’s crew. Infuriated by this, and Castellano’s refusal to attend Dellacroce’s wake, Gotti resolved to kill his boss. DeCicco tipped Gotti off that he would be having a meeting with Castellano and several other Gambino mobsters at Sparks Steak House on December 16, 1985, and Gotti chose to take the opportunity. The evening of the meeting, when the boss and underboss arrived, they were ambushed and shot dead by assassins under Gotti’s command. Gotti watched the hit from his car with Gravano. Several days after the murder, Gotti was named to a three-man committee to temporarily run the family pending the election of a new boss, along with Gallo and DeCicco. It was also announced that an internal investigation into Castellano’s murder was well underway. However, it was an open secret that Gotti was acting boss in all but name, and nearly all of the family’s capos knew he’d been the one behind the hit. He was formally acclaimed as the new boss of the Gambino family at a meeting of 20 capos held on January 15, 1986. He appointed his co-conspirator DeCicco as the new underboss while retaining Gallo as consigliere. Crime boss Identified as both Paul Castellano’s likely murderer and his successor, John Gotti rose to fame throughout 1986. At the time of Gotti’s takeover the Gambino family was regarded as the most powerful American mafia family, with an annual income of $500 million. In the book Underboss, Gravano estimated that Gotti himself had an annual income of not less than $5 million during his years as boss, and more likely between $10 and $12 million. To protect himself legally, Gotti banned members of the Gambino family from accepting plea bargains that acknowledged the existence of the organization. Gotti maintained a genial public image in an attempt to play down press releases that depicted him as a ruthless mobster. He reportedly would offer coffee to FBI agents assigned to tail him. John Gotti, reputed boss of the Gambino crime family, laughs during a moment in his trial. The jury heard secretly recorded tapes which show Gotti was concerned that another gang had deliberately disrespected him by wrecking a restaurant run byone of his associates. “The Teflon Don” Gotti’s newfound fame had at least one positive effect; upon the revelation of his attacker’s occupation, and amid reports of intimidation by the Gambinos, Romual Piecyk decided not to testify against Gotti, and when the trial commenced in March 1986 he testified he was unable to remember who attacked him. The case was promptly dismissed, with the New York Post summarizing the proceedings with the headline “I Forgotti!” It was later revealed that Gambino thugs had severed Piecyk’s brake lines, made threatening phone calls and stalked him before the trial. On April 13, 1986, DiCicco was killed when his car was bombed following a visit to Castellano loyalist James Failla. The bombing was carried out by Victor Amuso and Anthony Casso of the Lucchese family, under orders of Gigante and Lucchese boss Anthony Corallo, to avenge Castellano and Bilotti by killing their successors; Gotti also planned to visit Failla that day, but canceled, and the bomb was detonated after a soldier who rode with DeCicco was mistaken for the boss. Bombs had long been banned by the American Mafia out of concern that it would put innocent people in harm’s way, leading the Gambinos to initially suspect that Zips (Sicilian mafiosi working in the United States) were behind it; Zips were well known for using bombs. Following the bombing, Judge Eugene Nickerson, presiding over Gotti’s racketeering trial, rescheduled to avoid a jury tainted by the resulting publicity while Giacalone had Gotti’s bail revoked due to evidence of intimidation in the Piecyk case. From jail, Gotti ordered the murder of Robert DiBernardo by Sammy Gravano; both DiBernardo and Ruggiero had been vying to succeed Frank DeCiccountil Ruggiero accused DiBernardo of challenging Gotti’s leadership. When Ruggiero, also under indictment, had his bail revoked for his abrasive behavior in preliminary hearings, a frustrated Gotti instead promoted Joseph Armone to underboss. Jury selection for the racketeering case began again in August 1986, with John Gotti standing trial alongside Gene Gotti, “Willie Boy” Johnson (who, despite being exposed as an informant, refused to turn state’s evidence), Leonard DiMaria, Tony Rampino, Nicholas Corozzo and John Carneglia. At this point, the Gambinos were able to compromise the case when George Pape hid his friendship with Westies boss Bosko Radonjich and was empaneled as juror #11. Through Radonjich, Pape contacted Gravano and agreed to sell his vote on the jury for $60,000. In the trial’s opening statements on September 25, Gotti’s defense attorney Bruce Cutler denied the existence of the Gambino Crime Family and framed the government’s entire effort as a personal vendetta. His main defense strategy during the prosecution was to attack the credibility of Giacalone’s witnesses by discussing their crimes committed before their turning states’. In Gotti’s defense Cutler called bank robber Matthew Traynor, a would-be prosecution witness dropped for unreliability, who testified that Giacalone offered him drugs and her panties as a masturbation aid in exchange for his testimony; Traynor’s allegations would be dismissed by Judge Nickerson as “wholly unbelievable” after the trial, and he was subsequently convicted of perjury. Despite Cutler’s defense and critiques about the prosecution’s performance, according to mob writers Jerry Capeci and Gene Mustain, when the jury’s deliberations began a majority were in favor of convicting Gotti. However, due to Pape’s misconduct, Gotti knew from the beginning of the trial that he could do no worse than a hung jury. During deliberations, Pape held out for acquittal until the rest of the jury began to fear their own safety would be compromised. On March 13, 1987, they acquitted Gotti and his codefendants of all charges. Five years later Pape was convicted of obstruction of justice for his part in the fix and sentenced to three years in prison. In the face of previous Mafia convictions, particularly the success of the Commission trial, Gotti’s acquittal was a major upset that further added to his reputation. The American media dubbed Gotti “The Teflon Don” in reference to the failure of any charges to “stick.” Reorganization While Gotti himself had escaped conviction, his associates were not so lucky. The other two men in the Gambino administration, underboss Armone and consigliere Gallo, had been indicted on racketeering charges in 1986 and were both convicted in December 1987. The heroin trial of Gotti’s former fellow Bergin crewmembers Ruggiero and Gene Gotti also commenced in June of that year. Prior to their convictions, Gotti allowed Gallo to retire and promoted Sammy Gravano in his place while slating Frank Locascio to serve as acting underboss in the event of Armone’s imprisonment. The Gambinos also worked to compromise the heroin trial’s jury, resulting in two mistrials.When the terminally ill Ruggiero was severed and released in 1989, Gotti refused to contact him, blaming him for the Gambino’s misfortunes. According to Gravano, Gotti also considered murdering Ruggiero and when he finally died “I literally had to drag him to the funeral.” Beginning in January 1988 Gotti, against Gravano’s advice, required his capos to meet with him at the Ravenite Social Club once a week.Regarded by Gene Gotti as an unnecessary vanity-inspired risk, and by FBI Gambino squad leader Bruce Mouw as antithematic to the “secret society”, this move allowed FBI surveillance to record and identify much of the Gambino hierarchy. It also provided strong circumstantial evidence that Gotti was a boss; long-standing protocol in the Mafia requires public demonstrations of loyalty to the boss. The FBI also bugged the Ravenite, but failed to produce any high-quality incriminating recordings. 1988 also saw Gotti, Gigante and new Lucchese boss Victor Amuso attending the first Commission meeting since the Commission trial. In 1986, future Lucchese underboss Anthony Casso had been injured in an unauthorized hit by Gambino capo Mickey Paradiso. The following year, the FBI warned Gotti they had recorded Genovese consigliere Louis Manna discussing another hit on John and Gene Gotti. To avoid a war, the leaders of the three families met, denied knowledge of their violence against one another, and agreed to “communicate better.” The bosses also agreed to allow Colombo acting boss Victor Orena to join the Commission, but Gigante, wary of giving Gotti a majority by admitting another ally, blocked the reentry of the Bonannos’ and Joseph Massino. Gotti was nevertheless able to take control of the New Jersey DeCavalcante crime family in 1988. According to the DeCavalcante capo-turned-informant Anthony Rotondo, Gotti attended his father’s wake with numerous other Gambino mobsters in a “show of force” and forced boss John Riggi to agree to run his family on the Gambino’s behalf. The DeCavalcantes remained in the Gambino’s sphere of influence until John Gotti’s imprisonment. Gotti’s son John Gotti Jr. was initiated into the Gambino family on Christmas Eve 1988. According to fellow mobster Michael DiLeonardo, initiated in the same night, Gravano held the ceremony to keep Gotti from being accused of nepotism. John Jr. was promptly promoted to capo. Assault acquittal On the evening of January 23, 1989, John Gotti was arrested outside the Ravenite and charged with ordering the 1986 assault of union official John O’Connor. O’Connor, a leader in the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America Local 608 who was later convicted of racketeering himself, was believed to have ordered an attack on a Gambino-associated restaurant that had snubbed the union and was subsequently shot and wounded by the Westies. To link Gotti to the case, state prosecutors had a recording of Gotti discussing O’Connor and announcing his intention to “Bust him up,” and the testimony of Westies gangster James McElroy. Gotti was released on $100,000 bail, and was later acquitted at trial. It later emerged, however, that FBI bugs had apparently caught Gotti discussing plans to fix the jury as he had in the 1986-87 racketeering case. However, to the outrage of Morgenthau and state organized crime task force chief Ronald Goldstock, the FBI and federal prosecutors chose not to reveal this information to them. Morgenthau later said that had he known about these bugged conversations, he would have asked for a mistrial. 1992 conviction On December 11, 1990, FBI agents and New York City detectives raided the Ravenite Social Club, arresting Gotti, Gravano and Frank Locascio. In the back of the police car, Gotti remarked ‘I bet ya 3 to 1 I beat this’. Gotti was charged, in this new racketeering case, with five murders (Castellano and Bilotti, Robert DiBernardo, Liborio Milito and Louis Dibono), conspiracy to murder Gaetano “Corky” Vastola, loansharking, illegal gambling, obstruction of justice, bribery and tax evasion. Based on tapes from FBI bugs played at pretrial hearings the Gambino administration was denied bail. At the same time, attorneys Bruce Cutler and Gerald Shargel were disqualified from defending Gotti and Gravano after prosecutors successfully contended they were “part of the evidence” and thus liable to be called as witnesses. Prosecutors argued that Cutler and Shargel not only knew about potential criminal activity, but had worked as “in-house counsel” for the Gambino organization.Gotti subsequently hired Albert Krieger, a Miami attorney who had worked with Joseph Bonanno, to replace Cutler. The tapes also created a rift between Gotti and Gravano, showing the Gambino boss describing his newly appointed underboss as too greedy and attempting to frame Gravano as the main force behind the murders of DiBernardo, Milito and Dibono. Gotti’s attempt at reconciliation failed, leaving Gravano disillusioned with the mob and doubtful on his chances of winning the newest case without Shargel, his former attorney. Gravano ultimately opted to turn state’s evidence, formally agreeing to testify on November 13, 1991. Gotti and Locascio were tried in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York before United States District Judge I. Leo Glasser. Jury selection began in January 1992, with ananonymous jury and, for the first time in a Brooklyn Federal case, fully sequestered during the trial due to Gotti’s reputation for jury tampering. The trial commenced with the prosecution’sopening statements on February 12; prosecutors Andrew Maloney and John Gleeson began their case by playing tapes showing Gotti discussing Gambino family business, including murders he approved, and confirming the animosity between Gotti and Castellano to establish the former’s motive to kill his boss. After calling an eyewitness of the Sparks hit who identified Gotti associate John Carneglia as one of the men who shot Bilotti they then brought Gravano to testify on March 2. On the stand Gravano confirmed Gotti’s place in the structure of the Gambino family and described in detail the conspiracy to assassinate Castellano and gave a full description of the hit and its aftermath. Krieger, and Locasio’s attorney Anthony Cardinale, proved unable to shake Gravano during cross-examination. After additional testimony and tapes the government rested its case on March 24. Five of Krieger and Cardinale’s intended six witnesses were ruled irrelevant or extraneous, leaving only Gotti’s tax attorney Murray Appleman to testify on his behalf. The defense also attempted unsuccessfully to have a mistrial declared based on Maloney’s closing remarks. Gotti himself became increasingly hostile during the trial, and at one point Glasser threatened to remove him from the courtroom. Among other outbursts, Gotti called Gravano a junkie while his attorneys sought to discuss Gravano’s past steroid use, and he equated the dismissal of a juror to the fixing of the 1919 World Series. On April 2, 1992, after only 14 hours of deliberation, the jury found Gotti guilty on all charges of the indictment (Locasio was found guilty on all but one). James Fox, director of the New York City FBI, announced at a press conference, “The Teflon is gone. The don is covered with Velcro, and all the charges stuck.” On June 23, 1992, Glasser sentenced both defendants to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole and a $250,000 fine. Incarceration and death Gotti was incarcerated at the United States Penitentiary at Marion, Illinois. He spent the majority of his sentence in effective solitary confinement, only allowed out of his cell for one hour a day. His final appeal was rejected by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1994. While in prison, Gotti was severely beaten up by Walter Johnson, a fellow inmate. Afterwards, Gotti offered at least $40,000 to the Aryan Brotherhood to kill Johnson. The Aryan Brotherhood accepted Gotti’s offer. The prison guards surmised that Johnson was in danger and transferred him to another prison.Despite this, It was said that the Aryan Brotherhood never intended to do the hit for Gotti. Gotti is also believed to have hired the Brotherhood for another aborted hit on Frank Locascio after learning the disgruntled acting consigliere sought to kill him. Despite his imprisonment, and pressure from the Commission to stand down, Gotti asserted his prerogative to retain his title as boss until his death or retirement, with his brother Peter and his son John A. Gotti Jr. relaying orders on his behalf. By 1998, when he was indicted on racketeering, John Gotti Jr. was believed to be the acting boss of the family. Against his father’s wishes, John Jr. pleaded guilty and was sentenced to six years and five months imprisonment in 1999. He maintains he has since left the Gambino family. Peter Gotti subsequently became acting boss, and is believed to have formally succeeded his brother as boss shortly before John Gotti’s death. John Jr.’s indictment brought further stress to John Gotti’s marriage. Victoria DiGiorgio Gotti, up to that point unaware of her son’s involvement in the mob, blamed her husband for ruining her son’s life and threatened to leave him unless he allowed John Jr. to leave the mob. In 1998 Gotti was diagnosed with throat cancer and sent to the United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri, for surgery. While the tumor was removed, the cancer was discovered to have returned two years later and Gotti was transferred back to Springfield, where he spent the rest of his life. Gotti’s condition rapidly declined, and he died on June 10, 2002, at the age of 61. Per John Jr., “If you look on his death certificate he choked on his own vomit and blood. He paid for his sins”.The Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn announced that Gotti’s family would not be permitted to have a Requiem Mass but allowed it after the burial. Gotti’s funeral was held in a nonchurch facility. After the funeral, an estimated 300 onlookers followed the procession, which passed Gotti’s Bergin Hunt and Fish Club, to the gravesite. John Gotti’s body was interred in a crypt next to his son Frank Gotti. Gotti’s brother Peter was unable to attend owing to his incarceration. In an apparent repudiation of Gotti’s leadership and legacy, the other New York City families sent no representatives to the funeral. By the turn of the century, due in large part to numerous prosecutions brought on as a result of Gotti’s tactics, half of the family’s active soldiers were in prison. Portrayal in popular media As early as 1990 John Gotti was already such a prominent mobster as to be the inspiration for the character Joey Zasa, portrayed by Joe Mantegna, in The Godfather Part III. Following his conviction, Gotti himself has been portrayed in four TV movies and one theatrical film: Getting Gotti – 1994 CBS TV movie, portrayed by Anthony John Denison. Gotti – 1996 HBO TV movie adapted from Gotti: Rise and Fall, portrayed by Armand Assante. Witness to the Mob – 1998 NBC miniseries, portrayed by Tom Sizemore. Boss of Bosses – 2001 TNT TV movie adapted from the book of the same name, portrayed by Sonny Marinelli. Sinatra Club – 2010 theatrical film, portrayed by Danny Nucci. Another John Gotti biographical film, titled Gotti: In the Shadow of My Father, is in pre-production for a theatrical release, with John Travolta cast as Gotti. However, as of 2013, no other cast members have been confirmed. Gotti also features in the fourth episode of UK history TV channel Yesterday’s documentary series Mafia’s Greatest Hits. Growing up Gotti, a reality show on the A&E Network featuring John Gotti’s daughter Victoria and her three sons, aired in 2004-2005. John Gotti has also been mentioned in various rap songs by artists such as The Notorious B.I.G, Dr. Dre, Jay-Z, The Game, Nas, Big L, Spice 1, Rick Ross, Fat Joe, Kool G Rap, Kevin Gates, Ace Hoodand rappers such as Irv Gotti and Yo Gotti derived their stage names after John. The Fun Lovin’ Criminals song “King Of New York” from their album Come Find Yourself references Gotti. The Krays The Krays are probably the most well known of all British Gangsters, and to some are probably the only British Gangsters that they have heard of. The Krays are not only well known but are looked upon by many as good guys. Many people that were around at the time (and presumably had never got on the wrong side of them) would recall how the streets were much safer when the Krays were about. Twin brothers Ronald “Ronnie” Kray (24 October 1933 – 17 March 1995) and Reginald “Reggie” Kray (24 October 1933 – 1 October 2000) were English gangsters who were foremost perpetrators of organised crime in London’s East End during the 1950s and ’60s. Ronald, commonly referred to as Ron or Ronnie, most likely suffered from paranoid schizophrenia. With their gang, “The Firm”, the Krays were involved in armed robberies, arson, protection rackets, assaults, and the murders of Jack “The Hat” McVitie and George Cornell. As West End nightclub owners, they mixed with prominent entertainers including Diana Dors, Frank Sinatra, Judy Garland and with politicians. The Krays were much feared within their milieu, and in the ’60s became celebrities in their own right, even being photographed by David Bailey and interviewed on television. They were arrested on 9 May 1968 and convicted in 1969 by the efforts of a squad of detectives led by Detective Superintendent Leonard “Nipper” Read, and were both sentenced to life imprisonment. Ronnie remained in Broadmoor Hospital until his death on 17 March 1995, but Reggie was released from prison on compassionate grounds in August 2000, eight weeks before his death from cancer. Early life Ronnie and Reggie Kray were born on 24 October 1933 in Hoxton, East London, to Charles David “Charlie” Kray, Sr., (10 March 1907 – 8 March 1983), a scrap gold dealer, and Violet Lee (5 August 1909 – 7 August 1982). Reggie was born roughly 10 minutes before twin Ronnie. Charlie and Violet already had a six-year old son, Charlie Jr, (9 July 1926 – 4 April 2000).[6] A sister, Violet, born 1929, died in infancy. When the twins were three years old, they were struck down with diphtheria and recovered. Ron almost died from a head injury suffered in a fight with his twin brother in 1942. In 1938, having previously lived in Stean Street, Hoxton, the Kray family moved to 178 Vallance Road, Bethnal Green. At the start of the Second World War, Charlie Kray Senior was called up into the army but went into hiding. The twins first attended Wood Close School in Brick Lane and then Daniel Street School. The influence of their grandfather, Jimmy “Cannonball” Lee,led both boys into amateur boxing, which was at that time a popular pursuit for working class boys in the East End. An element of rivalry between them spurred them on, and they achieved some success. They are said never to have lost a bout before turning professional at the age of 19. National Service The Kray twins became notorious locally for their gang and the mayhem they caused. They narrowly avoided prison several times, and in early 1952 they were called up for national service with the Royal Fusiliers . They deserted several times, each time being recaptured. While absent without leave , the twins assaulted a police officer who had spotted them and was trying to arrest them. They were initially held at the Tower of London (they were among the very last prisoners ever kept there) before being sent to Shepton Mallet military prison in Somerset and jailed for a month awaiting court-martial . They ended up being jailed in the Home Counties Brigade Depot jail in Canterbury , Kent . Their behaviour there was so bad that in the end they were given dishonourable discharges from the service; for the last few weeks of their imprisonment, when their fate was a certainty anyway, they tried to dominate the exercise area immediately outside their one man cells. They threw tantrums , upended their latrine bucket over a sergeant , similarly dumped a dixie (a large camp kettle) full of hot tea on a guard, handcuffed another guard to the prison bars with a pair of stolen cuffs, and burned their bedding. Eventually they were discharged, but not before escaping from the guardhouse and being recaptured by the army one last time. The escape was executed when they were moved from a one man cell to a communal cell and they assaulted their guard with a china vase. Still, once recaptured and while awaiting transfer to civilian authority for crimes committed during their most recent period at large, they spent their last night in Canterbury drinking cider, eating crisps, and smoking cigarillos courtesy of the young national servicemen who were acting as their guards. Nightclub owners Their criminal records and dishonourable discharges ended their boxing careers. As a result, the twins turned to crime. They bought a run down local snooker club in Bethnal Green, where they started several protection rackets. By the end of the 1950s, the Krays were involved in hijacking, armed robbery and arson, through which they acquired a few clubs and other properties. In 1960 Ronnie Kray was incarcerated for 18 months on charges of running a protection racket and related threats, and while he was in prison, Peter Rachman, the head of a violent landlord operation, gave Reggie a nightclub on the Knightsbridge end of Wilton Place beside Joans Kitchen a bistro, called Esmeralda’s Barn. The site is now where the Berkeley Hotel is, the club itself was on the corner opposite the church. This increased the Krays’ influence in the West End of London, with celebrities and famous people rather than East End criminals. They were assisted by banker Alan Cooper who wanted protection from the Krays’ rivals, the Richardsons, who were based in South London. Please follow and like us: Posted on The 10 Most Successful Gangsters of All Time Who says crime doesn’t pay? If you are willing to take chances and know that you may live a fabulous but somewhat abbreviated existence, you too could be a gangster. As demonstrated by our list there are times crime definitely does pay. These larger than life gangsters lived fabulous lives although for many of them it lasted a relatively short time. They owned mansions, planes, yachts, jewels, furs, cars and even an island. They had designer clothes, designer drugs and an endless supply of entertainment. Unfortunately with the type of work they dealt in, they had to be extremely careful so certain precautions always had to be taken. Bodyguards, food tasters, armored vehicles, alternate identities and even drastic plastic surgery were also part of their lifestyle. These were just a few of the preventative measures that could be taken for their protection and to keep them on top of the game. Individuals like these were always targeted by rival gangs; it was a dangerous existence albeit a fantastic one. Is this why we are so fascinated by gangsters? Our culture reflects the fascination through movies, TV shows and books. Prohibition seemed to spawn a new breed bringing players like Al Capone, and gambling allowing others like Meyer Lansky to rise to the top of the heap. Of course drug trafficking on a grand scale in the modern day ushered in South American drug lords and powerful cartels. No matter what though, at some point after all the fun, the law does catch up. Sometimes it takes years but it does happen. Most on this list faced charges of drug conspiracy and tax evasion, not to mention murder. Many spent years on the run avoiding the law, or worse yet, hired assassins. There is definitely a price to pay for this type of life. These gangsters usually came to violent ends or rotted away in jail cells until they died. Let’s take a look at the ten most successful criminals in terms of financial success and how they made their fortunes. 10. Frank Lucas: $52 Million Born in 1930, in La Grange, North Carolina, Frank Lucas moved to Harlem in 1946. He aspired to be what he termed “Donald Trump rich” and so he calculated a plan after seeing the potential of the heroin business that was largely fed by the Vietnam War at that time. U.S Servicemen were exposed to all sorts of drugs overseas and many came back with raging addictions. Lucas knew the potential for a huge profit was there if he could obtain the heroin from the source and bypass the Italian mafia that was in control of Harlem at the time. After travelling to Vietnam and setting up contacts and connections there, he was able to ship in tons of heroin from South East Asia on a regular basis. He hired only family members and trusted friends and eventually he took control of the heroin trade in New York and New Jersey. Working with Khun Sa, a well-known opium lord, Lucas arranged to have the heroin hidden in coffins that were flown from Vietnam to the U.S. During the height of his operation he was making approximately a million dollars a day and his net worth was estimated to have been in the neighborhood of $52 million making him number ten on our list of most successful gangsters. Ironically, after serving time, Lucas was said to be sorry for his part in the devastation of Harlem and for the damage he caused so many individuals and families. He spent time attempting to undo some of the damage by working with his daughter’s non-profit organization, Yellow Brick Roads, protecting children of incarcerated parents. In 2007, his life was depicted in the movie American Gangster, starring Denzel Washington. 9. Jose Figueroa Agosto: $100 Million Jose Figueroa Agosto was born June 28th, 1964 in San Juan, Puerto Rico. He is said to have risen in power within his crime family after he killed a driver that had stolen a shipment of cocaine. Even though he was caught and convicted for the murder he managed to escape, walking out of the prison with a fake release order and fleeing to the Dominican Republic. He made his millions in drug trafficking at some point controlling over 90% of the drug traffic from the Dominican Republic to Puerto Rico. He successfully eluded the law by creating alternate identities and paying bribes to law enforcement personnel but his luck finally ran out. He was arrested in July of 2010 by DEA, FBI, U.S. Marshals, and the Puerto Rican Police. His fortune was estimated at approximately $100 million making him number nine on our list. Joseph Kennedy: $300 million Born on September 6th, 1888, in Boston, Massachusetts, Joseph P. Kennedy made his first million by age 30. Already in the liquor business legally he had to take extreme measures when Prohibition started or lose his business, so he contacted mobsters in New York and Chicago and became a successful bootlegger. Even after liquor was made legal again, Kennedy maintained those questionable ties and it’s said to have played a part in helping him control certain political elections. According to Fortune Magazine in his prime, Kennedy had a net worth of more than $300 million. As father to a U.S. President, a District Attorney and a Senator, you might raise a brow seeing him on our list, but with his known associations with the likes of mobsters such as Frank Costello and Sam Giancana and allegations of influencing unions, fixing elections and his bootlegging stint, he seems right at home as number eight on the list. Joseph Kennedy died November 18th, 1969, outliving all of his sons except for Ted. 7. Meyer Lansky: $600 Million Meyer Lansky, originally Maier Suchowljansky, was born July 4th, 1902. Lansky was one of the most well-known gangsters of his time. Born a Polish Jew in Russia, he immigrated to the U.S. with his parents in 1911, moving to New York’s Lower East Side. Partnering with Bugsy Siegel he ran a floating crap game organizing a small gang and moving on to bigger and better things including auto theft, burglary, and liquor smuggling. He worked under the protection of the Masseria crime family, even moving on to putting together a group of professional assassins. Supposedly it was Lansky who conspired with Lucky Luciano to eventually have Masseria killed in 1931. Lansky joined Luciano from 1932 to 1934 forming a national crime syndicate. Lansky became a major banker in the operation and used international accounts to launder money. His success continued as he moved to developing gambling operations in Cuba, Florida and eventually Las Vegas. It was Lansky that financed his old friend Siegel’s casino in Las Vegas and it was also Lansky that ordered the hit on Siegel when he attempted to steal from the syndicate. When Cuba became a problem after Fidel Castro rose in power, Lansky turned his attention to the Bahamas, continuing to expand his gambling empire across the ocean. You name it, Lansky was into it, including narcotics, prostitution, pornography, racketeering, extortion, money laundering, etc. He squirreled away his vast holdings in Swiss bank accounts. In his heyday Forbes named him as one of the 400 richest people in the U.S. with a net worth of over $600 million making him number seven on our list. Although he attempted to flee to Israel, Lansky was forced back to the U.S. to face charges but due to his ill health he did not spend much jail time. Most indictments were discharged and he died of lung cancer in Miami at age 83. 6. Al Capone: $1.3 Billion Alphonse Capone was born on January 17th, 1899, in Brooklyn, New York. He was born into a respectable family, his father was educated and making a living as a barber. Capone grew up living in a Brooklyn tenement near the Navy Yard. Although Capone was very bright he was expelled from Catholic school at age 14 for assaulting a teacher and he never returned. He met gangster Johnny Torrio and was seduced by Torrio’s lifestyle. He joined Torrio’s gang rising quickly and acquiring the scar in a knife fight that earned him the nickname “Scarface”. He moved to Chicago in 1909 at Torrio’s request to help run operations there and by 1925 when Torrio retired, Capone became the boss of Chicago running the prostitution, gambling and bootlegging rackets there. He was ruthless, always attempting to take out other gangs and increase his territory. He ran the Chicago Mafia making most of his money during the prohibition period including over $60 million monthly from illegal alcohol alone. He was able to live the high life even refusing to carry a gun as a mark of his status, however he rarely traveled with less than two bodyguards and he almost always traveled under the cover of dark. Capone was involved in probably one of the most infamous gang hits in history; the Saint Valentine’s Day Massacre. Tired of dealing with his rival, Bugs Moran and his Northsiders gang, Capone ordered the hit for February 14th, 1929, staging it as a raid with the henchmen wearing stolen police uniforms. Unfortunately for Capone, Moran escaped but it was well-known who had attempted the hit. He had just about everyone on his payroll including government officials, judges, police officers and City Hall personnel. His fortune would have been worth approximately $1.3 billion today landing him the number six spot on our list. Unfortunately the law did catch up with Capone and he was arrested and prosecuted by the Internal Revenue Service for tax evasion. He spent 11 years in prison, serving time in Alcatraz until he became ill and was released early for good behavior. He died on January 25th, 1947 at age 48. 5. Griselda Blanco: $2 Billion Griselda Blanco, also known as the “The Godmother and The Black Widow,” was born in Colombia on February 15th, 1943. She is suspected of having committed over 200 murders while transporting cocaine from Colombia to the U.S. She was raised by an abusive mother and drifted into prostitution at a young age. Working as a prostitute she became involved with the Medellin Cartel. Working for them, she helped smuggle Colombian cocaine throughout the U.S., even designing special undergarments that could be used to transport large amounts through U.S Customs. Blanco arrived in New York in the mid 1970’s, a successful drug smuggler running a huge narcotics operation but U.S. law enforcement was on her tail and after intercepting one of her shipments she and more than 30 of her partners were indicted. Afraid she would be captured, Blanco returned to Colombia, but eventually she came back to the U.S. and this time settled in Miami. She continued working for the Medellin Cartel, acquiring her reputation for murder until she was eventually caught and jailed for drug conspiracy. Upon her release Blanco returned to Colombia where she was gunned down by two hit men on motorcycles at age 69. In her time she was making approximately $80 million a month and during her peak she was worth $2 billion. That makes this dangerous lady gangster number five on our list. 4. Carlos Lehder: $2.7 Billion Born in Armenia, Colombia, on September 7th, 1949, Carlos Lehder became a founding member of the Medellin Cartel, eventually taking control of an island in the Bahamas and using it to transport cocaine between Colombia and the U.S. He used connections he had made in prison to help him import cocaine and distribute across the United States. A self-proclaimed Nazi, Lehder was eventually run off the island by Professor Richard Novak, a diving enthusiast, hell-bent on keeping his diving paradise pristine. Once off the island, Lehder attempted to keep the law at bay with threats and payoffs, but eventually he was arrested, extradited to the U.S. and sentenced to 135 years in jail. After agreeing to testify against the Panamanian dictator, Manuel Noriega, Lehder was put into the witness protection program and virtually disappeared. Supposedly he was given a reduced sentence of 55 years and is serving time under another name. At the time of his arrest government officials seized Lehder’s bank accounts and took ownership of his possessions bankrupting the gangster. During his prime through drug trafficking and racketeering Lehder amassed a fortune of over $2.7 billion, making him number four on our list. 3. Joaquin Guzman Loera: $5 Billion It is believed Joaquin Guzman Loera was born on December 25th, 1954, in Mexico, although his exact birthdate is not known. He grew up the son of a cattle rancher, his family was very poor and he helped by selling fruit when possible to help earn a living. He also learned to grow his own poppies for opium and marijuana to increase the family’s income. His nickname was earned by his short stance; Loera at full height was only 5 feet 6 inches tall earning him the moniker of “El Chapo”, which means “Shorty”. After his father kicked him from his family home, he went to live with his grandparents and he became associated with the Sinaloa Drug Cartel, overseeing drug trafficking between Mexico and the U.S. The drugs were obtained from Colombia and delivered into Mexico where Loera ran logistics, ensuring their delivery from there into the U.S. and Europe by way of plane, boat, truck, train, or helicopter. When the heads of the cartel were eventually arrested, Loera took control. He added the manufacturing of meth within Mexico as well. According to Forbes, Loera’s net worth is estimated to be approximately $5 billion. Although eventually a $5 million dollar reward was offered for his capture, Loera managed to evade the authorities and stay at the top of the FBI’s most wanted list for more than 10 years. He was only recently captured and arrested on February 22nd, 2014 at a resort in Mazatlán, Mexico. 2. Amado Carrillo Fuentes: $25 Billion Amado Carrillo Fuentes was born December of 1956 in Navolato Sinaloa, Mexico. He was known as the “Lord of the Skies”, earning his nickname utilizing private planes to carry cocaine around the world. He owned a fleet of 27 private jets, most were Boeing 727’s. Flying into mostly municipal airports and airstrips around Mexico, he was able to successfully transport massive amounts of cocaine. Fuentes murdered his former boss, Rafael Aguilar Guajardo, leader of the Juarez Drug Cartel and took over operations. Under his direction, the cartel flourished and Fuentes became one of the most powerful drug traffickers in the world, shipping tons of cocaine directly to Manhattan monthly. Married with a family, Fuentes resided in a middle-eastern style home that resembled a fortress called “The Palace of a Thousand and One Nights”. It was finally ordered to be torn down in 2006 by Governor Eduardo Bours. Fuentes lived a far from peaceful existence spending the last ten years of his life mostly on the run from the law. In 1997, as capture became imminent Fuentes decided to change his appearance and after admittance into a hospital in Mexico City, he died on July 3rd, 1997, while undergoing extensive plastic surgery. The operation lasted over nine hours and it’s unclear as to whether Fuentes had a reaction to a medication or the respirator failed but he died on the table. Strangely enough, three months afterward, the two doctors who had performed the surgery were found dead, buried in concrete tombs. There was evidence torture had taken place. The funeral of Fuentes was considered to be one of the most expensive in all Mexico’s history with thousands in attendance. This gangster, in his prime, was reported to have a net worth of over $25 billion making him number two on our list. 1. Pablo Escobar: $30 Billion Number one on our list is Pablo Escobar, born December 1st, 1949 in Antioquia, Colombia. He was a founding member of the Medellin Cartel, one of the most powerful drug cartels in all of Colombian history. His ruthless ambition gained him control of over 80% of the cocaine that was smuggled into the U.S. Born into a poor family Escobar started his criminal career early, stealing and selling tombstones. By the 1970’s he began to be involved with cocaine. In partnership with five other illegal business owners he formed the Medellin Cartel, purchasing large amounts of coca paste from Bolivia and Peru and importing it to the U.S. According to Fortune and Forbes magazines he came in as number seven on their list of the ten richest people on earth. He crafted his position and status carefully sponsoring charity projects and soccer clubs and investing in the right contacts and influential friends. Unfortunately, his ambition brought an early death to many that threatened to get in his way including at least three Colombian presidential candidates, thousands of law enforcement personnel, attorney generals, judges and even journalists brave enough to report the truth. At one point it was said he offered to pay off Colombia’s national debt estimated at $10 billion. He attempted to lobby for a no-extradition clause and generous amnesty to drug lords if they agreed to give up drug trafficking. This makes sense as by this point he had distanced himself from the trade instead choosing to impose a so called “tax” on those trafficking directly. His fortune was estimated to be over $30 billion earning him the number one spot on our list. He attempted to hide himself in prison to escape assassins but that only lasted a year then he was on the run again. He was finally shot to death by the Colombian police in 1993. Please follow and like us: Posted on Brink’s-Mat Robbery The Brink’s-Mat raid was the robbery of the century, the stuff of legends in the criminal underworld. On November 26, 1983, a group of robbers burst into the Brink’s-Mat warehouse near Heathrow Airport, expecting to find a decent-sized haul of cash – but instead they stumbled upon nearly seven thousand gold bars worth £28 million. More than twenty-five years later, £20 million of bullion remains unrecovered, and it is thought that most people in possession of gold jewellery made in the UK after 1983 are wearing Brink’s-Mat Scene: 1983 police van and officers Fool’s Gold: The curse of the Brink’s-Mat gold bullion robbery More than 20 people whose lives were touched by the bullion have met an untimely, often gruesome end since the record-breaking raid, an investigation has revealed. When veterans of London’s criminal underworld meet, they grimly refer to the Brink’s-Mat millions as Fool’s Gold. Just after dawn on November 26, 1983, six armed men burst into the Brink’s-Mat warehouse at Heathrow expecting to find £3million in cash. Instead they stumbled across nearly seven thousand gold ingots, worth nearly £28million. The heist turned them into some of Britain’s richest men and filled the pockets of countless other crooks as the gold was melted down and the money laundered to fund shady activities such as drug smuggling. Just three out of 15 men involved in planning and executing the robbery were ever convicted – robbers “Mad” Mickey McAvoy and Brian “The Colonel” Robinson and security guard insider Tony Black, Robinson’s brother in law. The vast majority of the gold – worth over £500million at today’s prices – has never been recovered. But nearly 30 years on, most of those involved have come to regret the day they ever came into contact with the Brink’s-Mat bullion. More than 20 people connected to the heist are dead. They include an ex-policeman who ended up with an axe in his head, an underworld figure gunned down on his yacht off Corfu and an enforcer now believed to be part of the foundations of the O2 Arena in London. A senior detective who worked on the investigation said he was never surprised by the brutal murders. He said: “These villains were out of control, many of them off their heads on drugs bought with their new-found riches. “The trouble was that when that money either ran out, or in the case of some of them, never materialised, there was only one way to respond – to kill people to show others that even 25 years after the robbery, if they dared to cross the gang they would still pay with their life.” Bullion: The heist gang came into riches The book, The Curse of Brink’s-Mat: Twenty-five years of Murder and Mayhem by Wensley Clarkson, traces the fate of the men whose lives became entwined with the case. It tells how the idea of a curse was the last thing on the minds of the six robbers who, after tying up guards at the depot, found riches beyond their wildest dreams. Robinson, McAvoy, Brian Perry and three other men managed to disable the security alarm and enter the warehouse thanks to “insider” Black, who worked at the depot. Once inside, they doused the guards with petrol and threatened to set them alight unless they revealed the combinations to the vault, which they knew contained £3million. But when they got inside, they could hardly believe their eyes. Stacked in front of them were 6,800 gold ingots, hundreds of thousands of pounds, travellers’ cheques and two boxes of diamonds. The men spent the next two hours loading their battered blue Transit van before making their getaway. The stolen vehicle creaked under the weight. By the time the alarm was raised 15 minutes later, the robbers and the loot had vanished. Posh: Brian Perry’s house It seemed like the perfect crime – but none of the gang had experience in gold, so they had to recruit other underworld figures who had. So much was melted down that it is thought that most people with gold jewellery made in the UK after 1993 are wearing Brink’s-Mat. Soon millions of pounds were flooding the underworld and unleashing a tide of gangland violence and murders from London’s East End to the Costa del Sol. The effect was not just felt by criminals. The double-strength ecstasy that killed Leah Betts, 18, in 1995 was almost certainly imported using money from the robbery. Police were certain that the gang must have had inside help and were quick to suspect Black, the last guard to arrive on the morning of the raid. He confessed that he had provided information and a duplicate key, and named three of the robbers, McAvoy, his brother-in-law Robinson, and a man called Tony White. Robinson and McAvoy had spent six months planning the crime, but on finding themselves millionaires they aroused suspicions by moving from their council homes to mansions in Kent. McAvoy is reputed to have named two pet rottweilers Brinks and Mat. In December 1984, Robinson and McAvoy were jailed for 25 years each while Black was sentenced to six years. But there were still many villains at large and an extraordinary amount of gold – and in the coming years death and betrayal were linked to the infamous robbery. The first death occurred in 1985, when Kenneth Noye (pictured), recruited for his links to the smelting trade, stabbed an undercover detective John Fordham in his garden. At the resulting trial, the jury found Noye not guilty of murder on the grounds of self-defence. He was on trial again in 1986 after police found 11 bars of gold at his home. He got a 14-year sentence. Cops revealed Shirley Bassey’s hit Goldfinger had been primed to play on the stereo whenever anyone walked into Noye’s lounge. He is currently serving life for the murder of 21-year-old motorist Stephen Cameron in a road rage attack in front of Cameron’s girlfriend Daniella Cable, 17, near the M25. The curse has hit many in the criminal underworld including Great Train Robber Charlie Wilson, who was gunned down at his Marbella home after £3million of Brink’s-Mat money went missing in a drug deal. In 1996, Keith Hedley, a suspected money launderer, was shot dead by three men on his yacht off Corfu. Two years later, Hatton Garden jeweller Solly Nahome, who had helped move hundreds of gold bars, was also shot dead outside his home. Perry, who was jailed for handling gold, died after being shot three times in the head in South London at the age of 63 following his release in 2001. CAUGHT IN THE CURSE The same year, Brink’s-Mat gang member George Francis, 63, was gunned down at point-blank range in his car outside the courier business he ran in South East London. Three decades on, the hunt for the missing gold continues. And with a new generation of gangsters looking for it, police believe the death toll will rise. Most of the bullion is believed to be buried, with only a few old lags knowing the whereabouts. Most believe it is only a matter of time before the curse of the Brink’s-Mat gold claims its next victim. BRIAN PERRY – Brink’s-Mat gang associate shot dead in Bermondsey, South London, in 2001. JOHN FORDHAM – Undercover policeman who was stabbed to death in 1985 by Kenneth Noye SOLLY NAHOME – Bullion smelter was gunned down in 1998 outside his North London home. KEITH HEDLEY – Money launderer was shot dead by three men on his yacht off Corfu in 1996. CHARLIE WILSON – Great Train Robber shot at home in Spain in 1990 along with dog. GILBERT WYNTER – Enforcer who disappeared in 1998 is believed to be in foundations of the O2 Arena in South East London. NICK WHITING – Suspected “grass” stabbed nine times and then shot twice with a 9mm pistol in 1990. PAT TATE – Associate of Noye shot dead with two other men in Rettendon, Essex, in 1995. STEPHEN CAMERON – Stabbed to death by Kenneth Noye in 1996 road rage incident on the M25. LEAH BETTS – Died in 1995 aged 18 after taking ecstasy thought to have been imported using Brink’s-Mat money. DAN MORGAN – Ex-cop found dead in South London in 1987. DONALD URQUHART – Money launderer who was shot by a hitman in West London in 1995. GEORGE FRANCIS – Publican who handled gold, shot in Bermondsey in 2003. JOHN MARSHALL – Associate of Noye shot in Sydenham, South London in 1996. DANNY ROFF – Gangster mown down in Bromley, Kent, in 1997. SIDNEY WINK – Gun dealer believed to have supplied the guns for the Brink’s-Mat raid committed suicide by shooting himself in 1994. ALAN DECABRAL – Witness due to give evidence against Noye ended up peppered with bullets in a car park in Ashford, Kent, in 2000. JOEY WILKINS – Vice king who grassed on Noye died mysteriously in 2007 after an apparent robbery on the Costa del Sol. ALAN ‘TAFFY’ HOLMES – Brink’s-Mat detective shot himself in 1987. MICHAEL OLYMBIOUS – Drug dealer ended up dead in 1995. Please follow and like us: Posted on Kenneth Noye Kenneth James Noye (born 24 May 1947) is a British criminal who is serving a life sentence for the 1996 murder of Stephen Cameron in a road rage incident. Noye was involved in laundering the proceeds of the Brink’s-MAT robbery in 1983–4. While he was being investigated for his part in the robbery, he stabbed to death police officer John Fordham who was observing Noye from the grounds of his home. Noye was acquitted of murder on the grounds of self-defence, but was sentenced to 14 years in prison in 1986 for handling stolen gold. He was released from prison in 1994, having served eight years of his sentence. Just over a year later, in 1996, Noye became involved in an altercation with 21-year-old motorist Stephen Cameron on the M25 motorway during what was described at the time as a road rage incident, but which has also been suggested to have been a dispute over a drug deal, Cameron being a small-time drug dealer who owed Noye money. However, it suited the purposes of both the prosecution and the defence not to mention this during the trial. During the fight, Noye stabbed and killed Cameron with a knife. Noye immediately fled the country, sparking a massive police hunt. In 1998 he was tracked down in Spain, and Cameron’s 17-year-old girlfriend Daniella Cable, who had witnessed the killing, was secretly flown out to positively identify him. Despite the obvious risks involved, she opted to testify against Noye, who at his trial in 2000 again pleaded self-defence. This time found guilty, he was convicted of murder and given a life sentence. Kenneth Noye, who was jailed for handling the Brink’s-Mat bullion, being arrested in Spain in 1998 over the ‘road-rage’ murder of Stephen Cameron Cable was given a new identity under the witness protection programme, having been praised by police for her courage in giving evidence in the presence of Noye and his associates. Another eyewitness, Alan Decabral, declined protection and was shot dead in his car in Ashford, Kent, on 5 October 2000. However, police sources stated that he was himself involved in drug and gun-smuggling, and that his death was detrimental to Noye’s forthcoming appeal, which would have concentrated on discrediting him. Noye was a police informant for many years, and he was also a Freemason, a member of the Hammersmith Lodge in London. The trial judge at Noye’s trial for murder did not make any recommendation as to how long Noye should spend in prison, but the then Home Secretary David Blunkett set a minimum term before Noye may apply for parole of 16 years in 2002. In 2001 and again in 2004, Noye appealed unsuccessfully against his conviction. He was represented in 2001 by Michael Mansfield QC. In 2007 he challenged the Criminal Cases Review Commission’s decision not to refer his case to the Appeal Court as “legally flawed”. On Friday 7 March 2008, Noye took another step toward a fresh legal challenge, when Lord Justice Richards and Mrs Justice Swift granted permission for a one-day judicial review hearing, covering the CCRC’s October 2006 decision not to send his case back to the court of appeal. On Friday 25 June 2010, Noye failed in a bid to have the minimum term he must serve for murder reduced. Mr Justice Simon, a High Court judge sitting at Newcastle Crown Court, ordered that he must spend at least 16 years in jail before he can be considered for parole. On 14 October 2010, Noye was granted a fresh appeal against his conviction for Stephen Cameron’s murder. This appeal was rejected on 22 March 2011. Please follow and like us: Posted on	Kenneth Noye
Which tennis player has reached the final of the men's singles at Wimbledon three times in the last eight years losing on every occasion?	Gangsters Archives - The Lads Room The Lads Room A Website for the Lads Menu All the information on some of the worlds most notorious gangsters and much more. Posted on John Gotti – “The Teflon Don” John Joseph Gotti, Jr. (October 27, 1940 – June 10, 2002) was an American mobster who became the boss of the Gambino crime family in New York City. Gotti and his brothers grew up in poverty and turned to a life of crime at an early age. Operating out of the Ozone Park neighborhood of Queens, Gotti quickly rose to prominence, becoming one of the crime family’s biggest earners and a protégé of Gambino family underboss Aniello Dellacroce. After the FBI indicted members of Gotti’s crew for selling narcotics, Gotti took advantage of growing dissent over the leadership of the crime family. Fearing he would be killed along with his brother and best friend by Gambino crime family boss Paul Castellano for selling drugs, Gotti organized the murder of Castellano in December 1985 and took over the family shortly thereafter. This left Gotti as the boss of one of the most powerful crime families in America, one that made hundreds of millions of dollars a year from construction, hijacking, loan sharking, gambling, extortion and other criminal activities. Gotti was one of the most powerful crime bosses during his era and became widely known for his outspoken personality and flamboyant style, which gained him favor with much of the general public. While his peers avoided attracting attention, especially from the media, Gotti became known as “The Dapper Don” for his expensive clothes and personality in front of news cameras. He was later given the nickname “The Teflon Don” after three high-profile trials in the 1980s resulted in his acquittal, though it was later revealed that the trials had been tainted by jury tampering, juror misconduct and witness intimidation. Law enforcement authorities continued gathering evidence against Gotti that helped lead to his downfall. Gotti’s underboss Salvatore “Sammy the Bull” Gravano is credited with the FBI’s success in finally convicting Gotti. In 1991, Gravano agreed to turn state’s evidence and testify for the prosecution against Gotti after hearing Gotti on wiretap making several disparaging remarks about Gravano that implicated them both in several murders. In 1992, Gotti was convicted of five murders, conspiracy to commit murder, racketeering, obstruction of justice, illegal gambling,extortion, tax evasion, and loansharking. He was sentenced to life in prison without parole and was transferred to United States Penitentiary, Marion. Gotti died of throat cancer on June 10, 2002, at the United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri. According to former Lucchese crime family boss Anthony “Gaspipe” Casso, “What John Gotti did was the beginning of the end of ‘Cosa Nostra'”. Contents 6 Portrayal in popular media Early Life John Gotti was born in an Italian American enclave in the Bronx on October 27, 1940. His ancestors came from San Giuseppe Vesuviano, in the province of Naples. He was the fifth of the thirteen children of John Joseph Gotti, Sr. and John Sr.’s wife Philomena (referred to as Fannie), and one of five brothers who would become made men in the Gambino Family: Eugene “Gene” Gotti was initiated before John due to the latter’s incarceration, Peter Gotti was initiated under John’s leadership in 1988, and Richard V. Gotti was identified as a capo by 2002. The fifth, Vincent, was initiated in 2002. Gotti grew up in poverty. His father worked irregularly as a day laborer and indulged in gambling. As an adult, John Gotti came to resent his father for being unable to provide for his family. In school, Gotti had a history of truancy and bullying other students, and ultimately dropped out of Franklin K. Lane High School, at the age of 16. Gotti was involved in street gangs associated with New York City mafiosi from the age of 12. When he was 14, he was attempting to steal a cement mixer from a construction site when it fell, crushing his toes; this injury left him with a permanent limp. After leaving school he devoted himself to working with the Mafia-associated Fulton-Rockaway Boys gang, where he met and befriended fellow futureGambino mobsters Angelo Ruggiero and Wilfred “Willie Boy” Johnson. Gotti met his future wife, Victoria DiGiorgio, in 1958. The couple had their first child, a daughter named Angel, in April 1961 and were married on March 6, 1962. They would have four more children: another daughter (Victoria) and three sons (John, Frank (b. 18 October 1967 k. 18 March 1980), and Peter). Gotti attempted to work legitimately in 1962 as a presser in a coat factory and as an assistant truck driver. However, he could not stay crime free and by 1966 had been jailed twice.[citation needed] Gambino crime family Associate As early as his teens, Gotti was running errands for Carmine Fatico, a capo in the Anastasia crime family, which became the Gambino family following the murder of boss Albert Anastasia. Together with his brother Gene and friend Ruggiero, Gotti carried out truck hijackings at Idlewild Airport (subsequently renamed John F. Kennedy International Airport). During this time, Gotti befriended fellow mob hijacker and future Bonanno family boss Joseph Massino, and was given the nicknames “Black John” and “Crazy Horse”. It was also around this time that Gotti met Gambino underboss Aniello “Neil” Dellacroce. In February 1968, United Airlines employees identified Gotti as the man who had signed for stolen merchandise; the FBI arrested him for the United hijacking soon after. Two months later, while out on bail, Gotti was arrested a third time for hijacking—this time for stealing a load of cigarettes worth $50,000, on the New Jersey Turnpike. Later that year, Gotti plead guilty to the Northwest Airlineshijacking and was sentenced to three years at Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary. Prosecutors dropped the charges for the cigarette hijacking. Gotti also pleaded guilty to the United hijacking and spent less than three years at Lewisburg. Gotti and Ruggiero were paroled in 1972 and returned to their old crew at the Bergin Hunt and Fish Club, still working under caporegime Carmine Fatico. Gotti was transferred to management of the Bergin crew’s illegal gambling, where he proved himself to be an effective enforcer. Fatico was indicted on loansharking charges in 1972. As a condition of his release, he could not associate with known felons. Although Gotti was not yet a made man in the Mafia due to the membership books’ having been closed since 1957, Fatico named Gotti the acting capo of the Bergin Crew soon after Gotti was paroled. In this new role, Gotti frequently traveled to Dellacroce’s headquarters at the Ravenite Social Club to brief the underboss on the crew’s activities. Dellacroce had already taken a liking to Gotti, and the two became even closer during this time. The two were very similar—both had strong violent streaks, cursed a lot, and were heavy gamblers. In 1973, after Carlo Gambino’s nephew Emanuel Gambino was kidnapped and murdered, John Gotti was assigned to the hit team alongside Ruggiero and Ralph Galione for the main suspect, Irish-American gangster James McBratney. The team botched their attempt to abduct McBratney at a Staten Island bar, and Galione shot McBratney dead when his accomplices managed to restrain him. Identified by eyewitnesses as a police Bergin insider, Gotti was arrested for the killing in June 1974. With the help of attorney Roy Cohn, however, he was able to strike a plea bargain and received a four-year sentence for attempted manslaughter for his part in the hit. After Gotti’s death, he was also identified by Joseph Massino as the killer of Vito Borelli, a Gambino associate killed in 1975 for insulting Paul Castellano Captain Gotti was released in July 1977 after two years imprisonment. He was subsequently initiated into the Gambino family, now under the command of Paul Castellano, and immediately promoted to replace Fatico as capo of the Bergin crew. He and his crew reported directly to Dellacroce as part of the concessions given by Castellano to keep Dellacroce as underboss, and Gotti was regarded as Dellacroce’s protégé. Under Gotti, the Bergin crew were the biggest earners of Dellacroce’s crews. Besides his cut of his subordinates’ earnings, Gotti ran his own loan sharking operation and held a no-show job as aplumbing supply salesman. Unconfirmed allegations by FBI informants in the Bergin Hunt and Fish Club claimed Gotti also financed drug deals. Gotti would try to keep most of his family uninvolved with his life of crime, with the exception of his son John Angelo Gotti, commonly known as John Gotti Jr., who by 1982 was a mob associate. In December of 1978, Gotti assisted in the largest unrecovered cash robbery in history, the infamous Lufthansa Heist at Kennedy Airport. Gotti had made arrangements for the getaway van to be crushed and bailed at a scrap metal yard in Brooklyn, New York. The driver of the van, failed to follow orders, and rather than driving the vehicle to the scrap yard he parked it near a fire hydrant and went to sleep at his girlfriend’s apartment. The NYPD recovered the getaway van and lifted the fingerprints of several perpetrators who partook in the robbery, giving rise to the unraveling of the Lufthansa caper. On March 18, 1980, Gotti’s youngest son, 12-year-old Frank Gotti, was run over and killed on a family friend’s minibike by John Favara, a neighbor. While Frank’s death was ruled an accident, Favara subsequently received death threats and, when he visited the Gottis to apologize, was attacked by Victoria Gotti with a baseball bat. On July 28, 1980, he was abducted and disappeared, presumed murdered. While the Gottis were on vacation in Florida at the time, John Gotti is still presumed to have ordered the killing, an allegation considered probable by John, Jr., while denied by his daughter Victoria. In his last two years as the Bergin Capo, Gotti was indicted on two occasions, with both cases coming to trial after his ascension to Gambino Boss. In September 1984 Gotti was in an altercation with refrigerator mechanic Romual Piecyk, and was subsequently charged with assault and robbery. In 1985 he was indicted alongside Dellacroce and several Bergin crew members in a racketeering case by Assistant US Attorney Diane Giacalone. The indictment also revealed that Gotti’s friend “Willie Boy” Johnson, one of his co-defendants, had been an FBI informant. Taking over the Gambino family Gotti rapidly became dissatisfied with Paul Castellano’s leadership, considering the new boss too isolated and greedy. Like other members of the family, Gotti also personally disliked Castellano. Castellano lacked street credibility, and those who had paid their dues running street level jobs did not respect him. Gotti also had an economic interest; he had a running beef with Castellano on the split Gotti took from hijackings at JFK Airport. Gotti was also rumored to be expanding into drug dealing, a lucrative trade Castellano had banned. In August 1983, Ruggiero and Gene Gotti were arrested for dealing heroin, based primarily on recordings from a bug in Ruggiero’s house. Castellano, who had banned made men from his family from dealing drugs under threat of death, demanded transcripts of the tapes, and when Ruggiero refused he threatened to demote Gotti. In 1984, Castellano was arrested and indicted in a RICO case for the crimes of Gambino hitman Roy DeMeo’s crew. The following year he received a second indictment for his role in the American Mafia’s Commission. Facing life imprisonment for either case, Castellano arranged for John Gotti to serve as an acting boss alongside Thomas Bilotti, Castellano’s favorite capo, and Thomas Gambinoin his absence. Gotti, meanwhile, began conspiring with fellow disgruntled capos Frank DeCicco and Joseph “Joe Piney” Armone and soldiers Sammy Gravano and Robert “DiB” DiBernardo(collectively dubbed “the Fist” by themselves) to overthrow Castellano, insisting despite the boss’ inaction that Castellano would eventually try to kill him. Armone’s support was critical; as a member of the family for more than half a century, he would lend needed credibility to the conspirators’ cause. It has long been a hard and fast rule in the American Mafia that killing a boss is forbidden without the support of a majority of the Commission. Indeed, Gotti’s planned hit would have been the first off-the-record hit on a boss since Frank Costello was nearly killed in 1957. Gotti knew that it would be too risky to solicit support from the other four bosses, since they had longstanding ties to Castellano. To get around this, he got the support of several important figures of his generation in the Lucchese, Colombo and Bonanno families. He did not even consider approaching the Genoveses; Castellano had especially close ties with Genovese boss Vincent “Chin” Gigante, and approaching any major Genovese figure could have been a tipoff. Gotti could thus claim he had the support of “off-the-record contacts” from three out of five families. He could also count on the complicity of Gambino consigliere Joseph N. Gallo. After Dellacroce died of cancer on December 2, 1985, Castellano revised his succession plan: appointing Bilotti as underboss to Thomas Gambino as the sole acting boss, while making plans to break up Gotti’s crew. Infuriated by this, and Castellano’s refusal to attend Dellacroce’s wake, Gotti resolved to kill his boss. DeCicco tipped Gotti off that he would be having a meeting with Castellano and several other Gambino mobsters at Sparks Steak House on December 16, 1985, and Gotti chose to take the opportunity. The evening of the meeting, when the boss and underboss arrived, they were ambushed and shot dead by assassins under Gotti’s command. Gotti watched the hit from his car with Gravano. Several days after the murder, Gotti was named to a three-man committee to temporarily run the family pending the election of a new boss, along with Gallo and DeCicco. It was also announced that an internal investigation into Castellano’s murder was well underway. However, it was an open secret that Gotti was acting boss in all but name, and nearly all of the family’s capos knew he’d been the one behind the hit. He was formally acclaimed as the new boss of the Gambino family at a meeting of 20 capos held on January 15, 1986. He appointed his co-conspirator DeCicco as the new underboss while retaining Gallo as consigliere. Crime boss Identified as both Paul Castellano’s likely murderer and his successor, John Gotti rose to fame throughout 1986. At the time of Gotti’s takeover the Gambino family was regarded as the most powerful American mafia family, with an annual income of $500 million. In the book Underboss, Gravano estimated that Gotti himself had an annual income of not less than $5 million during his years as boss, and more likely between $10 and $12 million. To protect himself legally, Gotti banned members of the Gambino family from accepting plea bargains that acknowledged the existence of the organization. Gotti maintained a genial public image in an attempt to play down press releases that depicted him as a ruthless mobster. He reportedly would offer coffee to FBI agents assigned to tail him. John Gotti, reputed boss of the Gambino crime family, laughs during a moment in his trial. The jury heard secretly recorded tapes which show Gotti was concerned that another gang had deliberately disrespected him by wrecking a restaurant run byone of his associates. “The Teflon Don” Gotti’s newfound fame had at least one positive effect; upon the revelation of his attacker’s occupation, and amid reports of intimidation by the Gambinos, Romual Piecyk decided not to testify against Gotti, and when the trial commenced in March 1986 he testified he was unable to remember who attacked him. The case was promptly dismissed, with the New York Post summarizing the proceedings with the headline “I Forgotti!” It was later revealed that Gambino thugs had severed Piecyk’s brake lines, made threatening phone calls and stalked him before the trial. On April 13, 1986, DiCicco was killed when his car was bombed following a visit to Castellano loyalist James Failla. The bombing was carried out by Victor Amuso and Anthony Casso of the Lucchese family, under orders of Gigante and Lucchese boss Anthony Corallo, to avenge Castellano and Bilotti by killing their successors; Gotti also planned to visit Failla that day, but canceled, and the bomb was detonated after a soldier who rode with DeCicco was mistaken for the boss. Bombs had long been banned by the American Mafia out of concern that it would put innocent people in harm’s way, leading the Gambinos to initially suspect that Zips (Sicilian mafiosi working in the United States) were behind it; Zips were well known for using bombs. Following the bombing, Judge Eugene Nickerson, presiding over Gotti’s racketeering trial, rescheduled to avoid a jury tainted by the resulting publicity while Giacalone had Gotti’s bail revoked due to evidence of intimidation in the Piecyk case. From jail, Gotti ordered the murder of Robert DiBernardo by Sammy Gravano; both DiBernardo and Ruggiero had been vying to succeed Frank DeCiccountil Ruggiero accused DiBernardo of challenging Gotti’s leadership. When Ruggiero, also under indictment, had his bail revoked for his abrasive behavior in preliminary hearings, a frustrated Gotti instead promoted Joseph Armone to underboss. Jury selection for the racketeering case began again in August 1986, with John Gotti standing trial alongside Gene Gotti, “Willie Boy” Johnson (who, despite being exposed as an informant, refused to turn state’s evidence), Leonard DiMaria, Tony Rampino, Nicholas Corozzo and John Carneglia. At this point, the Gambinos were able to compromise the case when George Pape hid his friendship with Westies boss Bosko Radonjich and was empaneled as juror #11. Through Radonjich, Pape contacted Gravano and agreed to sell his vote on the jury for $60,000. In the trial’s opening statements on September 25, Gotti’s defense attorney Bruce Cutler denied the existence of the Gambino Crime Family and framed the government’s entire effort as a personal vendetta. His main defense strategy during the prosecution was to attack the credibility of Giacalone’s witnesses by discussing their crimes committed before their turning states’. In Gotti’s defense Cutler called bank robber Matthew Traynor, a would-be prosecution witness dropped for unreliability, who testified that Giacalone offered him drugs and her panties as a masturbation aid in exchange for his testimony; Traynor’s allegations would be dismissed by Judge Nickerson as “wholly unbelievable” after the trial, and he was subsequently convicted of perjury. Despite Cutler’s defense and critiques about the prosecution’s performance, according to mob writers Jerry Capeci and Gene Mustain, when the jury’s deliberations began a majority were in favor of convicting Gotti. However, due to Pape’s misconduct, Gotti knew from the beginning of the trial that he could do no worse than a hung jury. During deliberations, Pape held out for acquittal until the rest of the jury began to fear their own safety would be compromised. On March 13, 1987, they acquitted Gotti and his codefendants of all charges. Five years later Pape was convicted of obstruction of justice for his part in the fix and sentenced to three years in prison. In the face of previous Mafia convictions, particularly the success of the Commission trial, Gotti’s acquittal was a major upset that further added to his reputation. The American media dubbed Gotti “The Teflon Don” in reference to the failure of any charges to “stick.” Reorganization While Gotti himself had escaped conviction, his associates were not so lucky. The other two men in the Gambino administration, underboss Armone and consigliere Gallo, had been indicted on racketeering charges in 1986 and were both convicted in December 1987. The heroin trial of Gotti’s former fellow Bergin crewmembers Ruggiero and Gene Gotti also commenced in June of that year. Prior to their convictions, Gotti allowed Gallo to retire and promoted Sammy Gravano in his place while slating Frank Locascio to serve as acting underboss in the event of Armone’s imprisonment. The Gambinos also worked to compromise the heroin trial’s jury, resulting in two mistrials.When the terminally ill Ruggiero was severed and released in 1989, Gotti refused to contact him, blaming him for the Gambino’s misfortunes. According to Gravano, Gotti also considered murdering Ruggiero and when he finally died “I literally had to drag him to the funeral.” Beginning in January 1988 Gotti, against Gravano’s advice, required his capos to meet with him at the Ravenite Social Club once a week.Regarded by Gene Gotti as an unnecessary vanity-inspired risk, and by FBI Gambino squad leader Bruce Mouw as antithematic to the “secret society”, this move allowed FBI surveillance to record and identify much of the Gambino hierarchy. It also provided strong circumstantial evidence that Gotti was a boss; long-standing protocol in the Mafia requires public demonstrations of loyalty to the boss. The FBI also bugged the Ravenite, but failed to produce any high-quality incriminating recordings. 1988 also saw Gotti, Gigante and new Lucchese boss Victor Amuso attending the first Commission meeting since the Commission trial. In 1986, future Lucchese underboss Anthony Casso had been injured in an unauthorized hit by Gambino capo Mickey Paradiso. The following year, the FBI warned Gotti they had recorded Genovese consigliere Louis Manna discussing another hit on John and Gene Gotti. To avoid a war, the leaders of the three families met, denied knowledge of their violence against one another, and agreed to “communicate better.” The bosses also agreed to allow Colombo acting boss Victor Orena to join the Commission, but Gigante, wary of giving Gotti a majority by admitting another ally, blocked the reentry of the Bonannos’ and Joseph Massino. Gotti was nevertheless able to take control of the New Jersey DeCavalcante crime family in 1988. According to the DeCavalcante capo-turned-informant Anthony Rotondo, Gotti attended his father’s wake with numerous other Gambino mobsters in a “show of force” and forced boss John Riggi to agree to run his family on the Gambino’s behalf. The DeCavalcantes remained in the Gambino’s sphere of influence until John Gotti’s imprisonment. Gotti’s son John Gotti Jr. was initiated into the Gambino family on Christmas Eve 1988. According to fellow mobster Michael DiLeonardo, initiated in the same night, Gravano held the ceremony to keep Gotti from being accused of nepotism. John Jr. was promptly promoted to capo. Assault acquittal On the evening of January 23, 1989, John Gotti was arrested outside the Ravenite and charged with ordering the 1986 assault of union official John O’Connor. O’Connor, a leader in the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America Local 608 who was later convicted of racketeering himself, was believed to have ordered an attack on a Gambino-associated restaurant that had snubbed the union and was subsequently shot and wounded by the Westies. To link Gotti to the case, state prosecutors had a recording of Gotti discussing O’Connor and announcing his intention to “Bust him up,” and the testimony of Westies gangster James McElroy. Gotti was released on $100,000 bail, and was later acquitted at trial. It later emerged, however, that FBI bugs had apparently caught Gotti discussing plans to fix the jury as he had in the 1986-87 racketeering case. However, to the outrage of Morgenthau and state organized crime task force chief Ronald Goldstock, the FBI and federal prosecutors chose not to reveal this information to them. Morgenthau later said that had he known about these bugged conversations, he would have asked for a mistrial. 1992 conviction On December 11, 1990, FBI agents and New York City detectives raided the Ravenite Social Club, arresting Gotti, Gravano and Frank Locascio. In the back of the police car, Gotti remarked ‘I bet ya 3 to 1 I beat this’. Gotti was charged, in this new racketeering case, with five murders (Castellano and Bilotti, Robert DiBernardo, Liborio Milito and Louis Dibono), conspiracy to murder Gaetano “Corky” Vastola, loansharking, illegal gambling, obstruction of justice, bribery and tax evasion. Based on tapes from FBI bugs played at pretrial hearings the Gambino administration was denied bail. At the same time, attorneys Bruce Cutler and Gerald Shargel were disqualified from defending Gotti and Gravano after prosecutors successfully contended they were “part of the evidence” and thus liable to be called as witnesses. Prosecutors argued that Cutler and Shargel not only knew about potential criminal activity, but had worked as “in-house counsel” for the Gambino organization.Gotti subsequently hired Albert Krieger, a Miami attorney who had worked with Joseph Bonanno, to replace Cutler. The tapes also created a rift between Gotti and Gravano, showing the Gambino boss describing his newly appointed underboss as too greedy and attempting to frame Gravano as the main force behind the murders of DiBernardo, Milito and Dibono. Gotti’s attempt at reconciliation failed, leaving Gravano disillusioned with the mob and doubtful on his chances of winning the newest case without Shargel, his former attorney. Gravano ultimately opted to turn state’s evidence, formally agreeing to testify on November 13, 1991. Gotti and Locascio were tried in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York before United States District Judge I. Leo Glasser. Jury selection began in January 1992, with ananonymous jury and, for the first time in a Brooklyn Federal case, fully sequestered during the trial due to Gotti’s reputation for jury tampering. The trial commenced with the prosecution’sopening statements on February 12; prosecutors Andrew Maloney and John Gleeson began their case by playing tapes showing Gotti discussing Gambino family business, including murders he approved, and confirming the animosity between Gotti and Castellano to establish the former’s motive to kill his boss. After calling an eyewitness of the Sparks hit who identified Gotti associate John Carneglia as one of the men who shot Bilotti they then brought Gravano to testify on March 2. On the stand Gravano confirmed Gotti’s place in the structure of the Gambino family and described in detail the conspiracy to assassinate Castellano and gave a full description of the hit and its aftermath. Krieger, and Locasio’s attorney Anthony Cardinale, proved unable to shake Gravano during cross-examination. After additional testimony and tapes the government rested its case on March 24. Five of Krieger and Cardinale’s intended six witnesses were ruled irrelevant or extraneous, leaving only Gotti’s tax attorney Murray Appleman to testify on his behalf. The defense also attempted unsuccessfully to have a mistrial declared based on Maloney’s closing remarks. Gotti himself became increasingly hostile during the trial, and at one point Glasser threatened to remove him from the courtroom. Among other outbursts, Gotti called Gravano a junkie while his attorneys sought to discuss Gravano’s past steroid use, and he equated the dismissal of a juror to the fixing of the 1919 World Series. On April 2, 1992, after only 14 hours of deliberation, the jury found Gotti guilty on all charges of the indictment (Locasio was found guilty on all but one). James Fox, director of the New York City FBI, announced at a press conference, “The Teflon is gone. The don is covered with Velcro, and all the charges stuck.” On June 23, 1992, Glasser sentenced both defendants to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole and a $250,000 fine. Incarceration and death Gotti was incarcerated at the United States Penitentiary at Marion, Illinois. He spent the majority of his sentence in effective solitary confinement, only allowed out of his cell for one hour a day. His final appeal was rejected by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1994. While in prison, Gotti was severely beaten up by Walter Johnson, a fellow inmate. Afterwards, Gotti offered at least $40,000 to the Aryan Brotherhood to kill Johnson. The Aryan Brotherhood accepted Gotti’s offer. The prison guards surmised that Johnson was in danger and transferred him to another prison.Despite this, It was said that the Aryan Brotherhood never intended to do the hit for Gotti. Gotti is also believed to have hired the Brotherhood for another aborted hit on Frank Locascio after learning the disgruntled acting consigliere sought to kill him. Despite his imprisonment, and pressure from the Commission to stand down, Gotti asserted his prerogative to retain his title as boss until his death or retirement, with his brother Peter and his son John A. Gotti Jr. relaying orders on his behalf. By 1998, when he was indicted on racketeering, John Gotti Jr. was believed to be the acting boss of the family. Against his father’s wishes, John Jr. pleaded guilty and was sentenced to six years and five months imprisonment in 1999. He maintains he has since left the Gambino family. Peter Gotti subsequently became acting boss, and is believed to have formally succeeded his brother as boss shortly before John Gotti’s death. John Jr.’s indictment brought further stress to John Gotti’s marriage. Victoria DiGiorgio Gotti, up to that point unaware of her son’s involvement in the mob, blamed her husband for ruining her son’s life and threatened to leave him unless he allowed John Jr. to leave the mob. In 1998 Gotti was diagnosed with throat cancer and sent to the United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri, for surgery. While the tumor was removed, the cancer was discovered to have returned two years later and Gotti was transferred back to Springfield, where he spent the rest of his life. Gotti’s condition rapidly declined, and he died on June 10, 2002, at the age of 61. Per John Jr., “If you look on his death certificate he choked on his own vomit and blood. He paid for his sins”.The Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn announced that Gotti’s family would not be permitted to have a Requiem Mass but allowed it after the burial. Gotti’s funeral was held in a nonchurch facility. After the funeral, an estimated 300 onlookers followed the procession, which passed Gotti’s Bergin Hunt and Fish Club, to the gravesite. John Gotti’s body was interred in a crypt next to his son Frank Gotti. Gotti’s brother Peter was unable to attend owing to his incarceration. In an apparent repudiation of Gotti’s leadership and legacy, the other New York City families sent no representatives to the funeral. By the turn of the century, due in large part to numerous prosecutions brought on as a result of Gotti’s tactics, half of the family’s active soldiers were in prison. Portrayal in popular media As early as 1990 John Gotti was already such a prominent mobster as to be the inspiration for the character Joey Zasa, portrayed by Joe Mantegna, in The Godfather Part III. Following his conviction, Gotti himself has been portrayed in four TV movies and one theatrical film: Getting Gotti – 1994 CBS TV movie, portrayed by Anthony John Denison. Gotti – 1996 HBO TV movie adapted from Gotti: Rise and Fall, portrayed by Armand Assante. Witness to the Mob – 1998 NBC miniseries, portrayed by Tom Sizemore. Boss of Bosses – 2001 TNT TV movie adapted from the book of the same name, portrayed by Sonny Marinelli. Sinatra Club – 2010 theatrical film, portrayed by Danny Nucci. Another John Gotti biographical film, titled Gotti: In the Shadow of My Father, is in pre-production for a theatrical release, with John Travolta cast as Gotti. However, as of 2013, no other cast members have been confirmed. Gotti also features in the fourth episode of UK history TV channel Yesterday’s documentary series Mafia’s Greatest Hits. Growing up Gotti, a reality show on the A&E Network featuring John Gotti’s daughter Victoria and her three sons, aired in 2004-2005. John Gotti has also been mentioned in various rap songs by artists such as The Notorious B.I.G, Dr. Dre, Jay-Z, The Game, Nas, Big L, Spice 1, Rick Ross, Fat Joe, Kool G Rap, Kevin Gates, Ace Hoodand rappers such as Irv Gotti and Yo Gotti derived their stage names after John. The Fun Lovin’ Criminals song “King Of New York” from their album Come Find Yourself references Gotti. The Krays The Krays are probably the most well known of all British Gangsters, and to some are probably the only British Gangsters that they have heard of. The Krays are not only well known but are looked upon by many as good guys. Many people that were around at the time (and presumably had never got on the wrong side of them) would recall how the streets were much safer when the Krays were about. Twin brothers Ronald “Ronnie” Kray (24 October 1933 – 17 March 1995) and Reginald “Reggie” Kray (24 October 1933 – 1 October 2000) were English gangsters who were foremost perpetrators of organised crime in London’s East End during the 1950s and ’60s. Ronald, commonly referred to as Ron or Ronnie, most likely suffered from paranoid schizophrenia. With their gang, “The Firm”, the Krays were involved in armed robberies, arson, protection rackets, assaults, and the murders of Jack “The Hat” McVitie and George Cornell. As West End nightclub owners, they mixed with prominent entertainers including Diana Dors, Frank Sinatra, Judy Garland and with politicians. The Krays were much feared within their milieu, and in the ’60s became celebrities in their own right, even being photographed by David Bailey and interviewed on television. They were arrested on 9 May 1968 and convicted in 1969 by the efforts of a squad of detectives led by Detective Superintendent Leonard “Nipper” Read, and were both sentenced to life imprisonment. Ronnie remained in Broadmoor Hospital until his death on 17 March 1995, but Reggie was released from prison on compassionate grounds in August 2000, eight weeks before his death from cancer. Early life Ronnie and Reggie Kray were born on 24 October 1933 in Hoxton, East London, to Charles David “Charlie” Kray, Sr., (10 March 1907 – 8 March 1983), a scrap gold dealer, and Violet Lee (5 August 1909 – 7 August 1982). Reggie was born roughly 10 minutes before twin Ronnie. Charlie and Violet already had a six-year old son, Charlie Jr, (9 July 1926 – 4 April 2000).[6] A sister, Violet, born 1929, died in infancy. When the twins were three years old, they were struck down with diphtheria and recovered. Ron almost died from a head injury suffered in a fight with his twin brother in 1942. In 1938, having previously lived in Stean Street, Hoxton, the Kray family moved to 178 Vallance Road, Bethnal Green. At the start of the Second World War, Charlie Kray Senior was called up into the army but went into hiding. The twins first attended Wood Close School in Brick Lane and then Daniel Street School. The influence of their grandfather, Jimmy “Cannonball” Lee,led both boys into amateur boxing, which was at that time a popular pursuit for working class boys in the East End. An element of rivalry between them spurred them on, and they achieved some success. They are said never to have lost a bout before turning professional at the age of 19. National Service The Kray twins became notorious locally for their gang and the mayhem they caused. They narrowly avoided prison several times, and in early 1952 they were called up for national service with the Royal Fusiliers . They deserted several times, each time being recaptured. While absent without leave , the twins assaulted a police officer who had spotted them and was trying to arrest them. They were initially held at the Tower of London (they were among the very last prisoners ever kept there) before being sent to Shepton Mallet military prison in Somerset and jailed for a month awaiting court-martial . They ended up being jailed in the Home Counties Brigade Depot jail in Canterbury , Kent . Their behaviour there was so bad that in the end they were given dishonourable discharges from the service; for the last few weeks of their imprisonment, when their fate was a certainty anyway, they tried to dominate the exercise area immediately outside their one man cells. They threw tantrums , upended their latrine bucket over a sergeant , similarly dumped a dixie (a large camp kettle) full of hot tea on a guard, handcuffed another guard to the prison bars with a pair of stolen cuffs, and burned their bedding. Eventually they were discharged, but not before escaping from the guardhouse and being recaptured by the army one last time. The escape was executed when they were moved from a one man cell to a communal cell and they assaulted their guard with a china vase. Still, once recaptured and while awaiting transfer to civilian authority for crimes committed during their most recent period at large, they spent their last night in Canterbury drinking cider, eating crisps, and smoking cigarillos courtesy of the young national servicemen who were acting as their guards. Nightclub owners Their criminal records and dishonourable discharges ended their boxing careers. As a result, the twins turned to crime. They bought a run down local snooker club in Bethnal Green, where they started several protection rackets. By the end of the 1950s, the Krays were involved in hijacking, armed robbery and arson, through which they acquired a few clubs and other properties. In 1960 Ronnie Kray was incarcerated for 18 months on charges of running a protection racket and related threats, and while he was in prison, Peter Rachman, the head of a violent landlord operation, gave Reggie a nightclub on the Knightsbridge end of Wilton Place beside Joans Kitchen a bistro, called Esmeralda’s Barn. The site is now where the Berkeley Hotel is, the club itself was on the corner opposite the church. This increased the Krays’ influence in the West End of London, with celebrities and famous people rather than East End criminals. They were assisted by banker Alan Cooper who wanted protection from the Krays’ rivals, the Richardsons, who were based in South London. Please follow and like us: Posted on The 10 Most Successful Gangsters of All Time Who says crime doesn’t pay? If you are willing to take chances and know that you may live a fabulous but somewhat abbreviated existence, you too could be a gangster. As demonstrated by our list there are times crime definitely does pay. These larger than life gangsters lived fabulous lives although for many of them it lasted a relatively short time. They owned mansions, planes, yachts, jewels, furs, cars and even an island. They had designer clothes, designer drugs and an endless supply of entertainment. Unfortunately with the type of work they dealt in, they had to be extremely careful so certain precautions always had to be taken. Bodyguards, food tasters, armored vehicles, alternate identities and even drastic plastic surgery were also part of their lifestyle. These were just a few of the preventative measures that could be taken for their protection and to keep them on top of the game. Individuals like these were always targeted by rival gangs; it was a dangerous existence albeit a fantastic one. Is this why we are so fascinated by gangsters? Our culture reflects the fascination through movies, TV shows and books. Prohibition seemed to spawn a new breed bringing players like Al Capone, and gambling allowing others like Meyer Lansky to rise to the top of the heap. Of course drug trafficking on a grand scale in the modern day ushered in South American drug lords and powerful cartels. No matter what though, at some point after all the fun, the law does catch up. Sometimes it takes years but it does happen. Most on this list faced charges of drug conspiracy and tax evasion, not to mention murder. Many spent years on the run avoiding the law, or worse yet, hired assassins. There is definitely a price to pay for this type of life. These gangsters usually came to violent ends or rotted away in jail cells until they died. Let’s take a look at the ten most successful criminals in terms of financial success and how they made their fortunes. 10. Frank Lucas: $52 Million Born in 1930, in La Grange, North Carolina, Frank Lucas moved to Harlem in 1946. He aspired to be what he termed “Donald Trump rich” and so he calculated a plan after seeing the potential of the heroin business that was largely fed by the Vietnam War at that time. U.S Servicemen were exposed to all sorts of drugs overseas and many came back with raging addictions. Lucas knew the potential for a huge profit was there if he could obtain the heroin from the source and bypass the Italian mafia that was in control of Harlem at the time. After travelling to Vietnam and setting up contacts and connections there, he was able to ship in tons of heroin from South East Asia on a regular basis. He hired only family members and trusted friends and eventually he took control of the heroin trade in New York and New Jersey. Working with Khun Sa, a well-known opium lord, Lucas arranged to have the heroin hidden in coffins that were flown from Vietnam to the U.S. During the height of his operation he was making approximately a million dollars a day and his net worth was estimated to have been in the neighborhood of $52 million making him number ten on our list of most successful gangsters. Ironically, after serving time, Lucas was said to be sorry for his part in the devastation of Harlem and for the damage he caused so many individuals and families. He spent time attempting to undo some of the damage by working with his daughter’s non-profit organization, Yellow Brick Roads, protecting children of incarcerated parents. In 2007, his life was depicted in the movie American Gangster, starring Denzel Washington. 9. Jose Figueroa Agosto: $100 Million Jose Figueroa Agosto was born June 28th, 1964 in San Juan, Puerto Rico. He is said to have risen in power within his crime family after he killed a driver that had stolen a shipment of cocaine. Even though he was caught and convicted for the murder he managed to escape, walking out of the prison with a fake release order and fleeing to the Dominican Republic. He made his millions in drug trafficking at some point controlling over 90% of the drug traffic from the Dominican Republic to Puerto Rico. He successfully eluded the law by creating alternate identities and paying bribes to law enforcement personnel but his luck finally ran out. He was arrested in July of 2010 by DEA, FBI, U.S. Marshals, and the Puerto Rican Police. His fortune was estimated at approximately $100 million making him number nine on our list. Joseph Kennedy: $300 million Born on September 6th, 1888, in Boston, Massachusetts, Joseph P. Kennedy made his first million by age 30. Already in the liquor business legally he had to take extreme measures when Prohibition started or lose his business, so he contacted mobsters in New York and Chicago and became a successful bootlegger. Even after liquor was made legal again, Kennedy maintained those questionable ties and it’s said to have played a part in helping him control certain political elections. According to Fortune Magazine in his prime, Kennedy had a net worth of more than $300 million. As father to a U.S. President, a District Attorney and a Senator, you might raise a brow seeing him on our list, but with his known associations with the likes of mobsters such as Frank Costello and Sam Giancana and allegations of influencing unions, fixing elections and his bootlegging stint, he seems right at home as number eight on the list. Joseph Kennedy died November 18th, 1969, outliving all of his sons except for Ted. 7. Meyer Lansky: $600 Million Meyer Lansky, originally Maier Suchowljansky, was born July 4th, 1902. Lansky was one of the most well-known gangsters of his time. Born a Polish Jew in Russia, he immigrated to the U.S. with his parents in 1911, moving to New York’s Lower East Side. Partnering with Bugsy Siegel he ran a floating crap game organizing a small gang and moving on to bigger and better things including auto theft, burglary, and liquor smuggling. He worked under the protection of the Masseria crime family, even moving on to putting together a group of professional assassins. Supposedly it was Lansky who conspired with Lucky Luciano to eventually have Masseria killed in 1931. Lansky joined Luciano from 1932 to 1934 forming a national crime syndicate. Lansky became a major banker in the operation and used international accounts to launder money. His success continued as he moved to developing gambling operations in Cuba, Florida and eventually Las Vegas. It was Lansky that financed his old friend Siegel’s casino in Las Vegas and it was also Lansky that ordered the hit on Siegel when he attempted to steal from the syndicate. When Cuba became a problem after Fidel Castro rose in power, Lansky turned his attention to the Bahamas, continuing to expand his gambling empire across the ocean. You name it, Lansky was into it, including narcotics, prostitution, pornography, racketeering, extortion, money laundering, etc. He squirreled away his vast holdings in Swiss bank accounts. In his heyday Forbes named him as one of the 400 richest people in the U.S. with a net worth of over $600 million making him number seven on our list. Although he attempted to flee to Israel, Lansky was forced back to the U.S. to face charges but due to his ill health he did not spend much jail time. Most indictments were discharged and he died of lung cancer in Miami at age 83. 6. Al Capone: $1.3 Billion Alphonse Capone was born on January 17th, 1899, in Brooklyn, New York. He was born into a respectable family, his father was educated and making a living as a barber. Capone grew up living in a Brooklyn tenement near the Navy Yard. Although Capone was very bright he was expelled from Catholic school at age 14 for assaulting a teacher and he never returned. He met gangster Johnny Torrio and was seduced by Torrio’s lifestyle. He joined Torrio’s gang rising quickly and acquiring the scar in a knife fight that earned him the nickname “Scarface”. He moved to Chicago in 1909 at Torrio’s request to help run operations there and by 1925 when Torrio retired, Capone became the boss of Chicago running the prostitution, gambling and bootlegging rackets there. He was ruthless, always attempting to take out other gangs and increase his territory. He ran the Chicago Mafia making most of his money during the prohibition period including over $60 million monthly from illegal alcohol alone. He was able to live the high life even refusing to carry a gun as a mark of his status, however he rarely traveled with less than two bodyguards and he almost always traveled under the cover of dark. Capone was involved in probably one of the most infamous gang hits in history; the Saint Valentine’s Day Massacre. Tired of dealing with his rival, Bugs Moran and his Northsiders gang, Capone ordered the hit for February 14th, 1929, staging it as a raid with the henchmen wearing stolen police uniforms. Unfortunately for Capone, Moran escaped but it was well-known who had attempted the hit. He had just about everyone on his payroll including government officials, judges, police officers and City Hall personnel. His fortune would have been worth approximately $1.3 billion today landing him the number six spot on our list. Unfortunately the law did catch up with Capone and he was arrested and prosecuted by the Internal Revenue Service for tax evasion. He spent 11 years in prison, serving time in Alcatraz until he became ill and was released early for good behavior. He died on January 25th, 1947 at age 48. 5. Griselda Blanco: $2 Billion Griselda Blanco, also known as the “The Godmother and The Black Widow,” was born in Colombia on February 15th, 1943. She is suspected of having committed over 200 murders while transporting cocaine from Colombia to the U.S. She was raised by an abusive mother and drifted into prostitution at a young age. Working as a prostitute she became involved with the Medellin Cartel. Working for them, she helped smuggle Colombian cocaine throughout the U.S., even designing special undergarments that could be used to transport large amounts through U.S Customs. Blanco arrived in New York in the mid 1970’s, a successful drug smuggler running a huge narcotics operation but U.S. law enforcement was on her tail and after intercepting one of her shipments she and more than 30 of her partners were indicted. Afraid she would be captured, Blanco returned to Colombia, but eventually she came back to the U.S. and this time settled in Miami. She continued working for the Medellin Cartel, acquiring her reputation for murder until she was eventually caught and jailed for drug conspiracy. Upon her release Blanco returned to Colombia where she was gunned down by two hit men on motorcycles at age 69. In her time she was making approximately $80 million a month and during her peak she was worth $2 billion. That makes this dangerous lady gangster number five on our list. 4. Carlos Lehder: $2.7 Billion Born in Armenia, Colombia, on September 7th, 1949, Carlos Lehder became a founding member of the Medellin Cartel, eventually taking control of an island in the Bahamas and using it to transport cocaine between Colombia and the U.S. He used connections he had made in prison to help him import cocaine and distribute across the United States. A self-proclaimed Nazi, Lehder was eventually run off the island by Professor Richard Novak, a diving enthusiast, hell-bent on keeping his diving paradise pristine. Once off the island, Lehder attempted to keep the law at bay with threats and payoffs, but eventually he was arrested, extradited to the U.S. and sentenced to 135 years in jail. After agreeing to testify against the Panamanian dictator, Manuel Noriega, Lehder was put into the witness protection program and virtually disappeared. Supposedly he was given a reduced sentence of 55 years and is serving time under another name. At the time of his arrest government officials seized Lehder’s bank accounts and took ownership of his possessions bankrupting the gangster. During his prime through drug trafficking and racketeering Lehder amassed a fortune of over $2.7 billion, making him number four on our list. 3. Joaquin Guzman Loera: $5 Billion It is believed Joaquin Guzman Loera was born on December 25th, 1954, in Mexico, although his exact birthdate is not known. He grew up the son of a cattle rancher, his family was very poor and he helped by selling fruit when possible to help earn a living. He also learned to grow his own poppies for opium and marijuana to increase the family’s income. His nickname was earned by his short stance; Loera at full height was only 5 feet 6 inches tall earning him the moniker of “El Chapo”, which means “Shorty”. After his father kicked him from his family home, he went to live with his grandparents and he became associated with the Sinaloa Drug Cartel, overseeing drug trafficking between Mexico and the U.S. The drugs were obtained from Colombia and delivered into Mexico where Loera ran logistics, ensuring their delivery from there into the U.S. and Europe by way of plane, boat, truck, train, or helicopter. When the heads of the cartel were eventually arrested, Loera took control. He added the manufacturing of meth within Mexico as well. According to Forbes, Loera’s net worth is estimated to be approximately $5 billion. Although eventually a $5 million dollar reward was offered for his capture, Loera managed to evade the authorities and stay at the top of the FBI’s most wanted list for more than 10 years. He was only recently captured and arrested on February 22nd, 2014 at a resort in Mazatlán, Mexico. 2. Amado Carrillo Fuentes: $25 Billion Amado Carrillo Fuentes was born December of 1956 in Navolato Sinaloa, Mexico. He was known as the “Lord of the Skies”, earning his nickname utilizing private planes to carry cocaine around the world. He owned a fleet of 27 private jets, most were Boeing 727’s. Flying into mostly municipal airports and airstrips around Mexico, he was able to successfully transport massive amounts of cocaine. Fuentes murdered his former boss, Rafael Aguilar Guajardo, leader of the Juarez Drug Cartel and took over operations. Under his direction, the cartel flourished and Fuentes became one of the most powerful drug traffickers in the world, shipping tons of cocaine directly to Manhattan monthly. Married with a family, Fuentes resided in a middle-eastern style home that resembled a fortress called “The Palace of a Thousand and One Nights”. It was finally ordered to be torn down in 2006 by Governor Eduardo Bours. Fuentes lived a far from peaceful existence spending the last ten years of his life mostly on the run from the law. In 1997, as capture became imminent Fuentes decided to change his appearance and after admittance into a hospital in Mexico City, he died on July 3rd, 1997, while undergoing extensive plastic surgery. The operation lasted over nine hours and it’s unclear as to whether Fuentes had a reaction to a medication or the respirator failed but he died on the table. Strangely enough, three months afterward, the two doctors who had performed the surgery were found dead, buried in concrete tombs. There was evidence torture had taken place. The funeral of Fuentes was considered to be one of the most expensive in all Mexico’s history with thousands in attendance. This gangster, in his prime, was reported to have a net worth of over $25 billion making him number two on our list. 1. Pablo Escobar: $30 Billion Number one on our list is Pablo Escobar, born December 1st, 1949 in Antioquia, Colombia. He was a founding member of the Medellin Cartel, one of the most powerful drug cartels in all of Colombian history. His ruthless ambition gained him control of over 80% of the cocaine that was smuggled into the U.S. Born into a poor family Escobar started his criminal career early, stealing and selling tombstones. By the 1970’s he began to be involved with cocaine. In partnership with five other illegal business owners he formed the Medellin Cartel, purchasing large amounts of coca paste from Bolivia and Peru and importing it to the U.S. According to Fortune and Forbes magazines he came in as number seven on their list of the ten richest people on earth. He crafted his position and status carefully sponsoring charity projects and soccer clubs and investing in the right contacts and influential friends. Unfortunately, his ambition brought an early death to many that threatened to get in his way including at least three Colombian presidential candidates, thousands of law enforcement personnel, attorney generals, judges and even journalists brave enough to report the truth. At one point it was said he offered to pay off Colombia’s national debt estimated at $10 billion. He attempted to lobby for a no-extradition clause and generous amnesty to drug lords if they agreed to give up drug trafficking. This makes sense as by this point he had distanced himself from the trade instead choosing to impose a so called “tax” on those trafficking directly. His fortune was estimated to be over $30 billion earning him the number one spot on our list. He attempted to hide himself in prison to escape assassins but that only lasted a year then he was on the run again. He was finally shot to death by the Colombian police in 1993. Please follow and like us: Posted on Brink’s-Mat Robbery The Brink’s-Mat raid was the robbery of the century, the stuff of legends in the criminal underworld. On November 26, 1983, a group of robbers burst into the Brink’s-Mat warehouse near Heathrow Airport, expecting to find a decent-sized haul of cash – but instead they stumbled upon nearly seven thousand gold bars worth £28 million. More than twenty-five years later, £20 million of bullion remains unrecovered, and it is thought that most people in possession of gold jewellery made in the UK after 1983 are wearing Brink’s-Mat Scene: 1983 police van and officers Fool’s Gold: The curse of the Brink’s-Mat gold bullion robbery More than 20 people whose lives were touched by the bullion have met an untimely, often gruesome end since the record-breaking raid, an investigation has revealed. When veterans of London’s criminal underworld meet, they grimly refer to the Brink’s-Mat millions as Fool’s Gold. Just after dawn on November 26, 1983, six armed men burst into the Brink’s-Mat warehouse at Heathrow expecting to find £3million in cash. Instead they stumbled across nearly seven thousand gold ingots, worth nearly £28million. The heist turned them into some of Britain’s richest men and filled the pockets of countless other crooks as the gold was melted down and the money laundered to fund shady activities such as drug smuggling. Just three out of 15 men involved in planning and executing the robbery were ever convicted – robbers “Mad” Mickey McAvoy and Brian “The Colonel” Robinson and security guard insider Tony Black, Robinson’s brother in law. The vast majority of the gold – worth over £500million at today’s prices – has never been recovered. But nearly 30 years on, most of those involved have come to regret the day they ever came into contact with the Brink’s-Mat bullion. More than 20 people connected to the heist are dead. They include an ex-policeman who ended up with an axe in his head, an underworld figure gunned down on his yacht off Corfu and an enforcer now believed to be part of the foundations of the O2 Arena in London. A senior detective who worked on the investigation said he was never surprised by the brutal murders. He said: “These villains were out of control, many of them off their heads on drugs bought with their new-found riches. “The trouble was that when that money either ran out, or in the case of some of them, never materialised, there was only one way to respond – to kill people to show others that even 25 years after the robbery, if they dared to cross the gang they would still pay with their life.” Bullion: The heist gang came into riches The book, The Curse of Brink’s-Mat: Twenty-five years of Murder and Mayhem by Wensley Clarkson, traces the fate of the men whose lives became entwined with the case. It tells how the idea of a curse was the last thing on the minds of the six robbers who, after tying up guards at the depot, found riches beyond their wildest dreams. Robinson, McAvoy, Brian Perry and three other men managed to disable the security alarm and enter the warehouse thanks to “insider” Black, who worked at the depot. Once inside, they doused the guards with petrol and threatened to set them alight unless they revealed the combinations to the vault, which they knew contained £3million. But when they got inside, they could hardly believe their eyes. Stacked in front of them were 6,800 gold ingots, hundreds of thousands of pounds, travellers’ cheques and two boxes of diamonds. The men spent the next two hours loading their battered blue Transit van before making their getaway. The stolen vehicle creaked under the weight. By the time the alarm was raised 15 minutes later, the robbers and the loot had vanished. Posh: Brian Perry’s house It seemed like the perfect crime – but none of the gang had experience in gold, so they had to recruit other underworld figures who had. So much was melted down that it is thought that most people with gold jewellery made in the UK after 1993 are wearing Brink’s-Mat. Soon millions of pounds were flooding the underworld and unleashing a tide of gangland violence and murders from London’s East End to the Costa del Sol. The effect was not just felt by criminals. The double-strength ecstasy that killed Leah Betts, 18, in 1995 was almost certainly imported using money from the robbery. Police were certain that the gang must have had inside help and were quick to suspect Black, the last guard to arrive on the morning of the raid. He confessed that he had provided information and a duplicate key, and named three of the robbers, McAvoy, his brother-in-law Robinson, and a man called Tony White. Robinson and McAvoy had spent six months planning the crime, but on finding themselves millionaires they aroused suspicions by moving from their council homes to mansions in Kent. McAvoy is reputed to have named two pet rottweilers Brinks and Mat. In December 1984, Robinson and McAvoy were jailed for 25 years each while Black was sentenced to six years. But there were still many villains at large and an extraordinary amount of gold – and in the coming years death and betrayal were linked to the infamous robbery. The first death occurred in 1985, when Kenneth Noye (pictured), recruited for his links to the smelting trade, stabbed an undercover detective John Fordham in his garden. At the resulting trial, the jury found Noye not guilty of murder on the grounds of self-defence. He was on trial again in 1986 after police found 11 bars of gold at his home. He got a 14-year sentence. Cops revealed Shirley Bassey’s hit Goldfinger had been primed to play on the stereo whenever anyone walked into Noye’s lounge. He is currently serving life for the murder of 21-year-old motorist Stephen Cameron in a road rage attack in front of Cameron’s girlfriend Daniella Cable, 17, near the M25. The curse has hit many in the criminal underworld including Great Train Robber Charlie Wilson, who was gunned down at his Marbella home after £3million of Brink’s-Mat money went missing in a drug deal. In 1996, Keith Hedley, a suspected money launderer, was shot dead by three men on his yacht off Corfu. Two years later, Hatton Garden jeweller Solly Nahome, who had helped move hundreds of gold bars, was also shot dead outside his home. Perry, who was jailed for handling gold, died after being shot three times in the head in South London at the age of 63 following his release in 2001. CAUGHT IN THE CURSE The same year, Brink’s-Mat gang member George Francis, 63, was gunned down at point-blank range in his car outside the courier business he ran in South East London. Three decades on, the hunt for the missing gold continues. And with a new generation of gangsters looking for it, police believe the death toll will rise. Most of the bullion is believed to be buried, with only a few old lags knowing the whereabouts. Most believe it is only a matter of time before the curse of the Brink’s-Mat gold claims its next victim. BRIAN PERRY – Brink’s-Mat gang associate shot dead in Bermondsey, South London, in 2001. JOHN FORDHAM – Undercover policeman who was stabbed to death in 1985 by Kenneth Noye SOLLY NAHOME – Bullion smelter was gunned down in 1998 outside his North London home. KEITH HEDLEY – Money launderer was shot dead by three men on his yacht off Corfu in 1996. CHARLIE WILSON – Great Train Robber shot at home in Spain in 1990 along with dog. GILBERT WYNTER – Enforcer who disappeared in 1998 is believed to be in foundations of the O2 Arena in South East London. NICK WHITING – Suspected “grass” stabbed nine times and then shot twice with a 9mm pistol in 1990. PAT TATE – Associate of Noye shot dead with two other men in Rettendon, Essex, in 1995. STEPHEN CAMERON – Stabbed to death by Kenneth Noye in 1996 road rage incident on the M25. LEAH BETTS – Died in 1995 aged 18 after taking ecstasy thought to have been imported using Brink’s-Mat money. DAN MORGAN – Ex-cop found dead in South London in 1987. DONALD URQUHART – Money launderer who was shot by a hitman in West London in 1995. GEORGE FRANCIS – Publican who handled gold, shot in Bermondsey in 2003. JOHN MARSHALL – Associate of Noye shot in Sydenham, South London in 1996. DANNY ROFF – Gangster mown down in Bromley, Kent, in 1997. SIDNEY WINK – Gun dealer believed to have supplied the guns for the Brink’s-Mat raid committed suicide by shooting himself in 1994. ALAN DECABRAL – Witness due to give evidence against Noye ended up peppered with bullets in a car park in Ashford, Kent, in 2000. JOEY WILKINS – Vice king who grassed on Noye died mysteriously in 2007 after an apparent robbery on the Costa del Sol. ALAN ‘TAFFY’ HOLMES – Brink’s-Mat detective shot himself in 1987. MICHAEL OLYMBIOUS – Drug dealer ended up dead in 1995. Please follow and like us: Posted on Kenneth Noye Kenneth James Noye (born 24 May 1947) is a British criminal who is serving a life sentence for the 1996 murder of Stephen Cameron in a road rage incident. Noye was involved in laundering the proceeds of the Brink’s-MAT robbery in 1983–4. While he was being investigated for his part in the robbery, he stabbed to death police officer John Fordham who was observing Noye from the grounds of his home. Noye was acquitted of murder on the grounds of self-defence, but was sentenced to 14 years in prison in 1986 for handling stolen gold. He was released from prison in 1994, having served eight years of his sentence. Just over a year later, in 1996, Noye became involved in an altercation with 21-year-old motorist Stephen Cameron on the M25 motorway during what was described at the time as a road rage incident, but which has also been suggested to have been a dispute over a drug deal, Cameron being a small-time drug dealer who owed Noye money. However, it suited the purposes of both the prosecution and the defence not to mention this during the trial. During the fight, Noye stabbed and killed Cameron with a knife. Noye immediately fled the country, sparking a massive police hunt. In 1998 he was tracked down in Spain, and Cameron’s 17-year-old girlfriend Daniella Cable, who had witnessed the killing, was secretly flown out to positively identify him. Despite the obvious risks involved, she opted to testify against Noye, who at his trial in 2000 again pleaded self-defence. This time found guilty, he was convicted of murder and given a life sentence. Kenneth Noye, who was jailed for handling the Brink’s-Mat bullion, being arrested in Spain in 1998 over the ‘road-rage’ murder of Stephen Cameron Cable was given a new identity under the witness protection programme, having been praised by police for her courage in giving evidence in the presence of Noye and his associates. Another eyewitness, Alan Decabral, declined protection and was shot dead in his car in Ashford, Kent, on 5 October 2000. However, police sources stated that he was himself involved in drug and gun-smuggling, and that his death was detrimental to Noye’s forthcoming appeal, which would have concentrated on discrediting him. Noye was a police informant for many years, and he was also a Freemason, a member of the Hammersmith Lodge in London. The trial judge at Noye’s trial for murder did not make any recommendation as to how long Noye should spend in prison, but the then Home Secretary David Blunkett set a minimum term before Noye may apply for parole of 16 years in 2002. In 2001 and again in 2004, Noye appealed unsuccessfully against his conviction. He was represented in 2001 by Michael Mansfield QC. In 2007 he challenged the Criminal Cases Review Commission’s decision not to refer his case to the Appeal Court as “legally flawed”. On Friday 7 March 2008, Noye took another step toward a fresh legal challenge, when Lord Justice Richards and Mrs Justice Swift granted permission for a one-day judicial review hearing, covering the CCRC’s October 2006 decision not to send his case back to the court of appeal. On Friday 25 June 2010, Noye failed in a bid to have the minimum term he must serve for murder reduced. Mr Justice Simon, a High Court judge sitting at Newcastle Crown Court, ordered that he must spend at least 16 years in jail before he can be considered for parole. On 14 October 2010, Noye was granted a fresh appeal against his conviction for Stephen Cameron’s murder. This appeal was rejected on 22 March 2011. Please follow and like us: Posted on	i don't know
Which TV series was won by a man named Tom Pellerau on July 17th this year?	Lord Sugar chooses Tom Pellereau as Apprentice - BBC News BBC News Lord Sugar chooses Tom Pellereau as Apprentice 17 July 2011 From the section Entertainment & Arts comments Image caption Pellereau (right) beat three other finalists to the £250,000 investment Inventor Tom Pellereau has been named the winner of the seventh series of The Apprentice. The 32-year-old entrepreneur will receive a £250,000 investment from Amstrad boss Lord Sugar to start or expand his own business. Lord Sugar, 64, said he had gone with his "gut feeling" when he picked Pellereau, despite reservations over his scheme to design new office chairs. "I think this result shows that nice guys come first," said Pellereau. Each of the four finalists on Sunday's show had to come up with a business plan. Alongside Pellereau's office furniture idea, Jim Eastwood came up with an e-learning service for schools while Susan Ma wanted to expand her organic skincare company. The fourth finalist, Helen Milligan, aimed to launch a national concierge service. Pellereau said he had a "huge number of ideas" which he and Lord Sugar would sift through before devising a business plan. "I'm very much going to listen to him... but there will definitely be some exciting products coming shortly," he said. "I am a product man in my heart," said Lord Sugar after naming Pellereau as his business partner. Media captionThe 32-year-old inventor talked to BBC Breakfast about his win "I've made products and sold them to retailers. That's in my blood and that's what Tom is all about. "It's just a gut feeling and I've done a lot of things in my life on gut feeling." Pellereau's win comes despite him being the worst-performing winner of The Apprentice. The contestant ended up on the losing team on eight of the weekly tasks during the series. Eastwood, Ma and Milligan had to be satisfied with being runners-up - though Eastwood's consolation prize was a certificate for 'The Best Salesperson in the World', presented by Lord Sugar. "He doesn't give away compliments easily so that was a major accolade," said Eastwood, whom viewers saw being berated on Sunday's show by former Apprentice adviser Margaret Mountford.	Apprenticeship
What is the name of the national currency of Thailand?	Sir Alan Sugar's Apprentices: 'You're hired' - but where are they now? - Telegraph 08 Jan 2013 Triumphant taskTook on the male grooming test alone – and won it. Boardroom blunder Failed to stop his team from producing a cheesy advert for English sparkling wine. Memorable put-down Claude Littner, Lord Sugar’s fearsome adviser, described his personal statement as “crass, obnoxious and infantile”. Where is he now? “Ricky Hype” ditched his wrestling career and is now working with Lord Sugar on a scientific recruitment agency. He says “I miss wrestling. But I’m a businessman, not a showman.” Tom Pellereau winner, series seven Who? The Harry Potter-lookalike who tried to woo the public with his bendy nail file. Triumphant task Who could forget his idea for “Bix Mix”, a half-digestive, half-chocolate biscuit? Boardroom blunder Was in the losing team five weeks in a row and failed to sell anything in the Paris task. Memorable put-down Lord Sugar told him: “If you nod your head any longer, I’m going to put you on the back seat of my bloody car.” Where is he now? Still inventing, now in partnership with Sugar. Projects include a collapsible baby bottle and a bowel-cancer-screening device. He says “I cannot help but come up with new inventions almost every day; some say it’s an affliction.” Stuart Baggs series six Who? Baggs “The Brand”, king of bluster and drivel. Gems included: “Everything I touch turns to sold,” and “I’m not a one-trick pony; I’m a whole field of ponies.” Triumphant task Did a good job flogging baked goods in week three. Boardroom blunder Task one, when his selling techniques included: “Excuse me sir, you look like a sausage connoisseur.” Memorable put-down Nick Hewer, Lord Sugar’s sharp-tongued sidekick, said: “Stuart’s leadership style leaves me trembling with irritation.” Where is he now? Founded a communications group, Blue Wave. Admitted that he would “take anything” in the way of a job and enjoys working in the nude. He says Currently doling out advice on Twitter, including: “Don’t go on The Apprentice.” Yasmina Siadatan winner, series five Who? The half-Iranian restaurateur whose father has three wives. Triumphant task Proved she could sell anything when she flogged a bicycle bag and a cat playhouse. Boardroom blunder Nearly fudged the final task by coming up with “male-only” chocolates. Memorable put-down “The wrong candidate won” was the damning verdict from reviewers after the final. Where is he now? Months after starting her job at Amscreen Healthcare, Siadatan started a relationship with another employee, went on maternity leave and later handed in her notice. Took a job at Dragons’ Den star James Caan’s private equity firm last month She says “Life is brilliant.” Philip Taylor and Kate Walsh series five Who? The Apprentice’s golden couple, whose relationship was outed in the boardroom. Taylor will forever be remembered for selling cereal dressed as “Pants Man”. Triumphant task Walsh made it to the final, where she arguably should have won. Boardroom blunder Taylor went out in week seven after Lord Sugar criticised his negativity. Memorable put-down Sugar to Walsh: “You’re too perfect, too robotic.” Hewer said Taylor “took logic and tortured it until it screamed”. Where is he now? Still together. Taylor marketed his Body-Rocka exercise machine through Argos. Walsh took her perfect smile to Channel 5 and is marketing director for an eyewear company. They say “We’re not getting married and there are no immediate plans to have kids.” Lee McQueen winner, series four Who? The most likeable winner to date, known for his catchphrase “That’s what I’m talking about”. A skilled pterodactyl impersonator. Triumphant task Won the buying challenge in Morocco. Boardroom blunder Caught out for lying on his CV about the time he spent at university. Memorable put-down Did his dinosaur impression and was told by one of Lord Sugar’s advisers: “I didn’t find it funny and Lord Sugar definitely wouldn’t.” Where is he now? After famously ringing in sick on his first day of work, he was development director at Amscreen, Sugar’s digital advertising group, for two years. Now runs his own recruitment company, Raw Talent Academy. He says “Working with Lord Sugar gave me the confidence to set up my own business.” Simon Ambrose winner, series three Who? Poshest candidate and Mensa clever clogs with an IQ of 174. Triumphant task Successfully sold a foldable wheelchair (a triumph somewhat overshadowed by his risqué efforts at screwing legs on to a trampoline). Boardroom blunder Caused a rift when his team lost by 97p. Memorable put-down Sugar on his winning task: “The biggest load of tut I’ve seen in my life.” Where is he now? Worked for Sugar’s property company, Amsprop, for three years and qualified as a surveyor. Current projects include an art gallery and a production company. He says “Lord Sugar taught me to go for things with full belief and without hesitation.” Michelle Dewberry winner, series two Who? Billed as The Silent Assassin, she beat the aggressive Ruth Badger. Triumphant task Won the flat-renting challenge. Boardroom blunder Spent most of the Topshop task drinking champagne in the VIP room. Memorable put-down The only winner whose photograph does not appear in Lord Sugar’s autobiography. Where is she now? Stayed with Amstrad for a year. Since then has worked as a consultant and runs three social buying websites. Her autobiography, Anything is Possible, is available from 1p online. She says “I get paid to inspire people, which is unbelievable.” Tim Campbell winner, series one Who? A former London Underground manager known for his snappy suits. Triumphant task Beat feisty Saira Khan in the final with a glittering boat party on the Thames. Boardroom blunder Riled others by being a goody two-shoes. Memorable put-down Interviewers said Campbell was “too naive”. Where is he now? After one year at Amstrad he founded the Bright Ideas Trust, a charity that supports young entrepreneurs, and is now London’s Ambassador for Training and Enterprise. Awarded an MBE. He says “The Apprentice was definitely a springboard and it’s good for getting young people interested in business.” Additional research by Natasha Salmon	i don't know
What is the name of the national currency of Malaysia?	MYR - Malaysian Ringgit rates, news, and tools MYR - Malaysian Ringgit Malaysia, Ringgit The Malaysian Ringgit is the currency of Malaysia. Our currency rankings show that the most popular Malaysia Ringgit exchange rate is the MYR to USD rate . The currency code for Ringgits is MYR, and the currency symbol is RM. Below, you'll find Malaysian Ringgit rates and a currency converter. You can also subscribe to our currency newsletters with daily rates and analysis, read the XE Currency Blog , or take MYR rates on the go with our XE Currency Apps and website.	Malaysian ringgit
From which musical does the song On The Street Where You live come?	Malaysia Ringgit; RM or MYR? \| Lunaticg Coin Malaysia Ringgit; RM or MYR? 7:00:00 AM Last few weeks, there is a little bit of discussion about what exactly is the monetray code for Malaysia ringgit; RM or MYR? The discussion in local star newspaper started by ABDUN NIZAR AHMAD asking if "Our currency wrongly denoted?". He is saying that prices or monetary values used in Malaysia are denoted by the acronym RM and pronounced as Ringgit Malaysia (or Malaysian Ringgit). However, try picking up an Asian edition of an international magazine or checking our exchange rates via an international financial website, chances are Malaysia currency is often denoted as either MYR or MY$, while currencies of other countries (including those of neighbouring ones) are correctly used. Another Star reader PROUD MALAYSIAN RINGGIT reply that "Forex code for our ringgit is correct". He is saying that the currency code in the international foreign exchange market for Malaysian Ringgit is “MYR” while “RM” was introduced some years back to replace the “$” in our day-to-day transactions. This practice is no different from many other currencies in the world. For example, the Great Britain Pound is denoted as “GBP” in the international forex market while “£” is used in day-to-day transactions. Likewise, the Japanese Yen is denoted as “JPY” in the international forex market while “¥” is used in day-to-day transactions. It is also important to note that in conversations when referring to “RM”, we should merely say “ringgit” and not “ringgit Malaysia”. Exactly, MYR is a currency code for Malaysia Ringgit. ISO 4217 is the international standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The ISO 4217 code list is the established norm in banking and business all over the world for defining different currencies, and in many countries the codes for the more common currencies are so well known publicly, that exchange rates published in newspapers or posted in banks use only these to define the different currencies, instead of translated currency names or ambiguous currency symbols. The first two letters of the code are the two letters of ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country codes (which are also used as the basis for national top-level domains on the Internet) and the third is usually the initial of the currency itself. So Japan's currency code is JPY—JP for Japan and Y for yen. This eliminates the problem caused by the names dollar, franc and pound being used in dozens of different countries, each having significantly differing values. Also, if a currency is revalued, the currency code's last letter is changed to distinguish it from the old currency. In some cases, the third letter is the initial for "new" in that country's language, to distinguish it from an older currency that was revalued; the code sometimes outlasts the usage of the term "new" itself (for example, the code for the Mexican peso is MXN). Other changes can be seen, however; the Russian ruble, for example, changed from RUR to RUB, where the B comes from the third letter in the word "ruble". The sign "RM" (Ringgit Malaysia) only introduced in the 1990s, to replaced the use of the dollar sign "$" (or "M$"). Internationally "MYR" (MY being the country code for Malaysia) is more widely used. "RM" is just the sign to replace the "$" and "MYR" is the the currency code for Malaysia Ringgit. As you can see on the picture above, the old banknote used the sign or symbol "$", the new one using RM as banknote sign. Normally this banknote sign is on the banknote itself. I hope both of the local Star newspaper reader will read my post and understand what is "RM" and "MYR". Source: Star.com.my (opinion section), Wikipedia Malaysia Ringgit; RM or MYR? gila lunatic 2010-02-04T07:00:00-07:00 Last few weeks, there is a little bit of discussion about what exactly is the monetray code for Mal...	i don't know
Which animal in the world comes second alphabetically?	Alphabetical Animal List Alphabetical Animal List If you’re curious or for any reason need an organized reference list of animals on Earth this alphabetically sorted list of animals might be useful. Alphabetical Animal List frog, South American ornate horned frogmouth, tawny Rating: 7.5/10 (26 votes cast) Alphabetical Animal List, 7.5 out of 10 based on 26 ratings Recommended Hi, Well done – a hugely difficult task I imagine. However, for it to claim that it’s comprehensive, I would have expected it to begin with :- – aardvark – aardwolf – abalone etc Because it doesn’t, I cannot trust any of it as a reference. Shame though, I need one and there doesn’t seem a comprehensive version	Aardwolf
In 2011, who became the first Northern Irish golfer since Fred Daly to win the Open?	Alphabetical Animal List Alphabetical Animal List If you’re curious or for any reason need an organized reference list of animals on Earth this alphabetically sorted list of animals might be useful. Alphabetical Animal List frog, South American ornate horned frogmouth, tawny Rating: 7.5/10 (26 votes cast) Alphabetical Animal List, 7.5 out of 10 based on 26 ratings Recommended Hi, Well done – a hugely difficult task I imagine. However, for it to claim that it’s comprehensive, I would have expected it to begin with :- – aardvark – aardwolf – abalone etc Because it doesn’t, I cannot trust any of it as a reference. Shame though, I need one and there doesn’t seem a comprehensive version	i don't know
Which pub group owns the Toby Carvery chain?	Mitchells & Butlers - Our brands - Toby Carvery Mitchells & Butlers Toby Carvery Welcome to the 'Home of the Roast' We believe there's only one way to do a great British roast – and that's properly. Come and visit your local Toby on any day of the week to enjoy a delicious carvery and see why it truly is one of Britain's best loved carvery brands. Pile your plate high with a selection of succulent meats, expertly prepared veg and piping hot gravy – just don't forget the Yorkshire! Did you know?	Mitchells & Butlers
Which family ruled Russia from 1613 until the 1917 revolution?	Mitchells & Butlers brushes off Wetherspoon trademark claims - Telegraph Mitchells & Butlers brushes off Wetherspoon trademark claims The boss of M&B described an accusation of trademark infringement as 'nonsense' Mitchells & Butlers, whose chains include Harvester, Toby Carvery and All Bar One, now runs Orchid Pubs Follow The boss of pubs and restaurants business Mitchells & Butlers has brushed off claims that his company infringed trademarks created by competitor JD Wetherspoon. Earlier this week Wetherspoon accused M&B, as well as Greene King, Stonegate and Whitbread, of copying trademarks it said it had created for meal deals and threatened legal action. With M&B, the pub group took umbrage with the “Steak Club” deal offered by its Miller & Carter chain and the “Chicken Club” at its Sizzling Pubs. M&B boss Alistair Darby, who on Thursday delivered his company’s half-year results , described the claims made by Wetherspoon as “nonsense” and shrugged off the dispute. “Frankly it’s all a load of nonsense and a bit of a storm in a teacup and we’re not really getting involved in it,” he said. “Things like ‘Fish Night’, and ‘Steak Club’ and ‘Curry Club’ and all that stuff have been around for absolutely ages. There are loads and loads of deals that everybody does.” M&B, which also owns Toby Carvery and All Bar One, posted a 10.3pc increase in pre-tax profits for the 28 weeks to April 11 to £75m, on sales that were up 9.5pc at £1.1bn. Its operating margin slipped to 13.7pc from 14.5pc a year earlier, mainly because of the integration of the lower margin Orchid pub business it bought a year ago. Mr Darby said that the spending environment was improving, with consumers having “a bit more cash in their pocket”. However, he also cautioned that “the amount of personal debt [consumers are] carrying is still significant” that the British public “will be continue to be very sensible about what they spend”. M&B shares closed up 0.7pc at 450.6p on the results. Meanwhile, rival Marston’s reported a 2pc rise in first-half underlying pre-tax profits to £29.6m on adjusted revenues of £384.5m. Excluding £57.1m in underlying items, the majority of which related to impairments on property following a valuation of its estate, it posted a pre-tax statutory loss of £27.5m. Marston's also posted half-year results The company has been growing its larger, more family-orientated, food-led sites and its premium Revere pubs. At the same time, it has been selling smaller so-called “wet-led” pubs that depend on sales to drinkers and has offloaded a further 65 houses, taking its estate to 1,632. Marston’s plans to sell a further 150 sites, and Ralph Findlay, the chief executive, said that they will likely be individual rather than bulk sales. It has also been switching tenanted pubs over to franchise agreements, and now only has 343 leased pubs. By next year, when the beer tie is scrapped with the introduction of the market rent only [MRO] option , it will only have about 320 pubs exposed to law change and expects a minimal impact. Mr Findlay added: “We’ve had very little interest from our lessees in looking at implementing the MRO in any case”. Its lessees already have the option of free-of-tie leases but there has been very little take-up. The shares rose 0.4pc to 164p.	i don't know
Odette and Prince Siegfried are lovers in which ballet?	Prince Siegfried \| Barbie Movies Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Barbie in the Pink Shoes Prince Siegfried is a character in Barbie in the Pink Shoes . He is voiced by Brett Dier . He is the ballet world counterpart of Dillon Matthews . Siegfried meets Kristyn Farraday , a ballerina whose magical pink shoes take her into a fantasy world of ballet. They dance together during her adventure, when she's transformed as Odette. Contents Story Original Story In the original ballet, Siegfried is a handsome, young Prince and the only son of a widowed Queen. He is full of bright spirits and enthusiasm and enjoys life, but has little interest in his role as a Prince. His favourite hobby is hunting and often goes hunting with his best friend, Benno, but his deepest wish to find a young woman to love, who will love him in return. On his 21st birthday, Siegfried is celebrating with his friends and his tutor, Wolfgang in a feast of drinking and dancing, but the celebrations are interrupted and almost ruined by the arrival of his mother, the Queen. The Queen is not impressed with her son's thirst for entertainment and reminds him of an upcoming ball and that he is expected to choose a bride out of the eligible princesses attending because it is now time for him to marry and settle down. But Siegfried has no intention of marrying because he is not in love and is enjoying life as it is. However, this is the point when things take an ironic twist. A flock of swans is seen flying over the castle and armed with their crossbows, Siegfried heads into the forest with Benno and their friends. Deep in the forest, Siegfried and his friends come to the enchanted lake and Siegfried spots a magnificent swan wearing a crown approach the shore. But before he can shoot it, the swan transforms into Odette. Struck by her beauty, Siegfried falls in love with her at once and she tells him her story, explaining that she is under a spell of Von Rothbart . It is here that Siegfried's boyish carefree spirit is overcome by a sudden growth to manhood out of his love for Odette. After rescuing the Swan Maidens from Benno and their friends, Siegfried and Odette spend the night dancing together by the lake, professing their love for each other. Before dawn breaks, Siegfried swears his love for Odette and promises to rescue her from Rothbart's enchantment, inviting her to the ball the following evening so he may choose her as his bride. But on the night of the ball, everything takes a turn for the worst. After rejecting other various brides, Siegfried waits for Odette and when two mysterious guests arrive, he is thrilled to see that she has finally arrived. He devotes his attention to her and nobody else, but he is unaware that the mystery guests are actually Rothbart and his daughter, Odile in disguise. Suspecting nothing, Siegfried falls for Rothbart's trickery and pledges eternal love to Odile, thinking she is Odette. Triumphant, Rothbart reveals his deception and declares that Odette is now forever in his power. Devastated, Siegfried flees from the ball and back to the lake in search of his beloved Odette. Back at the lake, Siegfried begs Odette to forgive him, swearing that he loves her only. She forgives him, but declares that in order to escape from Rothbart's enchantment, she has chosen to die. When Rothbart appears and reminds Siegfried of his vow to Odile, Siegfried declares that he will die with Odette, rather than marry Odile. Siegfried and Odette throw themselves into the lake, destroying Rothbart in the process. In the end, the lovers are united for all eternity in the afterlife. Role in Barbie in The Pink Shoes As in the original story, Siegfried meets Odette at the lake while out hunting, falls for her and invites her to attend the ball in his castle. Before Kristyn and Hailey manage to leave the ballet world , Rothbart turns them into swans. The girls decide to go to the ball since only true love could break the spell. But before they arrive in the castle, Rothbart turns his daughter into Odette and the girls arrive to the castle before sunset, but they turn back to humans when the sun eventually sets. Prince Siegfried gets confused and doesn't know which one is the real Odette But when Kristyn starts to dance her way, Siegfried realizes it's her. After the dance, he asks her to marry him, but then she leaves the castle to look for Hailey, who has been kidnapped by the Snow Queen . In this movie Siegfried doesn't die, because Kristyn comes in this ball, but he doesn't marry Odette. Physical Appearance Siegfried has the same appearance as Dillon Matthews from the real world whom Kristyn takes a liking to. He wears a purple tunic with gold detail. Underneath the tunic, he wears a white Renaissance shirt, and gray tights. He has a red sash over his tunic, and he wears black boots. Quotes "Say you'll come, I want you to know more about me, more about my world!" "Oh, what is college?" Trivia The character of Prince Siegfried has already been portrayed in a Barbie movie, in Barbie of Swan Lake , but he was named Prince Daniel . Barbie in the Pink Shoes Quote: "Listen to the beat of your heart and keep on dancing"	Swan Lake
Which Spanish city is traditionally known for its manufacture of swords and knives?	Swan Lake review – stripped-back version even loses the lake \| Stage \| The Guardian Swan Lake review – stripped-back version even loses the lake 3 / 5 stars Theatre Royal, Glasgow Scottish Ballet’s daring new interpretation boots out the main characters – leaving just a moody boy and a magical woman Skidding, swirling dance … Sophie Martin as Odette and Christopher Harrison as Siegfried in Scottish Ballet’s Swan Lake. Photograph: Anita Russo/Rex Shutterstock Swan Lake review – stripped-back version even loses the lake 3 / 5 stars Theatre Royal, Glasgow Scottish Ballet’s daring new interpretation boots out the main characters – leaving just a moody boy and a magical woman Wednesday 20 April 2016 08.44 EDT Last modified on Wednesday 20 April 2016 17.00 EDT Share on Messenger Close Among the legions of choreographers who’ve reimagined Swan Lake, the tendency has always been to vamp up the story. Over time the ballet has been flipped from its original gothic setting into Nazi Germany or a Paris ballet studio; it’s been psychologised into an Oedipal love story; it’s been politicised into a fable about homophobia . By comparison, David Dawson ’s new version for Scottish Ballet looks like a model of chastity, as the choreographer attempts to strip away the layers of past productions and reduce the ballet to its emotional and musical essence. All but the main characters have been removed from the plot – there is no scheming queen to bully the weltschmerz-ridden prince into marriage, nor even a Von Rothbart to imprison Odette with his evil spell. In Dawson’s narrative there is just a moody boy who falls in love with a magical, otherworldly woman – yet who, for reasons that are left unclear, makes the fatal mistake of offering himself to her wicked double. The design mirrors the minimalism of the plot. John Otto ’s set is all abstract greys with a symbolic cross-hatching of vegetation and a sliver of light for the lake. Yumiko Takeshima dresses the human characters in a uniform of T-shirts, trousers and full-skirted frocks, while Odette and her entourage are in white leotards, printed with a vestigial pattern of wings. In theory this sounds a modest enterprise, a Swan Lake with neither grand concept nor grand design. Yet Dawson has actually set himself a monumental challenge, attempting to furnish the two-and-a-quarter-hour ballet with nothing but his own choreography and Tchaikovsky’s score. Pinterest ‘Stretched, strange language’ … David Dawson’s swans. Photograph: Andy Ross On the plus side, he does make lovely steps. There are just eight couples in the opening party scene, along with the handsomely brooding prince Siegfried ( Christopher Harrison ) and perky Benno ( Andrew Peasgood ); but Dawson fills up the stage with skidding, swirling dance. The dynamic is contemporary yet there’s something of Ashton and Nijinska in the dipping, twisting body work, the sculpted arms and speedy inversions of line. As much as I revere the original classicism of Petipa and Ivanov, it’s a pleasure to see dance that spurts and sprints its way through Tchaikovsky rather than marshalling itself into perfect symmetries. Pinterest Swooping diabolically … Odile (Sophie Martin) encounters the prince (Christopher Harrison). Photograph: Andy Ross The choreography for the swans is even better – a stretched, strange, febrile language of arched backs and spiralling arms – and Sophie Martin ’s Odette is superb, both delicate and fierce. But Dawson makes the odd mistake of excising almost all mime and facial expression from Odette’s love duets with the prince, with the result that we remain uninvolved in their story, not only here but for the rest of the ballet. There are some fine moments to come, including Odile’s entrance in act three, swooping diabolically over the prince in the arms of her male escorts. But Dawson never manages to reconnect us with his characters or their emotions. The work he’s created is very pleasing to the eye, but it’s more like Swan Lake the suite than Swan Lake the ballet. At Theatre Royal , Glasgow, until 23 April. Box office: 0844-871 7647. Then touring .	i don't know
Zog the First proclaimed himself king of which country in 1928?	King Zog I of Albania \| History Today King Zog I of Albania The Balkans Political Richard Cavendish charts the events leading up to King Zog I's coronation on September 1st, 1928. Zog I was probably the strangest monarch of the 20th century. The Times called him ‘the bizarre King Zog’ and his biographer, Jason Tomes, quotes descriptions of him ranging from ‘a despotic brigand’ to ‘the last ruler of romance’. He created his throne for himself and as Europe’s only Muslim king ruled Europe’s most obscure country. He had started life as Ahmed Bey Zogolli or Ahmed Zogu in 1895, the son of an Albanian chief, when the country was still part of the Ottoman empire. Order broke down during the First World War as other Balkan countries tried to seize areas of Albania. From 1920 there was a succession of short-lived governments, in which Zogu held various posts until he was driven into exile in 1924. He returned at the end of the year, crossing the northern border into Albania with Yugoslav backing and an army of mercenaries recruited with money supplied by international oil companies and rich Albanian familes. Another mercenary army, led by Zogu’s lieutenants, invaded from the south. Zogu swiftly established himself as Albania’s dictator with the title of president. He had his principal opponents murdered and ruled by force – there was no other effective way of ruling Albania – but Zogu realized that he could only survive with support from abroad and decided to rely on the Italians. A military alliance was signed in 1927 and Italy soon dominated Albania. In 1928, with Italian approval, Zogu, who genuinely wanted to modernise his Ruritanian country, decided to make his dictatorship permanent. A new Constituent Assembly, elected under strict government control, proclaimed Albania a monarchy under Zog I, King of the Albanians. The king made his way to the ceremony in Tirana in an open car with an escort of cavalry past lines of soldiers, but the streets were kept clear of spectators for fear of assassination. However, every house displayed the Albanian flag, with a black eagle rampant on a scarlet ground. The flags had been mass-imported from Italy on the cheap. In the Parliament House the monarch stood on a dais to deafening applause and swore an oath on both the Koran and the Bible to maintain the country’s national unity, territorial integrity and independence. Loud cries of ‘Long live the king!’ accompanied him to his royal palace and six days of public holiday followed, with bonfires, firing of rockets and much slaughtering of sheep. Handsome, courteous, reserved and ruthless, Zog was a chain-smoker who enjoyed western classical music and films starring Charlie Chaplin and Shirley Temple. Mussolini ousted him in 1939 and declared Albania an Italian protectorate. Zog went into exile, for part of the time comfortably installed in London’s Ritz Hotel, and died in France in 1961 at the age of 65.	Albania
Which would-be hunter was the arch-enemy of the cartoon character, Bugs Bunny?	History of Islam/Modern period/Albania - Wikibooks, open books for an open world History of Islam/Modern period/Albania Albania[ edit ] From 1925, the country was ruled by President Ahmet Zogu who, in 1928, declared himself King Zog I,meaning "bird",the first Albanian monarch since Gjergj Kastriot Skënderbej and adopting the title of Scanderbeg II. Afterwards he was also declared Field Marshal of the Royal Albanian Army on September 1, 1928. He proclaimed a constitutional monarchy similar to the contemporary regime in Italy. During his reign he is said to have survived over 55 assassination attempts. One of these occurred in 1931 while Zog was visiting a Vienna opera house for a performance of Pagliacci. The attackers struck whilst Zog was getting into his car, and he survived by drawing his own pistol (which he always carried) and firing back at his would-be assassins. This is the only occasion in modern history when a Head of State has returned fire with potential assassins. Styling himself a European king, he married Hungarian noblewoman Geraldine Apponyi de Nagy-Apponyi. His reign ended when Italian fascists invaded Albania in April 7, 1939. The communists took power after the Second World War. After the fall of the communist government, his son Leka, Crown Prince of Albania and the royal family returned to Albania on June 28, 2002. Albania was one of the first countries occupied by the Axis Powers in World War II. Mussolini invaded and occupied Albania, while the world was focused on German military actions in Czechoslovakia and Poland. As Hitler began his aggressions, the Italian dictator set his eyes on Albania across the Adriatic from Italy. Despite some resistance, especially at Durrës, Italy invaded Albania on April 7, 1939 and took control of the country. On April 12, the Albanian parliament voted to unite the country with Italy. Victor Emmanuel III took the Albanian crown, and the Italians set up a fascist government under Shefqet Verlaci and soon absorbed Albania's military and diplomatic institutions. Mussolini, in October 1940, used his Albanian base to launch an attack on Greece. During WWII, Albanian nationalist groups, including communist partisans, fought against the Italians and subsequently the Germans. By October 1944 they had thrown the Germans out, the only East European nation to do so without the assistance of Soviet troops. The partially French-educated Enver Hoxha became the leader of the country by virtue of his position as secretary general of the Party of Labor (the Albanian Communist Party). The Communist Party was created on November 8, 1941 with the help of other Bolshevik Communist Parties. Albania is unique in that it is the only European country occupied by the Nazis that ended World War II with a larger Jewish population than before the War. The Albanian response to the Holocaust is especially notable because it was Europe's only largely Muslim country. Even so only a Jewish family of six was deported and killed during the Nazi occupation of Albania.Not only did the Albanians protect their own Jews, but they provided refuge for Jews from neighboring countries. The Albanians refused to comply and hand over lists of Jews. Instead they provided the Jewish families with forged documents and helped them disperse in the Albanian population. In February 1944, when the Nazis descended upon the mountain hiding place, not a single Jew fell into their hands. During the Holocaust, Albania was the only country in Europe that protected and sheltered its entire Jewish population, both native and foreign. There was no history of ideological anti-Semitism in Albania so it was unique in this regard.The small number of Jews in Albania also played a key role in the possibility to protect them all. During the Italian occupation, they were able to disperse and blend in with the general population. However, the role of the Albanian population as a whole in saving Jews is undeniable. From 1944 to 1991, Albania became a People's Republic and was a one-party state in which Enver Hoxha ruled with an austere hand. In 1961, he broke with Albania’s closest ally, the Soviet Union, because he believed Khrushchev had abandoned the teachings of Stalin. Subsequently, Albania’s closest ally was the People’s Republic of China. However, when the PRC established diplomatic relations with the United States in 1978, Hoxha denounced the Chinese as well and decided to pursue a policy of self-reliance. The result was not only extreme isolation but also absolute financial ruin for Albania. An example of this may be drawn from the construction between 1974 and 1986 of approximately 700,000 reinforced concrete bunkers to defend against an anticipated multi-front attack. Upon Hoxha’s death in 1985, Ramiz Alia succeeded him as both party and state leader. Alia was Hoxha’s protégé, but was less repressive than the former leader and began to allow some reforms. This process was accelerated by news of the changes in other communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe. There are statistics which show that during this period about 6000 Albanian citizens were executed for political reasons.Despite this, the quality of life improved as both life expectancy and literacy showed large gains and economic growth continued until the mid 1970s.	i don't know
Where in Wales was the first Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty established in 1956?	What is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty? AONB in Wales UK The Anglesey coast, the Gower Peninsula , the Llŷn Peninsula , the Clwydian Range , the Dee Valley and the Wye Valley are among the most exceptional places in Wales. Between them, they contain some of the United Kingdom’s finest countryside: hills, valleys, coastlines and islands of distinctive beauty, character and ecological value. The very best of these are officially classed as Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs). And we’re proud of every one. AONBs sound lovely! But what exactly are they? Clwydian Range, Snowdonia They’re similar to National Parks in that they’re living, working areas whose landscapes, culture, flora and fauna are considered an asset to the nation. They have therefore been singled out for protection by law. On the whole, AONBs are smaller than National Parks; just 4 percent of the land in Wales is classed as an AONB, whereas around 20 percent lies within a National Park. While each National Park has a dedicated National Park Authority whose task it is to conserve it and promote opportunities for the public to appreciate and enjoy it, AONBs are small enough to be effectively managed by advisory committees set up by local authorities in partnership with the communities they serve. How many AONBs are there? There are 46 in the UK. Wales has five. Four of these ( Anglesey AONB , Clwydian Range & Dee Valley AONB , Gower AONB and Llŷn AONB) are wholly in Wales and one ( Wye Valley AONB ) straddles the border between Wales and England. How does a place become an AONB? In Wales, Natural Resources Wales designates AONBs and advises on how best to protect them and enhance them. Every AONB has unique characteristics. They’re chosen for their cultural, historical and ecological significance as well as their stunning good looks. Why are they important?	Gower Peninsula
Which company owns the Costa coffee chain?	Welsh Government warned against removing Gower's Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty title - Wales Online News Welsh Government warned against removing Gower's Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty title The possibility of Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty being re-esignated as "National Landscapes of Wales" is not popular on Gower Share South Wales West AM Peter Black has hit out at the suggestion that the Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty designation be taken off Gower and has called on the Welsh Labour Government to reject the idea Share Get daily updates directly to your inbox + Subscribe Thank you for subscribing! Could not subscribe, try again laterInvalid Email An Assembly Member has called for the Welsh Government to drop the “misguided” idea of Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) designation being taken off Gower . The proposal to remove AONB status from Gower and the other such areas across the country has been made by an independent panel commissioned by the government. The panel, chaired by Professor Terry Marsden of Cardiff University, has proposed keeping National Park statuses but replacing AONBs under the new title of National Landscapes of Wales. 'Should be ignored' South Wales West AM Peter Black said: “While Professor Marsden’s panel is right about retaining National Parks the recommendation to replace our five Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty by National Landscapes of Wales is misguided and should be ignored. “Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty are set up by the same legislation that established the National Parks. Splitting the two up in this way makes no sense. “What makes even less sense is that one of Wales’ Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Wye Valley, is joint with England. “Are we just going to re-designate our half? “Gower is a living, working landscape, much loved and valued by local people and visitors alike. “If it is to remain so then it will have to be given special attention as a place where the principles of sustainable development can be applied and maintained. 'Wasting time and money' “This change could hit jobs and tourism as well as undermine the ethos that has kept Gower special for everybody to join since 1956. “There is already a UK-wide Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty action plan and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty themselves are working together on it. “Why waste time and money re-inventing the wheel? Rhossili (Photo: Andrew Bennett/Flickr) “Nearly 60 years ago Gower was the first AONB to be designated anywhere in the UK. “There is no point in changing a status that is widely understood by local people as well as by visitors and tourists from the rest of the UK and all over the world. “That is why the Welsh Labour Government should immediately drop this proposal and instead make sure that the Natural Resources Wales plays a full part in delivering the AONB action plan.” 'Stick with what we have' Gower MP Byron Davies said of the proposal: “I have been contacted by quite a number of constituents who all feel that we should stick with what we have. Related: 33 entirely lovely pictures of the Gower that'll make you wonder why you ever holiday abroad “The words Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty say it all whereas calling something a designated landscape area says nothing. “Gower is an iconic brand which people have spent 50 years building up. As I said before – if it’s not broken don’t fix it.” 'Fit for purpose system' A Welsh Government spokesman said: “Our National Parks and AONBs represent some of Wales’ finest landscapes. “We want them to be capable of becoming international exemplars for sustainability and ecologically-rich landscapes with vibrant, resilient communities.” Related: Sights and sounds of Gower penisula to be turned into 'work of art' by writer-actor Owen Sheers Addressing the Gower AONB Partnership group at a meeting in Reynoldston Village Hall, Gower, earlier this summer, Prof Marsden said: “We are trying to create a governance system which is more fit for purpose for the next 30 to 40 years. “At the moment we don’t have a rural development strategy in Wales. “There will be more demand for energy, food and wood. “Where are they going to come from? They’re going to come from places like this.” Like us on Facebook Most Read Most Recent Most Read Most Recent	i don't know
Which word, derived from the Latin for 'fire', is applied to volcanic rock formed from cooling magma or lava and solidifying from a molten state?	Lava - definition of lava by The Free Dictionary Lava - definition of lava by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/lava Related to lava: Lava lamp la·va 1. Molten rock that reaches the earth's surface through a volcano or fissure. 2. The rock formed by the cooling and solidifying of molten rock. [Italian, perhaps from Latin lābēs, fall, from Latin lābī, to fall.] Word History: Appropriately, lava was named by people living near Mount Vesuvius. The only active volcano on the European mainland, Vesuvius has erupted frequently since Pompeii and Herculaneum were buried by it in ad 79. The Neapolitans who lived in the vicinity took the Italian word lava, meaning "a stream caused suddenly by rain," and applied it to the streams of molten rock coming down the sides of Vesuvius. The term was then taken into Standard Italian, where it came to mean the rock in both its molten and its solidified states. The Italian word was borrowed into English around the middle of the 18th century. lava n 1. (Geological Science) magma emanating from volcanoes and other vents 2. (Geological Science) any extrusive igneous rock formed by the cooling and solidification of molten lava [C18: from Italian (Neapolitan dialect), from Latin lavāre to wash] la•va 1. the molten, fluid rock that issues from a volcano or volcanic vent. 2. the rock formed when this solidifies, occurring in many structurally different varieties. [1740–50; < Italian, orig. Neapolitan dial.: avalanche « Latin lābēs a sliding down, falling] la·va (lä′və) 1. Molten rock that flows from a volcano or from a crack in the Earth. See more at magma . 2. The igneous rock formed when this substance cools and hardens. lava Molten rock when it appears at the Earth’s surface. ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Noun 1. lava - rock that in its molten form (as magma) issues from volcanos; lava is what magma is called when it reaches the surface aa - a dry form of lava resembling clinkers pahoehoe - freely flowing lava pillow lava - lava that hardened in rounded shapes suggestive of pillows; believed to result from underwater eruptions volcanic rock - extrusive igneous rock solidified near or on the surface of the Earth Translations B. CPD lava flow N → torrente m or río m de lava lava [ˈlɑːvə] n → lave f lava flowlava flow n → coulée f de lave lava lamp n → lampe f à lave lava n → Lava f; lava bed → Lavadecke f lava lava (ˈlaːvə) noun liquid, melted rock etc thrown out from a volcano and becoming solid as it cools. lawa حُمَم بُرْكانيَّه лава lava láva die Lava lava λάβα lava laava گدازه laava lave לבה लावा, ज्वालामुखी से निकलने वाला गाढ़ा जलता हुआ द्रव्य lava láva lahar hraun(kvika) lava 溶岩 용암 lava lava lava lava lava lawa ويلى شوى ،اوبه شوى lava lavă лава láva lava lava lava ลาวา lav 熔岩 лава آتش فشاں چٹانوں سے ابلنے والا مادہ dung nham 熔岩 lava Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: extravasate References in classic literature ? And still this hair is growing now; this moment growing, and heat must breed it; but no, it's like that sort of common grass that will grow anywhere, between the earthy clefts of Greenland ice or in Vesuvius lava. View in context Lips of stone turned to flame, breasts of ice became like heated lava, so that to Franz, yielding for the first time to the sway of the drug, love was a sorrow and voluptuousness a torture, as burning mouths were pressed to his thirsty lips, and he was held in cool serpent-like embraces. View in context On the 3d of September he arrived on the summit of a mountain which commanded a full view of the eventful valley of Pierre's Hole; whence he could trace the winding of its stream through green meadows, and forests of willow and cotton-wood, and have a prospect, between distant mountains, of the lava plains of Snake River, dimly spread forth like a sleeping ocean below. View in context Blackened rocks and mounds of lava I had already seen everywhere peeping out from amid the luxuriant vegetation which draped them, but this asphalt pool in the jungle was the first sign that we had of actual existing activity on the slopes of the ancient crater. View in context The immense accretion of flesh which had descended on her in middle life like a flood of lava on a doomed city had changed her from a plump active little woman with a neatly-turned foot and ankle into something as vast and august as a natural phenomenon. View in context the solid rocks cracked to their base, and separated like blocks beneath the operation of the wedge; a portion of the vault was carried up towards heaven, as if it had been built of cardboard; the green and blue and topaz conflagration and black lava of liquefactions clashed and combated an instant beneath a majestic dome of smoke; then oscillated, declined, and fell successively the mighty monoliths of rock which the violence of the explosion had not been able to uproot from the bed of ages; they bowed to each other like grave and stiff old men, then prostrating themselves, lay down forever in their dusty tomb.	Igneous rock
What species of rodent is the world's largest?	Igneous rocks facts, information, pictures \| Encyclopedia.com articles about Igneous rocks COPYRIGHT 2003 The Gale Group, Inc. Igneous rocks The first rocks on Earth were igneous rocks. Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling and hardening of molten material called magma . The word igneous comes from the Latin word ignis, meaning fire. There are two types of igneous rocks: intrusive and extrusive. Intrusive igneous rocks form within Earth's crust ; the molten material rises, filling any available crevices, into the crust, and eventually hardens. These rocks are not visible until the earth above them has eroded away. Intrusive rocks are also called plutonic rocks, named after the Greek god Pluto, god of the underworld. A good example of intrusive igneous rock is granite . Extrusive igneous rocks form when the magma or molten rock pours out onto the earth's surface or erupts at the earth's surface from a volcano . Extrusive rocks are also called volcanic rocks. Basalt , formed from hardened lava , is the most common extrusive rock. Obsidian , a black glassy rock, is also an extrusive rock. Igneous rocks are classified according to their texture and mineral or chemical content. The texture of the rock is determined by the rate of cooling. The slower the cooling, the larger the crystal. Intrusive rock can take one million years or more to cool. Fast cooling results in smaller, often microscopic, grains. Some extrusive rocks solidify in the air, before they hit the ground. Sometimes the rock mass starts to cool slowly, forming larger crystals , and then finishes cooling rapidly, resulting in rocks that have crystals surrounded by a fine, grainy rock mass. This is known as a porphyritic texture. Most of Earth's minerals are made up of a combination of up to ten elements. Over 99% of Earth's crust consists of only eight elements (oxygen , silicon , aluminum , iron , calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium). Most igneous rocks contain two or more minerals, which is why some rocks have more than one color. For example, the most common minerals in granite are quartz (white or gray), feldspar (white or pinks of varying shades), and mica (black). The amount of a specific element in a mineral can determine a color or intensity of color. Because of the way granite is formed, the different composition of minerals is easy to see. It is difficult to see the distinct composition of some extrusive rocks, like obsidian, due to their extremely fine texture. Igneous rocks contain mostly silicate minerals and are sometimes classified according to their silica content. Silica (SiO2) is a white or colorless mineral compound. Rocks containing a high amount of silica, usually more than 50%, are considered acidic (sometimes the term felsic is used), and those with a low amount of silica are considered basic (or mafic ). Acidic rocks are light in color and basic rocks are dark in color. Essentially, Earth's continents are slabs of granite sitting on top of molten rock. The crustal plates of Earth are continually shifting, being torn open by faults, and altered by earthquakes and volcanoes. New igneous material is continually added to the crust, while old crust falls back into the earth, sometimes deep enough to be remelted. Igneous rocks are the source of many important minerals, metals , and building materials. See also Magma chamber; Volcanic eruptions Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. MLA World Encyclopedia © World Encyclopedia 2005, originally published by Oxford University Press 2005. igneous rock One of three major classes of rock produced by the cooling and solidifying of molten magma . All igneous rocks are crystalline and most resist erosion. Extrusive, or volcanic, igneous rocks, such as basalt , form by the rapid cooling of molten material at the surface. Intrusive, or hyperbyssal, rocks, such as dolerite, form in sills or dykes at intermediate depth. Plutonic rocks, such as granite , form in batholiths at greater depth. The major chemical constituent is silica . Acid rocks contain high amounts of quartz , feldspar or mica , and are light coloured. Basic rocks are darker and contain 45–55% silica, including minerals such as hornblende . See also metamorphic rock ; sedimentary rock Cite this article Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes © Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes 2007, originally published by Oxford University Press 2007. igneous •Bierce, fierce, Pearce, Peirce, pierce, tierce • Fabius , scabious •Eusebius •amphibious, Polybius •dubious • Thaddeus • compendious •radius • tedious •fastidious, hideous, insidious, invidious, perfidious • Claudius •commodious, melodious, odious •studious • Cepheus • Morpheus , Orpheus •Pelagius • callipygous • Vitellius •alias, Sibelius, Vesalius •Aurelius, Berzelius, contumelious, Cornelius , Delius •bilious, punctilious, supercilious •coleus • Julius • nucleus • Equuleus •abstemious •Ennius, Nennius •contemporaneous, cutaneous, extemporaneous, extraneous, instantaneous, miscellaneous, Pausanias, porcellaneous, simultaneous, spontaneous, subcutaneous •genius, heterogeneous, homogeneous, ingenious •consanguineous, ignominious, Phineas, sanguineous •igneous, ligneous •Vilnius •acrimonious, antimonious, ceremonious, erroneous, euphonious, felonious, harmonious, parsimonious, Petronius, sanctimonious, Suetonius •Apollonius • impecunious •calumnious • Asclepius • impious •Scorpius •copious, Gropius, Procopius •Marius • pancreas • retiarius •Aquarius, calcareous, Darius, denarius, gregarious, hilarious, multifarious, nefarious, omnifarious, precarious, Sagittarius, senarius, Stradivarius, temerarious, various, vicarious •Atreus •delirious, Sirius •vitreous •censorious, glorious, laborious, meritorious, notorious, uproarious, uxorious, vainglorious, victorious •opprobrious •lugubrious, salubrious •illustrious, industrious •cinereous, deleterious, imperious, mysterious, Nereus, serious, Tiberius •curious, furious, injurious, luxurious, penurious, perjurious, spurious, sulphureous (US sulfureous), usurious •Cassius, gaseous •Alcaeus • Celsius •Theseus, Tiresias •osseous, Roscius •nauseous •caduceus, Lucius •Perseus • Statius • Propertius •Deo gratias • plenteous • piteous •bounteous •Grotius, Photius, Proteus •beauteous, duteous •courteous, sestertius •Boethius, Prometheus •envious • Octavius •devious, previous •lascivious, niveous, oblivious •obvious •Vesuvius, Vitruvius •impervious, pervious •aqueous • subaqueous • obsequious •Dionysius Cite this article	i don't know
What was the name of Alexander the Great's father who ruled Macedonia between 359 and 336BC?	Alexander The Great (336-323 BC) Alexander The Great (336-323 BC) Alexander the Great - early life & childhood Alexander 3rd of Macedonia (known as Alexander the Great), is the first and only son of the king Philip 2nd of Macedonia and Olympias. Alexander the Great was born in Pella, 356 BC. Alexander was an excellent student who had great education. By wish of his father, Aristotle came in Pella to teach Alexander. As the Greek philosopher came in Pella, he was introduced to a young man with, his best friend the wine, but with no one equal in the military tasks. Historical sources say his favorite book was "Iliyada" from Homer. Having Aristotle as his teacher, we may mention: "Alexander The Great was the most tolerant conqueror in the world. As he was conquering countries, he never ruined other buildings, he respected the culture of the conquered and wanted from the authorities of every country that he conquered, to pay him taxes." Alexander's father has well trained him in the political and military tasks, as soon as he reached 18. At the age of 20, after the assassination of his father (in 336 BC), Alexander became king of the ancient Macedonian state. Alexander the Great ruled the ancient Macedonian state for 13 years, since 336-323 BC. In the period of his authority Macedonia became the most powerful country in the region and developed the well trained ancient Macedonian army Phalanx . During the period of his authority, some Greek city-states tried to establish authority over Macedonia, but Alexander defeated them as his father did at Chaeroneia in 338 BC. During this offensive, Alexander the Great totally ruined Thebes, the greatest power in ancient Greece. Alexander the Great - military routes Only two years being a king, in 334 BC Alexander the Great started a long and well planed route to Persia. During this period Persia was weak. Alexander, went to attack the million Persian army with 30,000 people, 5,000 cavalry and only 160 boats. Alexander during this journey for him "kept" a little personal secret. In a mine called Alšar near Kavadarci today, at the foothills of Kožuf mountain, he discovered a mineral from the sun, that produced a strong sun light, even to blind someone. The sun crystal, called Lorandith, was attached to the shields, lances and helmets of the Macedonian soldiers, by direct order of Alexander. His commanders-in-chief didn't know about this and advised Alexander to attack the persians during the night. But he attacked them always during the day, and he realized his wishes. Alexander the Great defeated the nearly 1,000,000 army of the persian king Daruis, in the year of 334 BC in the battle near the river Granicus, with his minor army of 30,000. The Lorandith produced a strong sunlight and caused a temporary blindness to the persian soldiers and there was nothing else left but to attack the practically blind soldiers. The next year of 333 BC, he defeated the Persian army again near the town Issus in Asia Minor (Turkey today). The Persian King Darius escaped, but his family was kidnapped by Alexander. By this great win of the ancient Macedonian army, the way to the middle east was opened. During this conqueror routes, Alexander was joined by the Paionian army, lead by Ariston. As Alexander the Great was entering every town, he was welcomed by all the citizens. After conquering of the towns Tyre and Giza in 332 BC, the way to Egypt's been opened. Then the cities in Phoenicia, Palestine and Egypt with no fight opened their doors and proclaimed his a their king. As excellent politician in Egypt he visited the temple of the Egyptian god of the sun Amon Ra, so the Egyptian also proclaimed him as son of Amon Ra and Pharaoh. In Egypt he established a new city-town, called Alexandria. His army general told him to stop with the war, but Alexander wanted to destroy the Persian state. So on the way the Babylonia at Gavgamela in the year of 331 came to new battle, more bloody than the others. The Persian king again wanted to escape but was brutally killed. Quinnt Curatsius Ruff says: "During the battle, a macedonian soldier found the wounded Darius, who was shouting for help on Greek, but poor him nobody understood what was he speaking. But the soldier not understanding him was forced to look for a translator." After this victory, the Persian empire was totally destroyed. The Macedonians entered the biggest Persian cities, Babylon, Suza and Persepolis. The Babylonian priests proclaimed for king and Alexander re-built the temple of the Persian god Marduk. In the spring of 327 BC, Alexander and his army marched into India invading Punjab as far as the river Hyphasis (modern Beas). At this point the Macedonians rebelled and refused to go further. The greatest of Alexander's battles in India was against Porus, one of the most powerful Indian leaders, at the river Hydaspes. In July 326 BC, Alexander's army crossed the heavily defended river in dramatic fashion during a violent thunderstorm to meet Porus' forces. The Indians were defeated in a fierce battle, even though they fought with elephants, which the Macedonians had never before seen. Alexander captured Porus and, like the other local rulers he had defeated, allowed him to continue to govern his territory. Alexander even subdued an independent province and granted it to Porus as a gift. In this battle Alexander's horse, Bucephalus , was wounded and died. Alexander had ridden Bucephalus into every one of his battles in Greece and Asia, so when it died, he was grief-stricken and founded a city in his horse's name. Alexander's next goal was to reach the to travel south down the rivers Hydaspes and Indus so that they might reach the Ocean on the southern edge of the world. The army rode down the rivers on the rivers on rafts and stopped to attack and subdue villages along the way. During this trip, Alexander sought out the Indian philosophers, the Brahmins, who were famous for their wisdom, and debated them on philosophical issues. Alexander the Great became legendary for centuries in India for being both a wise philosopher and a fearless conqueror. One of the villages in which the army stopped belonged to the Malli, who were said to be one of the most warlike of the Indian tribes. Alexander was wounded several times in this battle, most seriously when an arrow pierced his breastplate and his ribcage. The Macedonian officers rescued him in a narrow escape from the village. Alexander and his army reached the mouth of the Indus in July 325 BC and turned westward for home. "Map of Alexander's Macedonian empire" Alexander the Great - marriage In the spring of 324, Alexander held a great victory celebration at Susa. Alexander the Great and 80 close associates married Iranian noblewomen. In addition, he legitimized previous so-called marriages between soldiers and native women and gave them rich wedding gifts, no doubt to encourage such unions. When he discharged the disabled Macedonian veterans a little later, after defeating a mutiny by the estranged and exasperated Macedonian army, they had to leave their wives and children with him. Because national prejudices had prevented the unification of his empire, his aim was apparently to prepare a long-term solution (he was only 32) by breeding a new body of high nobles of mixed blood and also creating the core of a royal army attached only to himself. After his death, nearly all the noble Susa marriages were dissolved. He established training programs to teach Persians about Greek and Macedonian culture, and he married Roxanne, a Persian princess. Death of Alexander the Great "Relief presentation of the battle by the river of Granicus (334 BC) against the Persians, led by Alexander The Great (The Archeological Museum - Istanbul, Turkey)" We will probably never know the truth, of Alexander's mysterious death, even though new theories are still coming out. Alexander the Great, the Macedonian king and the great conqueror, died at the age of 33, on June 10th, 323 BC. Three days earlier, on the 7th of June, 323 BC, the Macedonians were allowed to file past their leader for the last time before he finally succumbed to the illness. Alexander died without designating a successor. Alexander's death, marked the end of the great ancient Macedonian empire, that carried on in the hands of Philip 3rd Arrydeus and his child Alexander 4th. Alexander the Great died as a god and as a legend, he had 32 years and created an empire, like nobody before and after him, did. After his death, Alexander the Great was becoming more and more famous. "Alexander the Great was not just a Macedonian king, but was a Macedonian and was speaking Macedonian." The first Macaveian book in the Bible starts like this: Alexander of Macedonia, the son of Philip 2nd, came out of the land Hetean and defeated Daruis, the persian and indian tzar and strengthened himself in Ellada (Greece), instead of Daruis. Alexander the Great lead many wars, conquered many places and defeated many rulers.	Philip II
Which composer's music forms the basis of the ballet Pineapple Poll?	Who Was Philip Of Macedonia History Essay Who Was Philip Of Macedonia History Essay Published: Last Edited: 23rd March, 2015 This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers. First and foremost, Philip of Macedonia was king AMYNTAS [ 1 ] 's third son. He had two brothers, whose names were ALEXANDRE 2 and PERDICCAS 3 and one sister whose name was: EURYNOE. They all became king one after the other, but the most successful of all was without hesitation King Philip 2. During ALEXANDER's reign, Philip was taken hostage to Thebes, as he was only fourteen years old. His sojourn was to a certain extent a revelation for him because he found there a mentor in the character of EPAMINONDAS [ 2 ] . The man allowed him to enrich his knowledge on war techniques. Indeed during four years he received a diplomatic and strict education based on the Hellenic culture. Philip 2 of Macedonia's name has long been heard and referred to as the father of ALEXANDER THE GREAT. However, people who have taken time enough to study his life in details would agree to say that his story is not only a "name" in ancient Greek history but he is above all a human being who has left many marks upon his century. He is depicted as a hero in many books, actually, the author who gave the most benefic description of him is surely Alfred S. Bradford [ 3 ] , explaining that Philip would not have hesitated to sacrifice his body or life to save both his ideas and principles to acquire more power. He was seen as a very clever king, conciliating and very diplomat. But let's return to what happened when Philip returned to Macedonia. When he left Thebes, at twenty-one years old, Philip's brother PERDICCAS had become king. As their brother ALEXANDER, Perdiccas had long been struggling against the Illyrians, the major invader disputing territory. Philip tried to teach Perdiccas the techniques he had learnt by Epaminondas, to improve his army. Unfortunately it failed and in 359, the Macedonians were defeated and Perdiccas who had tried to free north-western Macedonia, lay dead in the battlefield with almost 4,000 Macedonian soldiers. After PERDICCAS 3's death, Philip was definitely conscious that he was the last chance for Macedonia to get back its lands and regain control. Macedonia was almost collapsing [ 4 ] . He organized himself and first decided to marry his sister-in-law, Perdicca's widowÂ : PHILA I and adopted his nephew who was only three years old at the time. As the boy was too young to become king and to govern, Philip declared himself King of Macedonia before the Koinon. He knew that he was surrounded with three major enemies: The Illyrians on the West, the Thracians on the East and the Athenians in the South. In a very diplomatic way, Philip bought off The Thracian king by making him gifts and comforting him on political issues [ 5 ] . Thus, he managed to get rid of one of his opponents. Then he had to face the Athenian army who had come north and who was marching to METHONE with the help of king ARGEUS. But in the meantime, Philip had enforced what he had learnt with Epaminondas and had reorganized his army named the Phalanx [ 6 ] . He changed many things to help infantry be stronger. In fact, on the one hand, he decided to lengthen the Macedonian soldier's body armor down to 35 kilograms. Indeed, they were given a body armor and a shield which were lighter than those of the Hoplites. The hoplites was the name given to the Greek soldiers, it derives from hoplon [ 7 ] a greek word used to depict the shield used at this time. On the second hand, Philip had the idea to replace the former hoplite armament of his infantry men with a new one: the famous sarissa [ 8 ] . The sarissa was a very long wooden pike which could measure from four to seven meters. The earlier dory was considerably shorter. Philip also introduced a tactic to use the sarissa. The men he had placed on the top ranks were swinging the sarissas vertically. And those who were in the back ranks were lowering them to the horizontal. Thus, Philip had formed what they called a "wall of pikes". Indeed there were almost five rows of them projecting in front of the front rank, so that if any enemy or adversary came and went through the first row, there were still four more rows to stop him. And the following ranks would give him no chance to survive. Such a tactic must have taken time to be elaborated, and it's somehow thanks to these tactics and Philip's military skills that he is going to enter history as one of the greatest king than humanity has known. He and his son Alexander can't be seen or told without one another, they are intermingled in each other's story. And the success would not have been possible if considering one without the other [ 9 ] . Let's begin Macedonian story when Philip pushed back the Athenians in 359 BC. His army killed almost 3,000 hoplites who had hoped to defeat him. We can easily imagine the Athenians equipped with their dory, having to face the well-organized Phalanx and their deadly sarissas. They probably did not have any chance against Philip II. But Philip wanted to stay in good terms with the Athenians and he negotiated a treaty with them. He ceded them the city of Amphipolis on the Macedonian coast. Thanks to his skills and in less than a year, Philip managed to erase the major threat of his kingdom, and succeeded in reestablishing peace and safety. But another great invader was remaining, those who had defeated Philip's father and brothers: The Illyrians. They were hard to escape from. And Philip finally used his intelligence in another way. He had the idea to seal a peaceful alliance by demanding the Illyrian king's daughter. And he succeeded in marrying her. Audata became his second wife. Thanks to marriage, Philip II of Macedon might hope to gain confidence in his adversary. It was the best way to erase them more efficiently. And that's what he did. In the time between Philip had means enough to strengthen his army and in 357 BC, he attacks his own family by marching on and kills 7,000 Illyrians. Afterwards, a succession of sieges happened. Philip didn't keep his promise he made to the Athenians. Indeed, after he had conquered the town of Amphipolis, he decided to keep it for his kingdom, a way for him to enrich himself. The territory was full of gold and silver mines, and Philip took advantage of this to improve his cavalry's equipment and complete his infantry battalion. In many sources [ 10 ] we learn that Philip's armies were very wealthy. Indeed, in comparison with former armies, Philip could maintain a very high life level. The soldiers were well-paid and their job which was only a half-time job before becomes a full-time job. They don't need to work in farms at the same time to survive. Philip's wealth provided them sufficient money to stay very devoted to army. It created strong ties among soldiers who were used to train with one another every day. The soldiers could accomplish at the same time their duty, and earn wages from it. Untill 356 BC, Philip will continue his Macedonian conquest and will siege other towns like the Crenides which were in the Thracian's hands. One year before, Philip decided to extend his territory thanks to his alliance with the king of EPIRUS : NEOPTOLEME 1. He married another princess : OLYMPIAS. Philip was said to have had seven wives during his life, and Olympias is probably the most intelligent of all, she will be the one who will gain control over Philip, both with her son: ALEXANDER THE GREAT. To summarize, this marriage permitted Philip once again to keep control over his neighbors and to extend slowly his domination. But it is surely not enough for him, since he decides to stop the interference of Greek colonies everywhere on his territory, and he besieges more than a town, first Potidaea, and then Pydna and to finish Methone, during which he is said to have loss one eye by an arrow. In 353 BC, Philip invaded the north of Greece : the region of Thessaly. Once again, Philip wanted to gain control over the northern Greek region, and that's what he did, in a little more than a year. In 354 BC, he acquired prestige thanks to his victory again, and the place which remained famous was the field of The battle of Crocus [ 11 ] . In 349 BC, Philip started the siege of Olynthus, which had shifted its allegiance to Athens. Like Methone, Olynthus and many other Greek cities in Chalcidice were demolished and razed to the ground,Â their Greek citizens were sold as slaves, and their lands were distributed to the Macedonians. Philip gave the order to rebuild new cities on the Macedonian model. In 348 BC, in other words in 11 years, Philip 2 had succeeded to extend the Macedonian territory to its double. Cf map nÂ°2 joined. And we are going to see that it's far from being the end of a conquest. Philip was avid of power and control. He had regained prestige for all former Macedonian kings who had failed before him. In 346, Philip integrated the Greek council at Delphes despite many opponents. Philip continued to use his money to buy off his opponents, and created ties. Demosthenes was a member of this council. In the past he had made a few speeches before the assembly about the danger of the Macedonian conquest spreading. Especially concerning the Greek's liberties. That's why in 346 BC he goes to visit Philip to negotiate peace. But it failed. Philip was still centralized on his neighbors: the Thracians. And until 341, he drives his Phalanx throughout Thrace and defeats their king Cersobleptes I. At the same time, Demosthenes manages to gather the Athenians. Indeed he is a growing prominent orator and becomes famous among the Athenians thanks to his speeches like his Philippics. The Philippics were a series of three speeches, whose latter one was the most famous. Indeed in his third Philippic Demosthenes demands resolute action against Philip and calls for a burst of energy from the Athenian people. He convinced them by saying them the following words : "better to die a thousand times than pay court to Philip" [ 12 ] . Thanks to his successful speeches Demosthenes now dominated Athenian politics and was able to considerably weaken the population. By 339, Philip had come down to Northern Greece, and after a few trivial encounters between the two sides, Philip had tried in vain to propose peace treaties, he finally had to drew the phalanx of the Athenian and Theban confederates into a plain near Chaeronea. The war between Macedonia and The Athenians had been officially declared. In the meantime, Demosthenes had allied because he was conscious he needed a huge army to have a chance to raise the Athenians against the Macedonian forces. That's why he was sent to Byzantium and thanks to his talented oration he also rallied Abydos. The major reason for this growing hatred between the two people was a mix between a lack of confidence and false treaties leading to treasons. Finally, Philip decided to act first and during the winter of 339-338 BC, he marched through Thermopylae, entered Amfissa and defeated the Locrians. After this significant victory, Philip entered Phocis in 338 BC. He then turned down to the Cephissus valley, seized Elateia, and restored the fortifications of the city. Demosthenes, on his side, knew that he had to be very strong to have a chance to fight against the Macedonians, so he continued to rally to Greek towns in Peloponnese Corinth, Acarnania and other states. But the most interesting town to ally with was Thebes. And Demosthenes was sent over there and returned successful, once again thanks to his talented speeches. Philip knew that Demosthenes was working very hard to found a solid army, and he decided to put his son Alexander, aged 18, a commanding post among the senior Macedonian generals. In 338 BC, both armies met at Chaeronea in central Greece. Demosthenes had managed to gather the whole of Greece. It represented 35,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry on the field, while the Macedonians had 30,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry. It was unbelievable. Although outnumbered, with suburb tactics and well coordination of the phalanx with the cavalry, the Macedonians defeated the united Greek army. It was bloody and unequal. Demosthenes had fought as a model hoplite Among the Greeks, the Athenians, Thebans, and the Achaeans, but against the Phalanx they suffered the biggest losses. This battled was recorded as the Battle of Chaeronea on August 2nd, 338 BC. And the ancient Roman and Greek historians have been considering it as "an end to Greek liberty and history" [ 13 ] . It is said that Greece has not regained its freedom from foreign occupation until early 19th century AD. That's the reason why, the Battle of Chaeronea remained famous and still today we can find it thanks to the huge memorial which was built over there, in tribute to the whole Theban hoplites dead in the field. The memorial is famous as The lion of Chaeronea. In 337BC, after the battle, Philip has been considered as the king who has unified a unique empire. He associated in a council with other members and was elected Hegemon [ 14 ] of the league which was called The Corinthian League, or also the Hellenic League. In Gustave Glotz's book [ 15 ] , we learn that one of the league's goals was to impede the cities to interfere with one another. Politically speaking, they agreed not to attempt an overturn into their different constitution. They allied in one main aim: to prevent and crush any form of revolution surrounding. It meant that the cities had made the promise to stay peaceful with each other and not to be a hindrance to one's freedom and peace. In case of real issue, problems would have to be discussed and debated thanks to the arbitrary of a third city. In 336BC, Philip had accomplished what he had been fighting for his whole life long: to make Macedonia grow in order to be able to rise against the great empire of PERSIA. Indeed when we look at the map of what has become Macedonia in 336BC, we understand with which ferocity Philip has been struggling for years. He has managed to extend the country to its quadruple. The whole countries were now unified and ready to hit again. But in 336BC, the year he was preparing his attack on Persia, Philip of Macedon was assassinated, and there is no source who will give us the same version on his death. Major historians report Aristotle's story; It was a celebrating day, Philip was to marry his daughter Cleopatra [ 16 ] with the king of Epirus's son: Alexander I. He was going to the theatre unprotected, and one of his seven bodyguards named Pausanias killed him and escaped quickly, but he was captured by another bodyguard and executed. What is still debating today according to ancient sources is to know if Olympias and Alexander The Great knew or not the stratagems. As a conclusion, we learn that Philip's son Alexander, aged only twenty years old will complete his father's plans concerning the conquest of Persia. It will be difficult for him to assert as a great king, especially after the death of Philip, where certain cities like Thebes will cease the occasion to revolt against Macedonia to recover control of their ancient region. Demosthenes will also take part in risings against the Macedonian Empire when Philip dies. But Alexander will be able to show and make people understand that he was well-taught. He will be a visionary and he will refute all previsions against him. Moreover, he will use diplomatic tactics to ease his internal rebels. For example he will allow the cities to regain control over their own and centralized governments. They will be freed from the Macedonian control and will be able to apply their laws freely. MAP NÂ°1 MACEDONIA BEFORE PHILIP'S REIGN www.historyofmacedonia.org The Phalanx, equipped by Sarissas, http://www.ancientmacedonia.com/ MAP NÂ° 2 MACEDONIA and its expanding territory in 348 BC www.historyofmacedonia.org BIBLIOGRAPHY - PHILIP 2 OF MACEDONIA - RESEARCH PAPER Books: Philip II and Alexander the Great: Father and Son, Lives and Afterlives, Elizabeth Carney La cité grecque, Gustave Glotz, 1988 Philip II of MacedonÂ : A life from the Ancient Sources, A.S Bradford and Pamela Bradford. 1992 Philip II of Macedonia, Ian Worthington, 2008 Encyclopédie Tout l'Univers, Tome 3, 1982 Web researches: Introduction (background history + philip's introduction) Â Â Â Â a) Perdiccas' reign Â Â Â b) Philip'sÂ accession to power Â Â Â c) The Phalanx, or the art of war Â II. Philip's conquest for Macedonia Â Â Â a) TheÂ Southern threat : The Athenians Â Â Â b) The Western threat : The Illyrians Â Â Â c) Philip'sÂ growing richer Â Â Â d) a marriage alliance : Epirus Â III. Philip'sÂ fight against Greece Â Â Â a) The battle of Crocus Â Â Â b) Demosthenes : Philip's first great enemyÂ Â Â Â Â c) TheÂ Battle of ChaeroneaÂ Â Â Â d) The Corinthian League Â Â Â e) Philip's end of life Â	i don't know
Which French city, the capital of the Core D'Or department is famous for its mustard?	Province of Bourgogne (Burgundy) and more! BOURGOGNE Burgundy (French: Bourgogne) is a historic region of east central France. The region's core is the fertile Rhone and Saone river valleys, where routes from Paris and the Rhineland to the Mediterranean converge. DIJON, a city famous as a gastronomic center, is the historic capital. Burgundy's WINEs, especially those of the celebrated Cote d'Or ("Golden Slope"), are among the world's most distinguished. The region prospered under Roman rule, with Autun becoming a center of learning and the capital of northeastern GAUL. By the 5th century the Burgundii, a Germanic tribe, had settled in the area and established a kingdom. In 534, Burgundy became part of the Frankish kingdom under the MEROVINGIANS and, after 751, the CAROLINGIANS. During the various partitions of the Carolingian empire in the 9th century, two Burgundian states emerged: Lower (sometimes called Cisjurane) Burgundy, or PROVENCE, in the south; and Upper Burgundy, which was further divided into Transjurane and Cisjurane sections, in the north. These were united (933) as another Kingdom of Burgundy, later called Arles, which was part of the Holy Roman Empire from the 11th century until 1378, when it was ceded to France. Two other, relatively independent, divisions had been formed in the 9th century: the duchy of Burgundy (corresponding to the modern region), which remained part of France, and the Free County of Burgundy, or FRANCHE-COMTE. The duchy was ruled by a cadet branch of the CAPETIANS from 1031 until 1361 when the line died out. The golden age of Burgundy commenced in 1363 when JOHN II, king of France, granted the duchy to his second son, PHILIP THE BOLD. With the death of his father-in-law in 1384, Philip added Flanders, Artois, Franche-Comte, and other lands to his holdings. Under his successors, JOHN THE FEARLESS, PHILIP THE GOOD, and CHARLES THE BOLD, Burgundy increased its territorial extent to include most of present-day Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as to Luxembourg, Alsace, and Lorraine. In the early 15th century the dukes of Burgundy sought to dominate French affairs (see ARMAGNACS AND BURGUNDIANS). When thwarted, they allied (1419) with England in the HUNDRED YEARS' WAR. Antagonism between the kings of France and the dukes of Burgundy climaxed with the defeat and death (1477) of Charles the Bold in battle near Nancy. Burgundy's northern territories passed to Habsburg rule while the duchy itself was annexed by the French king, Louis XI. Franche-Comte was acquired by France in 1678. Timothy J. Rickard Source: The New Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia, Release #8, ©1996 Bibliography: Armstrong, C. A., England, France, and Burgundy in the 15th Century (1983); Vaughan, Richard, Philip the Bold: The Formation of the Burgundian State (1962), John the Fearless: The Growth of Burgundian Power (1966), and Philip the Good: The Apogee of Burgundy (1970). Dijon Dijon is the capital of Côte d'Or department in east central France and is located at the junction of the Suzon and Ouche rivers about 270 km (168 mi) southeast of Paris. The population of the city is 151,636 (1990); that of the conurbation is 226,025. The Burgundy Canal connects the city with the Asone River and with the rivers of the Paris Basin. Dijon is located in a rich agricultural area in the northern end of the famous BURGUNDY wine district. Cassis, a black currant liqueur, originated there, as did Dijon mustard. The city has a large printing industry and manufactures electrical and optical equipment and pharmaceuticals. The city contains many art treasures and renowned buildings such as the Musée des Beaux-Arts. Wood-frame merchants' houses remain from the 15th and 16th centuries as well as two fine churches dating from the 13th century. Notre Dame, begun in 1229, is an excellent example of Burgundian Gothic architecture and has a well-preserved, elaborately carved exterior. The university was established in 1722. Saint-Michel church (15th-16th centuries) is a mixture of Gothic and Renaissance architecture. The site was first settled as a Roman camp, and Dijon became the capital for the dukes of Burgundy in 1016. It came under control of the French crown in the 15th century. Dijon was occupied by the Germans during World War II. Lawrence M. Sommers Source: The New Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia, Release #8, ©1996 Burgundy Links:	Dijon
A government paper setting out proposals and inviting consultation on a policy, before it is ever presented as a White Paper, is identified by what colour?	Cote d'Or, France: tourism, towns and villages and attractions including Dijon and Fontenay Abbey in Cote d'Or, Burgundy Cote d'Or: tourism and sightseeing Visit Cote d'Or, France One of the most popular and historically wealthy regions of Burgundy, highlights in the Cote d'Or department include the Abbey at Fontenay, quaint villages such as Flavigny and important historical centres like Dijon. Wine enthusiasts will also enjoy exploring the vineyards along the Route des Grands Crus such as Beaune and Nuits-Saint-Georges. Cote d'Or, Burgundy tourism The Cote d'Or department occupies the north-eastern part of Burgundy, in central-eastern France. The capital of Cote d'Or (and of the Burgundy region) is the impressive town of Dijon. The name Cote d'Or comes from the golden leaves of the vines in the region. While the south and east of the department attract the most visitors because of historical towns such as Dijon and Beaune, and the famous vineyards in this region, there is much of interest to discover elsewhere in the department such as the village of Semur-en-Auxois and Fontenay Abbey towards the north-west. Places to visit in Cote d'Or with reviews from France This Way Below you can see a description of Cote d'Or and its highlights. For details of each place (town, village, attraction...) that we have reviewed see places to visit in Cote d'Or . Cote d'Or travel guide and highlights To make your planning easier and help you find places of interest close to your destination we have reviewed the Cote d'Or by region: North Cote d'Or The Chatillonais region to the north-west of the department is an extensive protected forested area. In the heart of the Chatillonais region you can visit the riverside village of Chatillon-sur-Seine , especially well known because of the ancient 'treasure of Vix' found nearby and now on display in a museum in the town. Also in Chatillon-sur-Seine you should visit the lovely 10th century Church of Saint-Vorles. South-west of here and to the east of Montbard we highly recommend a visit to the world famous Fontenay Abbey , a UNESCO World heritage Site. The extensive collection of abbey buildings here is beautifully preserved and also in a very picturesque setting, and the highlight of your visit to the region! Between Chatillon and Montbard at Bussy-le-Grand you can visit the Chateau de Bussy-Rabutin - an understated castle, best known for its paintings and interior decoration. Close to Fontenay Abbey, the town of Montbard is a three star 'ville fleurie' (town in bloom) traversed by the Burgundy canal and a pleasant town to explore. The most important site is the impressive Parc Buffon, named after a famous 18th century French naturalist. You can find more evidence of Buffon's importance to the region when you visit the nearby 18th century 'Forges de Buffon' or take a stroll through the gardens at Montigny-Montfort castle. Continuing south from Montbard, be sure to visit the attractive small town at Semur-en-Auxois , with an extensive historic centre and certainly among the most picturesque towns in the Cote d'Or department. To the east of Semur, Flavigny is a beautiful village with fortified walls and an interesting selection of religious buildings to admire. The village of Flavigny was made famous when it was used for the setting of the popular film 'Chocolat'. In the village you will also see aniseed being made by local monks. At Saint-Thibault, south-west of Flavigny, you can see the impressive romanesque style doorway and interior of the 13th century church. Also close to here is the site of Alésia, where Julius Caesar had his final battle with the Gauls, and now listed as one of the ' Grand Sites of France '. Excavations at the site attempt to prove that it was indeed site of the great final battle. South-west Cote d'Or To the south-west of the department the town of Saulieu is best known for its 12th century romanesque style basilica. Saulieu is situated within the the rolling woodland countryside of the Morvan Regional Parc , an extensive natural region very popular with hikers and cyclists. The Castle Rochepot towards the south-west border of the department dates in part form the Middle Ages and is one of the most attractive and interesting in Cote d'Or, with numerous turrets, a multi-coloured roof, and attractive gardens. Close to here at the village of Vauchignon we suggest a walk around the 'Cirque du Bout du Monde', a circular cliff in a woodland setting. South east Cote d'Or Start your visit to the south-east at Dijon , the capital of the department. Bearing many traces of its rich and illustrious past, Dijon has many monuments of interest and is one of our favourite towns in France - and also of course famous for Dijon mustard ! To the north-east of Dijon you can visit the small village at Beze , then to the south-west of the town we recommend you explore the pretty hilltop village at Chateauneuf-en-Auxois. Towards the southern border of the department be sure to see Beaune , a pleasant town with the medieval Hotel-Dieu (medieval hospital) complex a highlight of your visit. Of course, Beaune also gives its name to one of the most prestigious wine regions in France. Also close to Beaune, the village of Saint-Romain is in an attractive setting and Nolay has a small but picturesque historic centre with a medieval market hall and houses. The interesting town of Auxonne on the Saone River to the south-west of here also has several historical buildings including a cathedral and castle and an attractive centre to explore. Burgundy wine Wine enthusiasts will also want to follow the ' Route des Grand Crus ' that passes through the Cote d'Or department from Santenay to Dijon, with ample opportunities to try the wines en route and admire the countryside where the grapes are grown. Among the best known wines from this region are Beaune, Nuits-Saint-Georges , Pommard and Meursault. See also:	i don't know

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